Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4559 707558 675918 2026-03-29T14:07:36Z ~2026-19477-50 36405 707558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia <!-- Do not change - see section entitled The name of the Federation-->| common_name = Malaysia | native_name = مليسيا| image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | symbol_type = Émblim | image_map = LocationMalaysia.svg | national_motto = ''Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu''<br />(ngahiji nambah mutu) | national_anthem = "''[[Negaraku]]''" | official_languages = [[basa Malayu|Malayu]]<br /> | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]¹ | latd=2 | latm=30 | latNS=N | longd=112 | longm=30 | longEW=E | largest_city = Kuala Lumpur | government_type = [[Féderasi|Féderal]] [[monarki konstitusional]] | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Nu Dipertuan Agung]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Malaysia|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdullah al-Haj]] | leader_name2 = [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | area_rank = ka-66 | area_magnitude = 1_E8 | area = 330,803 | areami²= 127,724<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = ka-45 | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385 | population_density = 78 | population_densitymi² = 206 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = ka-97 | GDP_PPP_year=2005 | GDP_PPP = $290 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-33 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,106 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-61 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.796 | HDI_rank = ka-61 | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">sedeng</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdékaan]] | established_event1 = ti [[United Kingdom|UK]] (ukur Malaya) | established_event2 = '''Ngadeg''' | established_date1 = [[31 Agustus]], [[1957]] | established_date2 = jeung [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Singapura]] [[16 Séptémber]], [[1963]] | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia|Ringgit]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | time_zone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +8 | cctld= [[.my]] | calling_code = 60² | footnotes = 1. [[Putrajaya]] mangrupa kadudukan utama di pamaréntahan<br /> 2. 020 ti [[Singapura]] }} '''Malaysia''' mangrupa [[féderasi]] [[nagara bagian Malaysia|13 nagara bagian]] di [[Asia Tenggara]], nu ngadeg taun [[1963]]. Nagara ieu ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis nu dipisahkeun ku [[Laut Cina Kidul]]: * [[Malaysia Semenanjung|Malaysia Kulon]] (atawa ''Peninsular Malaysia'') di [[Semenanjung Malaya]] nu babagi wates lemahna di beulah kalér jeung [[Muangtai]] tur kahubungkeun jeung [[Singapura]] di beulah kidulna ku [[Johor-Singapore Causeway]] jeung [[Malaysia-Singapura Second Link]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku 11 nagara bagéan, [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Melaka|Malaka]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Pahang]], [[Pérak]], [[Perlis]], [[Penang]], [[Selangor]] jeung [[Terengganu]], katut tulu teritori federal, [[Putrajaya]], [[Labuan]] jeung [[Kuala Lumpur]]. * [[Malaysia Wétan]] nempatan bagéan kaler pulo [[Kalimantan]], wawatesan jeung [[Indonesia]] katut Kasultanan [[Brunei]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku teritori federal kapuloan [[Labuan]] jeung nagara bagéan [[Sabah]] katut [[Sarawak]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Salaku nagara Malaysia janten tilas Koloni, seueur [[institusi]] Malaysia anu didasar kanu tilas Inggris. Salaku tambihan, sistem Pamaréntah Malaysia kénéh ngarujuk kanu sistem Inggris [[Westminster system]]. The [[Pamingpin nagara]] nyaéta[[Yang di-Pertuan-agung]] (Anu sacara harti gampil raja), anu kapilih diantawi sultan sultan nagara bagéan kanggo lima taon , ngadamel anjeunna salaku nagara anu ngajalankeun monarki dua sistem (salian tina [[Vatican City]]). Salaku nagara anu ngamalkeun [[konstitusional Monarki]], ceupeungan Eksekutif dijalankeun ku [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Prime Minister]], di mana raja aya salaku simbol nagara. Cabang législatif diwangun ku [[Parlemén Malaysia|Parlemén]], anu lolobana dumasar kana [[Parlemén Inggris]]. [[Pengadilan Malaysia|peradilan]] ogé geus diadegkeun dina [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi]]. [[Barisan Nasional]] (National Front), hiji koalisi sababaraha partéy pulitik, geus maréntah Malaysia saprak Malaya merdéka dina 1957. Mimitina, ékonomi Malaysia kacida gumantungna kana aktivitas tatanén jeung tambang, tapi ayeuna geus ngalih fokus kana [[manufacturing|manufaktur]] jeung pariwisata salaku sumber panghasilan utama. Sanajan kitu, Malaysia tetep salah sahiji produsén karet jeung sawit nu panghadéna. Dina taun 1970-an, pamaréntah ngalaksanakeun Kebijakan Ékonomi Anyar (NEP) nu kontrovérsial pikeun nyanghareupan bédana panghasilan antara urang Melayu jeung urang Cina. Sanajan sajarahna didominasi ku [[urang Malayu|Melayu]], masarakat Malaysia modérn téh hétérogén, kalawan minoritas [[Cina Malaysia|Cina]] jeung [[India Malaysia|India]]. Pulitik Malaysia geus kacatet pikeun sipat disangka komunal maranéhanana; tilu partéy komponén utama Barisan Nasional masing-masing ngawatesan kaanggotaan pikeun hiji grup étnis, sarta hiji-hijina kekerasan utama nagara geus katempo saprak kamerdikaan nyaéta [[Kajadian 13 Méi]] karusuhan ras dina hudang kampanye pamilihan dumasar. dina masalah ras. == Ngaran Féderasi == Pasal 1(1) [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi Féderal]] nyebutkeun yén "Federasi wajib dipikawanoh, dina basa Malayu jeung Inggris, salaku Malaysia". Ngaran "'''Federasi Malaysia'''" kituna teu boga sanksi resmi. Ngaran Malaysia diadopsi dina 1963 nalika Singapura, Sabah sareng Sarawak ngagabung sareng Féderasi Malaya pikeun ngabentuk Malaysia. Saméméh taun 1963, [[Federasi Malaya]] dipikawanoh salaku ''Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'' dina basa Malayu, sahingga ngaran resmina béda dina dua basa. == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Malaysia}} Bukti pamatuhan manusa modérn di Malaysia balik deui ka 40.000 taun katukang. [32] D Ujung Melayu, pangeusi kahiji anu dipikir téh Negritos. [33] Padagang jeung padumuk ti India jeung China anjog tina mimiti Maséhi abad kahiji, ngadegkeun palabuhan dagang jeung kota basisir di abad kadua jeung katilu. ayana maranéhanana nyababkeun kuatna pangaruh India jeung Cina dina budaya lokal, jeung rahayat Semenanjung Malaya ngadopsi agama Hindu jeung Budha. prasasti Sanskrit katémbong mimiti abad kaopat atawa kalima. [34] Karajaan Langkasuka jeung kar kira-kira abad kadua di wewengkon kalér Semenanjung Malaya, langgeng nepi ka kira-kira abad 15. [28] Antara abad ka 7 jeung ka 13, loba Ujung Melayu kidul ieu nyorang bagian ti Kakaisaran maritim Sriwijaya. Sanggeus tumiba Srivijaya, Kakaisaran Majapahit ngalaman pangaruh leuwih lolobana Ujung Malaysia jeung Kapuloan Melayu. [35] Islam mimiti nyebar di antara Malayu dina abad 14. [36] Dina mimiti abad ka-15, Sultan Iskandar Shah, raja runaway urut Karajaan Singapura, ngadegkeun Kasultanan Malaka, ilahar dianggap nagri bébas kahiji di wewengkon ujung. [37] Malaka ieu hiji puseur komersial nu penting salila jaman eta, mincut dagang ti sakuliah wewengkon. <!-- [[Jajirah Malaya] has long benefited from its central position in the maritime trade routes between [[China]] and the [[Middle East]]. [[Ptolemy]] showed it on his early map with a label that translates as "''Golden Chersonese''", the Straits of Malacca as "''Sinus Sabaricus''". The earliest recorded Malay kingdoms grew from coastal city-ports established in the 10th century AD. These include [[Langkasuka]] and [[Lembah Bujang]] in [[Kedah]], as well as [[Beruas]] and [[Gangga Negara]] in [[Perak]] and [[Pan Pan]] in [[Kelantan]]. It is thought that originally these were Hindu or Buddhist nations. The first evidence of [[Islam]] in the Malay peninsula dates from the 14th century in [[Terengganu]], but according to the [[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa|Kedah Annals]], the 9th Maharaja Derbar Raja (1136-1179 AD) of [[Sultanate of Kedah]] converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah. There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century A.D., as many as 30 according to Chinese sources. Kedah – Kedaram or Kataha, in ancient Pallavi or Sanskrit script – was in the direct route of invasions of Indian traders and kings. Rajendra Chola, who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste, put Kedah to heel in 1025 but his successor, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow the invaders. The Buddhist [[Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom|kingdom of Ligor]] took control of Kedah shortly after, and its King Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11the century, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan epic, Mahavamsa. During the first millennium, the religion of the Malay peninsula veered between Hinduism and Sanskrit until eventually converted to Islam. But not before Hindu, Buddhist and Sanskrit became embedded into the Malay worldview. We can still see traces of this in political ideas, social structure, rituals, language, arts and cultural practices. To this day, when a Malay considers anything important, he looks for a Sanskrit word to describe it: It is the Sanskrit pradana mantri (the Malay perdana mentri) here while in another Malay land, it is Penghulu ng Pilipina for its president. The [[Proton (company)|Proton]] car model names are from Sanskrit whilst the [[Perodua]] resorts to Malay names and is a poor and inferior to be bought only because the Proton is beyond one's means. There are reports of other areas older than Kedah – the ancient kingdom of Ganganegara, around Bruas in Perak, for instance – that pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century A.D., describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital; a seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunong Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the life of elegance of life in Kataha. All this is revealed after earlier archaeological and historical inquiry. Kota Gelanggi does not, it would appear, reveal more than the details of that long India, Hindu, Buddhist, Chola presence, the fitting of a historical jig-saw of a land that has a rich and enviable history long before the advent of Islam. We have been constrained by a mental block of not wanting to look beyond the Sejarah Melayu for our historical past. Malaysia's first prime minister, and a scion of the Kedah royal family, wanted independent Malaya to be know as Langkasuka, a kingdom that a millennium ago dominated north Malaya and southern Thailand, but he gave up the idea when he discovered that its capital was in Thailand. And the present contretemps between Malaysia and Thailand over the southern Thai Malays is also caught in this cultural time-warp. In the early [[15th century]], the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] was established under a dynasty founded by [[Parameswara]], a prince from [[Palembang]], who fled from the island Temasek (now Singapore). Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs. With [[Melaka|Malacca]] as its capital, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now [[Peninsula Malaysia]], southern [[Thailand]] ([[Patani]]), and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]]. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period [[Islam]] spread to most of the [[Malay Archipelago]]. [[Melaka|Malacca]] was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia. In [[1511]], Malacca was conquered by [[Portugal]], which established a colony there. The sons of the last [[sultan]] of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula - the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old [[Melaka|Malacca]] sultanate) to the south. After the fall of [[Melaka|Malacca]], three nations struggled for the control of [[Malacca Strait]]: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the [[Aceh|Sultanate of Aceh]]. This conflict went on till [[1641]], when the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. [[United Kingdom|Britain]] established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in [[1786]], with the granting of the island of Penang to the [[British East India Company]] by the Sultan of Kedah. In [[1824]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] took control of Malacca following the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] which divided the Malaya archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. In [[1826]], Britain established the [[crown colony]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in [[Calcutta]] until [[1867]], when they were transferred to the [[Colonial Office]] in London. [[File:KualaLumpurAbdulSamadBldg.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Sultan Abdul Samad Building]] in Kuala Lumpur houses the [[High Court of Malaya]] at Kuala Lumpur and the Trade Court. Kuala Lumpur was the capital of the Federated Malay States and is the current Malaysian capital.]] [[Image:Malaysia.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital and largest city of Malaysia]] During the late [[19th century]], many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of [[tin]] mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. British [[gunboat diplomacy]] was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters, and the [[Pangkor Treaty of 1874]] paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century the states of [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], and [[Negeri Sembilan]], known together as the [[Federated Malay States]] (not to be confused with the [[Federation of Malaya]]), were under the ''de facto'' control of British [[resident (title)|Residents]] appointed to advise the Malay rulers. The British were "advisers" by name but in reality they were the puppet masters behind the Malay rulers. The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the [[Unfederated Malay States]], while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisors around the turn of the [[20th century]]. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously under [[Thailand|Siamese]] control. On the island of [[Borneo]], Sabah was governed as the crown colony of [[British North Borneo]], while Sarawak was acquired from [[Brunei]] as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as white rajahs. As part of its history, the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] was granted the territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies and from then on that part of Borneo is recognized as part of the Sultan of Sulu's sovereignty. In 1878, Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian partner representing The British North Borneo Co. and his partner British Alfred Dent, leased the territory known as "[[Sabah]]" - roughly translated as "the land beneath the winds". In return the company will provide arms to the Sultan to resist the Spaniards and 5,000 Malaysian ringgits annual rental based on the Mexican dollars value at that time or its equivalent in gold. This lease have been continued until the independence and formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963 together with [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]] and Malaysia. Up to these days, the Malaysians have been continuing the rental payment of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit - a 300 Ringgit increased from original rent. Following the [[Japan|Japanese]] occupation of Malaya ([[1942]]-[[1945]]) during [[World War II]], popular support for independence grew. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the [[Malayan Union]] foundered on strong opposition from the [[ethnic Malay|Malays]], who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the [[ethnic Chinese]]. The Malayan Union, established in [[1946]] and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in [[1948]] and replaced by the [[Federation of Malaya]], which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. During this time, rebels under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of Malaya]], who were mostly Chinese, launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The [[Malayan Emergency]], as it was known, lasted from 1948 to [[1960]], and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops in Malaya. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on [[31 August]] [[1957]] (see [[Hari Merdeka]]. In [[1963]] the Federation was expanded with the admission of the then-British crown colonies of Singapore, Sabah (British North Borneo) and Sarawak, and renamed Malaysia. The Sultanate of [[Brunei]], though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of the population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties. The early years of independence were marred by [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|conflict with Indonesia]] (''Konfrontasi'') over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of [[1969 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Race Riots|racial riots]] in 1969 (popularly known as the "May 13" riots). The [[Philippines]] also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] in 1704. The claim is still ongoing. After the [[May 13 Incident|May 13 racial riots]] of 1969, the controversial [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] - intended to increase the share of the economic pie owned by the bumiputeras as opposed to other ethnic groups - was launched by Prime Minister [[Tun Abdul Razak]]. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that favour [[Bumiputra]]s, which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population. Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under the premiership of Tun Dr [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]]. The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period, too, that the physical landscape of Malaysia has changed with the emergence of numerous mega-projects. The most notable of these projects are the [[Petronas Twin Towers]] (at the time the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), the Sepang F1 Circuit, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the Bakun hydroelectric dam and Putrajaya, a new federal administrative capital. In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the [[Asian financial crisis]] as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], commonly known as Pak Lah. --> == Pulitik == <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{morepolitics|country=Malaysia}} [[Gambar:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Malaysian House of Parliament|The Parliament building]]]] <!-- Malaysia is a [[federation|federal]] [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] monarchy. It is nominally headed by the Paramount Ruler or ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]'', commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong are selected for five-year terms from among the nine [[Malay Ruler|Sultan]]s of the [[Malay states]]; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of [[Westminster System|Westminster]] [[parliamentary system]], a legacy of [[British Empire|British colonial rule]]. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. [[Malaysian general election|Parliamentary elections]] are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2004. