Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 5364 707735 707491 2026-04-02T23:15:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Basa | name = Basa Yunani | nativename = <font lang="el">Ελληνικά</font> ''Ellinika' | states = [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], ogé komunitas di [[Amérika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], [[Jerman]], [[Turki]], [[Albania]], [[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]], [[Italia]] jeung [[Mesir]]. | speakers = 15 yuta | rank = 74 | fam = Basa Yunani | fam3 = [[Attic Greek|Attic]] | script = [[Greek alphabet]] | nation = [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], [[Uni Eropa]] jeung minoritas basa di [[Italia]] jeung [[Albania]]. | iso1 = el | iso2 = gre | iso2t = ell | iso3 = ell | region = [[Indo-Eropa]], wétaneun [[Laut Méditerania|Méditerania]] | family = [[Indo-Eropa]] | familycolor = lawngreen | fontcolor = black | agency = ''teu aya nu ngatur resmi'' | sil = GRK }} '''Basa Yunani''' ({{lang|el|Ελληνικά}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[e̞ˌliniˈka]}} — "Hellenic") nyaéta salah sahiji [[basa Indo-Éropa]] kalayan sajarah anu geus didokuméntasikeun 3.500 taun lilana, panglilana dina kulawarga Indo-Éropa mah. Basa ieu ogé mangrupa basa anu panglawasna jadi bukti dina basa Indo-Éropa lamun seug [[basa Anatoli]] teu kaasup. Kiwari, ieu basa dikecapkeun ku kurang leuwih 15 yuta urang di [[Yunani]], [[Siprus]], [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Makédonia Kalér]], [[Italia]] jeung [[Turki]]. Ogé aya loba komunitas émigran [[urang Yunani]] nu sumebar di sakuliah dunya, saperti di [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] — nu mibanda populasi urang Yunani urban kaopat panglobana di dunya, sanggeus [[Athena]], [[Thessaloniki]] jeung [[Nicosia]]. Basa Yunani geus ditulis dina [[alpabét Yunani]] (nu munggaran ngawanohkeun [[vokal]]) ti mimiti [[abad 19 SM]] di Yunani (saméméhna di [[Linear B]]), jeung [[abad 4 SM]] di Siprus (saméméhna di [[Cypriot syllabary]]). [[Lieratur Yunani]] miboga sajarah nu geus lumangsung ampir 3000 taun. <!-- ==Sajarah== {{History of the Greek language}} {{main|History of the Greek language}} ''This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on [[Proto-Greek language]].'' Greek has been spoken in the [[Balkan]] Peninsula since the [[2nd millennium BC]]. The earliest evidence of this is found in the [[Linear B]] tablets in the "Room of the Chariot Tablets", a LMII-context (c. [[1500 BC]]) region of [[Knossos]] in [[Crete]]. The later [[Greek alphabet]] is unrelated to Linear B, and is believed to be derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]] ([[abjad]]); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the following periods: * '''[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]]''': the language of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilisation]]. It is recorded in the [[Linear B]] script on tablets dating from the [[16th century BC]] onwards. * '''[[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]]''' (also known as [[Ancient Greek]]): In its various dialects was the language of the [[Archaic]] and [[classical antiquity|Classical]] periods of Greek civilization. It was widely known throughout the Roman empire. Classical Greek fell into disuse in western Europe in the [[Middle Ages]], but remained known in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] world, and was reintroduced to the rest of [[Europe]] with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and Greek migration to [[Italy]]. * '''[[Hellenistic Greek]]''' (also known as [[Koine Greek]]): The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with [[Attic Greek|Attic]] (the dialect of Athens) resulted in the creation of the first '''common''' Greek dialect, which gradually turned into one of the world's first international languages. [[Koine Greek]] can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of [[Alexander the Great]], but after the [[Hellenistic]] colonisation of the known world, it was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of [[India]]. After the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest of Greece, an unofficial diglossy of Greek and Latin was established in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Through Koine Greek is also traced the origin of [[Christianity]], as the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] used it to preach in [[Greece]] and the Greek-speaking world. It is also known as the '''Alexandrian dialect''', '''Post-Classical Greek''' or even '''New Testament Greek''' (after its most famous work of literature). * '''[[Medieval Greek]]''': The continuation of [[Hellenistic Greek]] during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular (if not the literary nor the ecclesiastic) language of the [[Byzantine Empire]], and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the [[15th century]]. Also known as '''Byzantine Greek'''. * '''[[Modern Greek]]''': Stemming independently from [[Koine Greek]], '''Modern Greek''' usages can be traced in the late [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period (as early as 11th century). Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: [[Modern Greek|Dhimotikí]] (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and [[Katharevousa|Katharévusa]] (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes during the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th]] centuries. This diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 (act (νόμος) 306/1976), when Dhimotikí was declared the official language of Greece. In the meantime, both forms of Greek had naturally converged and '''Standard Modern Greek''' (Κοινή Νεοελληνική — Common Modern Greek), the form of Greek used for all official purposes and in education in Greece today, emerged. It has been claimed that an "educated" speaker of the modern language can understand an ancient text, but this is surely as much a function of education as of the similarity of the languages. Still, Koinē, the version of Greek used to write the [[New Testament]] and the [[Septuagint]], is relatively easy to understand for modern speakers. Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: ''astronomy'', ''democracy'', ''philosophy'', ''thespian'', etc. Moreover, Greek words and [[morpheme|word elements]] continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: ''anthropology'', ''photography'', ''isomer'', ''biomechanics'' etc. and form, with [[Latin]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary. See ''[[English words of Greek origin]]'', and ''[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]''. {{History of Greece}} ==Classification== Greek is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. The ancient languages which were probably most closely related to it, [[Ancient Macedonian language|ancient Macedonian]] (which may have been a [[dialect]] of Greek) and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]],{{citation needed}} are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison. Among living languages, [[Armenian language|Armenian]] seems to be the most closely related language.{{citation needed}} ==Geographic distribution== Modern Greek is spoken by about 15 million people mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]. There are also Greek-speaking populations in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], [[Albania]], [[Makédonia Kalér]] and [[Southern Italy]]. The language is spoken also in many other countries where Greeks have settled, including [[Armenia]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. ==Official status== Greek is the [[official language]] of [[Greece]] where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also, alongside [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the official language of [[Cyprus]]. Due to the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the [[languages of the European Union#official languages of the European Union|20 official languages]] of the [[European Union]]. ==Phonology== This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language. See [[Ancient Greek phonology]], [[History of the Greek language]] and [[Iotacism]] for historical issues. :''All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'' ===Vowel sounds=== Greek has 5 vowel phonemes: {| class="wikitable" !width="20%"|&nbsp; !width="20%"|[[Front vowel|Front]] !width="20%"|[[Back vowel|Back]] |- !align="left"|[[Close vowel|Close]] |align="left"|{{IPA|i}} |align="right"|{{IPA|u}} |- !align="left"|[[mid vowel|Mid]] |align="center"|{{IPA|e̞}} |align="right"|{{IPA|o̞}} |- !align="left"|[[Open vowel|Open]] |align="right"|{{IPA|a}} |td align="left"|&nbsp; |} Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης {{IPA|/ˈfasis/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfasi̥s/}} (→ {{IPA|/fasː/}}) = "of phase" ([[genitive case]])]. ===Consonants=== Greek has a repertoire of 29 consonant sounds. The number of phonemes depends on the analysis, but may be as few as 15, assuming for example that the sound [b] is represented in the underlying form as /mp/, which is also its standard orthographic representation. (cf. Newton) {| class="wikitable" ! width="100px"| ! [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! [[labiodental|Labiodental]] ! [[dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[velar consonant|Velar]] |- | [[plosive consonant|'''Plosive''']] | align="center"| {{IPA|p b}} | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|t d}} | align="center"| {{IPA|c ɟ}} | align="center"| {{IPA|k ɡ}} |- | [[nasal consonant|'''Nasal''']] | align="center"| {{IPA|m}} | align="center"| {{IPA|ɱ}} | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|n}} | align="center"| {{IPA|ɲ}} | align="center"| {{IPA|ŋ}} |- | [[trill consonant|'''Trill''']] | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|r}} | align="center"| | align="center"| |- | [[fricative consonant|'''Fricative''']] | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|f v}} | align="center"| {{IPA|θ ð}} | align="center"| {{IPA|s z}} | align="center"| {{IPA|ç ʝ}} | align="center"| {{IPA|x ɣ}} |- | [[affricate consonant|'''Affricate''']] | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|ʦ ʣ}} | align="center"| | align="center"| |- | [[Approximant|'''Approximant''']] | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|j}} | align="center"| |- | [[Lateral approximant|'''Lateral approximant''']] | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| | align="center"| {{IPA|l}} | align="center"| {{IPA|ʎ}} | align="center"| |} Greek {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are not [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] as they are in English. They tend to be voiced to {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}} in the Cretan dialect. The letter <ρ> is generally pronounced {{IPA|[r]}}, but tends to be pronounced {{IPA|[ɾ]}} in intervocalic position. Despite the retention of double consonants in historic orthography, modern Greek does not have [[Gemination|geminated]] consonants within words, with the notable exception of [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]. ===Sandhi rules=== Greek has certain [[sandhi]] rules, some represented in the orthography, some not. /n/ before [[Bilabial|bilabials]] and [[Velar consonant|velars]] becomes [m] and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} respectively, and is written <μ> (συμπάθεια, "sympathy") and <γ> (συγκρητισμός, "syncretism"). Before the labiodental fricatives <φ> and <β>, it is also written <μ>, but pronounced {{IPA|[ɱ]}} (συμφωνία, "symphony"). The combination <μπ> is pronounced {{IPA|[mb]}} after vowels (but often reduced to {{IPA|[b]}}) and everywhere else {{IPA|[b]}}. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, this can also be pronounced {{IPA|[mp]}}. After vowels, the combinations <γγ> and <γκ> are pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ŋɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}), but are often reduced to {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ɟ]}}) in everyday speech. <γκ> is always pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA|[ɟ]}}) at the beginning of a word, while <γγ> never occurs in this position. The combination <ντ> is pronounced {{IPA|[nd]}} after vowels (but often reduced to {{IPA|[d]}}) and everywhere else {{IPA|[d]}}. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, this can also be pronounced {{IPA|[nt]}}. The sounds {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}, are palatalized, becoming {{IPA|[c]}} and {{IPA|[ɟ]}}. In some dialects, notably those of [[Crete]] and the [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], they become {{IPA|[ʨ]}} and {{IPA|[ʥ]}}. The word {{polytonic|ἐστὶ}} (estí, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/esˈti/}}), which means "is" in Ancient Greek (q.v. Modern Greek είναι), gains a "''euphonic''" n. in Modern Greek, the negative adverb δεν and the accusative articles τον and την lose the final {{IPA|/n/}}, depending on the beginning letter of the next word (if it's a consonant, {{IPA|/n/}} is usually dropped). In the phrase δεν πειράζει, which means "it doesn't matter", instead of being dropped, n is assimilated into the second word and, following the example above, np is pronounced [mp] in Northern Greece and {{IPA|[mb]}} in Southern Greece, thus being pronounced {{IPA|[ðempi'razi]}} or {{IPA|[ðembi'razi]}}. Some of these rules are optional, and reflect the formality of speech. While everyday spoken Greek sounds artificial if the sandhi rules are ''not'' used, a formal or official speech may sound equally awkward if sandhi rules ''are'' used. ===Orthography=== {{main|Greek orthography}} The Greek vowel letters with their pronunciation are: <α> {{IPA|/a/}}, <ε> {{IPA|/e/}}, <η> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ι> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ο> {{IPA|/o/}}, <υ> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ω> {{IPA|/o/}}. There are also vowel digraphs which are phonetically monophthongal: <αι> {{IPA|/e/}}, <ει> {{IPA|/i/}}, <οι> {{IPA|/i/}}, <ου> {{IPA|/u/}}, <υι> {{IPA|/i/}}. The three digraphs <αυ>, <ευ> and <ηυ> are pronounced {{IPA|/av/}}, {{IPA|/ev/}} and {{IPA|/iv/}} except when followed by unvoiced consonants, in which case they are pronounced {{IPA|/af/}}, {{IPA|/ef/}} and {{IPA|/if/}}. Modern Greek has also four diphthongs: <αη> (or <άη>) {{IPA|/aj/}}, <αϊ> (or <άι>) {{IPA|/aj/}}, <οη> (or <όη>) {{IPA|/oj/}} and <οϊ> (or <όι>) {{IPA|/oj/}} (diphthongs can better be transcribed using the IPA non-syllabic diacritic under {{IPA|/i/}} instead of the approximant {{IPA|/j/}}). The Greek letters <β> and <δ> are pronounced {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} respectively. The letter <γ> is generally pronounced {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, but before the mid or close front vowels, it is pronounced {{IPA|[ʝ]}} (or {{IPA|[ʑ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani). The letters <θ>, <φ> and <χ> are pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}, {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/x/}}. The letter <χ>, before mid or close front vowels, is pronounced {{IPA|[ç]}} (or {{IPA|[ɕ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani). The letter <ξ> stands for {{IPA|/ks/}} and <ψ> stands for {{IPA|/ps/}}. The digraphs <γγ> and <γκ> are generally pronounced {{IPA|/g/}} in everyday speech, but are pronounced {{IPA|[ɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. When these digraphs are preceded by a vowel, they are pronounced {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} in formal speech ({{IPA|[ŋɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. The digraph <γγ> may be pronounced {{IPA|/ŋɣ/}} in some words ({{IPA|[ŋʝ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. ==Grammar== {{main|Greek grammar}} Modern Greek is still largely a [[synthetic language]]. It is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a synthetic [[passive voice|passive]]. Noticeable changes in grammar (compared to classical Greek) include the loss of the [[dative]], the [[optative mood]], the [[infinitive]], the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]], and the [[participle]]s (except the past participle); the adoption of the [[gerund]]; the reduction in the number of noun [[declension]]s, and the number of distinct forms in each declension; the adoption of the [[modal particle]] ''{{polytonic|θα}}'' (a contraction of ''{{Polytonic|ἐθέλω ἵνα}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θέλω να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θε' να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θα}}'') to denote future and conditional tenses; the introduction of [[auxiliary verb]] forms for certain tenses; the extension to the future tense of the aspectual distinction between present/imperfect and aorist; the loss of the third person imperative, and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, such as [[augment (linguistics)|augmentation]] and [[reduplication]]. Some of these features are shared with other languages spoken in the Balkan peninsula (see [[Balkan linguistic union]]). Due to the influence of katharevousa, however, demotic is not commonly used in its purest form, and [[archaism]]s are still widely used, especially in writing and in more formal speech, as well as in a few everyday expressions like the dative {{polytonic|εντάξει}} ('OK', literally 'in order') or the third person imperative {{polytonic|ζήτω}}! ('long live!'). ==Writing system== {{Table_Greekletters}} {{main|Greek alphabet}} Modern Greek is written in the late [[Ionic dialect|Ionic]] variant of the Greek alphabet. It is regarded as the first [[alphabet]] in the narrow sense, giving full representation to vowels on a par with consonants, unlike its predecessor, the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] alphabet (also called an "[[abjad]]"). Its oldest discovered inscriptions date to the 8th or 9th Century BC. It assumed its final form in Athens in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the [[Attic dialect|Attic]] ''[[Koine]]'' dialect during the [[Hellenistic]] era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and lowercase (small) form: [[Alpha (letter)|Α α]], [[Beta (letter)|Β β]], [[Gamma|Γ γ]], [[Delta (letter)|Δ δ]], [[Epsilon|Ε ε]], [[Zeta (letter)|Ζ ζ]], [[Eta (letter)|Η η]], [[Theta|Θ θ]], [[Iota|Ι ι]], [[Kappa (letter)|Κ κ]], [[Lambda|Λ λ]], [[Mu (letter)|Μ μ]], [[Nu (letter)|Ν ν]], [[Xi|Ξ ξ]], [[Omicron|Ο ο]], [[Pi (letter)|Π π]], [[Rho (letter)|Ρ ρ]], [[Sigma (letter)|Σ σ ς (word-final form)]], [[Tau|Τ τ]], [[Upsilon|Υ υ]], [[Phi (letter)|Φ φ]], [[Chi (letter)|Χ χ]], [[Psi (letter)|Ψ ψ]], [[Omega|Ω ω]]. In addition to the letters of the alphabet, Greek has a number of diacritical signs, most of which were eliminated from official use in Greece in 1982 as no longer corresponding to the modern pronunciation of the language. See [[Monotonic orthography]] for the simplified modern set, and [[Polytonic orthography]] for the traditional set. ==Examples== ===Some common words and phrases=== *Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /{{IPA|ˈelinas}}/ *Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /{{IPA|eliˈniða}}/ *Greek (language): Ελληνικά /{{IPA|eliniˈka}}/ *hello: γεια /{{IPA|ʝa}}/ (informal, literally "health"). More formal: χαίρετε /{{IPA|ˈçerete}}/. *good morning: καλημέρα /{{IPA|kaliˈmera}}/ *good evening: καλησπέρα /{{IPA|kaliˈspera}}/ *good night: καληνύχτα /{{IPA|kaliˈnixta}}/ *good-bye: χαίρετε /{{IPA|ˈçereˌte}}/ (formal), αντίο /{{IPA|aˈdi.o}}/ (semi-formal), γεια σου /{{IPA|ˈʝasu}}/ or γεια σας /{{IPA|ˈʝasas}}/ (informal) *please: παρακαλώ /{{IPA|parakaˈlo}}/ *I would like ____ please: θα ήθελα ____ παρακαλώ /{{IPA|θa ˈiθela ____ parakaˈlo}}/ *sorry: συγγνώμη /{{IPA|siˈɣnomi}}/ *thank you: σ' ευχαριστώ /{{IPA|s-efxariˈsto}}/ *that: αυτό /{{IPA|afˈto}}/, εκείνο /{{IPA|eˈcino}}/ *this: αυτό /{{IPA|afˈto}}/, (ε)τούτο /{{IPA|(e)ˈtuto}}/ *how much?: πόσο; /{{IPA|ˈposo}}/ *how much does it cost?: πόσο κοστίζει; /{{IPA|ˈposo koˈstizi}}/ *yes: ναι /{{IPA|ne}}/ *no: όχι /{{IPA|ˈoçi}}/ *I don't understand: δεν καταλαβαίνω /{{IPA|ˈðe(ŋ) ɡatalaˈveno}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ˈðeŋ ɡatalaˈveno}}/ *I don't know: δεν ξέρω /{{IPA|ˈðe(ŋ) ˈɡzero}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ˈðeŋ ˈksero}}/ *where's the bathroom?: πού είναι η τουαλέτα /το μπάνιο /το λουτρό; /{{IPA|ˈpu ˈine i tuaˈleta /toˈbaɲo /to luˈtro}}/ *generic toast: εις υγείαν! /{{IPA|is iˈʝi.an}}/ (literally "to health"), or, more colloquially: γεια μας! /{{IPA|'ʝamas}}/ (literally "our health") *juice: χυμός /{{IPA|çiˈmos}}/ *water: νερό /{{IPA|neˈro}}/ *wine: κρασί /{{IPA|kraˈsi}}/ *beer: μπύρα /{{IPA|ˈbira}}/ *milk: γάλα /{{IPA|ˈɣala}}/ *Do you speak English?: Μιλάτε Αγγλικά; /{{IPA|miˈlate a(ŋ)ɡliˈka}}/ *I love you: σ' αγαπώ /{{IPA|saɣaˈpo}}/ *Help!: Βοήθεια! /{{IPA|voˈiθia}}/ *You are a doll!: Εìσαι κουκλíτσα! /{{IPA|ise kouklitsa}}/ --> ==Tempo Ogé== *[[Daptar kecap-kecap na Basa Yunani kalayan turunan Basa Inggris]] *[[Dialék Basa Yunani]] *[[Daptar Swadesh Basa Yunani]] *[[Greeklish]] *[[Basa Yunani Kuno]] ==Référénsi== * {{en}} Herbert Weir Smyth, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0674362500. The standard grammar of classical Greek. Focuses primarily on the [[Attic Greek|Attic]] dialect, with comparatively wéak tréatment of the other dialects and the Homeric Kunstsprache. * {{en}} W. Sidney Allen, ''Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek''. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 052120626X *Géoffrey Horrocks, ''Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers'' (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0582307090. From Mycenéan to modérn. * {{en}} [[Andrew Sihler]], "A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-Européan origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the éarliest stages of Greek's development. * {{en}} Robert Browning, ''Medieval and Modern Greek'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN 0521299780. An excellent and concise historical account of the development of modérn Greek from the ancient language. * {{en}} Brian Newton, ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0521084970. * {{en}} Crosby and Schaeffer, ''An Introduction to Greek'', Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of ancient Greek * {{en}} David Holton ''et al.'', ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 041510002X. A reference grammar of ''modern'' Greek. * {{en}} Dionysius of Thrace, [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html "Art of Grammar"], "Τέχνη γραμματική", c.100 BC ==Tumbu Luar== ===Sawangan umum=== {{InterWiki|code=el}} {{Wikibookspar||Modern Greek}} *[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm Modern Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004120142/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm |date=2016-10-04 }}, ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph *[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm Ancient Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm |date=2016-10-01 }}, ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph *[http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. *[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries. *[http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway] Useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modérn Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for léarning Greek. ===Pangajaran Basa=== ==== Umum ==== * {{en}} [http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/greek.php Ancient and Modern Greek courses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811173723/http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/greek.php |date=2006-08-11 }}, in Greece. * {{en}} [http://greek.kihlman.eu Greek dictionary, tutorial and hangman program with texteditor] This shareware program is aimed at léarning New Testament Greek but fully functional for modérn Greek too if one créates own glossaries. * {{en}} [http://www.explorecrete.com/various/Greek-Alphabet.htm Flash presentation with the sound of the letters of the Greek Alphabet] * {{en}} [http://snow.prohosting.com/sprach/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908120532/http://snow.prohosting.com/sprach/english/gr.htm |date=2006-09-08 }} ==== Basa Yunani Modéren ==== *[http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426151152/http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ |date=2006-04-26 }}, Free modérn Greek course with réalaudio files. *[http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/GreekBasic.aspx FSI Greek Basic Course]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-language.htm Learn basic Greek words and phrases] and the speeches of Xenophon Zolotas, Dr. Soukakos, Athnassopoulos and Kalaras *[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-numbers.htm Learn how to count in Greek] *[http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ Learn Greek - Official site of the Greek Institute of language and speech processing] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060518062159/http://valesne.homestead.com/index.html Modern Greek and Albanian with Japanese translation] *[http://zeus.pi-schools.gr/dimotiko/ Online pdf versions of the books used in Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412212623/http://zeus.pi-schools.gr/dimotiko/ |date=2006-04-12 }} Site in Greek only. ==== Basa Yunani Kuno kaasup Koine (contona Basa Yunani Téstamén Anyar) ==== *[http://www.vroma.org/%7Eabarker/thrascontents.html A supplement to the Thrasymachus (Ancient Greek)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827174810/http://www.vroma.org/~abarker/thrascontents.html |date=2006-08-27 }} Part of the VRoma Project. *[http://www.textkit.com/ Learn Ancient Greek] at Textkit. Free downloadable Ancient Greek grammars and réaders. *[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp Free lessons in ancient Greek, including an introduction the special features of Greek] *[http://www.greek-language.com/ The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway] Provided as a free service to facilitate the study of Ancient Greek and to promote the application of methodologies from the field of Linguistics to the study of Classical and Hellenistic Greek. *[http://www.ntgreek.net New Testament Greek] Three graduated courses in New Testament Greek ===Kamus=== {{Wiktionarylang|code=el}} * {{en}} [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek/ Greek Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=2012-02-23 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Dictionary] * {{en}} [http://greek.kihlman.eu Ancient Greek] ==Literatur== * {{en}} [http://www.uoxantiqua.com uox antiqua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719052221/http://uoxantiqua.com/ |date=2013-07-19 }}- Ancient Greek Literature and Music. * {{en}} [http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewLiteratur/Literature.htm Page about modern Greek Literature] ===Tipografi=== * {{en}} [http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801070927/http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english |date=2020-08-01 }}, [[public domain]] [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] Greek [[typeface|font]] * {{en}} [http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium &mdash; a typeface for the nations], a freely available font including polytonic Greek support * {{en}} [http://www.lorem-ipsum.info/_greek Generator for Greek typographical filler text] ===Buku-buku=== * {{en}} [http://books.phigita.net/ Buku-buka na Basa Yunani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822091653/http://books.phigita.net/ |date=2006-08-22 }}, jeung daptar tambahan informasi bibliografik nu bisa disungsi ===Léksikal=== * {{en}} [http://www.translatum.gr Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629094959/https://www.translatum.gr/ |date=2019-06-29 }}. An extended list of séarchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries. * {{en}} [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Modern Greek&ndash;English, English&ndash;Modern Greek dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820073805/http://kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon |date=2013-08-20 }}. (Basic dictionary) * {{en}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform Ancient Greek Dictionary], the complete Liddell-Scott dictionary, including séarch within English definitions. * {{en}} [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek-english/ Greek&ndash;English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200902/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition. * {{en}} [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary], scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary. ===Pangecék Éjahan=== * {{en}} [http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ Greek Spell Checker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913013504/http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ |date=2008-09-13 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Basa Yunani|*]] [[Kategori:Hurup Yunani]] [[Kategori:Basa Hellenic jeung dialékna|*]] [[Kategori:Basa Fusional]] [[Kategori:Basa Kuno]] 9n8clo5ds9sh1e1pdcru0xq9c1ri7ez 0 26796 707731 705166 2026-04-02T20:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. {{Calendar}} 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013555/http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html |date=2020-11-27 }}</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111051/http://www.potato2008.org/ |date=2007-09-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019013414/http://esa.un.org/iys/ |date=2007-10-19 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221062234/http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 |date=2007-12-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030658/http://www.yearofreading.org.uk/ |date=2008-05-16 }}.</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430073926/http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm |date=2008-04-30 }}.