Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4867 708017 681077 2026-04-08T05:51:11Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Oray | fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]] - Kiwari | image = Vipera_palaestina.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = [[Vipera palaestina]] | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Sauropsida]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = '''Serpentes''' | subordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamili]] jeung [[Kularwarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] | subdivision = * [[Henophidia]] :[[Aniliidae]] :[[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] :[[Boa|Boidae]] :[[Bolyeriidae]] :[[Cylindrophiidae]] :[[Loxocemidae]] :[[Sanca|Pythonidae]] :[[Tropidophiidae]] :[[Uropeltidae]] :[[Xenopeltidae]] * [[Typhlopoidea]] :[[Anomalepididae]] :[[Leptotyphlopidae]] :[[Typhlopidae]] * [[Xenophidia]] :[[Acrochordidae]] :[[Atractaspididae]] :[[Colubridae]] :[[Elapidae]] :[[Hydrophiidae]] :[[Viperidae]] }} '''Oray''', ogé katelah ophidian, mangrupa [[réptil]] teu sukuan ([[getih tiis]]) nu deukeut pancakakina jeung [[kadal]], nu ngahiji dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah|ordo]] [[Squamata]]. Aya ogé sababaraha [[spésiés]] [[kadal]] nu teu sukuan nu saliwat mah mirip oray, tapi lain. Resep ka oray disebut [[ofiofilia]], sedengkeun sieun ka oray disebut [[ofidiofobia]]. == Téori évolusi == [[Filogenetika|Filogeni]] oray can pati jéntré, sabab kurangna catetan [[fosil]] alatan leutik jeung gampang ancurna [[rorongkong]] oray. Tapi, dumasar [[anatomi komparatif|morfologina]], aya kasapukan yén oray téh diturunkeun ti karuhun nu kawas kadal. Panyangka ieu lajeng didukung ku hasil panalungtikan dina widang [[genetika]] jeung [[biokimia]]. <!-- Recent fossil evidence suggests that snakes directly evolved from burrowing lizards, either [[varanid]]s or some other group. An early fossil snake, ''[[Najash rionegrina]]'', was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, fully terrestrial. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor ''[[Lanthanotidae|Lanthanotus]]'' of [[Borneo]], although it also is semi-aquatic. As these ancestors became more subterranean, they lost their limbs and became more streamlined for burrowing. Features such as the transparent, fused eyelids and loss of external ears, according to this hypothesis, evolved to combat subterranean conditions (scratched corneas, dirt in the ears). According to this hypothesis, snakes re-emerged onto the surface of the land much as they are today. Other primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs but lacked a direct connection of the pelvic bones to the vertebrae, including ''[[Haasiophis]]'', ''[[Pachyrhachis]]'' and ''[[Eupodophis]]'') which are slightly older than ''[[Najash]]''. Modern [[boa]]s do have vestigal hind limbs, tiny, clawed digits known as [[anal spur]]s and used to grasp during mating. The alternative hypothesis, based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], suggests that ancestors were related to [[mosasaur]]s — extinct [[aquatic]] reptiles from the [[Cretaceous]] — which in turn are thought to have derived from [[monitor lizard|varanid lizard]]s. Under this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), while the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment, ultimately leading to an animal similar in appearance to [[sea snake]]s of today. In the Late [[Cretaceous]], snakes re-colonized the land much like they are today. Fossil snake remains are known from early Late Cretateous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis, particularly as they are older than the terrestrial ''Najash rionegrina''. Similar skull structure; reduced/absent limbs; and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive [[Cladistics|cladistic]]al correlation, though some features are also shared with varanids. Supposedly similar locomotion for both groups is also used as support for this hypothesis. Genetic studies have indicated that snakes are not especially related to monitor lizards, and (it has been claimed) therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, there is more evidence linking mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmentary remains that have been found from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may eventually refute either hypothesis. The great diversity of modern snakes appeared in the [[Paleocene]], probably correlated with the [[adaptive radiation]] of mammals following the extinction of the [[dinosaur]]s. ==Feeding== [[Image:Snake_eating_mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snake eating a mouse]] All snakes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating small animals including lizards and other snakes, [[rodent]]s and other small mammals, birds, [[egg (biology)|eggs]] or insects. Some snakes have a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] bite which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by [[constriction]]. Still others swallow their prey whole and alive. Read more about [[snake food]]. Snakes do not chew their food and have a very flexible [[mandible|lower jaw]], the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see [[snake skull]]), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. It is a common misconception that snakes actually dislocate their lower jaw to consume large prey. After eating, snakes become torpid while the process of [[digestion]] takes place. Digestion is an intensive activity, especially after the consumption of very large prey. In species which feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy, and the digestive system is 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. So much metabolic energy is involved in digestion that in ''Crotalus durissus'', the Mexican rattlesnake, an increase of body temperature to as much as 14 degrees [[Celsius]] above the surrounding environment has been observed.<ref> {{cite web | coauthors =Glenn J. Tattersall1, William K. Milsom, Augusto S. Abe, Simone P. Brito, Denis V. Andrade | year = 2004 | url =http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579 | title =The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes | work =Journal of Experimental Biology 207 | pages =579-585 | publisher =The Company of Biologists | accessdate =2006-05-26 | accessyear =2006 }}</ref> Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate its prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. However, when undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, dissolving and absorbing everything but hair and claws, which are excreted along with uric acid waste. Snakes have been known to occasionally die from trying to swallow an animal that is too big. Snake digestive acids are unable to digest most plant matter, which passes through the digestive system mostly untouched. Snakes do not normally prey on people, but there are instances of small children being eaten by large [[boa|constrictor]]s in the [[jungle]]{{fact}}. While some particularly aggressive species exist, most will not attack humans unless startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. The majority of snakes are either non-venomous or possess venom that is not harmful to humans. ==Skin== The [[skin]] is covered in [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to move, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, [[keeled scales|keeled]], or granular. Their eyelids are transparent "spectacle" scales which remain permanently closed. They [[Moult|shed their skin]] periodically. Unlike other reptiles, this is done in one piece, like pulling off a sock. The primary purpose of this is to grow; shedding also removes external parasites. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the [[Rod of Asclepius]]. In "advanced" ([[Caenophidia|Caenophidian]]) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing scientists to count the vertebrae without dissection. If there is not enough humidity in the air while snakes are shedding their skin, it can be very dangerous for the snake, because the dry skin does not shed. Skin that remains attached to the snake can harbour diseases and parasites. A tail tip that is not removed can constrict as the snake grows, cutting off the blood supply to the end of the tail causing it to drop off. A retained spectacle can cause the snake to become blind in the affected eye. ==Perception== While snake [[Visual perception|vision]] is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake, have [[binocular vision]]. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have [[infrared]]-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. Snakes have no external ears, but they do have a bone called the ''quadrate'' under the skin on either side of the head which focuses sound into the [[cochlea]].[http://www.anapsid.org/torrey.html] Their sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] is most sensitive to frequencies around 200–300 Hz. A snake smells by using its [[forked tongue]] to collect airborne particles then passing them to the [[Vomeronasal organ|Jacobson's organ]] in the [[mouth]] for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell. The part of the body which is direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration thus a snake able to sense other animals approaching. ==Internal organs== The left [[lung]] is very small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin. To accommodate them all, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion which does not function in gas exchange. This 'saccular lung' may be used to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Also, many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other. The most primitive snakes, including boas and pythons, have [[anal spurs]], a pair of claws on either side of the [[cloaca]] which are used by the males for stimulation of females during mating. ==Locomotion== Snakes utilize a variety of methods of movement which allows them substantial mobility in spite of their legless condition. All snakes are capable of [[lateral undulation]], in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave. In addition, all snakes are capable of [[concertina movement]]. This method of movement can be used to both climb trees and move through small tunnels. In the case of trees, the branch is grasped by the posterior portion of the body, while the anterior portion is extended. The anterior portion then grasps the branch, and the posterior portion is pulled forward. In the case of tunnels, instead of grasping, the body loops are pressed against the tunnel walls to attain traction, but the motion is otherwise similar. Another common method of locomotion is [[rectilinear locomotion]], in which the snake remains straight and propels itself via a caterpillar-like motion of its belly-muscles. This mode is usually only used by very large, heavy snakes, such as large pythons and vipers. The most complex and interesting mode is [[sidewinding]], an undulatory motion used to move across slippery mud or loose sand. Not all snakes dwell on land; [[sea snake]]s live in shallow tropical seas. Studies of the motion and muscle activity of moving snakes have shed light on how each of these modes is achieved. In terrestrial lateral undulation, posteriorly propagating unilateral waves of muscle contraction occur. The regions of muscle activity for each side extend from the most concave point on that side posteriorly to the most convex side. Thus, when a point on the snake's body is maximally flexed to the right, the right muscles activate, bending it back to the left until it's maximally right-convex, at which point the right side muscles turn off, and the left side muscles turn on. Speed is modulated primarily by alteration of frequency. Aquatic lateral undulation appears superficially similar, but the muscle activation pattern is different, with the regions of muscle activity being 'shifted' posteriorly to where they would be in terrestrial lateral undulation. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood. Sidewinding, though it appears complex and confusing, is actually a simple modification of terrestrial lateral undulation. At the points of maximal flexion, the dorsalmost muscle group (traversospinalis group) activates, lifting that portion of the body over the ground, and resulting in other portions of the body remaining in static contact. This mode is used to cross slick surfaces such as mud flats and sand, and has nothing to do with thermoregulation, as is sometimes erroneously stated. Many species of snake, including species commonly kept as pets and which do not usually encounter deserts or mud flats, will sidewind when placed on a slick floor or tabletop and enticed to move fast. Concertina locomotion and rectilinear locomotion are less well understood. Studies of muscle activity have only been done for tunnel concertina locomotion, which shows that the muscles are unilaterally active in static regions of bending in order to brace the snake against the tunnel walls. Rectilinear is believed to rely on different muscles from the other modes; while they all rely on the large epaxial muscles, rectilinear locomotion seems to rely upon the small costocutaneous muscles. However, this has not been verified experimentally, due to the difficulties in working with these small muscles. ==="Flying" snakes=== Several species of snake have the ability to glide, all being in the genus ''[[Chrysopelea]]''. They are quite capable at it, able to travel as far as 1370 metres through the air. They tend to make slithering motions to steer and help propel themselves along, propulsion being something unusual among the many [[Flying and gliding animals|gliding animals]]. ==Reproduction== A wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes. All snakes employ [[internal fertilization]], accomplished by means of paired, forked [[hemipenis|hemipenes]], which are stored inverted in the male's tail. Most snakes [[egg (biology)|lay eggs]], and of those most species abandon them shortly after laying; however, some species are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are fully [[Vivipary|viviparous]], nourishing their young through a [[placenta]] as well as a [[yolk sac]], highly unusual among reptiles, or indeed anything else outside of [[placental mammals]]. Retention of eggs and live birth are commonly, but not exclusively, associated with cold environments, as the retention of the young within the [[female]] allows her to control their temperature more effectively than if the developing young were in external eggs. == Snake bites == Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon in most areas of the world. Only about 450 species of snakes are venomous (with only about 250 that are able to kill a human), and among the 70,000 Americans bitten by venomous snakes every year, fewer than fifteen die ([[lightning]] kills more). See [[Snakebite (bite)|snakebites]] for more information, including prevention of snake bites and first aid treatment. == Venomous snakes == {{seealso|Snake venom}} A '''venomous snake''' is a snake that uses modified saliva, [[venom (poison)|venom]], delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its [[Predation|prey]]. (In contrast, most non-venomous species are [[constrictor]]s which [[suffocate]] their [[Predation|prey]].) Venomous snakes include several [[family (biology)|families]] of snakes and do not constitute a formal [[taxonomic classification|classification]] group used in [[taxonomy]]. Venomous snakes are generally classified in four [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|families]]: *[[Elapid]]s - [[Cobra (snake)|cobra]]s, [[King Cobra|king cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[mamba]]s, [[Austrelaps|copperhead]]s, and [[coral snake]]s. *[[Viper|Viperids]] - [[viper]]s, [[rattlesnake]]s, [[Agkistrodon contortrix|copperhead]]s/[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|cottonmouth]]s, [[adder]]s and [[bushmaster]]s. *[[Colubrid]]s - [[boomslang]]s, [[tree snake]]s, [[vine snake]]s, [[boiga|mangrove snake]]s, and many others, though not all [[colubrid]]s are [[venomous]]. *[[Hydrophiidae]] - [[sea snake]]s While about a quarter of snakes are venomous, not all such species are dangerous to humans. See [[snake venom]]. The following groups of snakes can be aggressive and inflict dangerous, even potentially lethal bites. '''''This list is incomplete'''.'' [[Image:Brown_snake_-_victoria_australia.jpg|thumb|250px|Brown Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon contortrix|American Copperhead]] *[[Vipera aspis|Asp Viper]] *[[Austrelaps|Australian Copperhead]] *[[Trimeresurus|Bamboo Viper]] *[[Black Snake]] *[[Mamba|Black Mamba]] *[[Boiga]] *[[Boomslang]] *[[Brown Snake]] (Australian) *[[Lachesis (genus)|Bushmaster]] *[[Bothrops atrox|Common lancehead]] *[[Coral snake|Coral Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|Cottonmouth]] *[[Acanthophis|Death Adder]] *[[Crotalus adamanteus|Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake]] *[[Naja haje|Egyptian Cobra]] *[[Bothriechis schlegelii|Eyelash Viper]] *[[Azemiopinae|Fea's Viper]] *[[Bothrops lanceolatus|Fer-de-lance]] *[[Fierce Snake]] *[[Bitis gabonica|Gaboon Viper]] *[[Green mamba|Green Mamba]] *[[King Cobra]] *[[Indian Cobra]] *[[Bungarus|Krait]] *[[Lancehead]] *[[Philippine Cobra]] *[[Crotalinae|Rattlesnakes]] *[[Naja pallida|Red Spitting cobra]] *[[Daboia|Russell's Viper]] *[[Echis|Saw-scaled Viper]] *[[Sea snake|Sea Snakes]] *[[Crotalus cerastes|Sidewinder]] *[[Taipan]] *[[Notechis|Tiger Snake]] *[[Urutu]] *[[Crotalus atrox|Western Diamondback Rattlesnake]] Although other snakes, such as pythons, do not have long fangs and are not venomous, their bites should still be attended to medically, because they often leave mouth [[bacteria]] and sometimes shed teeth in the bite. ==Snakes as pets== Many varieties of snakes are docile and suitable as [[exotic pet]]s. *[[Corn Snake|Corn snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Rat snake]] - 1.8 m *[[King snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Milk Snake|Milk snake]] - 0.9 m - various species *[[Red-tailed Boa|Red-tailed boa]] - 3.0 m to 3.6 m depending on species *[[Ball python]] - 1.8 m *[[Hognose|Hognose snake]] - 0.9 m *[[Garter snake]]s - 0.9 m *[[Sand boa]] - 0.6 m *[[Blood python]] - 1.5 m *[[Burmese python]] over 6 m - largest docile snake, but not recommend for beginners due to size, strength and powerful feeding response "Beginner snakes" typically grow less than 180cm. Certain snakes are preferred as pets because they readily take food items that are inexpensive and acquired at many pet stores ([[feeder fish]], crickets, small rodents, etc.) Some owners train their snakes to eat pre-killed meals (especially larger ones such as guinea pigs and rabbits) in order to avoid possible struggles with live prey leading to injuries to the snake, or out of sheer sympathy for the prey. F/T refers to frozen/thawed food items. Some pet stores, such as PetSmart, only sell F/T feeders to avoid the perception of cruelty to the prey. ==Snake charmers== [[Image:Snake charm.jpg|thumb|250px|A snake Charmer in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]] ]] In some parts of the world, especially in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[snake charming]] is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In this, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake which he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flute-like musical instrument, to which the snake responds. However, snakes' sense of hearing is not very sensitive to the range of the charmer's instrument, so they may not be able to hear the music at all. Researchers have pointed out that many of these snake charmers are good sleight-of-hand artists. The snake moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public. They rarely catch their snakes and the snakes are either nonvenomous or defanged cobras. Sometimes these people exploit the fear of snakes by releasing snakes into the neighbourhood and then offering to rid the residence of snakes. Other snake charmers also have a snake and [[mongoose]] show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes may be seriously injured or killed. ==Snake trapping== Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. The tribals of "Irulas" from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in India have been practicising this art for generations. They generally don't use gimmicks and with the help of a simple stick catch the snakes from the fields or houses. They are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages. Their knowledge of snakes and their behaviour is uncanny. Modern day snake trapping involves a [[herpetologist]] using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like [[Steve Irwin]] prefer to catch them using bare hands. At least one tribe of natives uses a specialized form of snake catching as a rite of passage to manhood.