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-racial coalition known as the [[Barisan Nasional]] (formerly the Alliance). [[Executive branch|Executive power]] is vested in the [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] led by the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]]; the Malaysian [[Constitution of Malaysia|constitution]] stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower house of [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]] who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. The bicameral [[parliament]] consists of the [[upper house]], the Senate or ''Dewan Negara'' (literally the "Chamber of the Nation") and the [[lower house]], the House of Representatives or ''Dewan Rakyat'' (literally the "Chamber of the People"). All 69 Senators sit for 6-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 43 are appointed by the king. The 219 members of the House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies by universal adult suffrage, for a maximum term of 5 years. [[Legislative power]] is divided between federal and state legislatures. The state governments are led by chief ministers (''Menteri Besar'' or ''Ketua Menteri'', the latter term being used in states without hereditary rulers), selected by the state assemblies (''Dewan Undangan Negeri'') advising their respective sultans or governors. The national media are largely controlled by the government and by political parties in the [[Barisan Nasional]]/National Front ruling coalition and the opposition has little access to the media. The print media are controlled by the Government through the requirement of obtaining annual publication licences under the [[Printing and Presses Act]]. --> == Géografi == [[Gambar:My-map.png|thumb|right|450px|Map of Peninsular and East Malaysia]] {{utama|Geography of Malaysia}} <!-- The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the [[South China Sea]], share a largely similar landscape in that both [[Peninsular Malaysia|West]] and [[East Malaysia]] feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is [[Mount Kinabalu]] at 4,095.2 metres (13,435.7&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) on the island of [[Borneo]]. The local [[climate]] is [[equatorial]] and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) [[monsoon]]s. [[Tanjung Piai]], located in the southern state of [[Johor]], is the southernmost tip of continental [[Asia]] — if [[Singapore]], an island connected to the continent by a man-made [[causeway]], is excluded. The [[Strait of Malacca]], lying between [[Sumatra]] and West Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world. [[Putrajaya]] is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The prime minister's office moved in 1999 and the move is expected to be completed in 2005. Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]], [[Johor Bahru]] and [[Kuching]]. --> == Ékonomi == {{utama|Economy of Malaysia}} <!-- The [[Malay Peninsula]] and indeed [[Southeast Asia]] has been a centre of trade for centuries. Various items such as [[porcelain]] and [[spice]] were actively traded even before [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] and Singapore rose to prominence. In the 17th century, large deposits of [[tin]] were found in several [[Malay states]]. Later, as the [[British Empire|British]] started to take over as administrators of [[Malaya]], [[rubber]] and [[palm oil]] trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently. As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic [[five-year plan]]s, beginning with the [[First Malayan Five Year Plan]] in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the [[First Malaysia Plan]] in 1965. In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate the footsteps of the original four [[Asian Tigers]] and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With [[Japan]]ese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian [[export]]s became the country's primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% [[GDP]] growth along with low [[inflation]] in the 1980s and the 1990s. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial [[New Economic Policy (Malaysia)|New Economic Policy]] (NEP), in the wake of the [[May 13 Incident]] of racial rioting in 1969. Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the [[Second Malaysia Plan]]. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the [[National Development Policy]] (NDP). The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich [[PLC]]s and consortiums of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. This all ended when the [[Asian Financial Crisis]] hit in the fall of 1997, delivering massive shock to Malaysia's economy. As characteristic of other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the [[ringgit]]. [[Foreign direct investment]] fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]'s composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to nearly merely 400 points in a matter of weeks. After the sacking of finance minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]], a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. [[Bank Negara]] imposed [[capital controls]] and [[fixed exchange rate|pegged]] the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts. In [[March 2005]], the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, [[University of Malaya]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 ([[Y2K]]) upon older computers and other digital devices. However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the [[Hong Kong]] dollar in August 1998 and after the [[Russian ruble]] collapsed. (See [[George Soros]]) Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era. While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. And, although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector is more resilient to external shocks now. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights. The [[fixed exchange rate]] regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of managed [[floating exchange rate|floating system]] within an hour of [[China]]'s announcing of the same move. In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as [[capital flight]] exceeded USD 10 billion. In [[September 2005]], Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the [[London School of Economics]], at a meeting [[Kuala Lumpur]], cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. On March 23 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. <ref>[[Financial Times]]. ''[http://news.ft.com/cms/s/3659eba2-ba91-11da-980d-0000779e2340.html Malaysia relaxes short-selling ban]''. Extracted March 28, 2006.</ref> --> == Sumber daya alam == <!-- Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry as well as minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is the world's primary exporter of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with saw logs and sawn timber, [[cocoa]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[pineapple]] and [[tobacco]] dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major foreign exchange earner. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today an estimated 59 percent of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the downtrend. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an intercrop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as ''meranti tembaga'', ''merawan'' and ''sesenduk'' are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. [[Rubber]], once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by [[oil palm]] as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of [[tin]] until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th Century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mining sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas which were discovered in oilfields offshore from Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy particularly in those three states. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, gold, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of [[gold]] are produced. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, [[Datuk Mustapa Mohamed]], revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion [[Cubic foot|cubic feet]] (2,500&nbsp;km³). This was an increase of 7.2 percent. The government predicts that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil for 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004 Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government. <!---Every states maintain the right to control resources inside the states. However oil and gas are controlled by the federal government. The states where the resources are found will be given royalties.---> == Transportasi jeung Komunikasi == {{main2|Transportation in Malaysia|Communications in Malaysia}} [[Gambar:KualaLumpurTower.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Kuala Lumpur Tower]] enhances communication quality within Kuala Lumpur and the [[Klang Valley]].]] <!-- Malaysia has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and town on the peninsular and east Malaysia itself. There is a train service in West Malaysia run by KTM and several LRTs in Kuala Lumpur such as the [[Ampang Line]], [[Sri Petaling Line]] (formerly called [[STAR LRT]]), [[Kelana Jaya Line]] (formerly called [[PUTRA LRT]]). The [[North-South Expressway]] basically spans from the northern tip of Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Baru in the south, which also connects roads into Thailand and Singapore. There are sea ports in Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan and Tawau. There are also world class airports that provide international and domestic destinations. Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of West Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers as the main mode of transportation for interior residents. Malaysia is also the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, [[Air Asia]]. It retains Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights around Southeast Asia and now China as well. The intercity telecommunication service is provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satellite. In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister [[Lim Keng Yaik|Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik]] reported that only 0.85 percent or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies of choice in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile to Internet Service Provider. --> == Kaséhatan == <!-- Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public healthcare - an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment. The Malaysian healthcare system requires doctors to perform a compulsory 3 years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments. There are currently 114 government hospitals and healthcare centres with a total of 28,163 beds. There are also seven special medical institutions (including psychiatric institutions) with a total of 6,292 beds. As for private hospitals, there are 225 of them (including maternity and nursing homes) in Malaysia, and they provide 9,498 beds. The majority are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment - it has often taken up to 10 years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care. * [[List of hospitals in Malaysia|List of Malaysian hospitals]] --> == Pendidikan == {{utama|Pangatikan di Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysian children begin schooling from the age of 5 or 6 in kindergarten. Year One begins the year a child turns 7. There is an exam taken when leaving Primary school, called 'Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah', or UPSR (Primary School Assessment Examination) which is taken by all Year Six students before going into secondary schools. The purpose of this examination is to assess the quality of the primary education in Malaysia. An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS; First Level Assessment) was used to measure the ability of bright students, and to allow them to move from Year 3 to 5. This exam has since been removed. Secondary education lasts five years. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students must sit for the 'Penilaian Menengah Rendah' (PMR; Lower Secondary Assessment), to guide them on what subjects to take in the next year. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for 'Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia', or SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' levels, now referred to as GCSEs). Some Chinese choose to study in Independent High School, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Independent high school takes 6 years to complete. Instead of sitting for PMR or SPM, student will sit for UEC in Junior Middle 3 (Form 3) and Senior Middle 3 (Form 6). Some independent high schools teach in Malay and Chinese, so that the students can sit for PMR, SPM and UEC. Students wishing to enter university must complete 2 more years of secondary schooling. They must take up either the school based Form Six and sit for Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia', or STPM (Malaysia Higher Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels), matriculation (1 year only), or other pre-university courses before they may apply for entry into local universities. Independent High School students can enter some of the universities using their UEC result. Students can opt to go to private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have education links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]], [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]]. Until recently, all subjects except foreign languages ([[Malaysian English|English]], Mandarin and Tamil) were taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]] (Malay). The result was that while many Malaysian students were proficient with the Malay language, they later struggled with English based tertiary education, especially in overseas universities and colleges. Currently [[Mathematics]] and [[Science]] subjects such as [[Biology]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] are taught in English. The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as [[medicine]] and [[engineering]]. All other subjects are taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]]. In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater for the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include - [[Australian International School, Malaysia]] (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British curriculum), [[The Garden International School]] (British curriculum), The [[International School of Kuala Lumpur]] (International Baccalaureate and American curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French curriculum) amongst others. --> == Démografi == {{utama|Demographics of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia's population is comprised of many ethnic groups, with the politically dominant [[Malay people|Malay]]s making up the majority. By constitutional definition, all Malays are [[Islam|Muslim]]. About a quarter of the population are [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]], who have historically played an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of [[India]]n descent comprise about 10% of the population and include [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]. About 90% of the Indian community is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] but various other groups are represented, including [[Kerala|Malayali]]s, [[Punjabi]]s and [[Telugu people|Telugus]]. Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of [[Sarawak]]'s population, constitute about 66% of [[Sabah]]'s population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively called [[Orang Asli]]. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, [[Europe]]an, [[Middle East]]ern, [[Cambodia]]n, and [[Vietnam]]ese descent. Europeans and [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]] include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some [[Portugal|Portuguese]], and most of the Middle Easterners are [[Arab]]s. A small number of Kampucheans and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[May 13]], [[1969]] saw an incident of civil unrest which was then thought to be largely due to the socio-economic imbalance of the country along racial lines, though in retrospect it may have been more motivated by political firebrands in both governing and opposition parties, as the violence involved only the areas in and around the capital, with much of the country remaining at peace. This incident led to the adoption of the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] as a two-pronged approach to address racial and economic inequality and to eradicate poverty in the country. Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20 percent foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers; there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 20% of its 2.5 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Unauthorized foreigners are subject to RM10,000 fines and two-year prison terms, while Malaysian employers face up to a year in jail and a fine of up to RM50,000 for each illegal worker hired, with those hiring more than five also liable to caning. [[Caning]] is a standard punishment for more than 40 crimes in Malaysia, ranging from sexual abuse to drug use. Administered with a thick rattan stick, it splits the skin and leaves scars. Some 380,000 unauthorized foreigners left during an "amnesty" that began in Fall 2004 and was extended several times. During amnesties, unauthorized foreigners can leave without paying fines for staying illegally in the country. On March 1, 2005, some 300,000 policemen as well as the 560,000-strong Peoples Volunteer Corp began searching for the remaining unauthorized foreigners under Operation Tegas; the volunteers receive RM100 for each foreigner arrested. ''Source: [http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/index.php Migration News, April 2005 Volume 12 Number 2]'' --> == Ageman == [[Gambar:MosqueJamek.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Masjid Jamek]] is one of the most recognizable mosques in Malaysia.]] <!-- Malaysia is a multi-religious society, and [[Islam]] is the country's [[official religion]]. The four main religions are Islam (60.4% of the population according to government census figures in 2000), [[Buddhism]] (19.2%), [[Hinduism]] (6.3%), and [[Christianity]] (9.1%, mostly in East Malaysia, i.e. [[Borneo]]). Until the 20th century, most practiced [[animism|traditional beliefs]], which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. The aforementioned figures may be skewed as they do not take into account the fact that all Malay persons are officially regarded and treated as Muslim, regardless of private belief. Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is not so simple (See [[Status of religious freedom in Malaysia]]). Non-Muslims often experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 1">Inter Press Service: [http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33451 Temple Demolitions Spell Creeping Islamisation]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref> <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 2">BBC : [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref>. Meanwhile Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of [[sharia]] courts. As a legal matter, it is not yet clear whether Muslims may freely leave Islam. In some situations, the Malaysian courts have denied one's right to freedom of religion even when one has renounced Islam (such as the Yeshua Jalilludin versus the Minister of Home Affairs case in the 1980's). Generally one who wishes to leave Islam makes a legal declaration, but this is still not recognised by the Malaysian civil courts. One is said to have to obtain a declaration of apostasy with a Syariah Court, but the court will not generally grant one. Malaysians tend to personally respect one another's religious beliefs, with inter-religious problems arising mainly from the political sphere. --> * [[Buda di Malaysia]] * [[Islam di Malaysia]] * [[Kristen di Malaysia]] * [[Hindu di Malaysia]] * [[Status kabébasan rélijius di Malaysia]] == Budaya == {{utama|Culture of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society, consisting of 65% Malays and other indigenous tribes, 25% Chinese, 7% Indians. The Malays, which form the largest community, are all Muslims since one has to be Muslim to be legally Malay under Malaysian law. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as [[bumiputra]]. Their native language is [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Bahasa Melayu]]). Bahasa Malaysia which is largely similar to Bahasa Melayu in most practical terms is the national language of the country. In the past, Bahasa Melayu was written widely in [[Jawi]], a script based on Arabic. Over time, [[romanized]] script overtook Jawi as the dominant script. This was largely due to the influence of the colonial education system which taught children in romanised writing rather than in Arabic script. The largest indigenous tribe in terms of numbers is the [[Iban people|Iban]] of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. The Iban who still live in traditional jungle villages live in [[longhouse]]s along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries. The [[Bidayuh]] (170,000) are concentrated in the south-western part of Sarawak. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the [[Kadazan]]. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. The [[Orang Asli]] (140,000), or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities living in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia. However, they remain the poorest group in the country. The Chinese population in Malaysia is mostly [[Buddhist]] (of [[Mahayana]] sect), [[Taoist]] or [[Christianity|Christian]]. Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including [[Hokkien (dialect)|Hokkien]]/[[Fujian]], [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], [[Hakka]] and [[Teochew]]. Many middle to upper-middle class Chinese in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. Chinese have historically been dominant in the Malaysian business community. The Indians in Malaysia are mainly Hindu [[Tamil people|Tamils]] from southern India, speaking [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]], living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula. Many middle to upper-middle class Indians in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. There is also a sizeable [[Sikh]] community. [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]], Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language|creole]], called [[Kristang language|Papiá Kristang]]. There are also Eurasians of mixed Malay and Spanish descent, mostly in [[Sabah]]. Descended from immigrants from the [[Philippines]], some speak [[Chavacano]], the only [[Spanish-based creole language]] in [[Asia]]. [[Cambodia]]ns and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of [[Theravada]] sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include [[wayang|wayang kulit]] (shadow puppet theatre), [[silat]] (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as [[batik]], weaving, and silver and brasswork. --> == Kawarganagaraan == {{utama|Malaysian citizenship}} Sadaya Malaysians téh warga Federal tanpa kawarganagaraan formal dina pada-pada nagara bagéanna. Unggal warga dipangnyitakkeun biometric [[identity card]], katelahna téh "[[MyKad]]", dina yuswa 12, sarta kudu mawa kartu sareng maranéhna. Warga kedah pikeun nampilkeun kartu jati dirina ka pulisi, atawa dina kasus kaayaan darurat, ka tanaga militer, pikeun dicirian. Lamun kartu teu bisa dihasilkeun langsung, téhnisna jalmi boga 24 jam dina hukum pikeun nyieun éta di kantor pulisi nu pangdeukeutna. == Poe pere == {{utama|Holidays in Malaysia}} Malaysia jeung nagara bagian na niténan sababaraha libur. Sababaraha dihukum federally sedengkeun anu sanésna dirayakeun ku sababaraha nagara bagian wungkul. == Tempo ogé == {{Malaysian Topics}} == Rujukan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{portalpar|Malaysia}} {{sisterlinks|Malaysia}} === Situs resmi === <div class="references-small"> * [http://www.gov.my/ myGovernment Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827155920/http://www.gov.my/ |date=2008-08-27 }} - Malaysian Government Portal * [http://www.bernama.com.my/ Bernama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512085506/http://www.bernama.com.my/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Malaysian national news agency * [http://www.statistics.gov.my Malaysian Department of Statistics] * [http://www.tourism.gov.my/ Tourism Malaysia] - Malaysian tourism portal * [http://www.pmo.gov.my/ Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia] * [http://www.rtm.net.my/ Radio Televisyen Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013210336/http://www.rtm.net.my/ |date=2008-10-13 }} - Government-owned television network * [http://www.matrade.gov.my/ Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation] * [http://www.smidec.gov.my/ Small Medium Industries Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125084637/http://www.smidec.gov.my/ |date=2020-11-25 }} </div> {{Malaysia}} {{D8}} {{Asia Tenggara}} {{Asia}} {{Nagara Persemakmuran}} {{Gerakan Non-Blok}} {{OKI}} [[Kategori:Nagara]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Malaysia| A]] [[Kategori:Monarki]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] k5h5bq6pf9qukvwbtpjgss1s8xi3su8 0 15108 707574 698188 2026-03-30T02:13:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Sondah | title_style = background:#4682B4; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Jogos tradicionais - avião, Escola da Ladeira, Santo António, Funchal, Madeira - IMG 20190228 175816.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Sondah wangun kapal (avião), salah sahiji pola kaulinan éngklé.</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = Kapur / Areng / Gurat Taneuh | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = [[Gacok]] (Kenténg/Batu) | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kasaimbangan, Strategi | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Éngklé]], Hopscotch }} '''Sondah''' atanapi sering disebut ogé '''Éngklé''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu dipidamel ku cara luncat nganggo hiji suku tina hiji kotak ka kotak sanésna anu parantos diguratan dina taneuh.<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan populér di sakuliah dunya kalayan nami anu béda-béda, sapertos ''Hopscotch'' dina basa Inggris atanapi ''Avião'' (Pesawat) sakumaha anu katingal dina gambar.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Cara Maén == Pamaén meryogikeun '''[[Gacok]]''', biasana tina semplékan kenténg atanapi batu datar. Gacok dialungkeun kana kotak, tuluy pamaén kedah luncat ngaliwatan kotak anu aya gacokanana. Sing saha anu tiasa ngaréngsékeun sadaya kotak sarta miboga "imah" paling seueur, éta anu janten pinunjulna. == Rupa-rupa Wangun == Aya sababaraha wangun pola sondah anu biasa diguratan: * **Wangun Kapal:** Sakumaha anu aya dina gambar, polana mirip pesawat terbang. * **Wangun Gunung:** Polana nyungcung ka luhur sarta kotakna langkung seueur. * **Wangun Jalma:** Polana mirip adegan awak manusa. '''Sondah/Sonlah''' (dialék Ciamis: '''Péclé''') nyaéta [[kaulinan]] ku cara éngklé-éngkléan maké ngaliwatan [[kalang]] kotak-[[kotak]]. Aya kotak anu ditandaan ku kojo (tina [[batu]]) anu teu meunang ditindak. Kaulinan ieu geus diulinkeun ku barudak Sunda ti baheula kénéh, saméméh aya rupa-rupa kaulinan modéren. Biasana, kaulinan sonlah dipaénkeun di buruan imah, lapang, atawa jalan anu taneuhna datar. Di tanah Sunda, sondah/sonlah ngembang jadi kaulinan rakyat anu pinuh ku ajén budaya lokal. Barudak di lembur biasana nyieun pola kaulinan maké areng, batu, atawa kayu leutik di taneuh, tuluy maranéhna maén bari seuri jeung nembang babarengan. ==Cara maénkeun== Dipaenkeun ku sababaraha urang 2-10 urang gé kaci. biasana dina [[taneuh]] diguratan heula, rek ku [[kapur]] atawa ku naon waé asal aya tapak guratna. Tempat sondahna naha rek [[gambar]] [[imah]], atawa [[jelema]], lamun gambar jelema, minangkana sukuna téh aya sababaraha petak wangunna pasagi, 3 atawa 5 kotak. Tuluy anderok atawa calana mun anderok samodél [[trapesium]] dibagi dua, mun [[calana]] samodél pasagi panjang sarua dibagi dua, minangka awakna paragi engkle deui, wangunna pasagi. tuluy sirah mangrupa buleud minangka istirahat. Aya nu disebut "kono" biasana tina potongan [[kenteng]]. Milih kojo kudu nu hampang tapi tambleg, kentengna ulah nu kandel teuing. Jadi mun dialungkeun kana kotak-kotak paragi sondah téa, teu kaluar tina garis. Mun kaluar tina garis, nya [[lasut]]. Cara maenna, ngalungkeun hula "kojo", mimiti mah kana kotak nu kahiji, mun kotak nu aya kojoan ulah ditincak, kudu diajlengan. budak engkle-engkléan (kaci ku suku kénca atawa suku katuhu) dina suku gambar. Dina sudah anderok/calana kaci sudah. tulih na bahkan awak gambar engkle deui, nepi ka sirah gambarnya anderso.akuaku tuluy balik deui engkle ti sirah ka awak, tuluy ka anderok/calana gambar, tuluy engkle deui, pas lebah aya kojo téa mu tadi dialungkeun, dibawah heula kojona, tuluy engkle deui. mun geus bérés, ko nona dialungkeun deui kana kotak nu kadua, tuluy we kitu puncakna si kojo dialungkeun kana sirah gambar. Mun kojo keur dina sirah, sirah gambar teu meunang dijejek, sabab aya kojoan. Mun kojo geus dina sirah, tuluy balik deui kana awak, jeung tuluy deui ka handap. Nepi ka suku gambar nu panghandapna. ayeuna, kaulinan ieu jadi bagian tina budaya dolanan Sunda, nyaéta kaulinan rakyat anu diturunkeun turun-temurun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] 55w035sa3xn6dbb80p1wb6unmx8q3zi 707575 707574 2026-03-30T02:14:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rupa-rupa Wangun */ 707575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Sondah | title_style = background:#4682B4; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Jogos tradicionais - avião, Escola da Ladeira, Santo António, Funchal, Madeira - IMG 20190228 175816.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Sondah wangun kapal (avião), salah sahiji pola kaulinan éngklé.</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = Kapur / Areng / Gurat Taneuh | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = [[Gacok]] (Kenténg/Batu) | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kasaimbangan, Strategi | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Éngklé]], Hopscotch }} '''Sondah''' atanapi sering disebut ogé '''Éngklé''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu dipidamel ku cara luncat nganggo hiji suku tina hiji kotak ka kotak sanésna anu parantos diguratan dina taneuh.<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan populér di sakuliah dunya kalayan nami anu béda-béda, sapertos ''Hopscotch'' dina basa Inggris atanapi ''Avião'' (Pesawat) sakumaha anu katingal dina gambar.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Cara Maén == Pamaén meryogikeun '''[[Gacok]]''', biasana tina semplékan kenténg atanapi batu datar. Gacok dialungkeun kana kotak, tuluy pamaén kedah luncat ngaliwatan kotak anu aya gacokanana. Sing saha anu tiasa ngaréngsékeun sadaya kotak sarta miboga "imah" paling seueur, éta anu janten pinunjulna. == Rupa-rupa Wangun == Aya sababaraha wangun pola sondah anu biasa diguratan: * '''Wangun Kapal''': Sakumaha anu aya dina gambar, polana mirip pesawat terbang. * '''Wangun Gunung''': Polana nyungcung ka luhur sarta kotakna langkung seueur. * '''Wangun Jalma''': Polana mirip adegan awak manusa. * '''Sondah/Sonlah''' (dialék Ciamis: '''Péclé''') nyaéta [[kaulinan]] ku cara éngklé-éngkléan maké ngaliwatan [[kalang]] kotak-[[kotak]]. Aya kotak anu ditandaan ku kojo (tina [[batu]]) anu teu meunang ditindak. Kaulinan ieu geus diulinkeun ku barudak Sunda ti baheula kénéh, saméméh aya rupa-rupa kaulinan modéren. Biasana, kaulinan sonlah dipaénkeun di buruan imah, lapang, atawa jalan anu taneuhna datar. Di tanah Sunda, sondah/sonlah ngembang jadi kaulinan rakyat anu pinuh ku ajén budaya lokal. Barudak di lembur biasana nyieun pola kaulinan maké areng, batu, atawa kayu leutik di taneuh, tuluy maranéhna maén bari seuri jeung nembang babarengan. ==Cara maénkeun== Dipaenkeun ku sababaraha urang 2-10 urang gé kaci. biasana dina [[taneuh]] diguratan heula, rek ku [[kapur]] atawa ku naon waé asal aya tapak guratna. Tempat sondahna naha rek [[gambar]] [[imah]], atawa [[jelema]], lamun gambar jelema, minangkana sukuna téh aya sababaraha petak wangunna pasagi, 3 atawa 5 kotak. Tuluy anderok atawa calana mun anderok samodél [[trapesium]] dibagi dua, mun [[calana]] samodél pasagi panjang sarua dibagi dua, minangka awakna paragi engkle deui, wangunna pasagi. tuluy sirah mangrupa buleud minangka istirahat. Aya nu disebut "kono" biasana tina potongan [[kenteng]]. Milih kojo kudu nu hampang tapi tambleg, kentengna ulah nu kandel teuing. Jadi mun dialungkeun kana kotak-kotak paragi sondah téa, teu kaluar tina garis. Mun kaluar tina garis, nya [[lasut]]. Cara maenna, ngalungkeun hula "kojo", mimiti mah kana kotak nu kahiji, mun kotak nu aya kojoan ulah ditincak, kudu diajlengan. budak engkle-engkléan (kaci ku suku kénca atawa suku katuhu) dina suku gambar. Dina sudah anderok/calana kaci sudah. tulih na bahkan awak gambar engkle deui, nepi ka sirah gambarnya anderso.akuaku tuluy balik deui engkle ti sirah ka awak, tuluy ka anderok/calana gambar, tuluy engkle deui, pas lebah aya kojo téa mu tadi dialungkeun, dibawah heula kojona, tuluy engkle deui. mun geus bérés, ko nona dialungkeun deui kana kotak nu kadua, tuluy we kitu puncakna si kojo dialungkeun kana sirah gambar. Mun kojo keur dina sirah, sirah gambar teu meunang dijejek, sabab aya kojoan. Mun kojo geus dina sirah, tuluy balik deui kana awak, jeung tuluy deui ka handap. Nepi ka suku gambar nu panghandapna. ayeuna, kaulinan ieu jadi bagian tina budaya dolanan Sunda, nyaéta kaulinan rakyat anu diturunkeun turun-temurun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] 7n3rv8d4erwn7fenqum2gsefor2w5cn 707576 707575 2026-03-30T02:18:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Sondah | title_style = background:#4682B4; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Jogos tradicionais - avião, Escola da Ladeira, Santo António, Funchal, Madeira - IMG 20190228 175816.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Sondah wangun kapal (avião), salah sahiji pola kaulinan éngklé.</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = Kapur / Areng / Gurat Taneuh | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = [[Gacok]] (Kenténg/Batu) | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kasaimbangan, Strategi | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Éngklé]], Hopscotch }} '''Sondah''' atanapi sering disebut ogé '''Éngklé''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu dipidamel ku cara luncat nganggo hiji suku tina hiji kotak ka kotak sanésna anu parantos diguratan dina taneuh.<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan populér di sakuliah dunya kalayan nami anu béda-béda, sapertos ''Hopscotch'' dina basa Inggris atanapi ''Avião'' (Pesawat) sakumaha anu katingal dina gambar.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Rupa-rupa Wangun == Aya sababaraha wangun pola sondah anu biasa diguratan: * '''Wangun Kapal''': Sakumaha anu aya dina gambar, polana mirip pesawat terbang. * '''Wangun Gunung''': Polana nyungcung ka luhur sarta kotakna langkung seueur. * '''Wangun Jalma''': Polana mirip adegan awak manusa. * '''Sondah/Sonlah''' (dialék Ciamis: '''Péclé''') nyaéta [[kaulinan]] ku cara éngklé-éngkléan maké ngaliwatan [[kalang]] kotak-[[kotak]]. Aya kotak anu ditandaan ku kojo (tina [[batu]]) anu teu meunang ditindak. Kaulinan ieu geus diulinkeun ku barudak Sunda ti baheula kénéh, saméméh aya rupa-rupa kaulinan modéren. Biasana, kaulinan sonlah dipaénkeun di buruan imah, lapang, atawa jalan anu taneuhna datar. Di tanah Sunda, sondah/sonlah ngembang jadi kaulinan rakyat anu pinuh ku ajén budaya lokal. Barudak di lembur biasana nyieun pola kaulinan maké areng, batu, atawa kayu leutik di taneuh, tuluy maranéhna maén bari seuri jeung nembang babarengan. ==Cara maénkeun== Pamaén meryogikeun '''[[Gacok]]''', biasana tina semplékan kenténg atanapi batu datar. Gacok dialungkeun kana kotak, tuluy pamaén kedah luncat ngaliwatan kotak anu aya gacokanana. Sing saha anu tiasa ngaréngsékeun sadaya kotak sarta miboga "imah" paling seueur, éta anu janten pinunjulna. Dipaénkeun ku sababaraha urang 2-10 urang gé kaci. biasana dina [[taneuh]] diguratan heula, rek ku [[kapur]] atawa ku naon waé asal aya tapak guratna. Tempat sondahna naha rek [[gambar]] [[imah]], atawa [[jelema]], lamun gambar jelema, minangkana sukuna téh aya sababaraha petak wangunna pasagi, 3 atawa 5 kotak. Tuluy anderok atawa calana mun anderok samodél [[trapesium]] dibagi dua, mun [[calana]] samodél pasagi panjang sarua dibagi dua, minangka awakna paragi engkle deui, wangunna pasagi. tuluy sirah mangrupa buleud minangka istirahat. Aya nu disebut "kono" biasana tina potongan [[kenteng]]. Milih kojo kudu nu hampang tapi tambleg, kentengna ulah nu kandel teuing. Jadi mun dialungkeun kana kotak-kotak paragi sondah téa, teu kaluar tina garis. Mun kaluar tina garis, nya [[lasut]]. Cara maenna, ngalungkeun hula "kojo", mimiti mah kana kotak nu kahiji, mun kotak nu aya kojoan ulah ditincak, kudu diajlengan. budak engkle-engkléan (kaci ku suku kénca atawa suku katuhu) dina suku gambar. Dina sudah anderok/calana kaci sudah. tulih na bahkan awak gambar engkle deui, nepi ka sirah gambarnya anderso.akuaku tuluy balik deui engkle ti sirah ka awak, tuluy ka anderok/calana gambar, tuluy engkle deui, pas lebah aya kojo téa mu tadi dialungkeun, dibawah heula kojona, tuluy engkle deui. mun geus bérés, ko nona dialungkeun deui kana kotak nu kadua, tuluy we kitu Puncakna si kojo dialungkeun kana sirah gambar. Mun kojo keur dina sirah, sirah gambar teu meunang dijejek, sabab aya kojoan. Mun kojo geus dina sirah, tuluy balik deui kana awak, jeung tuluy deui ka handap. Nepi ka suku gambar nu panghandapna. Ayeuna, kaulinan ieu jadi bagian tina budaya dolanan Sunda, nyaéta kaulinan rakyat anu diturunkeun turun-temurun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] d1uttyjek53l0o1j029zh6oc4s0f5va 0 15115 707578 674298 2026-03-30T06:06:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underlinked|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Ucing Sumput | title_style = background:#2E8B57; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Permainan-Tradisional-Bermain-Petak-Umpet-2.svg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Ilustrasi barudak nuju maén ucing sumput.</div> | label1 = Jumlah Pamaén | data1 = Minimal 2 urang (langkung seueur langkung ramé) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Tangkal / Témbok (salaku "Hong") | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kajujuran, Kawaspadaan, Kasabaran | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Petak Umpet]], Hide and Seek }} '''Ucing sumput''' nyaéta kaulinan néangan batur nu nyumput upama saurang jadi ''ucing''. Biasana ''ucing'' ngitung heula nepi ka 25 méré waktu batur nyumput saacan kudu néangan kabéhanana. Kaulinan ieu :(''petak umpet'') kawentar di mamana, hususna di Indonésia. Nu maén pangsautikna 2 budak tapi tangtu leuwih loba leuwih ramé. Salah saurang budak kapeto jadi jaga ku cara [[hompimpah]] jeung atawa [[suten]] ( suit ). Cara ulinna, kabéh budak salian nu 'jaga' nyumput/nyamuni sabuni-bunina. Budak nu jaga boga pancén kudu nimukeun babaturanna ieu. Sacara umum, [[budak]] nu pangheulana kapanggih panyumputanna jadi jaga mun sakabéh budak geus kapanggih. Barudak nu geus kapanggih bisa mantuan néangan sesa baturna nu can kapanggih, bisa ogé henteu gumantung aturan maen nu disatujuan saméméh maen. Aturan maen nu séjénna biasana mah ngeunaan wewengkon nyaéta wates2 panjauhna hiji budak meunang nyumput/nyamuni téh diatur dina aturan maen téh nu disatujuan saméméh maén. Mun aturan ieu aya nu ngalanggar, budak nu ngalanggar ''otomatis'' ngagantikeun nu jaga, atawa jadi jaga di ronde saanggeusna mun manéhna kapanggih pangpandeurina. ==Tugas B. Sunda == ==Sumber== <references /> {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori: Kaulinan]] gv3dd0uxwf9ouoonwj72n888ara7rjl 707579 707578 2026-03-30T06:07:48Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underlinked|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Ucing Sumput | title_style = background:#2E8B57; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Permainan-Tradisional-Bermain-Petak-Umpet-2.svg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Ilustrasi barudak nuju maén ucing sumput.