</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[Indonésia]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa adalah ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[29 Pébruari]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Januari}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130041939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 |date=2009-01-30 }}, EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706103838/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ |date=2009-07-06 }}, EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/http://www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171140/http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 |date=2008-02-18 }}</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064211/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 |date=2008-01-18 }}</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120174830/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html |date=2008-01-20 }}</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122053205/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 |date=2008-01-22 }}</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223234051/http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html |date=2008-02-23 }}</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219214350/http://wsf2008.net/eng/home |date=2009-02-19 }}</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611001053/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg |date=2008-09-10 }}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153755/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow |date=2008-09-18 }}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament%26navi%3DMONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094450/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html |date=2008-04-08 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205104/http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 |date=2008-06-26 }}, ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/ |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620203845/http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918165415/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html |date=2008-09-18 }}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827101849/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html |date=2008-08-27 }}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817040145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date=2008-08-17 }}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044758/http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38 |date=2011-04-30 }}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114055640/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html |date=2009-11-14 }}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531200023/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece |date=2010-05-31 }}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024021253/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html |date=2008-10-24 }}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80 |date=2008-09-17 }}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223640/http://press.web.cern.ch/Press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html |date=2009-01-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929061212/http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html |date=2008-09-29 }}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725225434/http://www.spacex.com/F1-004.php |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]]-[[September 30]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October Eid ul-Fitr holiday [[2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of [[2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 1]]-[[October 2]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Eid ul-Fitr]][[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028183632/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 |date=2008-10-28 }} ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 3]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]] Eid ul-Fitr holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726074656/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670 |date=2011-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110556/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf |date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> * [[October 4]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 5]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/ |date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> * [[October 8]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014153056/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 |date=2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012716/http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K%2F133944%2FPR%2F200810%2F1258139.xml |date=2008-10-12 }}</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042852/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043000/http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 |date=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043011/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014121006/http://www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir%27s_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 28]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[Diwali]] [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{Month3|11|5|year=2008}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172349/http://www.fifa.com./u20womenworldcup/index.html |date=2008-12-03 }}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{Month3|12|0|year=2008}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031231022/http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 |date=2006-10-31 }}</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304072012/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218153926/http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 |date=2008-02-18 }} Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] <center>'''[[List of centuries|Abad]]:''' [[Abad ka-20]] • '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' • [[Abad ka-22]]</center> <center>'''[[List of decades|Dekade]]:''' [[1990-an]] • '''[[2000-an]]''' • [[2010-an]]</center> <center>'''Taun:''' [[2005|◄]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010]] • [[2011|►]]</center> <center>'''Dumasar nagara:''' [[2008 dina India|India]] • [[2008 dina Jepang|Jepang]]</center> == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format=|work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121836/http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project {{Navbox | name = DekadeJeungTaun1 | title = [[Dekade|Dekade]] jeung [[Taun|taun]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | tracking = no | list1 = {{DekadeJeungTaun1|21}} {{Abad}} }} [[Kategori:2008| ]] 1f8evxr59oykx6ub4qvn8vhgrnkzfka 0 26909 707756 665195 2026-04-03T07:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo wayang | Gambar = Krsna flute big.jpg | Katerangan = Lukisan Kresna karya Dominique Amendola | Ngaran = Kresna | Déwanagari = कृष्ण | Éjahan_sansakerta = krsna | Éjahan_pali = | Ngaran_séjén = Narayana; Madawa;<br /> Wasudéwa; Gopala; | Golongan = [[Wangsa Yadawa]], | Pakarang = [[Chakram]] | Papasangan = [[Rada|Radha]], [[Rukmini]],<br /> [[Satyabama]], [[Jambawati]],<br /> jeung 16.104 pamajikan séjénna }} '''Kresna''' atawa '''Krisna''' ([[Aksara Dewanagari]]: कृष्ण; diucapkeun ''krsna'' nurutkeun [[IAST]]; dilafalkan 'kresna dina [[basa Sansakerta]]) nyaéta salah sahiji inohong dina mahabarata kaasup dina baratayuda, perang rongkah antara kulawarga turunan Barata.{{fact}} Nurutkeun wiracarita ''[[Mahabarata]]'', Kresna asalna ti [[Karajaan Suraséna]], tapi saterusna manéhna ngadegkeun karajaan sorangan anu dibéré ngaran [[Karajaan Dwaraka]]. Kresna dipikawanoh salaku [[raja]] anu wijaksana, sakti, sarta wibawa.{{fact}} == Asal usul ngaran "Kresna" == [[Gambar:Ravi Varma-yashoda adorning Krsna.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Kresna jeung [[Yasoda]], indung kukutna. Lukisan karya [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]Dina [[basa Sansakerta]], kecap ''Kresna'' hartina "[[hideung]]" atawa "poék", sarta kecap ieu umum dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun jalma nu boga [[kulit]] warna hideung.{{fact}} Dina buku ''[[Brahma Samita]]'' diwincik yén Kresna mibanda warna kulit hideung semu biru langit. [http://brahmasamhita.com/5/30/en1 Brahma Samhita 5.30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129134724/http://brahmasamhita.com/5/30/en1 |date=2008-01-29 }}.{{fact}} == Kahirupan Kresna == Ringkesan kahirupan Kresna di handap ieu dicokot tina buku ''[[Mahabarata]]'', ''[[Hariwangsa]]'', ''[[Bagawatapurana]]'', sarta ''[[Wisnupurana]]''.{{fact}} Patempatan di mana Kresna dicaritakan nyaéta di [[India Kalér]], anu kiwari jadi wewengkon nagara bagian [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], sarta [[Gujarat]].{{fact}} === Kalahiran === Kapercayaan tradisional anu dumasar kana data-data dina karya sastra jeung itungan astronomi nyebutkeun yén Kresna lahir dina tanggal 19 Juli taun 3228 saacan Masehi.{{fact}} Kresna lahir ti kulawarga bangsawan di [[Madura]], sarta mangrupa anak kadalapan nu lahir ti puteri [[Déwaki]] jeung salakina, [[Basudéwa]].{{fact}} Madura nyaéta ibukota ti bangsa anu mibanda hubungan deukeut jeung bangsa-bangsa [[Weresni]], [[Andaka]], sarta [[Boja]].{{fact}} Maranéhanana biasana dipikawanoh sabagé bangsa [[Yadawa]] alatan karuhunna téh nyaéta [[Yadu]], Bangsa Yadawa ogé sakapeung dipikawanoh sabagé bangsa [[Suraséna]].{{fact}} Basudéwa jeung Déwaki kaasup kana bangsa kasebut.{{fact}} Raja [[Kamsa]], lanceuk Déwaki, narima tahta sanggeus ngajebloskeun bapana sorangan, nyaéta Raja [[Ugraséna]], ka pangbérokan.{{fact}} Alatan sieun ku torahan (ramalan) anu nyebutkeun yén manéhna baris palastra ku leungeun salah sahiji anak Déwaki, mangka Kamsa ngajebloskeun pasangan kasebut ka pangbérokan.{{fact}} Kamsa ogé boga rancana baris maéhan kabéh turunan Déwaki anu karék lahir.{{fact}} Sanggeus genep anakna ditelasan ku Kamsa, Déwaki ngalahirkeun [[Baladéwa]] jeung Kresna.{{fact}} Alatan hirupna kaancam bahaya mangka [[Baladéwa]] (nu boga landihan [[Balarama]]) disumputkeun dipiara ku [[Rohini]], pamajikan Basudéwa nu kahiji) sedengkeun Kresna disumputkeun kaluar karaton sarta dirawat ku kolot kukutna nu ngaranna [[Yasoda]] jeung [[Nanda]] di [[Gokula]], [[Mahavana]].{{fact}} Kresna boga adi awéwé sabapa nyaéta [[Subadra]] nu lahir tina beutueng Rohini.{{fact}} [[Gambar:Krishna Holding Mount Govardhan.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Lukisan anu ngagambarkeun Kresna keur ngangkat [[Gunung Gowardana]]. Salah sahiji koleksi ti [[Institusi Smithsonian]].]] === Mangsa budak jeung rumaja === Nanda (indung kukut Kresna) mangrupa pamingpin dina komunitas para pangangon sapi di [[Vrindavana]].{{fact}} Kresna hirup dina ieu komunitas. Kresna sok ulin babarengan jeung para ''[[gopi]]'' (pangangon awéwé) di ieu désa, kaasup jeung [[Radha]].{{fact}} Kamsa, anu nyaho yén Kresna geus kabur, tuluy ngirimkeun [[raksasa]] (kawas [[Agasura]]) pikeun ngabinasakeun Kresna.{{fact}} Sang raksasa éléh ku leungeun Kresna jeung [[Baladéwa]]. {{fact}} === Kresna Sang Pangéran === Kresna ngora balik ka [[Madura]], sarta ngagulingkan kakawasaan jeung sakaligus maéhan uwana [[Kamsa]].{{fact}} Kresna ngabalikkeun tahta Raja para [[Yadawa]] ka, [[Ugraséna]].{{fact}} Kresna sorangan jadi pangéran di karajaan kasebut.{{fact}} Nya dina mangsa ieu pisan manéhna sosobatan jeung [[Arjuna]] katut para pangéran [[Pandawa]] séjénna ti [[Karajaan Kuru]], anu mangrupa baraya misanana. Karajaan [[Madura]] jeung Karajaan [[Kuru]] dipisahkeun ku walungan [[Yamuna]].{{fact}} Saterusna, Kresna mindahkeun padumukan para Yadawa ka dayeuh [[Dwaraka]] (kiwari disebut [[Gujarat]]).{{fact}} Kresna ngadahup ka [[Rukmini]], puterina [[Bismaka]] ti [[Karajaan Widarba]].{{fact}} Nurutkeun sawatara karya sastra, Kresna mibanda 16.108 urang istri, dalapan urang di antarana mangrupa pamajikan nu dipikawanoh, kaasup di antarana [[Radha]], [[Rukmini]], [[Satyabama]], jeung [[Jambawati]].{{fact}} Saméméhna, 16.000 pamajikan Kresna téh urut tawanan [[Narakasura]] anu dibébaskeun ku Kresna sanggeus maéhan Narakasura.{{fact}} Nurutkeun talari harita, sakumna wanoja tawanan henteu meunang kawin lamun masih dina kakawasaan [[Narakasura]].{{fact}} Tapi Kresna ngabagéakeun maranéhanana salaku puteri bangsawan di karajaanana.{{fact}} === Kulawarga === Prabu [[Basudéwa]], bapana Kresna, mangrupa lanceuk [[Kunti]], istrina [[Pandu]] anu mangrupa indung para [[Pandawa]].{{fact}} Ku sabab kitu, Kresna mangrupa dulur misan para Pandawa.{{fact}} Dulur misan Kresna anu séjénna nyaéta [[Sisupala]], anakna Srutadéwa nu boga landihan Srutasrawas, adina [[Basudéwa]].{{fact}} Sisupala mangrupa musuh kabuyutanna Kresna anu saterusna ditelasan ku manéhna dina waktu upacara agung nu diayakeun ku [[Yudistira]].{{fact}} === Baratayuda sarta Bagawad Gita === Kresna mangrupa dulur misan ti kadua beulah pihak nu perang dina baratayuda, [[Pandawa]] jeung [[Kurawa]]. Kresna nawarkeun bantuan ka maranéhanana pikeun milih pasukanana atawa dirina.{{fact}} Para Kurawa milih pasukanana sedengkeun para Pandawa milih dirina. Dina mangsa perang kasebut Kresna jadi kusir karéta [[Arjuna]].{{fact}} Saméméh perang dimimitian, Kresna méré piwejang ka [[Arjuna]] sangkan ulah hamham dina nyanghareupan baratayuda. Piwejang kasebut disebut ''[[Bagawadgita]]''{{fact}} === Kahirupan sanggeus réngséna baratayuda === Sanggeus baratayuda di Kurusétra, Kresna ngadumuk di [[Dwaraka]] salila 36 taun.{{fact}} Saterusna dina hiji parayaan, lumangsung perang di antara para satria bangsa [[Yadawa]], maranéhanana silih musnahkeun.{{fact}} Sanggeus [[Baladéwa]] maot, Kresna eureun jadi raja, saterusna indit ka leuweung sarta diuk di handapeun hiji tangkal pikeun ngalako{{fact}}nan tatapa (yoga).{{fact}} Harita aya saurang pamoro sato nu kaliru, nempo bagian suku Kresna jiga kidang, anu saterusna mentangkeun panah kana suku Kresna nu ngabalukarkeun Kresna babar karahayuan.{{fact}} Nurutkeun buku ''[[Mahabarata]]'', ajalna Kresna disababkeun ku supata [[Gandari]].{{fact}} Kaambek Gandari sanggeus nyaksian kabéh anakna perlaya ngabalukarkeunana manéhna ngedalkeun supata alatan Kresna henteu sanggup ngeureunkeun peperangan. Sanggeus ngadéngé supata kasebut, Kresna mésem sarta nampa éta kabéh, sarta ngécéskeun yén kawajibanana téh nyaéta jurit di pihak anu bener, lain nyingkahan peperangan. {{fact}} Dumasar buku ''[[Bagawatapurana]]'' jeung ''[[Bagawad Gita]]'', ditapsirkeun yén Kresna mangkat kira-kira dina taun 3100 saacan Masehi.[http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/colloquium/colloquium01.htm A collection of essays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065732/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/colloquium/colloquium01.htm |date=2007-09-12 }} Ieu dumasar kana déskripsi yén Kresna ninggalkeun Dwaraka 36 taun sanggeus lumangsungna peperangan di kulawarga ''[[Mahabarata]]''. Buku ''[[Matsyapurana]]'' nyebutkeun yén waktu perang lumangsung umur Kresna téh 89 taun.{{fact}} == Kresna dina pewayangan Sunda jeung Jawa == Dina pewayangan Sunda jeung Jawa, [[Prabu]] Kresna mangrupa Raja [[Dwarawati]], karajaan para turunan bangsa [[Yadawa]]. Kresna nyaéta anak [[Basudéwa]], Raja [[Madura]].{{fact}} Manéhna (nu boga ngaran ”Narayana” keur budak) dilahirkan sabagé anak kadua di antara tilu sadulur.{{fact}} Lanceukna dipikawanoh sabagé [[Baladéwa]] (boga landihan Kakrasana) sarta adina dipikawanoh sabagé [[Subadra]], anu taya lian nyaéta istrina [[Arjuna]].{{fact}} Kresna mibanda tilu urang istri jeung tilu urang anak. Para istrina téh nyaéta Déwi [[Jembawati]], Déwi [[Rukmini]], jeung Déwi [[Satyabama]]. {{fact}}Anak-anakna nyaéta Radén Boma Narakasura, Radén Samba, jeung Siti Sundari.{{fact}} Dina perang [[Baratayuda]], Kresna jadi [[kusir]] [[Arjuna]].{{fact}} Manéhna ogé mangrupa salah sahiji panasehat utama [[Pandawa]]. Saméméh perang [[Arjuna]] ngalawan [[Karna]], Kresna méré piwejang nu panjang lébar ka [[Arjuna]] supaya ulah mangmang dina nyanghareupan baratayuda.{{fact}} Piwejang Kresna téh dipikawanoh sabagé ''[[Bagawadgita]]''.{{fact}} Kresna dipikawanoh salaku manusa nu pohara sakti.{{fact}} Manéhna mibanda pangabisa pikeun norah (ngaramal), ngarobah bentuk warugana jadi [[raksasa]], sarta mibanda kembang Wijaya Kusuma anu bisa ngahirupkeun deui jelema anu ajal.{{fact}} Pusaka-pusaka saktina, di antarana [[Pakarang Cakra]], Kembang Wijayakusuma, terompet hurang ([[Sangkala]]) Pancajahnya, Kaca Paesan, ''Aji Pamling'' sarta ''Aji Kawarastawan''.{{fact}} Pakarang anu dingaranan Cakra dicaritakeun bisa dipaké pikeun ngancurkeun dunya.{{fact}} Sanggeus maotna [[Baladéwa]] (Resi Balarama), sarta musnahna sakabéh Wangsa [[Weresni]] jeung [[Yadawa]], Prabu Kresna tatapa (yoga) di leuweung. {{fact}}Manéhna maot dina kaayaan tatapa ku perantaraan [[panah]] saurang pamoro (nu ngaranna Jara) anu ngeunaan sukuna.{{fact}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Yadawa]] (kulawarga Kresna) * [[Mahabarata]] * [[Perang di Kurusétra]] == Cutatan suku == {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan == * The Mahabharata of Krishna-dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896 * The Vishnu-purana, translated by H. H. Wilson, 1840 * The Srimad Bhagavatam, translated by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, 1988 copyright Bhaktivedanta Book Trust * The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, edited by E. B. Cowell, 1895 * Garuda Pillar of Besnagar, Archaéological Survey of India, Annual Report (1908-1909). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1912, 129. * Krishna the Divine Lover: Myth and Legend Through Indian Art (London 1982) by A. L. Dallapiccola * Scientific Dating of the Mahabharat War [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/mahabharat/mahab_vartak.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416100137/http://hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/mahabharat/mahab_vartak.html |date=2009-04-16 }} * For chronology of Krishna's life see [http://in.news.yahoo.com/040910/43/2fzje.html "Yahoo! India News, Thu, Sep 16, 2004: Top Stories, Friday Séptember 10, 8:41 AM, Chronicling Krishna's life - to the last second, by Ashish Mehta, Indo-asian News Service"] == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commonscat|Krishna}} * {{en}} [http://www.krishna.com Sagala hal ngeunaan Kresna] (Krishna.com) * {{en}} [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/historical-krsna.htm Néangan Kresna minangka inohong sajarah, ku Prof. N.S. Rajaram] (veda.harekrsna.cz) * {{en}} [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-844211,curpg-1.cms Kronologi kahirupan Sri Kresna] (timesofindia.indiatimes.com) {{Palaku Mahabarata}} [[Category:Palaku Mahabarata]] i43cc0epa8wrptx4zmg880otebwcqc6 0 31045 707734 654877 2026-04-02T22:42:56Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon | Image = [[Gambar:Ujungkulon.jpg|200px|Ujung Kulon]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Natural | Criteria = vii, ix | ID = 608 | Region = [[Daptar Loka Warisan Dunya di Asia jeung Australasia|Asia-Pasifik]] | Year = 1991 | Session = ka-15 | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/608 }} '''Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon''' nyaéta taman nasional nu perenahna di tungtung kulon [[Jawa (pulo)|Jawa]], [[Indonesia]]. Ujung Kulon ngawengku jumplukan kapuloan vulkanik [[Rakata|Krakatoa]] jeung kapuloan liana kaasup [[Panaitan]], [[Handeuleum]] jeung [[Peucang]]. Taman ieu legana 1,206&nbsp;km² (443&nbsp;km² cai), nu lolobanaana ngampar di hiji [[semenanjung]]/[[Ancol]] nu yolongodor ka [[Samudra India]]. Wewengkon daratna baheulana mangrupa wewengkon keur tatanén tepi ka populasina béak taun 1883 nalika bituna Krakatoa nu satuluyna balik deui kana kaayaan aslina mangrupa leuweung. == Kaistimewaan == Ieu kawasan mangrupa taman nasional munggaran di [[Indonésia]] sarta ditetepkeun salaku Situs Warisan Dunya (''World Heritage Site'') ku [[UNESCO]] dina taun 1992, lantaran miboga leuweung hujan tropis ''(rainforest)'' dataran landeuh anu panglegana di Pulo [[Jawa]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/608 Ujung Kulon National Park].</ref> Salian ti éta, kawasan ieu ogé jadi salah sahiji ti dua tempat panyalindungan pikeun sato anu kaancam punah, nyaéta [[Badak sunda|Badak Jawa]].<ref name="IUCN">IUCN. [https://www.iucn.org/ Protected Areas: Ujung Kulon].</ref> Populasi badak di Ujung Kulon aya sakitar 50 nepi ka 60 ékor, sedengkeun populasi anu leuwih saeutik (sakitar 10 ékor atawa kurang) aya di [[Taman Nasional Cat Tien]], [[Vietnam]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84457580-705d-11e0-911d-00145eb45e97 Biodiversity in Ujung Kulon].</ref> Taman nasional ieu nangtayungan 57 spésiés tutuwuhan langka. Aya 35 spésiés mamalia anu ngawengku [[Banténg]], [[Owa Jawa]] (''Silvery Gibbon''), [[Lutung Jawa]] (''Javan Lutung''), [[Monyét]] (''Crab-eating Macaque''), [[Maung Tutul]] ''(Leopard)'', [[''Peucang'']] (''Java Mouse-deer''), sarta [[Uncal]] (''Rusa Deer'').<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.ujungkulon.org/ Profil Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon].</ref> Aya ogé 72 spésiés réptil jeung amfibi, sarta 240 spésiés manuk.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser: Ujung Kulon Fauna].</ref> == Fasilitas jeung Palayanan == Ijin pikeun asup ka taman nasional sayagi di kota [[Labuan]], nyaéta di kantor Balai Taman Nasional. Kantor lianna ogé aya di Tamanjaya.<ref name="Dephut"/> Pikeun pameuleuman atawa ''akomodasi'', sayagi di Pulo Handeuleum jeung Pulo Peucang.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Tempo ogé == {{portal|Indonesia}} * [[Daptar taman nasional di Indonesia]] * [[Geograpi Indonesia]] == Tumbu luar == * [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=608 Ujung Kulon National Park] at UNESCO World Heritage website. * [http://www.ujung-kulon.net/lokasi.php Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621085706/http://www.ujung-kulon.net/lokasi.php |date=2009-06-21 }} (Indonésian) {{World Heritage Sites in Indonesia}} {{coord|6|45|S|105|20|E|display=title|region:ID_type:isle_source:nlwiki}} [[Kategori:Loka Warisan Dunya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Taman warisan ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Selat Sunda]] [[Kategori:Taman nasional]] {{WJava-geo-stub}} 0oaf20l57o2ol2e98jefsyf9c0dumk3 0 35621 707749 479381 2026-04-03T05:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[gambar:Illu female pelvis.jpg|thumb|200px]] '''Kanker Beuheung Rahim''' atawa '''Kanker Serviks''' mangrupa jenis kanker anu panglobana kapanggih dina [[awéwé]] di [[Indonésia]] (di antara jenis [[kanker]] séjénna) sarta loba ngabalukarkeun [[pati]] alatan telat kapnggihna jeing diubaranana.<ref name=sumber1>{{id}} [http://www.lusa.web.id/kanker-leher-rahim-ca-cerviks/] (Dicutat tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) mangrupa panyabab paling umum dina kanker sérviks.<ref name=sumber2>{{en}} [http://www.jci.org/articles/view/28607/version/1]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Dicutat tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> Ayana HPV dina ampir kabéh kanker serviks ngagambarkeun sacara teu langsung wawakil pangluhurna di sakumna dunya anu dilaporkeun jadi panyabab utama tina kanker manusa.<ref name=sumber3>{{en}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1%3C12::AID-PATH431%3E3.0.CO;2-F/abstract] (Dicutat tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Jenis Serviks== Dina serviks aya 2 jenis [[sél]] nyaéta [[sél skuamos]] sarta [[glandula]]r atawa [[sél endoserviks]].<ref name=sumber1 /> Dina kanker serviks, sél-sél boga léngkah sacara teu normal terus ngagedéanr sarta nyieun bénjolan atawa [[tumor]].<ref name=sumber1 /> Biasana sél-sél gangas kasebut asalna ti squamo columnar juntion.<ref name=sumber1 /> Panyabab panglobana ti kanker beuheung rahim nyaéta 99 % ti HPV (human papilloma virus) anu disebarkeun liwat laku-lampah séks anu teu bener.<ref name=sumber1 /> ==Tanda-tanda Kanker Beuheung Rahim== Kanker beuheung pianakan dina stadium mimiti teu némbongkeun tanda-tanda anu has, komo bisa tampa aya tanda.<ref name=sumber1 /> Dina stadium nu saterusna mindeng méré tanda-tanda: pendarahan post coitus, keputihan abnormal, perdarahan sanggeus haid eureun ([[menopause]]) sarta kaluar cairan teu normal (kakonéng-konéngan, bau sarta kacampur [[getih]]).<ref name=sumber1 /> ==Faktor== Nepi ka ayeuna panyabab pasti kanker beuheung rahim ieu can dipikanyaho sacara pasti.<ref name=sumber1 /> Tapi, panyabab pikeun anu kakeunaan kanker beuheung rahim nyaéta: [[hubungan séksual]] dina umur nu ngora sarta mindeng ganti-ganti pasangan; mindeng ngalaman inféksi kelamin; ngalahirkeun loba anak; kabiasaan ngudud.<ref name=sumber1 /> ==Pencegahan Kanker Beuheung Rahim== Pikeun ngurangan kanker serviks diperlukeun usaha pencegahan-pencegahan saperti: #Pencegahan primér, nyaéta usaha pikeun ngurangan atawa ngaleungitkeun kontak kalayan karsinogen pikeun nyegah inisiasi sarta promosi dina prosés karsinogen. #Pencegahan sekunder, kaasup skrining sarta detéksi dini pikeun manggihan perkara-perkara dini ku kituna kamungkinan pangubarab bisa dironjatkeun. #Pencegahan tertier, mangrupa pengobatan pikeun nyegah komplikasi klinik sarta pati mimiti. Salah sahiji cara deteksi dini kanker beuheung rahim nyaéta ku cara pamariksaan [[Pap Smear]]. ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Kanker]] fh8zyceregpsxudmy4vst93jm1i1nd9 0 37702 707763 706849 2026-04-03T11:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Taxobox | name = Paederinae | image = Paederus littoralis01.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Paederus littoralis'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | infraordo = [[Staphyliniformia]] | superfamilia = [[Staphylinoidea]] | familia = [[Staphylinidae]] | subfamilia = '''Paederinae''' | subfamilia_authority = ([[John Fleming|Fleming]], 1821)<ref name=ireland>{{cite web|last=Guiry|first=M.D.|title=Subfamily: Paederinae|url=http://www.species.ie/browse/taxonomy/?id=106590|publisher=National University of Ireland, Galway|accessdate=27 July 2011|author=G.M. Guiry}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327074813/http://www.species.ie/browse/taxonomy/?id=106590 |date=27 March 2012 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Marga (biologi)|Marga]] | subdivision = [[Paederini]] <br /> [[Pinophilini]] }} '''Paederinae''' nyaéta hiji sato anu sok reusepueun kana kadaharan anu, jeung néangan daharna ogé tara sorangan sok rombongan wae,[[upafamili (biologi)|upafamili]] ti [[kumbang rove]] (Staphylinidae).<ref name=turkey>{{cite journal|last=Anlaş|first=Sinan|coauthors=I. Ethem Çevik**|title=Faunistic studies on Paederinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Manisa province, Turkey|journal=Munis Entomology & Zoology|year=2008|volume=3|issue=2|pages=665–674|url=http://www.munisentzool.org/?blogs=download&id=183|accessdate=27 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322012138/http://www.munisentzool.org/?blogs=download&id=183 |date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> Paederinae ngawengku 2 marga, [[Paederini]] jeung [[Pinophilini]].<ref name=Paederinae>{{cite web|title=Paederinae|url=http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=261375|publisher=Fauna Europaea|accessdate=27 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003158/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=261375 |date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{sato-pondok}} [[Kategori:Staphylinidae]] [[Kategori:Gegeremet]] 69xytqkbuefsoet9657yu8yc1n1hu5j 10 40169 707726 434736 2026-04-02T18:47:00Z Milenioscuro 10907 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wost-Kzl obl.svg]] → [[File:East Kazakhstan in Kazakhstan.svg]] updated svg 707726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Propinsi Kazakstan Wétan |title = [[Image:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|25px|Flag of Kazakhstan]] [[Propinsi Kazakstan Wétan]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |image=[[File:East Kazakhstan in Kazakhstan.svg|160px]] |above = Ibu kota: '''[[Oskemen]]''' |titlestyle = background:#7cdefa |group1= Distrik |list1 = <div> [[Distrik Abay, Kazakstan Wétan|Abay]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Ayagoz|Ayagoz]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Beskaragay|Beskaragay]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Borodulikha|Borodulikha]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Glubokoye|Glubokoye]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Katonkaragay|Katonkaragay]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Kokpekti|Kokpekti]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Kurshim|Kurshim]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Shemonaikha|Shemonaikha]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Tarbagatay|Tarbagatay]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Ulan|Ulan]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Urzhar|Urzhar]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Zaysan|Zaysan]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Zharma|Zharma]]{{·w}} [[Distrik Zyryan|Zyryan]] </div> |group2= Kota utama |list2 = <div> [[Ayagoz]]{{·w}} [[Charsk]]{{·w}} [[Kurchatov, Kazakstan|Kurchatov]]{{·w}} [[Oskemen]]{{·w}} [[Ridder, Kazakstan|Ridder]]{{·w}} [[Semey]]{{·w}} [[Serebryansk]]{{·w}} [[Shemoinaikha]]{{·w}} [[Zaysan (town)|Zaysan]]{{·w}} [[Zyryanovsk]] </div> }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:citakan propinsi di Kazakstan]] </noinclude> p5338q2469d6a2bn7udq7q64mjwzhal 0 50684 707738 657497 2026-04-02T23:43:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Pernahna Taman Nasional Komodo */ 707738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Komodo | Image = [[File:Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg|200px|Komodo]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Alam | Criteria = vii, x | ID = 609 | Region = [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Asia dan Oseania|Asia Pasifik]] | Year = 1991 | Session = ke-15 | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609 }} '''Taman Nasional Komodo''' nyaéta hiji tempat anu pernahna di sagigireun [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] jeung [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]]. Diwangun ku tilu pulo : [[Pulo Komodo]], [[Pulo Rinca]], Jeung [[Pulo Padar]] tur sababaraha pulo leutik séjéna. Legana daratan ieu taman kurang leuwih 603&nbsp;km² lamun diitung jeung lautna kurang leuwih legana nambah jadi 1817&nbsp;km² . Mimiti diwangun taun [[1980]] maksudna pikeun ngajaga tur ngariksa kalumangsungan hirup [[komodo]] jeung habitatnya. Di ieu tempat kurang leuwih hirup 277 [[spesies]] sasatoan anu mangrupa campuran sasatoan anu asalna ti [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia]], sasatoan anu hirup di ieu taman tayalian ti: 32 [[spesies]] [[mamalia]], 128 spesies [[manuk]], jeung 37 spesies [[Reptil|réptilia]]. Sagigireun komodo, sahenteuna aya 25 spesies sato darat jeung manuk anu kaasupkeun kana sato anu hirupna dina panalingaan kalumangsungan hirupna/dilindungi, ku lantaran jumlahna anu ngan saeutik jaba tikitu hirupna ngan wungkul aya di éta wewengkon (endemik). Taman ieu ogé, mibanda batu karang/''terumbu karang.'' Anugeus katitenan kurang leuwih aya kana 253 [[spesies]] karang anu kapanggih di ieu wewengkon, ogé kurang leuwih aya 1.000 spesies [[lauk]]. Alam anu éndah, cai laut canémbrang herang, matak méré nah dipaké ngojay jeung teuleum/''nyelam'' ieu mangrupa pangirut pikeun juljolna para ''wisatawan'' anu ngadon arulin ka éta daérah. Pulo-[[pulo]] anu aya di dieu mangrupa pulo [[vulkan]]is. Pangeusina kurang leuwih 4.000 jiwa. Dina taun[[1991]] ieu taman nasional mangrupa situs warisan dunya anu di tetepkeun ku [[UNESCO]]. Tanggal 11 Nopémber 2011, ''New 7 Wonders'' ngabéwarakeun ngeunaan Taman Nasional Komodo mangrupa salah sahiji tina 7 kaahéngan dunya, marengan sababaraha tempat anu aya di nagara séjén tayalian: leuweung [[Amazon]], [[''Teluk'' Halong]], curug [[Iguazu]], Pulo [[Jeju]], Susukan handapeun taneuh [[''Puerto Princesa'']], jeung [[''Table Mountain'']]<ref>http://www.new7wonders.com/?lang=id/</ref>. Taman Nasional Komodo hiji tina 7 kaahéngan dunya<ref>http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/11/12/080701/1765930/10/new7wonders-baru-resmikan-7-keajaiban-dunia-pada-awal-2012</ref>. == Pernahna Taman Nasional Komodo == Taman Nasional Komodo pernahna aya di tengah-tengah pulo [[Sumbawa]] jeung pulo [[Flores]] dina runtuyan pulo-pulo Nagara Indonésia beulah wétan. Dina urusan administratip ieu wewengkon kaasupkeun ka wilayah [[Kacamatan Komodo]], [[Kabupaten Manggarai Barat]], Provinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]]. Ieu wewengkon ditetepkeun Taman Nasional Komodo dina tanggal [[6 Maret]] [[1980]] ogé mangrupa Cagar Manusia jeung ''Biosfer'' ditetepkeun dina taun [[1977]] ditetepkeun agé mangrupa [[''Situs Warisan Dunia'']] ku [[UNESCO]] dina taun [[1991]], mangrupa Lambang Nasional ditetepkeun ku Presidén RI dina taun [[1992]], ditetepkeun ogé mangrupa wewengkon panyalindungan Laut dina taun [[2000]] tur mangrupa salah sahiji conto Taman Nasional anu aya di [[Indonesia]] ditetepkeun dina taun [[2006]]. Legana Taman Nasional Komodo kurang leuwih ''173.300 ha'' kaasup di jerona [[daratan]] jeung [[lautan]] kalawan mibanda lima pulo gedé tayalian [[Pulo Komodo]], [[Pulo Padar]], [[Pulo Rinca]], [[Gili Motang]], [[Nusa Kode]] katambahan ku sababaraha pulo-pulo leutik. éta pulo-pulo kabéhanana disebut ku [[Taman nasional]] anu ditetepkeun pikeun tempat nyalindungna [[Komodo]] ku lantaran habitatna nyanghareupan ancaman tina katumpuran. Kaasup di jerona aya pirang-pirang kahirupan anu aya di éta tempat. Taman lautna disayagikeun pikeun ngajaga tur ngariksa sagala rupa-rupa ''biota'' laut anu aya disabudeureun éta pulo, malahan ieu taman laut kaasup kana salah sahiji taman anu pepek eusina. Taman Nasional komodo pernahna dina jajaran garis [[Wallacea]] [[Indonesia]]. Wewengkon ''Wallacea'' mangrupa pasangrokna dua benua anu nimbulkeun pulo-pulo anu beda hiji jeung anu liana tur mibanda gunung-gunung anu ''aktive'', sasatoan pangeusina éta pulo-pulo ogé pacampur asalna ti kadua benua [[Autralia]] jeung [[Asia]]. Di éta Taman Nasional Komodo Aya kana 254 spesies pepelakan/tatangkalan anu asalna ti Asia jeung Australia. ogé kapanggih 58 rupa sasatoan jeung 128 rupa manuk. ''Vegetasi'' campuran anu aya di ieu Taman Nasional Komodo ngajadikeun ieu tempat anu genah tur méré nah pikeun hirup rupa-rupa sasatoan anu aya di éta tempat. Di jero Taman Nasional Komodo, sahenteuna aya kana opat kampung. Pulo [[Komodo]] aya hiji [[Desa|kampung]] tayalian [[kampung Komodo]]; pulo [[Rinca]] aya dua [[Desa|kampung]] tayalian ti [[Rinca]] jeung [[Kerora]], tur di pulo [[Papagarang]] aya sakampung nyaéta [[kampung Papagaran]]. Nepika taun 2010, masyarakat anu nganjrek éta wewengkon aya kana ''4.251 urang'' anu lolobanaa pakasabanna jadi pamayang / [[Nelayan]]. Dina ageman méh kabéh ngagem agama [[Islam]]. == Sajarah dina ngokolakeun taman == Satwa [[Komodo]] mimiti kasohor dina dunya elmu ''pengetahuan'' (pangaweruh) ti mimiti taun [[1911]] nalika [[Peter Ouwens]], Salah saurang kurator di hiji musieum [[Museum Zoologi Bogor]], narima hiji sato anu dikirim ku saurang Perwira Pamaréntah [[Hindia Belanda]] [[J.K.H. Van Steyn]], anu satuluyna dingaraan ''Varanus komodensis Ouwens'' dina taun [[1912]] dina catetanna [[Pieter Antonie Ouwens]] anu dibéré judul "On a Large Species from The Island of Komodo". Tiharita mimiti nimbulkeun kasadaran pikeun ngajaga tur ngalestarikeun kalumangsungan hirup éta sato, ieu kasadaran ogé mimiti katempo prakna ku dikaluarkeuna rupa-rupa aturan pamaréntah anu eusina pikeun méré panyalindungan éta sato komodo, di antarana waé : * SK. Sultan Bima tahun 1915 ngeunaan panyalindungan Komodo (Verordening van het Sultanat van Bima). * SK Pamaréntah Daérah Manggarai tahun 1926 ngeunaan panyalindungan Komodo (Besluit van het Zelfbestuur van het Landschap Manggarai). * SK Residén Timor tahun 1927 ngeunaan disahkeun SK Pamaréntah Daérah Manggarai ''pada butir'' 2 anu di luhur. Dina palebah pangwangunan Taman Nasional Komodo aya sabaraha undakan : * Zelfbestuur van Manggarai, verordening No. 32/24 September 1938 ngeunaan ngadegkeun Suaka Margasatwa [[Pulo Padar]], Beulah kulon jeung kiduleun [[Pulo Rinca]]. * Residen van Timor en onder horigheden No. 19/27 Januari 1939 (Disahkeuna paraturan Pamaréntah Daérah dina angka 1) * Surat Kaputusan ''Menteri Kehutanan'' No.66/Dep.Keh/1965 tanggal 21 Oktober 1965 ngeunaan ditetepkeuna Pulo Komodo pikeun Suaka Margasatwa anu legana 31.000 Ha. * Surat Kaputusan Gubernur KDH Tk. I Nusa Tenggara Timur No.32 Tahun 1969 tanggal 24 Juni 1969 ngeunaan panunjukan [[Pulao Padar]], [[Pulo Rinca]] jeung [[Daratan Wae Wuul]]/[[Mburak]] pikeun ''Leuweung Wisata''/ [[Suaka Alam]] anu legana ''20.500 Ha''. * Surat Kaputusan Dirjen Kehutanan No.97/Tap/Dit Bina/1970, Ngeunaan ditunjukna Seksi PPA di [[Labuan Bajo]]. * Pangumuman Menteri Pertanian tanggal 6 Maret 1980 ngeunaan diwanguna Taman Nasional Komodo. * Kaputusan Dirjen PHPA No.46/Kpts/VI-Sek/84 tanggal 11 Désémber 1984 ngeunaan ditangtukeuna ''Wilayah Kerja'' Taman Nasional Komodo. * Kaputusan [[Menteri Kehutanan]] No.306/Kpts-II/92 tanggal [[29 Februari 1992]] ngeunaan robahna [[Suaka Margasatwa]] [[Pulau Komodo]], [[Pulau Rinca]], [[Pulau Padar]] anulegana ''40.728 Ha'' sarta mernahkeun Laut disabudeureuna anu legana ''132.572 Ha'' pernahna di Kabupaten Dati II [[Manggarai]] Provinsi Dati I [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] pikeun [[Taman Nasional]] anu dingaranan Taman Nasional Komodo. * Taun [[1992]], [[Komodo]] ditetepkeun ku Présidén RI mangrupa ''Simbol Satwa Nasional'' ngaliwatan ''Keppres No. 4 Tahun 1992'' tanggal [[9 Januari 1992]]. * Taun [[1992]], Robahna kagunaan ''Suaka Margasatwa'' Pulo [[Komodo]], Pulo [[Rinca]] jeung pulo [[Padar]] anu legana ''40.728 Ha'' ogé netepkeun Laut anu legana ''132.572 Ha'' pikeun dimangpaatkeun pikeun Taman Nasional Komodo. * Taun [[2000]], ngeunaan netepkeun daérah pikeun ngajaga kalanggengan leuweung ku [[Menteri Kehutanan]] anu legana ''132.572 Ha''. * Taun [[2006]], Taman Nasional Komodo mangrupa 21 Taman Nasional Modél anu aya di Indonésia luyu jeung SK Direktur Jenderal PHKA Nomor SK.128/IV-Sek/2006 ngeunaan probahankaputusan Direktur Jenderal PHKA Nomor SK.69/IV-Set/HO/2006 ngeunaan ditunjukna 20 (Dua puluh) Taman Nasional pikeun Taman Nasional Modél. == Rupa-rupa kahirupan din Taman Nasional Komodo == === Poténsi ''Flora'' === Ekosistem Taman Nasional Komodo dipangaruhan ku iklim anu ngahasilkaeun halodo leuwih panjang, hawana nyongkab panas jeung arang langka turu hujan. Sagigireun ti éta Taman Nasional Komodo nempatan ''zonasi transisi'' di mana flora jeung fauna asalna ti [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia]]. ''Ekosistem'' [[cai]] dipangaruhan ku [[iklim]] [[El-Nino]]/[[La Nina]], anu ngabalukarkeun cai laut di éta wewengkon leuwih haneut anu mindeng kajadian ngalirna cai laut anu kawilang kuat. Rupa-rupa ''vegetasi'' anu aya Taman Nasional Komodo ; '''Tegalan ''jukut'' jeung leuweung Savana''' di dieu tegalan [[jukut]] jeung leuweung [[Savana]] legana nepika 70% tina legana Taman Nasional Komodo. Rupa-rupa jukut jadi kalawan subur saperti ; ''Setaria adhaerens'', ''Chloris barbata'', ''Heteropogon contortus'', ''Themeda gigantea'' jeung ''Themeda gradiosa'' anu paselang jeung tangkal [[lontar]] (Borassus flobellifer) anu memang ieu tangkal asli di ieu wewengkon. 