{{Fact}} The young man of interest will wrap his leg heavily in some type of cloth all the way to the inseam. He will then stick his leg in a burrow containing a large python, typically a [[reticulated python]]. After the snake swallows most of his leg several other members of the tribe will pull him out of the hole along with the snake. The snake is then killed and the man's leg removed from the snake. These snakes can be over 20 ft long and it is possible for the man to have his leg dislocated. The scent of a prey animal may be used to help convince to snake to swallow the leg.--> == Klasifikasi == {{utama|Daptar kulawarga Serpentes}} '''Ordo: Squamata''' * '''Subordo Serpentes''' ** '''Superfamili [[Cholophidia]] (Oray watang)''' *** Kulawarga [[Pachyophiidae]]: oray laut sukuan *** Kulawarga [[Madtsoiidae]]: oray darat sukuan, kaasup [[Najash]] *** Kulawarga [[Dinilysiidae]]: oray darat sukuan lianna ** '''Superfamili [[Typhlopoidea]] (Scolecophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Anomalepidae]]: oray hayameun *** Kulawarga [[Typhlopidae]]: [[oray lolong]] *** Kulawarga [[Leptotyphlopidae]] /Glauconiidae: slender blind snakes ** '''Superfamili [[Henophidia]] (Boidéa)''' *** Kulawarga [[Aniliidae]] /Ilysiidae: [[pipe snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] dwarf pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[boa|Boidae]]: boa *** Kulawarga [[Python]]idae: sanca *** Kulawarga [[Round Island boa|Bolyeriidae]]: boa Pulo Round *** Kulawarga [[Asian pipe snake|Cylindrophiidae]]: Asian pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[Mexican burrowing snake|Loxocemidae]]: Mexican burrowing pythons *** Kulawarga [[Dwarf boa|Tropidophiidae]] *** Kulawarga [[Ungaliophiidae]]: dwarf boas *** Kulawarga [[shield-tailed snake|Uropeltidae]]: [[shield-tailed snake|Shield-tail Snakes]] *** Kulawarga [[Sunbeam snake|Xenopeltidae]]: [[Sunbeam snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Acrochordidae]]: [[file snake]]s ** '''Superfamili [[Xenophidia]] (Colubroidéa = Caenophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Atractaspididae]]: [[mole viper]]s *** Kulawarga [[Colubrid]]ae: colubrids (over half of all snake species, such as [[garter snake]], [[rat snake]], [[milk snake]], [[king snake]]) *** Kulawarga [[Elapidae]]: [[cobra (snake)|cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[coral snake]]s, [[Austrelaps|Australian copperheads]] *** Kulawarga [[sea snake|Hydrophiidae]]: [[sea snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Viperidae]]: [[Crotalinae|pit vipers]], [[Viperinae|true vipers]], [[Causinae|night adders]] and [[Azemiopinae|Fae's viper]] == Baca ogé == * [[Huntu oray]] * [[Peurah oray]] * [[Rorongkong oray]] <!-- ==Notes== <references/>--> == Rujukan == * {{cite book | author=[[Romulus Whitaker]] (éd. Ing.); alihbasa Tamil ku O.Henry Francis | title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Oray di sabudeureun Urang, Tamil) | publisher=National Book Trust | year=1996 | id=ISBN 81-237-1905-1}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Category:Serpentes}} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-venomous Non-venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216031905/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-16 }} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ Venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214120017/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-14 }} * [http://www.herp.net Numerous articles from journals on snakes (mainly Australasian)] * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 Integrated Taxonomic Information System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220236/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 |date=2006-08-28 }} Serpentes * [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/taxa.html EMBL Database] * [http://lancelet.blogspot.com/2006/04/serpent-beguiles.html the Lancelet: "The serpent beguiles?"] Pedaran ngeunaan paaduregeng asal-usul oray dina yuga Cretacéous * [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/snakes.htm The medicinal use of snakes in China] * [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm Poisonous snakes and lizards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223014847/http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm |date=2007-02-23 }} * [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp Snake Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202144913/http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html Snake venom LD50 values] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182323/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.freesnake.com Snake Photos and Breed Information] * [http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php Snakes Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814213437/http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php |date=2006-08-14 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Colubridae ]] [[Kategori:0ray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] jiz7vinqlwuedd1m84q0dysggvnyicy 708018 708017 2026-04-08T06:15:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Oray | fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]] - Kiwari | image = Vipera_palaestina.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = [[Vipera palaestina]] | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Sauropsida]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = '''Serpentes''' | subordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamili]] jeung [[Kularwarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] | subdivision = * [[Henophidia]] :[[Aniliidae]] :[[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] :[[Boa|Boidae]] :[[Bolyeriidae]] :[[Cylindrophiidae]] :[[Loxocemidae]] :[[Sanca|Pythonidae]] :[[Tropidophiidae]] :[[Uropeltidae]] :[[Xenopeltidae]] * [[Typhlopoidea]] :[[Anomalepididae]] :[[Leptotyphlopidae]] :[[Typhlopidae]] * [[Xenophidia]] :[[Acrochordidae]] :[[Atractaspididae]] :[[Colubridae]] :[[Elapidae]] :[[Hydrophiidae]] :[[Viperidae]] }} '''Oray''', ogé katelah ophidian, mangrupa [[réptil]] teu sukuan ([[getih tiis]]) nu deukeut pancakakina jeung [[kadal]], nu ngahiji dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah|ordo]] [[Squamata]]. Aya ogé sababaraha [[spésiés]] [[kadal]] nu teu sukuan nu saliwat mah mirip oray, tapi lain. Resep ka oray disebut [[ofiofilia]], sedengkeun sieun ka oray disebut [[ofidiofobia]]. == Téori évolusi == [[Filogenetika|Filogeni]] oray can pati jéntré, sabab kurangna catetan [[fosil]] alatan leutik jeung gampang ancurna [[rorongkong]] oray. Tapi, dumasar [[anatomi komparatif|morfologina]], aya kasapukan yén oray téh diturunkeun ti karuhun nu kawas kadal. Panyangka ieu lajeng didukung ku hasil panalungtikan dina widang [[genetika]] jeung [[biokimia]]. <!-- Recent fossil evidence suggests that snakes directly evolved from burrowing lizards, either [[varanid]]s or some other group. An early fossil snake, ''[[Najash rionegrina]]'', was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, fully terrestrial. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor ''[[Lanthanotidae|Lanthanotus]]'' of [[Borneo]], although it also is semi-aquatic. As these ancestors became more subterranean, they lost their limbs and became more streamlined for burrowing. Features such as the transparent, fused eyelids and loss of external ears, according to this hypothesis, evolved to combat subterranean conditions (scratched corneas, dirt in the ears). According to this hypothesis, snakes re-emerged onto the surface of the land much as they are today. Other primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs but lacked a direct connection of the pelvic bones to the vertebrae, including ''[[Haasiophis]]'', ''[[Pachyrhachis]]'' and ''[[Eupodophis]]'') which are slightly older than ''[[Najash]]''. Modern [[boa]]s do have vestigal hind limbs, tiny, clawed digits known as [[anal spur]]s and used to grasp during mating. The alternative hypothesis, based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], suggests that ancestors were related to [[mosasaur]]s — extinct [[aquatic]] reptiles from the [[Cretaceous]] — which in turn are thought to have derived from [[monitor lizard|varanid lizard]]s. Under this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), while the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment, ultimately leading to an animal similar in appearance to [[sea snake]]s of today. In the Late [[Cretaceous]], snakes re-colonized the land much like they are today. Fossil snake remains are known from early Late Cretateous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis, particularly as they are older than the terrestrial ''Najash rionegrina''. Similar skull structure; reduced/absent limbs; and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive [[Cladistics|cladistic]]al correlation, though some features are also shared with varanids. Supposedly similar locomotion for both groups is also used as support for this hypothesis. Genetic studies have indicated that snakes are not especially related to monitor lizards, and (it has been claimed) therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, there is more evidence linking mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmentary remains that have been found from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may eventually refute either hypothesis. The great diversity of modern snakes appeared in the [[Paleocene]], probably correlated with the [[adaptive radiation]] of mammals following the extinction of the [[dinosaur]]s. ==Feeding== [[Image:Snake_eating_mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snake eating a mouse]] All snakes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating small animals including lizards and other snakes, [[rodent]]s and other small mammals, birds, [[egg (biology)|eggs]] or insects. Some snakes have a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] bite which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by [[constriction]]. Still others swallow their prey whole and alive. Read more about [[snake food]]. Snakes do not chew their food and have a very flexible [[mandible|lower jaw]], the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see [[snake skull]]), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. It is a common misconception that snakes actually dislocate their lower jaw to consume large prey. After eating, snakes become torpid while the process of [[digestion]] takes place. Digestion is an intensive activity, especially after the consumption of very large prey. In species which feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy, and the digestive system is 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. So much metabolic energy is involved in digestion that in ''Crotalus durissus'', the Mexican rattlesnake, an increase of body temperature to as much as 14 degrees [[Celsius]] above the surrounding environment has been observed.<ref> {{cite web | coauthors =Glenn J. Tattersall1, William K. Milsom, Augusto S. Abe, Simone P. Brito, Denis V. Andrade | year = 2004 | url =http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579 | title =The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes | work =Journal of Experimental Biology 207 | pages =579-585 | publisher =The Company of Biologists | accessdate =2006-05-26 | accessyear =2006 }}</ref> Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate its prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. However, when undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, dissolving and absorbing everything but hair and claws, which are excreted along with uric acid waste. Snakes have been known to occasionally die from trying to swallow an animal that is too big. Snake digestive acids are unable to digest most plant matter, which passes through the digestive system mostly untouched. Snakes do not normally prey on people, but there are instances of small children being eaten by large [[boa|constrictor]]s in the [[jungle]]{{fact}}. While some particularly aggressive species exist, most will not attack humans unless startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. The majority of snakes are either non-venomous or possess venom that is not harmful to humans. ==Skin== The [[skin]] is covered in [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to move, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, [[keeled scales|keeled]], or granular. Their eyelids are transparent "spectacle" scales which remain permanently closed. They [[Moult|shed their skin]] periodically. Unlike other reptiles, this is done in one piece, like pulling off a sock. The primary purpose of this is to grow; shedding also removes external parasites. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the [[Rod of Asclepius]]. In "advanced" ([[Caenophidia|Caenophidian]]) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing scientists to count the vertebrae without dissection. If there is not enough humidity in the air while snakes are shedding their skin, it can be very dangerous for the snake, because the dry skin does not shed. Skin that remains attached to the snake can harbour diseases and parasites. A tail tip that is not removed can constrict as the snake grows, cutting off the blood supply to the end of the tail causing it to drop off. A retained spectacle can cause the snake to become blind in the affected eye. ==Perception== While snake [[Visual perception|vision]] is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake, have [[binocular vision]]. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have [[infrared]]-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. Snakes have no external ears, but they do have a bone called the ''quadrate'' under the skin on either side of the head which focuses sound into the [[cochlea]].[http://www.anapsid.org/torrey.html] Their sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] is most sensitive to frequencies around 200–300 Hz. A snake smells by using its [[forked tongue]] to collect airborne particles then passing them to the [[Vomeronasal organ|Jacobson's organ]] in the [[mouth]] for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell. The part of the body which is direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration thus a snake able to sense other animals approaching. ==Internal organs== The left [[lung]] is very small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin. To accommodate them all, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion which does not function in gas exchange. This 'saccular lung' may be used to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Also, many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other. The most primitive snakes, including boas and pythons, have [[anal spurs]], a pair of claws on either side of the [[cloaca]] which are used by the males for stimulation of females during mating. ==Locomotion== Snakes utilize a variety of methods of movement which allows them substantial mobility in spite of their legless condition. All snakes are capable of [[lateral undulation]], in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave. In addition, all snakes are capable of [[concertina movement]]. This method of movement can be used to both climb trees and move through small tunnels. In the case of trees, the branch is grasped by the posterior portion of the body, while the anterior portion is extended. The anterior portion then grasps the branch, and the posterior portion is pulled forward. In the case of tunnels, instead of grasping, the body loops are pressed against the tunnel walls to attain traction, but the motion is otherwise similar. Another common method of locomotion is [[rectilinear locomotion]], in which the snake remains straight and propels itself via a caterpillar-like motion of its belly-muscles. This mode is usually only used by very large, heavy snakes, such as large pythons and vipers. The most complex and interesting mode is [[sidewinding]], an undulatory motion used to move across slippery mud or loose sand. Not all snakes dwell on land; [[sea snake]]s live in shallow tropical seas. Studies of the motion and muscle activity of moving snakes have shed light on how each of these modes is achieved. In terrestrial lateral undulation, posteriorly propagating unilateral waves of muscle contraction occur. The regions of muscle activity for each side extend from the most concave point on that side posteriorly to the most convex side. Thus, when a point on the snake's body is maximally flexed to the right, the right muscles activate, bending it back to the left until it's maximally right-convex, at which point the right side muscles turn off, and the left side muscles turn on. Speed is modulated primarily by alteration of frequency. Aquatic lateral undulation appears superficially similar, but the muscle activation pattern is different, with the regions of muscle activity being 'shifted' posteriorly to where they would be in terrestrial lateral undulation. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood. Sidewinding, though it appears complex and confusing, is actually a simple modification of terrestrial lateral undulation. At the points of maximal flexion, the dorsalmost muscle group (traversospinalis group) activates, lifting that portion of the body over the ground, and resulting in other portions of the body remaining in static contact. This mode is used to cross slick surfaces such as mud flats and sand, and has nothing to do with thermoregulation, as is sometimes erroneously stated. Many species of snake, including species commonly kept as pets and which do not usually encounter deserts or mud flats, will sidewind when placed on a slick floor or tabletop and enticed to move fast. Concertina locomotion and rectilinear locomotion are less well understood. Studies of muscle activity have only been done for tunnel concertina locomotion, which shows that the muscles are unilaterally active in static regions of bending in order to brace the snake against the tunnel walls. Rectilinear is believed to rely on different muscles from the other modes; while they all rely on the large epaxial muscles, rectilinear locomotion seems to rely upon the small costocutaneous muscles. However, this has not been verified experimentally, due to the difficulties in working with these small muscles. ==="Flying" snakes=== Several species of snake have the ability to glide, all being in the genus ''[[Chrysopelea]]''. They are quite capable at it, able to travel as far as 1370 metres through the air. They tend to make slithering motions to steer and help propel themselves along, propulsion being something unusual among the many [[Flying and gliding animals|gliding animals]]. ==Reproduction== A wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes. All snakes employ [[internal fertilization]], accomplished by means of paired, forked [[hemipenis|hemipenes]], which are stored inverted in the male's tail. Most snakes [[egg (biology)|lay eggs]], and of those most species abandon them shortly after laying; however, some species are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are fully [[Vivipary|viviparous]], nourishing their young through a [[placenta]] as well as a [[yolk sac]], highly unusual among reptiles, or indeed anything else outside of [[placental mammals]]. Retention of eggs and live birth are commonly, but not exclusively, associated with cold environments, as the retention of the young within the [[female]] allows her to control their temperature more effectively than if the developing young were in external eggs. == Snake bites == Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon in most areas of the world. Only about 450 species of snakes are venomous (with only about 250 that are able to kill a human), and among the 70,000 Americans bitten by venomous snakes every year, fewer than fifteen die ([[lightning]] kills more). See [[Snakebite (bite)|snakebites]] for more information, including prevention of snake bites and first aid treatment. == Venomous snakes == {{seealso|Snake venom}} A '''venomous snake''' is a snake that uses modified saliva, [[venom (poison)|venom]], delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its [[Predation|prey]]. (In contrast, most non-venomous species are [[constrictor]]s which [[suffocate]] their [[Predation|prey]].) Venomous snakes include several [[family (biology)|families]] of snakes and do not constitute a formal [[taxonomic classification|classification]] group used in [[taxonomy]]. Venomous snakes are generally classified in four [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|families]]: *[[Elapid]]s - [[Cobra (snake)|cobra]]s, [[King Cobra|king cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[mamba]]s, [[Austrelaps|copperhead]]s, and [[coral snake]]s. *[[Viper|Viperids]] - [[viper]]s, [[rattlesnake]]s, [[Agkistrodon contortrix|copperhead]]s/[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|cottonmouth]]s, [[adder]]s and [[bushmaster]]s. *[[Colubrid]]s - [[boomslang]]s, [[tree snake]]s, [[vine snake]]s, [[boiga|mangrove snake]]s, and many others, though not all [[colubrid]]s are [[venomous]]. *[[Hydrophiidae]] - [[sea snake]]s While about a quarter of snakes are venomous, not all such species are dangerous to humans. See [[snake venom]]. The following groups of snakes can be aggressive and inflict dangerous, even potentially lethal bites. '''''This list is incomplete'''.'' [[Image:Brown_snake_-_victoria_australia.jpg|thumb|250px|Brown Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon contortrix|American Copperhead]] *[[Vipera aspis|Asp Viper]] *[[Austrelaps|Australian Copperhead]] *[[Trimeresurus|Bamboo Viper]] *[[Black Snake]] *[[Mamba|Black Mamba]] *[[Boiga]] *[[Boomslang]] *[[Brown Snake]] (Australian) *[[Lachesis (genus)|Bushmaster]] *[[Bothrops atrox|Common lancehead]] *[[Coral snake|Coral Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|Cottonmouth]] *[[Acanthophis|Death Adder]] *[[Crotalus adamanteus|Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake]] *[[Naja haje|Egyptian Cobra]] *[[Bothriechis schlegelii|Eyelash Viper]] *[[Azemiopinae|Fea's Viper]] *[[Bothrops lanceolatus|Fer-de-lance]] *[[Fierce Snake]] *[[Bitis gabonica|Gaboon Viper]] *[[Green mamba|Green Mamba]] *[[King Cobra]] *[[Indian Cobra]] *[[Bungarus|Krait]] *[[Lancehead]] *[[Philippine Cobra]] *[[Crotalinae|Rattlesnakes]] *[[Naja pallida|Red Spitting cobra]] *[[Daboia|Russell's Viper]] *[[Echis|Saw-scaled Viper]] *[[Sea snake|Sea Snakes]] *[[Crotalus cerastes|Sidewinder]] *[[Taipan]] *[[Notechis|Tiger Snake]] *[[Urutu]] *[[Crotalus atrox|Western Diamondback Rattlesnake]] Although other snakes, such as pythons, do not have long fangs and are not venomous, their bites should still be attended to medically, because they often leave mouth [[bacteria]] and sometimes shed teeth in the bite. ==Snakes as pets== Many varieties of snakes are docile and suitable as [[exotic pet]]s. *[[Corn Snake|Corn snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Rat snake]] - 1.8 m *[[King snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Milk Snake|Milk snake]] - 0.9 m - various species *[[Red-tailed Boa|Red-tailed boa]] - 3.0 m to 3.6 m depending on species *[[Ball python]] - 1.8 m *[[Hognose|Hognose snake]] - 0.9 m *[[Garter snake]]s - 0.9 m *[[Sand boa]] - 0.6 m *[[Blood python]] - 1.5 m *[[Burmese python]] over 6 m - largest docile snake, but not recommend for beginners due to size, strength and powerful feeding response "Beginner snakes" typically grow less than 180cm. Certain snakes are preferred as pets because they readily take food items that are inexpensive and acquired at many pet stores ([[feeder fish]], crickets, small rodents, etc.) Some owners train their snakes to eat pre-killed meals (especially larger ones such as guinea pigs and rabbits) in order to avoid possible struggles with live prey leading to injuries to the snake, or out of sheer sympathy for the prey. F/T refers to frozen/thawed food items. Some pet stores, such as PetSmart, only sell F/T feeders to avoid the perception of cruelty to the prey. ==Snake charmers== [[Image:Snake charm.jpg|thumb|250px|A snake Charmer in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]] ]] In some parts of the world, especially in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[snake charming]] is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In this, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake which he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flute-like musical instrument, to which the snake responds. However, snakes' sense of hearing is not very sensitive to the range of the charmer's instrument, so they may not be able to hear the music at all. Researchers have pointed out that many of these snake charmers are good sleight-of-hand artists. The snake moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public. They rarely catch their snakes and the snakes are either nonvenomous or defanged cobras. Sometimes these people exploit the fear of snakes by releasing snakes into the neighbourhood and then offering to rid the residence of snakes. Other snake charmers also have a snake and [[mongoose]] show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes may be seriously injured or killed. ==Snake trapping== Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. The tribals of "Irulas" from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in India have been practicising this art for generations. They generally don't use gimmicks and with the help of a simple stick catch the snakes from the fields or houses. They are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages. Their knowledge of snakes and their behaviour is uncanny. Modern day snake trapping involves a [[herpetologist]] using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like [[Steve Irwin]] prefer to catch them using bare hands. At least one tribe of natives uses a specialized form of snake catching as a rite of passage to manhood.{{Fact}} The young man of interest will wrap his leg heavily in some type of cloth all the way to the inseam. He will then stick his leg in a burrow containing a large python, typically a [[reticulated python]]. After the snake swallows most of his leg several other members of the tribe will pull him out of the hole along with the snake. The snake is then killed and the man's leg removed from the snake. These snakes can be over 20 ft long and it is possible for the man to have his leg dislocated. The scent of a prey animal may be used to help convince to snake to swallow the leg.--> == Klasifikasi == {{utama|Daptar kulawarga Serpentes}} '''Ordo: Squamata''' * '''Subordo Serpentes''' ** '''Superfamili [[Cholophidia]] (Oray watang)''' *** Kulawarga [[Pachyophiidae]]: oray laut sukuan *** Kulawarga [[Madtsoiidae]]: oray darat sukuan, kaasup [[Najash]] *** Kulawarga [[Dinilysiidae]]: oray darat sukuan lianna ** '''Superfamili [[Typhlopoidea]] (Scolecophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Anomalepidae]]: oray hayameun *** Kulawarga [[Typhlopidae]]: [[oray lolong]] *** Kulawarga [[Leptotyphlopidae]] /Glauconiidae: slender blind snakes ** '''Superfamili [[Henophidia]] (Boidéa)''' *** Kulawarga [[Aniliidae]] /Ilysiidae: [[pipe snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] dwarf pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[boa|Boidae]]: boa *** Kulawarga [[Python]]idae: sanca *** Kulawarga [[Round Island boa|Bolyeriidae]]: boa Pulo Round *** Kulawarga [[Asian pipe snake|Cylindrophiidae]]: Asian pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[Mexican burrowing snake|Loxocemidae]]: Mexican burrowing pythons *** Kulawarga [[Dwarf boa|Tropidophiidae]] *** Kulawarga [[Ungaliophiidae]]: dwarf boas *** Kulawarga [[shield-tailed snake|Uropeltidae]]: [[shield-tailed snake|Shield-tail Snakes]] *** Kulawarga [[Sunbeam snake|Xenopeltidae]]: [[Sunbeam snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Acrochordidae]]: [[file snake]]s ** '''Superfamili [[Xenophidia]] (Colubroidéa = Caenophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Atractaspididae]]: [[mole viper]]s *** Kulawarga [[Colubrid]]ae: colubrids (over half of all snake species, such as [[garter snake]], [[rat snake]], [[milk snake]], [[king snake]]) *** Kulawarga [[Elapidae]]: [[cobra (snake)|cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[coral snake]]s, [[Austrelaps|Australian copperheads]] *** Kulawarga [[sea snake|Hydrophiidae]]: [[sea snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Viperidae]]: [[Crotalinae|pit vipers]], [[Viperinae|true vipers]], [[Causinae|night adders]] and [[Azemiopinae|Fae's viper]] == Baca ogé == * [[Huntu oray]] * [[Peurah oray]] * [[Rorongkong oray]] <!-- ==Notes== <references/>--> == Rujukan == * {{cite book | author=[[Romulus Whitaker]] (éd. Ing.); alihbasa Tamil ku O.Henry Francis | title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Oray di sabudeureun Urang, Tamil) | publisher=National Book Trust | year=1996 | id=ISBN 81-237-1905-1}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Category:Serpentes}} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-venomous Non-venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216031905/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-16 }} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ Venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214120017/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-14 }} * [http://www.herp.net Numerous articles from journals on snakes (mainly Australasian)] * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 Integrated Taxonomic Information System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220236/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 |date=2006-08-28 }} Serpentes * [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/taxa.html EMBL Database] * [http://lancelet.blogspot.com/2006/04/serpent-beguiles.html the Lancelet: "The serpent beguiles?"] Pedaran ngeunaan paaduregeng asal-usul oray dina yuga Cretacéous * [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/snakes.htm The medicinal use of snakes in China] * [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm Poisonous snakes and lizards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223014847/http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm |date=2007-02-23 }} * [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp Snake Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202144913/http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html Snake venom LD50 values] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182323/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.freesnake.com Snake Photos and Breed Information] * [http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php Snakes Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814213437/http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php |date=2006-08-14 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Colubridae ]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] ijf2ol1vq5hdacrhpapceb5mn6l5mvs 708019 708018 2026-04-08T06:27:58Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Téori évolusi */ 708019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Oray | fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]] - Kiwari | image = Vipera_palaestina.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = [[Vipera palaestina]] | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Sauropsida]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = '''Serpentes''' | subordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamili]] jeung [[Kularwarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] | subdivision = * [[Henophidia]] :[[Aniliidae]] :[[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] :[[Boa|Boidae]] :[[Bolyeriidae]] :[[Cylindrophiidae]] :[[Loxocemidae]] :[[Sanca|Pythonidae]] :[[Tropidophiidae]] :[[Uropeltidae]] :[[Xenopeltidae]] * [[Typhlopoidea]] :[[Anomalepididae]] :[[Leptotyphlopidae]] :[[Typhlopidae]] * [[Xenophidia]] :[[Acrochordidae]] :[[Atractaspididae]] :[[Colubridae]] :[[Elapidae]] :[[Hydrophiidae]] :[[Viperidae]] }} '''Oray''', ogé katelah ophidian, mangrupa [[réptil]] teu sukuan ([[getih tiis]]) nu deukeut pancakakina jeung [[kadal]], nu ngahiji dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah|ordo]] [[Squamata]]. Aya ogé sababaraha [[spésiés]] [[kadal]] nu teu sukuan nu saliwat mah mirip oray, tapi lain. Resep ka oray disebut [[ofiofilia]], sedengkeun sieun ka oray disebut [[ofidiofobia]]. == Téori évolusi == [[Filogénétik|Filogeni]] oray can pati jéntré, sabab kurangna catetan [[fosil]] alatan leutik jeung gampang ancurna [[rorongkong]] oray. Tapi, dumasar [[anatomi komparatif|morfologina]], aya kasapukan yén oray téh diturunkeun ti karuhun nu kawas kadal. Panyangka ieu lajeng didukung ku hasil panalungtikan dina widang [[genetika]] jeung [[biokimia]]. <!-- Recent fossil evidence suggests that snakes directly evolved from burrowing lizards, either [[varanid]]s or some other group. An early fossil snake, ''[[Najash rionegrina]]'', was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, fully terrestrial. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor ''[[Lanthanotidae|Lanthanotus]]'' of [[Borneo]], although it also is semi-aquatic. As these ancestors became more subterranean, they lost their limbs and became more streamlined for burrowing. Features such as the transparent, fused eyelids and loss of external ears, according to this hypothesis, evolved to combat subterranean conditions (scratched corneas, dirt in the ears). According to this hypothesis, snakes re-emerged onto the surface of the land much as they are today. Other primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs but lacked a direct connection of the pelvic bones to the vertebrae, including ''[[Haasiophis]]'', ''[[Pachyrhachis]]'' and ''[[Eupodophis]]'') which are slightly older than ''[[Najash]]''. Modern [[boa]]s do have vestigal hind limbs, tiny, clawed digits known as [[anal spur]]s and used to grasp during mating. The alternative hypothesis, based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], suggests that ancestors were related to [[mosasaur]]s — extinct [[aquatic]] reptiles from the [[Cretaceous]] — which in turn are thought to have derived from [[monitor lizard|varanid lizard]]s. Under this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), while the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment, ultimately leading to an animal similar in appearance to [[sea snake]]s of today. In the Late [[Cretaceous]], snakes re-colonized the land much like they are today. Fossil snake remains are known from early Late Cretateous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis, particularly as they are older than the terrestrial ''Najash rionegrina''. Similar skull structure; reduced/absent limbs; and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive [[Cladistics|cladistic]]al correlation, though some features are also shared with varanids. Supposedly similar locomotion for both groups is also used as support for this hypothesis. Genetic studies have indicated that snakes are not especially related to monitor lizards, and (it has been claimed) therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, there is more evidence linking mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmentary remains that have been found from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may eventually refute either hypothesis. The great diversity of modern snakes appeared in the [[Paleocene]], probably correlated with the [[adaptive radiation]] of mammals following the extinction of the [[dinosaur]]s. ==Feeding== [[Image:Snake_eating_mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snake eating a mouse]] All snakes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating small animals including lizards and other snakes, [[rodent]]s and other small mammals, birds, [[egg (biology)|eggs]] or insects. Some snakes have a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] bite which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by [[constriction]]. Still others swallow their prey whole and alive. Read more about [[snake food]]. Snakes do not chew their food and have a very flexible [[mandible|lower jaw]], the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see [[snake skull]]), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. It is a common misconception that snakes actually dislocate their lower jaw to consume large prey. After eating, snakes become torpid while the process of [[digestion]] takes place. Digestion is an intensive activity, especially after the consumption of very large prey. In species which feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy, and the digestive system is 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. So much metabolic energy is involved in digestion that in ''Crotalus durissus'', the Mexican rattlesnake, an increase of body temperature to as much as 14 degrees [[Celsius]] above the surrounding environment has been observed.