</div> | label1 = Jumlah Pamaén | data1 = Minimal 2 urang (langkung seueur langkung ramé) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Tangkal / Témbok (salaku "Hong") | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kajujuran, Kawaspadaan, Kasabaran | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Petak Umpet]], Hide and Seek }} '''Ucing sumput''' nyaéta kaulinan néangan batur nu nyumput upama saurang jadi ''ucing''. Biasana ''ucing'' ngitung heula nepi ka 25 méré waktu batur nyumput saacan kudu néangan kabéhanana. Kaulinan ieu :(''petak umpet'') kawentar di mamana, hususna di Indonésia. Nu maén pangsautikna 2 budak tapi tangtu leuwih loba leuwih ramé. Salah saurang budak kapeto jadi jaga ku cara [[hompimpah]] jeung atawa [[suten]] ( suit ). Cara ulinna, kabéh budak salian nu 'jaga' nyumput/nyamuni sabuni-bunina. Budak nu jaga boga pancén kudu nimukeun babaturanna ieu. Sacara umum, [[budak]] nu pangheulana kapanggih panyumputanna jadi jaga mun sakabéh budak geus kapanggih. Barudak nu geus kapanggih bisa mantuan néangan sesa baturna nu can kapanggih, bisa ogé henteu gumantung aturan maen nu disatujuan saméméh maen. Aturan maén nu séjénna biasana mah ngeunaan wewengkon nyaéta wates-wates panjauhna hiji budak meunang nyumput/nyamuni téh diatur dina aturan maeén téh nu disatujuan saméméh maén. Mun aturan ieu aya nu ngalanggar, budak nu ngalanggar ''otomatis'' ngagantikeun nu jaga, atawa jadi jaga di ronde saanggeusna mun manéhna kapanggih pangpandeurina. ==Tugas B. Sunda == ==Sumber== <references /> {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori: Kaulinan]] 7jzfhkmmwobacl3842r6wrce8o97xb1 0 15126 707577 704930 2026-03-30T02:20:13Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Congklak | title_style = background:#A52A2A; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Congklak.jpg|180px|center|Papan congklak]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Papan congklak sarta sikina (kuwuk).</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = [[Kai]] / Plastik | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = [[Kuwuk]], Siki Salak, Batu | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] (Indoor) | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Matématika, Strategi | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Dakonan]], Mancala }} '''Congklak''' atawa '''daku''' nyaéta kaulinan maké [[papan]] [[kai]] atawa [[palastik]], nu panjanngna kurang leuwih 40cm, lébarna kurang leuwih 15 cm, luhurna maké logak sababaraha hiji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=PEPERENIAN|last=Drs. Ahmad Hadi|first=Dkk|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2009|isbn=978-602-7784-11-6|location=Bandung|pages=232}}</ref> Unggal logak dieusian [[kewuk]], siki [[salak]], siki [[asem]] atawa [[batu]] leutik.<ref name=":0" /> Geus aya [[lombang]]-lombangna 7, ngajajar.<ref name=":0" /> Di hareupeun lombang 7 gé aya deuih 7 lombang, 2 lombang badag digigir-gigirna.<ref name=":0" /> Éta lombang téh dieusian ku [[siki]] [[asem]] atawa siki congklak (nu geus disadiakeun), atawa baréto mah mun congklakna dina [[taneuh]], sikina sok ku [[batu]] laleutik.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=”Suw”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tOlLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=kaulinan+barudak+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-25CWmpyGAxVWwTgGHa50CRoQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=kaulinan%20barudak%20sunda&f=false| title =Pangajaran Basa Jeung Sastra Sunda: Panuyun Sangkan Bisa Ngajarkeun Basa Suwondo| last =Suwondo| first =Dodo | publisher =Penerbit Yayasan Miftahul Huda al-Musri (MHM)| location =Jakarta| year =2018|ISBN=9786025069314|pages =80}} Disungsi 20 Méi 2024</ref> ==Cara maén== Lombang dieusian masing-masing 7 siki. Ari lombang gedé minangka lombang rajana mah henteu dieusian, dipaénkeun ku 2 urang teu bisa leuwih. Sanggeus kabéh lombang leutik dieusian, tuluy salah sahiji nu maén nyokot lombang, nya dipapaykeun nepi ka béakna siki.<ref name=":1" /> Giliran ieu nu lombang gedé (tabungan manéhna, nu beulah kéncaeun nu maén) gé dieusian sasiki, lasutna téh mun siki nu pamungkas nempatan lombang nu kosong. Mun dina nu lombang luhur aya eusian disebutna "némbak", siki nu lombang kosong, jeung siki luhureunana dibawa jadi hak milik nu maén éta. Nya geus kitu mah bagilir bagian pamaén lawanna da lasut téa.<ref name=":1">Paguneman Komunitas Urang Sunda di Internét di milis urangsunda@yahoogroups.com. Dideskripsikeun ku Téh Pupi</ref> ==Sumber== <references /> {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] 3cwgnnjaodnehly1mswzhyqibt5med3 707582 707577 2026-03-30T06:16:41Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Cara maén */ 707582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Congklak | title_style = background:#A52A2A; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Congklak.jpg|180px|center|Papan congklak]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Papan congklak sarta sikina (kuwuk).</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = [[Kai]] / Plastik | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = [[Kuwuk]], Siki Salak, Batu | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] (Indoor) | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Matématika, Strategi | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Dakonan]], Mancala }} '''Congklak''' atawa '''daku''' nyaéta kaulinan maké [[papan]] [[kai]] atawa [[palastik]], nu panjanngna kurang leuwih 40cm, lébarna kurang leuwih 15 cm, luhurna maké logak sababaraha hiji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=PEPERENIAN|last=Drs. Ahmad Hadi|first=Dkk|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2009|isbn=978-602-7784-11-6|location=Bandung|pages=232}}</ref> Unggal logak dieusian [[kewuk]], siki [[salak]], siki [[asem]] atawa [[batu]] leutik.<ref name=":0" /> Geus aya [[lombang]]-lombangna 7, ngajajar.<ref name=":0" /> Di hareupeun lombang 7 gé aya deuih 7 lombang, 2 lombang badag digigir-gigirna.<ref name=":0" /> Éta lombang téh dieusian ku [[siki]] [[asem]] atawa siki congklak (nu geus disadiakeun), atawa baréto mah mun congklakna dina [[taneuh]], sikina sok ku [[batu]] laleutik.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=”Suw”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tOlLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=kaulinan+barudak+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-25CWmpyGAxVWwTgGHa50CRoQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=kaulinan%20barudak%20sunda&f=false| title =Pangajaran Basa Jeung Sastra Sunda: Panuyun Sangkan Bisa Ngajarkeun Basa Suwondo| last =Suwondo| first =Dodo | publisher =Penerbit Yayasan Miftahul Huda al-Musri (MHM)| location =Jakarta| year =2018|ISBN=9786025069314|pages =80}} Disungsi 20 Méi 2024</ref> ==Cara maén== [[FILE:Gambar Permainan Tradisional Congklak.jpg|200px|Jempol|left|Gambar congklak]] Lombang dieusian masing-masing 7 siki. Ari lombang gedé minangka lombang rajana mah henteu dieusian, dipaénkeun ku 2 urang teu bisa leuwih. Sanggeus kabéh lombang leutik dieusian, tuluy salah sahiji nu maén nyokot lombang, nya dipapaykeun nepi ka béakna siki.<ref name=":1" /> Giliran ieu nu lombang gedé (tabungan manéhna, nu beulah kéncaeun nu maén) gé dieusian sasiki, lasutna téh mun siki nu pamungkas nempatan lombang nu kosong. Mun dina nu lombang luhur aya eusian disebutna "némbak", siki nu lombang kosong, jeung siki luhureunana dibawa jadi hak milik nu maén éta. Nya geus kitu mah bagilir bagian pamaén lawanna da lasut téa.<ref name=":1">Paguneman Komunitas Urang Sunda di Internét di milis urangsunda@yahoogroups.com. Dideskripsikeun ku Téh Pupi</ref> ==Sumber== <references /> {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] hr62q2sn53ox0pfc22t87xx1xt6lzcc 0 15127 707583 657927 2026-03-30T06:19:45Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Boy boyan.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Boy_boyan]] '''Boy-boyan''' téh salah sahiji kaulinan anu maké [[bal]] (biasana saukuran bal [[ténis]]) anu bisa dijieun tina kertas anu dikuwel-kuwel atawa ku bal ténisna. Tuluy, dikumpulkeun potongan kenténg (10 ~ 15) sina patumpuk ka luhur. kabéh anu teu jadi ucing, saurang-saurang ngalungan kana kenténg anu geus ngéntép, minangka nepikeun salah saurang bisa ngaruntuhkeunana. Lamun kénténgna geus runtuh, anu jadi ucing tuluy ngaberikan ka anu maén tadi sangkan beunang dibalédog ku éta bal. Lamun aya anu keuna, pamaén kaluar heula tina kaulinan nepi ka kabéh beunang kabalédog ku balna. <ref name=”Cho”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DlGkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=boy-boyan&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGiY3X18L_AhV2bWwGHbSoAUsQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=boy-boyan&f=false| title =MONOGRAF VALIDASI PANDUAN PENINGKATAN EMOSI MORAL MELALUI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL (Bentengan, Boy-Boy an, Gobag Sodor, Kasti) DENGAN METODE “BERLIAN”Choirunnisa, Hafidzah Nur Muflihah, Navisyatul Nurul Aini, Wahyu Nur Laily| last =Choirunnisa, Hafidzah Nur Muflihah, Navisyatul Nurul Aini, Wahyu Nur Laily| first =Iswinarti| publisher =UMMPress| location =Malang , Indonesia | year =2022|ISBN=9789797967680|pages =28}} Disungsi13 Juni 2023</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan anu maké alat]] 6c3xxql7jwr7xfqzgoxscarm0v41c79 707584 707583 2026-03-30T06:21:21Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Boy boyan.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Boy_boyan]] '''Boy-boyan''' téh salah sahiji kaulinan anu maké [[bal]] (biasana saukuran bal [[ténis]]) anu bisa dijieun tina kertas anu dikuwel-kuwel atawa ku bal ténisna. Tuluy, dikumpulkeun potongan kenténg (10 ~ 15) sina patumpuk ka luhur. kabéh anu teu jadi ucing, saurang-saurang ngalungan kana kenténg anu geus ngéntép, minangka nepikeun salah saurang bisa ngaruntuhkeunana. Lamun kénténgna geus runtuh, anu jadi ucing tuluy ngaberikan ka anu maén tadi sangkan beunang dibalédog ku éta bal. Lamun aya anu keuna, pamaén kaluar heula tina kaulinan nepi ka kabéh beunang kabalédog ku balna. <ref name=”Cho”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DlGkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=boy-boyan&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGiY3X18L_AhV2bWwGHbSoAUsQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=boy-boyan&f=false| title =MONOGRAF VALIDASI PANDUAN PENINGKATAN EMOSI MORAL MELALUI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL (Bentengan, Boy-Boy an, Gobag Sodor, Kasti) DENGAN METODE “BERLIAN”Choirunnisa, Hafidzah Nur Muflihah, Navisyatul Nurul Aini, Wahyu Nur Laily| last =Choirunnisa, Hafidzah Nur Muflihah, Navisyatul Nurul Aini, Wahyu Nur Laily| first =Iswinarti| publisher =UMMPress| location =Malang , Indonesia | year =2022|ISBN=9789797967680|pages =28}} Disungsi13 Juni 2023</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] 322wvi2p7e5pt3klpdadf4gg258kag2 0 33176 707568 486656 2026-03-30T01:09:23Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Filologi | title_style = background:#704214; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Naskah awi kuna salaku objék filologi.</div> | label1 = Widang | data1 = [[Humaniora]] | label2 = Objék | data2 = [[Naskah]] | label3 = Tujuan | data3 = Kritik Téks | label4 = Metoda | data4 = Kodikologi }} '''Filologi''' nyaéta salasahiji cabang élmu humaniora anu maluruh sarta ngaguar naskah-naskah kuna (manuskrip) pikeun manggihan jati diri hiji téks sarta sajarah kabudayaan bangsa.<ref>Robson, S.O. (1988). ''Principles of Indonesian Philology''. Leiden: KITLV.</ref> Sacara [[étimologi]], kecap ieu asalna tina [[basa Yunani]] ''philein'', nu hartina "cinta" jeung ''[[logos]]'' anu hartosna "kecap" atanapi "élmu".<ref>Reynolds, L.D. & Wilson, N.G. (1991). ''Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature''. Oxford University Press.</ref> == Sajarah sarta Kamekaran == Istilah ''Philologia'' mimiti dipaké kira-kira abad ka-3 SM ku sawatara ahli ti Iskandariyah (Alexandria).<ref>Pfeiffer, Rudolf. (1968). ''History of Classical Scholarship: From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> Dipaké pikeun nyebut sakur kaahlian anu diperlukeun pikeun ngulik tinggalan tinulis nu asalna ti mangsa ratusan taun saméméhna. Ahli ti Iskandariyah nu mimiti nuliskeun ‘filologi’ téh nyaéta '''Eratosthenes'''.<ref>Sandys, John Edwin. (1903). ''A History of Classical Scholarship''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Téks anu nyangkaruk dina naskah utamana asalna tina périodeu anu geus lila, ilaharna hésé kahartina, boh alatan basana, boh tina sabab salin-sinalin anu mindeng anu ngabalukarkeun téks beuki mindeng ngamuat kasalahan nu dihaja atawa henteu tina éta prosés. Dina périodeuu awal ulikanana, filologi leuwih neueul kana ulikan jeung panalungtikan téks Injil, boh Injil perjanjian lama boh perjanjian baru. Tapi, alatan dianggap hasil dina ngungkulan masalah nyalusur naskah asli tina ragemna turunan téks, ku kituna ambahan ulikanna beuki ngalegaan, henteu ngan semet kana téks-téks kaagamaan, tapi ogé kana sakur téks heubeul naon baé. Jalma anu ngulik atawa boga kaahlian husus dina filologi disebut [[filolog]]. Pancénna anu utama nyaéta nalungtik ngeunaan naskah-naskah éta, nyieun laporan ngeunaan kaayaan naskah anu ditalungtikna, sarta nyieun édisi naskah anu bisa kabaca ku balaréa. Sarjana-sarjana Indonésia anu jadi panaratas dina filologi antarana [[Huséin Jayadiningrat]], [[Purbacaraka|Prof.Dr.R.M.Ng. Poerbatjaraka]]. Sarjana-sarjana Sunda anu jadi panaratas filologi antarana: [[Saléh Danasasmita]], [[Édi S. Ékajati]], [[Atja]], jsté. Dina kamekaranana, filologi sanés mung saukur neuleuman basa, nanging ogé maluruh kontéks sajarah, budaya, sarta kaayaan sosial anu kaunggel dina éta naskah.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. (1988). ''Naskah Sunda: Inventarisasi dan Pencatatan''. Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran.</ref> Di tatar Sunda, filologi kacida pentingna pikeun mukakeun rusiah filosofi hirup [[karuhun]] anu kasimpen dina [[naskah kuna Sunda]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Humaniora]] [[Kategori:Sajarah]] [[Kategori:Filologi]] [[Kategori:Sastra]] qsqgxmkmiyleepng8ggsm6oxk1tiesx 0 33905 707566 704972 2026-03-30T00:45:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Aspék Budaya Sunda */ 707566 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin-left:1em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | Sééng |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Roodkoperen rijststoomketel TMnr 3401-729.jpg|230px]]<br/><small>Sééng tina tambaga, pakakas pikeun nyepan sangu</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Fungsi Utama | Nyepan [[sangu]], ngagodog cai |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Pasangan | [[Aseupan]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Bahan Utama | [[Tambaga]], [[Kuningan]], atawa [[Alumunium]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Téknik Masak | Diseupan (Kukus) |} '''Sééng''' mangrupa parabot dapur pikeun ngéjo atawa naheur [[cai]]<ref name="sumber1">Danadibrata,R.A.2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat Kaca 618</ref>. Sééng téh nyaéta parabot dapur keur [[nyangu]] anu cara ngasakanana di[[seupan]], aya nu dijieun tina [[tambaga]], aya ogé anu dijieunna tina [[séng]], [[alumunium]], atawa [[kaléng]]<ref name="sumber2" />. Sééng tina [[tambaga]] miboga ajén sorangan pikeun masarakat sunda anu hirupna di padésaan ku sabab boga ''peranan'' nyaéta dipaké dina upacara adat nikahkeun anu disebut upacara adat [[numbas]]<ref name="sumber2">Rosidi Ayip, spk.(2000) Ensiklopedi Sunda: Alam, Manusia dan Budaya.Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya kaca 248]</ref>.<ref name=“Sunda”>{{Cite book | title =Rumah Etnik Sunda| first =Hendi| last =Anwar, Hafizh A. Nugraha| publisher =GRIYA KREASI| location =Jakarta| year =2013| pages =28|ISBN=9789796612116|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qBq9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWnZ6U1cbpAhWR_XMBHUFAAdUQ6AEIYzAI#v=onepage&q=sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref><ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =19|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> == Konstruksi sarta Bahan == Wangun sééng téh unik pisan sarta miboga filosofi tatanén: * '''Bahan''': Baheula mah sééng téh dijieun tina [[tambaga]] anu kandel sangkan panasna awét sarta asakna sangu téh pulen. Ayeuna mah geus loba anu dijieun tina [[alumunium]] sangkan leuwih hampang. * '''Wangun''': Wangunna jangkung, bagian handapna lébar, bagian tengahna (beuheungna) rada leutik, sarta bagian luhurna (biwirna) mébér rubak. Wangun ieu dijieun sangkan aseupan bisa nangkring kalawan ajeg sarta ''[[uap]]'' [[cai]] henteu loba nu kaluar.<ref name="Kiblat">{{Cite book | last = Hidayat | first = Rachmat Taufiq | title = Peperenian Urang Sunda | publisher = Kiblat Buku Utama | year = 2005 | location = Bandung | isbn = 979-3631-43-4 }}</ref> == Aspék Budaya Sunda == [[File:Basement Support To The Bottom Of A Cooking Pot.jpg|jempol|left|200px|Paranti nunda sééng sangkan teu tiguling]] Salian ti pakakas dapur, sééng miboga peran penting dina upacara adat: === 1. Simbol Kapamingpinan sarta Kulawarga === Sééng dianggap salaku simbol kakuatan kulawarga. Dina adat istiadat Sunda, sééng téh mindeng dijantenkeun barang bawaan (sésérahan) nalika pangantén lalaki sumping ka imah pangantén awéwé. Ieu ngalambangkeun yén lalaki geus siap nyadiakeun kabutuhan pangan pikeun kulawargana. === 2. Seni Béla Diri (Sééng-Sered) === Dina sawatara daérah, aya kasenian anu disebut '''[[Sééng-Sered]]'''. Ieu téh mangrupa kaulinan atawa seni tarung anu ngagunakeun sééng salaku pakakasna, biasana dipidangkeun dina acara ritual adat panén atawa hajatan.<ref name="DeepLinkSeeng">{{cite book |last=Sumardjo |first=Jakob |title=Arkeologi Budaya Indonesia |publisher=Qalam |year=2002 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Arkeologi_Budaya_Indonesia/O_ZkAAAAMAAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&bsq=seeng+sunda+seren+taun |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref> == Tutumbu Kaluar == {{Commonscat|Steamer (cookware)}} * [https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ Sééng dina Kabudayaan Sunda] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Pakakas Tradisional Sunda]] [[Kategori:Dapur Sunda]] [[Kategori:Parabot dapur]] [[Kategori:Parabot nu dijieun tina tambaga]] ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} 63qawvlkah7nmuxgqal803wal4ggpgj 0 35159 707567 653620 2026-03-30T00:49:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chinese|pic=Bamboo sprout2.JPG|piccap=Setunas rebung.|s=[[wikt:竹|竹]][[wikt:笋|笋]]|t=[[wikt:竹|竹]][[wikt:筍|筍]]|p=zhú sǔn|j=zuk1 seon2|kanji=竹の子 or 筍|kana=タケノコ|romaji=takenoko|lang2=Nepali|lang2_content=तामा (Tama)|hangul=죽순, 대나무싹|rr=juk sun, daenamu ssak}} '''Iwung''' kaasup sélér [[awi]], [[bitung]], [[gombong]] jsté, anu kakara nongtot tina [[taneuh]].<ref name="Kamus">[Danadibrata,R.A.(2006).''Kamus Basa Sunda''.Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> Tumuwuhna iwung dibagian rungkun awi jeung biasana dipinuhan ku ''glugut'' anu matak ateul.<ref name="iwung"/> Iwung bentukna kurucut, unggal sisina miboga bagian saperti congo daun awi tapi warna [[coklat]].<ref name="iwung"/> Di musim hujan mangrupa panéna iwung, antara bulan [[Désémber]] nepi ka [[Pébruari]].<ref name="iwung"/> Biasana iwung dipanén nalika jangkungna geus 20&nbsp;cm tina permukaan taneuh, dengan diameter batang sekitar 7&nbsp;cm.<ref name="iwung"/> Lamun elat panén dina 2 nepi ka 4 bulan, iwung bakal jadi tangkal awi.<ref name="iwung"/> Biasana iwung anu dialak téh nyaéta iwung anu ngora (awi ngorana).<ref name="iwung"/> Henteu sakabéh iwung anu jadi bisa jadi awi.<ref name="iwung"/> Ilaharna iwung anu karék saminggu jadina osok teu tumuwuh deui nu tungtuna maot.