'Leuweung ' [[Tropis]] anu pernahna di 500 m dpl)''' Kurang leuwih 25% tina legana ieu wewengkon Komodo mangrupa vegetasi leuweung tropis tatangkalan anu jadi dieiu daérah kayaning : [[kesambi]] (Schleichera oléosa), [[asem]] (Tamarindus indica), [[kepuh]] (Sterculia foetida), jeung anu séjéna. '''leuweung anu pernahna disaluhureun 500 m dpl''' tempat anu pernahna saluhureun 500 m dpl. Diluhureun pasir-pasir/gunung leutik, vegetasinya kayaning ; ''Collophyllum spectobile'', ''Colona kostermansiana'', ''Glycosmis pentaphylla'', ''Ficus urupaceae'', ''Mischarpus sundaicus'', ''Podocarpus netrifolia'', ''Teminalia zollingeri'', ''Uvaria ruva'', [[rotan]] (Callamus sp.), [[bambu]] (Bambusa sp.), aya ogé dina tempat anu kaiuhan/hieum kapanggih ogé sababaraha [[lumut]] anu napel hirup dina batu-batu. === Potensi Fauna === Sababaraha rupa Fauna/sasatoan anu kapanggih hirup di Taman Nasional Komodo saperti ; '''Komodo ''(Varanus komodoensis)'' Kiwari aya nana ''2,793 '' [[komodo]] anu hirup di wewengkon Nasional Komodo. ''1,288 '' aya di pulo [[Komodo]], ''1,336 '' deui di pulo [[Rinca]], ''83'' di [[Gili Motang]] jeung ''86'' di [[Nusa Kode]]. Sedengkeun di pulo [[Padar]] komodo komodo téh geus teu kapanggih deui kawasna tumpur. Kapanggih hirup di tegalan jukut, leuweung savana, jeung di sisi basisir. Komodo kahakanana daging [[karnivora]]. Komodo anu masihkénéh leutik ngahakan sabangsaning [[serangga]], [[cakcak]] jeung [[manuk]]. Anak Komodo hirup dina tatangkalan nepi ka umur dua taun, maksudna nyingkahan gangguan jeung dihakan ku komodo anu leuwih gedé atawa[[bagong]]. di mana geus gedé Komodo bisa ngahakan [[uncal]],[[mencek]] [[bagong]], [[kuda]], jeung [[munding]] [[cai]]. Komodo ogé ngahakan bangké, naon waé anu kapanggih. Komodo létahna ulal-elol kaluar kajéro maksudna pikeun ngangseu kahakanan anu aya di sabudeureuna, komodo bisa ngangseu buruana anu anggangna nepika lima (5&nbsp;km). Ciduh ( air liur) komodo ngandung bakteri anu bisa ngabalukarkeun korban nyawa. kurang leuwih aya kana 60 rupa bakteri anu aya dina ciduk éta komodo salah sahijina bisa ngabalukarkeun gedih karacunan. Buruan/Mangsa anu digegel ku komodo bisa paéh dina waktu sapoé nepika sababaraha minggu ku alatan ketihna karacunan. '''Mamalia''' Kayaning , [[Uncal]] (''Cervus timorensis''), [[ajag]] (''Cuon alpinus''), [[bagong]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Lutung]] (''Macaca fascicularis''), [[kuda]] liar (''Equus caballus'') jeung [[munding]] liar (''Bubalus bubalis''), [[careuh]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus''), [[beurit]] gedé Rinca] (''Ratus ritjanus''), jeung [[kalong]] [[buah]] (''Cynopterus brachyotis'' jeung ''Pteropsis sp''.) '''Manuk'' Aya kana ''111 rupa manuk '', kayaning ; manuk [[gosong]] (''Megapodius reinwardt''), [[kakatua]] (''Cacatua sulphuréa''), [[tikukur]] (''Géopelia streptriata''), [[puter]] (''Streptopelia chinensis''), [[pergam hijau]] (''Ducula aenéa''), [[Philemon buceroides]], manuk [[raja udang]] (''Halcyon chloris''), jaung manuk [[kacamata laut]] (''Zosterops chloris''). “Reptil” Aya kana '''34 rupa Reptil'''. Sagigireun reptil [[Komodo]], kayaning ; Oray [[kobra]] (''Naja naja''), oray [[russel]] (''Viperia russeli''), oray [[hejo]] (''Trimeresurus albolabris''), oray [[sanca]] (''Python sp''.), oray [[laut]] (''Laticauda colubrina''), [[kadal]] (''Scinidae'', ''Dibamidae'', jeung ''Varanidae''), [[toke]] (''Gekko sp''.), [[penyu sisik]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata''), dan [[penyu hijau]] (''Chelonia mydas''). == Zonasi == Tipe-tipe Zonasi di Taman Nasional Komodo; * '''Zona Inti''', ieu zona legana ''34.311 Ha'' anu mangrupa zona larangan atawa aya dina panyalindungan, di dieu teu meunang aya parobahan ku alatan ayana kagiatan manusa, kajaba aya patula patalina jeung panalungtikan pikeun kamekaran élmu jeung ''pendidikan''. * '''Zona Rimba''', ieu zona legana ''66.921,08 Ha'' anu mangrupa zona larangan atawa aya dina panyalindungan, di dieu teu meunang aya parobahan ku alatan ayana kagiatan manusa, kajaba ''aktivitas'' wisata. * '''Zona Perlindungan Bahari''',ieu zona legana ''36.308 Ha'' nyaéta daérah anu pernahna 500 m ti sisi basisir kaluareun ''garis'' ''isodepth'' 20 m sakuriling batu karang, kajaba dina zona pamangpaatan tradisional bahari. Dina ieu zona teu meunang ngala lauk jeung hasil laut séjéna, kajaba kagiatan wisata alam anu geus ditangtukeun. * '''Zona Pemanfaatan Wisata Daratan''', zona ieu legana ''824 Ha'' ngan dipaké ''kalayan'' ''intensif'' pikeun ''wisata'' alam daratan. * '''Zona Pemanfatan Wisata Bahari''', zona ieu legana ''1.584 Ha'' ngan dipaké kalawan ''intensif'' pikeun wisata alam ''perairan''. * '''Zona Pemanfaatan Tradisional Daratan''', zona ieu legana ''879 Ha'', zona ieu bisa dipaké masarakat sabudeureun pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan sapopoé anu ijina dicepeng ku ''Kepala Balai TN.'' Komodo. * '''Zona Pemanfaatan Tradisional Bahari''', zona ieu legana ''17.308 Ha'', zona ieu bisa dipaké masarakat sabudeureun pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan sapopoé anu ijina dicepeng ku Kepala Balai TN. Komodo. Di ieu zona ngala lauk jeung hasil laut séjéna bisa dilakukeun dina katangtuan pakakas jeung parabot paranti ngalalauk henteu ngaruksak habitat laut saperti (nguseup, bagan, huhate, jeung payang) ogé kagianan wisata atawa rékréasi. * '''Zona Khusus Permukiman''', zona ieu legana ''298 Ha'', zona paragi ngababakan/bermukim ngan pikkeun masarakat asli kalawan aturan anu geus ditangtukeun ku kepala Balai TN. Komodo gawé bareng jeung pamaréntah daérah satempat. * '''Zona Khusus Pelagis''', zona ieu legana ''59.601 hektare''. Di ieu zona ngala lauk jeung hasil laut séjéna bisa dilakukeun dina katangtuan pakakas jeung parabot paranti ngalalauk henteu ngaruksak habitat laut saperti (nguseup, bagan, huhate, jeung payang) ogé kagianan wisata atawa ''rekreasi''. == Galeri == <gallery> Image:Komodo dragon Nick Hobgood.jpg|Komodo dragons File:Komodo Dragon, Komodo, 2016 (07).jpg|Komodo keur néangan mangsa File:Komodo Dragon Varanus komodoensis (7880673586).jpg|Létahna nyagak </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{wikivoyage|Komodo_National_Park}} * {{id}} [http://www.komodo-park.com/index.php Situs Resmi Taman Nasional Komodo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719162443/http://komodo-park.com/index.php |date=2012-07-19 }} * {{en}} [http://www.komodonationalpark.org/ Komodo National Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181650/http://www.komodonationalpark.org/ |date=2017-09-06 }} * {{en}} [http://www.wahyu-winoto.com/2011/02/komodo-island-is-new-7-wonders-of-world.html Komodo Island is The NEW 7 Wonders of The World] {{Taman nasional di Indonesia}} {{Situs Warisan Dunia di Indonesia}} {{Tujuh Keajaiban Alam Dunia}} [[Kategori:Taman nasional]] [[Kategori:Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[Kategori:Tempat pelesir di Indonésia]] 6fl10cbgfdp67ufowv42l5omexcxvy9 0 53385 707762 689441 2026-04-03T10:58:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Mini youtiao.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Odading]] '''Odading''' atawa kuéh bantal nyaéta sabangsa [[roti]] anu asakna digoréng tur mibanda rasa amis wujudna aya anu lonyod aya ogé rada masagi kawas [[bantal]] dijieun tina adonan [[tarigu]] jeung [[gula]], Kuéh odading biasana sok digédéngkeun jeung [[cakué]] atawa [[youtiao]].<ref name=odading>{{cite web |url= http://www.suaradesa.com/tips/2016/07/25/resep-roti-goreng-wijen-2 |title= Resep Roti Goreng Wijen |publisher= Suara Desa |accessdate= 25 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111075900/http://www.suaradesa.com/tips/2016/07/25/resep-roti-goreng-wijen-2 |date=11 January 2017 }}</ref> Odading mangrupa kuéh jajanan anu kasohor tur loba anu mikaresep umumna urang [[Jawa Kulon]] utamana urang [[Bandung]].<ref name=karesepna/> Odading ilaharna dipaké nyarap atawa ngopi isuk-isuk dibaturan ku [[kopi|cikopi]] atawa [[Téh|citéh]] haneut <ref name=karesepna>{{cite web|url=http://www.resepnasional.com/resep-cara-membuat-kue-odading-khas-bandung/|title=Resep Cara Membuat Kue Odading Khas Bandung |publisher=Resep Nasional |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> . ==Sajarah== Baheula ieu kuéh téh tacan mibanda ngaran, ngan saukur kuéh basajan tina adonan tarigu jeung gula anu diguluntung-guluntung sagedé indung [[suku]] tuluy baé digoréng.<ref name=sajarah/><ref name=sajarah1/> Hiji mangsa aya budak keur dagang éta kuéh diwadahan kana nyiru anu dituruban ku daun [[cau]], teu kungsi lila jol aya sinyo [[Walanda]] ngaliwat jeung indungna ninggali éta dagangan téh sinyo ngarenghik ka indungna mun urang mah “''uing hayang meuli éta''”, pokna téh ''“Mammie, koop dat voor mij"''.<ref name=sajarah/> Tuluy éta simami téh ngageroan budak anu dagang téa, nitah nyingkabkeun turub kuéh tina [[daun]] [[cau]].<ref name=sajarah/> Pok si mamih téh ngomong ''“O, dat ding?”'' maksud namah nanya “''O, anu iéu?''”, ari budak anu dagang ku lataran teu ngarti basa [[Walanda]] téa ngagerentes dina haténa ”''geuning ieu kuéh téh ngarana odading''”.<ref name=sajarah/> Tempona balik ka imahna ieu budak hariweusweus ka indungna ngabéjaan cenah kuéh anu sok didagangkeun ku manéhna téh ngarna odading, nya ti waktu harita ngaran odading téh dipaké pikeun nyebut kueh beunang ngagoréng tina adonan tarigu anu di guluntung-guluntung.<ref name=sajarah>{{id}}{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1wkl03ijMeIC&pg=PA19&dq=odading&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwm83S7b_TAhWLNI8KHXYuCo0Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=odading&f=false|title=9 dari 10 kata bahasa Indonesia adalah asing|publisher=Alif Danya Munsyi|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=sajarah1>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BTXWlSVQdZ0C&pg=PA54&dq=odading&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR7OnN_L_TAhUSSo8KHb2ZBrU4ChDoAQgvMAM#v=onepage&q=odading&f=false |title=Gramedia|publisher=Bahasa menunjukkan bangsa |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> ==Cara nyieun== # Bahan-bahan anu perlu disayagikeun : [[Tarigu]], [[gula]], [[ragi]], jeung [[susu]]<ref name=odading/> # Jumlah anu geus ditangtukeun tuluy dicampurkeun bahan-bahan éta kana wadah bari prak dikocék kalan-kalan kucuran cai és saeuti-saeutik nepi ka adonan rata/kalis<ref name=odading/> # Tuluy éta adonan téh di[[uyah]]an saeutik jaung [[mantéga]] sacukupna bari tuluy dikocék-kocék nepikeun ka rata<ref name=odading/> # Adonan anu geus kais tadi tuluy diteundeun heula dina wadah satengah jam luhurna ditutupak [[lawon]]/[[kaén]] luhurna.<ref name=odading/> #Guluntung-guluntung éta adonan sagedé-gedé [[endog]] [[hayam]] tuluy digepengkeun, atawa kumaha pangaresep<ref name=odading/> # Brus waé digoréng dina minyak anu sedeng, ulah panas teuing di mana kelirna geus semu konéng tur kaangseu seungit kakara dijait.<ref name=odading/> ==Tempo ogé== *[https://kulinernasional.com/cara-membuat-kue-odading-empuk-dan-lembut-enak/ Nyieun Kueh Odading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508014121/http://kulinernasional.com/cara-membuat-kue-odading-empuk-dan-lembut-enak/ |date=2017-05-08 }} *[https://carabuatresep.blogspot.com/2016/02/cara-membuat-kue-odading-bantal-bandung.html Bahan-bahan kueh odading] *[https://desitahana.wordpress.com/2011/05/17/hikayat-lucu-odading-dan-degan/ Riwayat odading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820061754/https://desitahana.wordpress.com/2011/05/17/hikayat-lucu-odading-dan-degan/ |date=2019-08-20 }} ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}}{{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Goréngan]] gex8h6i6bskmgxedkeuiq5gu30a1su9 0 56568 707747 593662 2026-04-03T03:13:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Intelsat, S.A. | logo = Intelsat logo.png | type = [[S.A. (corporation)|Société Anonyme]] | traded_as = {{NYSE|I}} | key_people = David McGlade {{small|(Executive Chairman)}} <br> [[Stephen Spengler]] {{small|([[CEO]] since April 1, 2015)}}<ref>http://www.intelsat.com/about-us/executive-team/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | industry = [[Satelit komunikasi]] | revenue = {{profit}} $542.0 million [[United States dollar|USD]] (2016) | operating_income = | net_income = | owner = | num_employees = +1110 (2011) | homepage = {{URL|http://www.intelsat.com/}} | foundation = August 20, 1964 | location = [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]]/[[Tysons Corner, Virginia]], [[United States|USA]] }} '''Intelsat, S.A.''' nyaéta pausahaan panyadia layanan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelsat.com/about-us/|title=Intelsat About Us|}}</ref> Beuheulana mah minangka ''International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation'' (ITSO) ti taun 1973 nepi nepi ka 2001, saméméhna nyaéta taun 1964 nepi ka taun 1973 disebut ogé ''International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium''.<ref name=britannica/>  Intelsat mibanda leuwih ti 50 [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] sarta [[stasiun bumi]] paragi ngadalikeun satelit-satelitna.<ref name=britannica/> Kantor puseurna aya di [[Luksemburg]].<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Intelsat|title=Intelsat|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ==Sajarah== [[File:INTELSAT I (Early Bird).jpg|thumb|right|INTELSAT I ''Early Bird'']] [[File:INTELSAT IVA.jpg|thumb|Satelit Intelsat IVA]] Intelsat diadegkeun minangka konsorsium swasta-publik dina tahun 1964 ku badan-badan [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] ti 18 nagara, kaasup [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]], nu ngusulkeun organisasi kasebut.<ref name=britannica/> Pakakas pemancar jeung panarima di masing-masing nagara dipibanda ku anggota Intelsat, badan télékomunikasi ti nagara kasebut.<ref name=britannica/> Dina mangssa 10 taun kaanggotaan Intelsat geus tumuwuh ngawengku agénsi ti 86 nagara, sarta dina taun 2001 anggotanna sakitar 150 nagara.<ref name=britannica/> Konsorsium kasebut dikontrak ku ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'' (NASA) [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] pikeun ngapungkeun satelitna.<ref name=britannica/> Nu mimiti nyaéta ''Early Bird'', nu sateruna dingaranan Intelsat I, nu diteunden di orbit [[stasionér]] di luhureun [[Samudra Atlantik|Samudera Atlantik]] dina [[Hatulistiwa]] taun 1965.<ref name=britannica/> ''Early Bird'' nyéta [[satelit]] komérsial mimiti nu nyadiakeun layanan télékomunikasi sarta siaran régulér antara [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa]].<ref name=britannica/> ''Early Bird'' dituturkeun ku Intelsat II F-2 jeung II F-3, diapungkeung dina taun 1967 nu ngawengku wilayah [[Samudra Pasifik|Samudera Pasifik]], sarta Intelsat III F-3 diapungkeun taun 1969 nu ngawengku wilayah [[Samudra Hindia]].<ref name=britannica/> Satelit Intelsat di orbit [[géostasionér]] ampir ngawengku sacara global.<ref name=britannica/> Dina tanggal 20 Juli 1969, 19 poé sanggeus Intelsat III F-3 diteundeun di luhureun [[Samudra Hindia]], manusia munggaran di Bulan disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan raramat global satelit Intelsat kalayan leuwih ti 600 juta pamirsa [[Televisi|télévisi]].<ref name=britannica/> Satelit Intelsat nyaéta bagéan penting ti raramat komunikasi global satengah mangsa kadua abad ka-20. Loba acara nu dilalajoan di sakuliah dunya, saperti Olimpiade atawa Piala Dunya, ngagunakeun sistim Intelsat.<ref name=britannica/> ''Direct Communication Link'', atawa "''Hot Line''", antara [[Gedong Bodas]] di [[Washington, D.C.]], jeung [[Kremlin]] di [[Moskwa|Moskow]] dikonversi dina taun 1978 tina kabel [[téréstrial]] ka layanan nu dikirimkeun ngaliwatan satelit Intelsat.<ref name=britannica/> Dina tahun 2000, 70 negara ngagunakeun Intelsat pikeun sakabéh [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] internasional.<ref name=britannica/> Dina mangsa panungtung taun 1990an, Intelsat nyanghareupan saingan ti pausahaan [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] swasta, sarta struktur pamaréntahanna geus mekar kalayan susah ku sabab mibanda anggota loba teuing.<ref name=britannica/> Ku sabab éta, Intelsat jadi parusahaan swasta taun 2001, kalayan layanan publik di handapeun panalingaan Organisasi Satelit Telekomunikasi Internasional (ITSO) nu puseurna di [[Washington D.C]].<ref name=britannica/> Dina taun 2005 Intelsat dibeuli ku [[Zeus Holdings Limited]], nyaéta pausahaan nu diadegkeun ku pausahaan investasi [[Apax Patners]], [[Apollo Management]], [[Madison Dearborn Partners]], sarta [[Permira]].<ref name=britannica/> Saterusna Intelsat dibeuli tahun 2008 ku [[Serafina Holding Limited]], hiji [[Pausahaan Jasa|pausahaan]] nu diwangun ku pausahaan ''investasi'' [[BC Partners]] jeung [[Silver Lake.]]<ref name=britannica/> [[File:Intelsat headquarters.JPG|thumb|Urut kantor puseur Intelsat di [[Washington, D.C.]]]] ===Kiwari=== Intelsat ngaropéa kantor puseur pausahaanna di [[Luksemburg]], kalayan panglobana staf sarta pungsi satelit,kantor puseur administratifna aya di kantor Intelsat Corporation di [[Tysons Corner]], [[Virginia]].<ref name=skybroker/> Usaha nu pohara internasional, Intelsat sabagéan badag kauntunganna ti palanggan di luar [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]].<ref name=skybroker/> ''Teleport'' Intelsat pangbadagna nyaéta ''Teleport'' Fuchsstadt di [[Jérman]].<ref name=skybroker/> Pangadali pasawat rohang jomantara dikandalikeun ngaliwatan [[stasiun bumi]] di [[Hagerstown]], [[Maryland]] (AS), [[Riverside]], [[California]] (AS), sarta [[Fuchsstadt]], Jérman.<ref name=skybroker/> ==Satelit-satelit== ===Ngarobah ngaran=== Dina bulan Fébruari 2007, Intelsat ngarobah 16 ngaran satelit nu saméméhna dipikawanoh kalayan merek [[Intelsat Améka]] jeung [[PanAmSat]] jadi [[Galaxy]] jeung Intelsat Lolobana satelit ieu geus teu aktip sarta diasupkeun kana orbit nu teu kapaké.<ref name=skybroker>{{cite web|url=http://www.sky-brokers.com/home/services/satelite-operators/intelsat|title=Intelsat|publisher=sky-brokers.com}}</ref> ===Daptar satelit=== {{Main|Daftar satelit-satelit Intelsat}} * [http://www.intelsat.com/flash/coverage-maps/covmaphome.htm Satellite Coverage Map (HTML)] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons}} * [http://www.intelsat.com Intelsat, Ltd.] {{Intelsat}} {{Telecommunications}} {{Coord|38|56|30|N|77|03|49|W|display=title}} [[Kategori:Intelsat| ]] [[Kategori:Operator satelit komunikasi]] t8m0mx12g19sf4pq0owzi68mzk3npfa 0 71033 707746 704074 2026-04-03T02:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image=Bambus blumean 160603-59129 ponr.JPG |image_width=250px |image_caption=Haur cucuk , ''Bambusa blumeana''<br />ti [[Pagerukir, Sampung, Ponorogo|Pagerukir]], [[Sampung, Ponorogo|Sampung]], [[Ponorogo]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |genus = ''[[Bambusa]]'' |species = '''''B. blumeana''''' |binomial = ''Bambusa blumeana'' |binomial_authority = [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]] & [[Julius Hermann Schultes|Schult.f.]]<ref>{{aut|Roemer, Johann Jacob & Josef (Joseph) August Schultes}}. 1830. ''Caroli a Linné ... Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. Cum characteribus differentiis et synonymis. Editio nova, speciebus inde ab editione XV. Detectis aucta et locupletata.'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15274#page/656/mode/1up vol. '''VII'''(2): 1343.] Stuttgardtiae :Sumtibus J.G. Cottae [1817-1830]</ref> |synonyms = *''Arundarbor spinosa'' {{small|[[Rumphius|Rumph.]]}}<ref name=rumpf>{{aut|[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]]}} 1743. ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10354#page/17/mode/1up Pars '''IV''': 14], [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10354#page/21/mode/1up Tab. 3]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> <small>(''nom.inval.'')</small> *''Bambusa pungens'' {{small|Blanco}} *''Bambusa spinosa'' {{small|Blume ex Nees}} <small>(''nom.illeg.'')</small> *''Bambusa stenostachya'' {{small|Hack.}} *''Bambusa teba'' {{small|Miq.}} *''Schizostachyum durie'' {{small|Rupr.}} {{small|sinonim langkung lengkep tinggali ''The Plant List''}}<ref>The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-398659 ''Bambusa blumeana'' Schult.f.]</ref> |}} '''Haur cucuk''' ('''''Bambusa bluméana''''') nyaéta tangkal [[awi haur]] anu tangkal jeung régangna carucukan bijil tina buku-bukuna .<ref name=heyne/> Haur cucuk disebut ogé : ''pring gĕsing, p. greng'' (basa [[Jawa]]).<ref name=heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 336. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/276/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 276.])</ref> Di daérah [[Jawa]] disebut ogé ''pring ori''.<ref name=wid>{{aut|[[Elizabeth Anita Widjaja|Widjaja, E.A.]]}} 2001. ''Identikit jenis-jenis bambu di Jawa'': 21-2. L.f. 2. Bogor: Puslitbang Biologi LIPI.</ref> Haur cucuk masih kénéh kaasup ''genus'' [[haur cina]], [[haur cucuk gedé]], [[haur konéng]], [[haur bodas]], jeung [[haur tutul]].<ref>KBBI Daring: [http://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bambu%20duri ''bambu duri''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501053851/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bambu%20duri |date=2023-05-01 }}</ref> ==Pedaran== Haur cucuk hirupna ngadapur tur tangkalna kékép, ''rimpangna'' nyagak [[''simpodial'']]; régang-régang anu carucukan ngahunyud deukeut puhu [[tangkal]]na.<ref name=prosea/> [[Iwung]] semu konéng, katutup ku salumpit/''Culm-sheat'' anu baruluan kelirna coklat.<ref name=wid/> Tangkalna sanajan ajeg ka luhur tapi henteu lempeng malahan rada marieus jeung paparéolan, jangkung bisa nepi ka 25&nbsp;[[méter|m]], cucukan; mimiti bijil régang ti luhureun [[taneuh]] kénéh, régang anu leuwih leutik bijil tina regang anu badag.<ref name=wid/> Tangkal anu masih ngora baruluan kalawan mibanda lapisan bodas kawas [[lilin]], mangsa geus kolot mah tangkal téh jadi héjo hérang tur henteu buluan.<ref name=wid/> Panjang buku-bukuna 25-30&nbsp;[[sentimeter|cm]] garis tengahna ø 5–10&nbsp;cm, daging tangkalna pejel, kandela 10-20 [[miliméter|mm]].<ref name=wid/><ref name=prosea/> Buku-bukuna ngajarendul kalawan buku anu paling handap kaluar akar tapi henteu manjangan (''akar udara'').<ref name=prosea/><ref name=K.>{{Cite book | title =Bamboos of India: A Compendium| first =K.| last = K. Seethalakshmi, M. S. Muktesh Kumar, K. Sankara Pillai, N. Sarojam| publisher = Brill Archive| location =India| year =1998| pages =161|ISBN=9788186247259|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=sophora+tomentosa+bungbulan&source=bl&ots=F2HR_Grimb&sig=ACfU3U0JnMtQmW9VQ36gztboIlgK5221VQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGndL0ioTuAhVS6XMBHZWOCzEQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=sophora%20tomentosa%20bungbulan&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 27 Fébruari 2025)}}</ref> Salumpitna gancang lésot tina tangkal, wujudna [[siku tilu]] rubakna 30 × 22&nbsp;cm, ka handapna leuwih heureut tur ngaleutikan beuki ka luhur beuki rubak, luarna buluan [[kelir]]na [[coklat]].<ref name=prosea/> Salumpit daun ''[[lanset]]'' pondok, kurang leuwih 15 × 1,5&nbsp;cm, ajeg dina buku-bukuna, palebah tengah-tengah rata, palebah tungtungna nikel ka jero, jerona aya buluan ([[''adaksial'']]), luarna bulistir ([[abaksial]]).<ref name=wid/><ref name=prosea/> [[Daun]] salambar (''lanset'') panjang 15-20&nbsp;× 1,5–2&nbsp;cm, palebah cupat daun semu buleud, tungtung daun mecos; salumpitna buluan leutik panjangna 1–3&nbsp;mm.<ref name=prosea>{{aut|Roxas, C.A.}} 1995. [http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=2067 "''Bambusa blumeana'' J.A. & J.H. Schultes".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180333/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=2067 |date=2017-02-14 }} <u>in</u> Soejatmi Dransfield & E.A. Widjaja (Eds). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia'' No. '''7''' Bamboos: 60-4. Bogor :PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation. [Internet] Record from Proseabase. Accessed 13-Feb-2017</ref> [[Kembang]] sababaraha ngaranggeuy bijil tina régang utamana anu henteu daunan [[spikelet|pseudospikelet]] jarakna 1–5&nbsp;cm.<ref name=prosea/> Spikelet gepéng, panjang nepi ka 5&nbsp;cm, diwangun ku 2-3 [[''gluma'']] kosong jeung 5-12 [[''floret'']].<ref name=prosea/> [[''Kariopsis'']] teu kanyahoan.<ref name=prosea/> == Tempat hirup jeung ékologi == Haur cucuk ditaksir asalna ti [[Indonesia]] beulah kulon: [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], jeung [[Nusa Tenggara]].<ref name=prosea/><ref name=thai>Bamboo of Thailand: [https://sites.google.com/site/bamboosthailand/home/-1-native-species/bambusa-blumeana ''Bambusa blumeana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214184158/https://sites.google.com/site/bamboosthailand/home/-1-native-species/bambusa-blumeana |date=2017-02-14 }}.</ref>. Kiwari haur cucuk geus dipelak jeung direkahkeun di sakuliah [[Asia Tenggara]] ''daratan'' ([[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]]), [[Tiongkok]] kidul ([[Fujian]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]], [[Taiwan]]), katut [[Filipina]].<ref name=prosea/><ref name=thai/><ref name=FoC>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024913 ''Bambusa blumeana'' J.A. & J.H. Schultes].</ref>. Di alam liar, haur cucuk kapanggih hirup di tempat anu luhur taneuhna 300 [[Méter|m]] tina beungeut [[cai]] [[laut]] (dpl), awi cucuk bisa hirup dina [[taneuh]] anu angar tur henteu subur, loba kapanggih hirup sisi [[gawir]], sisi susukan.<ref name=prosea/><ref name=Jonathan>{{Cite book | title =Taneuh angar: Sunda Language| first =Jonathan| last =Rigg| publisher =Lange & Co| location =Batavia| year =1862| pages =2|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=heu&f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 19 Pébruari2025)}}</ref> Tangkal awi haur kawilang kuat hirup dina taneuh anu baseuh atawa angar utamana anu mibanda mibanda [[pH]] antara 5—6,5.<ref name=prosea/> == Mangpaat == Tangkalna kawilang kuat tur kandel, bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan wangunan utamana tunjel konstruksi, bisa ogé pikeun purnitur, pakakas dapur, rupa-rupa anyaman, ogé sumpit.<ref name=heyne/> Dumasar kana panalungtikan tangkal haur cucuk anu garing (15% kandungan caina) kuat nahan beurat nepi ka 500&nbsp;kg/m³ .<ref name=prosea/> Haur cucuk anu dipaké di luar ([[pager]], [[pancuran]], [[cukang]], jeung sajabana) kuat dipaké nepi ka 1-3 taun, kalawan 2-5 taun pikeun pamakéan di jero rohangan, teu nepi ka 6 bulan umurna mangsa dipaké dina kaayaan kakeueum ku cai laut.<ref name=wid/> Haur cucuk bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieun [[kertas]] ku jalan saméméhna [[tangkal]] [[awi]] dijieun heula bubur, tangkalna anu geus garing bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[suluh]].<ref name=prosea/> [[Iwung]] haur cucuk ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[sayuran]].<ref name=prosea/> Daun jeung régang anu ngora isa dimangpaatkeun pikeun parab ingon-ingon.<ref name=heyne/> Haur cucuk ngahaja dipelak pikeun ngajaga [[taneuh]] sangkan henteu urug atawa longsor, ogé nahan cai susukan sangkan henteu ngagerus taneuh [[érosi]], Bisa ogé dipelak pikeun nahan angin, wates taneuh, pager hirup jeung réa-réa deui.<ref name=prosea/> Baheula ngahaja dipelak pikeun benteng anu ngurilingan [[kampung]].<ref name=rumpf/> == Spésiés séjén == ''[[Bambusa bambos]]'' (haur cucuk gedé) sakapeung katempo ampir sarimbag jeung ''B. blumeana''.<ref name=prosea/> Ngan anu ngabédakeun taya lian salumpitna ''B. blumeana'' mah ceulina katempo kalawan jelas mibanda buluan sedengkeun; salumpit ''B. bambos'' salumpitna leuwih heureut, [[kelir]] buluna [[coklat]] kolot nepi ka [[hideung]] di luar jeung jero salumpit.<ref name=wid/> <gallery> File:Bambus blumean 170107-0119 jtg.JPG|Salumpit haur cucuk''B. blumeana'' file:Bambus blumean 170107-0114 jtg.JPG|Buku anu deukeut kana palebah puhu bijil akar file:Bambus blumean 170107-0134 jtg.JPG|Tangkalna paparéolan File:Bambus blumean 160603-59102 ponr.JPG|Régang-régang daraunan File:Bambus blumean 160602-58955 ponr.JPG|Cucuk-cucuk dina régang File:Bambus blumean 160603-59103 ponr.JPG|Régangna carucukan ngahuyud deukeut puhu tangkal </gallery> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{commonscat|Bambusa blumeana}} * GrassBase: [http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp01223.htm ''Bambusa blumeana''] * Guadua Bamboo: [http://www.guaduabamboo.com/species/bambusa-blumeana ''Bambusa blumeana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117011502/http://www.guaduabamboo.com/species/bambusa-blumeana |date=2015-11-17 }} * Plant Illustrations: [http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=126152 ''Bambusa blumeana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214184603/http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=126152 |date=2017-02-14 }} * Useful Trop. Plants: [http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Bambusa+blumeana ''Bambusa blumeana''] * Plantamor: [http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=1564 ''Bambu duri''] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Poaceae]] [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] p7jka989c4dij6k9kb0xgktk96my351 0 71122 707744 675342 2026-04-03T00:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taxobox |name = '''Cau badak ''(Musa acuminata)''''' |image = Musa acuminata in india01.jpg |image_alt = |image_caption = Tangkal cau badak |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Zingiberales]] |familia = [[Musaceae]] |genus = ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' |species = '''''acuminata''''' |binomial = ''Musa acuminata'' |binomial_authority = [[Luigi Aloysius Colla|Colla]] 1820 | authority = [[Luigi Aloysius Colla|Colla]] | synonyms = *''Musa cavendishii''<small> Lamb.</small> *''Musa chinensis''<small> Sweet, ''[[nomen nudum|nom. nud.]]''</small> *''Musa corniculata''<small> Kurz</small> *''Musa nana''<small> Lour.</small> *''Musa × sapientum'' var. ''suaveolens''<small> (Blanco) Malag.</small> *''Musa rumphiana''<small> Kurz</small> *''Musa simiarum''<small> Kurz</small> *''Musa sinensis''<small> Sagot ''ex'' Baker</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP_Musa">{{Cite web |title=Build checklist for ''Musa'' |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/reportbuilder.do |work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |accessdate = 2013-01-22 }}</ref> |range_map = Banana ancestors (Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana) original range.png |range_map_caption = Daérah asal muasal M. acuminata kelirna héjo jeung M.balbisiana kelirna oranye.<ref name="hather">{{cite book|chapter=Tracking the banana: its significance in early agriculture|author=Edmond de Langhe & Pierre de Maret|editor=Jon G. Hather|title =The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change|publisher =Routledge|year =2004|page=372|isbn =978-0-203-20338-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DMgKW9HleFoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA372#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> }} '''Cau badak''' ''(Musa acuminata)'' nyaéta [[spésiés]] [[cau]] anu asalna ti [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/6/1017.short Genetic Diversity of the Wild Banana Musa acuminata Colla in Malaysia as Evidenced by AFLP], by Carol Wong, Ruth Kiew, Jin Phang Loh, Leong Huat Gan, Ohn Set, Sing Kong Lee, Shawn Lum and Yik Yuen Gan</ref><ref name=Rigg>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first = Rig| publisher = Lange & Co | location = [[Batavia]] | year = 1862}}</ref> ''Genom : Triploid AAA'' (''dessert''), kaasup kana ''Musa Paradisiaca Var Sapientum'' jeung ''Musa Nona L'' atawa ''Musa Cavendishii'', (di mana geus asak cauna bisa langsung ''dikonsumsi'').<ref name=Kuswanto>{{Cite book | title = Bertanam Pisang| last = Kuswanto| first = Drs | publisher = Ganeca Exact | location = Jakarta | year =1995}}</ref> Henteu kudu diolah heula saméméhna : (diseupan, digoréng, dibeuleum, jeung sajabana), biasana disayagikeun pikeun buah seger (''dessert'').