<ref> {{cite web | coauthors =Glenn J. Tattersall1, William K. Milsom, Augusto S. Abe, Simone P. Brito, Denis V. Andrade | year = 2004 | url =http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579 | title =The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes | work =Journal of Experimental Biology 207 | pages =579-585 | publisher =The Company of Biologists | accessdate =2006-05-26 | accessyear =2006 }}</ref> Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate its prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. However, when undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, dissolving and absorbing everything but hair and claws, which are excreted along with uric acid waste. Snakes have been known to occasionally die from trying to swallow an animal that is too big. Snake digestive acids are unable to digest most plant matter, which passes through the digestive system mostly untouched. Snakes do not normally prey on people, but there are instances of small children being eaten by large [[boa|constrictor]]s in the [[jungle]]{{fact}}. While some particularly aggressive species exist, most will not attack humans unless startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. The majority of snakes are either non-venomous or possess venom that is not harmful to humans. ==Skin== The [[skin]] is covered in [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to move, gripping surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, [[keeled scales|keeled]], or granular. Their eyelids are transparent "spectacle" scales which remain permanently closed. They [[Moult|shed their skin]] periodically. Unlike other reptiles, this is done in one piece, like pulling off a sock. The primary purpose of this is to grow; shedding also removes external parasites. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the [[Rod of Asclepius]]. In "advanced" ([[Caenophidia|Caenophidian]]) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing scientists to count the vertebrae without dissection. If there is not enough humidity in the air while snakes are shedding their skin, it can be very dangerous for the snake, because the dry skin does not shed. Skin that remains attached to the snake can harbour diseases and parasites. A tail tip that is not removed can constrict as the snake grows, cutting off the blood supply to the end of the tail causing it to drop off. A retained spectacle can cause the snake to become blind in the affected eye. ==Perception== While snake [[Visual perception|vision]] is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake, have [[binocular vision]]. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have [[infrared]]-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. Snakes have no external ears, but they do have a bone called the ''quadrate'' under the skin on either side of the head which focuses sound into the [[cochlea]].[http://www.anapsid.org/torrey.html] Their sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] is most sensitive to frequencies around 200–300 Hz. A snake smells by using its [[forked tongue]] to collect airborne particles then passing them to the [[Vomeronasal organ|Jacobson's organ]] in the [[mouth]] for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell. The part of the body which is direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration thus a snake able to sense other animals approaching. ==Internal organs== The left [[lung]] is very small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin. To accommodate them all, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion which does not function in gas exchange. This 'saccular lung' may be used to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Also, many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other. The most primitive snakes, including boas and pythons, have [[anal spurs]], a pair of claws on either side of the [[cloaca]] which are used by the males for stimulation of females during mating. ==Locomotion== Snakes utilize a variety of methods of movement which allows them substantial mobility in spite of their legless condition. All snakes are capable of [[lateral undulation]], in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave. In addition, all snakes are capable of [[concertina movement]]. This method of movement can be used to both climb trees and move through small tunnels. In the case of trees, the branch is grasped by the posterior portion of the body, while the anterior portion is extended. The anterior portion then grasps the branch, and the posterior portion is pulled forward. In the case of tunnels, instead of grasping, the body loops are pressed against the tunnel walls to attain traction, but the motion is otherwise similar. Another common method of locomotion is [[rectilinear locomotion]], in which the snake remains straight and propels itself via a caterpillar-like motion of its belly-muscles. This mode is usually only used by very large, heavy snakes, such as large pythons and vipers. The most complex and interesting mode is [[sidewinding]], an undulatory motion used to move across slippery mud or loose sand. Not all snakes dwell on land; [[sea snake]]s live in shallow tropical seas. Studies of the motion and muscle activity of moving snakes have shed light on how each of these modes is achieved. In terrestrial lateral undulation, posteriorly propagating unilateral waves of muscle contraction occur. The regions of muscle activity for each side extend from the most concave point on that side posteriorly to the most convex side. Thus, when a point on the snake's body is maximally flexed to the right, the right muscles activate, bending it back to the left until it's maximally right-convex, at which point the right side muscles turn off, and the left side muscles turn on. Speed is modulated primarily by alteration of frequency. Aquatic lateral undulation appears superficially similar, but the muscle activation pattern is different, with the regions of muscle activity being 'shifted' posteriorly to where they would be in terrestrial lateral undulation. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood. Sidewinding, though it appears complex and confusing, is actually a simple modification of terrestrial lateral undulation. At the points of maximal flexion, the dorsalmost muscle group (traversospinalis group) activates, lifting that portion of the body over the ground, and resulting in other portions of the body remaining in static contact. This mode is used to cross slick surfaces such as mud flats and sand, and has nothing to do with thermoregulation, as is sometimes erroneously stated. Many species of snake, including species commonly kept as pets and which do not usually encounter deserts or mud flats, will sidewind when placed on a slick floor or tabletop and enticed to move fast. Concertina locomotion and rectilinear locomotion are less well understood. Studies of muscle activity have only been done for tunnel concertina locomotion, which shows that the muscles are unilaterally active in static regions of bending in order to brace the snake against the tunnel walls. Rectilinear is believed to rely on different muscles from the other modes; while they all rely on the large epaxial muscles, rectilinear locomotion seems to rely upon the small costocutaneous muscles. However, this has not been verified experimentally, due to the difficulties in working with these small muscles. ==="Flying" snakes=== Several species of snake have the ability to glide, all being in the genus ''[[Chrysopelea]]''. They are quite capable at it, able to travel as far as 1370 metres through the air. They tend to make slithering motions to steer and help propel themselves along, propulsion being something unusual among the many [[Flying and gliding animals|gliding animals]]. ==Reproduction== A wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes. All snakes employ [[internal fertilization]], accomplished by means of paired, forked [[hemipenis|hemipenes]], which are stored inverted in the male's tail. Most snakes [[egg (biology)|lay eggs]], and of those most species abandon them shortly after laying; however, some species are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are fully [[Vivipary|viviparous]], nourishing their young through a [[placenta]] as well as a [[yolk sac]], highly unusual among reptiles, or indeed anything else outside of [[placental mammals]]. Retention of eggs and live birth are commonly, but not exclusively, associated with cold environments, as the retention of the young within the [[female]] allows her to control their temperature more effectively than if the developing young were in external eggs. == Snake bites == Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon in most areas of the world. Only about 450 species of snakes are venomous (with only about 250 that are able to kill a human), and among the 70,000 Americans bitten by venomous snakes every year, fewer than fifteen die ([[lightning]] kills more). See [[Snakebite (bite)|snakebites]] for more information, including prevention of snake bites and first aid treatment. == Venomous snakes == {{seealso|Snake venom}} A '''venomous snake''' is a snake that uses modified saliva, [[venom (poison)|venom]], delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its [[Predation|prey]]. (In contrast, most non-venomous species are [[constrictor]]s which [[suffocate]] their [[Predation|prey]].) Venomous snakes include several [[family (biology)|families]] of snakes and do not constitute a formal [[taxonomic classification|classification]] group used in [[taxonomy]]. Venomous snakes are generally classified in four [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|families]]: *[[Elapid]]s - [[Cobra (snake)|cobra]]s, [[King Cobra|king cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[mamba]]s, [[Austrelaps|copperhead]]s, and [[coral snake]]s. *[[Viper|Viperids]] - [[viper]]s, [[rattlesnake]]s, [[Agkistrodon contortrix|copperhead]]s/[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|cottonmouth]]s, [[adder]]s and [[bushmaster]]s. *[[Colubrid]]s - [[boomslang]]s, [[tree snake]]s, [[vine snake]]s, [[boiga|mangrove snake]]s, and many others, though not all [[colubrid]]s are [[venomous]]. *[[Hydrophiidae]] - [[sea snake]]s While about a quarter of snakes are venomous, not all such species are dangerous to humans. See [[snake venom]]. The following groups of snakes can be aggressive and inflict dangerous, even potentially lethal bites. '''''This list is incomplete'''.'' [[Image:Brown_snake_-_victoria_australia.jpg|thumb|250px|Brown Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon contortrix|American Copperhead]] *[[Vipera aspis|Asp Viper]] *[[Austrelaps|Australian Copperhead]] *[[Trimeresurus|Bamboo Viper]] *[[Black Snake]] *[[Mamba|Black Mamba]] *[[Boiga]] *[[Boomslang]] *[[Brown Snake]] (Australian) *[[Lachesis (genus)|Bushmaster]] *[[Bothrops atrox|Common lancehead]] *[[Coral snake|Coral Snake]] *[[Agkistrodon piscivorus|Cottonmouth]] *[[Acanthophis|Death Adder]] *[[Crotalus adamanteus|Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake]] *[[Naja haje|Egyptian Cobra]] *[[Bothriechis schlegelii|Eyelash Viper]] *[[Azemiopinae|Fea's Viper]] *[[Bothrops lanceolatus|Fer-de-lance]] *[[Fierce Snake]] *[[Bitis gabonica|Gaboon Viper]] *[[Green mamba|Green Mamba]] *[[King Cobra]] *[[Indian Cobra]] *[[Bungarus|Krait]] *[[Lancehead]] *[[Philippine Cobra]] *[[Crotalinae|Rattlesnakes]] *[[Naja pallida|Red Spitting cobra]] *[[Daboia|Russell's Viper]] *[[Echis|Saw-scaled Viper]] *[[Sea snake|Sea Snakes]] *[[Crotalus cerastes|Sidewinder]] *[[Taipan]] *[[Notechis|Tiger Snake]] *[[Urutu]] *[[Crotalus atrox|Western Diamondback Rattlesnake]] Although other snakes, such as pythons, do not have long fangs and are not venomous, their bites should still be attended to medically, because they often leave mouth [[bacteria]] and sometimes shed teeth in the bite. ==Snakes as pets== Many varieties of snakes are docile and suitable as [[exotic pet]]s. *[[Corn Snake|Corn snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Rat snake]] - 1.8 m *[[King snake]] - 1.8 m *[[Milk Snake|Milk snake]] - 0.9 m - various species *[[Red-tailed Boa|Red-tailed boa]] - 3.0 m to 3.6 m depending on species *[[Ball python]] - 1.8 m *[[Hognose|Hognose snake]] - 0.9 m *[[Garter snake]]s - 0.9 m *[[Sand boa]] - 0.6 m *[[Blood python]] - 1.5 m *[[Burmese python]] over 6 m - largest docile snake, but not recommend for beginners due to size, strength and powerful feeding response "Beginner snakes" typically grow less than 180cm. Certain snakes are preferred as pets because they readily take food items that are inexpensive and acquired at many pet stores ([[feeder fish]], crickets, small rodents, etc.) Some owners train their snakes to eat pre-killed meals (especially larger ones such as guinea pigs and rabbits) in order to avoid possible struggles with live prey leading to injuries to the snake, or out of sheer sympathy for the prey. F/T refers to frozen/thawed food items. Some pet stores, such as PetSmart, only sell F/T feeders to avoid the perception of cruelty to the prey. ==Snake charmers== [[Image:Snake charm.jpg|thumb|250px|A snake Charmer in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]] ]] In some parts of the world, especially in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[snake charming]] is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In this, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake which he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flute-like musical instrument, to which the snake responds. However, snakes' sense of hearing is not very sensitive to the range of the charmer's instrument, so they may not be able to hear the music at all. Researchers have pointed out that many of these snake charmers are good sleight-of-hand artists. The snake moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public. They rarely catch their snakes and the snakes are either nonvenomous or defanged cobras. Sometimes these people exploit the fear of snakes by releasing snakes into the neighbourhood and then offering to rid the residence of snakes. Other snake charmers also have a snake and [[mongoose]] show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes may be seriously injured or killed. ==Snake trapping== Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. The tribals of "Irulas" from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in India have been practicising this art for generations. They generally don't use gimmicks and with the help of a simple stick catch the snakes from the fields or houses. They are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages. Their knowledge of snakes and their behaviour is uncanny. Modern day snake trapping involves a [[herpetologist]] using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like [[Steve Irwin]] prefer to catch them using bare hands. At least one tribe of natives uses a specialized form of snake catching as a rite of passage to manhood.{{Fact}} The young man of interest will wrap his leg heavily in some type of cloth all the way to the inseam. He will then stick his leg in a burrow containing a large python, typically a [[reticulated python]]. After the snake swallows most of his leg several other members of the tribe will pull him out of the hole along with the snake. The snake is then killed and the man's leg removed from the snake. These snakes can be over 20 ft long and it is possible for the man to have his leg dislocated. The scent of a prey animal may be used to help convince to snake to swallow the leg.--> == Klasifikasi == {{utama|Daptar kulawarga Serpentes}} '''Ordo: Squamata''' * '''Subordo Serpentes''' ** '''Superfamili [[Cholophidia]] (Oray watang)''' *** Kulawarga [[Pachyophiidae]]: oray laut sukuan *** Kulawarga [[Madtsoiidae]]: oray darat sukuan, kaasup [[Najash]] *** Kulawarga [[Dinilysiidae]]: oray darat sukuan lianna ** '''Superfamili [[Typhlopoidea]] (Scolecophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Anomalepidae]]: oray hayameun *** Kulawarga [[Typhlopidae]]: [[oray lolong]] *** Kulawarga [[Leptotyphlopidae]] /Glauconiidae: slender blind snakes ** '''Superfamili [[Henophidia]] (Boidéa)''' *** Kulawarga [[Aniliidae]] /Ilysiidae: [[pipe snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Anomochilus|Anomochilidae]] dwarf pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[boa|Boidae]]: boa *** Kulawarga [[Python]]idae: sanca *** Kulawarga [[Round Island boa|Bolyeriidae]]: boa Pulo Round *** Kulawarga [[Asian pipe snake|Cylindrophiidae]]: Asian pipe snakes *** Kulawarga [[Mexican burrowing snake|Loxocemidae]]: Mexican burrowing pythons *** Kulawarga [[Dwarf boa|Tropidophiidae]] *** Kulawarga [[Ungaliophiidae]]: dwarf boas *** Kulawarga [[shield-tailed snake|Uropeltidae]]: [[shield-tailed snake|Shield-tail Snakes]] *** Kulawarga [[Sunbeam snake|Xenopeltidae]]: [[Sunbeam snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Acrochordidae]]: [[file snake]]s ** '''Superfamili [[Xenophidia]] (Colubroidéa = Caenophidia)''' *** Kulawarga [[Atractaspididae]]: [[mole viper]]s *** Kulawarga [[Colubrid]]ae: colubrids (over half of all snake species, such as [[garter snake]], [[rat snake]], [[milk snake]], [[king snake]]) *** Kulawarga [[Elapidae]]: [[cobra (snake)|cobras]], [[krait]]s, [[coral snake]]s, [[Austrelaps|Australian copperheads]] *** Kulawarga [[sea snake|Hydrophiidae]]: [[sea snake]]s *** Kulawarga [[Viperidae]]: [[Crotalinae|pit vipers]], [[Viperinae|true vipers]], [[Causinae|night adders]] and [[Azemiopinae|Fae's viper]] == Baca ogé == * [[Huntu oray]] * [[Peurah oray]] * [[Rorongkong oray]] <!