<ref name="iwung">[http://id.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1958760-sejuta-manfaat-rebung/#ixzz1dsV9o700 Sejuta MANFAAT REBUNG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101224754/http://id.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1958760-sejuta-manfaat-rebung/#ixzz1dsV9o700 |date=2011-11-01 }} (Dicutat tanggal 16 November 2011)</ref> ==Rupa-rupa Iwung== Teu sakabéh jinis iwung ngeunah didahar.<ref name="iwung"/> Aya sababaraha jinis iwung anu rasana pait, jeung teu sakabéh iwung bisa diolah jadi pasakeun.<ref name="iwung"/> Awi jinis apus mangrupa salah sahiji jinis awi anu teu bisa diolah jadi pasakeun, alatan rasana pait.<ref name="iwung"/> Jinis iwung anu ngeunah rasana nyaéta [[iwung konéng]], [[rampal]] atawa [[suling]], [[ori]], jeung [[ater]].<ref name="iwung"/> [[Iwung bitung]] miboga rasa anu paling ngeunah.<ref name="iwung"/> Iwung ieu warnana [[coklat]] jeung subang (sisina kelopak) dina congona warna bungur.<ref name="iwung"/> =='''Kandungan giji dina Iwung'''== [[File:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Iwung didagangkeun di toko]] Senyawa utama di jero iwung nyaéta cai, kira-kira 91 persén.<ref name="awi"/> Salain ti éta iwung ogé miboga kandungan [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]], [[lemak]], [[vitamin A]], [[thiamin]], [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin C]], sarta [[mineral]] séjéna saperti [[kalsium]], [[fosfor]], [[beusi]], jeung [[kalium]].<ref name="awi"/> lamun dibandingkeun jeung sayuran nu laina kandungan protéin, lemak, jeung karbohidrat dina iwung henteu jauh béda.<ref name="awi"/> Iwung miboga kandungan kalium anu loba.<ref name="awi"/> Kadar kalium per 100 gram iwung nyaéta 533&nbsp;mg.<ref name="awi"/> Kadaharan anu sarat Makanan kalium, nyaéta minimal 400&nbsp;mg, bisa nyingkahan résiko [[''stroke'']].<ref name="awi">[http://books.google.co.id/booksid=aW9OuftROK8C&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=kandungan+gizi+rebung+bambu&source=bl&ots=4AfXy0rRSP&sig=sRgtjikRN1sljvxu0DMLwBZ_gGo&hl=id&ei=AM3DTorhG8PwrQe71qjVCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kandungan%20gizi%20rebung%20bambu&f=false Kandungan Giji Rebung Bambu] (Dicutat tanggal 16 November 2011)</ref> Kandungan serat pangan dina iwung nyaéta 2,56 persen, leuwih loba ti batan sayuran seperti [[kadelé]] (1,27 persen), [[pécay]] (1,58 persen), [[bonténg]] (0,61 persen), jeung [[sawi]] (1,01 persen).<ref name="iwung"/> Serat pangan (dietary fiber) osok dibongbolérkeun pikeun paktor penting dina giji manusa ku sabab henteu ngahasilkeun énérgi.<ref name="iwung"/> Salain ti éta, kakurangan serat moal ngabalukarkeun spesifik, saperti kakurangan zat-zat giji.<ref name="iwung"/> Iwung mangrupikeun bahan katuangan anu miboga kandungan [[gizi]] anu saé, utamana serat sarta mineral, nanging miboga kadar lemak sarta kalori anu handap. Dumasar kana panalungtikan, dina unggal 100 gram iwung seger, aya sababaraha kandungan gizi utama:<ref>Nirmala, C., et al. ''Bamboo Shoots: A Novel Source of Nutrition and Medicine''. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.</ref> * '''Serat Pangan:''' Iwung euyeub ku serat anu mangpaat pikeun ngalancarkeun sistem '''pencernaan''' sarta ngajaga kadar koléstérol.<ref>Badan Pangan Nasional. ''Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia''.</ref> * '''Protéin:''' Ngandung asam amino ésénsial anu penting pikeun ngoméan sél-sél awak. * '''Kalium (Potassium):''' Kandungan [[kalium]] anu luhur dina iwung mangpaat pikeun ngajaga tekanan darah supados tetep stabil. * '''Vitamin sarta Mineral:''' Ngandung Vitamin A, B6, E, sarta mineral penting sapertos kalsium, magnésium, sarta zat beusi.<ref>Chongtham, N., et al. ''Nutritional Properties of Bamboo Shoots: Potential and Prospects for Utilization as a Health Food''. Food Research International.</ref> * '''Antioksidan:''' Ngandung sanyawa fénolik anu tiasa ngalawan radikal bébas dina awak. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |+ Kandungan Gizi Iwung (per 100g) |- ! Unsur Gizi !! Jumlah |- | Energi || 27 kkal |- | Protéin || 2,6 g |- | Lemak || 0,3 g |- | Karbohidrat || 5,2 g |- | Serat || 2,2 g |- | Kalium || 533 mg |} ==Catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Bahan makanan]] iks1ce8lomdporpvs0jadoggeuxouqw 0 35588 707580 657464 2026-03-30T06:11:50Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:WestAfricanMarbles.jpg|thumb|250px|Kelereng buatan tangan dari [[Afrika Barat]].]] '''Kaléci''' nyaéta bola leutik anu dijieuna tina [[taneuh liat]], [[marmer]] atawa [[kaca]] anu sok jadi kaulinan barudak.<ref name="gundu"/> Ukuran kaléci loba rupana, ilaharna ½ inci (1.25&nbsp;cm).<ref name="gundu"/> Sakapeung mah kaléci téh sok di [[koleksi]], pikeun [[''nostalgia'']] atawa warnana nu ''estetik''.<ref name="gundu">[http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm Permainan Kelereng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106060243/http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm |date=2012-01-06 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> == Sajarah == [[Taun 3000 SM]], kaléci dijieun tina batu atawa taneuh lia.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci nu pangheulana nu di koleksi ku ''The British Museum'' di London nu ayana ti [[taun 2000-1700 SM]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci éta kapanggih dina di [[Karéta]] dina situs ''Minoan of Petsofa''.<ref name="kaleci">[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html Ternyata Bermain Kelereng Banyak Manfaatnya Daripada Main Game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201235534/http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html |date=2011-12-01 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> Dina masa [[Romawi]], kaulinan ieu geus sumebar, nepi ka jadi salah sahiji bagian tina ''festival Saturnalia'', anu diayakeun nalika nyanghareupan [[Natal]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Nalika éta osok pahili-hili [[kantong]] anu jerona téh aya kaléci anu miboga ajén yén kaléci jadi tandana sosobatan.<ref name="kaleci"/> [[Abad kA-12]], di [[Perancis]], Kaléci disebut ''bille'', artina bola leutik, di [[Walanda]] di sebut ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Di [[Inggris]] aya istilah ''marbles'' pikeun nyebut kaléci. ''Marbles'' mah kaléci anu dijieuna tina marmer anu asalna ti [[Jérman]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Tapi saméméhna barudak di [[Inggris]] nyebutna ''bowls'' atawa ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi nyieuna kaléci kaca kapanggihna [[taun 1864]] di Jérman.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci anu aslna ngan sawarna, jadi ngeuyeuban warnana mirip permén.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi ieu sumebar ka [[Eropa]] jeung [[Amérika]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci dipikawanohna di Inggris jeung nagara Eropa ti [[abad ka-16]] nepi ka 19.<ref name="kaleci"/> Sanggeus kitu tuluy sumebar ka Amérika.<ref name="kaleci"/> == catetan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Bola]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] fo9b6ljg4c4ymm8brjxe5nzity86oyy 707581 707580 2026-03-30T06:12:58Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:WestAfricanMarbles.jpg|thumb|250px|Kaléci ti [[Afrika Kulon]].]] '''Kaléci''' nyaéta bola leutik anu dijieuna tina [[taneuh liat]], [[marmer]] atawa [[kaca]] anu sok jadi kaulinan barudak.<ref name="gundu"/> Ukuran kaléci loba rupana, ilaharna ½ inci (1.25&nbsp;cm).<ref name="gundu"/> Sakapeung mah kaléci téh sok di [[koleksi]], pikeun [[''nostalgia'']] atawa warnana nu ''estetik''.<ref name="gundu">[http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm Permainan Kelereng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106060243/http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm |date=2012-01-06 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> == Sajarah == [[Taun 3000 SM]], kaléci dijieun tina batu atawa taneuh lia.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci nu pangheulana nu di koleksi ku ''The British Museum'' di London nu ayana ti [[taun 2000-1700 SM]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci éta kapanggih dina di [[Karéta]] dina situs ''Minoan of Petsofa''.<ref name="kaleci">[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html Ternyata Bermain Kelereng Banyak Manfaatnya Daripada Main Game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201235534/http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html |date=2011-12-01 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> Dina masa [[Romawi]], kaulinan ieu geus sumebar, nepi ka jadi salah sahiji bagian tina ''festival Saturnalia'', anu diayakeun nalika nyanghareupan [[Natal]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Nalika éta osok pahili-hili [[kantong]] anu jerona téh aya kaléci anu miboga ajén yén kaléci jadi tandana sosobatan.<ref name="kaleci"/> [[Abad kA-12]], di [[Perancis]], Kaléci disebut ''bille'', artina bola leutik, di [[Walanda]] di sebut ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Di [[Inggris]] aya istilah ''marbles'' pikeun nyebut kaléci. ''Marbles'' mah kaléci anu dijieuna tina marmer anu asalna ti [[Jérman]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Tapi saméméhna barudak di [[Inggris]] nyebutna ''bowls'' atawa ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi nyieuna kaléci kaca kapanggihna [[taun 1864]] di Jérman.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci anu aslna ngan sawarna, jadi ngeuyeuban warnana mirip permén.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi ieu sumebar ka [[Eropa]] jeung [[Amérika]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci dipikawanohna di Inggris jeung nagara Eropa ti [[abad ka-16]] nepi ka 19.<ref name="kaleci"/> Sanggeus kitu tuluy sumebar ka Amérika.<ref name="kaleci"/> == catetan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Bola]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] dkzahoah5ley0awrtgd4cmcqxoenfnq 707585 707581 2026-03-30T06:28:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sajarah */ 707585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:WestAfricanMarbles.jpg|thumb|250px|Kaléci ti [[Afrika Kulon]].]] '''Kaléci''' nyaéta bola leutik anu dijieuna tina [[taneuh liat]], [[marmer]] atawa [[kaca]] anu sok jadi kaulinan barudak.<ref name="gundu"/> Ukuran kaléci loba rupana, ilaharna ½ inci (1.25&nbsp;cm).<ref name="gundu"/> Sakapeung mah kaléci téh sok di [[koleksi]], pikeun [[''nostalgia'']] atawa warnana nu ''estetik''.<ref name="gundu">[http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm Permainan Kelereng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106060243/http://www.anneahira.com/permainan-kelereng.htm |date=2012-01-06 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> == Sajarah == [[Taun 3000 SM]], kaléci dijieun tina batu atawa taneuh lia.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci nu pangheulana nu di koleksi ku ''The British Museum'' di London nu ayana ti [[taun 2000-1700 SM]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci éta kapanggih dina di [[Karéta]] dina situs ''Minoan of Petsofa''.<ref name="kaleci">[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html Ternyata Bermain Kelereng Banyak Manfaatnya Daripada Main Game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201235534/http://www.klikunic.com/2011/11/ternyata-bermain-kelereng-banyak.html |date=2011-12-01 }} (Dicutat tanggal 1 Desember 2011)</ref> Dina masa [[Romawi]], kaulinan ieu geus sumebar, nepi ka jadi salah sahiji bagian tina ''festival Saturnalia'', anu diayakeun nalika nyanghareupan [[Natal]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Nalika éta osok pahili-hili [[kantong]] anu jerona téh aya kaléci anu miboga ajén yén kaléci jadi tandana sosobatan.<ref name="kaleci"/> [[Abad kA-12]], di [[Perancis]], Kaléci disebut ''bille'', artina bola leutik, di [[Walanda]] di sebut ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Di [[Inggris]] aya istilah ''marbles'' pikeun nyebut kaléci. ''Marbles'' mah kaléci anu dijieuna tina marmer anu asalna ti [[Jérman]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Tapi saméméhna barudak di [[Inggris]] nyebutna ''bowls'' atawa ''knikkers''.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi nyieuna kaléci kaca kapanggihna [[taun 1864]] di Jérman.<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci anu aslna ngan sawarna, jadi ngeuyeuban warnana mirip permén.<ref name="kaleci"/> Téknologi ieu sumebar ka [[Eropa]] jeung [[Amérika]].<ref name="kaleci"/> Kaléci dipikawanohna di Inggris jeung nagara Eropa ti [[abad ka-16]] nepi ka 19.<ref name="kaleci"/> Sanggeus kitu tuluy sumebar ka Amérika.<ref name="kaleci"/> [[File:Village games.jpg|150px|jempol|left|Ngadu kaléci]] == catetan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Bola]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan budak]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] esmrkdttcud6yiuwfd7obcvp6e0mj40 0 41953 707572 441666 2026-03-30T01:42:35Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = Leumeung | image = [[File:Piece of Lemang.jpg|250px]] | caption = Sapotong leumeung dina piring. | alternate_name = | country = [[Brunéi]]{{br}}[[Indonésia]]{{br}}[[Malaysia]]{{br}}[[Singapura]] | region = [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] | creator = [[Bangsa Malayu]] | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Beras ketan | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Leumeung''' ([[basa Indonésia]]: lemang) nyaéta dahareun nu dijieun tina [[béas ketan]] nu diasakan dina sabuku [[awi]], sanggeus saméméhna digulung ku salambar [[daun cau]]. Gulungan daun cau nu eusina [[tipung béas]] dicampur jeung [[cipati]] ieu tuluy diasupkeun kana sabuku awi tuluy dibeuleum tepi ka asak. Leumeung leuwih pédo lamun didahar nalika haneut kénéh. Cara ngadahar leumeung béda-béda di unggal wewengkon. Aya nu resep ku cara amis (ditambahan selé, kinca, [[sarikaya]]) atawa ku cara asin ([[rendang]], [[endog]], jeung lauk-pauk lianna), atawa aya ogé nu ngadaharna jeung bungbuahan saperti [[kadu]]. Leumeung dijadikeun dahareun nalika kariaan ku [[suku Dayak]] nu disuguhkeun dina pésta-pésta adat maranéhanana. Keur [[suku Malayu]] mah, leumeug biasa didahar nalika lebaran [[Idul Fitri]] atawa [[Idul Adha]]. [[Ulun Lampung]] di sabudeureun basisir ngajadikeun leumeung minangka dahareun has [[lebaran]] babarengan jeung kuéh adat. Urang [[Minangkabau]] ogé mikaresep leumeung, malahan mah kota saperti [[Tebing Tinggi]] kasohor ku celukan "Kota Lemang". Leumeung ogé mangrupa dahareun urang Négrito pituin nu aya di Kelantan. <ref>[http://books.google.com.my/books?ei=llt_Tv8kwoasB_2q5O8N&ct=result&id=FZJuAAAAMAAJ&dq=malay+lemang+negrito&q=carrying+dried+rice#search_anchor Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula, Volume 1, Walter William Skeat, Charles Otto Blagden, Macmillan and Co., limited, 1906]</ref> jeung suku Semai.<ref>[http://books.google.com.my/books?id=06jrgQS0lUkC&pg=PA149&dq=British+Malaya+lemang&hl=en&ei=6F1_TqCzBoXtrAeDtsnxDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=British%20Malaya%20lemang&f=false Tribal communities in the Malay world: historical, cultural and social ... By Geoffrey Benjamin]</ref> [[File:Cooked in bamboo tube.jpg|150px|jempol|left|Ngasakan leumeung]] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Malaysia]] 75kmaw9b80u7bw6cb07zo47nclz4ten 0 42741 707563 654330 2026-03-29T23:14:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gasing.jpg|thumb]] '''Papanggalan''' (istilah lianna: '''panggal''', '''gasing''', '''gangsing'''), nyaéta [[kaulinan]] anu bisa muter dina [[sumbu]] sarta boga kasaimbangan dina hiji titik.<ref name=“Jonathan”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan| last = Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard1862|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false|accessdate=29 Nopémber 2019}}</ref> Gasing mangrupa kaulinan pangkolotna anu kapanggih di sagala rupa loka [[arkeologi]] sarta masih bisa dipikawanoh. Sajaba ti mangrupa kaulinan barudak jeung jelema dewasa, gasing ogé dipaké pikeun [[maén|ngadu]] sarta [[ramalan nasib|ngaramal nasib]]. lolobana gasing dijieun tina [[kai]], sanajan mindeng ogé dijieun tina [[palastik]], atawa bahan-bahan séjén. Kai diukir sarta dijieun nepi ka jadi bagian awak gasing. Tali gasing umumna dijieun tina [[nilon]], sedengkeun tali gasing tradisional dijieun tina kulit takal. Panjang tali gasing béda-béda gumantung kana panjang leungeun jelema anu maénkeunana. [[Berkas:Japanese top.jpg|thumb|Gasing ti Jepang]] Gerakan gasing dumasar éfék [[giroskopik]]. Gasing biasana muter rarampéolan pikeun sawatara waktu nepi ka interaksi bagian suku (paksi) kalawan permukaan taneuh nyieun manéhna ajeg. Sanggeus gasing muter ajeg pikeun samentara wayah, [[moméntum sudut]] sarta éfék giroskopik ngurangan saeutik demi saeutik nepi ka pamustunganana bagian awak terjatuh sacara garihal ka permukaan taneuh. == Gasing di sagala rupa nagara == === Indonésia === [[File:Gasing Bambu Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|Gangsing di Yogyakarta.]] Gasing mangrupa salah sahiji kaulinan tradisional Nusantara, sanajan sajarah sumebarnana tacan dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Di wewengkon [[Pulo Tujuh]] ([[Natuna]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], kaulinan gasing geus aya jauh saméméh pangjajahan Walanda. Sedengkeun di [[Sulawesi Kalér]], gasing mimiti dipikawanoh saprak 1930-an. Kaulinan ieu dipigawé ku barudak sarta jelema dewasa. Biasana, dipigawé di buruan imah anu kaayaan taneuhna teuas sarta datar. Kaulinan gasing bisa dipigawé nyorangan atawa bérégu kalawan jumlah pamaén anu variatif, nurutkeun kabiasaan di wewengkon séwang-séwangan. Nepi ka kiwari, gasing masih pohara populer dipigawé di sajumlah wewengkon di Indonésia. Komo warga di kapuloan Riau mah, rutin ngayakeun kompetisi. Samentara di [[Demak]], biasana gasing dicoo waktu genti tina usum hujan kana usum halodo. Masarakat [[Bengkulu]] ramé maénkeun gasing nalika kariaan taun anyar Islam, 1 Muharram. ==== Rupa-rupa ngaran gasing ==== Sajumlah wewengkon mibanda istilah béda pikeun nyebutkeun '''gasing'''. Masarakat [[Jawa Kulon]] sarta [[DKI Jakarta]] nyebutkeun manéhna '''gangsing''' atawa '''panggal'''. Masarakat [[Lampung]] ngaranan '''pukang''', warga Kalimantan Wétan nyebutkeun '''begasing''', sedengkeun di Maluku disebut '''Apiong''' sarta di Nusa Tenggara Kulon dingaranan '''Maggasing'''. Ngan masarakat Jambi, Bengkulu, Sumatera Kulon, Tanjungpinang sarta Kapuloan Riau anu nyebutkeun gasing. Ngaran '''maggasing''' atawa '''aggasing''' ogé dipikawanoh ku masarakat Bugis di [[Sulawesi Kidul]]. Sedengkeun masarakat [[Bolaang Mongondow]] di wewengkon [[Sulawesi Kalér]] mikawanoh gasing kalawan ngaran '''Paki'''. Urang [[Jawa Wétan]] nyebutkeun gasing minangka '''kekehan'''. Sedengkeun di [[Yogyakarta]], gasing disebut kalawan dua ngaran béda. Lamun dijieun tina awi disebutna '''gangsingan''', sarta lamun dijieun tina kai mah dingarananana '''pathon'''. ==== Wangun gasing ==== Gasing mibanda rupa-rupa wangun, gumantung wewengkonna. Aya anu buleud lonjong, aya anu ngawangun kawas jantung, aseupan, silinder, ogé aya anu ngawangun kawas piring hiber. Gasing diwangun ti bagian sirah, bagian awak sarta bagian suku (paksi). Tapi, wangun, ukuran sarta bagian gasing berbeda-beda nurutkeun wewengkon séwang-séwangan. [[File:Gasing-bambu.jpg|thumb|Gasing awi|pra=Special:FilePath/Gasing-bambu.jpg]] Gasing di [[Ambon]] (apiong) mibanda sirah sarta beuheung. Tapi umumna, gasing di Jakarta sarta Jawa Kulon ngan mibanda bagian sirah sarta paksi anu kasampak écés, dijieun tina paku atawa logam. Samentara paksi gasing natuna, henteu katingali. [[File:Aneka-gasing.jpg|thumb|Rupa-rupa gasing|pra=Special:FilePath/Aneka-gasing.jpg]] ==== Jenis gasing ==== Gasing bisa dibédakeun jadi gasing adu sada, adu puter sarta adu pukul. ==== Kaulinan gasing ==== Cara ngulinekun gasing, teu pisan-pisan hésé. Anu penting, pamaén gasing henteu kaci hamham waktu ngabalangkeun gasing kana taneuh. Cara: # Gasing dicekel ku leungeun kénca, sedengkeun leungeun katuhu nyekel tali. # Beulitkeun tali kana gasing, mimiti ti bagian paksi nepi ka bagian awak gasing. Beulit sing kuat bari muter. == Tumbu luar == * [http://gasingindonesia.wordpress.com/2009/02/28/gasing-kalimantan-barat/ gasing Indonésia] * [http://neka gasing nusantara]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/03/20/16110383/Memutar.Gasing.di.Segala.Zaman Muter Gasing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107161455/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/03/20/16110383/Memutar.Gasing.di.Segala.Zaman |date=2014-11-07 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{commons|Spinning top}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan tradisional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan tradisional di Kapuloan Riau]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] mmgcj4in49zejyh0g0krcvinnbgn8mj 707573 707563 2026-03-30T02:00:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Panggal | title_style = background:#8B4513; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Gasing.