<ref name=Santoso>{{Cite book | title = Teknologi Tepat Guna CUKA PISANG| last = Santoso| first = Hieronymus Budi| publisher = Kanisius | location = [[Yogyakarta]] | year = 1995|ISBN=979-497-439-0 }}</ref> ==Pedaran== Cau badak mibanda ngaran anu béda diunggal [[nagara]], saperti : ''But Jainaleka'' ([[Fiji]]); ''Kaina Vavina'' ([[Papua Nugini]]); ''Dwarf Cavendish'' ([[Australia]]) ; ''Sulay Baguio'' ([[Philipina]]); ''Pisang Serendeh'' ([[Malaysia]]); ''Kluai Hom Khico Khom'' ([[Thailand]]); ''Chuoi Tieu Lun'' ([[Vietnam]]) ; ''Dwarf Cavendish'' (''[[International]])''.<ref name=Lim>{{Cite book | title = Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits| last = T. K.| first = Lim| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | location = [[New York]] | year = 2012|ISBN=978-94-007-2533-1}}</ref><ref name=Valmayor>{{Cite book | title = Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia | last = Valmayor| first = R.V| coauthor= S.H. Jamaludin, B.Silayoi, S.Kusumo, L.D. Danh, O.C. Pascua, and R.R.C Espino|publisher =Bioversity International| location = [[Philipina]] | year = 2000|ISBN=971-91751-2-5}}</ref> [[Cau]] badak ti mimiti melak nepi ka bisa kaala buahna ngabutuhkeun [[waktu]] 13 -15 [[bulan]], kembangna anu sok disebut jantung kelirna [[beureum]] ati.<ref name=Thomas>{{Cite book | title = Tanaman obat tradisional, Volume 2| last = A. N. S.| first = Thomas | publisher = Kanisius | location = [[Yogyakarta]] | year = 1989|ISBN=979-413-809-6}}</ref> [[Kembang]] jalu jeung bikang ngahiji, kembang bikang anu napel kana turuy (anu engkena baris jadi cau), [[kembang]] jaluna aya di beulah luhurna (engkéna bakal murag).<ref name=Thomas/> ''Komposisi'' jeung kandungan [[kimia]] anu dipibanda ku [[cau]] badak saperti: d''extrose'', ''sucrose'', ''levulose'', [[zat]] tipung, [[lemak]], [[vitamin]] jeung [[mineral]].<ref name=Thomas/> Cau badak bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan ''konsumsi'' ogé mibanda mangpaat pikeun ubar.<ref name=Thomas/> ==Tempat hirup== Cau badak bisa jadi kalawan subur di ''[[iklim]]'' ''[[tropis]]'' jeung ''[[subtropis]]'' anu perenahna 0 nepi ka 2.000 [[Méter|m]] dina luhureun beungeut [[cai]] [[laut]].<ref name=Kuswanto/> ''Musa acuminata'' asalna ti wewengkon [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] [[Malesia]] loba kapanggih hirup di [[Indonesia]].<ref name=Molina/> Mikaresep [[iklim]] [[tropis]] baseuh beda jeung ''Musa balbisiana'', ''hibridisasi éksténsif'' tina ieu [[spésiés]] téh jadi cikal bakalna ampir kabéh ''kultivar'' tangkal [[cau]] anu aya kiwari.<ref name="kingsbury">{{cite book|author=Noël Kingsbury|title =Hybrid: the history and science of plant breeding|publisher =University of Chicago Press|year =2009|pages=31–32|isbn =978-0-226-43704-0|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dGSj-CFxk-QC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Saterusna ieu spésiés nyebar ka luar kiwari geus teu murni deui ku ayana ''campur tangan'' [[manusa]].<ref name=Molina/> ''Kultivar'' cau # [[AAB]] anu nyebar di sabudeureun [[Pilipina]] 4000 taun anu geus kaliwat, ngajadi hiji sabab kaluarna ''kultivar'' cau anu béda tur dipikawanoh salaku ''Maia Maoli'' atawa ''Popoulo'' ieu cau-cau anu hirup di kapuloan Pasifik.<ref name=Molina/> Ti [[Afrika Kulon]], maranéhanana diwanohkeun di kapuloan [[Kanaria]] anu dibawa ku urang [[Portugis]] dina abad ka-16.<ref name=Molina/> Ti harita diwanohkeun deui ka [[Hispaniola]] ([[Haiti]] modérn jeung [[Républik Dominika]]) dina [[taun]] 1516.<ref name=Molina>{{Cite book | title = Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific|page=57-60| last = Molina| first = A.B. | publisher = Bioversity International| location = [[Philipina]] | year = 2000|ISBN=971-91751-3-3 }}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== Cau badak mibanda ciri anu mandiri: # Cangkangna rada kandel, [[kelir]]na konéng mibanda totol [[hideung]].<ref name=cahyono/> # Daging buahna bodas semu [[konéng]].<ref name=cahyono/> # Buahna amis ngan semu haseum ogé kurang [[seungit]].<ref name=cahyono/> # Dina saturuy aya 7-9 sikat, beurat dina sasikat 18–14&nbsp;kg.<ref name=cahyono>{{Citation | last = Cahyono | first = Bambang | coauthors =-| year = 2009| title = Pisang, Usaha Tani dan Penanganan Pascapanen| publisher = Kanisius | isbn = 978-979-21-2037-0}}</ref> # [[Daun]] cau badak anu kakara ligar beulah luarna katempo kawas belang kelirna [[beureum]] ati ieu baris leungit mangsa daunna geus ngolotan.<ref name="simmonds1962">{{cite journal|author=N.W. Simmonds|year=1962|title=Where our bananas come from|journal=New Scientist|volume=16|issue=307|pages=36–39|publisher=Reed Business Information|issn=0262-4079|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooQ6YhL3rtMC&lpg=PA1&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=June 11, 2011 }}</ref> ==Mangpaat pikeun ubar== Cau badak sarua jeung cau séjéna anu ilahar ''dikonsumsi'', sagigireun loba mibanda [[vitamin]] jeung [[mineral]].<ref name=Thomas/> Cau badak ogé mibanda mangpaat séjén: * Ngalancarkeun miceun jeung nyingkahan ''konstipasi.''<ref name=Emma/> * Nurunkeun ''asam lambung'' jeung ngubaran gangguan ''lambung'' séjénna.<ref name=Emma/> * ''Antioksidan'' jeung antikangker.<ref name=Emma/> * Nurunkeun kadar ''[[kolesterol]]'' dina [[getih]].<ref name=Emma/> * Alus tembahna pikeun [[getih]] jeung [[jantung|jajantung]].<ref name=Emma/> * Ngajaga kasaimbangan [[cai]] dina awak.<ref name=Emma>{{Cite book | title = Jus buah & sayuran: 148 resep jus untuk menjaga kesehatan dan kebugaran anda| last = Satriaty Wirakusumah| first = Emma | publisher = Niaga Swadaya | location = [[Jakarta]] | year =2006| ISBN =979-3927-04-6}}</ref> <gallery caption="Cau badak (Musa acuminata)"> File:Musa acuminata ajith2(1).jpg|Anak [[tangkal]] cau badak File:Musa acuminata Syn zebrina HabitusLeaves BotGardBln0906.jpg|[[Daun]] ngora carambang beulah luarna File:Régime de bananes - Sri Lanka.jpg|Kakara néngtét tina jantungna File:Banana, Musa acuminata - the wild form is native to southeastern Asia. (16475309014).jpg|Mangsa keur rumegang File:Musa nana fruit WPC.jpg|Cauna geus manjing diala File:Musa x paradisiaca - India 3.jpg|Cau badak siap konsumsi </gallery> ==Subspésiés== Cau badak (''Musa acuminata'') geus dipelak tur direkahkeun dina mangsa anu kacida heubeulna, ieu taya lian [[cikal]] bakal tina cau anu kiwari loba dipiara, mibanda sababaraha [[spésiés|subspésiés]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-bananas.html|title=History of Bananas|author=Chandramita Bora|work=Buzzle}}</ref><ref>http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/krigbaum/6930/mbida_etal_jas_2000.pdf</ref> Aya kana genep nepi ka salapan spésiés anu béda ''diantarana'':<ref name="ploetz">{{cite journal|author1=Randy C. Ploetz|author2=Angela Kay Kepler|author3=Jeff Daniells|author4=Scot C. Nelson|last-author-amp=yes|year=2007|title=Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars|journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry|publisher=Traditional Tree Initiative|url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf|accessdate=June 5, 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf |date=October 9, 2022 }}</ref> * ''Musa acuminata'' subsp ''banksii'' <small> (F. Muell.) Simmonds.</small> <small>= ''Musa banksii'' F. Mueller </small> : Di Samoan dipikawanoh salaku ''Fa'i Taemanu'', kapanggih di kapuloan [[Indonésia]] [[kalér]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Queensland]] [[kalér]], sarta [[Samoa]]. Hal ieu dianggap mibanda sipat kolotna ''maternal'' siga bapa tina subgroup ''Popoulou'' jeung ''maternal'' indungna tina subgroup cau [[Maoli]].<ref name=kagy>{{cite journal|author=Valérie Kagy|author2=Françoise Carreel |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2004|title=Bananas in New Caledonian Kanak Society: Their Socio-Cultural value in Relation with their Origins|journal=Ethnobotany Research & Applications|volume=2|issue=|pages=29–35|url=www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol2/i1547-3465-02-029.pdf|accessdate= June 5, 2011}}</ref> * Musa acuminata'' subsp ''burmannica'' <small> Simmonds</small> <small>= ''Musa acuminata'' subsp ''burmannicoides'' De Langhe</small>'' : Kapanggih di [[Burma]], [[India]] kidul, sarta [[Sri Langka]].<ref name=kagy/>'' * ''Musa acuminata subsp'' ''errans'' <small>Argent</small> <small>= ''Musa errans'' Teodoro, ''Musa troglodyatarum'' L. var. ''errans'', ''Musa errans'' Teodoro var. ''botoan''</small> dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan cau [[monyét]] (''saging matsing'') jeung (''saging chonggo'') (duanana hartina cau monyét),<ref name="Progenitors of Edible Bananas">{{cite web|url= http://www.bananacrop.com/2010/01/progenitors-of-edible-bananas-in.html|title= Progenitors of Edible Bananas|date= November 1, 2010|work= |publisher= Guide to Growing Bananas|accessdate= January 12, 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707210203/http://www.bananacrop.com/2010/01/progenitors-of-edible-bananas-in.html |date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Progenitors of Edible Bananas"/> ''saging na ligao'' ( 'cau liar'), di [[Pilipina|Philipina]] disebutna ''agutay''.<ref name=kagy/> Ieu téh karuhun tina cau-cau anu loba dikonsumsi tina golongan (AA jeung ''grup'' AAA) sarta kaasup kana subspésiés anu pikaresepeun alatan kelirna (bulao, gandaria, jeung héjo).<ref name="Progenitors of Edible Bananas"/> * ''Musa acuminata subsp'' ''malaccensis'' <small>(Ridley) Simmonds</small> <small>= ''Musa malaccensis'' Ridley</small> Kapanggih dina ''semenanjung'' [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Sumatra]].<ref name="ploetz"/> * ''Musa acuminata subsp'' ''microcarpa'' <small>(Beccari) Simmonds</small> <small>= ''Musa microcarpa'' Beccari</small> Kapanggih di [[Kalimantan]]. Ieu téh karuhunna tina ''cultivar'' 'Viente Cohol'.<ref name="ploetz"/> * ''Musa acuminata'' subsp ''siamea'' <small>Simmonds</small> Kapanggih di [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref name="ploetz"/> * Musa acuminata'' subsp ''truncata'' <small>(Ridley) Kiew</small> * Musa acuminata'' subsp ''zebrina'' <small> (Van Houtte) R. E. Nasution</small>: Ilahar disebut [[cau getih]] s. Pituin ti pulo Jawa. ''Dibudidayakeun'' pikeun tutuwuhan hias.<ref name="ploetz"/> Gebogna ipis, buahna mibanda siki. Ieu salah sahiji cau anu mimiti nyebar ka Pasifik wétan sarta ka [[Afrika]] ieu ogé karuhun cau anu aya di [[Afrika]] kalér.<ref name="ploetz"/> Di [[Hawaii]] ieu cau katelah '' Mai'a 'oa' '', sarta dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar tradisional .<ref name="ploetz"/> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|3}} {{Commons category|Musa acuminata}} {{Wikispecies}} {{reflist|3}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Tangkal ubar]] [[Kategori:Cau]] [[Kategori:Musaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 6mlz9id9fv10lqo9bj4zzay1ucha5er 0 71684 707757 626362 2026-04-03T07:43:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kupat tahu''' nyaéta kadaharan has [[Indonésia]] nu sumebar disakuliah indonésia. Biasana ieu kadaharan aya waé di unggal daérah hususna di Pulo Jawa, di antarana [[Bandung]], [[Singaparna, Tasikmalaya|Singaparna]], [[Magelang]], jeung [[Solo]].<ref name=":0">Indonesia Kaya. [https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/kupat-tahu-makanan-khas-indonesia-yang-mengundang-selera Kupat Tahu, Makanan Khas Indonesia yang Mengundang Selera] Diaksés Ping 5 Oktober 2017.</ref> Sanajan aya di sababraha daérah, tapi unggal daérah miboga ciri has masing-masing.<ref name=":0" /> Bahan dasar kupat tahu téh umumna sarua nyaéta, goréng tahu nu dicampur jeung kupat, tuluy dibanjur ku bumbu kacang kalawan maké kurupuk keur palengkepna.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Bandung Merdeka. [https://bandung.merdeka.com/kuliner/kupat-tahu-khas-di-bandung-serupa-tapi-tak-sama-160716d.html Kupat tahu khas di Bandung, serupa tapi tak sama]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Diaksés ping 5 Oktober 2017.</ref>Kupat tahu ti [[Jawa Kulon]] miboga ciri has séwang-séwangan. Di daérah Jawa Kulon, kupat tahu umumna ditambahan ku bumbu [[rujak]] jeung sayuran kayaning [[togé]] (kacambah), [[bonténg]], jeung engkol <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Cara Nyieun Kupat Tahu == === Bahan-bahan Lontong :<ref name=":2">Cookpad. [https://cookpad.com/id/resep/3368774-kupat-tahu Kupat Tahu] Diaksés ping 5 Oktober 2017.</ref> === # 250 gr [[béas]] # 1 lembar [[daun pandan]] # 1/2 sdm [[Uyah (kimia)|uyah]] # bungkus kupat ( biasana tina [[janur]] ) === Bumbu kacang :<ref name=":2" /> === # 250 gr [[kacang taneuh]] # 50 gr [[cabé beureum]] # 4 sihung [[bawang bodas]] # 50 gr [[hui]] (nu geus dikulub) # 30-50 gr [[gula beureum]] (saluyukeun jeung karesep) # 1 sdt [[gula bodas]] # Uyah sacukupna # [[Kécap amis]] sacukupna # 5 lembar [[daun jeruk]] # 1 [[jeruk mipis]] === Palengkep :<ref name=":2" /> === # Togé ( keueuman/léob ku cai panas) # Tahu nu geus digoréng # [[Kurupuk]] # Goréng Bawang == Léngkah-Léngkah Nyieun Kupat Tahu == Ieu di handap léngkah-léngkah pikeun nyieun kupat tahu:<ref name=":2" /> === Léngkah nyieun kupat: === Ieu di handap léngkah-léngkah keur nyieun kupat:<ref name=":2" /> # Tapi béas nepi ka bersih tinu sérahna (ulah diisikan) # Eusikeunn béas nu meunang napi ka wadah kupat tinu janur (1/3 cangkang kupat, ulah pinuh) # Taheurkeun cai, tambahkeun daun pandan supaya seunngit jeung tambahkeun uyah ka cai nu ditaheurkeun # Kulub kurang leuwih 3 jam nepi ka 1/2 caina saat atawa nepi ka asak kupat. # Jait jeung tiiskeun kupat === Léngkah nyieun bumbu kacang: === Ieu di handap léngkah-léngkah keur nyieun bumbu kacang:<ref name=":2" /> # Goréng kacang nepi kacoklatan # Bawang bodas jeung daun jeruk digoréng dihijikeun # [[Blender]] kacang goréng, bawang bodas, kulub hui, daun jeruk, cabe beurum nepi ka lemes. # Cicikeun ka wadah, abuskeun gula bureum nu geus disiksik (dikurud), gula bodas, uyah, cai panas ngagolak. # Kocék nepi ka rata, peres jeruk nipis tuluy tambahan kécap === Léngkah nyieun kupat tahu: === Sanggeus nyieun kupat jeung bumbuna, ieu di handap léngkah pikeun nyieun kupat tahu:<ref name=":2" /> # Keureutan kupat # Abuskeun tahu goréng jeung togé # Banjur ku bumbu kacang, tambahan kurupuk jeung kécap pikeun palengkep. == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] [[Kategori:Olahan Béas]] 0h29cd8blci9kuwgnm6ltanw919n29n 0 98717 707758 675559 2026-04-03T08:53:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox badminton player |playername = Masita Mahmudin |date_of_birth = {{birth date and age|1992|3|2}} |place_of_birth = [[Jambi]], [[Riau]] |height = {{height|m=1.67}} |weight = |spouse = |children = |event = Ganda Campuran |highest_ranking = |date_of_highest_ranking = |current_ranking = 428<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/73134/masita-mahmudin/ranking-history?category_id=9&partner_id=94994|title=Masita MAHMUDIN {{!}} RANKING HISTORY {{!}} Profile|website=bwfbadminton.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> |date_of_current_ranking = |country = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |coach = |handedness = Kanan |best_result = |bwf_id = |religion = |signature = }} [[gambar: Masita_Mahmudin.jpg|thumbnail|al=|Masita Mahmudin]] '''Masita Mahmudin''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jambi]]|2|3|1995|}}) nyaéta pamaén [[badminton]] [[Indonésia]] anu kiwari ngagabung dina klub Jaya Raya [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/73134/masita-mahmudin|title=Masita MAHMUDIN {{!}} Profile|website=bwfbadminton.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://badmintonindonesia.org/app/profile/timnas.aspx?id=000010615|title=PBSI {{!}}{{!}} Persatuan Bulu Tangkis Seluruh Indonesia : Organisasi - Sejarah|website=badmintonindonesia.org|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> == Kiprah == Kiprah Masita minangka tim ganda campuran badminton geus muncul ti taun 2013 kénéh, sarta kungsi dipasangkeun jeung sababaraha pamaén badminton séjén dina rupa-rupa laga tanding. Antarana baé dina taun 2013 Masita kungsi jadi pasangan maén [[Kevin Sanjaya]] dina World Junior Championship di [[Bangkok]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lensaindonesia.com/2013/10/30/tumbangkan-pasangan-kanada-kevinmasita-amankan-tiket-babak-ke-3.html|title=Tumbangkan pasangan Kanada, Kevin/Masita amankan tiket babak ke-3|website=LensaIndonesia.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231024350/https://www.lensaindonesia.com/2013/10/30/tumbangkan-pasangan-kanada-kevinmasita-amankan-tiket-babak-ke-3.html |date=2019-12-31 }}</ref> sarta hasil jadi ''runner-up'' boh di nomor tunggal (disebut ogé Piala Bimantara) boh di nomor beregu (disebut ogé Piala Suhandinata).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/olahraga/148141/pasangan-kevinmasita-gagal-teruskan-tradisi-gelar-juara|title=Pasangan Kevin/Masita Gagal Teruskan Tradisi Gelar Juara|last=BeritaSatu.com|website=beritasatu.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.kompas.com/read/2014/12/06/23365491/Kevin.Senang.Berpasangan.dengan.Juara.Olimpiade|title=Kevin Senang Berpasangan dengan Juara Olimpiade|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/raket/d-2402657/kevinmasita-kalah-di-final|title=Kevin/Masita Kalah di Final|website=detiksport|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbdjarum.org/berita/turnamen-internasional/1/f238d0cff58822d0f0/world-junior-championships-2013-perjuangan-kevinmasita-luar-biasa|title=[World Junior Championships 2013] Perjuangan Kevin/Masita Luar Biasa|website=www.pbdjarum.org|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olahraga.kompas.com/read/2013/10/27/1143016/Selangkah.lagi.Tim.Yunior.Indonesia.Juara.Dunia.|title=Selangkah lagi, Tim Yunior Indonesia Juara Dunia|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> Dina laga tanding [[Vietnam]] Open taun 2017 Masita asup ka babak final kalawan dipasangkeun jeung [[Riki Widianto]] sarta hasil jadi ''runner-up''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligaolahraga.com/badminton/rikymasita-pastikan-satu-gelar-ganda-campuran-di-vietnam-open-2017|title=Riky/Masita Pastikan Satu Gelar Ganda Campuran Vietnam Open|website=Ligaolahraga.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/311402681/vietnam-open-2017-jadi-runner-up-masita-mahmudin-didoakan-kembali-ke-cipayung-|title=Vietnam Open 2017 - Jadi Runner-up, Masita Mahmudin Didoakan Kembali ke Cipayung - Bolasport.com|last=Bolasport.com|website=www.bolasport.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> Dina final [[Djarum Sirkuit Nasional]] (Sirnas) Sulawesi Selatan Open 2018 Masita anu dipasangkeun jeung [[Markis Kido]] hasil ngéléhkeun pasangan [[Irfan Fadhillah]]/[[Pia Zebadiahbernadet]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://view7.djarumbadminton.com/en/sirkuit-nasional/berita/read/djarum-sirnas-sulsel-2018-masita-tetap-raih-juara-meski-berbeda-pasangan/|title=(Djarum Sirnas Sulsel 2018) Masita Tetap Raih Juara Meski Berbeda Pasangan|website=view7.djarumbadminton.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231014241/http://view7.djarumbadminton.com/en/sirkuit-nasional/berita/read/djarum-sirnas-sulsel-2018-masita-tetap-raih-juara-meski-berbeda-pasangan/ |date=2019-12-31 }}</ref> Saméméhna Masita hasil jadi juara umum dina seri katilu di Sirnas [[Jawa Barat]] kalawan dipasangkeun jeung pamaén anu séjén.<ref name=":0" /> Waktu Masita dipasangkeun jeung [[Adnan Maulana]], hasil jadi juara Djarum Sirkuit Nasional Premier Li Ning [[Jawa Barat]] Open 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olahraga.kompas.com/read/2018/07/28/17555008/adnanmasita-raih-gelar-juara|title=Adnan/Masita Raih Gelar Juara|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olahraga.kompas.com/read/2018/07/26/16242588/adnanmasita-pulangkan-unggulan-pertama|title=Adnan/Masita Pulangkan Unggulan Pertama|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref>, jeung Djarum Sirnas Balikpapan 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djarumbadminton.com/sirkuit-nasional/berita/read/djarum-sirnas-balikpapan-2018-incar-posisi-di-pelatnas/|title=(Djarum Sirnas Balikpapan 2018) Incar Posisi di Pelatnas|website=www.djarumbadminton.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> Dina gelar laga tanding Singapore International Series taun 2018, pasangan Masita/Adnan hasil jadi runner-up sanggeus éléh ku pasangan [[Yeung Min Nok]]/[[Ng Tsz Yau]] ti [[Hongkong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indosport.com/raket/20181021/indonesia-bawa-pulang-2-gelar-dari-singapura|title=Indonesia Bawa Pulang 2 Gelar dari Singapura|last=INDOSPORT.com|website=INDOSPORT.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231015644/https://www.indosport.com/raket/20181021/indonesia-bawa-pulang-2-gelar-dari-singapura |date=2019-12-31 }}</ref> Ku kamampuh jeung pangalamanana, Masita teu ngarasa hésé pikeun maén sanajan béda pasanganana.<ref name=":0" /> Unggal séri Sirnas, Masita maén jeung pasangan anu béda. Seri kahiji di [[Purwokerto]] [[Jawa Tengah]], Masita dipasangkeun jeung Krisna [[Adi Nugraha]] sarta éléh di babak 16 besar. Dina séri kadua nu diayakeun di [[Pekanbaru]] [[Riau]], Masita maén kalawan pasanganana nyaéta Riky Widianto. Hanjakal léngkahna ngan nepi kana babak semifinal.<ref name=":0" /> Taun 2019 Masita anu dipasangkeun jeung [[Amri Syahnawi]] hasil jadi runner-up dina laga Beer Lao International Series 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/results/3468/beer-lao-international-series-2019/2019-02-23|title=Results {{!}} BEER LAO International Series 2019|website=bwfbadminton.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> Dina laga kompetisi éta kénéh, Masita kungsi dipasangkeun jeung pamaén [[Inggris]], [[Fee Teng Liew]] pikeun ganda putri, sarta hasil jadi ''runner-up''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/results/3468/beer-lao-international-series-2019/2019-02-23|title=Results {{!}} BEER LAO International Series 2019|website=bwfbadminton.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/73134/masita-mahmudin/tournament-results|title=Masita MAHMUDIN {{!}} TOURNAMENT RESULTS {{!}} Profile|website=bwfbadminton.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> == Cidra == Taun 2016 Masita kungsi miluan ''Excercise Terapi'' nu dirarancang ku [[PBSI]] salila genep bulan bareng jeung Bellaetrix Manuputry lantaran cidra tuur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jurnalbulutangkis.com/home/?p=2098|title=Cerita Rosyita Lewati Masa Sulit Saat Cedera|website=jurnalbulutangkis.com|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bola.com/ragam/read/2530648/dituding-lepas-tangan-soal-bellaetrix-ini-penjelasan-pbsi|title=Dituding Lepas Tangan soal Bellaetrix, Ini Penjelasan PBSI|last=Bola.com|website=bola.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-12-31}}</ref> Kitu deui dina laga ganda dewasa campuran Djarum Sirkuit Nasional Premier Li-ning [[Jawa Tengah]] Open 2019, Masita anu dipasangkeun jeung [[Amri Syahnawi]] ngawakilan [[PB Jaya Raya]] Jakarta teu bisa tanding dina laga final lantaran cidra deui sanggeus maén dina babak semifinal nu kawilang ripuh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bolalob.com/read/112501/djarum-sirnas-jawa-tengah-open-tiara-bawa-pulang-dua-gelar-juara|title=(Djarum Sirnas Jawa Tengah Open) Tiara Bawa Pulang Dua Gelar Juara|last=djarumbadmintoncom|website=Bolalob - Situsnya Anak Futsal!|accessdate=2019-12-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231025411/https://bolalob.com/read/112501/djarum-sirnas-jawa-tengah-open-tiara-bawa-pulang-dua-gelar-juara |date=2019-12-31 }}</ref> Antukna pasangan [[Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah]]/[[Nugroho Andi]] Saputro ti PB Halim nu jadi lawan tandingna hasil jadi juara, bari teu kudu tanding.<ref name=":1" /> ==Laga Tanding== Ganda Campuran {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Taun ! Kajuaraan ! Pasangan ! Lawan ! Angka ! Hasil |- |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" | 2018 | align="left" | [[Singapur Internasional]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Adnan Maulana]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Ming Nok]] <br /> {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Tsz Yau]] | align="left" | 21–19, 7–21, 18–21 | style="text-align: left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Perak]] '''Perak''' |- |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" | 2015 | align="left" | [[Seri Internasional Vietnam|Vietnam Internasional]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rian Swastedian]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng]] <br /> {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Peck Yen Wei]] | align="left" | 21–13, 19–21, 21–17 | style="text-align: left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Emas]] '''Emas''' |- |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" | 2015 | align="left" | [[Vietnam Internasional ]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hafiz Faizal]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fran Kurniawan]] <br /> {{flagicon|INA}} [[Komala Dewi]] | align="left" | 14–21, 11–21 | style="text-align: left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Perak]] '''Perak''' |- |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" | 2014 | align="left" | [[Indonésia Internasional ]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lukhi Apri Nuroho]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hafiz Faizal]] <br /> {{flagicon|INA}} [[Shella Devi Aulia]] | align="left" | 23–21, 18–21, 21–14 | style="text-align: left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Emas]] '''Emas''' |} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmudin, Masita}} [[Kategori:Pamaén badminton Indonésia‎]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1995]] rto5akuh7uify8r5sceyfhhar0etx4z 0 99857 707759 651425 2026-04-03T09:41:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia |image = NabilahJKT48.jpg |imagesize = 300px |caption = |birthname = Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia |othername = Nabilah, Ayu |birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1999|11|11|mf=y}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta Utara]], [[DKI Jakarta]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta Utara]], [[DKI Jakarta]] |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = |home_town = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta Utara]], [[DKI Jakarta]] |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]], [[Rock]], [[Electropop]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]], [[Aktris]] |instrument = [[Vokal]] |yearsactive = [[2011]]-ayeuna |label = JKT48 Project <small> [[JKT48]]</small><br>[[Hits Records]] <small> [[JKT48]]</small><br>[[E-Motion Entertainment]] |associatedacts = [[JKT48]] |partner = Ramadhan Eka Putra (Kakak sulung)<br>Muhammad Rafly Syahputra (Adik bungsu) |domesticpartner = |children = |parents = Ratna K. Rita (Ibu) |almameter = |religion = [[Islam]] |website = http://www.jkt48.com/ |twitter = nabilahJKT48 |instagram = @jkt48nabilahayu |fansite = Nabilaholic |currentmembers = |pastmembers = [[JKT48]] (2011 - 31 Oktober 2017 <ref>Pengumuman kelulusan dan lampiran suratnya bisa di lihat [https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/867?lang=id disini.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605203815/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/867?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }}</ref>) |awards = Peringkat 6 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-6 JKT48]] ([[2014]])</small><br>Peringkat 10 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 8 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-13 JKT48]] ([[2016]])</small><br>Peringkat 16 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small> }} '''Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta Utara]], [[DKI Jakarta]]|11|11|1999}}) atanapi disebat '''Nabilah''' atanapi '''Ayu-chan''' ogé katelah '''Nabilah JKT48''' (salami janten anggota [[JKT48]]) nyaéta [[penyanyi]] sareng [[aktris]] [[Indonesia]] anu tilas anggota [[idola Jepang|grup idola]] [[JKT48]] generasi kahiji anu asalna ti Jakarta, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|title=ＡＫＢ初の海外姉妹グループ、ＪＫＴ４８の可能性日経エンタテインメント！|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK08010_Y2A200C1000002/?df=2&dg=1|newspaper=Nikkei Shimbun|date=2012-2-14|accessdate=2013-07-02}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{Twitter|nblh_ayu}} * {{Instagram|nblh.ayu}} * {{en}} [http://stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Nabilah_Ratna_Ayu_Azalia Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia di Wiki48] * {{id}} [http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-nabilah-ratna-ayu-azalia Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203202500/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-nabilah-ratna-ayu-azalia |date=2016-02-03 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} mkfxxzfcm1hhwyv2xwenjqe472u4a1c 0 99862 707761 673052 2026-04-03T10:07:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = Ochi Rosdiana | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birthname = Neneng Rosdiana | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|1|24}} | birth_place = [[Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | occupation = [[Artis]], [[Penyanyi]] | years_active = | weight = | partner = | spouse = | children = | parents = Norma Normala (ibu) | almameter = }} '''Neneng Rosdiana''' anu langkung populér disebutna '''Ochi Rosdiana''' ({{lahirmati|[[Depok]]|24|1|1999}}) nyaéta [[aktris]] sareng [[penyanyi]] nasional [[Indonesia]]. Anjeunna mangrupikeun mantan anggota grup JKT48. Anjeunna mangrupikeun anggota generasi munggaran kelompok.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/85?lang=id |title=Pengumuman Resmi Pengunduran Diri Neneng Rosediana |author= |date=2012-11-21 |work= |publisher=JOT |accessdate=2012-11-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407173910/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/85?lang=id |date=2023-04-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hai-online.com/Hai2/Music/News/Ochi-Resmi-Keluar-Dari-JKT48|title=Ochi Resmi Keluar dari JKT48|author=|date=2012-11-21|work=|publisher=Hai Online|accessdate=2012-11-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127230204/http://www.hai-online.com/Hai2/Music/News/Ochi-Resmi-Keluar-Dari-JKT48 |date=2012-11-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japanesestation.com/akhirnya-jkt48-operation-team-merilis-pengunduran-diri-ochi-jkt48/|title=JOT Merilis Pengunduran Diri Ochi|author=|date=2012-11-21|work=|publisher=Japanese Station|accessdate=2012-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hot.detik.com/music/read/2012/11/22/112221/2098057/228/ochi-hengkang-dari-jkt48|title=Ochi Keluar dari JKT48|author=|date=2012-11-22|work=|publisher=Detik|accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref>. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{Kapanlagi|o|ochi_rosdiana}} * {{Twitter|ochi_24}} * {{Facebook|ochiofficial}} * {{Instagram|ochi24}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ochi Rosdiana}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} kq9nbbfz2ayptgjaftqvpaxm35860w6 0 99872 707760 602367 2026-04-03T10:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Novinta Dhini <!-- Disembunyikan sebagai komentar:--> | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birthname = Novinta Dhini Soetopo | othername = Novinta<br>Nobi<br>Nobi-chan | birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1995|11|26}} | birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]], [[Bali]] | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | home_town = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]], [[Bali]] | occupation = aktris, penyanyi, penari | yearsactive = 2012-ayeuna | religion = [[Buddha]] | twitter = novintadhini__ }} '''Novinta Dhini''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]]|26|11|1995}}) mangrupikeun aktris sareng panyanyi [[Indonesia]], sareng ogé mantan anggota [[JKT48]] anu asalna ti [[Kota Denpasar | Denpasar]], [[Indonesia]]. Novinta mangrupikeun anggota Generation 2 JKT48, anu sacara resmi janten anggota tim KIII tanggal 18 Méi 2014.<ref>[http://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/263?lang=id Pengumuman Promosi Member] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708030556/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/263?lang=id |date=2023-07-08 }}. JKT48 Official Website. Diakses 2014-05-20</ref> Novinta mangrupikeun anggota Generation 2 JKT48 ti [[Bali]] dugi kalebet lulusan 17 Agustus 2015 dina acara ''JKT48 Kibouteki Refrain Handshake Festival''. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{Twitter|novintadhini__}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Novinta Dhini}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 2]] {{Biografi-pondok}} f9p23u04x21c8p4ke12kzt78pf3pnvh 0 100046 707764 707543 2026-04-03T11:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2020 di Kanada | disease = [[COVID-19]] | location = [[Kanada]] | first_case = Rumah Sakit Sunnybrook<br>[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] | arrival_date = 25 Januari 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | confirmed_cases = <!--THIS COUNT SHOULD BE UPDATED TO ONLY INCLUDE CONFIRMED CASES, NOT PRESUMPTIVE CASES-->106,167<ref name="govt-tracker">{{cite news |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html?topic=tilelink |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update |work=Government of Canada |access-date=June 23, 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623024826/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html?topic=tilelink |date=June 23, 2020 }}</ref><!