-- ==Notes== <references/>--> == Rujukan == * {{cite book | author=[[Romulus Whitaker]] (éd. Ing.); alihbasa Tamil ku O.Henry Francis | title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Oray di sabudeureun Urang, Tamil) | publisher=National Book Trust | year=1996 | id=ISBN 81-237-1905-1}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Category:Serpentes}} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-venomous Non-venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216031905/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/17-Snakes-Non-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-16 }} * [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ Venomous Snakes Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214120017/http://animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/18-Snakes-Venomous/ |date=2007-02-14 }} * [http://www.herp.net Numerous articles from journals on snakes (mainly Australasian)] * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 Integrated Taxonomic Information System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220236/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 |date=2006-08-28 }} Serpentes * [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/taxa.html EMBL Database] * [http://lancelet.blogspot.com/2006/04/serpent-beguiles.html the Lancelet: "The serpent beguiles?"] Pedaran ngeunaan paaduregeng asal-usul oray dina yuga Cretacéous * [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/snakes.htm The medicinal use of snakes in China] * [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm Poisonous snakes and lizards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223014847/http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards.htm |date=2007-02-23 }} * [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp Snake Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202144913/http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/snakes/snake-bites.asp |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html Snake venom LD50 values] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182323/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/LD50men.html |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.freesnake.com Snake Photos and Breed Information] * [http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php Snakes Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814213437/http://www.popularpets.net/snakes.php |date=2006-08-14 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Colubridae ]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] g1sgnhi7yoad7e1hp63jdtw8ylyhjmj 0 16953 707993 707650 2026-04-08T01:11:29Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun karegori 707993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | color = pink | name = Amfibi | fossil_range = [[Carboniferous]] - Kiwari | image = Magnificent tree frog (Litoria splendida) crop.jpg | image_width = 230px | image_caption = Bangkong tangkal éndah (''Litoria splendida'') | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = '''Amphibia''' | classis_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Subkelas jeung Ordo | subdivision = * Ordo [[Temnospondyli]] {{small|(punah)}} * Subkelas [[Lepospondyli]] {{small|(punah)}} * Subkelas [[Lissamphibia]] ** [[Anura]] (Bangkong) ** [[Salamander|Caudata]] ** [[Liliwatan|Gymnophiona]] }} '''Ampibi''' ([[Kelas (biologi)|kelas]] '''Amphibia'''; tina [[basa Yunani]] ''αμφις'' "duanana" jeung ''βιος'' "hirup") hartina [[takson]] [[sato]] nu ngawengku sakabéh [[tétrapoda]] ([[vertebrata]] suku opat) nu teu boga [[amniota|endog amniotik]] [[getih tiis|éktotérm]] nu leuwih loba hirup di darat. Ampir kabéh ampibi teu bisa nyaluyukeun manéh pikeun sagemblengna hirup di darat sakumaha tétrapoda modérn ([[amniota]]). Kiwari, aya kira 6.000 [[spésiés]] ampibi di sakuliah dunya. Ulikan ngeunaan ampibi jeung [[réptil]] disebut [[herpetologi]]. Ampibi bisa ngarénghap ngaliwatan [[kulit]]na, antukna sato ieu mah sénsitip pisan. <!-- == History of amphibians == Amphibians developed with the characteristics of [[pharyngeal slit]]s/[[gills]], a [[dorsal nerve cord]], a [[notochord]], and a post-anal tail at different stages of their life. Though early [[tetrapod]]s (which appeared 390 million years ago in the [[Devonian]] period) are often referred to as "amphibians", the first true amphibians (of the order [[Temnospondyli]]) appeared during the early [[Carboniferous]] period. During the late Carboniferous, [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] periods, amphibians were extremely diverse, including many large forms, some newt and salamander-like, others resembling snakes or eels, and some large-snouted forms that were very like small (about 1.5 meter long) crocodiles (e.g. ''[[Archegosaurus]]''). The drying out of the [[coal swamp]]s during the [[Late Pennsylvanian|latest Carboniferous]] and again at the end of the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] diminished many of the environments of these Paleozoic amphibians, with the result that many types died out, and they were supplanted by [[reptile]]s. However both large and small amphibians still continued to flourish in rivers and lakes of the Late Permian, alongside the diverse [[therapsid]]s that were the dominant land animals of that time. During the following, [[Triassic]] period, there were many genera with large, sometimes very flattened heads and very weak limbs; some of these, like ''[[Paracyclotosaurus]]'', ''[[Cyclotosaurus]]'' and ''[[Mastodonsaurus]]'' were several meters in length. Apart from a few stragglers, all these large amphibians died out at the [[Triassic-Jurassic extinction event]], and the majority of Jurassic amphibians belonged to modern groups, and would look familiar today. The names of many of these [[Palaeozoic]] basal tetrapods and amphibians end in ''-gyrinus''. This is from [[Greek language|Greek]] γυρινος = "[[tadpole]]", although among amphibians it would be difficult to find something looking much less like a modern tadpole. Throughout their history, amphibians have ranged in size from large forms, such as the above mentioned Triassic genera, the five foot (150cm) long ''[[Eryops]]'' of the Permian period, and the [[Giant salamander|Giant Japanese and Chinese Salamanders]] of today, down to the tiny ''[[Brachycephalus didactylus]]'' (Brazilian Gold Frog) and ''[[Eleutherodactylus|Eleutherodactylus iberia]]'' (leptodactylid frog) from [[Cuba]], with a total length of 9.6-9.8 millimeters (0.4 inches). Amphibians have mastered almost every climate on earth from the hottest deserts to the frozen arctic. == Classification == [[Image:Salamandra salamandra CZ.JPG|thumb|right|226px|[[Fire Salamander]] (''Salamandra salamandra'')]] Traditionally the amphibians have included all [[tetrapod]]s that are not [[amniote]]s. They are divided into three [[Subclass (biology)|subclasses]]: * Subclass [[Labyrinthodontia]] (diverse Paleozoic and early Mesozoic group) * Subclass [[Lepospondyli]] (small Paleozoic group) * Subclass [[Lissamphibia]] (frogs, salamanders, etc) Of these only the last includes recent species. With the [[cladistic]] revolution, this classification has been modified, and the Labyrinthodontia discarded as being a [[paraphyletic]] group without unique defining features apart from [[plesiomorphy|shared primitive characteristics]]. Classification varies according to the preferred [[phylogeny]] of the author, and whether they use a [[stem-based|stem]] or [[node-based]] classification. Generally amphibians are defined as the group that includes the common ancestors of all living amphibians (frogs, salamanders, etc) and all their descendants. This may also include extinct groups like the [[temnospondyli|temnospondyls]] (traditionally placed in the disbanded subclass "labyrinthodontia"), and the Lepospondyls. This means that there are a now large number of [[basal]] [[Devonian]] and [[Carboniferous]] [[tetrapod]] groups, described as "amphibians" of earlier books, that are no longer placed in the formal Amphibia. All recent amphibians are included in the Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a [[clade]] (which means that it is thought that all Lissamphibians evolved from a common ancestor apart from other extinct groups), although it has also been suggested also that salamanders arose separately from a temnospondyl-like ancestor (Carroll, 1988). Authorities also disagree on whether Salientia is a Superorder that includes the order Anura, or whether Anura is a sub-order of the order Salientia. In effect Salientia includes all the Anura plus a single [[Triassic]] proto-frog species, ''[[Triadobatrachus massinoti]]''. Practical considerations seem to favour using the former arrangement now. The Lissamphibia are traditionally divided into three [[Order (biology)|order]]s, but an extinct salamander-like group, the Albanerpetontidae, is now considered in addition to the other three groups. * Family [[Albanerpetontidae]] - Jurassic to Miocene (extinct) * Superorder [[Salientia]] ** ''Triadobatrachus'' (Triassic) ** Order [[Anura]] ([[frog]]s and [[toad]]s) Jurassic to recent - 5,296 recent species * Order [[Caudata]] or [[Urodela]] ([[salamander]]s): Jurassic to recent - 555 recent species * Order [[Gymnophiona]] or [[Apoda]] ([[caecilian]]s): Jurassic to recent - 171 recent species == Reproduction == [[Image:Caecilian.jpg|226px|thumb|right|[[Caecilian]] from the [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]] zoo]] For the purpose of [[Biological reproduction|reproduction]] most amphibians are bound to [[fresh water]]. A few tolerate [[brackish water]], but there are no true [[seawater]] amphibians. Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations (e.g., ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]'', the Pacific Platymantines, the Australo-Papuan microhylids, and many other tropical frogs), however, do not need any water whatsoever. They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and [[evolution]]ary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water. Almost all of these frogs live in wet [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforests]] and their eggs hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the [[tadpole]] stage within the egg. Several species have also adapted to arid and semi-arid environments, but most of them still need water to lay their eggs. [[Symbiosis]] with single celled [[algae]] that lives in the jelly-like layer of the eggs has evolved several times. The larvae (tadpoles or polliwogs) breathe with exterior [[gill]]s. After hatching, they start to transform gradually into the adult's appearance. This process is called [[metamorphosis]]. Typically, the animals then leave the water and become terrestrial adults, but there are many interesting exceptions to this general way of reproduction. The most obvious part of the amphibian metamorphosis is the formation of four legs in order to support the body on land. But there are several other changes: * The gills are replaced by other [[Respiratory system|respiratory organ]]s, i.e., [[lung]]s. * The skin changes and develops [[gland]]s to avoid [[dehydration]]. * The eyes develop eyelids and adapt to vision outside the water. * An [[eardrum]] is developed to lock the middle [[ear]]. * In frogs and toads, the [[tail]] disappears. ==Amphibian conservation== {{main|Decline in amphibian populations}} [[Image:Bufo periglenes1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Golden Toad]] of [[Monteverde]], [[Costa Rica]] was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.]] Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized [[extinction]], have been noted in the past two decades from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived as one of the most critical threats to global [[biodiversity]]. A number of causes are believed to be involved, including [[habitat destruction]] and modification, over-exploitation, [[pollution]], [[introduced species]], [[climate change]], and disease. However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and amphibian declines are currently a topic of much ongoing research.--> ==Karakteristik Sato amphibi== #Amfibi mibanda tulang tukang.<ref name="hiji">[http://www.satwa.net/160/pengertian-amfibi.html Pengertian Amfibi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406044007/http://www.satwa.net/160/pengertian-amfibi.html |date=2015-04-06 }}</ref> nyaéta vertebrata.<ref name="hiji" /> #Amfibi mangrupa sato getih tiis.<ref name="hiji" /> Maranéhanana teu bisa ngatur suhu awak sorangan.<ref name="hiji" /> #Amfibi méakkeun saeutikna bagian kahirupan maranéhanana di cai jeung di darat.<ref name="hiji" /> #Amfibi teu boga sisit jeung kulit nu perméabel (molekul jeung gas bisa nembus).<ref name="hiji" /> #Amfibi mibanda asang keur sahenteuna bagian kahirupan maranéhanana.<ref name="hiji" /> Sababaraha spésiés mibanda asang kur salaku larva, sedengkeun nu lianna bisa boga asang sakuliah kahirupan maranéhanana.<ref name="hiji" /> #Lolobana amfibi ngalaman métamorfosis.<ref name="hiji" /> ==Jinis-jinis ampibi di Indonésia== Amfibi (amphibia) dibagi kana tilu ordo, nyaéta Anura (bangkong jeung katak), caudata (salamander), sarta gymnophiona (Cecilia).<ref name="dua">[http://alamendah.org/2014/10/11/mengenal-amfibi-ciri-ciri-dan-jenis-amfibi-indonesia/ Jenis Ampibi di Indonesia]</ref> #'''Orde Anura'''; Dipikawanoh ogé minangka bangkong atawa katak.<ref name="dua" /> Ordo ieu diwangun kira-kira 55 famili kalawan jumlah spésiés nepi ka 6455 spésiés di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="dua" /> Indonésia mibanda 351 spésiés bangkong jeung katak anu geus pasti.<ref name="dua" /> Conto amfibi tina ordo anura nu hirup di Indonésia, di antarana bangkong Pelangi (Ansonia Latidisca), bangkong sihungan (Limnocetes sp.), Bangkong Getih (Leptophryne cruentata), Bangkong Walungan (Phrynoidis aspera), Bangkong jeram (Huia masonii), bangkong tangkal suku bodas (Philautus pallidipes), bangkong sawah (Fejervarya cancrivora), Bancét héjo (occidozyga lima), Precil Jawa (Microhyla Achatina), jeung bangkong tangkal jawa (Rhacophorus javanus).<ref name="dua" /> #'''Orde Caudata'''; Dipikawanoh ogé minangka salamander.<ref name="dua" /> Ordi ieu diwangun ku 10 famili jeung jumlahna nepi ka 671 rupa spésiés. Ordo ieu euweuh di Indonésia.<ref name="dua" /> Conto amfibi ordo Caudata, di antarana, salamander raksasa Cina (Andrias davidianus) anu hirup di Cina, salamander tonggong beureum (Plethodon cinereus) di Amérika Kalér jeung Asiatik Salamander (Hynobius kimurae). #'''Order Gymnophiona'''; Dipikawanoh ogé minangka Cecilia. Ordo diwangun ku 10 family kalawan total spésiés ngahontal 200 spésiés.<ref name="dua" /> Anggota amfibi tina famili Gymnophiona anu hirup di Indonésia (pulo Sumatra, Jawa jeung Kalimantan) nyaéta ti genus Ichthyophis sp. Sababaraha spésiés nu hirup di Indonésia, di antarana:<ref name="dua" /> Indonésia Caecilians (Ichthyophis bernisi), Billiton Island Caecilian (I. billitonensis), Elongated Caecilian (I. elongatus), Javan Caecilian (I. hypocyaneus), java Caecilian (I. javanicus), black caecilians (I. monochrous), Kapahiang Caecilian (I. paucidentulus), Yellow-banded Caecilian (I. paucisulcus), sarta Sumatra Caecilian (I. sumatranus).<ref name="dua" /> Ti sagala rupa ampibi éta, nu loba dipikawanoh di Indonésia nyaéta anggota ordo Anura.<ref name="dua" /> Sedengkeun amfibi tina runtuyan Gymnophiona, masih kurang dipikawanoh jeung jarang diulik.<ref name="dua" /> Kadang Caecilian di Indonésia (hususna di Jawa) disebut minangka "ulo Duwel".<ref name="dua" /> == Sumber rujukan == * ''[[:en:Amphibian|Amphibian]]'', WIkipédia édisi basa Inggris (per 15 Januari 2007) <!--*Carroll, R. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York *Duellman/Trueb, ''Biology of Amphibians'' *{{cite journal | last = Frost | first = Darrel R. | title = The Amphibian Tree of Life | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/5781 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 297 | pages = 1-291 | year = 2006 | month = March | coauthors = Taran Grant, Julián Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Célio F.B. Haddad, Rafael O. De Sá, Alan Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green, Ward C. Wheeler }} *{{cite journal | last = Pounds | first = J. Alan | title = Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7073/full/nature04246.html | journal = Nature | volume = 439 | pages = 161-167 | year = 2006 | month = January | id = {{doi|10.1038/nature04246}} | coauthors = Martín R. Bustamante, Luis A. Coloma, Jamie A. Consuegra, Michael P. L. Fogden, Pru N. Foster, Enrique La Marca, Karen L. Masters, Andrés Merino-Viteri, Robert Puschendorf, Santiago R. Ron, G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa, Christopher J. Still and Bruce E. Young }} *{{cite journal | last = San Mauro | first = Diego | title = Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal/issues/v165n5/40546/40546.html | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 165 | pages = 590-599 | year = 2005 | month = May | coauthors = Miguel Vences, Marina Alcobendas, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer }} *Solomon Berg Martin, ''Biology'' *{{cite journal | last = Stuart | first = Simon N. | coauthors = Janice S. Chanson, Neil A. Cox, Bruce E. Young, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Debra L. Fischman, Robert W. Waller | title = Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1783 | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5702 | pages = 1783-1786 | year = 2004 | month = December | id = {{doi|10.1126/science.1103538}} }}--> {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wikispecies|Amphibia}} * [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/ American Museum of Natural History: Department of herpetology] * [http://www.globalamphibians.org/ The Global Amphibian Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412222247/http://www.globalamphibians.org/ |date=2011-04-12 }} * [http://amphibiaweb.org/ AmphibiaWeb] * [http://www.whose-tadpole.net/ Amphibians of central Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705215303/http://www.whose-tadpole.net/ |date=2010-07-05 }} * [http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/narcam/idguide/index.htm USGS--Online Guide for the Identification of Amphibians in North America north of Mexico] * [http://www.herpconbio.org Herpetological Conservation and Biology] * [http://www.livingunderworld.org/ General amphibian biology information - Living UnderWorld] * [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/AmphibianIndia/ AmphibianIndia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016233948/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/AmphibianIndia/ |date=2007-10-16 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Chordata]] [[Kategori:Chordata]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] 0yqxpddqt6dfr2wlccjfx9zynwz1npt 0 71321 707980 649984 2026-04-07T18:53:40Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bancét'' | image = Occid sumat 110211-12033 cmp.jpg | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Amfibia|Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Kodok|Anura]] | familia = [[Dicroglossidae]] | genus = '''''[[Occidozyga]]''''' | species = ''O. lima'' | binomial = ''Occidozyga lima'' | binomial_authority = Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 }} '''Bancét''' (''Occidozyga lima'') basa [[Indonésia]]; ''Bancet hijau'' nyaéta hiji [[spésiés]] [[bangkong]] tina kulawarga [[Dicroglossidae]], loba kapanggih hirup di [[Bangladesh]], [[Kamboja]], [[Cina]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], nepi ka [[Nepal]] ogé aya.