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Panggal kai, kaulinan tradisional anu maénna ku cara diputerkeun.</div> | label1 = Bahan | data1 = [[Kai]] Teuas (Kiwuri, Jati) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Tali (Kenur/Ramé) | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] Luar Imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Fisika (Momen Inérsia), Fokus | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Gasing]], Gangsing }} '''Papanggalan''' (istilah lianna: '''panggal''', '''gasing''', '''gangsing'''), nyaéta [[kaulinan]] anu bisa muter dina [[sumbu]] sarta boga kasaimbangan dina hiji titik.<ref name=“Jonathan”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan| last = Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard1862|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false|accessdate=29 Nopémber 2019}}</ref> Gasing mangrupa kaulinan pangkolotna anu kapanggih di sagala rupa loka [[arkeologi]] sarta masih bisa dipikawanoh. Sajaba ti mangrupa kaulinan barudak jeung jelema dewasa, gasing ogé dipaké pikeun [[maén|ngadu]] sarta [[ramalan nasib|ngaramal nasib]]. lolobana gasing dijieun tina [[kai]], sanajan mindeng ogé dijieun tina [[palastik]], atawa bahan-bahan séjén. Kai diukir sarta dijieun nepi ka jadi bagian awak gasing. Tali gasing umumna dijieun tina [[nilon]], sedengkeun tali gasing tradisional dijieun tina kulit takal. Panjang tali gasing béda-béda gumantung kana panjang leungeun jelema anu maénkeunana. [[Berkas:Japanese top.jpg|thumb|Gasing ti Jepang]] Gerakan gasing dumasar éfék [[giroskopik]]. Gasing biasana muter rarampéolan pikeun sawatara waktu nepi ka interaksi bagian suku (paksi) kalawan permukaan taneuh nyieun manéhna ajeg. Sanggeus gasing muter ajeg pikeun samentara wayah, [[moméntum sudut]] sarta éfék giroskopik ngurangan saeutik demi saeutik nepi ka pamustunganana bagian awak terjatuh sacara garihal ka permukaan taneuh. == Gasing di sagala rupa nagara == === Indonésia === [[File:Gasing Bambu Yogyakarta.jpg|thumb|Gangsing di Yogyakarta.]] Gasing mangrupa salah sahiji kaulinan tradisional Nusantara, sanajan sajarah sumebarnana tacan dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Di wewengkon [[Pulo Tujuh]] ([[Natuna]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], kaulinan gasing geus aya jauh saméméh pangjajahan Walanda. Sedengkeun di [[Sulawesi Kalér]], gasing mimiti dipikawanoh saprak 1930-an. Kaulinan ieu dipigawé ku barudak sarta jelema dewasa. Biasana, dipigawé di buruan imah anu kaayaan taneuhna teuas sarta datar. Kaulinan gasing bisa dipigawé nyorangan atawa bérégu kalawan jumlah pamaén anu variatif, nurutkeun kabiasaan di wewengkon séwang-séwangan. Nepi ka kiwari, gasing masih pohara populer dipigawé di sajumlah wewengkon di Indonésia. Komo warga di kapuloan Riau mah, rutin ngayakeun kompetisi. Samentara di [[Demak]], biasana gasing dicoo waktu genti tina usum hujan kana usum halodo. Masarakat [[Bengkulu]] ramé maénkeun gasing nalika kariaan taun anyar Islam, 1 Muharram. ==== Rupa-rupa ngaran gasing ==== Sajumlah wewengkon mibanda istilah béda pikeun nyebutkeun '''gasing'''. Masarakat [[Jawa Kulon]] sarta [[DKI Jakarta]] nyebutkeun manéhna '''gangsing''' atawa '''panggal'''. Masarakat [[Lampung]] ngaranan '''pukang''', warga Kalimantan Wétan nyebutkeun '''begasing''', sedengkeun di Maluku disebut '''Apiong''' sarta di Nusa Tenggara Kulon dingaranan '''Maggasing'''. Ngan masarakat Jambi, Bengkulu, Sumatera Kulon, Tanjungpinang sarta Kapuloan Riau anu nyebutkeun gasing. Ngaran '''maggasing''' atawa '''aggasing''' ogé dipikawanoh ku masarakat Bugis di [[Sulawesi Kidul]]. Sedengkeun masarakat [[Bolaang Mongondow]] di wewengkon [[Sulawesi Kalér]] mikawanoh gasing kalawan ngaran '''Paki'''. Urang [[Jawa Wétan]] nyebutkeun gasing minangka '''kekehan'''. Sedengkeun di [[Yogyakarta]], gasing disebut kalawan dua ngaran béda. Lamun dijieun tina awi disebutna '''gangsingan''', sarta lamun dijieun tina kai mah dingarananana '''pathon'''. ==== Wangun gasing ==== Gasing mibanda rupa-rupa wangun, gumantung wewengkonna. Aya anu buleud lonjong, aya anu ngawangun kawas jantung, aseupan, silinder, ogé aya anu ngawangun kawas piring hiber. Gasing diwangun ti bagian sirah, bagian awak sarta bagian suku (paksi). Tapi, wangun, ukuran sarta bagian gasing berbeda-beda nurutkeun wewengkon séwang-séwangan. [[File:Gasing-bambu.jpg|thumb|Gasing awi|pra=Special:FilePath/Gasing-bambu.jpg]] Gasing di [[Ambon]] (apiong) mibanda sirah sarta beuheung. Tapi umumna, gasing di Jakarta sarta Jawa Kulon ngan mibanda bagian sirah sarta paksi anu kasampak écés, dijieun tina paku atawa logam. Samentara paksi gasing natuna, henteu katingali. [[File:Aneka-gasing.jpg|thumb|Rupa-rupa gasing|pra=Special:FilePath/Aneka-gasing.jpg]] ==== Jenis gasing ==== Gasing bisa dibédakeun jadi gasing adu sada, adu puter sarta adu pukul. ==== Kaulinan gasing ==== Cara ngulinekun gasing, teu pisan-pisan hésé. Anu penting, pamaén gasing henteu kaci hamham waktu ngabalangkeun gasing kana taneuh. Cara: # Gasing dicekel ku leungeun kénca, sedengkeun leungeun katuhu nyekel tali. # Beulitkeun tali kana gasing, mimiti ti bagian paksi nepi ka bagian awak gasing. Beulit sing kuat bari muter. == Tumbu luar == * [http://gasingindonesia.wordpress.com/2009/02/28/gasing-kalimantan-barat/ gasing Indonésia] * [http://neka gasing nusantara]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/03/20/16110383/Memutar.Gasing.di.Segala.Zaman Muter Gasing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107161455/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/03/20/16110383/Memutar.Gasing.di.Segala.Zaman |date=2014-11-07 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{commons|Spinning top}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan tradisional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan tradisional di Kapuloan Riau]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] [[Kategoti:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] qupvb224mz7wuudc9wp0cokp9a0hh1n 0 51427 707559 667220 2026-03-29T15:37:22Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 22em; font-size: 88%; | title = Kaulinan Barudak Sunda | title_style = background:#8B4513; color:white; font-size: 115%; | image = [[File:Melestarikan Permainan Tradisional.jpg|220px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.2em;">Usaha ngamumulé kaulinan tradisional barudak Sunda.</div> | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Jawa Kulon]] | label2 = Bahan | data2 = Alam (awi, batu, taneuh) | label4 = Jenis | data4 = Jero imah & Luar imah }} '''Kaulinan Barudak Sunda''' nyaéta rupa-rupa kaulinan tradisional anu biasa dipidamel ku barudak di lingkungan masarakat Sunda.<ref>Hidayat, Rakhmat. ''Kebudayaan Sunda: Kaulinan jeung Kasenian''. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.</ref> Kaulinan ieu biasana ngagunakeun alat-alat saderhana anu aya di alam sabudeureunana sarta dibarengan ku kakawihan (lagu-lagu pondok) anu matak gumbira.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda (Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah)''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.</ref> ==Sajarah== Saméméh kaulinan [[komputer]] sarupaning ''Sega'' atawa ''Nintendo'' datang, barudak leutik di [[Sunda|Tatar Sunda]] boga rurupaning kaulinan pikeun ngeusian waktu ulin manéhna sabada diajar atawa mantuan kolotna. Kaulinan barudak téh mangrupa ''kamonésan'' anu mindeng dilakukeun ku barudak dina mangsa keur rinéh<ref name="wiwaha7a">Taufik Faturohman & Budi Rahayu Tamsyah.2014. ''Wiwaha Basa: Pangajaran Basa Sunda Anggoeun Murid SMP/M.Ts Kelas VII Semester 1''.Bandung: CV Geger Sunten</ref>. Aya kaulinan barudak anu dilakukeun ku sorangan, aya kaulinan anu dilakukeun ku duaan, aya ogé kaulinan anu kudu dilakukeun ku lobaan<ref name="wiwaha7a" />. Salian ti éta, ogé aya kaulinan husus keur barudak awéwé, kaulinan husus keur barudak lalaki, jeung kaulinan anu bisa diiluan ku barudak awéwé jeung lalaki<ref name="wiwaha7a" />.<ref name=”Suw”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tOlLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=kaulinan+barudak+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-25CWmpyGAxVWwTgGHa50CRoQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=kaulinan%20barudak%20sunda&f=false| title =Pangajaran Basa Jeung Sastra Sunda: Panuyun Sangkan Bisa Ngajarkeun Basa Suwondo| last =Suwondo| first =Dodo | publisher =Penerbit Yayasan Miftahul Huda al-Musri (MHM)| location =Jakarta| year =2018|ISBN=9786025069314|pages =80}} Disungsi 20 Méi 2024</ref> ==Mangpaat== béda jeung kaulinan [[éléktronis]] nu sipatna nyorangan ({{id}}:''soliter'', {{en}}:''solitaire''), rurupaning kaulinan heubeul ieu biasana kudu dipaénkeun ku leuwih ti saurang. Sipat ieu tangtuna mangaruhan sifat budak sacara umum. Kaulinan elektronis ngadidik budak jadi teu kaiket/mahardika/independen, ngulik jeun kompetitip. Sabalikna, kaulinan heubeul ngajarkeun budak hirup sauyunan jeung paheuheuyeuk leungeun. Sawatara jalma boga pamadegan yén ieu téh aya hubunganna jeung sipat barudak ayeuna, hartina masarakatna nu bakal ka hareup, anu leuwih gedé rasa kasoranganana jeung turun rasa babarenganana. Dua sifat ieu aya goréng aya alusna, teu bisa dibédakeun hideung bodas. Ieu tangtuna tangtangan pikeun kolot supaya bisa ngawanohan budak jeung dunyana supaya ka hareupna generasi hareup jadi generasi nu mardika, kompetitip, ngulik tapi teu égois, atawa boga 'rasa sosial' nu lemes. Salian ti ngajarkeun rasa babarengan éta, hiji ciri lain kaulinan barudak lembur baheula téh biasana mah tara leupas ti [[kakawihan]], sanajan kawihna ngan saukur kawih pondok tur leuwih deukeut kana [[hariring]] ti batan kana ngawih. Contona, dina kawih kaulinan pelak cau nu mibanda pancén "nyabut" bibit cau kudu uluk salam heula maké kawih. ku sabab ieu, loba nu ngahijikeun kakawihan jaung kaulinan budak. == Kaulinan secara formal == Lantaran kaulinan téh gedé mangpaatna pikeun kamekaran mental jeung tumuwuhna fisik barudak, mangka dina Kurikulum 2013 tingkat daérah provinsi [[Jawa Barat]] kaulinan barudak diasupkeun minangka matéri pangajaran di sakola<ref name="disdik">Disdik Jawa Barat. 2013. ''Pamekar Diajar Basa Sunda kelas VII''. Bandung: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Barat</ref>. Matéri pangajaran kaulinan barudak ditepikeun dina kelas VII SMP<ref name="disdik" />. Eusina ngeunaan pangaweruh rupa-rupa kaulinan tradisional kalawan prakték pikeun metakeun éta kaulinan. ==Rupa-rupa kaulinan barudak== ===Dumasar kana saha nu ngalakukeunna<ref name="wiwaha7a" />=== ====Kaulinan barudak awéwé==== *[[Simar]] *[[Béklen|békles]] *[[Anjang-anjangan]] *[[Sondah]] *[[Congklak]] *[[Jajangkungan|énggrang]] ====Kaulinan barudak lalaki==== *[[Gatrik]] *[[Sorodot gaplok]] *[[Papanggalan]] *[[Kolécér]] *[[Jajangkungan]] *[[Ngadu kaléci]] *[[Pepeletokan]] ====Kaulinan barudak lalaki jeung awéwé==== *[[Gobag|galah]] ([[gobag]]) *[[Oray-orayan]] *[[Ambil-ambilan]] *[[Ucing sumput]] *[[Sapintrong]] *[[Boy-boyan]] *[[Pacici-cici putri]] *[[Ucing-ucingan]] *[[Empét-empétan]] *[[Sasalimpetan]] ===Dumasar kana prak-prakanana=== ====Anu dibarung ku kakawihan==== ====Anu henteu dibarung ku kakawihan==== Dina daptar di handap disebutkeun rupa-rupa kaulinan budak Sunda. {{Daptar kaulinan budak}} == Tutumbu ka Luar == * [https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat] * [https://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/ Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] oungemo2i0u2hqgs0m6r5xr5e7r648t 0 85584 707564 580045 2026-03-29T23:15:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kolécér''' nyaéta sajénis kaulinan pang kasohorna di wewengkon Sunda. Kaulinan ieu téh teu dipaénkeun ku barudak leutik hungkul, tapi ogé dipaénkeun ku remaja jeung déwasa. Di [[Kabupatén Subang]], dipendakeun kolécér nu panjangna dugi ka 6-8 méter jeung pas nincak usum angin, hampir sadaya jelema masang-masangkeun kolécér. Di ieu wewengkon loba tempat nu dinamian pasir kolécér, nyaéta bukit tempat kolécér éta dipaenkeun. Di ieu wewengkon ogé aya kolécér nu mangrupa warisan turunan. Pangeusi anu digawé di luar wewengkon ieu biasana pas nincak kana usum angin balik heula pikeun masangkeun kolécér. Tatanan atawa unsur kaulinan nu dipibanda tina kolécér nyaéta sora anu dihasilkeun atawa nu dikaluarkeun tina puteran kolécér.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2017 |url=https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/uploads/default/documents/Penetapan_WBTB_Indonesia_2017.pdf |date=2017| location=Jakarta |publisher=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |pages=107–108}}</ref> Dina istilah [[basa Sunda]], "nyeguk", tekanan angin nu tarik, muterkeun kolécér éta dugi ngalengkung ka tukang jeung pas waktu angin éta teu tarik deui, puteran kolécér balik deui kasentek ka payun bari kasada "wuuk". Beuki kasada sora nu dihasilkeun, beuki saé kualitasna tina kolécér eta. Karesep masyarakat kana kolécér nyebabkeun kaulinan ieu ngagaduhan tahapan pikeun ngabuat kolécér nu sampurna.<ref name=":0"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Seni ti Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] onfjzsfvv4twfetv7632nd9fh35m44m 707565 707564 2026-03-30T00:34:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kolécér''' nyaéta sajénis kaulinan pang kasohorna di wewengkon Sunda. Kaulinan ieu téh teu dipaénkeun ku barudak leutik hungkul, tapi ogé dipaénkeun ku remaja jeung déwasa. Di [[Kabupatén Subang]], dipendakeun kolécér nu panjangna dugi ka 6-8 méter jeung pas nincak usum angin, hampir sadaya jelema masang-masangkeun kolécér. Di ieu wewengkon loba tempat nu dinamian pasir kolécér, nyaéta bukit tempat kolécér éta dipaenkeun. Di ieu wewengkon ogé aya kolécér nu mangrupa warisan turunan. Pangeusi anu digawé di luar wewengkon ieu biasana pas nincak kana usum angin balik heula pikeun masangkeun kolécér. Tatanan atawa unsur kaulinan nu dipibanda tina kolécér nyaéta sora anu dihasilkeun atawa nu dikaluarkeun tina puteran kolécér.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2017 |url=https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/uploads/default/documents/Penetapan_WBTB_Indonesia_2017.pdf |date=2017| location=Jakarta |publisher=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |pages=107–108}}</ref> Dina istilah [[basa Sunda]], "nyeguk", tekanan angin nu tarik, muterkeun kolécér éta dugi ngalengkung ka tukang jeung pas waktu angin éta teu tarik deui, puteran kolécér balik deui kasentek ka payun bari kasada "wuuk". Beuki kasada sora nu dihasilkeun, beuki saé kualitasna tina kolécér eta. Karesep masyarakat kana kolécér nyebabkeun kaulinan ieu ngagaduhan tahapan pikeun ngabuat kolécér nu sampurna.<ref name=":0"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Seni ti Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] dwbjz8rap5hsfiuve3x5xx1w55hz6js 0 108136 707560 2026-03-29T22:53:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 22em; font-size: 88%; | title = Sapintrong | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 115%; | image = [[File:Bermain Bersama Kawan.jpg|220px|center]] | caption = Barudak nuju suka bungah maén sapintrong. | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Jawa Kulon]] | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Karét gelang anu diranté | label3 = Jenis | data3 = Kaulinan luar imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kakuatan & Kasaimbangan }} '''Sapintrong''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu ngagunakeun tali tina untuyan [[karét]] [[geulang]].<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan sarta kakuatan suku pikeun ngaluncatan tali anu dicepeng ku dua urang babaturanana dina tingkat jangkungna anu béda-béda.<ref>Hidayat, Rakhmat. ''Kebudayaan Sunda: Kaulinan jeung Kasenian''. Pustaka Setia.</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap '''Sapintrong''' téh mangrupikeun istilah asli Sunda. Sanajan dina basa Indonésia disebutna ''Lompat Tali'', di tatar Sunda mah istilah sapintrong langkung nyerep sarta janten ciri has kaulinan anu ngagunakeun média karét geulang anu diuntun panjang.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Pakakas sarta Persiapan == * '''Tali Karét:''' Dijieun tina karét gelang anu diranté (disambung-sambungkeun) nepi ka panjangna sakitar 3 nepi ka 5 méter. * '''Pamaén:''' Saeutikna dibatukeun ku 3 urang (2 urang nu nyepeng tali, 1 urang nu luncat). Upami lobaan, biasana dibagi janten dua kelompok. == Tahapan Jangkungna (Lével) == Dina sapintrong, aya tingkatan jangkungna tali anu kudu diliwatan ku pamaén: # '''Sa mérét:''' Tali sahandapeun [[mumuncangan]]. # '''Sa tuur:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[tuur]]. # '''Sa pingping:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[pingping]]. # '''Sa cangkèng:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[cangkèng]]. # '''Sa dada:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[dada]] /[[Harigu]]. # '''Sa ceuli:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[ceuli]]. # '''Sa sirah:''' Tali sajajar jeung luhureun [[sirah]]. # '''Merdeka:''' Tali dicepeng luhur pisan bari [[leungeun]] diangkat ka luhur. == Ajén Filosofis == * '''Sumangat:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun terus nyoba ngungkulan tantangan anu beuki luhur tingkatanana. * '''Sportivitas:''' Upami suku pamaén antel kana tali dina tingkat anu teu meunang antel, mangka manéhna kudu jujur sarta ganti jadi nu nyepeng tali.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] k2z7q2tg1w5nhcgr345yccgcefkhy6d 707561 707560 2026-03-29T22:57:56Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 22em; font-size: 88%; | title = Sapintrong | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 115%; | image = [[File:Bermain Bersama Kawan.jpg|220px|center]] | caption = Barudak nuju suka bungah maén sapintrong. | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Jawa Kulon]] | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Karét gelang anu diranté | label3 = Jenis | data3 = Kaulinan luar imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kakuatan & Kasaimbangan }} '''Sapintrong''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu ngagunakeun tali tina untuyan [[karét]] [[geulang]].<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan sarta kakuatan suku pikeun ngaluncatan tali anu dicepeng ku dua urang babaturanana dina tingkat jangkungna anu béda-béda.<ref>Hidayat, Rakhmat. ''Kebudayaan Sunda: Kaulinan jeung Kasenian''. Pustaka Setia.</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap '''Sapintrong''' téh mangrupikeun istilah asli Sunda. Sanajan dina basa Indonésia disebutna ''Lompat Tali'', di tatar Sunda mah istilah sapintrong langkung nyerep sarta janten ciri has kaulinan anu ngagunakeun média karét geulang anu diuntun panjang.