-- Please edit the access date if you update numbers from the page. --> | active_cases = 27,572<ref name="ctv-tracker">{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/health/coronavirus/tracking-every-case-of-covid-19-in-canada-1.4852102 |title=Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada |work=CTV News |access-date=June 23, 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406170723/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/health/coronavirus/tracking-every-case-of-covid-19-in-canada-1.4852102 |date=April 6, 2020 }}</ref><!-- Please edit the access date if you update numbers from the page. --> | recovery_cases = 69,570<ref name="govt-tracker"/> | deaths = 8,711<ref name="govt-tracker"/> | suspected_cases = | total_ili = | website = {{URL|canada.ca/coronavirus}} | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Canada (Pop Density).svg | map2 = COVID-19 outbreak Canada per capita cases map.svg | legend1 = {{center|Kasus per juta ku propinsi / wilayah}} | legend2 = {{center|Pupusna per juta dumasar propinsi / wilayah}} }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2020 di Kanada''' mangrupa bagian tina [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019–2020|pandemi seluruh dunia]] panganyarna tina [[COVID-19|penyakit koronavirus 2019]] ({{nowrap|COVID-19}}) disababkeun ku sindrom pernapasan akut koronavirus 2 ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). Kasakit mimiti sumping ka [[Kanada]] dina tanggal 25 Januari 2020, saatos saurang lalaki parantos balik ka [[Toronto]] tina perjalanan ka China, kalebet [[Wuhan]]; kasus dikonfirmasi dina 27 Januari. {{As of|2020|04|18|df=US}} Aya 35,045 kasus dikonfirmasi di Kanada, 11,843 pulih, 1.587 maotna, sareng langkung ti 540,000 urang dites dilaksanakeun. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125011050/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html |date=2020-01-25 }} Health Canada * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals/public-health-measures-mitigate-covid-19.html Community-based measures to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Canada] * [https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases] and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1cWm99ZSIeceKzu97rk50ik32cSvvX4pa Map of COVID-19 cases in Canada at a regional level and related closures] * [https://c19.ca Map of Coronavirus COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405211919/https://c19.ca/ |date=2021-04-05 }} by Empower Health (empower.ca / iamsick.ca) *[https://coronavirus-global.com/canada Coronavirus Canada updates and news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514105408/https://coronavirus-global.com/canada/ |date=2020-05-14 }}. Canada in Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in English, French, and more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200304094209/http://coronamapper.com/ CoronaMapper] – Map with several updated statistics * [http://covidcanada.ca Covid Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407071940/http://covidcanada.ca/ |date=2022-04-07 }} – Bar graph of per province stats and live news feed * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567474 Outline of Government Programs Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada] {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] [[Kategori:Kanada]] l7sienl0vr3h7hk54uh328iiglnaloe 0 100378 707733 625033 2026-04-02T21:53:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amaterasu''' atanapi ''Amaterasu-O-Mikami'' hartosna nyaéta "déwa anu hébat anu nyaangan kahyangan." Anjeunna mangrupi déwi utama dina agama shinto. Disembah salaku déwi panonpoe jeng pangwasa ''Takama no Hara'' (Dataran Surga), nyaéta tempat cicing déwa sareng roh. Amaterasu mangrupi putri déwa Izanagi anu lahir ti panon kéncana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-asia/solar-goddess-amaterasu-divine-ancestor-japanese-imperial-family-009054|title=Solar Goddess Amaterasu, Divine Ancestor of the Japanese Imperial Family|last=dhwty|website=www.ancient-origins.net|language=en|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref> Saatos gelut sareng lanceukna, Susanoo, anjeunna kedah ngusir Susanoo ti sawarga, lian ti éta, Amaterasu ogé ngasingkeun dirina ka tempat anu jauh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Amaterasu/|title=Amaterasu|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|accessdate=2020-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917004952/https://www.ancient.eu/Amaterasu/ |date=2014-09-17 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Carita Amaterasu nembongan pikeun kahiji kalina dina buku sajarah Jepang anu pangkolotna, ''Kojiki'' sareng ''Nihon Shoki'', anu nyaritakeun mitologi alam semesta sareng asal [[Jepang]] salaku karajaan.<ref name=":0" /> Amaterasu mangrupi salah sahiji ti tilu déwa anu angkat nalika déwa Izanagi ngabersihkeun pameunteuna, saatos perjalanan ti yomi (dunya anu maot) pikeun nyalametkeun pamajikanana, déwi Izanami.<ref name=":1" /> Saatos lahir Amaterasu dipercayakeun mingpin sawarga sareng dua sadudulurna anu sanés. Numutkeun kapercayaan agama shinto, sajaba ti déwa panonpoé Amaterasu ogé masihan tuangeun ka sadaya mahluk hirup jeung ngatur siklus siang sareng wengi. Dina sababaraha literatur, kaisar Jepang anu munggaran, Jimmu (660-585 SM) anu ngadegkeun nagara Jepang dina taun 660 SM cenah katurunan langsung ti Amaterasu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/amp/132297202/dewi-matahari-amaterasu-leluhur-ilahi-dari-keluarga-kekaisaran-jepang?page=all|title=Dewi Matahari Amaterasu, Leluhur Ilahi dari Keluarga Kekaisaran Jepang|website=nationalgeographic.grid.id|accessdate=2020-09-19}}</ref> Kapercayaan ieu parantos diwariskeun sacara turun-tumurun dina kulawarga kaisar Jepang anu masihan aranjeunna hak ngalaksanakeun kawenangan anu mutlak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mythopedia.com/japanese-mythology/gods/amaterasu/|title=Amaterasu|website=Mythopedia|language=en|accessdate=2020-09-18}}</ref> == Répérénsi == <references /> == Bacaan salajengna == {{refbegin|1}} * {{cite book|title=Shinto: The Kami Way|last=Ono|first=Sokyo|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2004|isbn=9780804835572|location=Tokyo|ref={{sfnref|Ono|2004}}|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Himiko and Japan’s Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology|last=J. edward|first=Kidder|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3035-9|location=USA|ref={{sfnref|Kidder|2007}}|url-status=live}} * https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm [[Kategori:Mitologi]] 9x92dger62d9ezjwxzx81cief0meyjw 0 100610 707754 707604 2026-04-03T06:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Ki pahang |image = Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |image_width = 240px |image_caption = Polong malapari, ''Pongamia pinnata''<br />di pantai [[Rempek, Gangga, Lombok Utara|Rempek]], [[Gangga, Lombok Utara|Gangga]], [[Lombok Utara]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Fabales]] |familia = [[Fabaceae]] |genus = ''[[Pongamia]]'' |species = '''''P. pinnata''''' |binomial = ''Pongamia pinnata''<ref name=ildis>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?genus=Pongamia&species=pinnata |title=''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre |work= ILDIS|publisher=ILDIS |date=2010-07-14 |accessdate=2015-08-24}}</ref> |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]]<ref>{{aut|[[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre, JBL.]]}} 1899. ''Flore Forestiére de la Cochinchine'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126276#page/200/mode/1up '''3'''(25): sub pl. 385.] Paris :O. Doin, 1880-1907.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''[[Cytisus]] pinnatus'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linne, C. von]] & L. Salvius}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358762#page/183/mode/1up vol. '''2''': 741.] Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii, [1 May 1753].</ref> {{small|(''basionym'')}} * ''Dalbergia arborea'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Galedupa indica'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Galedupa pungum'' <small>J.G.Gmel.</small> * ''Millettia novo-guineensis'' <small>Kanéh. & Hatus.</small> * ''[[Pongamia]] glabra'' <small>Vent.</small> * ''Pongamia xerocarpa'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Pterocarpus flavus'' <small>Lour.</small> * ''Robinia mitis'' <small>L.</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' <small>(L.) Panigrahi</small> <small><u>Sinonim selengkapnya:</u> ''The Plant List''</small><ref name=TPL11>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4759 |title=''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre |work=ILDIS |publisher=The Plant List |date=2010-07-14 |accessdate=2015-08-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410123544/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4759 |date=2023-04-10 }}</ref> }} }} |}} '''Ki pahang'''; ki pahang laut; bangkongan; {{id}} '''malapari'''<ref name=argent/> ('''''Pongamia pinnata''''') nyaéta hiji tangkal anu asalna tina kulawarga [[familia|suku]] [[Fabaceae]] (''Leguminosae''). Ki pahang dipiwanoh ku ngaran daérahna ''kacang kayu laut'' {{Ms}} ; ''mabai'' ([[Bangka|Bk.]]); kepik'' ([[bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kranji'' ([[bahasa Madura|Md.]]); ''butis, sikam'' ([[Timor|Tim.]]); ''berah'' ([[Alor]]); ''asawali, sawali, awakal, wawakal'' ([[bahasa Ambon|Amb.]]); ''liada'' ([[Seram]]); ''hate hira'' ([[Ternate]]); ''maho'' ([[Galela]]); ''marauwen'' ([[Minahasa|Minh.]]) <ref name=heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306,] sebagai ''Pongamia glabra''.).</ref> Dina basa [[Inggris]] ki pahang dipiwanoh ngaranna ''Indian beech'', ki pahang loba kapanggih hirup ti mimiti [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]], wewengkon [[Malaysia]], nepika [[Australia]] jeung [[Pasifik]].<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?418408 |title=''Millettia pinnata'' (L.) Panigrahi |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-01-31 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date= |accessdate=2012-03-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173152/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIPI9 |date=2012-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{aut|Hyland, BPM.; T. Whiffin; FA. Zich}}, et al. 2010. [http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Millettia_pinnata.htm "Factsheet – ''Millettia pinnata''"]. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 14 Mar 2013.</ref> Dina basa India, ki pahang sok disebut ogé: ''poongam'', ''pungai'', ''karanj'', ''honge'', jeung réa-réa deui. == Ciri mandiri == [[file:Pongamia pinnata Blanco2.417.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Pelat botani numutkeun Blanco]] [[file:Pongam_pinnat_110716-15930_sntong.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Tumbuh di tepi pantai. Penutup tanah adalah [[katang-katang]] (''Ipomoea pes-caprae'')]] [[file:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) trunk in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6660.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Batang]] [[file :Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Tandan bunga]] [[file:Starr 080530-4646 Milletia pinnata.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Siki buah jeung cangkang]] [[Tangkal]] ukurannya sedeng, jangkung bisa nepi ka 25 [[meter|m]] sarta buleudan tangkalna 25 [[sentimeter|cm]].<ref name=argent/><ref name=whitmore>{{aut|Whitmore, TC.}} 1972. "Leguminosae". <u>In:</u> TC. Whitmore (Ed.) ''Tree Flora of Malaya'' vol. '''1''': 303. Kuala Lumpur :Longman.</ref> [[Daun]] ''majemuk'' ''nyirip'' gasal mibanda anak daun 5, panjang 15-30 cm. Anak daun ipis kawas kertas, wanguna rubak aya ogé anu lonyod, 8 × 5 cm, kalawan lk. 6 pasang tulang daun ''sekunder''; cupat daun pondok, semu buleud. [[Kembang]] di jero [[tandan]]; rantuy, panjang nepika 20 cm. Kuntum; Florét [[kembang]] panjang lk. 1 cm; kalawan kelopak ngawujud mangkok, kelir beureum jambu aya ogé anu beureum kolot; [[mahkota kembang]] aya anu beureum aya ogé anu bodas. Ki pahang bijil kembangna henteu aya usumna, atawa kembangan sapanjang taun. <ref name=giesen>{{aut|Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten}}. 2007. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> [[Buah]] lonyod melengkung katungtung, lk. 4-7 cm, gundul, kelir coklat ngora, ungal polong ; dieusianh siki hiji.<ref name=argent>{{aut|Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie}}. ''t.t.'' "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ==Tempat asal== Ki pahang ditaksir kawasna asli ti [[Asia]] daratan, tuluy nyebar ka daérah [[tropika]] jeung [[subtropika]] di [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Burma]], sarta [[Thailand]]; di sapajang [[susukan]] jeung basisir.<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name="Winrock"/> Nya tidieu pisan, ki pahang tuluy waé nyebar ka nagara-[[nagara]] sabudeureun malahan aya anu nepika jauh ti tempat asalna, saperti aya di :[[Pakistan]], [[Srilanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Filipina]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Australia]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]], [[Fiji]], [[Kepulauan Solomon]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sudan]], jeung [[Mesir]].<ref name=WorldAgro/> Di [[Nusantara]], ki pahang ilaharna kapanggih hirup di [[leuweung]] nu perenahna di sisi [[basisir]] kalawan [[taneuh]] na taringul ku karang,<ref name=whitmore/> ogé katempo hirup deukeut jeung [[leuweung]] [[babakoan]] palebah taneuh nu garingna.<ref name=giesen/>. Aya hiji [[varietas]], tayalian var. ''xerocarpa'' (Prain) Thoth., nyebar lewih jauh ti basisir, di sabudeureun sisi susukan. [[Varietas]] ieu dibédakeun alatan mibanda daun 3 pasang + salambar anak daun; wujudna lambaran anu mencos.<ref name=argent/><ref name=whitmore/> == Mangpaat jeung kagunaan == [[Kulit]] tangkal ki pahang bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun ngubaran nyeri alatan dipatil lauk, dicong-cong [[gegeremet]], jeung sajabana. Kulit tangkalna digodog bareng jeung [[kacang héjo]], [[Bawang bodas]], [[mesoyi]] tambah [[cengkéh]], dipaké ku urang [[Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur|Seram wetan]] jeung [[Kepulauan Banda|Banda]] ngubaran kasakit [[beri-beri]].<ref name=rumpf>{{aut|[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]]}} 1743. ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183,] [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref>. Kulit berbau tak enak ini di [[Grajagan, Purwoharjo, Banyuwangi|Grajagan]], [[Banyuwangi]], dipakai untuk mengatasi [[kudis]].<ref name=KV>{{aut|[[Sijfert Hendrik Koorders|Koorders, SH.]] & Th. Valeton}}. 1895. ''Bijdrage tot de kennis der Boomsorten op Java.'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/181291#page/201/mode/1up no. '''2''': 93.] Meded. uit 's Lands Plantentuin no. XIV. Batavia: G. Kollf & co. (sebagai ''Pongamia glabra''.)</ref> Siki buah ki pahang matak weureu; ngandung racun, nya sok dipaké pikeun ngaracun lauk .<ref name=KV/> Minyak tina sikina bisa dipakai pikeun ngubaran penyakit kulit, minyak lampu, bahan pikeun nyieun [[sabun]], malahan kiwari geus mimiti dimangpaatekun pikeun bahan [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{aut|Duke, JA.}} 1983. ''Handbook of Energy Crops'': [https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]</ref><ref>{{aut|Sangwan, S., DV.Rao & RA. Sharma}}. 2010. "A review on ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre: a great versatile leguminous plant". [http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/ns0811/19_3880ns0811_130_139.pdf ''Nature and Science'' '''8'''(11): 130-9.]</ref> Ki pahang ogé ngahaja dipelak dimangpaatekun pikeun pangiuh-iuh jalan, wates susukan [[irigasi]], pepelakan hias, panahan [[angin]], sarta nyuburkeun taneuh.<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.PDF |title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji |author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref><ref name="Winrock">Winrock FactSheet: [http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html ''Pongamia pinnata'' - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref>[[Kai]] tangkal ki pahang kawilang alus tur kuat bisa dimangpaat keun pikeun rupa-rupa kabutuhan kayaning: [[lomari]], korsi, [[pakakas]] tatanén, [[aseuk]], pager, gagang [[parabot]], jeung sajabana. <ref name=WorldAgro/> Malahan ku kandungan kalori anu luhur (4600 kkal) unggal kilona alus dimangpaatekun pikeu suluh.<ref name="Winrock"/> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2|45em}} == Pranala luar == {{wikispecies|Pongamia pinnata}} {{Commons category|Pongamia pinnata}} * Plant Illustrations: [http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=830275 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (gambar-gambar ilustrasi) * Prohati: [http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=200 ''Millettia pinnata'' (L.) G. Panigrahi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082432/http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=200 |date=2015-09-24 }} * [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QTIKqw5aNGIC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false Malapari (''Pongamia pinnata''/''glabra'', ''Derris indica'')] dalam {{aut|Prihandana, R. & R. Hendroko}}. 2008. ''Energi hijau: pilihan bijak menuju negeri mandiri energi''. Jakarta :Penebar Swadaya. * [http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/derrisindica.php Pongamia Pinnata: The Prospects For Profitable Sustainability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617034425/http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/derrisindica.php |date=2017-06-17 }} * [http://beahrselp.berkeley.edu/reports/03indiaprop.html The Rural Oil Well] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623093752/http://beahrselp.berkeley.edu/reports/03indiaprop.html |date=2010-06-23 }} * [http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/pdf/SeedsofHope.pdf '''Seeds of Hope'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151654/http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/pdf/SeedsofHope.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00119.x|title=A host list for Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia|year=1999|last1=Lambkin|first1=Trevor A|journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|volume=38|issue=4|page=373}} * [http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html First commercial research program for Pongamia in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20120904030343/www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html |date=2012-09-04 }} * [http://www.millettiaplantations.com Information on Millettia pinnata (pongamia) as a biofuel crop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215637/http://www.millettiaplantations.com/ |date=2014-12-27 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori: Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori: Ubar]] [[Kategori: Tutuwuhan Ubar]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan]] b2mo0v0k627hmhs7l0axls3krj8z9pn 0 101987 707751 613304 2026-04-03T05:13:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707751 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image= File:IJN DD Kuroshio 1938 launching.jpg |Ship caption= ''Kuroshio'' diluncurkeun dina Oktober 1938. }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}} |Ship name= ''Kuroshio'' |Ship namesake= [[Arus Kuroshio]] |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] |Ship laid down= 31 Agustus 1937 |Ship launched= 28 Oktober 1938 |Ship completed= 1 Januari 1940 |Ship commissioned= |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= 23 Juni 1943 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= Tilelep dina 8 Méi 1943 |Ship status= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= {{sclass-|Kagerō|Kapal pangancur}} |Ship displacement= {{convert|2033|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (standar) |Ship length= {{convert|118,5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|10,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship draft= {{convert|3,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*3 × Panggolak Kampon *2 × Turbin Kampon *2 × Aci |Ship power={{convert|52000|shp|MW|0|abbr=on}} |Ship speed= {{convert|35,5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|5000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} dina {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship complement=239 kru |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*(1939) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *2 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero *2 × Paravan *(1943) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *8 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} {{nihongo|'''''Kuroshio'''''|黒潮|Angin pasang hideung}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Nelson| first = Andrew N. | year = 1967 | title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary | publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7}}</ref> mangrupikeun [[kapal]] katilu tina 19 [[pangancur kelas Kagerō]] anu diwangun pikeun Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang di akhir taun 1930-an dina Program Maru San Keikaku. == Latar == Pangancur kelas Kagerō sacara lahiriah ampir identik sareng kelas Asashio samemehna, kalayan paningkatan anu dilakukeun ku arsiték angkatan sagara Jepang pikeun ningkatkeun stabilitas serta ngamangpaatkeun kalungguhan téknologi [[torpédo]] Jepang. Kapal-kapal kelas Kagerō dirarancang pikeun ngiringan kakuatan narajang utama Jepang dina siang jeung wengi ngalawan Angkatan Sagara Amérika Serikat nalika maju ngalangkungan [[Samudra Pasifik]], numutkeun proyéksi strategis angkatan sagara Jepang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Evans | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}</ref> Sanaos mangrupikeun salah sahiji kelas kapal pangancur paling kuat di dunya nalika réngsé, ngan hiji anu salamet tina [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title = IJN Kagero class destroyers}}</ref> ''Kuroshio'' diwangun [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] di Osaka dina 31 Agustus 1937 jeung diluncurkeun dina 25 Oktober 1938. Kapal ieu ditugaskeun dina 27 Januari 1940<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | title= Kagero class 1st class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2011-06-14 | archive-url= https://archive.is/20120721073917/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-21 | url-status= dead }}</ref> sareng diparéntah ku Létnan Kolonél Jiro Okamoto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072077600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072077600&IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD&|title=１月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Karier== Salila Perang Dunya II, ''Kuroshio'' parantos kalibet dina perang/operasi ieu:<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kurosh_t.htm | title= IJN ''Kuroshio'': Tabular Record of Movement |author= Allyn D. Nevitt |year= 1998 |publisher= combinedfleet.com }}</ref> * [[Merangan Pearl Harbour]] * [[Kampanye Hindia Walanda]] * [[Perang Midway]] * [[Merangan Samudra Hindia]] * [[Perang Kapuloan Santa Cruz]] * [[Perang Tassafaronga]] Dina wengi 7–8 Méi 1943, ''Kuroshio'' kakeunaan [[ranjau sagara]] nalika ngantunkeun [[Vila, Pulo Solomon|Vila]] ({{coord|08|08|S|156|55|E| display=inline,title}}) jeung tilelep sareng korban 83 urang. Kapal éta dikaluarkeun tina [[daptar angkatan sagara]] dina 20 Juni 1943.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar kapal Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == *{{en}} [http://www.combinedfleet.com/kagero_c.htm CombinedFleet.com: Kapal pangancur kelas ''Kagero''] {{kapal pangancur kelas Kagerō}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuroshio}} [[kategori:kapal taun 1938]] on2uap7xcv5tb28vj46yzy8ch1trevh 0 102022 707750 613328 2026-04-03T05:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707750 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}} |Ship name= ''Kagerō'' |Ship namesake= |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= [[Arsenal Angkatan Sagara Maizuru]] |Ship laid down= 3 Séptémber 1937 |Ship launched= 27 Séptémber 1938 |Ship completed= 6 Nopémber 1939 |Ship commissioned= 6 Nopémber 1939 |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= 20 Juni 1943 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= Tilelep dina 8 Méi 1943 |Ship status= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= {{sclass-|Kagerō|Kapal pangancur}} |Ship displacement= {{convert|2033|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (standar) |Ship length= {{convert|118,5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|10,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship draft= {{convert|3,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*3 × Panggolak Kampon *2 × Turbin Kampon *2 × Aci |Ship power={{convert|52000|shp|MW|0|abbr=on}} |Ship speed= {{convert|35,5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|5000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} dina {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship complement=239 kru |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*(1939) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *2 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero *2 × Paravan *(1943) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *8 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} {{nihongo|'''''Kagerō'''''|陽炎|Halimun}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Nelson| first = Andrew N. | year = 1967 | title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary | publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7}}</ref> mangrupikeun [[kapal]] kahiji tina 19 [[pangancur kelas Kagerō]] anu diwangun pikeun Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang di akhir taun 1930-an dina Program Maru San Keikaku. == Latar == Pangancur kelas Kagerō sacara lahiriah ampir identik sareng kelas Asashio samemehna, kalayan paningkatan anu dilakukeun ku arsiték angkatan sagara Jepang pikeun ningkatkeun stabilitas serta ngamangpaatkeun kalungguhan téknologi [[torpédo]] Jepang. Kapal-kapal kelas Kagerō dirarancang pikeun ngiringan kakuatan narajang utama Jepang dina siang jeung wengi ngalawan Angkatan Sagara Amérika Serikat nalika maju ngalangkungan [[Samudra Pasifik]], numutkeun proyéksi strategis angkatan sagara Jepang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Evans | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}</ref> Sanaos mangrupikeun salah sahiji kelas kapal pangancur paling kuat di dunya nalika réngsé, ngan hiji anu salamet tina [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title = IJN Kagero class destroyers}}</ref> ''Kagerō'' diwangun [[Arsenal Angkatan Sagara Maizuru]] dina 3 Séptémber 1937 jeung diluncurkeun dina 27 Séptémber 1938. Kapal ieu ditugaskeun dina 6 Nopémber 1939<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | title= Kagero class 1st class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2011-06-14 | archive-url= https://archive.is/20120721073917/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-21 | url-status= dead }}</ref> sareng diparéntah ku Létnan Kolonél Iwata Yamamoto<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072076200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072076200&IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD&|title=８月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Karier== Salila Perang Dunya II, ''Kagerō'' parantos kalibet dina perang/operasi ieu:<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kagero_t.htm | title= IJN ''Kagerō'': Tabular Record of Movement |author= Allyn D. Nevitt |year= 1998 |publisher= combinedfleet.com }}</ref> * [[Merangan Pearl Harbour]] * [[Perang Midway]] * [[Tokyo Éksprés]] * [[Perang Kapuloan Solomon Wétan]] * [[Perang Sagara Guadalkanal]] * [[Perang Kapuloan Santa Cruz]] * [[Perang Tassafaronga]] Dina 7 Méi 1943, ''Kagerō'' kakeunaan [[ranjau sagara]] nalika ngantunkeun Vila, satuluyna diserang [[kapal udara]] Sekutu di [[Rendova]] ({{coord|08|08|S|156|55|E |type:event_region:SB-WE_dim:300km |display=inline,title}}) jeung tilelep sareng korban 54 urang (18 pupus & 36 cilaka). Kapal éta dikaluarkeun tina [[daptar angkatan sagara]] dina 20 Juni 1943.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar kapal Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == *{{en}} [http://www.combinedfleet.com/kagero_c.htm CombinedFleet.com: Kapal pangancur kelas ''Kagero''] {{kapal pangancur kelas Kagerō}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kagerō}} [[Kategori:Kapal taun 1938]] hhw6e3ybc3idwr4fo32xzozpuz7x8ml 0 102049 707752 613372 2026-04-03T05:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707752 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}} |Ship name= ''Natsushio'' |Ship namesake= |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] |Ship laid down= 9 Désémber 1937 |Ship launched= 23 Fébruari 1939 |Ship completed= 31 Agustus 1940 |Ship commissioned= |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= 28 Fébruari 1942 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= Tilelep dina 9 Fébruari 1942 |Ship status= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= {{sclass-|Kagerō|Kapal pangancur}} |Ship displacement= {{convert|2033|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (standar) |Ship length= {{convert|118,5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|10,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship draft= {{convert|3,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*3 × Panggolak Kampon *2 × Turbin Kampon *2 × Aci |Ship power={{convert|52000|shp|MW|0|abbr=on}} |Ship speed= {{convert|35,5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|5000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} dina {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship complement=239 kru |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*(1939) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *2 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero *2 × Paravan *(1943) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *8 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} {{nihongo|'''''Natsushio'''''|夏潮|Pasang di usum panas}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Nelson| first = Andrew N. | year = 1967 | title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary | publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7}}</ref> mangrupikeun [[kapal]] kagenep tina 19 [[pangancur kelas Kagerō]] anu diwangun pikeun Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang di akhir taun 1930-an dina Program Maru San Keikaku. == Latar == Pangancur kelas Kagerō sacara lahiriah ampir identik sareng kelas Asashio samemehna, kalayan paningkatan anu dilakukeun ku arsiték angkatan sagara Jepang pikeun ningkatkeun stabilitas serta ngamangpaatkeun kalungguhan téknologi [[torpédo]] Jepang. Kapal-kapal kelas Kagerō dirarancang pikeun ngiringan kakuatan narajang utama Jepang dina siang jeung wengi ngalawan Angkatan Sagara Amérika Serikat nalika maju ngalangkungan [[Samudra Pasifik]], numutkeun proyéksi strategis angkatan sagara Jepang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Evans | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}</ref> Sanaos mangrupikeun salah sahiji kelas kapal pangancur paling kuat di dunya nalika réngsé, ngan hiji anu salamet tina [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title = IJN Kagero class destroyers}}</ref> ''Natsushio'' diwangun [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] dina 9 Désémber 1937 jeung diluncurkeun dina 23 Fébruari 1939. Kapal ieu ditugaskeun dina 31 Agustus 1940<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | title= Kagero class 1st class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2011-06-14 | archive-url= https://archive.is/20120721073917/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-21 | url-status= dead }}</ref> sareng diparéntah ku Létnan Kolonél Kanetomo Nomaguchi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072078800?IS_KEY_S1=C13072078800&IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD&|title=９月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Karier== Salila Perang Dunya II, ''Natsushio'' parantos kalibet dina perang/operasi ieu:<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/natsus_t.htm | title= IJN ''Natsushio'': Tabular Record of Movement |author= Allyn D. Nevitt |year= 1998 |publisher= combinedfleet.com }}</ref> * [[Merangan Pearl Harbor]] * [[Kampanye Filipina (1941-1942)]] * [[Kampanye Hindia Walanda]] Dina 24 Nopémber 1942, ''Natsushio'' kakeunaan merangan kapal silem milik [[Angkatan Sagara Amérika Serikat]] {{USS|S-37|SS-142|6}}. Kapal éta ditorpédo jeung tilelep sareng korban 10 urang di {{Convert|22|mi|km}} kidul Makassar ({{Coord|05|10|S|119|24|E}}). ''Natsushio'' dikaluarkeun tina [[daptar angkatan sagara]] dina 28 Fébruari 1942.