<ref name=lima>Chan, H. [陳翰奇]. (2013). ''Phylogeography and cryptic diversity of Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst 1829)''. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b5060583</ref><ref name="amnh">Amphibian Species of The World: [http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=references&id=8773 ''Occidozyga sumatrana'' (Peters, 1877)]</ref> pangawakanana kawas bangkong déwasa ngan leuwih leutik, panjang awakna kurang leuwih 30–40&nbsp;mm, ilaharna hirup di sisi [[sawah]], [[kamalir]], [[rawa]]-rawa jeung [[susukan]].<ref name=Ajip>{{Cite book | title = Ensiklopedi Sunda: alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi| last = Rosidi| first = Ajip | publisher =Pustaka Jaya| location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2000| ISBN=9789794192597 }}</ref> Ciri anu mandiri tina bancét, selaput mémbran dina [[ramo]]-ramo sukuna rubak nepi ka tungtung ramona, [[sirah]]na leuwih monyong béda jeung bangkong anu lian selaput mémbran teu pati rubak.<ref name=“Lulu”>{{Cite book | title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| first =Lulu| last = Luthfiyani| publisher = Frasa Lingua| location =Yogyakarta2016|ISBN=9786026475275|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrs67XuoDmAhX6xzgGHTTeDBMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=sunda&f=false|accessdate=23 Nopember 2019}}</ref><ref name="djoko">{{aut|[[Djoko Iskandar|Iskandar, D.T.]]}} 1998. ''The Amphibians of Java and Bali''. p 79-80. Research and Development Centre for Biology – [[LIPI]]. Bogor.</ref> Bancét mibanda tilu spésiés anu béda ti tilu tempat : [[Indonesia]]; [[Cina]] kidul nepi ka kalér; Indocina kidul nepi ka [[Myanmar]].<ref name=lima/>[[IUCN]] nyebutkeun cenah [[populasi]] ieu bangkong beuki lila beuki ngorotan, ku alatan loba karuksakan lingkungan nu mangrupa tempat hirupna saperti [[leuweung]] hujan, susukan jeung rawa-rawa.<ref>{{aut|Iskandar, D. & Mumpuni}} 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/58415/0 ''Occidozyga sumatrana'']. In: [http://www.iucnredlist.org IUCN 2010]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Downloaded on 15 February 2011.</ref>. == Galeri Poto == <gallery> File:Occid sumat 110211-12119 cmp.jpg|Bancet déwsa [[Leuweung Kolot, Cibungbulang, Bogor|Leuweung Kolot]], [[Ciampéa, Bogor|Ciampéa]] File:Occid sumat 110211-12086 H cmp.jpg|Bagéan sirahna ditempo leuwih deukeut File:Occid sumat 110211-12091 V cmp.jpg|Ditempo palebah beuteungna (Sisi ''ventral'') File:Occid sumat 110211-12095 A cmp.jpg|Sukuna beulah tukang </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * [http://www.iwana.com.my/herpweb/page.php?pageid=s_foundk&s_id=65&search1=Occidozyga%20lima&species=Occidozyga%20lima&submit=Search! Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - ''Occidozyga lima''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231225/http://www.iwana.com.my/herpweb/page.php?pageid=s_foundk&s_id=65&search1=Occidozyga%20lima&species=Occidozyga%20lima&submit=Search! |date=2011-07-22 }} {{Commons|Occidozyga lima}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Vertebrata]] [[Kategori:Anura]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Amfibi] ss710x115sxzorvpi311geqm8pn86ub 0 71327 707979 625194 2026-04-07T18:52:14Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bangkong héjo | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Rana esculenta on Nymphaea edit.JPG | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] | familia = [[Ranidae]] | genus = ''[[Pelophylax]]'' | species = ''[[Pelophylax lessonae|P. lessonae]] × [[Pelophylax ridibundus|P. ridibundus]]'' | binomial = ''Pelophylax'' [[klepton|kl.]] ''esculentus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = ''Pelophylax esculentus'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small><br /> ''Rana esculenta'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> }} '''Bangkong héjo''' (''Pelophylax''); ''Edible frog'' nyaéta bangkong anu sabagian gedé tina [[awak]]na mibanda kelir [[héjo]] paselang kelir coklat.<ref name=Kanna>{{Cite book | title = Seri Budi Daya BULLFROG: PEMBENIHAN DAN PEMBESARAN| last = Iskandar, A.Md Murtidjo| first = Kanna| publisher = Kanisius| location = [[Yogyakarta]] | year = 2005| ISBN=9789792106084}}</ref> Bangkong héjo endemik ti Indonésia (pituin), dagingna semu [[konéng]], loba kapanggih hirup di [[sawah]], [[rawa]], jeung [[susukan]].<ref name=Kanna/> Di [[alam]] bébas bangkong héjo panjangna bisa nepikeun ka 15 cm.<ref name=Kanna/> Bangkong héjo aya ogé anu ngahaja dipiara dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan [[''konsumsi'']] anu disebut [[swike]].<ref name=Retno>{{Cite book | title = Kodok Lembu| last = Iswarin Pujaningsih| first = Retno| publisher = Kanisius| location = [[Yogyakarta]] | year = 2005| ISBN=9789792113082}}</ref> <ref name=Puthu>{{Cite news | title = Setahun 500 Ton Kodok Hijau Diekspor, Rp 72 Ribu per Kilo | url = http://travel.kompas.com/read/2017/04/25/060300827/mencicipi.swike.purwodadi.sup.kodok.dengan.tauco| work = Kompas| accessdate = 2017-08-09 | date =2017-04-25 | author = Puthu Dwi Purwanto Nugroho }}</ref> Sanajan lain komoditas ''unggulan'', bangkong héjo kaasup kana ''komoditas'' ékspor hususna di [[Sumatra Kidul]].<ref name=JPNN/> Henteu kurang ti 500 [[ton]] unggal [[taun]] bangkong héjo diékspor ka [[nagara]]-nagara di [[Eropa]] ([[Walanda]], [[Inggris]], [[Prancis]]) ogé nepika [[Amérika Kidul]].<ref name=JPNN>{{Cite news | title = Setahun 500 Ton Kodok Hijau Diekspor, Rp 72 Ribu per Kilo | url = http://www.jpnn.com/news/setahun-500-ton-kodok-hijau-diekspor-rp-72-ribu-per-kilo| work = jpnn | accessdate = 2017-08-09 | date =2015-01-12 | author = [[jpnn]] }}</ref> Bangkong anu diékspor beunang meresihan tur dina kaayaan beku.<ref name=JPNN/> == Morfologi == Bangkong héjo kaasup sato [[ampibi]], habitat hirupna di [[sawah]], [[rawa]], [[susukan]], jeung [[kamalir]].<ref name=Heru/> Utamana mangsa [[usum]] [[hujan]] bangkong [[jalu]] sok raéng disarada ngagentraan [[bikang]]na.<ref name=Heru/> Pikeun sabagéan jalma, raéng na sora bangkong mangrupa tangara kana kaayaan lingkungan anu masih kénah bersih tur séhat henteu ruksak ku polousi.<ref name=Heru>{{Cite book | title = Budi Daya 25 Ikan di Pekarangan| last = Susanto| first = Heru| publisher = Penebar Swadaya Group | location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2014| ISBN=9789790026513 }}</ref> Sanajan sapopoé bangkong héjo hirupna nyorangan bari jeung nyumput dina liang atawa handapeun dangdaunan, témpona datang usum [[begér]] jeung [[kawin]] mah, barijil tina panyumputan.<ref name=iucn/> Mangsa geus manjing ka peuting garumpul dina [[kulah]], [[balong]], [[susukan]] atawa [[rawa]]-rawa di mana waé tempat anu mibanda [[cai]] bersih.<ref name=iucn/> Kituna téh ramé disarada patémbal-témbal jeung pada baturna bari ngarendog.<ref name=iucn/> Nepi ka waktuna megar [[endog]] robah jadi anak bangkong anu disebut [[buruy]] hirupna di jero [[cai]].<ref name=iucn/> Sababaraha bulan ti harita buruy téh ngalaman [[Métamorfosis]] taya lian parobahan anu aya dina awakna dicirikeun ku bijilna suku hareup jeung tukang, éta buruy robah ngaranna jadi bancét.<ref name=Heru/> Hirupna mimiti kaluar ti cai, pindah ti hiji tempat ka tempat séjén ku jalan aclog-aclogan.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors=Agasyan, A.; Avisi, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Isailovic, J. C.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.; Üzüm, N.; Orlov, N.; Podloucky, R.; Tuniyev, S.; Kaya, U.|year=2009|id= 54596|title=''Bufo bufo''|version= 2014.2|downloaded=2014-10-11}}</ref> == Ciri mandiri == # Mangsa keur nagog, awak bagéan hareupna neuwih jangkung tibatan anu tukang (dangah).<ref name=Kanna> # Suku tukangna leuwih panjang tibatan bangkong séjén.<ref name=Kanna/> # Kaasup sato [[ampibi]] anu hirup nokturnal (liar mangsa peuting) <gallery> File:Edible frog (Pelophylax esculentus).jpg|Bangkong héjo nyumput di [[cai]] File:Teichfrosch isst teichfrosch.JPG|Bangkong héjo kanibal File:Swikee goreng mentega.jpg|Bangkong goréng [[mantéga]] File:Swikee goreng tepung saus mayones.jpg|Bangkong goreng [[tipung]] File:Swikee Kodok Oh.jpg|Bangkong di [[sayur]] </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{Reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Ranidae]] [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] 242vkmrmwbeh85e5wked5y9sywklzuq 0 72350 708029 706832 2026-04-08T09:10:21Z Lhikan634 28876 Correcting misidentified photo 708029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | image = Potter wasp 20100722.jpg | image_caption = Kamarang bikang, spésiés ''[[ancistrocerus]]''. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Euarthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Vespidae]] | subfamilia = '''Eumeninae''' | subdivision_ranks = Genera | diversity =[[Daptar genera kamarang|leuwih ti 200 genera jeung 3200 spésiés]] }} '''Kamarang '''([[basa Inggris]]: '''''Potter wasps''', '''mason wasps'''''), atawa '''''eumeninae''''' nyaéta gorombolan [[nyiruan]] kosmopolitan nu kiwari digolongkeun minangka subfamili [[Vespidae]], ngan baheula mah sakapeung dipikawanoh minangka kulawarga nu misah, '''''eumenidae'''''. == Wangenan == [[Gambar:Mesoscutum_Cephalastor_estela.PNG|kiri|jmpl|Partial dorsal view of the thorax of ''Cephalastor estela'' showing the position of tegulae and parategulae relative to the mesoscutum and pronotum]] Lolobana mah spésiés ''eumeninae ''téh warnana hideung atawa coklat, jeung deuih biasana mah ditandaan ku pola kontras [[Konéng (warna)|konéng]], [[bodas]], [[oranyeu]], atawa beureum nu nyacas; ngan sawatara spésiés, mayoritas asalna ti daérah [[tropis]], némbongkeun warna nu geuneuk kawas sorotan [[logam]] [[biru]] atawa [[héjo]] nu dominan dina warna kasang tukang. Kawas lolobanana vespids, jangjangna ditilep sacara longitudinal nalika reureuh. Kamarang utamana mah dipikawanoh ku kombinasi karakteristik kieu: 1) proyéksi postérolateral nu dipikawanoh minangka paratégula dina dua sisi [[Mesothorax|mésoskutum]]; 2) cakar tarsal [[suing]]; 3) coxae tukang jeung carina dorsal longitudinal atawa tilepan, sok ngembang jadi lobus atawa huntu; jeung 4) jangjang hareup kalawan tilu sél submarginal. == Biologi == [[Gambar:Potter_wasp_nest_6734.jpg|ka|jmpl|Sayang kamarang nu naplok dina bata.<br> ]] Ari sayang kamarang mah rupa-rupa. Spésiés nu béda mumkin ngagunakeun sistem nu nyangkaruk (kayaning torowongan [[bangbung]] dina kai, sayang bolékér [[Hymenoptera]] nu ditinggalkeun malah mah liang jieunan manusa jiga liang urut paku atawa liang urut sekrup) nu diropéa ku ieu kamarang, atawa ogé ngabangun sayang anyar. Kamarang aya nu sayangna di jero taneuh, aya ogé nu sayangna kabuka. Dina sayang téh meureun mibanda hiji atawa sawatara sél indung. Bahan pisayangeun nu panglobana dipaké téh nyaéta [[leutak]] nu dijieun tina campuran taneuh jeung cai nu diutahkeun tina sungutna, ngan loba spésiés mah ngagunakeun bahan tina gayeman [[pepelakan]]. Sakum spésiés kamarang nu dipikawanoh mangrupa prédator, lolobana kamarang téh panyalur massal, sanajan sawatara spésiés nu kaisolasi mah mah némbongkeun kaayaan primitif lalampahanna jeung taki-taki progresif.<ref>[von Frisch, 1974].</ref>[[Gambar:Eumenide_Nestbau.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kamarang keur ngabangun sayang]] Nalika sél anggeus, kamarang kolot biasana kumpal-kempil [[larva bangbung]], [[lancah]] atawa [[hileud]] sarta maéhanna, nempatkeun nu geus dikumpulkeun téh di jero sél, minangkana mah jadi hakaneun pikeun hiji larva kamarang tunggal. MInangka aturan normal, kamarang kolot neundeung endog tunggal di sél nu kosong saméméh nyayagakeunna. Sawatara spésiés neundeun endog di pabeungeutan sél, kakocoran tina benang cairan garing. Nalika larva kamarang megar, bakal turun jeung mimiti diparan ku kahakanan nu geus disayagakeun salila sawatara minggu saméméh ngalampahan [[pupasi]]. Siklus hirup nu lengkep bisa lumangsung ti sawatawa minggu nepi ka leuwih ti sataun, ti endog kénéh nepi ka jadi kamarang kolot. Kamarang kolot ngadahar [[néktar|sari kembang]]. == Taksonomi == Kamarang mangrupa subfamili [[vespida]] nu pangbeungharna, kalawan leuwih ti 200 marga, jeung ngandung sabagéan badag spésiés dina kulawarga (leuwih ti 3200 spésiés ti total kurang leuwih 4.500 di sakumna kulawarga). Kamonésan morfologi nu luar biasa ti spésiés kamarang kaeunteung dina kumembangna genera nu dikotrétkeun pikeun ngagorombolkeunna jadi golongan nu leuwih gampang dikokolakeunna. == Galéri == <gallery> Gambar:Eumenide.jpg|''[[Odynerus spinipes]]'' Gambar:Potter wasp 4932.jpg|Eumenes fraternus jeung reungit nyedot néktar di Solidago Gambar:Eumenes pomiformis01.jpg|Eumenes pomiformis Gambar:Wasp August 2007-3.jpg|Euodynerus sp. Gambar:Potterwasp.JPG|Kamarang nyedot néktar Gambar:Potter's Wasp Nests.jpg|Sayang kamarang, Springdale, AR Gambar:Phimenes flavopictum in Kadavoor.jpg|Wewengkon phimenes flavopictum Gambar:Phimenes flavopictus, potter wasp - Erawan National Park.jpg|Erawan National Park, Thailand Gambar:Mason wasp nest just after sealing(pseudodynerus quadrisectus).jpg|Sayang pseudodynerus quadrisectus dina urut liang sayang [[bangbara]] </gallery> == Tempo ogé == * [[Bangbara]] * [[Éngang]] * [[Nyiruan]] * [[Papanting]] * [[Teuweul]] * [[Tiwuan]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} * {{Cite journal|last=James M. Carpenter|year=1986|title=A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)|url=http://psyche.entclub.org/pdf/93/93-061.pdf|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|journal=[[Psyche (entomological journal)|Psyche]]|volume=93|pages=61–90|doi=10.1155/1986/12489}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718231451/http://psyche.entclub.org/pdf/93/93-061.pdf |date=2019-07-18 }} * Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the néotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Muséo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73. * Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68. * Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidéa). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68. * Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidéa). Bollettino del Muséo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163. * Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidéa, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96. * CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Reséarch. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press. 1137 pp. == Tutumbu luar == * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/wasps/potter_wasps.htm ''Eumenes'' spp., potter wasps of Florida] on the UF / IFAS Féatured Créatures Web site * [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Vespidae Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets] * [http://bugguide.net/node/view/249/bgimage?from=192 Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps] [[Kategori:Nyiruan]] [[Kategori:Vespidae]] [[Kategori:Seungseureudan]] iw5us8nqs4uvn1giitqc6nq373zf789 0 104280 708034 667110 2026-04-08T10:43:16Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Species of snake}} {{speciesbox | name = Checkered keelback | image = Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Schneider, 1799 Assam by Dr Raju Kasambe DSC 0477 (2).JPG | image_caption = in [[Assam]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Stuart, B.L., Wogan, G., Thy, N., Nguyen, T.Q., Vogel, G., Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B., Shankar, G., Mohapatra, P., Thakur, S. & Papenfuss, T. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Fowlea asperrimus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2021 | page = e.T172646A1358305 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2021 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172646/1358305 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}</ref> | genus = Fowlea | species = piscator | authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799) | synonyms = *''Hydrus piscator'' <br>{{small|Schneider, 1799}} *''Natrix piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820}} *''Tropidonotus quincunciatus'' <br>{{small|[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837}} *''Tropidonotus piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893}} *''Nerodia piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1921}} *''Xenochrophis piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Merel J. Cox|Cox]] et al., 1998}} | synonyms_ref =<ref>{{EMBL species|genus=Xenochrophis|species=piscator}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> | range_map = | range_map_caption = }} '''Oray Macan Cai''' ''checkered keelback'' ('''''Fowlea melanzostus'''''), katelah ogé '''oray cai asia''' nyaéta hiji oray anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]]. Ieu oray ka golongkeun kana [[subfamily]] [[Natricinae]], Spésiés ieu pituin ti [[Asia]]. Ieu oray henteu peurahan.<ref name=”O'S”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the WorldO'Shea| last =O'Shea| first =Mark| publisher =University of Chicago Press| location =Jakarta| year =2024|ISBN=9780226832869|pages =23}} Disungsi17 Mei 2024</ref> [[File:Xenochrophis piscator - Checkered Keelback at Palappuzha (5).jpg|alt=|thumb|Keur moyan]] [[File:Checkered keelback at Taudaha, kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Checkered keelback keur ngakan lauk, di [[Kathmandu]]]] ==Katerangan== Mata oray ''F. piscator'' rada letik tur pondok jarakna ti liang irung dinu déwasa. Ieu ''[[rostral scale]]'' katempo ti luhur. skala ''internasal'' leuwih heureut na ''anteriorly'' ''subtriangularly'', kalawan ''anterior'', jeung ''anterior'' siku kapotong jeung salila skala ''prafrontal''. Skala ''frontal'' éta leuwih panjang batan jarak ti tungtung moncong, jeung salila ''parietal'' atawa sedikit saeutik leuwih pondok. Loreal ampir sajero pisan. Aya hiji [[Ocular scales|preocular]] jeung tilu (jarang opat) ''post-oculars''. ''Temporals'' téh 2+2 or 2+3. Biasana aya salapan [[Labial scales|''upper labials'']], kalawan asup kaopat jeung kalima panon; jeung lima labials handap dina kontak jeung anterior taméng gado, anu pondok ti ''posterior''. ''[[Dorsal scales]]''na disusun dina 19 jajar, kuat keeled, kalawan kaluar ngéntép rata. [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] nomer 125–158, [[Anal scale|anal]] dibagi, jeung [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]] nomer 64–90. Kelirna ''variatif'' pisan, diwangun ku bintik poék disusun quincuncially sarta mindeng dipisahkeun ku jaringan bodas, atawa tina [[pita]] hideung longitudinal luhureun taneuh, atawa pita hudeung poék anu meulit awakna, aya anu paselang bodas aya ogé anu henteu. Dua corétan hideung serong, hiji di handap sawaréhna tukangeun panon, sadaya ampir konstan, aya atawa henteu aya hideung margins dugi ka taméng.