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Pakakas sarta Persiapan == * '''Tali Karét:''' Dijieun tina karét gelang anu diranté (disambung-sambungkeun) nepi ka panjangna sakitar 3 nepi ka 5 méter. * '''Pamaén:''' Saeutikna dibatukeun ku 3 urang (2 urang nu nyepeng tali, 1 urang nu luncat). Upami lobaan, biasana dibagi janten dua kelompok. == Tahapan Jangkungna (Lével) == Dina sapintrong, aya tingkatan jangkungna tali anu kudu diliwatan ku pamaén: # '''Sa mérét:''' Tali sahandapeun [[mumuncangan]]. # '''Sa tuur:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[tuur]]. # '''Sa pingping:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[pingping]]. # '''Sa cangkèng:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[cangkèng]]. # '''Sa dada:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[dada]] /[[Harigu]]. # '''Sa ceuli:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[ceuli]]. # '''Sa sirah:''' Tali sajajar jeung luhureun [[sirah]]. # '''Merdeka:''' Tali dicepeng luhur pisan bari [[leungeun]] diangkat ka luhur. == Ajén Filosofis == * '''Sumangat:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun terus nyoba ngungkulan tantangan anu beuki luhur tingkatanana. * '''Sportivitas:''' Upami suku pamaén antel kana tali dina tingkat anu teu meunang antel, mangka manéhna kudu jujur sarta ganti jadi nu nyepeng tali.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan barudak]] k5h0zk5s77whlatrzo9ygr7hozsrh8k 707562 707561 2026-03-29T22:59:15Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 22em; font-size: 88%; | title = Sapintrong | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 115%; | image = [[File:Bermain Bersama Kawan.jpg|220px|center]] | caption = Barudak nuju suka bungah maén sapintrong. | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Jawa Kulon]] | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = Karét gelang anu diranté | label3 = Jenis | data3 = Kaulinan luar imah | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Kakuatan & Kasaimbangan }} '''Sapintrong''' nyaéta salasahiji [[Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] anu ngagunakeun tali tina untuyan [[karét]] [[geulang]].<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan sarta kakuatan suku pikeun ngaluncatan tali anu dicepeng ku dua urang babaturanana dina tingkat jangkungna anu béda-béda.<ref>Hidayat, Rakhmat. ''Kebudayaan Sunda: Kaulinan jeung Kasenian''. Pustaka Setia.</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap '''Sapintrong''' téh mangrupikeun istilah asli Sunda. Sanajan dina basa Indonésia disebutna ''Lompat Tali'', di tatar Sunda mah istilah sapintrong langkung nyerep sarta janten ciri has kaulinan anu ngagunakeun média karét geulang anu diuntun panjang.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> == Pakakas sarta Persiapan == * '''Tali Karét:''' Dijieun tina karét gelang anu diranté (disambung-sambungkeun) nepi ka panjangna sakitar 3 nepi ka 5 méter. * '''Pamaén:''' Saeutikna dibatukeun ku 3 urang (2 urang nu nyepeng tali, 1 urang nu luncat). Upami lobaan, biasana dibagi janten dua kelompok. == Tahapan Jangkungna (Lével) == Dina sapintrong, aya tingkatan jangkungna tali anu kudu diliwatan ku pamaén: # '''Sa mérét:''' Tali sahandapeun [[mumuncangan]]. # '''Sa tuur:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[tuur]]. # '''Sa pingping:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[pingping]]. # '''Sa cangkèng:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[cangkèng]]. # '''Sa dada:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[dada]] /[[Harigu]]. # '''Sa ceuli:''' Tali sajajar jeung [[ceuli]]. # '''Sa sirah:''' Tali sajajar jeung luhureun [[sirah]]. # '''Merdeka:''' Tali dicepeng luhur pisan bari [[leungeun]] diangkat ka luhur. == Ajén Filosofis == * '''Sumangat:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun terus nyoba ngungkulan tantangan anu beuki luhur tingkatanana. * '''Sportivitas:''' Upami suku pamaén antel kana tali dina tingkat anu teu meunang antel, mangka manéhna kudu jujur sarta ganti jadi nu nyepeng tali.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan barudak]] [[Kategoti:Kaulinan nu maké alat]] 06p4xyokl74irmztml1u7jtks6f2pqb 0 108137 707569 2026-03-30T01:29:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Éngklé Awi | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Tinikling - Philippine Folk Dance.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Pola luncat-luncatan dina sela-sela awi anu ditepak-tepakkeun.</div> | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Nusantara]] (Rumpun [[Austronésia]]) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = 4 - 6 batang [[Awi]] | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] & Tari Kréasi | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Wirahma, Fokus, Gotong-royong | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Rangku Alu]], [[Tinikling]] }} '''Éngklé Awi''' mangrupikeun salasahiji jinis [[Kaulinan budak Sunda|Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] atanapi tarian kréasi anu ngagunakeun média [[Awi]] salaku halangan anu kudu diliwatan ku cara luncat nuturkeun wirahma (ritme).<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan fisik, kacepetan gerak suku, sarta rancingeus anu luhur supados suku teu kacepét ku awi anu nuju ditepak-tepakkeun. == Sajarah sarta Kasebaran == Kaulinan luncat awi téh mangrupikeun warisan budaya ti rumpun bangsa [[Austronésia]].<ref>Bellwood, Peter. ''Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago''. ANU Press.</ref> Di [[Tanah Sunda]], ieu kaulinan sering dipidamel sacara spontan ku barudak di lembur nalika nuju ngasuh atanapi saatos panén. Dina kamekaranana, éngklé awi janten ''inspirasi'' pikeun rupa-rupa tari kréasi anyar anu mintonkeun kabeungharan ''material'' alam tatar Sunda.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Nami-nami di Nusantara == Sanaos polana sarimbag, unggal daérah di Nusantara sarta Asia Tenggara miboga nami anu béda-béda pikeun ieu kaulinan:<ref>Badan Pangan Nasional. ''Kekayaan Budaya Tradisional Indonésia''.</ref> * '''[[Rangku Alu]]''': Kasohor di wewengkon [[Manggarai]], [[Flores]] (NTT). * '''[[Laluya]]''': Nami lokal di [[Sulawesi Tengah]] (Suku Kaili). * '''[[Gaba-Gaba]]''': Di [[Maluku]], hususna di [[Ambon]]. * '''[[Madaé]]''': Kaulinan tradisional ti Pulo [[Nias]]. * '''[[Tinikling]]''': Tarian tradisional ti nagara [[Filipina]]. * '''[[Magunatip]]''': Dipidamel ku suku Murut di [[Malaysia]]. == Makna Filosofi == Éngklé awi sanés mung saukur gerak fisik, nanging ngandung [[ajén-inajén]] luhung (filosofis): * '''Fokus sarta Kawaspadaan:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun tetep waspada dina nyanghareupan tantangan hirup anu datangna gancang sarta miboga wirahma (pola). * '''Sabilulungan sarta Gawé bareng:''' Sora "tak-tik-tuk" anu dihasilkeun tina aduna awi némbongkeun yén kasuksésan pamaén luncat gumantung kana kompakna nu nyepeng awi. * '''Harmoni sareng Alam:''' Ngamangpaatkeun awi salaku [[pakakas]] utama némbongkeun beungkeutan manusa sareng jagat raya. == Budaya sarta Kasenian == Dina dunya pendidikan kiwari, éngklé awi sering janten matéri dina mata palajaran [[Olahraga Tradisional]] atanapi [[Seni Budaya]]. Ieu kaulinan janten sarana pikeun ngawangun karakter barudak sangkan miboga ''sportivitas'' sarta kréativitas dina ngolah gerak nuturkeun musik tradisional sapertos [[Kendang]] atanapi [[Dogdog]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Seni Tari Nusantara]] ab0fro8mqkaaqxtwijo4zg349w3z209 707570 707569 2026-03-30T01:30:50Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Éngklé Awi | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Tinikling - Philippine Folk Dance.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Pola luncat-luncatan dina sela-sela awi anu ditepak-tepakkeun.</div> | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Nusantara]] (Rumpun [[Austronésia]]) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = 4 - 6 batang [[Awi]] | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] & Tari Kréasi | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Wirahma, Fokus, Gotong-royong | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Rangku Alu]], [[Tinikling]] }} '''Éngklé Awi''' mangrupikeun salasahiji jinis [[Kaulinan budak Sunda|Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] atanapi tarian kréasi anu ngagunakeun média [[Awi]] salaku halangan anu kudu diliwatan ku cara luncat nuturkeun wirahma (ritme).<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan fisik, kacepetan gerak suku, sarta rancingeus anu luhur supados suku teu kacepét ku awi anu nuju ditepak-tepakkeun. == Sajarah sarta Kasebaran == Kaulinan luncat awi téh mangrupikeun warisan budaya ti rumpun bangsa [[Austronésia]].<ref>Bellwood, Peter. ''Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago''. ANU Press.</ref> Di [[Tanah Sunda]], ieu kaulinan sering dipidamel sacara spontan ku barudak di lembur nalika nuju ngasuh atanapi saatos panén. Dina kamekaranana, éngklé awi janten ''inspirasi'' pikeun rupa-rupa tari kréasi anyar anu mintonkeun kabeungharan ''material'' alam tatar Sunda.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Nami-nami di Nusantara == Sanaos polana sarimbag, unggal daérah di Nusantara sarta Asia Tenggara miboga nami anu béda-béda pikeun ieu kaulinan:<ref>Badan Pangan Nasional. ''Kekayaan Budaya Tradisional Indonésia''.</ref> * '''[[Rangku Alu]]''': Kasohor di wewengkon [[Manggarai]], [[Flores]] (NTT). * '''[[Laluya]]''': Nami lokal di [[Sulawesi Tengah]] (Suku Kaili). * '''[[Gaba-Gaba]]''': Di [[Maluku]], hususna di [[Ambon]]. * '''[[Madaé]]''': Kaulinan tradisional ti Pulo [[Nias]]. * '''[[Tinikling]]''': Tarian tradisional ti nagara [[Filipina]]. * '''[[Magunatip]]''': Dipidamel ku suku Murut di [[Malaysia]]. == Makna Filosofi == Éngklé awi sanés mung saukur gerak fisik, nanging ngandung [[ajén-inajén]] luhung (filosofis): * '''Fokus sarta Kawaspadaan:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun tetep waspada dina nyanghareupan tantangan hirup anu datangna gancang sarta miboga wirahma (pola). * '''Sabilulungan sarta Gawé bareng:''' Sora "tak-tik-tuk" anu dihasilkeun tina aduna awi némbongkeun yén kasuksésan pamaén luncat gumantung kana kompakna nu nyepeng awi. * '''Harmoni sareng Alam:''' Ngamangpaatkeun awi salaku [[pakakas]] utama némbongkeun beungkeutan manusa sareng jagat raya. == Budaya sarta Kasenian == Dina dunya pendidikan kiwari, éngklé awi sering janten matéri dina mata palajaran [[Olahraga Tradisional]] atanapi [[Seni Budaya]]. Ieu kaulinan janten sarana pikeun ngawangun karakter barudak sangkan miboga ''sportivitas'' sarta kréativitas dina ngolah gerak nuturkeun musik tradisional sapertos [[Kendang]] atanapi [[Dogdog]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Seni Tari Nusantara]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] pra9121n4n479u4pcbvwozkvsvve82k 707571 707570 2026-03-30T01:36:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 20em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; | title = Éngklé Awi | title_style = background:#228B22; color:white; font-size: 110%; | image = [[File:Tinikling - Philippine Folk Dance.jpg|180px|center]] | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%;">Pola luncat-luncatan dina sela-sela awi anu ditepak-tepakkeun.</div> | label1 = Wewengkon | data1 = [[Nusantara]] (Rumpun [[Austronésia]]) | label2 = Pakakas | data2 = 4 - 6 batang [[Awi]] | label3 = Jenis | data3 = [[Kaulinan Barudak]] & Tari Kréasi | label4 = Ajén | data4 = Wirahma, Fokus, Gotong-royong | label5 = Sasaruan | data5 = [[Rangku Alu]], [[Tinikling]] }} '''Éngklé Awi''' mangrupikeun salasahiji jinis [[Kaulinan budak Sunda|Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] atanapi tarian kréasi anu ngagunakeun média [[Awi]] salaku halangan anu kudu diliwatan ku cara luncat nuturkeun wirahma (ritme).<ref>Rosidi, Ajip. ''Ensiklopedi Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Ieu kaulinan meryogikeun katangkasan fisik, kacepetan gerak suku, sarta rancingeus anu luhur supados suku teu kacepét ku awi anu nuju ditepak-tepakkeun. == Sajarah sarta Kasebaran == Kaulinan luncat awi téh mangrupikeun warisan budaya ti rumpun bangsa [[Austronésia]].<ref>Bellwood, Peter. ''Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago''. ANU Press.</ref> Di [[Tanah Sunda]], ieu kaulinan sering dipidamel sacara spontan ku barudak di lembur nalika nuju ngasuh atanapi saatos panén. Dina kamekaranana, éngklé awi janten ''inspirasi'' pikeun rupa-rupa tari kréasi anyar anu mintonkeun kabeungharan ''material'' alam tatar Sunda.<ref>Ekadjati, Edi S. ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Pustaka Jaya.</ref> == Nami-nami di Nusantara == Sanaos polana sarimbag, unggal daérah di Nusantara sarta Asia Tenggara miboga nami anu béda-béda pikeun ieu kaulinan:<ref>Badan Pangan Nasional. ''Kekayaan Budaya Tradisional Indonésia''.</ref> * '''[[Rangku Alu]]''': Kasohor di wewengkon [[Manggarai]], [[Flores]] (NTT). * '''[[Laluya]]''': Nami lokal di [[Sulawesi Tengah]] (Suku Kaili). * '''[[Gaba-Gaba]]''': Di [[Maluku]], hususna di [[Ambon]]. * '''[[Madaé]]''': Kaulinan tradisional ti Pulo [[Nias]]. * '''[[Tinikling]]''': Tarian tradisional ti nagara [[Filipina]]. * '''[[Magunatip]]''': Dipidamel ku suku Murut di [[Malaysia]]. == Makna Filosofi == Éngklé awi sanés mung saukur gerak fisik, nanging ngandung [[ajén-inajén]] luhung (filosofis): * '''Fokus sarta Kawaspadaan:''' Pamaén diajar pikeun tetep waspada dina nyanghareupan tantangan hirup anu datangna gancang sarta miboga wirahma (pola). * '''Sabilulungan sarta Gawé bareng:''' Sora "tak-tik-tuk" anu dihasilkeun tina aduna awi némbongkeun yén kasuksésan pamaén luncat gumantung kana kompakna nu nyepeng awi. * '''Harmoni sareng Alam:''' Ngamangpaatkeun awi salaku [[pakakas]] utama némbongkeun beungkeutan manusa sareng jagat raya. == Budaya sarta Kasenian == Dina dunya pendidikan kiwari, éngklé awi sering janten matéri dina mata palajaran [[Olahraga Tradisional]] atanapi [[Seni Budaya]]. Ieu kaulinan janten sarana pikeun ngawangun karakter barudak sangkan miboga ''sportivitas'' sarta kréativitas dina ngolah gerak nuturkeun musik tradisional sapertos [[Kendang]] atanapi [[Dogdog]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Seni Tari Nusantara]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan Barudak]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan:anu maké alat]] 1r5ypb4dc7nj7dg0g8ln7yd9gkmk1ci 0 108138 707586 2026-03-30T06:56:41Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Oray Kalakay | image = Sibynophis melanocephalus Hardwicke.jpg | image_caption = Oray tina génus Sibynophis anu miboga ciri sirah hideung sarta awak léncop. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal |author=Iskandar, D. |author2=Jenkins, H. |author3=Das, I. |author4=Auliya, M. |author5=Inger, R.F. |author6=Lilley, R. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Sibynophis geminatus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T184068A1747696| publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2014 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184068/1747696 | access-date = 13 December 2017}}</ref> | genus = Sibynophis | species = geminatus | authority = ([[Heinrich Boie|Boie]], 1826) | synonyms = * ''Coluber geminatus'' <small>Boie, 1826</small> * ''Sibynophis geminatus'' <small>Fitzinger, 1843</small> }} '''Oray Kalakay''' (''[[Sibynophis geminatus]]'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] leutik tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu sumebar di Asia Tenggara, kaasup di [[Nusantara]]. Nami "kalakay" dicokot tina kabiasaan ieu oray anu sering nyumput sarta maluruh mangsa dina sela-sela daun garing (kalakay) di dasar leuweung atanapi kebon. == Ciri Fisik == Oray kalakay miboga awak anu léncop (langsing) kalayan panjang rata-rata 50 sentiméter. Warna dasarna coklat soga atanapi beureum bata, dihias ku garis-garis hideung sarta bodas anu ngajajar dina sapanjang awakna. Bagian handap (beuteung) biasana warnana konéng atanapi bodas resik. == Sipat sarta Habitat == Ieu oray kaasup sato anu aktip dina mangsa beurang (''diurnal''). Sanajan miboga huntu anu seukeut pikeun nangkep mangsana, oray kalakay téh '''henteu peurahan''' (''non-venomous''), janten henteu bahaya pikeun manusa. Habitat utamana nyaéta wewengkon anu loba tatangkalan sarta tumpukan kalakay anu janten tempat nyumputna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] lugxkpfxrdqudy7xk45t7i36hzjueft 707587 707586 2026-03-30T06:59:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Oray Kalakay | image = Sibynophis melanocephalus Hardwicke.jpg | image_caption = Oray tina génus Sibynophis anu miboga ciri sirah hideung sarta awak léncop. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal |author=Iskandar, D. |author2=Jenkins, H. |author3=Das, I. |author4=Auliya, M. |author5=Inger, R.F. |author6=Lilley, R. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Sibynophis geminatus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T184068A1747696| publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2014 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184068/1747696 | access-date = 13 December 2017}}</ref> | genus = Sibynophis | species = geminatus | authority = ([[Heinrich Boie|Boie]], 1826) | synonyms = * ''Coluber geminatus'' <small>Boie, 1826</small> * ''Sibynophis geminatus'' <small>Fitzinger, 1843</small> }} '''Oray Kalakay''' (''[[Sibynophis geminatus]]'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] leutik tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu sumebar di Asia Tenggara, kaasup di [[Nusantara]]. Nami "kalakay" dicokot tina kabiasaan ieu oray anu sering nyumput sarta maluruh mangsa dina sela-sela daun garing (kalakay) di dasar leuweung atanapi kebon. == Ciri Fisik == Oray kalakay miboga awak anu léncop (langsing) kalayan panjang rata-rata 50 sentiméter. Warna dasarna coklat soga atanapi beureum bata, dihias ku garis-garis hideung sarta bodas anu ngajajar dina sapanjang awakna. Bagian handap (beuteung) biasana warnana konéng atanapi bodas resik. == Sipat sarta Habitat == Ieu oray kaasup sato anu aktip dina mangsa beurang (''diurnal''). Sanajan miboga huntu anu seukeut pikeun nangkep mangsana, oray kalakay téh '''henteu peurahan''' (''non-venomous''), janten henteu bahaya pikeun manusa. Habitat utamana nyaéta wewengkon anu loba tatangkalan sarta tumpukan kalakay anu janten tempat nyumputna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato Sunda]] tl0fg1x2o7u4e0wytxh5qpq5utvhhco 0 108139 707588 2026-03-30T08:26:34Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Malayan Pit Viper | image = Calloselasma rhodostoma, Malayan pit viper - Kaeng Krachan District, Phetchaburi (33670021633).jpg | image_caption = Calloselasma rhodostoma di Distrik Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = '''''Calloselasma''''' | genus_authority = [[Kuhl]], 1824 | species = '''''C. rhodostoma''''' | binomial = ''Calloselasma rhodostoma'' | binomial_authority = (Kuhl, 1824) }} '''Oray taneuh; Calloselasma rhodostoma''' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Malayan Pit Viper''') nyaéta spésiés oray [[peurah]] tina ''subfamili'' [[Crotalinae]] (pit viper). Ieu oray mangrupakeun hiji-hijina anggota tina genus monotipe ''Calloselasma''.<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calloselasma&species=rhodostoma |title=Calloselasma rhodostoma (KUHL, 1824) |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami daerah gumantung kana wilayahna: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray taneuh]] atanapi [[Oray lemah]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular tanah]], [[ular tutul]], atanapi [[ular picung]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Olo]] atanapi [[Ular bangka laut]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Malayan Pit Viper]]. * '''Basa Thailand:''' [[Ngu kap-pa]] (งูกะปะ).<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000030 |title=Calloselasma rhodostoma |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray loba kapanggih di wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku nagara [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Semenanjung Malaya]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di Pulo [[Jawa]] jeung [[Madura]]). Salah sahiji dokuméntasi anu kacatet nyaéta di Distrik [[Kaeng Krachan]], Propinsi [[Phetchaburi]], Thailand.