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar kapal Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == *{{en}} [http://www.combinedfleet.com/kagero_c.htm CombinedFleet.com: Kapal pangancur kelas ''Kagero''] {{kapal pangancur kelas Kagerō}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Natsushio}} [[Kategori:Kapal taun 1939]] ojhcs0u0hdkvpol90o4nf1xv94dn77r 0 102098 707753 613567 2026-04-03T05:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707753 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image= File:Japanese_destroyer_Tanikaze_at_anchor_in_April_1941.jpg |Ship caption= Kapal ''Tanikaze'' taun 1941 }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}} |Ship name= ''Tanikaze'' |Ship namesake= |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] |Ship laid down= 18 Oktober 1939 |Ship launched= 1 Novémber 1940 |Ship completed= 25 April 1941 |Ship commissioned= 25 April 1941 |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= 10 Agustus 1944 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= Tilelep dina 24 Nopémber 1942 |Ship status= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= {{sclass-|Kagerō|Kapal pangancur}} |Ship displacement= {{convert|2033|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (standar) |Ship length= {{convert|118,5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|10,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship draft= {{convert|3,8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*3 × Panggolak Kampon *2 × Turbin Kampon *2 × Aci |Ship power={{convert|52000|shp|MW|0|abbr=on}} |Ship speed= {{convert|35,5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|5000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} dina {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship complement=239 kru |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*(1939) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *2 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero *2 × Paravan *(1943) *6 × Meriam tujuan ganda Tipe 3 kaliber 12,7 cm/50 *8 × Senapan anti-pesawat Tipe 96 kaliber 25 mm *8 × Tuba torpédo {{convert|610|mm|0|abbr=on}} *18 x Bom jero |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} {{nihongo|'''''Tanikaze'''''|谷風|Angin lebak}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Nelson| first = Andrew N. | year = 1967 | title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary | publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7}}</ref> mangrupikeun [[kapal]] kasalapan tina 19 [[pangancur kelas Kagerō]] anu diwangun pikeun Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang di akhir taun 1930-an dina Program Maru San Keikaku. == Latar == Pangancur kelas Kagerō sacara lahiriah ampir identik sareng kelas Asashio samemehna, kalayan paningkatan anu dilakukeun ku arsiték angkatan sagara Jepang pikeun ningkatkeun stabilitas serta ngamangpaatkeun kalungguhan téknologi [[torpédo]] Jepang. Kapal-kapal kelas Kagerō dirarancang pikeun ngiringan kakuatan narajang utama Jepang dina siang jeung wengi ngalawan Angkatan Sagara Amérika Serikat nalika maju ngalangkungan [[Samudra Pasifik]], numutkeun proyéksi strategis angkatan sagara Jepang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Evans | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}</ref> Sanaos mangrupikeun salah sahiji kelas kapal pangancur paling kuat di dunya nalika réngsé, ngan hiji anu salamet tina [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title = IJN Kagero class destroyers}}</ref> ''Tanikaze'' diwangun [[Galangan Kapal Fujinagata]] dina 18 Oktober 1939 jeung diluncurkeun dina 1 Novémber 1940. Kapal ieu ditugaskeun dina 25 April 1941<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | title= Kagero class 1st class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2011-06-14 | archive-url= https://archive.is/20120721073917/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0428.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-21 | url-status= dead }}</ref> sareng diparéntah ku Létnan Kolonél Kiichi Shintani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072080900?IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD&IS_KEY_S1=C13072080900&|title=４月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. ==Karier== Salila Perang Dunya II, ''Tanikaze'' parantos kalibet dina perang/operasi ieu:<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/tanika_t.htm | title= IJN ''Tanikaze'': Tabular Record of Movement |author= Allyn D. Nevitt |year= 1998 |publisher= combinedfleet.com }}</ref> * [[Merangan Pearl Harbor]] * [[Perang Midway]] * [[Merangan Samudra Hindia]] * [[Perang Kapuloan Santa Cruz]] * [[Perang Sagara Guadalkanal]] Dina 24 Nopémber 1942, ''Tanikaze'' kakeunaan merangan torpédo ti {{USS|Harder|SS-257|6}}. Kapal éta tilelep di [[Terusan Sibutu]], caket [[Tawi-Tawi]] ({{coord|05|42|N|120|41|E}}) sareng korban pupus 114 orang, jeung 126 orang salamet. ''Tanikaze'' dikaluarkeun tina [[daptar angkatan sagara]] dina 10 Agustus 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar kapal Angkatan Sagara Kakaisaran Jepang]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == *{{en}} [http://www.combinedfleet.com/kagero_c.htm CombinedFleet.com: Kapal pangancur kelas ''Kagero''] {{kapal pangancur kelas Kagerō}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanikaze}} [[Kategori:Kapal taun 1940]] befxi2cqzeorsip67nbr34tclkytg2z 0 103400 707739 690182 2026-04-02T23:49:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Iftar beguni.JPG|jmpl|ngajual buka puasa Bangladeshi di Chowkbazaar, Old Dhaka.]] '''Buka puasa''' nyaéta ngabatalkeun [[Puasa (Islam)|puasa]] anu dilaksanakeun ku muslim jeung muslimah saatos azan magrib dikumandangkeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6014350/hadits-buka-puasa-dan-yang-harus-dilakukan-muslim-saat-mendengar-azan|title=Hadits Buka Puasa dan yang Harus Dilakukan Muslim saat Mendengar Azan|last=Kristina|accessdate=24 April 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121417/https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6014350/hadits-buka-puasa-dan-yang-harus-dilakukan-muslim-saat-mendengar-azan |date=3 April 2022 }}</ref> Buka puasa (basa Arab: إفطار, diromanisasi: ''ifṭār'') nyaéta waktu umat Islam ngabatalkeun puasa dina bulan Ramadan nalika adzan Magrib.Buka puasa disebut ogé hidangan kadua dina poé; salila Ramadan, umat Islam ngamimitian puasa sanggeus dahar sahur di subuh, tuluy nahan diri nepi ka panonpoé tilelep, ditungtungan ku hidangan malem buka puasa. Taun 2023, UNESCO nambihan tradisi buka puasa kana daptar Warisan Budaya Teu Benda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Supardi|last2=Lubis|first2=Arina Luthfini|last3=Zaharafatimah|last4=Nasution|first4=Mohammad Nur Afriliandi|date=2023-07-25|title=Bakti Sosial Berbagi Paket Sembako Dan Buka Puasa Bersama Di Panti Asuhan Uswatun Hasanah Kota Batam|url=https://doi.org/10.59193/jkw.v1i2.174|journal=JURNAL KEKER WISATA|volume=1|issue=2|pages=146–152|doi=10.59193/jkw.v1i2.174|issn=2985-4466}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Lifestyle/unesco-adds-iftar-to-its-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/127091|title=UNESCO adds Iftar to its Intangible Cultural Heritage list|website=unb.com.bd|language=English|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref> Buka puasa mangrupakeun salah sahiji ibadah dina bulan Ramadan, sarta mindeng dilakukeun sacara komunal, dimana umat Islam ngariung pikeun buka bareng. Kadaharan biasana didahar pas adzan Magrib. Sacara tradisional, tilu kurma dipaké pikeun ngabatalkeun puasa, nurutan kabiasaan Nabi Muhammad SAW, sanajan éta henteu wajib. Umat Islam percaya yén méré kadaharan ka jalma anu keur buka puasa kaasup amal sadaqah atawa zakat, nu pahala na kacida gedéna, sarta hal ieu ogé kungsi dipigawé ku Nabi Muhammad SAW.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How to fast responsibly during Ramadan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/ramadan-2019-how-to-fast-islam-tips-advice-how-long-a8896546.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=2025-09-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/4/20/ramadan-2020-why-is-it-so-important-for-muslims|title=5 questions everyone asks about Ramadan|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How to fast responsibly during Ramadan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/ramadan-2019-how-to-fast-islam-tips-advice-how-long-a8896546.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=2025-09-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How to fast responsibly during Ramadan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/ramadan-2019-how-to-fast-islam-tips-advice-how-long-a8896546.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=2025-09-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sajarah buka puasa mibanda akar anu kuat dina tradisi Islam. Kabiasaan ieu geus dimimitian ti jaman Nabi Muhammad SAW abad ka-7, nalika manéhna ngabatalkeun puasana ku kadaharan basajan jeung cai, tuluy jadi tradisi anu diturutan ku umat Islam sakuliah dunya. Aspek kebersamaan dina buka puasa, nya éta nalika kadaharan dibagikeun ka batur, ngabantu nguatkeun solidaritas jeung hubungan sosial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-is-iftar|title=What is iftar? {{!}} Good Food|last=Brogy|first=Mars Elkins-El|website=www.bbcgoodfood.com|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/ruy/en/kuq/25554063.html|title=Ramadan’s communal iftars: the age-old tradition waning at home but finding new life in the West|website=www.goethe.de|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref> [[Gambar:Ramadan Dinner 2005-11-07.jpg|jmpl|Buka puasa]] Buka puasa tuluy mekar jadi tradisi sosio-kultural anu beunghar, utamana dina Mangsa Keemasan Islam, nalika jalma-jalma nu mampuh nyadiakeun hidangan anu mewah minangka wangun amal jeung pikeun ngaraketkeun persatuan umat Islam. Sanggeusna, kabiasaan ieu sumebar ka rupa-rupa nagara mayoritas Muslim. Contona nyaéta tradisi ngayakeun buka puasa di komplek makam Imam Reza di Iran nu geus lumangsung leuwih ti 332 taun, némbongkeun akar budaya anu jero tina tradisi ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/471962/Iftar-at-Imam-Reza-shrine-a-332-year-tradition|title=Iftar at Imam Reza shrine: a 332-year tradition|website=Tehran Times|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116213000/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/471962/Iftar-at-Imam-Reza-shrine-a-332-year-tradition |date=2025-11-16 }}</ref> Pikeun ngakuan pentingna, UNESCO netepkeun buka puasa minangka Warisan Budaya Teu Benda taun 2023, bari nengetan peranna dina ngaraketkeun hubungan kulawarga, nyorong amal, jeung ngajaga warisan budaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/iftar-eftari-iftar-iftor-and-its-socio-cultural-traditions-01984|title=Iftar/Eftari/Iftar/Iftor and its socio-cultural traditions - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/18.COM/8.B.19|title=Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 18.COM 8.B.19 - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-04}}</ref> [[Gambar:Iftar in Istanbul Turkey.jpg|jmpl|Buka puasa di Turki]] Nepika ayeuna, kabiasaan buka puasa béda-béda di unggal daérah jeung nagara, tapi tetep mibanda harti spiritual jeung komunal anu penting. Biasana puasa dibuka ku kurma jeung cai, tapi dahareun nu disajikeun gumantung kana budaya lokal. Di Asia Kidul, goréngan jadi pilihan nu populér; di Timur Tengah, jamuan badag ngagambarkeun kameumeuhan; sedengkeun di daérah nu iklimna tiis kawas Turki, sup haneut leuwih dipikaresep. Sanajan aya tantangan kawas kamiskinan atawa konflik di sababaraha tempat, buka puasa tetep jadi lambang syukur, renungan, jeung jalinan silaturahmi pikeun umat Islam di sakuliah dunya. == Tradisi buka puasa == Tradisi buka puasa babarengan geus aya di jaman Rasul. Utusan mualaf anu dongkap ti Thaif bade mukim sementawis di [[Madinah]], ku sabab éta Rasul jeung [[Bilal bin Rabah]] nyayogikeun kadaharan keur buka puasa jeung saur pikeun maranéhna. Tradisi ieu diteruskeun ku [[Umar bin Khattab]] dina taun 71 Hijriyah anu ngadirikeun Dar Ad Dhiyafah pikeun para tamu anu bade buka puasa. terus tradisi buka puasa dituluykeun ku umat nabi nu kasebar di negara-negara anu sanes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republika.co.id/berita/prfszd385/iftar-ramadhan-meja-makan-yang-disajikan-tuhan|title=Iftar Ramadhan: Meja Makan Yang Disajikan Tuhan|last=Subarkah|first=Muhammad|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> === Buka puasa di imah batur === Aya adabna upami buka puasa di imah batur saluyu jeung anu dicontohkeun ku Rasul nyaéta kedah ngadoakeun jalmi nu geus nyayogikeun [[kadaharan]]. Doana nyaéta “''Afthoro ‘indakumush shoo-imuuna wa akala tho’amakumul abroor wa shollat ‘alaikumul malaa-ikah (Para jalmi buka puasa di imah anjeun, jalmi bageur anu tos nampi kadaharan ti anjeun, ku sabab éta malaikat ngadoakeun anjeun supaya meunang rahmat ti Gusti Alloh). Doa éta aya dina'' Hadis Riwayat Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah, sareng Ahmad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/amalan-saat-berbuka-puasa-sesuai-hadis-sunnah-penambah-pahala-kln.html|title=Amalan saat Berbuka Puasa sesuai Hadis, Sunnah Penambah Pahala|last=Kurniawan|first=Andre|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> Upami buka puasa diniatkeun kanggo silaturahmi sareng jalmi nu sanes, maka aya kaberkahan anu ditarima sasarengan. Baginda Nabi nyandika "Kedahna anjeun tuang sareng jalmi nu sanes, teras ngucapkeun basmalah, ''Insya Allah'' anjeun meunang berkah ti Gusti Alloh. Hadis ieu aya dina Hadis Riwayat Abu Dawud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-6024691/begini-pandangan-islam-tentang-tradisi-buka-puasa-bersama|title=Begini Pandangan Islam tentang Tradisi Buka Puasa Bersama|last=Fitria|first=Riska|accessdate=24 April 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100751/https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-6024691/begini-pandangan-islam-tentang-tradisi-buka-puasa-bersama |date=10 April 2022 }}</ref> == Kadaharan karesep Rasul == Kadaharan anu dimaksud diantawisna nyaéta kurma, anggur, madu, susu, buah zaitun, buah delima, buah tin, sareng buah labu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/ramadan/read/4524885/arti-iftar-di-bulan-ramadan-ketahui-sunah-sesuai-tuntunan-nabi-muhammad-saw|title=Arti Iftar di Bulan Ramadan, Ketahui Sunah Sesuai Tuntunan Nabi Muhammad SAW|last=Sendari|first=Anugerah Ayu|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> == Prakték sunnah buka puasa == Prakték sunnah anu dijalankeun bakal ngadatangkeun berkah diantawisnya nu kahiji nyaéta ngagancangkeun buka puasa. [[Nabi Muhammad SAW|Nabi Muhammad]] nyandika dina Hadis Riwayat Bukhari nomer 1957 - Muslim nomer 1098 yén "Jalmi salawasna aya dina kebaikan salila anjeunna ngagancangkeun buka puasa." Nu kadua nyaéta dahar kurma, luyu jeung Hadis Riwayat Tirmidzi dan Abu Dawud yén "Upami bade buka puasa, kedahna tuang kurma ku sabab aya kaberkahan, upami teu aya kurma, cekap buka puasa sareng aer putih ku sabab beresih." Nu katilu nyaéeta ngadoa saméméhna buka puasa salaku anu dicontohkeun ku Rasul "''Dhahaba azh-zhama’u wabtallatil ‘uruqu wa tsabatal ajru insya Allah"'' (Abdi tos teu ngarasa haus ku sabab urat-urat tos baseuh, sareng pahala tos diputuskeun ku Gusti Alloh). Doa éta aya dina Hadis Riwayat Abu Daud nomer 2357. Prakték sunnah anu kaopat nyaéta ngadoa ka Gusti Alloh, ménta naon waé anu dipikahayang. Nabi nyandika dina Hadis Riwayat Tirmidzi, Ibnu Majah, sareng Ibnu Hibban yén "Aya tilu jalmi anu geus tangtu te ditolak doana nyaéta doana jalmi nu keur buka puasa, imam anu adil, sareng doana jalmi anu dizolimi ku jalmi lain."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kemenag.go.id/read/hikmah-sunnah-sahur-dan-berbuka-puasa-25qed|title=Sunnah Sahur dan Berbuka Puasa|last=Efendi|first=M. Arif|accessdate=24 April 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424133538/https://kemenag.go.id/read/hikmah-sunnah-sahur-dan-berbuka-puasa-25qed |date=24 April 2022 }}</ref> === Urutan buka puasa anu leres === Urutan nu kahiji nyaéta seueur ngadoa sateuacanna azan magrib dikumandangkeun, nu kadua nyaéta upami azan magrib tos kadangu, teras ngucapkeun basmalah jeung tuang kurma sareng nginum ar putih, nu katilu nyaéta maca doa anu bunyina "''Dhahaba azh-zhama’u wabtallatil ‘uruqu wa tsabatal ajru insya Allah"'' (Abdi geus teu ngarasa haus ku sabab urat-urat geus baseuh, jeung pahala geus diputuskeun ku Gusti Alloh), nu kaopat nyaéta dituluykeun dahar jeung nginum nu sanes, salian ti kurma jeung aer putih, nu kalima nyaéta loba ngucapkeun doa di antara azan jeung iqamah, terus nu kaenam nyaéta ngalaksanakeun salat magrib.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muslim.or.id/56520-sunnah-sunnah-ketika-berbuka-puasa.html|title=Sunnah-Sunnah Ketika Berbuka Puasa|last=Purnama|first=Yulian|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> === Nu dilarang waktos buka puasa === Salian ti nu geus disebut di luhur, aya larangan waktu buka puasa, salah sahiji nyaéta teu meunang loba dahar jeung nginum. Gusti Alloh geus berfirman dina Surat Al-Araf ayat 31.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suaramerdeka.com/religi/pr-043131802/berbuka-puasa-ada-adabnya-lho-perhatikan-6-anjuran-rasulullah-saw-ini?page=4|title=Berbuka Puasa Ada Adabnya Lho! Perhatikan 6 Anjuran Rasulullah SAW Ini|last=Primasiwi|first=Andika|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> == Di sakuliah dunya == === Afganistan === Di Apganistan, buka puasa biasana ngawengku kurma tradisional, shorwa (sup), kebab, du piyaza (daging direbus jeung saos bawang), manto (daging cincang jeung bumbu dibungkus ku adonan tipung), kabuli palaw (béas jeung lentil, kismis, wortel, jeung domba), shorm beray, bolani (roti datar digoréng atawa dipanggang eusian rupa-rupa). Jalma-jalma Afghan ogé boga rupa-rupa panganan amis jeung manisan. === Bangladés === Di Bangladés, rupa-rupa kadaharan disiapkeun pikeun buka puasa nalika Magrib. Kadaharan nu ilahar aya diantarana: piyaju (saperti falafel, tina lentil, bawang jeung cabe héjo), beguni (terong nu dicelupkeun kana adonan tipung terus digoréng), jilapi, muri, haleem, kurma, samosa, dal puri, chola, mughlai porota (porota eusian daging, endog jeung bumbu), rupa-rupa pitha, singara, ghugni, bundia, nimki, pakora, khaja, batasa, jeung buah-buahan saperti samangka jeung mangga. Biasana buka puasa diiluan ku inuman kawas lemon shorbot, yoghurt shorbot, borhani, atawa gurer shorbot. Jalma-jalma biasana buka puasa bareng kulawarga di imah, tapi ogé aya anu ngayakeun di masjid pikeun umum. === Brunei === Di Brunei Darussalam, buka puasa sok disebut '''sungkai'''. Kabiasaanana diayakeun di masjid désa atawa kampung, dimana masarakat kumpul pikeun buka bareng. Bedug atawa meriam biasana dipaké minangka tanda waktuna sungkai. Di kota Bandar Seri Begawan ogé aya tradisi nembakkeun meriam minangka isyarat. Sajaba ti éta, aya pasar Ramadan anu ngajual rupa-rupa kadaharan husus nu ngan aya dina bulan puasa. === India === Di India, Muslim biasana buka puasa bareng kulawarga jeung babaturan. Persiapan dimimitian sababaraha jam saméméhna, boh di imah boh di jalan. Biasana dimimitian ku kurma jeung cai, tuluy diteruskeun ku kadaharan beurat saperti samosa, haleem, bubur béas, nonbu kanji, bonda, bajji, vadai, surkumba (dahar tina susu), atawa buah seger. Di sababaraha daerah, aya panganan husus saperti haleem di Hyderabad atawa ganji di Andhra Pradesh. === Indonésia === Di Indonésia, buka puasa disebut ogé '''takjil'''. Pasar Ramadan ngajual rupa-rupa kadaharan, kayaning kurma, kolak, es buah, es campur, cendol, dawet, jeung sajabana. Buka puasa biasana dimimitian ku anu amis-amis, teras ditandaan ku sora bedug di masjid. Lajeng, jalma-jalma solat Magrib heula tuluy diteruskeun ku Isya jeung Tarawih. === Iran === Di Iran, buka puasa biasana dilakukeun di kulawarga. Hidangan awalna leutik saperti chai (teh), kurma, halva, manisan, roti lavash atawa barbari, sarta paneer jeung sayuran seger. Sanggeus éta dilajengkeun ku hidangan utama khas Persia. Di kota Mashhad, kuil Imam Reza unggal taun ngayakeun salah sahiji buka puasa panggedéna, nu diiluan ku rébuan urang. === Malaysia === Di Malaysia, buka puasa disebut '''berbuka puasa'''. Biasana dimimitian ku kurma. Rupa-rupa panganan dijual di bazaar Ramadan, kayaning nasi lemak, laksa, satay, popiah, jus tebu, jeung inuman bandung. Masjid biasana nyayogikeun bubur lambok pikeun jamaah. Sanggeus tarawih, aya tradisi '''moreh''', nya éta ngariung bareng ngadahar panganan hampang jeung inuman panas. === Maladéwa === Di Maladéwa, buka puasa disebut '''roadha villun'''. Biasana dimimitian ku kurma jeung cai. Masjid sok nyayogikeun kurma jeung jus gratis pikeun jamaah. Di imah, aya rupa-rupa inuman buah, boakiba (puding amis), jeung hedhika (jajanan asin tina lauk atawa kari). === Maroko === Di Maroko, panganan buka puasa tradisional nyaéta kurma, harira (sup kacang jeung tomat), sfouf, jeung chebakia (manisan goréng dilapis madu). === Nigeria === Di Nigeria, buka puasa disebut '''buda-baki''' (Hausa) atawa '''isinu''' (Yoruba). Panganan nu sok aya diantarana béas jollof, suya, akara, dabino, jeung rupa-rupa kadaharan lokal séjénna. === Pakistan === Di Pakistan, persiapan buka puasa dimimitian ti beurang. Biasana ku kurma jeung cai, teras panganan beurat saperti samosa, pakora, jalebi, salad buah, chana chaat, jeung gulungan hayam. Sanggeus buka, loba jalma langsung ka masjid pikeun tarawih. Ramadan ogé ditandaan ku acara amal jeung sedekah. === Rusia === Di Rusia, umat Islam di daerah mayoritas Muslim saperti Dagestan, Chechnya, jeung Tatarstan biasa ngariung di masjid pikeun buka puasa. Kadaharan nu sok aya nyaéta kurma, sup, roti, jeung panganan lokal saperti beshbarmaq jeung kurze. === Singapura === Di Singapura, buka puasa ogé disebut '''buka puasa'''. Biasana ku kurma jeung inuman amis saperti bandung, chendol, jeung sirup. Rupa-rupa panganan bisa kapanggih di bazaar Ramadan di Bugis, Kampong Glam, Geylang, jeung tempat lianna. === Sri Lanka === Di Sri Lanka, Muslim biasa nyiapkeun jajanan husus saperti samosa, cutlets, kanjee, jeung falooda. Biasana buka puasa ku kurma jeung cai, tuluy diteruskeun ku hidangan séjén. Masarakat ogé resep ngabagi kadaharan ka nu miskin. === Siria === Di Siria, buka puasa biasana ku kurma jeung cai. Kadaharan khasna nyaéta burak (pastry eusian daging atawa kéju), fattoush, tabbouleh, sarta manisan saperti awamat, knafeh, jeung baklava. Jus tamarind ogé populér. === Taiwan === Di Taiwan, jumlah Muslim saeutik, tapi salila Ramadan masjid-masjid jadi rame. Jalma biasana buka ku kurma jeung cai, tuluy solat tarawih. === Trinidad jeung Tobago === Di Trinidad jeung Tobago, Muslim biasa buka di masjid. Kadaharan nu sok aya ngagambarkeun campuran budaya, kayaning kari hayam, bebek, roti, kari channa, kentang, sarta kadang-kadang macaroni pie. === Turki === Di Turki, Ramadan dirayakeun rame pisan. Buka puasa biasana dimimitian ku iftariye (appetizer), nu eusina kurma, zaitun, kéju, sujuk, jeung roti Ramadan. Hidangan utama macem-macem panganan Turki, sarta dessert khasna nyaéta güllaç. Di Istanbul, Sultanahmet Square sok rame ku kagiatan Ramadan. Aya ogé tradisi nembakkeun meriam minangka tanda buka. === Ukraina === Di Ukraina, taun 2023 présidén resmi ngamimitian tradisi buka puasa pikeun ngahargaan komunitas Tatar Krimea anu Muslim. === Amérika Sarikat jeung Kanada === Di AS jeung Kanada, buka puasa sok dilakukeun di masjid jeung pusat komunitas. Di White House, tradisi buka puasa resmi dimimitian taun 1996 ku Hillary Clinton. Di Kanada, taun 2015 Perdana Menteri Stephen Harper ngajak pamimpin Muslim pikeun buka puasa di kediamanna. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Puasa]] [[Kategori:Ramadan]] 8mah1jvqoa8v09l99ijow9p1luzw6g5 3 103458 707729 623515 2026-04-02T19:42:50Z Leaderbot 32474 /* Hak ipblock-exempt anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa */ bagean anyar 707729 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; padding:0em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;background-color:#FFF;"> <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; background-color:#438EDF;border-radius: 0.2em;">Nyangkem Wikipédia</p> * [[Pamaké:Jimbo Wales/Kedalan prinsip dadasar Wikipédia|Kedalan pangadeg]] * [[Wikipedia:Ngeunaan|Dadaran singget Wikipédia]] * [[Pitulung:Eusi|Pituduh lengkep]] <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#E47B10;border-radius: 0.2em;">Jadi Éditor</p> * [[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun artikel|Ngamimitian nyieun artikel]] * [[Wikipedia:Pitulung|Pitulung]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Artikel munggaran Anjeun|Artikel munggaran Anjeun]] * [[Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan|Cutat rujukan]] ku cara [[Wikipedia:Nyutat Wikipédia|Nyutat Wikipédia]] * [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala (wangkongan)]] <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#4DB93A;border-radius: 0.2em;">Kaca Pamaké Anjeun</p> * [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|Kaca pamaké anjeun]] <small>([[Wikipedia:Pituduh (kaca pamake)|pitulung]])</small> * [[Wikipedia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]] <!--<small>([[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun kotrétan|pitulung]])</small>--> <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#A972D8;border-radius: 0.2em;">Panglawungan</p> * [[Portal:Panglawungan|Kaca utama panglawungan]]<!-- * [[Portal:Kagiatan panglawungan|Sarupaning kagiatan panglawungan]] * [[Portal:Proyèk panglawungan|Sarupaning proyèk panglawungan]]--> </div> <big><big>Wilujeng sumping di Wikipédia, {{PAGENAME}}!</big></big><hr /> Sampurasun, simkuring baris nyamat anjeun minangka Wikipédiawan. Wikipédia mangrupa énsiklopédi bébas anu digarap réréongan, terus-tumerus diwangun ku sadaya pamaké. Wikipèdia basa Sunda kiwari kakarék {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&nbsp;artikel. Sakabéh artikel di Wikipédia basa Sunda ditulis tur dimumulé ku para rélawan siga anjeun. Mangga lakonan lèngkah munggaran anjeun ku sawatara pituduh anu aya di lebah katuhu, atawa nulis di kaca [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]. Wikipédia neueul kana sawatara prinsip dasar anu dipihormat ku sakumna: # énsiklopedis tur anteb (ngandelkeun sumber anu sohéh) # jihat sawangan nétral (teu ngandung unsur promosi) # watekna nembrak sarta mihormat hak cipta (teu asal nyalin atawa plagiat) # étika (lumuhung kana kasopanan tur konsénsus) # bébas pikeun ngarobah (nyimpen sakabéh jujutan) Hayu urang ngaronjatkeun Wikipédia basa Sunda sangkan leuwih hadé, kontribusi anjeun diantos pisan. Mugia anjeun sugema boh macana boh nulisna di Wikipédia. Wilujeng ngontribusi! <div style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tw Cen MT; letter-spacing: 0px;">Pikeun nanda tangan obrolan, dina panungtung obrolan anjeun ketikeun '''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>''' (opat kali tanda gelombang/tilde).</div><div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Segoe Script; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align:right;">[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|don't speak Sundanese?]]</div><hr style="width:65%; height:18px; background-color:#2EFEF7; color:#444; margin-top:-46px;" ><br/> [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 14 Méi 2022 11.45 (UTC) == WikiTeroka 3.0 == Sampurasun, Téh Syahira! Tepangkeun wasta pun Uzi, salaku panitia WikiTeroka 3.0 Basa Sunda. Sim kuring parantos marios tulisan anjeun dina artikel [[COVID-19]]. Salami ieu parantos saé, mung kedah ditambihan deui perkawis [[wikipedia:Wikifikasi|Wikifikasi]] sareng nambihan curek dina hurup 'é' taling. Upami anjeun teu tiasa nampilkeun hurup éta, mangga klik tapal kuda/karakter husus teras pilarian hurup "é". 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Upami IP anjeun masih diblokir (anu anjeun tiasa nguji ku nyobian ngédit nalika kaluar), mangga ngapdét ku nuturkeun petunjuk dina halaman IPBE; disebutkeun, anjeun teu perlu ngalakukeun nanaon. <small>{{abu|Pikeun milih kaluar tina béwara béakna hak pamaké, tambahkeun diri anjeun ka [[m:Global reminder bot/Exclusion]].}}</small> [[Pamaké:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Leaderbot|sawala]]) 2 April 2026 19.42 (UTC) 7960jbtpvx1urrqdmitnsvls9asjuu4 0 108045 707755 707160 2026-04-03T06:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Konflik Sukahaji''' nyaéta pacéngkadan lahan anu lumangsung antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji, Babakan Ciparay, Kota Bandung]], jeung pengusaha Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar. Pacéngkadan ieu dimimitian ti taun 2009, anu tuluy beuki parah dipicu ku intimidasi jeung kekerasan ti aparat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/,%20https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/|title=Sukahaji Melawan: Intimidasi Setan Tanah Menghantui Kehidupan Warga - Pena Budaya|last=Ramadhan|first=Salma Aulia|language=indonesia|accessdate=2026-03-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 9 April 2025 tengah peuting, kahuruan narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu ngeunaan kana leuwih ti 40 kios jeung imah warga. Kahuruan ieu lain kasus kahuruan mimiti anu narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/ckg7jly0gn8o|title=Konflik lahan Bandung: Kisah warga kampung di Kota Bandung yang melawan penggusuran|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Konflik [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] dimimitian ti taun 2009, nalika Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar ngajukeun klaim kapimilik lahan anu ditempatan ku kios kai jeung padumukan warga. Pihak perusahaan ngaku yén miboga 82 sertifikat tanah, sanajan ngan bisa némbongkeun 11 hasil potokopianna. Patemon anu diayakeun taun 2013 antara warga, perusahaan, kecamatan, jeung [[Badan Pertanahan Nasional|Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN)]] teu méré hasil nu jelas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fakta-fakta Serangan ke Warga Sukahaji|url=https://magdalene.co/story/memahami-rentetan-terjadi-di-sukahaji/|newspaper=Magdalene.co|date=2025-12-05|access-date=2026-03-23|language=indonesia|first=Ahmad|last=Khudori}}</ref> == Rujukan == eh3kj5dh8xmj9i4b1rpdd3oc8tgw58s 0 108126 707732 707492 2026-04-02T21:05:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707732 wikitext text/x-wiki Kriket mangrupikeun salah sahiji olahraga anu paling populér di dunya, khususna di Asia Kidul, Inggris, sareng Australia <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket|title=Cricket – Ashes, Test, T20 & ODI news, scores & results|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-27}}</ref>. Dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir, kriket awéwé parantos ningali kamekaran anu signifikan, boh dina hal kualitas maén sareng perhatian global <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/|title=Home|last=icc|website=icc|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-27}}</ref>. Salah sahiji acara anu paling bergengsi dina kriket awéwé nyaéta Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé, anu diayakeun ku Déwan Kriket Internasional (ICC) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-08|title=Women's Cricket World Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=1342308387|language=en}}</ref>. Turnamén ieu janten platform utama pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun nunjukkeun kamampuan pangsaéna di tingkat internasional <ref name=":1" />. Dina taun 2025, turnamén ieu uih deui dina skala anu langkung ageung sareng kalayan perhatian global anu ningkat <ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé == Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1973, bahkan sateuacan turnamén lalaki<ref name=":2" />. Turnamén ieu janten simbol penting dina perjuangan pikeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga<ref name=":0" />. Kana waktu, kualitas kaulinan ningkat sareng langkung seueur nagara anu ilubiung<ref name=":1" />. == Turnamén 2025 == Édisi 2025 bakal diayakeun di India salaku tuan rumah utama<ref name=":1" />. India dipilih kusabab basis penggemar kriket anu ageung sareng infrastruktur anu nyukupan<ref name=":2" />. Pertandingan bakal dilaksanakeun di kota-kota ageung sapertos Mumbai, Delhi, sareng Bengaluru<ref name=":0" />. Stadion-stadion ieu nyumponan standar internasional pikeun ngayakeun turnamén utama<ref name=":1" />. == Format Kompetisi == Turnamén ieu bakal nampilkeun dalapan dugi ka sapuluh tim pangsaéna di dunya<ref name=":1" />. Format anu dianggo nyaéta format round-robin, kalayan unggal tim maén ngalawan silih<ref name=":2" />. Opat tim luhur bakal maju ka semifinal teras final pikeun nangtukeun juara<ref name=":0" />. == Tim Anu Ngiluan == Sababaraha tim top dina turnamén ieu kalebet:<ref name=":1" /> * Tim kriket nasional awéwé Australia * Tim kriket awéwé Inggris * Tim kriket nasional awéwé India * Tim kriket nasional awéwé Afrika Kidul Tim-tim ieu gaduh sajarah anu kuat sareng sering janten pesaing gelar<ref name=":1" />. == Pamaén Béntang == Turnamén ieu ogé nampilkeun pamaén top dunya sapertos:<ref name=":0" /> * Meg Lanning * Smriti Mandhana * Nat Sciver-Brunt Ayana aranjeunna ningkatkeun kualitas kaulinan sareng narik perhatian global<ref name=":0" />. == Téhnologi dina Turnamén == Pamakéan téknologi sapertos Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS) ngabantosan ningkatkeun kaadilan pertandingan <ref name=":1" />.Salajengna, analisis data dianggo pikeun ningkatkeun strategi tim<ref name=":2" />. Téhnologi maénkeun peran penting dina ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan. Panggunaan Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS), analitik data, sareng siaran kualitas luhur ngajantenkeun pangalaman ningali langkung pikaresepeun <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi|title=Women’s ODI Team Rankings – Official One Day International Standings {{!