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Dua coretan hideung serong,. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp. 349-350).</ref> Oray welang mibanda ukuran sumedeng, tapi lamun seug diantep dugi ka déwasa panjang bisa nepi ka {{convert|1.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Das2002/> [[File:Checkered-keelback in IIT Bombay.JPG|thumb|left||Sisitna belang]] ==Kabiasaan== Seuseueurna oray ieu nyobian ngangkat sirahna duga badé nangtung bari sareng kulit beuheungna mébér kawas tiung oray kobra pikeun nyingsieunan anu nyoba ngancam manéhna. Padahal mah ieu oray ''non-venomous'' (Henteu peurahan) pikeun manusa, tapi éta bisa gabalukarkeun nyeri ku radang. ''F. piscator'' bisa ngabuntungkeun buntutna salaku cara nyalametkeun diri tur kabisa kabur nyingkahan bahaya. Ieu hiji kasus langka, [[autotomy]] ieu kungsi dilaporkeun di [[Viétnam]] .<ref>[[Natalia Borisovna Ananjeva|Ananjeva NB]], [[:fr:Nikolaï Orlov|Orlov NL]] (1994). "Caudal Autotomy in Colubrid Snake ''Xenochrophis piscator'' From Vietnam" ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''1''' (2): 169-171.</ref> ==Habitat== Oray welang mikaresep hirup dina cai seger atawa deukeut ka cai saperti [[susukan]] atawa [[situ]]. [[File:Checkered Keelback at Khulna.jpg|thumb|alt=Checkered Keelback at Khulna|A checkered keelback (locally known as "Joldhora") spotted swimming at [[Beel Dakatia]], Khulna, [[Bangladesh]]]] Kahakanan oray welang ''F. piscator'' kayaning : lauk leutik jeung [[bancét]]. ==Baranahan== Oray welang ''F. piscator'' is sakali ngendog iraharna 30-70 endog, paling saeutik 4 bisa waé nepika 100. Ukuran gedé endogna rupa-rupa kurang-leuwih {{convert|1.5|-|4.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} paranjang. Bikangna ngajaga endog nepi ka megar. Anak oray nu kakara megar mibabda panjang {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} .<ref name=Das2002>[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Xenochrophis piscator'', p. 48).</ref> ==Sebaran Géografis== ''F. piscator'' kapanggih hirup di [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Langk]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Népal]], [[Thailand]], [[[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Viétnam]], [ Malaysia]], [[China]] ([[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]]), [[Taiwan]], [[Australia]] and [[Indonésia]] di ([[Sumatra]], [[Jawa]], [[Bornéo]], [Celebes]] = Sulawesi) [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]: "East Indies". ==Subspésiés== *''F. p. melanzostus'' {{small|([[Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst|Gravenhorst]], 1807)}} – Indonésia (Borneo [?], Jawa, Sulawesi [?]; Sumatra), India (Andaman jeung kapuloan Nicobar) *''F. p. piscator'' {{small|([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799)}} – Bangladésh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, People's Republic of China (including Hainan), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand ==Taxonomy== Subspecies ''F. p. melanzostus'' tos didaftarkeun kana spésiés status, salaku ''[[Fowlea melanzostus]]'', ku [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Indraneil Das]] dina 1996. ==Ngaran séjén == *[[Mizo language|Mizo]] – ''tui rul'' *[[Assamese language|Assamese]] – ''ঢোঁৰা সাপ'' *[[Bengali language|Bengali]] – ''জল ঢোঁড়া/আটঘরিয়া সাপ'' *[[Odia language|Odia]] – ''ଧଣ୍ଡ ସାପ'' *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] – ''ડેંડવો સાપ '' *[[Hindi language|Hindi]] – ''dendu saap'' *[[Indonesian language|Indonesia]] – ''bandotan tutul'' *[[Kannada]] – ''ನೀರು ಹಾವು'' *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] – ''दिवड'' *[[Malayalam]] – ''നീർക്കോലി,പുളവൻ'' (Neerkkoli, Pulavan) *[[Tamil language|Tamil]] – ''கண்டங்கண்டை நீர்க்கோலி'' (''kandangkandai neerkoli'') *[[Telugu language|Telugu]] – నీరు కట్టే (''neeru katte'') *[[Bihari language|Bihari]] – ''dhoriya saap'' *[[Nepali language|Nepali]] – ''dhode/dhoriya saap'' *[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese]]) – "漁游蛇" *[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese]]) – "渔游蛇" *[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] - "දිය බරියා" *[[Thai language|Thai]] – งูลายสอ --> ==Gambaran== <gallery> File:Char1 Nostril.JPG|Liang irung ditempo ti luhur File:Char2 Frontal.JPG|Frontal di tengahna, dua kali panjang lebar File:Char3 Internasals.JPG|Chart 3 - Internasals much narrowed anteriorly, nearly as long as the prefrontals File:Char4 Preocular.JPG|Chart 4 - One preocular scale only File:Char5 Temporals.JPG|Chart 5 - Temporals are 2+2 or 2+3 File:Char6 Supralabials.JPG|Bagan 6 -9 supralabials, ka-4 jeung ka-5 noel panon, ka-6 teu kaasup ku postOcular panghandapna File:Char7 Stout body.JPG|Pangawakanna gagah File:Char8 Small tail.JPG| Buntut leutik File:Char9 19scales.JPG|Ukuran dins 19 baris anu beda File:Body Xenochrophis piscator.JPG|Pangawakanna checkered keelback File:Checkered-keelback in IIT Bombay.JPG File:Checkered Keelback.jpg|Checkered keelback basking Xenophis piscator gab fbi.png|Ukuran pola </gallery> ==Dicutat tina == {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1893). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the .Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp.&nbsp;230–232). *Dutt, Kalma (1970). "Chromosome Variation in Two Populations of ''Xenochrophis piscator'' Schn. from North and South India (Serpentes, Colubridae)". ''Cytologia'' '''35''': 455–464. *[[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider JG]] (1799). ''Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus Primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros''. Jena: F. Frommann. xiii + 264 pp. + corrigenda + Plate I. (''Hydrus piscator'', new species, pp.&nbsp;247–248). (in Latin). *[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Amphibia and Reptilia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp.&nbsp;293–296, Figures 95–96). == Tutumbu ka luar == {{Commons category|Fowlea piscator}} {{Pondok}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2717987}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato akuatik]] [[Kategori:Oray pamangsa lauk]] [[Kategori:Sato di sawah]] 90pgv9ago3yhn4l0cinvgg8i5b82b01 708035 708034 2026-04-08T10:49:29Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Dinototosugiarto mindahkeun kaca [[Oray welang]] ka [[Oray macan cai]]: Eusina lepat kedahna : Oray macan cai 708034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Species of snake}} {{speciesbox | name = Checkered keelback | image = Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Schneider, 1799 Assam by Dr Raju Kasambe DSC 0477 (2).JPG | image_caption = in [[Assam]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Stuart, B.L., Wogan, G., Thy, N., Nguyen, T.Q., Vogel, G., Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B., Shankar, G., Mohapatra, P., Thakur, S. & Papenfuss, T. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Fowlea asperrimus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2021 | page = e.T172646A1358305 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2021 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172646/1358305 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}</ref> | genus = Fowlea | species = piscator | authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799) | synonyms = *''Hydrus piscator'' <br>{{small|Schneider, 1799}} *''Natrix piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820}} *''Tropidonotus quincunciatus'' <br>{{small|[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837}} *''Tropidonotus piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893}} *''Nerodia piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1921}} *''Xenochrophis piscator'' <br>{{small|— [[Merel J. Cox|Cox]] et al., 1998}} | synonyms_ref =<ref>{{EMBL species|genus=Xenochrophis|species=piscator}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> | range_map = | range_map_caption = }} '''Oray Macan Cai''' ''checkered keelback'' ('''''Fowlea melanzostus'''''), katelah ogé '''oray cai asia''' nyaéta hiji oray anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]]. Ieu oray ka golongkeun kana [[subfamily]] [[Natricinae]], Spésiés ieu pituin ti [[Asia]]. Ieu oray henteu peurahan.<ref name=”O'S”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the WorldO'Shea| last =O'Shea| first =Mark| publisher =University of Chicago Press| location =Jakarta| year =2024|ISBN=9780226832869|pages =23}} Disungsi17 Mei 2024</ref> [[File:Xenochrophis piscator - Checkered Keelback at Palappuzha (5).jpg|alt=|thumb|Keur moyan]] [[File:Checkered keelback at Taudaha, kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Checkered keelback keur ngakan lauk, di [[Kathmandu]]]] ==Katerangan== Mata oray ''F. piscator'' rada letik tur pondok jarakna ti liang irung dinu déwasa. Ieu ''[[rostral scale]]'' katempo ti luhur. skala ''internasal'' leuwih heureut na ''anteriorly'' ''subtriangularly'', kalawan ''anterior'', jeung ''anterior'' siku kapotong jeung salila skala ''prafrontal''. Skala ''frontal'' éta leuwih panjang batan jarak ti tungtung moncong, jeung salila ''parietal'' atawa sedikit saeutik leuwih pondok. Loreal ampir sajero pisan. Aya hiji [[Ocular scales|preocular]] jeung tilu (jarang opat) ''post-oculars''. ''Temporals'' téh 2+2 or 2+3. Biasana aya salapan [[Labial scales|''upper labials'']], kalawan asup kaopat jeung kalima panon; jeung lima labials handap dina kontak jeung anterior taméng gado, anu pondok ti ''posterior''. ''[[Dorsal scales]]''na disusun dina 19 jajar, kuat keeled, kalawan kaluar ngéntép rata. [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] nomer 125–158, [[Anal scale|anal]] dibagi, jeung [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]] nomer 64–90. Kelirna ''variatif'' pisan, diwangun ku bintik poék disusun quincuncially sarta mindeng dipisahkeun ku jaringan bodas, atawa tina [[pita]] hideung longitudinal luhureun taneuh, atawa pita hudeung poék anu meulit awakna, aya anu paselang bodas aya ogé anu henteu. Dua corétan hideung serong, hiji di handap sawaréhna tukangeun panon, sadaya ampir konstan, aya atawa henteu aya hideung margins dugi ka taméng.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Dua coretan hideung serong,. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp. 349-350).</ref> Oray welang mibanda ukuran sumedeng, tapi lamun seug diantep dugi ka déwasa panjang bisa nepi ka {{convert|1.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Das2002/> [[File:Checkered-keelback in IIT Bombay.JPG|thumb|left||Sisitna belang]] ==Kabiasaan== Seuseueurna oray ieu nyobian ngangkat sirahna duga badé nangtung bari sareng kulit beuheungna mébér kawas tiung oray kobra pikeun nyingsieunan anu nyoba ngancam manéhna. Padahal mah ieu oray ''non-venomous'' (Henteu peurahan) pikeun manusa, tapi éta bisa gabalukarkeun nyeri ku radang. ''F. piscator'' bisa ngabuntungkeun buntutna salaku cara nyalametkeun diri tur kabisa kabur nyingkahan bahaya. Ieu hiji kasus langka, [[autotomy]] ieu kungsi dilaporkeun di [[Viétnam]] .<ref>[[Natalia Borisovna Ananjeva|Ananjeva NB]], [[:fr:Nikolaï Orlov|Orlov NL]] (1994). "Caudal Autotomy in Colubrid Snake ''Xenochrophis piscator'' From Vietnam" ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''1''' (2): 169-171.</ref> ==Habitat== Oray welang mikaresep hirup dina cai seger atawa deukeut ka cai saperti [[susukan]] atawa [[situ]]. [[File:Checkered Keelback at Khulna.jpg|thumb|alt=Checkered Keelback at Khulna|A checkered keelback (locally known as "Joldhora") spotted swimming at [[Beel Dakatia]], Khulna, [[Bangladesh]]]] Kahakanan oray welang ''F. piscator'' kayaning : lauk leutik jeung [[bancét]]. ==Baranahan== Oray welang ''F. piscator'' is sakali ngendog iraharna 30-70 endog, paling saeutik 4 bisa waé nepika 100. Ukuran gedé endogna rupa-rupa kurang-leuwih {{convert|1.5|-|4.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} paranjang. Bikangna ngajaga endog nepi ka megar. Anak oray nu kakara megar mibabda panjang {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} .<ref name=Das2002>[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Xenochrophis piscator'', p. 48).</ref> ==Sebaran Géografis== ''F. piscator'' kapanggih hirup di [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Langk]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Népal]], [[Thailand]], [[[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Viétnam]], [ Malaysia]], [[China]] ([[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]]), [[Taiwan]], [[Australia]] and [[Indonésia]] di ([[Sumatra]], [[Jawa]], [[Bornéo]], [Celebes]] = Sulawesi) [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]: "East Indies". ==Subspésiés== *''F. p. melanzostus'' {{small|([[Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst|Gravenhorst]], 1807)}} – Indonésia (Borneo [?], Jawa, Sulawesi [?]; Sumatra), India (Andaman jeung kapuloan Nicobar) *''F. p. piscator'' {{small|([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799)}} – Bangladésh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, People's Republic of China (including Hainan), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand ==Taxonomy== Subspecies ''F. p. melanzostus'' tos didaftarkeun kana spésiés status, salaku ''[[Fowlea melanzostus]]'', ku [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Indraneil Das]] dina 1996. ==Ngaran séjén == *[[Mizo language|Mizo]] – ''tui rul'' *[[Assamese language|Assamese]] – ''ঢোঁৰা সাপ'' *[[Bengali language|Bengali]] – ''জল ঢোঁড়া/আটঘরিয়া সাপ'' *[[Odia language|Odia]] – ''ଧଣ୍ଡ ସାପ'' *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] – ''ડેંડવો સાપ '' *[[Hindi language|Hindi]] – ''dendu saap'' *[[Indonesian language|Indonesia]] – ''bandotan tutul'' *[[Kannada]] – ''ನೀರು ಹಾವು'' *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] – ''दिवड'' *[[Malayalam]] – ''നീർക്കോലി,പുളവൻ'' (Neerkkoli, Pulavan) *[[Tamil language|Tamil]] – ''கண்டங்கண்டை நீர்க்கோலி'' (''kandangkandai neerkoli'') *[[Telugu language|Telugu]] – నీరు కట్టే (''neeru katte'') *[[Bihari language|Bihari]] – ''dhoriya saap'' *[[Nepali language|Nepali]] – ''dhode/dhoriya saap'' *[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese]]) – "漁游蛇" *[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese]]) – "渔游蛇" *[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] - "දිය බරියා" *[[Thai language|Thai]] – งูลายสอ --> ==Gambaran== <gallery> File:Char1 Nostril.JPG|Liang irung ditempo ti luhur File:Char2 Frontal.JPG|Frontal di tengahna, dua kali panjang lebar File:Char3 Internasals.JPG|Chart 3 - Internasals much narrowed anteriorly, nearly as long as the prefrontals File:Char4 Preocular.JPG|Chart 4 - One preocular scale only File:Char5 Temporals.JPG|Chart 5 - Temporals are 2+2 or 2+3 File:Char6 Supralabials.JPG|Bagan 6 -9 supralabials, ka-4 jeung ka-5 noel panon, ka-6 teu kaasup ku postOcular panghandapna File:Char7 Stout body.JPG|Pangawakanna gagah File:Char8 Small tail.JPG| Buntut leutik File:Char9 19scales.JPG|Ukuran dins 19 baris anu beda File:Body Xenochrophis piscator.JPG|Pangawakanna checkered keelback File:Checkered-keelback in IIT Bombay.JPG File:Checkered Keelback.jpg|Checkered keelback basking Xenophis piscator gab fbi.png|Ukuran pola </gallery> ==Dicutat tina == {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1893). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the .Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp.&nbsp;230–232). *Dutt, Kalma (1970). "Chromosome Variation in Two Populations of ''Xenochrophis piscator'' Schn. from North and South India (Serpentes, Colubridae)". ''Cytologia'' '''35''': 455–464. *[[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider JG]] (1799). ''Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus Primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros''. Jena: F. Frommann. xiii + 264 pp. + corrigenda + Plate I. (''Hydrus piscator'', new species, pp.&nbsp;247–248). (in Latin). *[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Amphibia and Reptilia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Tropidonotus piscator'', pp.&nbsp;293–296, Figures 95–96). == Tutumbu ka luar == {{Commons category|Fowlea piscator}} {{Pondok}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2717987}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato akuatik]] [[Kategori:Oray pamangsa lauk]] [[Kategori:Sato di sawah]] 90pgv9ago3yhn4l0cinvgg8i5b82b01 0 105230 708023 704091 2026-04-08T07:55:52Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Galeri */ 708023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray bedul | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Ophiophagus hannah'' |author=Stuart, B. |author2=Wogan, G. |author3=Grismer, L. |author4=Auliya, M. |author5=Inger, R.F. |author6=Lilley, R. |author7=Chan-Ard, T. |author8=Thy, N. |author9=Nguyen, T.Q. |author10=Srinivasulu, C. |author11=Jelić, D. |date=2012 |page=e.T177540A1491874 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T177540A1491874.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | fossil_range = | image = Ophiophagus hannah2.jpg | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | subregnum = | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = | superdivisio = | divisio = | subdivisio = | superclassis = | classis = [[Reptil|Reptilia]] | subclassis = | infraclassis = | subterclassis = | superordo = | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Ular|Serpentes]] | infraordo = | zoosectio = | superfamilia = | familia = [[Elapidae]] | subfamilia = [[Elapinae]] | supertribus = | tribus = | subtribus = | genus = '''''Ophiophagus''''' | species = '''''Ophiophagus hannah''''' | ordo_authority = | familia_authority = | genus_authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864 | species_authority = [[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor]], 1836 |subdivision_ranks = |subdivision = | range_map = Distribution O. hannah.png | range_map_caption = {{legend|#c20000|border=1px solid #aaaaaa|Peta persebaran}} | range_map_alt = | type_genus = | type_genus_authority = | synonyms = Genus: * ''Hamadryas'' <small>Cantor, 1836 (''non'' [[Jacob Hübner|Hübner]], 1804: [[junior homonym|preoccupied]])</small> * ''Naja'' <small>Schlegel, 1837</small> | synonyms_ref = }} {{SpeciesTitle | main = ular Lanang | 1 = kobra raja | ref = <ref name="KBBID ular lanang">{{cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/{{urlencode: ular lanang|WIKI}}|title=Arti kata ular lanang|website=KBBI Daring|department=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kemendikbud|access-date=8 Desember 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318034442/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/ular_lanang |date=2022-03-18 }}</ref> }} '''Oray bedul'''; ''Ophiophagus hannah''; (Bahasa Inggris: '''''King cobra''''') nyaéta hiji [[spésiés]] oray anu peurahna matih kalawan pangawakanna panjang.