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Malayan Pit Viper - Calloselasma rhodostoma |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == ''Calloselasma rhodostoma'' gaduh awak anu kawilang pondok tur montok. Ciri utamana nyaéta: * '''Corak:''' Gaduh gambar segitiga coklat poék anu cékas dina tonggongna pikeun [[kamuflase]]. * '''Sirah:''' Bentuk sirahna segitiga seukeut (lance-shaped), jelas misah ti bagian beuheungna, sarta gaduh liang sénsor panas (''loreal pit'').<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/malayan_pit_viper.htm |title=Malayan Pit Viper |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Biologi jeung Habitat == Oray taneuh resep cicing di [[leuweung]] [[awi]], [[perkebunan]], atawa leuweung [[basisir]] anu seueur dangdaunan garing. Bénten sareng kalolobaan kulawarga [[Viperidae]] séjén, ''C. rhodostoma'' mah kaasup sato [[ovipar]] (ngendog).<ref name="RepDB" /> Sipatna ''pasif''/cicingeun tapi agrésif upami kaciwit atanapi kagareuwahkeun teuing ku jalma. == Peurah (Venom) == Peurah oray taneuh miboga sipat ''hemotoxic'' jeung ''procoagulant'' anu bisa nyababkeun [[bareuh]] parah, tilar dunya jaringan (négrosis), sarta gangguan pambekuan getih. Di [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Thailand]], oray ieu mangrupakeun salah sahiji panyabab utama kasus kapacok oray ''(snakebite)'" anu merlukeun bantuan médis ''serius''.<ref name="WHO" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] jnlt6w3aj3p0cizm64ie3bpt3jrj2a1 0 108140 707589 2026-03-30T08:34:47Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray séndok (Kobra Jawa) | image = Naja sputatrix 381362309.jpg | image_caption = Naja sputatrix (Kobra Jawa), spésiés éndemik di Indonésia. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Serpentes]] | familia = [[Elapidae]] | genus = ''[[Naja]]'' | species = '''''N. sputatrix''''' | binomial = ''Naja sputatrix'' | binomial_authority = [[Friedrich Boie|F. Boie]], 1827 | synonyms = * ''Naja tripudians'' var. ''sputatrix'' <small>F. Boie, 1827</small> * ''Naja naja sputatrix'' <small>Stejneger, 1907</small> }} '''Oray séndok; Naja sputatrix''' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Kobra Jawa''' atawa '''Javan Spitting Cobra''') nyaéta spésiés oray [[peurah]]an tina kulawarga [[Elapidae]] anu kapanggih sacara éndemik di sababaraha pulo di [[Indonésia]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=sputatrix |title=Naja sputatrix |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami gumantung kana daérahna: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray kobra]], [[oray lulut]], atanapi [[oray bueuk]] (sabab tiasa mekarkeun beuheungna). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular kobra Jawa]], [[ular sendok]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo mbeled]], [[ulo king]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Javan Spitting Cobra]].<ref name="WHO_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000109 |title=Naja sputatrix |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Panyebaran == ''Naja sputatrix'' mangrupakeun sato asli Indonésia. Wewengkon panyebaranna ngawengku pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Komodo]], [[Flores]], [[Lomblen]], sarta [[Alor]]. Ieu oray tiasa hirup dina rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti leuweung [[tropis]], [[sawah]], dugi ka sabudeureun padumukan jalma.<ref name="IUCN_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192188/2052441 |title=Javan Spitting Cobra |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Ukuran:''' Panjang awakna rata-rata antara 1.3 méter dugi ka 1.5 méter. * '''Warna:''' Variasi warnana gumantung kana umur jeung lokasi; aya nu warnana hideung meles (hususna di Jawa Barat), coklat, atanapi semu konéng (di Jawa Timur jeung Nusa Tenggara). * '''Kamampuh:''' Ciri khasna nyaéta tiasa mekarkeun tulang rusuk dina beuheungna janten bentuk "sendok" (''hood'') sarta miboga kamampuh nyemburkeun peurah (''spitting'') upami ngarasa kaancam.<ref name="EcologyAsia_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/javan_spitting_cobra.htm |title=Javan Spitting Cobra |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Peurah (Venom) == Peurah ''Naja sputatrix'' ngandung campuran [[neurotoxin]], [[cytotoxin]], sarta [[cardiotoxin]]. Peurah anu disebrotkeun tujuanna pikeun ditémbakkeun kana panon lawan anu tiasa nyababkeun lolong (buta) samentara atanapi permanén upami teu geuwat dikumbah. Upami kapacok, peurahna tiasa mangaruhan sistem saraf sareng pernapasan.<ref name="WHO_Naja" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Elapidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Indonésia]] dmp0qwyl2p702fox4lmift8pd97k8ys 0 108141 707590 2026-03-30T08:44:46Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Jukut Wétan | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Natrix natrix |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Natrix natrix persa3.jpg | image_caption = Natrix natrix persa, némbongkeun ciri khas dua gurat konéng dina tonggongna. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Natrix]]'' | species = ''[[Natrix natrix|N. natrix]]'' | subspecies = '''''N. n. persa''''' | trinomial = ''Natrix natrix persa'' | trinomial_authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814) | synonyms = * ''Coluber persa'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small> * ''Natrix natrix persa'' <small>Mertens, 1947</small> }} '''ORAY sawah; '''''Natrix natrix persa'' (dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Jukut Wétan''' atanapi '''Eastern Grass Snake''') nyaéta salah sahiji subspésiés tina oray sawah (''Natrix natrix'') anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Natrix&species=natrix |title=Natrix natrix |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal == Di dunya internasional, oray ieu miboga sababaraha ngaran: * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Eastern Grass Snake]], [[Dotted Grass Snake]]. * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray sawah]] (ngaran umum pikeun genus Natrix/Rhabdophis). * '''Basa Jerman:''' [[Ringelnatter]]. == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], spésiés ''Natrix natrix'' sacara umum kaasup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Basajan" (henteu kaancam punah). Sanajan kitu, di sababaraha wilayah Éropa, populasi subspésiés ieu mimiti dikontrol lantaran ruksakna habitat lahan baseuh (wetlands).<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Subspésiés ''persa'' utamana sumebar di wewengkon [[Balkan]], [[Yunani]], [[Turki]], dugi ka [[Iran]] bagian kalér. Oray ieu resep cicing di tempat anu deukeut ka cai, saperti sisi [[situ]], [[walungan]], atanapi [[rawa]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/malayan_pit_viper.htm |title=Grass Snake Ecology |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == Oray ieu miboga ciri anu mandiri dibandingkeun jeung subspésiés ''Natrix natrix'' séjénna: * '''Gurat:''' Miboga dua gurat (strip) warna bodas atanapi konéng anu ngujur sapanjang tonggongna ''(dorsolateral stripes)''. * '''Warna:''' Warna dasarna rupa-rupa, ti mimiti kulawu, semu héjo, dugi ka coklat poék. * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh nepi ka 1 méter langkung, kalayan bikangna biasana leuwih badag batan jaluna. == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Ieu oray henteu miboga peurah sarta jarang pisan nyogot manusa. Upami ngarasa kaancam, manéhna sok "papaéhan" (thanatosis) atanapi ngaluarkeun bau anu kacida hanyirna tina kloaka. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[amfibi]] saperti [[bangkong]], sarta sakapeung [[lauk]] leutik.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Éropa]] aay5v9wm0ypxsett18l4i6z2iu3u9kd 0 108142 707591 2026-03-30T08:58:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Gadung Kayu | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184067/1747352 |title=Boiga cynodon |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Boiga cynodon.jpg | image_caption = Boiga cynodon, némbongkeun sirahna anu badag sarta panon anu boga pupil nangtung. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Boiga]]'' | species = '''''B. cynodon''''' | binomial = ''Boiga cynodon'' | binomial_authority = ([[Boie]], 1827) | synonyms = * ''Dipsas cynodon'' <small>H. Boie, 1827</small> * ''Pappophis latifasciatus'' <small>Günther, 1862</small> * ''Boiga cynodon'' <small>Stejneger, 1907</small> }} '''Oray sanca manuk;''' ''Boiga cynodon'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Gadung Kayu''' atawa '''Dog-toothed Cat Snake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu hirupna lolobana dina tangkal ([[arboreal]]).<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Boiga&species=cynodon |title=Boiga cynodon |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray gadung kayu]], [[oray cingcin]] (sakapeung pahili). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular gadung coklat]], [[ular taring anjing]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Dog-toothed Cat Snake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/dog-toothed_cat_snake.htm |title=Dog-toothed Cat Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Boiga cynodon'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Populasi oray ieu dianggap masih stabil sarta sumebar lega di wewengkon Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray loba kapanggih di nagara-nagara [[Asia Tenggara]] saperti [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Filipina]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (ngawengku [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung kapuloan [[Riau]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Huntu:''' Miboga huntu hareup anu panjang pisan dina caréham luhur jeung handap (nu matak dingaranan ''dog-toothed''), gunana pikeun nyekel mangsa anu buluan saperti [[manuk]]. * '''Panon:''' Gaduh panon anu badag kalayan pupil/hihideunganon nangtung (vérikal), ciri khas sato [[nokturnal]] (aktif ti peuting). * '''Ukuran:''' Awakna ramping pisan tapi bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 2.5 dugi ka 2.8 méter. * '''Warna:''' Biasana warnana coklat muda atanapi semu konéng kalayan corak belang coklat poék sapanjang awakna.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Peurah == Sanajan asup kana kulawarga Colubridae, ''Boiga cynodon'' miboga peurah saeutik (''mildly venomous'') anu sipatna opisthoglypha (sihungna aya di tukang). Peurahna henteu dianggap bahaya pikeun manusa déwasa, tapi bisa nyababkeun bareuh saeutik. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]], endog manuk, sarta [[kadal]] leutik.<ref name="WHO_Boiga">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000135 |title=Boiga genus |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] gd4wd6oew49n0is23uewf7ciyebw4cs 0 108143 707592 2026-03-30T09:21:04Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca India | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/199175/2566271 |title=Python molurus |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Python molure 13.JPG | image_caption = Python molurus némbongkeun pola motifna anu khas sarta sirah anu badag. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = ''[[Python (genus)|Python]]'' | species = '''''P. molurus''''' | binomial = ''Python molurus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Linnaeus]], 1758) | synonyms = * ''Coluber molurus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * ''Python tigris'' <small>Daudin, 1803</small> * ''Python molurus'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> }} '''Oray sanca'''; ''Python molurus'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Sanca India''' atawa '''Indian Rock Python''') nyaéta spésiés oray badag anu henteu miboga peurah ([[non-venomous]]) tina kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Python&species=molurus |title=Python molurus |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami di antarana: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray sanca]], [[sanca India]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Sanca India]], [[piton India]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Indian Rock Python]], [[Black-tailed Python]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/indian-python.htm |title=Indian Rock Python |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Python molurus'' asup kana kategori '''Near Threatened (NT)''' atanapi "Hampir Kaancam". Lian ti éta, spésiés ieu ogé didaptarkeun dina '''CITES Appendix I''', anu hartosna aya larangan ketat dina perdagangan internasionalna lantaran populasina anu beuki ngurangan.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray sumebar di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] sarta sabagian [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku nagara [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], sarta bagian kalér [[Myanmar]]. Sanca India resep cicing di habitat anu deukeut ka cai, saperti [[rawa]], leuweung [[tropis]], sarta tegala jukut anu hieum.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang rata-rata 3 méter, tapi aya ogé anu kacatet nepi ka 6 méter kalayan beurat awak anu kacida badagna. * '''Warna:''' Warna dasarna semu konéng atanapi kulawu kalayan corak kotak-kotak coklat poék anu henteu rata sapanjang awakna. * '''Sirah:''' Miboga bentuk sirah segitiga sarta gaduh sénsor panas (''heat-sensing pits'') dina biwir luhurna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa dina kaayaan poék.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Sanca India téh sato anu gerakna laun tapi kacida kuatna. Manéhna maéhan mangsana ku cara meulit (''constriction'') nepi ka mangsana teu bisa ngambekan. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[mamalia]] leutik dugi ka sedeng, [[manuk]], sarta [[reptilia]] séjénna.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia]] hcgycanzppchhcazq8kk34mc8fv4ngv 0 108144 707593 2026-03-30T09:29:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Gadung | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176329/1439223 |title=Ahaetulla prasina |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Ahaetulla prasina, oriental whipsnake - Kaeng Krachan National Park.jpg | image_caption = Ahaetulla prasina (Oray Gadung) di Taman Nasional Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Ahaetulla]]'' | species = '''''A. prasina''''' | binomial = ''Ahaetulla prasina'' | binomial_authority = ([[Boie]], 1827) | synonyms = * ''Dryophis prasinus'' <small>Boie, 1827</small> * ''Dryophis xanthozona'' <small>Boie, 1827</small> * ''Ahaetulla prasina'' <small>Smith, 1943</small> }} '''Oray pucuk; ''' ''Ahaetulla prasina'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Gadung''' atawa '''Oriental Whipsnake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu hirupna lolobana dina tatangkalan ([[arboreal]]).<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ahaetulla&species=prasina |title=Ahaetulla prasina |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray gadung]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular gadung]], [[ular pucuk]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo gadung]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Oriental Whipsnake]], [[Asian Vine Snake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/oriental_whip-snake.htm |title=Oriental Whip Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Ahaetulla prasina'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Oray ieu kacida lobana kapanggih di sabudeureun kebon jeung leuweung Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray gadung sumebar lega di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] dugi ka [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Filipina]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (ngawengku [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung [[Nusa Tenggara]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Awak:''' Wangun awakna kacida lénjangna sarta ramping, warnana biasana héjo caang (kawas pucuk cau), tapi aya ogé variasi warna coklat atanapi semu konéng. * '''Sirah:''' Bentuk sirahna seukeut sarta lénjang (kawas panah). * '''Panon:''' Gaduh pupil horizontal (nyépté kawas garis datar), anu méré kamampuh tetempoan [[binokular]] anu hadé pikeun ngukur jarak mangsa.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 1.8 dugi ka 2 méter. == Sipat jeung Peurah == Oray gadung téh sato [[diurnal]] (aktif ti beurang). Sanajan miboga huntu taring di bagian tukang (''opisthoglypha''), peurah oray ieu kagolong lésh (''mildly venomous''). Sacara umum henteu bahaya pikeun manusa, ngan ukur bisa nyababkeun bareuh saeutik atanapi ateul upami kapacok. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[kadal]], [[bangkong]], sarta sakapeung [[manuk]] leutik.<ref name="WHO_Ahaetulla">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000133 |title=Ahaetulla genus |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] hg6b2q2gwuc4wercocqep037kr3p8oc 0 108145 707594 2026-03-30T09:42:44Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Lingas | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Ptyas korros |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Ptyas korros 166753674.jpg | image_caption = Ptyas korros, némbongkeun warna coklat zaitun sarta panon anu badag. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Ptyas]]'' | species = '''''P. korros''''' | binomial = ''Ptyas korros'' | binomial_authority = ([[Schlegel]], 1837) | synonyms = * ''Coluber korros'' <small>Schlegel, 1837</small> * ''Zamenis korros'' <small>Boulenger, 1890</small> * ''Ptyas korros'' <small>Cope, 1860</small> }} '''Oray lingas;''' ''Ptyas korros'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Koros''' atawa '''Indo-Chinese Rat Snake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu henteu miboga peurah ([[non-venomous]]). Ieu oray mangrupakeun salah sahiji oray anu pinter lumpat sarta mindeng kapanggih di sabudeureun padumukan jalma.<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ptyas&species=korros |title=Ptyas korros |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray koros]]; Oray lingas. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular koros]], [[ular kayu]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo koros]], [[ulo kayu]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Indo-Chinese Rat Snake]], [[Chinese Ratsnake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/indo-chinese_rat_snake.htm |title=Indo-chinese Rat Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Ptyas korros'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan populasina masih loba, oray ieu mindeng diboro pikeun dicokot daging jeung kulitna di sababaraha nagara Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray koros sumebar lega di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul-wétan]] jeung [[Asia Wétan]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Tiongkok]] bagian kidul, [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta [[Bali]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Warna:''' Bagian tonggongna (dorsal) biasana warnana coklat zaitun, kulawu poék, atanapi semu coklat. Bagian buntutna mindeng némbongkeun sisik anu garis hideungna leuwih jelas. * '''Panon:''' Miboga panon anu kawilang badag sarta pupil bunder, ciri khas sato [[diurnal]] (aktif ti beurang). * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 1.5 dugi ka 2 méter. Awakna ramping sarta lénjang, anu ngamungkinkeun manéhna lumpat gancang pisan dina taneuh atanapi naék tangkal.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Oray koros téh oray anu beurangan sarta bakal geuwat kabur upami ningali manusa. Upami kapepet, manéhna bisa mekarkeun beuheungna saeutik sarta nyogot, tapi sogotanana henteu picilakaeun sabab teu miboga peurah. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[beurit]], [[bangkong]], sarta [[kadal]]. Kusabab resep ngahakan beurit, oray ieu kacida gunana pikeun patani pikeun ngadalikeun hama alami.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] kcs5zunqzf8lwc2p4qzj8okeesjp4ts