}} ICC|last=icc|website=icc|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203132746/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi |date=2025-02-03 }}</ref>. Salajengna, média sosial sareng platform digital ngamungkinkeun penggemar pikeun nuturkeun perkembangan turnamén sacara real time, ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global. == Dampak Ékonomi == Turnamén ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan ka India<ref name=":0" />. Sektor pariwisata, perhotelan, sareng média ngalaman kamekaran anu signifikan<ref name=":1" />. == Dampak Sosial == Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé maénkeun peran anu penting dina ningkatkeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga<ref name=":2" />. Turnamén ieu ngainspirasi awéwé ngora pikeun ngudag karir dina olahraga<ref name=":0" />. Salah sahiji aspék penting tina Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 nyaéta kontribusina kana kasamaan gender dina olahraga. Turnamén ieu nyayogikeun platform pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun ngahontal pangakuan anu sami sareng atlit lalaki<ref>[https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport]</ref>. Ningkatna jumlah panongton sareng sponsor nunjukkeun yén minat kana kriket awéwé terus ningkat. Ieu ogé nyababkeun ningkatna investasi dina pamekaran atlit awéwé ngora di sababaraha nagara. == Peran Média == Média maénkeun peran anu penting dina promosi turnamén<ref name=":1" />. Siaran langsung sareng média sosial ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global<ref name=":0" />. == Tangtangan Ngayakeun Acara == Sababaraha tantangan kalebet logistik, cuaca, sareng jadwal pertandingan<ref name=":2" />. Nanging, kalayan manajemen anu saé, turnamén masih lancar<ref name=":1" />. == Masa Depan Kriket Awéwé == Turnamén ieu nandakeun tonggak penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé<ref name=":0" />. Investasi dina pamaén ngora sareng infrastruktur bakal nangtukeun masa depan olahraga ieu<ref name=":1" />. Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 mangrupikeun acara anu penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé sacara global. Turnamén ieu henteu ngan ukur bakal ningkatkeun kualitas olahraga tapi ogé gaduh dampak sosial sareng ékonomi anu signifikan<ref name=":1" />. Dukungan anu langkung ageung ti pamaréntah sareng organisasi olahraga diperyogikeun pikeun ngembangkeun kriket awéwé<ref name=":0" />. Salajengna, média kedah teras-terasan ngamajukeun olahraga ieu pikeun ningkatkeun popularitasna<ref name=":1" />. == Rujukan == <references /> ld10de1afvvf3a5hwopmfhmh5mnqsy1 0 108165 707745 707628 2026-04-03T00:38:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Anis Biru | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708916/94185012 |title=Myiomela diana |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> | image = Sunda Robin - Gunung Gede MG 4121 (29030343223).jpg | image_caption = Myiomela diana (jantan) di Gunung Gede, némbongkeun kelir biru poék sarta tarang anu hurung. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Muscicapidae]] | genus = ''[[Myiomela]]'' | species = '''''M. diana''''' | binomial = ''Myiomela diana'' | binomial_authority = ([[Lesson]], 1831) | synonyms = * ''Cinclidium diana'' <small>Lesson, 1831</small> }} '''Cingcoang; Anis Biru'''; ''Myiomela diana''; (ᮃᮔᮤᮞ᮪ ᮘᮤᮛᮥ) atanapi dina basa Inggris dipikawanoh ku nami '''Sunda Robin''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés manuk éndemik tina kulawarga [[Muscicapidae]] (kulawarga sikatan). Ieu manuk dipikawanoh salaku pangeusi [[leuweung]] pagunungan luhur anu isinan sarta mindeng cicing dina sela-sela rungkun anu poék.<ref name="Ebira">{{cite web |url=https://ebird.org/species/sunrob1 |title=Sunda Robin |publisher=eBird |accessdate=2026-03-31 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vérnakular) == Ieu manuk miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Anis biru]], [[cingcoang biru]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Cingcoang biru]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Sunda Robin]], [[Javan Blue Robin]].<ref name="IOC">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ |title=Chats, Old World flycatchers |publisher=IOC World Bird List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Myiomela diana'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan wilayah panyebaranna kawates (éndemik), populasina di taman nasional saperti [[Gunung Gédé Pangrango]] masih kawilang stabil.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Anis biru mangrupakeun manuk éndemik di Pulo [[Jawa]] sarta [[Sumatera]]. Habitat aslina nyaéta leuweung tropis pagunungan (''montane forest'') anu jemlék sarta loba lukutna, biasana dina luhurna 1.000 nepi ka 3.000 méter di luhur permukaan laut (mdpl).<ref name="Ebira" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Jalu:''' Sakujur awakna didominasi ku warna biru poék semu hideung (indigo). Ciri khasna nyaéta bagian tarang sarta luhureun panonna miboga kelir biru caang anu hurung (''iridescent''). * '''Bikang:''' Warnana béda pisan jeung jalu, didominasi ku warna coklat zaitun sarta beureum bata (rufous) dina bagian buntut sarta jangjangna. * '''Ukuran:''' Awakna leutik, panjangna kira-kira 15 cm.<ref name="IOC" /> == Baranahan == Ieu manuk nyieun [[sayang]] dina sela-sela dahan tatangkalan anu pendék atanapi dina sela-sela [[gawir]] anu ka tutup ku lukut. * '''Sayang:''' Bentukna kawas [[cangkir]] anu déét, dijieun tina [[lukut]], rambat halus, sarta akar-akaran leutik. * '''Endog:''' Biasana neundeun 2 endog warna bodas semu jambon kalayan totol-totol coklat beureum. * '''Sipat:''' Anis biru téh sato anu isinan sarta miboga sora anu kacida halimpu sarta [[mélankolis]], mindeng kadéngé nalika [[subuh]] atanapi [[burit]].<ref name="Ebira" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Kadaharan utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[gegeremet]] leutik, [[hileud]], sarta kéong [[leuweung]]. Maranéhna néangan mangsa bari luluncatan dina handapeun tatangkalan (''undergrowth'') sarta jarang hiber luhur.<ref name="IOC" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Muscicapidae]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Indonésia]] 21t5ignblpzy9hizonfjos4u4czjjn4 0 108181 707748 707701 2026-04-03T04:44:44Z Ziv 33153 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Halaman depan Rumah Boscha.jpg]] → [[File:Halaman depan Rumah Bosscha.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) 707748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah Boscha tampak depan.jpg|jmpl|Imah Bosscha]] '''Imah Bosscha Malabar''' mangrupa imah sajarah anu ayana di [[Banjarsari, Pangaléngan, Bandung|Désa Banjarsari]], [[Pangaléngan, Bandung|Kacamatan Pangaléngan]], [[Kabupatén Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4899119/rumah-bosscha-tempat-peristirahatan-raja-teh-priangan-yang-jadi-destinasi-wisata-sejarah|title=Rumah Bosscha, Tempat Peristirahatan Raja Teh Priangan yang Jadi Destinasi Wisata Sejarah|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-01}}</ref> Imah ieu diwangun dina taun 1898 ku [[Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha]], saurang warga [[Walanda]] anu jadi boga [[perkebunan téh Malabar]]. Ieu imah kaasup salah sahiji conto arsitéktur gaya néo-gotik anu masih kénéh aya di [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung-tour.com/rumah-boscha-pangalengan/|title=Rumah Boscha Pangalengan|last=Tour|first=Bandung|website=Fastrans Travel {{!}} Bandung Tour|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-01}}</ref> Legana Imah Bosscha kira-kira ngahontal 2.000 méter pasagi sarta diwangun ku tilu lanté. Lanté kahiji dipaké pikeun rohangan tamu, rohangan kulawarga, jeung dapur. Lanté kadua eusina kamar sare jeung kamar mandi. Sedengkeun lanté katilu dipaké pikeun rohangan gawé jeung perpustakaan. Sajaba ti éta, imah ieu ogé miboga taman anu lega tur asri.<ref name=":0" /> == Galéri == <gallery> File:Rumah Boscha tampak depan.jpg|Imah Bosscha File:Halaman depan Rumah Bosscha.jpg|Tepas Imah Bosscha File:Miniatur Makam Bosscha.jpg|Miniatur Makam Bosscha File:Peta Kota Bandung di Rumah Boscha.jpg|Péta Kota Bandung di Imah Bosscha File:Piano di Rumah Bosscha.jpg|Piano di Imah Boscha </gallery> == Référénsi == 1oilqkmnogn3nlbuvmtki6zplxbt308 0 108194 707714 2026-04-02T12:17:58Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Anserinae | image = Mute swan (Cygnus olor).jpg | image_caption = Angsa bodas (''Cygnus olor''), salah sahiji anggota sub-kulawarga Anserinae anu miboga beuheung panjang. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Anseriformes]] | familia = [[Anatidae]] | subfamilia = '''Anserinae''' | subfamilia_authority = [[Vigors]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Genus | subdivision = * [[Cygnus]] (Angsa) * [[Anser]] (Soang kulawu) * [[Branta]] (Soang hideung) * [[Coscoroba]] | color = #FFFFFF }} '''Anserinae''' nyaéta salah sahiji sub-kulawarga tina kulawarga manuk cai [[Anatidae]]. Ieu kelompok ngawengku rupa-rupa jinis manuk anu ukuran awakna kawilang ageung, saperti [[Angsa]] sarta [[Soang]].<ref name="CornellAnserinae">{{cite web |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/ |title=The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> == [[Karakteristik]] == Anggota Anserinae miboga sababaraha ciri anu ngabédakeunana jeung bébék biasa: * '''[[Beuheung]]:''' Miboga beuheung anu langkung panjang, utamana dina genus ''[[Cygnus]]'' (angsa), anu gunana pikeun milari kadaharan di jero cai anu rada jero. * '''[[Ukuran]]:''' Awakna leuwih badag sarta miboga tanaga anu leuwih kiat nalika hiber atawa ngojay. * '''[[Paripolah]]:''' Sababaraha jinisna dipikawanoh miboga sipat [[Monogami]], nyaéta ngan miboga hiji pasangan saumur hirupna.<ref name="BirdLifeAnser">{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/family/anatidae |title=Family Anatidae: Swans and Geese |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> == [[Klasifikasi]] == Sub-kulawarga Anserinae dibagi kana sababaraha kelompok utama (genus): * '''[[Cygnus]]:''' Kelompok angsa anu warnana biasana bodas atawa hideung, miboga beuheung panjang sarta hiber anu gagah. * '''[[Anser]]:''' Kelompok soang anu asalna ti daérah [[Éropa]] sarta [[Asia]]. * '''[[Branta]]:''' Kelompok soang anu warnana dominan hideung sarta kulawu, sering kapanggih di [[Amérika Kalér]]. == [[Habitat]] == Maranéhna hirup di wewengkon anu deukeut jeung cai, saperti [[situ]], [[rawa]], sarta [[walungan]]. Seueur anggotana anu mangrupa manuk [[Migran]], anu bakal hiber rébuan kilométer nalika usum tiis anjog. == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Anatidae]] [[Kategori:Anserinae]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Manuk cai]] 7q7b1fj8cnyq9w55kbddifdwqanv3bx 0 108195 707715 2026-04-02T14:49:00Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Atractomorpha crenulata | image = Atractomorpha crenulata, Bangunjiwo, Bantul 2015-09-20 01.jpg | image_caption = Atractomorpha crenulata di Bantul | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Simeut|Orthoptera]] | familia = [[Pyrgomorphidae]] | genus = ''[[Atractomorpha]]'' | species = '''''A. crenulata''''' | binomial = ''Atractomorpha crenulata'' | binomial_authority = (Fabricius, 1793) }} '''Atractomorpha crenulata''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[simeut]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="OSF">Cigliano, M.M., et al. ''[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1101968 Orthoptera Species File Online]''. Version 5.0/5.0.</ref> Ieu sato téh munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Johan Christian Fabricius dina taun 1793.<ref name="Fabricius1793">Fabricius, J.C. (1793). ''Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta''. Tom. II. Hafniae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut ku sebutan '''simeut''' waé, sanajan sakapeung disebut ogé '''simeut lulurah''' atawa '''simeut héjo''' alatan warna awakna.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=650482 ITIS Report: Atractomorpha crenulata].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''tobacco grasshopper'' atawa ''vegetable grasshopper'' kusabab kabiasaanana anu sok ngahakan pepelakan tatanén.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=202157 Taxonomy Browser: Atractomorpha crenulata].</ref> == Taksonomi == Dina klasifikasi ilmiah, spésiés ieu asup kana génus ''[[Atractomorpha]]'' anu dipikawanoh ku ciri hulu anu mencos.<ref name="ITIS"/> Klasifikasi ieu dikuatkeun ku data génétik anu kacatet dina pangkalan data internasional.<ref name="NCBI"/> Ngaran binomialna, ''Atractomorpha crenulata'', tetep dipaké sacara resmi nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name="Fabricius1793"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku wilayah anu lega di Asia Kidul sarta Asia Tenggara.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1551065 Atractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius, 1793)].</ref> Nagara-nagara anu kacatet jadi wilayah sebaranna antarana [[Indonésia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bungladés]], nepi ka [[Thailand]] jeung [[Vietnam]].<ref name="GBIF"/> Di Indonésia sorangan, ieu sato méh kapanggih di sakuliah kapuloan, utamana di wewengkon anu iklimna tropis baseuh.<ref name="OSF"/> == Habitat == Habitat utamana nyaéta di lingkungan anu loba tutuwuhan héjo, saperti sawah, kebon, jeung padang jukut.<ref name="GBIF"/> Salaku sato éktotérmik, habitatna diatur ku kasadiaan kalembaban jeung suhu haneut di wilayah dataran rendah nepi ka dataran luhur.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Ciri fisik == Simeut ieu biasana boga warna héjo, awakna rada lénjang kalawan hulu anu mencos ka hareup.<ref name="ITIS"/> Spésiés ieu dipikawanoh sacara ékonomis salaku hama pikeun sawatara jinis pepelakan tatanén di wilayah tropis.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Simeut]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Orthoptera]] [[Kategori:Pyrgomorphidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] t26d460xntvmbjsdymv556bz7nw3bph 0 108196 707716 2026-04-02T14:53:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Aularches miliaris | image = Aularches miliaris at Mangunan Orchard, Dlingo, Bantul, Yogyakarta 07.jpg | image_caption = Aularches miliaris di kebon Mangunan, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Simeut|Orthoptera]] | familia = [[Pyrgomorphidae]] | genus = ''[[Aularches]]'' | species = '''''A. miliaris''''' | binomial = ''Aularches miliaris'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Simeut gajah'''; Aularches miliaris nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[simeut]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="OSF">Cigliano, M.M., et al. ''[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1101912 Orthoptera Species File Online]''. Version 5.0/5.0.</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun ku Carl Linnaeus dina taun 1758.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae''. Editio Decima. Holmiae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu sato sering disebut '''simeut gajah''' kusabab ukuran awakna anu badag, atawa '''simeut gereng''' alatan sok ngaluarkeun sora atawa busa lamun ngarasa kaancam.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=420456 Taxonomy Browser: Aularches miliaris].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''spotted locust'' atawa ''coffee locust''.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=650483 ITIS Report: Aularches miliaris].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa hiji-hijina anggota (monotipik) tina génus ''[[Aularches]]''.<ref name="OSF"/> Klasifikasi ieu dumasar kana ciri morfologi unik sarta pola warna anu béda pisan jeung simeut lianna dina kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku wilayah Asia Kidul jeung Asia Tenggara.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1551173 Aularches miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)].</ref> Kapanggih di nagara-nagara saperti [[Indonésia]] (utamana di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Sumatera]]), [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], nepi ka [[Indochina]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitatna nyaéta di wewengkon leuweung sekunder, perkebunan (saperti kebon kopi), sarta lahan tatanén anu rimbun ku tutuwuhan.<ref name="GBIF"/> Simeut ieu resep kana lingkungan anu haneut jeung lembab.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Awakna boga warna anu ''kontras''; tonggongna (pronotum) biasana warna konéng kalawan bintik-bintik hideung, sarta bagian jangjangna warna hideung atawa cokelat poék.<ref name="ITIS"/> Upami ngarasa kaancam, ieu sato tiasa ngaluarkeun busa anu bau tina sela-sela awakna salaku alat pertahanan.<ref name="OSF"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Simeut]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Orthoptera]] [[Kategori:Pyrgomorphidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Gegeremet]] hh9x21bvebniktxovxo09q5ugiyh8nb 707717 707716 2026-04-02T14:54:00Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Aularches miliaris | image = Aularches miliaris at Mangunan Orchard, Dlingo, Bantul, Yogyakarta 07.jpg | image_caption = Aularches miliaris di kebon Mangunan, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Simeut|Orthoptera]] | familia = [[Pyrgomorphidae]] | genus = ''[[Aularches]]'' | species = '''''A. miliaris''''' | binomial = ''Aularches miliaris'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Simeut gajah'''; ''Aularches miliaris'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[simeut]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="OSF">Cigliano, M.M., et al. ''[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1101912 Orthoptera Species File Online]''. Version 5.0/5.0.</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun ku Carl Linnaeus dina taun 1758.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae''. Editio Decima. Holmiae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu sato sering disebut '''simeut gajah''' kusabab ukuran awakna anu badag, atawa '''simeut gereng''' alatan sok ngaluarkeun sora atawa busa lamun ngarasa kaancam.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=420456 Taxonomy Browser: Aularches miliaris].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''spotted locust'' atawa ''coffee locust''.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=650483 ITIS Report: Aularches miliaris].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa hiji-hijina anggota (monotipik) tina génus ''[[Aularches]]''.<ref name="OSF"/> Klasifikasi ieu dumasar kana ciri morfologi unik sarta pola warna anu béda pisan jeung simeut lianna dina kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku wilayah Asia Kidul jeung Asia Tenggara.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1551173 Aularches miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)].</ref> Kapanggih di nagara-nagara saperti [[Indonésia]] (utamana di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Sumatera]]), [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], nepi ka [[Indochina]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitatna nyaéta di wewengkon leuweung sekunder, perkebunan (saperti kebon kopi), sarta lahan tatanén anu rimbun ku tutuwuhan.<ref name="GBIF"/> Simeut ieu resep kana lingkungan anu haneut jeung lembab.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Awakna boga warna anu ''kontras''; tonggongna (pronotum) biasana warna konéng kalawan bintik-bintik hideung, sarta bagian jangjangna warna hideung atawa cokelat poék.<ref name="ITIS"/> Upami ngarasa kaancam, ieu sato tiasa ngaluarkeun busa anu bau tina sela-sela awakna salaku alat pertahanan.<ref name="OSF"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Simeut]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Orthoptera]] [[Kategori:Pyrgomorphidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Gegeremet]] s657todo2itir0z1rmef0dz9mkrigpx 707718 707717 2026-04-02T15:00:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Vérnakular */ 707718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Aularches miliaris | image = Aularches miliaris at Mangunan Orchard, Dlingo, Bantul, Yogyakarta 07.jpg | image_caption = Aularches miliaris di kebon Mangunan, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Simeut|Orthoptera]] | familia = [[Pyrgomorphidae]] | genus = ''[[Aularches]]'' | species = '''''A. miliaris''''' | binomial = ''Aularches miliaris'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Simeut gajah'''; ''Aularches miliaris'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[simeut]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="OSF">Cigliano, M.M., et al. ''[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1101912 Orthoptera Species File Online]''. Version 5.0/5.0.</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun ku Carl Linnaeus dina taun 1758.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae''. Editio Decima. Holmiae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu sato sering disebut '''simeut gajah''' kusabab ukuran awakna anu badag, atawa '''simeut gereng''' alatan sok ngaluarkeun sora atawa [[budah]] lamun ngarasa kaancam.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=420456 Taxonomy Browser: Aularches miliaris].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''spotted locust'' atawa ''coffee locust''.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=650483 ITIS Report: Aularches miliaris].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa hiji-hijina anggota (monotipik) tina génus ''[[Aularches]]''.<ref name="OSF"/> Klasifikasi ieu dumasar kana ciri morfologi unik sarta pola warna anu béda pisan jeung simeut lianna dina kulawarga [[Pyrgomorphidae]].<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku wilayah Asia Kidul jeung Asia Tenggara.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1551173 Aularches miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)].</ref> Kapanggih di nagara-nagara saperti [[Indonésia]] (utamana di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Sumatera]]), [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], nepi ka [[Indochina]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitatna nyaéta di wewengkon leuweung sekunder, perkebunan (saperti kebon kopi), sarta lahan tatanén anu rimbun ku tutuwuhan.<ref name="GBIF"/> Simeut ieu resep kana lingkungan anu haneut jeung lembab.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Awakna boga warna anu ''kontras''; tonggongna (pronotum) biasana warna konéng kalawan bintik-bintik hideung, sarta bagian jangjangna warna hideung atawa cokelat poék.<ref name="ITIS"/> Upami ngarasa kaancam, ieu sato tiasa ngaluarkeun busa anu bau tina sela-sela awakna salaku alat pertahanan.<ref name="OSF"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Simeut]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Orthoptera]] [[Kategori:Pyrgomorphidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Gegeremet]] 273sh5zsdqrumbgsro4wjco6qdgrn6f 0 108197 707719 2026-04-02T15:09:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chalcopsitta atra | image = Black lory (Chalcopsitta atra), Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta 2015-03-15 01.jpg | image_caption = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' di Kebon Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittaculidae]] | genus = ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' | species = '''''C. atra''''' | binomial = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' | binomial_authority = (Scopoli, 1786) }} '''Chalcopsitta atra''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] nuri anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittaculidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Giovanni Antonio Scopoli dina taun 1786.<ref name="Scopoli1786">Scopoli, G.A. (1786). ''Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae''.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk bisa disebut '''nuri hideung''' atawa '''kakatua hideung''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu dominan hideung.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177413 ITIS Report: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''black lory''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684483/93032220 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu asup kana génus ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' anu anggotana kawates di wilayah [[Papua]] jeung sabudeureunana.<ref name="IOC"/> Aya tilu sub-spésiés anu dipikawanoh dumasar kana variasi warna saeutik dina buluna, nyaéta ''C. a. atra'', ''C. a. insignis'', sarta ''C. a. bernsteini''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara kawates ([[éndemik]]), ngan aya di wilayah bagian kulon pulo [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479714 Chalcopsitta atra (Scopoli, 1786)].</ref> Ieu manuk bisa kapanggih di [[Semenanjung Vogelkop]] (Kepala Burung) sarta sababaraha pulo leutik di sakurilingna saperti [[Misool]] jeung [[Batanta]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung [[babakoan]] (*mangrove*), sarta [[sabana]] kabuka anu loba tatangkalanana.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal hirup dina kelompok leutik di luhur tajuk tatangkalan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=274063 Taxonomy Browser: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Ciri fisik == Hampir sakuliah awakna ditutupan ku bulu warna hideung lestreng, iwal ti bagian handap buntutna anu sok nembongkeun warna semu beureum atawa konéng.<ref name="ITIS"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat sarta boga letah anu husus pikeun nyusu madu (*nektar*) tina kembang.<ref name="IOC"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittaculidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Papua]] [[Kategori:Aves]] qtsvjshk360a88lannfsg5qj4b7lfi9 707720 707719 2026-04-02T15:12:10Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chalcopsitta atra | image = Black lory (Chalcopsitta atra), Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta 2015-03-15 01.jpg | image_caption = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' di Kebon Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittaculidae]] | genus = ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' | species = '''''C. atra''''' | binomial = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' | binomial_authority = (Scopoli, 1786) }} '''Kakatua hidrung'''; ''Chalcopsitta atra'$ nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] nuri anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittaculidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Giovanni Antonio Scopoli dina taun 1786.<ref name="Scopoli1786">Scopoli, G.A. (1786). ''Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae''.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk bisa disebut '''nuri hideung''' atawa '''kakatua hideung''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu dominan hideung.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177413 ITIS Report: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''black lory''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684483/93032220 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu asup kana génus ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' anu anggotana kawates di wilayah [[Papua]] jeung sabudeureunana.<ref name="IOC"/> Aya tilu sub-spésiés anu dipikawanoh dumasar kana variasi warna saeutik dina buluna, nyaéta ''C. a. atra'', ''C. a. insignis'', sarta ''C. a. bernsteini''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara kawates ([[éndemik]]), ngan aya di wilayah bagian kulon pulo [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479714 Chalcopsitta atra (Scopoli, 1786)].</ref> Ieu manuk bisa kapanggih di [[Semenanjung Vogelkop]] (Kepala Burung) sarta sababaraha pulo leutik di sakurilingna saperti [[Misool]] jeung [[Batanta]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung [[babakoan]] (*mangrove*), sarta [[sabana]] kabuka anu loba tatangkalanana.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal hirup dina kelompok leutik di luhur tajuk tatangkalan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=274063 Taxonomy Browser: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Ciri fisik == Hampir sakuliah awakna ditutupan ku bulu warna hideung lestreng, iwal ti bagian handap buntutna anu sok nembongkeun warna semu beureum atawa konéng.<ref name="ITIS"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat sarta boga letah anu husus pikeun nyusu madu (*nektar*) tina kembang.<ref name="IOC"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittaculidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Papua]] [[Kategori:Aves]] ru6adovtuvz52xxmru25dtc3wagiwjv 707721 707720 2026-04-02T15:13:27Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chalcopsitta atra | image = Black lory (Chalcopsitta atra), Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta 2015-03-15 01.jpg | image_caption = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' di Kebon Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittaculidae]] | genus = ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' | species = '''''C. atra''''' | binomial = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' | binomial_authority = (Scopoli, 1786) }} '''Kakatua hidrung'''; ''Chalcopsitta atra'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] nuri anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittaculidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Giovanni Antonio Scopoli dina taun 1786.<ref name="Scopoli1786">Scopoli, G.A. (1786). ''Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae''.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk bisa disebut '''nuri hideung''' atawa '''kakatua hideung''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu dominan hideung.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177413 ITIS Report: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''black lory''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684483/93032220 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu asup kana génus ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' anu anggotana kawates di wilayah [[Papua]] jeung sabudeureunana.<ref name="IOC"/> Aya tilu sub-spésiés anu dipikawanoh dumasar kana variasi warna saeutik dina buluna, nyaéta ''C. a. atra'', ''C. a. insignis'', sarta ''C. a. bernsteini''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara kawates ([[éndemik]]), ngan aya di wilayah bagian kulon pulo [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479714 Chalcopsitta atra (Scopoli, 1786)].</ref> Ieu manuk bisa kapanggih di [[Semenanjung Vogelkop]] (Kepala Burung) sarta sababaraha pulo leutik di sakurilingna saperti [[Misool]] jeung [[Batanta]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung [[babakoan]] (*mangrove*), sarta [[sabana]] kabuka anu loba tatangkalanana.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal hirup dina kelompok leutik di luhur tajuk tatangkalan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=274063 Taxonomy Browser: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Ciri fisik == Hampir sakuliah awakna ditutupan ku bulu warna hideung lestreng, iwal ti bagian handap buntutna anu sok nembongkeun warna semu beureum atawa konéng.<ref name="ITIS"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat sarta boga letah anu husus pikeun nyusu madu (*nektar*) tina kembang.<ref name="IOC"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittaculidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Papua]] [[Kategori:Aves]] f7ye3mxwjol5wlvg2pk968yhr2v25cz 0 108198 707722 2026-04-02T15:20:47Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Potamarcha congener | image = Potamarcha congener, Sambisari Temple complex 02.jpg | image_caption = ''Potamarcha congener'' di kompléks Candi Sambisari, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Papatong|Odonata]] | familia = [[Libellulidae]] | genus = ''[[Potamarcha]]'' | species = '''''P. congener''''' | binomial = ''Potamarcha congener'' | binomial_authority = (Rambur, 1842) }} '''Potamarcha congener''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[papatong]] tina kulawarga [[Libellulidae]].<ref name="WDA">World Dragonflies. [https://www.worlddragonflies.org/ Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842)].</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Jules Pierre Rambur]] dina taun 1842.<ref name="Rambur1842">Rambur, J.P. (1842). ''Histoire naturelle des insectes. Névroptères''. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut '''papatong''' waé sakumaha ilaharna baturna Odonata.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=593339 ITIS Report: Potamarcha congener].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''yellow-tailed skimmer'' atawa ''common chaser''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163717/5640570 Potamarcha congener].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa anggota tina génus ''[[Potamarcha]]'' anu sumebar lega di wilayah [[tropis]].<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=333458 Taxonomy Browser: Potamarcha congener].</ref> Dina dunya taksonomi, ieu papatong dipikawanoh boga struktur urat jangjang anu husus anu ngabédakeunana jeung génus séjén dina kulawarga [[Libellulidae]].<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara lega, ngawengku wilayah [[Asia Kidul]] nepi ka [[Asia Tenggara]] sarta sawatara bagian di [[Australia]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1428384 Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842)].</ref> Di [[Indonésia]], ieu papatong bisa kapanggih di ampir sakuliah kapuloan, ti mimiti dataran rendah nepi ka wewengkon pasir.<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu sato nyaéta di sabudeureun cai anu tenang saperti [[balong]], [[sawah]], [[rawa]], sarta solokan anu caina henteu tarik teuing palidnw.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal eunteup dina tungtung régang garing atawa jukut di sisi cai nalika nunggu mangsana.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Papatong ieu boga ukuran awak anu sedeng kalawan warna dominan abu-abu semu biru (pruinescens) dina bagian dada (thorax) sato anu geus kolot.<ref name="ITIS"/> Jangjangna hérang transparan sarta boga bintik hideung leutik (pterostigma) dina tungtungna.<ref name="WDA"/> Salaku [[prédator]], papatong ieu ngahakan rupa-rupa gegeremet leutik séjénna bari hiber.