<ref name="mehrtens">{{cite book |last=Mehrtens |first=J. |title=Living Snakes of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr |url-access=registration |year=1987 |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |isbn=0-8069-6461-8 |chapter=King Cobra, Hamadryad (''Ophiophagus hannah'') |page=263–}}</ref> Ieu oray maneuh di sawaréh [[India]] nepi ka [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref name="mehrtens"/> Oray ieu mangrupakeun salahsahiji [[réptil]] nasional [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King Cobra – National Reptile of India |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/national-symbols-of-india/national-reptile/ |publisher=indiamapped }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131517/http://www.indiamapped.com/national-symbols-of-india/national-reptile/ |date=2018-01-17 }}</ref> Ieu oray mibanda ngaran daérah kayaning : "''tedung selor''"; "''tedung selar''" (Melayu), sarta ''ula anang / dumung enthong'' (Jawa).<ref name=”Mar”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =Venoms, Animal and Microbial Toxins, Volume IIMarc Sabatier, Herve Kovacic, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Jing-Lin Wang, Zhijian Cao, Patrick Michael McNutt, Heike Wulff, Yuri N. Utkin| last =Marc Sabatier, Herve Kovacic, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Jing-Lin Wang, Zhijian Cao, Patrick Michael McNutt, Heike Wulff, Yuri N. Utkin| first =Jean| publisher =Frontiers Media SA| location =Jakarta| year =2022|ISBN=9782832501146|pages =23}} Disungsi17 Mei 2024</ref> == Taksonomi == ''Hamadryas hannah'' téh ngaran ilmiah anu munggaran dipaké ku ''naturalis'' [[Theodore Edward Cantor]] dina tahun 1836 anu ngaguar 4 [[spésimén]] oray bedul, tilu spésimén dipibanda ti [[Sundarban]], India, sarta hiji spésimén dipibanda ti [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Cantor1836>{{Cite journal |last=Cantor |first=T. E. |year=1836 |title=Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar teeth |journal=Asiatic Researches |volume= 19 |pages=87−93 |url=https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche181836cal#page/86/mode/2up}}</ref> Takson ''Naja bungarus'' diusulkeun ku [[Hermann Schlegel]] dina taun 1837 anu ngadéskripsikeun spésimén oray bedul ti [[Jawa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlegel |first1=H. |year=1837 |title=Essai sur la physionomie des serpens |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Schonekat |pages=476 |chapter=Le Naja Bongare. ''N. bungarus'' |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/essaisurlaphysio02schl/page/476}}</ref> Takson genus ''Ophiophagus'' diusulkan ku Albert Günther dina taun 1864.<ref>{{cite book |author=Günther, A. C. L. G. |year=1864 |title=The Reptiles of British India |publisher=Ray Society |location=London |chapter=''Ophiophagus'', Gthr. |pages=340−342 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.42645/2015.42645.The-Reptiles-Of-British-India#page/n371/mode/2up}}</ref> Takson ieu dumasar kana kabiasaan oray sok ngahakan oray séjénna.<ref name="OSHEA">{{cite book|last= O'Shea|first= Mark|title= Venomous Snakes of the World|url= https://archive.org/details/venomoussnakesof0000oshe/page/96|url-access= registration|pages= [https://archive.org/details/venomoussnakesofewww0000oshe/page/96 96-97]|publisher= Princeton University Press|location= New Jersey, USA|isbn= 978-0-691-12436-0}}</ref> == Ciri mandiri== Panjang awak oray bedul téh ilaharna ti mimiti 3.18 nepi ka 4 méter. Spésimén pangpanjangna anu kungsi kapanggih tayalian 5.85 méter.<ref name="Chanhome2011">{{cite journal |author=Chanhome, L. |author2=Cox, M. J. |author3=Vasaruchapong, T. |author4=Chaiyabutr, N. |author5=Sitprija, V. |year=2011 |title=Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand |journal=Asian Biomedicine 5 |issue=3 |pages=311–328}}</ref> Jaluna leuwih badag batan bikangna. Awak palebah luhurna ''(dorsal)'' kelirna [[zaitun]], [[coklat]] semu konéng, aya ogé kulawu, palebah huluna katempo kelirna leuwih béngras. Awak palebah handapna ''(ventral)'' kelirna kulawu nepika semu [[coklat]], palebah beuheungna semu konéng paselang jeung borontok hideung. Dina oray anu ngora kénéh, kelir awakna leuwih poék nepika semu hideung, kalawan paselang jeung belang-belang leutik kelir bodas atawa semu konéng. Sok sanajan kitu, ieu belang-belang téh masih kénéh katempo nepika mangsa déwasa, sanajan ngan saukur ngalangkang wungkul.<ref name="tweedie">Tweedie, M.W.F. 1983. ''The Snakes of Malaya''. The Singapore National Printers. Singapore. p.38.</ref><ref name="stuebing">Stuebing, R.B. & R.F. Inger. 1999. ''A Field Guide to The Snakes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo). Kota Kinabalu. p. 199-201. ISBN 983-812-031-6</ref> Hulu oray bedul ukuranna kawilang badag teu pati monyong tur katempo bentelu. henteu kawas oray séjéna, di satukangeun sisit palebah embun-embunna mibanda sapasang ''perisai oksipital'' ukuranna gedé. ''Perisai labial'' (biwir) lobana 7 siki, sawaréh nepi ka palebah panonna. ''Pupil'' matana buleud tur gedé. Sisit-sisit ''dorsal'' aya 15 jajar di tengah awakna. Sisit ''ventral'' lobana 215 nepi ka 262 siki. Sisit ''anal'' nunggal, sisit-sisit ''subkaudal'' lobana 80 nepi ka 120 buah, sawaréhna ngawangun sisit nunggal sawaréhna mangrupa sisit anu papasangan.<ref name="tweedie"/> == Sebaran jeung ékologi == Oray bedul loba kapanggih hirup di sawaréh [[India]] (Maharashtra, Karnataka (Dandeli), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Bengal kulon, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, sarta [[Kapulauan Andaman]]), [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Tiongkok|Cina]] (Fukien, Kwangtung, Hong Kong, Kwangsi, Hainan, Yunnan, SW Sichuan, Tibet), [[Laos]], [[Viétnam]], [[Kamboja]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Indonésia]] ([[Sumatra]], Kapuloan. [[Mentawai]], [[Riau]], [[Bangka]]-Belitung, [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], [[Kalimantan]]), jeung [[philipina]] (Balabac, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Samar).<ref name=NRDB/> Oray bedul hirup di daérah landeuh nepi ka tonggohna 1800 méter dpl. Habitat utamana ngalimpudan [[leuweung]], [[rawa]]-rawa, sabangsaning rungkun, [[kebon]] jeung [[sawah]], malahan sakapeung kapanggih hirup di sabudeuren imah. Ieu oray ilaharna nyayang ngaliang di jero [[taneuh]], tumpukan batu, rungkun anu hieum, aya ogé dina sela-sela akar tatangkalan.<ref name="david">David, P and G. Vogel. 1996. ''The Snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history.'' Edition Chimaira. Frankfurt. p.148-149. ISBN 3-930612-08-9</ref> Oray bedul utamana mikaresep tempat saperti kebon [[awi]] jeung leuweung [[babakoan]].<ref>[https://www.aboutanimals.com/reptile/king-cobra/ About Animal: King Cobra]</ref> == Kabiasaan hirup== Oray bedul dipikanyaho salaku sato ''diurnal'' tayalian ngider unggal poé, sanjan kitu ari peuting mah ieu oray téh arang ka panggih ngider.<ref name="mehrtens"/> === Kahakanan === Oray bedul geus kasohor salaku oray anu sok ngahakan oray séjén, kaasup oray anu mibanda peurah. Spésiés oray anu sok dihakan ku oray bedul kayaning [[kobra India]], [[krait]], [[oray beurit]], ''[[Rhabdophis]]'', [[oray cai]], malahan ngakan anak oray [[sanca]].<ref name=Wall1924>{{cite journal |author=Wall, F. |year=1924 |title=The Hamadryad or King Cobra ''Naja hannah'' (Cantor) |journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=189–195 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalof301219241925bomb/page/n271}}</ref> sagigireun ngakan oray séjén, oray bedul ogé sok ngahakan rupa-rupa [[kadal]], [[beurit]], sarta [[manuk]]. Sabada ngakan mangsa anu kawilang gedé, ieu oray bisa hirup sababara bulan kahareup bari jeung teu baranghakan. Ieu ku ayana ''metabolisme'' dina awakna anu ngendoran/ngalilaan.<ref name="mehrtens"/><ref name="coborn">{{cite book |last=Coborn |first=J. |title=The Atlas of Snakes of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofsnakesofw0000cobo |publisher=TFH Publications |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofsnakesofw0000cobo/page/30 30], 452 |isbn=978-0-86622-749-0}}</ref> === Pertahanan diri === Oray bedul dianggap henteu ''agresif''.<ref name="tweedie"/> Ilaharna bakal nyingkah lamun ngarasa ka ganggu, tapi kanyhoan bakal ''agresif'' mangsa keur ngajaga sayang jeung endogna. Mangsa keur ngarasa kaancam, ieu oray bris campego/ngangkat huluna nepi ka kawas nangtung, beuheugna ngarubakan kawas séndok kawas [[kobra]], disada ngajéos bari jeung nembongkeun sihungna. Mangsa macok, ieu oray bakal nahan pacokanna bari ngégél salila dalapan menit.<ref name=Wall1924/> === Baranahan=== Oray bedul mangsa baranahan sok nyieun [[sayang]] tina tumpukan daun garing, ilaharna di kebon [[awi]] (numpukeun daun awi garing).<ref name=Whitaker_al2013>{{cite journal |author1=Whitaker, N. |author2=Shankar, P. G. |author3=Whitaker, R. |year=2013 |title=Nesting ecology of the King Cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah'') in India |journal=Hamadryad |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=101–107 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/32064158/Whitaker_et_al_Nesting_Ecology_of_the_King_Cobra_(Ophiophagus_hannah)_in_India.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://www.riverbanks.org/animals/arc/king-cobra King Cobra :: Riverbanks Zoo & Garden<!-- Judul yang dihasilkan bot -->]</ref> [[Sayang]]na ditempatkeun dina handapeun tatangkalan, ngagunduk nepika jangkungna 55&nbsp;cm (0.55 méter) rubakna nepi ka 140&nbsp;cm (1.4 méter) pada bagian dasarnya. Sayang ieu sahenteuna aya sarohangan pikeun oray ngendog ''(ovipar)''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hrima, V. L. |author2=Sailo, V. H. |author3=Fanai, Z. |author4=Lalronunga, S. |author5=Lalrinchhana, C. |year=2014 |chapter=Nesting ecology of the King Cobra, ''Ophiophagus hannah'', (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae) in Aizawl District, Mizoram, India |title=Issues and Trends of Wildlife Conservation in Northeast India |pages=268–274 |publisher=Mizo Academy of Sciences |location=Aizawl |editor1=Lalnuntluanga |editor2=Zothanzama, J. |editor3=Lalramliana |editor4=Lalduhthlana |editor5=Lalremsanga, H. T. |isbn=9788192432175 |chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263008786}}</ref> Lobana endog oray bedul timimiti 7 nepi ka 43 siki, kalayan 6 nepika 38 siki bisa mengar sabada si sileungleuman 66 nepi ka 105 poé. ''Temperatur'' di jero sayang gumantung kana ''élevasina'' mimiti 13.5 nepi ka 37.4&nbsp;°C. Oray anu bikangna baris ngajaga sayangna salila dua nepi ka 77 poé. Anak oray anu kakara megar mibanda panjang awakna kurang leuwih 37.5 nepi ka 58.5&nbsp;cm tur beuratna ti 9 nepi ka 38 gram.<ref name=Whitaker_al2013/> == Galeri == <gallery mode=packed heights=135px> Image:Ophiophagus hannah2.jpg|Ular jaluna mébér Beuheungna Image:KingCobra01.jpg|''Close-up'' huluna Image:King-Cobra.jpg Image:12 - The Mystical King Cobra and Coffee Forests.jpg Image:All Snake, No Vestiage of Beginning, No Prospect of an End (2812436637).jpg|Pangawakanna Image:Baby king cobra front view.JPG|Oray ngora Image:Baby king cobra neck pattern.JPG|Ditempo ti tukang Image:Ular anang Ophiophagus hannah Bandung Zoo.jpg|Ular jaluna, spésimén di [[Kebon Binatang Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] Image:Ophiophagus hannah Genève 24102014 1.jpg|Ular jaluna, spésimén di paméran Reptiles du Monde, Palexpo, [[Geneva]] 2014 Image:Ophiophagus hannah (1).jpg Image:King Cobra 045.jpg </gallery> == Peurah == Oray bedul ieu kagolongkeun oray sendok anu mibanda peurah. Peurahna mibanda ''[[sitotoksisitas|sitotoksin]]'' jeung ''[[neurotoksin]]'', kaasup dijerona ''alfa-neurotoksin sarta'' ''Three-finger toxin''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chang, L.-S. |author2=Liou, J.-C. |author3=Lin, S.-R. |author4=Huang, H.-B. |pmid=12056805 |year=2002 |title=Purification and characterization of a neurotoxin from the venom of ''Ophiophagus hannah'' (king cobra) |volume=294 |issue=3 |pages=574–578 |doi=10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00518-1 |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=He, Y. Y. |author2=Lee, W. H. |author3=Zhang, Y. |year=2004 |title=Cloning and purification of alpha-neurotoxins from king cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah'') |journal=Toxicon |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=295–303 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.003|pmid=15302536 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, J. |author2=Zhang, H. |author3=Liu, J. |author4=Xu, K. |year=2006 |title=Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in ''Ophiophagus hannah'' (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=398 |issue=2 |pages=233–342 |doi=10.1042/BJ20060004|pmid=16689684 |pmc=1550305 }}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite journal |pmid=20071329 |title=Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Homodimeric Three-finger Neurotoxin from the Venom of ''Ophiophagus hannah'' (King Cobra) |year=2010 |last1=Roy |first1=A. |last2=Zhou |first2=X. |last3=Chong |first3=M. Z. |last4=d'Hoedt |first4=D. |last5=Foo |first5=C. S. |last6=Rajagopalan |first6=N. |last7=Nirthanan |first7=S. |last8=Bertrand |first8=D. |last9=Sivaraman |first9=J. |volume=285 |issue=11 |pages=8302–8315 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M109.074161 |pmc=2832981 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |last10=Kini|first10=R. M.}}</ref> Kandungan peurah séjéna baris ngabalukarkeun ''[[kardiomiopati|kardiotoksin]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rajagopalan, N. |author2=Pung, Y. F. |author3=Zhu, Y. Z. |author4=Wong, P. T. H. |author5=Kumar, P. P. |author6=Kini, R. M. |title=β-Cardiotoxin: A new three-finger toxin from ''Ophiophagus hannah'' (King Cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8658com |year=2007 |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=21 |issue=13 |pages=3685–3695 |pmid=17616557}}</ref> Peurah oray ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun kana sistem saraf korban anu dipacok, baris ngarasa kacida nyeri, tetempoan ranyany (''blurred vision''), ''vertigo'', tunduh, jeung ''[[paralisis]]''. Korban baris tilar dunya dina waktu 30 menit sabada di pacok.<ref name=Tin-MyintMyint_al1991>{{Cite journal |author=Tin-Myint |author2=Rai-Mra |author3=Maung-Chit |author4=Tun-Pe |author5=Warrell, D. |title=Bites by the king cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah'') in Myanmar: Successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Medicine |volume=80 |issue=293 |pages=751–762 |year=1991 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068624 |pmid=1754675 }}</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar== * Cantor, 1836 : ''Sketch of undescribed hooded serpent with fangs and maxillar teeth. '' Asiatic Researches, Calcutta, , {{p.|87-94}}. * Günther, 1864 : ''The reptiles of British India.'' {{p.|1-452}} ([https://archive.org/details/reptilesofbritis00gn lihat teks]). ---- * {{ITIS|id=700646|taxon=''Ophiophagus hannah'' (Cantor, 1836)}} * {{NRDB species|genus=Ophiophagus|species=hannah}} * [http://ularindonesian.blogspot.com Ular Asli Indonesia]: [http://ularindonesian.blogspot.com/p/ophiophagus-hannah.html Ular anang] * [https://www.thailandsnakes.com/cobras/king-cobra-venomous-deadly/ ''Ophiophagus hannah'' Research and Information] * [https://reptilepark.com.au/animals/reptiles/snakes/exotic-snakes/king-cobra/ Australian Reptile Park: King Cobra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207095415/https://reptilepark.com.au/animals/reptiles/snakes/exotic-snakes/king-cobra/ |date=2020-02-07 }} * [https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/snakes/kingcobra King Cobra | Saint Louis Zoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526152905/https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/snakes/kingcobra |date=2022-05-26 }} * [https://www.riverbanks.org/animals/arc/king-cobra King Cobra | Riverbanks Zoo & Garden] {{Taxonbar|from=Q48186}} [[Kategori:Squamata]] sx5j84t94fly9gi3tc0zl60tl8hy3ek 0 106607 707981 680201 2026-04-07T18:54:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bangkong emas | status = ex | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|asesores=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|año=2020|edición IUCN=2024.2|consultado=5 de noviembre de 2024}}</ref> | image = Bufo periglenes2.jpg | image_caption = Lalaki | image_width = 270px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Anura]] | familia = [[Bufonidae]] | genus = ''[[Incilius]]'' | species = '''''I. periglenes''''' | species_authority = ([[Jay Mathers Savage|Savage]], 1967) | synonyms = * ''Bufo periglenes'' <small>Savage, 1967</small> * ''Cranopsis periglenes'' <small>Frost ''et al.'', 2006</small> * ''Ollotis periglenes'' }} '''Bangkong emas''' (''Incilius periglenes'') mangrupa spésiés [[bangkong]] nu geus punah. Baheulana loba dipanggihan dina wewengkon leutik, wewengkon kaléreun kota [[Monteverde]], [[Kosta Rika]]. Éta éndemik leuweung awan elfin. Disebut oge '''bangkong Monte Verde''', '''bangkong Alajuela''' jeung bangkong jeruk, biasana dianggap "anak poster" pikeun krisis turunna [[amfibi]]. bangkong ieu munggaran digambarkeun dina 1966 ku herpetologist Jay Savage. Panungtungan katémbong bangkong emas jalu tunggal nyaéta dina 15 Méi 1989, sarta saprak éta geus digolongkeun punah ku International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). {{stub}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] cnwao5aixuwxs3tjlva7gkhkdzcvlel 707982 707981 2026-04-08T00:02:14Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bangkong emas | status = ex | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|asesores=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|año=2020|edición IUCN=2024.2|consultado=5 de noviembre de 2024}}</ref> | image = Bufo periglenes2.jpg | image_caption = Lalaki | image_width = 270px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Anura]] | familia = [[Bufonidae]] | genus = ''[[Incilius]]'' | species = '''''I. periglenes''''' | species_authority = ([[Jay Mathers Savage|Savage]], 1967) | synonyms = * ''Bufo periglenes'' <small>Savage, 1967</small> * ''Cranopsis periglenes'' <small>Frost ''et al.'', 2006</small> * ''Ollotis periglenes'' }} '''Bangkong emas''' (''Incilius periglenes'') mangrupa spésiés [[bangkong]] nu geus punah. Baheulana loba dipanggihan dina wewengkon leutik, wewengkon kaléreun kota [[Monteverde]], [[Kosta Rika]]. Éta éndemik leuweung awan elfin. Disebut oge '''bangkong Monte Verde''', '''bangkong Alajuela''' jeung bangkong jeruk, biasana dianggap "anak poster" pikeun krisis turunna [[amfibi]]. bangkong ieu munggaran digambarkeun dina 1966 ku herpetologist Jay Savage. Panungtungan katémbong bangkong emas jalu tunggal nyaéta dina 15 Méi 1989, sarta saprak éta geus digolongkeun punah ku International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). {{stub}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] [[Kategori:