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Papatong]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Odonata]] [[Kategori:Libellulidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] mdluwnu44b5uvhgsnpst9depap5ohyx 0 108199 707723 2026-04-02T15:40:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Ara ararauna | image = Blue-and-yellow macaw at Bali Safari and Marine Park.jpg | image_caption = ''Ara ararauna'' di Bali Safari and Marine Park | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittacidae]] | genus = ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]'' | species = '''''A. ararauna''''' | binomial = ''Ara ararauna'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Ara ararauna''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] makau ti [[Amérika Kidul]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittacidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Carl Linnaeus dina taun 1758.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae''. Editio Decima. Holmiae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk umumna disebut ku ngaran aslina nyaéta '''makau biru-konéng''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu kontras.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177661 ITIS Report: Ara ararauna].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''blue-and-yellow macaw'' atawa ''blue-and-gold macaw''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685539/131917290 IUCN Red List: Ara ararauna].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa anggota ti génus ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]'', nyaéta kelompok makau badag anu boga jangjang sarta buntut anu panjang.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=51907 Taxonomy Browser: Ara ararauna].</ref> Dina dunya klasifikasi, manuk ieu dipikawanoh boga kacerdasan anu luhur sarta kamampuh sosialisasi anu kuat.<ref name="IOC"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara lega di wilayah neotropis, ti mimiti [[Panama]] di [[Amérika Tengah]] nepi ka [[Brasil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], sarta [[Péru]] di [[Amérika Kidul]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479344 Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758)].</ref> Sanajan lain sato asli Indonésia, ieu manuk loba dipiara sarta dikembangbiakkeun di rupa-rupa taman safari jeung kebon binatang di [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung hujan tropis, wilayah rawa, sarta sabana kabuka anu deukeut ka cai.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal eunteup dina tatangkalan anu luhur pikeun nyingkahan prédator sarta néangan hakaneun.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Makau ieu boga ukuran awak anu badag, bisa nepi ka 80 séntiméter panjangna.<ref name="ITIS"/> Bagian luhur awakna warna biru caang, sedengkeun bagian handapna (dada jeung beuteung) warna konéng emas.<ref name="IOC"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat pisan, sanggup meulah kacang-kacangan anu teuas, sarta boga beungeut warna bodas kalawan garis-garis hideung leutik.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittacidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Aves]] 7th8eh63ilfe5h5qohdha6u27jymq82 0 108200 707724 2026-04-02T15:49:40Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Neurothemis terminata | image = Neurothemis terminata - Kampus Unsrat Manado.JPG | image_caption = ''Neurothemis terminata'' jantan di Kampus Unsrat, Manado | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Papatong|Odonata]] | familia = [[Libellulidae]] | genus = ''[[Neurothemis]]'' | species = '''''N. terminata''''' | binomial = ''Neurothemis terminata'' | binomial_authority = Ris, 1911 }} '''Neurothemis terminata''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[papatong]] tina kulawarga [[Libellulidae]].<ref name="WDA">World Dragonflies. [https://www.worlddragonflies.org/ Neurothemis terminata (Ris, 1911)].</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Friedric dina taun 1911.<ref name="Ris1911">Ris, F. (1911). ''Libellulinen monographisch bearbeitet''. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut '''papatong beureum''' dumasar kana warna awak jeung jangjangna anu dominan beureum (hususna nu jalu).<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=593297 ITIS Report: Neurothemis terminata].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''straight-edged red bolt''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163751/5645731 Neurothemis terminata].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa anggota tina génus ''[[Neurothemis]]'' anu anggotana kawentar boga jangjang kalawan pola warna anu poék pisan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1256334 Taxonomy Browser: Neurothemis terminata].</ref> Dina dunya taksonomi, ieu papatong dipikawanoh boga ciri unik dina tungtung pola warna jangjangna anu lempeng, béda jeung baraya deukeutna nyaéta ''Neurothemis fluctuans''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara lega di wilayah Asia Tenggara, ngawengku [[Indonésia]], [[Pilipina]], [[Malaysia]], nepi ka wilayah [[Palau]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1428543 Neurothemis terminata (Ris, 1911)].</ref> Di Indonésia, ieu papatong bisa kapanggih ampir di sakuliah pulo, ti mimiti [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]], nepi ka [[Nusa Tenggara]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu sato nyaéta di wewengkon anu deukeut ka cai tenang saperti [[balong]], [[sawah]], [[rawa]], sarta sisi [[leuweung]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal eunteup dina jukut atawa régang garing di tempat anu kakeunaan ku cahaya srangéngé langsung.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Papatong jalu boga warna awak jeung jangjang beureum lestreng, iwal ti bagian tungtung jangjangna anu hérang transparan.<ref name="ITIS"/> Sedengkeun anu bikang biasana boga warna cokelat konéng kalawan jangjang anu lolobana transparan.<ref name="WDA"/> Salaku [[prédator]], sato ieu kacida pentingna pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan ékosistem ku cara ngadahar gegeremet leutik séjénna.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Papatong]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Odonata]] [[Kategori:Libellulidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:gegeremet]] m9op20qupecd57stuvrsltg1fx757of 707725 707724 2026-04-02T15:54:06Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Neurothemis terminata | image = Neurothemis terminata - Kampus Unsrat Manado.JPG | image_caption = ''Neurothemis terminata'' jantan di Kampus Unsrat, Manado | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Papatong|Odonata]] | familia = [[Libellulidae]] | genus = ''[[Neurothemis]]'' | species = '''''N. terminata''''' | binomial = ''Neurothemis terminata'' | binomial_authority = Ris, 1911 }} '''Neurothemis terminata''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[papatong]] tina kulawarga [[Libellulidae]].<ref name="WDA">World Dragonflies. [https://www.worlddragonflies.org/ Neurothemis terminata (Ris, 1911)].</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Friedric Ris]] dina taun 1911.<ref name="Ris1911">Ris, F. (1911). ''Libellulinen monographisch bearbeitet''. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut '''papatong beureum''' dumasar kana warna awak jeung jangjangna anu dominan beureum (hususna nu jalu).<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=593297 ITIS Report: Neurothemis terminata].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''straight-edged red bolt''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163751/5645731 Neurothemis terminata].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa anggota tina génus ''[[Neurothemis]]'' anu anggotana kawentar boga jangjang kalawan pola warna anu poék pisan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1256334 Taxonomy Browser: Neurothemis terminata].</ref> Dina dunya taksonomi, ieu papatong dipikawanoh boga ciri unik dina tungtung pola warna jangjangna anu lempeng, béda jeung baraya deukeutna nyaéta ''Neurothemis fluctuans''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara lega di wilayah Asia Tenggara, ngawengku [[Indonésia]], [[Pilipina]], [[Malaysia]], nepi ka wilayah [[Palau]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/1428543 Neurothemis terminata (Ris, 1911)].</ref> Di Indonésia, ieu papatong bisa kapanggih ampir di sakuliah pulo, ti mimiti [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]], nepi ka [[Nusa Tenggara]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu sato nyaéta di wewengkon anu deukeut ka cai tenang saperti [[balong]], [[sawah]], [[rawa]], sarta sisi [[leuweung]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal eunteup dina jukut atawa régang garing di tempat anu kakeunaan ku cahaya srangéngé langsung.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Papatong jalu boga warna awak jeung jangjang beureum lestreng, iwal ti bagian tungtung jangjangna anu hérang transparan.<ref name="ITIS"/> Sedengkeun anu bikang biasana boga warna cokelat konéng kalawan jangjang anu lolobana transparan.<ref name="WDA"/> Salaku [[prédator]], sato ieu kacida pentingna pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan ékosistem ku cara ngadahar gegeremet leutik séjénna.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Papatong]] [[Kategori:Serangga]] [[Kategori:Odonata]] [[Kategori:Libellulidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:gegeremet]] juwretzf5a4ayw91qoca5qtf480azv0 3 108201 707728 2026-04-02T19:42:47Z Leaderbot 32474 /* Hak ipblock-exempt anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa */ bagean anyar 707728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hak ipblock-exempt anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa == Hai, ieu mangrupikeun panginget otomatis salaku bagian tina [[metawiki:Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] pikeun ngabéjaan yén hak [[WP:IPBE]] anjeun anu masihan anjeun kamampuan pikeun ngaliwat pameungpeuk alamat IP bakal kadaluwarsa dina 03:49, 9 April 2026 (UTC). Upami IP anjeun masih diblokir (anu anjeun tiasa nguji ku nyobian ngédit nalika kaluar), mangga ngapdét ku nuturkeun petunjuk dina halaman IPBE; disebutkeun, anjeun teu perlu ngalakukeun nanaon. <small>{{abu|Pikeun milih kaluar tina béwara béakna hak pamaké, tambahkeun diri anjeun ka [[m:Global reminder bot/Exclusion]].}}</small> [[Pamaké:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Leaderbot|sawala]]) 2 April 2026 19.42 (UTC) 7fa0ykgjm4u6ku1pzz3xis1sg3o4813 3 108202 707730 2026-04-02T19:42:52Z Leaderbot 32474 /* Hak ipblock-exempt anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa */ bagean anyar 707730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hak ipblock-exempt anjeun bakal geura kadaluwarsa == Hai, ieu mangrupikeun panginget otomatis salaku bagian tina [[metawiki:Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] pikeun ngabéjaan yén hak [[WP:IPBE]] anjeun anu masihan anjeun kamampuan pikeun ngaliwat pameungpeuk alamat IP bakal kadaluwarsa dina 03:50, 9 April 2026 (UTC). Upami IP anjeun masih diblokir (anu anjeun tiasa nguji ku nyobian ngédit nalika kaluar), mangga ngapdét ku nuturkeun petunjuk dina halaman IPBE; disebutkeun, anjeun teu perlu ngalakukeun nanaon. <small>{{abu|Pikeun milih kaluar tina béwara béakna hak pamaké, tambahkeun diri anjeun ka [[m:Global reminder bot/Exclusion]].}}</small> [[Pamaké:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Leaderbot|sawala]]) 2 April 2026 19.42 (UTC) d7be6a15j3zk48vehykcifr5kd7zt9f 0 108203 707736 2026-04-02T23:32:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Trachypithecus auratus | image = Javan Lutung.jpg | image_caption = ''Trachypithecus auratus'' sawawa kalayan bulu hideung lestreng | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Primata]] | familia = [[Cercopithecidae]] | genus = ''[[Trachypithecus]]'' | species = '''''T. auratus''''' | binomial = ''Trachypithecus auratus'' | binomial_authority = (É. Geoffroy, 1812) }} '''Lutung Jawa; ''' ''Trachypithecus auratus'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[primata]] ti kulawarga [[Cercopithecidae]] anu mangrupa sato asli [[Indonésia]].<ref name="IOC">Groves, C.P. (2005). ''Mammal Species of the World''. Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] dina taun 1812.<ref name="Geoffroy1812">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1812). ''Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle''. Paris.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut ku ngaran '''lutung''' atawa '''lutung jawa'''.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Satwa Langka Indonésia].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''Javan lutung'' atawa ''ebony leaf monkey''.<ref name="IUCN">Nijman, V. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22034/17958349 IUCN Red List: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama lutung jawa nyaéta ayana parobahan warna bulu anu kontras pisan; anakna lahir kalayan bulu warna oranyeu caang, tapi nalika geus sawawa, buluna bakal robah jadi hideung lestreng.<ref name="IUCN"/> Salian ti éta, sato ieu boga sistem pencernaan anu kompleks pikeun ngolah rupa-rupa dangdaunan anu heuras, sarta mangrupa sato [[éndemik]] anu ngan bisa kapanggih di Pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], jeung [[Lombok]].<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=673058 ITIS Report: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku sakuliah Pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], sarta sawatara bagian di pulo [[Lombok]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2436511 Trachypithecus auratus (É. Geoffroy, 1812)].</ref> Ieu primata loba kapanggih di rupa-rupa habitat, mimiti ti leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung pagunungan, nepi ka wewengkon [[babakoan]] ''(mangrove).<ref'' name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=122708 Taxonomy Browser: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Habitat jeung Paripolah == Lutung jawa mangrupa sato [[diurnal]] (aktip dina mangsa beurang) sarta méakkeun lolobana waktuna dina tatangkalan (arboreal).<ref name="NCBI"/> Maranéhna hirup dina kelompok sosial anu diwangun ku hiji atawa dua jantan sawawa sarta sababaraha bikang.<ref name="IUCN"/> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta dangdaunan, kuncup kembang, sarta bubuahan anu masih atah.<ref name="Dephut"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Primata]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Jawa]] [[Kategori:Mammalia]] dyu40vzptdd9etjuj9acxb18fduyy94 707737 707736 2026-04-02T23:35:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Trachypithecus auratus | image = Javan Lutung.jpg | image_caption = ''Trachypithecus auratus'' sawawa kalayan bulu hideung lestreng | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Primata]] | familia = [[Cercopithecidae]] | genus = ''[[Trachypithecus]]'' | species = '''''T. auratus''''' | binomial = ''Trachypithecus auratus'' | binomial_authority = (É. Geoffroy, 1812) }} '''Lutung Jawa; ''' ''Trachypithecus auratus'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[primata]] ti kulawarga [[Cercopithecidae]] anu mangrupa sato asli [[Indonésia]].<ref name="IOC">Groves, C.P. (2005). ''Mammal Species of the World''. Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> Ieu sato munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] dina taun 1812.<ref name="Geoffroy1812">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1812). ''Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle''. Paris.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, sato ieu umumna disebut ku ngaran '''lutung''' atawa '''lutung jawa'''.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Satwa Langka Indonésia].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''Javan lutung'' atawa ''ebony leaf monkey''.<ref name="IUCN">Nijman, V. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22034/17958349 IUCN Red List: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama lutung jawa nyaéta ayana parobahan warna bulu anu kontras pisan; anakna lahir kalayan bulu warna oranyeu caang, tapi nalika geus sawawa, buluna bakal robah jadi hideung lestreng.<ref name="IUCN"/> Salian ti éta, sato ieu boga sistem pencernaan anu kompleks pikeun ngolah rupa-rupa dangdaunan anu heuras, sarta mangrupa sato [[éndemik]] anu ngan bisa kapanggih di Pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], jeung [[Lombok]].<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=673058 ITIS Report: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna ngawengku sakuliah Pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], sarta sawatara bagian di pulo [[Lombok]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2436511 Trachypithecus auratus (É. Geoffroy, 1812)].</ref> Ieu primata loba kapanggih di rupa-rupa habitat, mimiti ti leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung pagunungan, nepi ka wewengkon [[babakoan]] ''(mangrove).''<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=122708 Taxonomy Browser: Trachypithecus auratus].</ref> == Habitat jeung Paripolah == Lutung jawa mangrupa sato [[diurnal]] (aktip dina mangsa beurang) sarta méakkeun lolobana waktuna dina tatangkalan (arboreal).<ref name="NCBI"/> Maranéhna hirup dina kelompok sosial anu diwangun ku hiji atawa dua jantan sawawa sarta sababaraha bikang.<ref name="IUCN"/> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta dangdaunan, kuncup kembang, sarta bubuahan anu masih atah.<ref name="Dephut"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Primata]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Jawa]] [[Kategori:Mammalia]] 39sfr031nx44e9zpt5ozptlcgat3lqw 0 108204 707740 2026-04-03T00:04:44Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 [[Kategori:Taman Nasional]] 707740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Lorentz | Image = [[File:Taman nasional Lorentz.jpg|200px|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Alam | Criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | ID = 955 | Region = [[Daptar Situs Warisan Dunya di Asia jeung Oséania|Asia Pasifik]] | Year = 1999 | Session = ka-23 | area = 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] | lat_d = 4 | lat_m = 45 | lat_s = | lat_NS = S | long_d = 137 | long_m = 50 | long_s = | long_EW = E | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Perenahna Taman Nasional Lorentz di Indonésia | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 }} '''Taman Nasional Lorentz''' nyaéta taman nasional pangbadagna di Asia Tenggara anu perenahna di propinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Kalayan legana sakitar 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] sarta sacara géografis perenahna dina koordinat 4°45'S 137°50'E, ieu kawasan ngawengku sababaraha wilayah administratif saperti [[Kabupatén Asmat]], [[Kabupatén Mimika]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jayawijaya]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 Lorentz National Park].</ref> Kawasan ieu mangrupa salah sahiji taman nasional anu miboga ékosistem paling lengkep di dunya, mimiti ti wilayah basisir nepi ka puncak gunung anu saljuan.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Taman Nasional Lorentz].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama Taman Nasional Lorentz nyaéta ayana gletser atawa salju abadi di Puncak [[Cartensz Pyramide]] (Puncak Jaya), anu mangrupa salah sahiji ti saeutik gunung tropis di dunya anu miboga és.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Salian ti éta, taman nasional ieu mangrupa Situs Warisan Dunya (''World Heritage Site'') anu ngawengku rupa-rupa tipe [[végétasi]], mimiti ti leuweung [[babakoan]] (''mangrove''), [[rawa]], nepi ka padang jukut [[alpén]] (''alpine grass'').<ref name="IUCN">IUCN. [https://www.iucn.org/ Protected Areas: Lorentz].</ref> == Sajarah == Ngaran ''Lorentz'' dicokot tina ngaran saurang panalungtik asal Walanda, [[Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz]], anu ngalakukeun ékspédisi di wilayah ieu dina taun 1909.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84457580-705d-11e0-911d-00145eb45e97 Biodiversity in Lorentz National Park].</ref> Dina taun 1990, pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] netepkeun wewengkon ieu salaku [[Taman Nasional]], sarta dina taun 1999 resmi didaptarkeun ku [[UNESCO]] salaku Situs Warisan Dunya.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Flora == Taman Nasional Lorentz miboga rupa-rupa [[tutuwuhan]] anu kacida beungharna, di antarana: * ''Leuweung Mangrove'': didominasi ku jinis ''[[Rhizophora]]'' jeung ''[[Avicennia]]''. * ''Leuweung Rawa'': loba kapanggih tatangkalan [[Sagu]] (''[[Metroxylon sagu]]''). * ''Vegetasi Alpén'': rupa-rupa jinis lumut jeung jukut luhur saperti ''[[Deschampsia]]''. * ''Tatangkalan lianna'': saperti [[Nira]] (''[[Nypa fruticans]]'') sarta rupa-rupa jinis [[Angkrék]] (''[[Orchidaceae]]'').<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser: Lorentz Flora].</ref> == Fauna == Kawasan ieu mangrupa imah pikeun rupa-rupa sato liar anu kabagi kana sababaraha kelompok:<ref name="IUCN"/> === Mamalia === * [[Kangguru Tangkal]] (''[[Dendrolagus]]'') * [[Echidna]] monyong panjang (''[[Zaglossus bruijni]]'') * [[Posum]] (''[[Phalanger]]'') === Aves (Manuk) === * [[Cendrawasih]] (''[[Paradisaeidae]]'') * [[Kasuari]] (''[[Casuarius]]'') * [[Kakatua]] (''[[Cacatua]]'') * [[Puyuh Salju]] (''[[Anurophasis monorthonyx]]'') === Réptil jeung Amfibi === * [[Kuya]] monyong babi (''[[Carettochelys insculpta]]'') * [[Buaya]] muara (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'') * Rupa-rupa jinis [[Kadali]] sarta [[Ulay]] asli Papua. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Papua]] g1fjtctckw6wbwpku31xdd8mzl9v93x 707741 707740 2026-04-03T00:09:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sajarah */ 707741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Lorentz | Image = [[File:Taman nasional Lorentz.jpg|200px|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Alam | Criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | ID = 955 | Region = [[Daptar Situs Warisan Dunya di Asia jeung Oséania|Asia Pasifik]] | Year = 1999 | Session = ka-23 | area = 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] | lat_d = 4 | lat_m = 45 | lat_s = | lat_NS = S | long_d = 137 | long_m = 50 | long_s = | long_EW = E | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Perenahna Taman Nasional Lorentz di Indonésia | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 }} '''Taman Nasional Lorentz''' nyaéta taman nasional pangbadagna di Asia Tenggara anu perenahna di propinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Kalayan legana sakitar 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] sarta sacara géografis perenahna dina koordinat 4°45'S 137°50'E, ieu kawasan ngawengku sababaraha wilayah administratif saperti [[Kabupatén Asmat]], [[Kabupatén Mimika]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jayawijaya]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 Lorentz National Park].</ref> Kawasan ieu mangrupa salah sahiji taman nasional anu miboga ékosistem paling lengkep di dunya, mimiti ti wilayah basisir nepi ka puncak gunung anu saljuan.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Taman Nasional Lorentz].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama Taman Nasional Lorentz nyaéta ayana gletser atawa salju abadi di Puncak [[Cartensz Pyramide]] (Puncak Jaya), anu mangrupa salah sahiji ti saeutik gunung tropis di dunya anu miboga és.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Salian ti éta, taman nasional ieu mangrupa Situs Warisan Dunya (''World Heritage Site'') anu ngawengku rupa-rupa tipe [[végétasi]], mimiti ti leuweung [[babakoan]] (''mangrove''), [[rawa]], nepi ka padang jukut [[alpén]] (''alpine grass'').<ref name="IUCN">IUCN. [https://www.iucn.org/ Protected Areas: Lorentz].</ref> == Sajarah == [[File:Taman Nasional Lorentz.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] Ngaran ''Lorentz'' dicokot tina ngaran saurang panalungtik asal Walanda, [[Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz]], anu ngalakukeun ékspédisi di wilayah ieu dina taun 1909.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84457580-705d-11e0-911d-00145eb45e97 Biodiversity in Lorentz National Park].</ref> Dina taun 1990, pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] netepkeun wewengkon ieu salaku [[Taman Nasional]], sarta dina taun 1999 resmi didaptarkeun ku [[UNESCO]] salaku Situs Warisan Dunya.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Flora == Taman Nasional Lorentz miboga rupa-rupa [[tutuwuhan]] anu kacida beungharna, di antarana: * ''Leuweung Mangrove'': didominasi ku jinis ''[[Rhizophora]]'' jeung ''[[Avicennia]]''. * ''Leuweung Rawa'': loba kapanggih tatangkalan [[Sagu]] (''[[Metroxylon sagu]]''). * ''Vegetasi Alpén'': rupa-rupa jinis lumut jeung jukut luhur saperti ''[[Deschampsia]]''. * ''Tatangkalan lianna'': saperti [[Nira]] (''[[Nypa fruticans]]'') sarta rupa-rupa jinis [[Angkrék]] (''[[Orchidaceae]]'').<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser: Lorentz Flora].</ref> == Fauna == Kawasan ieu mangrupa imah pikeun rupa-rupa sato liar anu kabagi kana sababaraha kelompok:<ref name="IUCN"/> === Mamalia === * [[Kangguru Tangkal]] (''[[Dendrolagus]]'') * [[Echidna]] monyong panjang (''[[Zaglossus bruijni]]'') * [[Posum]] (''[[Phalanger]]'') === Aves (Manuk) === * [[Cendrawasih]] (''[[Paradisaeidae]]'') * [[Kasuari]] (''[[Casuarius]]'') * [[Kakatua]] (''[[Cacatua]]'') * [[Puyuh Salju]] (''[[Anurophasis monorthonyx]]'') === Réptil jeung Amfibi === * [[Kuya]] monyong babi (''[[Carettochelys insculpta]]'') * [[Buaya]] muara (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'') * Rupa-rupa jinis [[Kadali]] sarta [[Ulay]] asli Papua. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Papua]] g73aqeh5pmpfih9yyflpetlspv9cjxr 707742 707741 2026-04-03T00:10:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Lorentz | Image = [[File:Taman nasional Lorentz.jpg|200px|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Alam | Criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | ID = 955 | Region = [[Daptar Situs Warisan Dunya di Asia jeung Oséania|Asia Pasifik]] | Year = 1999 | Session = ka-23 | area = 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] | lat_d = 4 | lat_m = 45 | lat_s = | lat_NS = S | long_d = 137 | long_m = 50 | long_s = | long_EW = E | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Perenahna Taman Nasional Lorentz di Indonésia | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 }} '''Taman Nasional Lorentz''' nyaéta taman nasional pangbadagna di Asia Tenggara anu perenahna di propinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Kalayan legana sakitar 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] sarta sacara géografis perenahna dina koordinat 4°45'S 137°50'E, ieu kawasan ngawengku sababaraha wilayah administratif saperti [[Kabupatén Asmat]], [[Kabupatén Mimika]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jayawijaya]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 Lorentz National Park].</ref> Kawasan ieu mangrupa salah sahiji taman nasional anu miboga ékosistem paling lengkep di dunya, mimiti ti wilayah basisir nepi ka puncak gunung anu saljuan.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Taman Nasional Lorentz].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama Taman Nasional Lorentz nyaéta ayana gletser atawa salju abadi di Puncak [[Cartensz Pyramide]] (Puncak Jaya), anu mangrupa salah sahiji ti saeutik gunung tropis di dunya anu miboga és.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Salian ti éta, taman nasional ieu mangrupa Situs Warisan Dunya (''World Heritage Site'') anu ngawengku rupa-rupa tipe [[végétasi]], mimiti ti leuweung [[babakoan]] (''mangrove''), [[rawa]], nepi ka padang jukut [[alpén]] (''alpine grass'').<ref name="IUCN">IUCN. [https://www.iucn.org/ Protected Areas: Lorentz].</ref> == Sajarah == [[File:Taman Nasional Lorentz.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] Ngaran ''Lorentz'' dicokot tina ngaran saurang panalungtik asal Walanda, [[Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz]], anu ngalakukeun ékspédisi di wilayah ieu dina taun 1909.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84457580-705d-11e0-911d-00145eb45e97 Biodiversity in Lorentz National Park].</ref> Dina taun 1990, pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] netepkeun wewengkon ieu salaku [[Taman Nasional]], sarta dina taun 1999 resmi didaptarkeun ku [[UNESCO]] salaku Situs Warisan Dunya.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Flora == Taman Nasional Lorentz miboga rupa-rupa [[tutuwuhan]] anu kacida beungharna, di antarana: * ''Leuweung Mangrove'': didominasi ku jinis ''[[Rhizophora]]'' jeung ''[[Avicennia]]''. * ''Leuweung Rawa'': loba kapanggih tatangkalan [[Sagu]] (''[[Metroxylon sagu]]''). * ''Vegetasi Alpén'': rupa-rupa jinis lumut jeung jukut luhur saperti ''[[Deschampsia]]''. * ''Tatangkalan lianna'': saperti [[Nira]] (''[[Nypa fruticans]]'') sarta rupa-rupa jinis [[Angkrék]] (''[[Orchidaceae]]'').<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser: Lorentz Flora].</ref> == Fauna == Kawasan ieu mangrupa imah pikeun rupa-rupa sato liar anu kabagi kana sababaraha kelompok:<ref name="IUCN"/> === Mamalia === * [[Kangguru Tangkal]] (''[[Dendrolagus]]'') * [[Echidna]] monyong panjang (''[[Zaglossus bruijni]]'') * [[Posum]] (''[[Phalanger]]'') === Aves (Manuk) === * [[Cendrawasih]] (''[[Paradisaeidae]]'') * [[Kasuari]] (''[[Casuarius]]'') * [[Kakatua]] (''[[Cacatua]]'') * [[Puyuh Salju]] (''[[Anurophasis monorthonyx]]'') === Réptil jeung Amfibi === * [[Kuya]] monyong babi (''[[Carettochelys insculpta]]'') * [[Buaya]] muara (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'') * Rupa-rupa jinis [[Kadali]] sarta [[Ulay]] asli Papua. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Papua]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasiona]] nolr1uvclsncdsdafxfyysfqt41hcjd 707743 707742 2026-04-03T00:11:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Taman Nasional Lorentz | Image = [[File:Taman nasional Lorentz.jpg|200px|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] | State Party = {{INA}} | Type = Alam | Criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | ID = 955 | Region = [[Daptar Situs Warisan Dunya di Asia jeung Oséania|Asia Pasifik]] | Year = 1999 | Session = ka-23 | area = 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] | lat_d = 4 | lat_m = 45 | lat_s = | lat_NS = S | long_d = 137 | long_m = 50 | long_s = | long_EW = E | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Perenahna Taman Nasional Lorentz di Indonésia | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 }} '''Taman Nasional Lorentz''' nyaéta taman nasional pangbadagna di Asia Tenggara anu perenahna di propinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Kalayan legana sakitar 2.505.600 [[Héktar|ha]] sarta sacara géografis perenahna dina koordinat 4°45'S 137°50'E, ieu kawasan ngawengku sababaraha wilayah administratif saperti [[Kabupatén Asmat]], [[Kabupatén Mimika]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jayawijaya]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955 Lorentz National Park].</ref> Kawasan ieu mangrupa salah sahiji taman nasional anu miboga ékosistem paling lengkep di dunya, mimiti ti wilayah basisir nepi ka puncak gunung anu saljuan.<ref name="Dephut">Kamentrian Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan. [http://www.menlhk.go.id Profil Taman Nasional Lorentz].</ref> == Kaistimewaan == Kaistimewaan utama Taman Nasional Lorentz nyaéta ayana gletser atawa salju abadi di Puncak [[Cartensz Pyramide]] (Puncak Jaya), anu mangrupa salah sahiji ti saeutik gunung tropis di dunya anu miboga és.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Salian ti éta, taman nasional ieu mangrupa Situs Warisan Dunya (''World Heritage Site'') anu ngawengku rupa-rupa tipe [[végétasi]], mimiti ti leuweung [[babakoan]] (''mangrove''), [[rawa]], nepi ka padang jukut [[alpén]] (''alpine grass'').<ref name="IUCN">IUCN. [https://www.iucn.org/ Protected Areas: Lorentz].</ref> == Sajarah == [[File:Taman Nasional Lorentz.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Taman Nasional Lorentz]] Ngaran ''Lorentz'' dicokot tina ngaran saurang panalungtik asal Walanda, [[Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz]], anu ngalakukeun ékspédisi di wilayah ieu dina taun 1909.<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84457580-705d-11e0-911d-00145eb45e97 Biodiversity in Lorentz National Park].</ref> Dina taun 1990, pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] netepkeun wewengkon ieu salaku [[Taman Nasional]], sarta dina taun 1999 resmi didaptarkeun ku [[UNESCO]] salaku Situs Warisan Dunya.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Flora == Taman Nasional Lorentz miboga rupa-rupa [[tutuwuhan]] anu kacida beungharna, di antarana: * ''Leuweung Mangrove'': didominasi ku jinis ''[[Rhizophora]]'' jeung ''[[Avicennia]]''. * ''Leuweung Rawa'': loba kapanggih tatangkalan [[Sagu]] (''[[Metroxylon sagu]]''). * ''Vegetasi Alpén'': rupa-rupa jinis lumut jeung jukut luhur saperti ''[[Deschampsia]]''. * ''Tatangkalan lianna'': saperti [[Nira]] (''[[Nypa fruticans]]'') sarta rupa-rupa jinis [[Angkrék]] (''[[Orchidaceae]]'').<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser: Lorentz Flora].</ref> == Fauna == Kawasan ieu mangrupa imah pikeun rupa-rupa sato liar anu kabagi kana sababaraha kelompok:<ref name="IUCN"/> === Mamalia === * [[Kangguru Tangkal]] (''[[Dendrolagus]]'') * [[Echidna]] monyong panjang (''[[Zaglossus bruijni]]'') * [[Posum]] (''[[Phalanger]]'') === Aves (Manuk) === * [[Cendrawasih]] (''[[Paradisaeidae]]'') * [[Kasuari]] (''[[Casuarius]]'') * [[Kakatua]] (''[[Cacatua]]'') * [[Puyuh Salju]] (''[[Anurophasis monorthonyx]]'') === Réptil jeung Amfibi === * [[Kuya]] monyong babi (''[[Carettochelys insculpta]]'') * [[Buaya]] muara (''[[Crocodylus porosus]]'') * Rupa-rupa jinis [[Kadali]] sarta [[Ulay]] asli Papua. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Papua]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional]] dng0s9344i5c1lg5082bl3js1rseonx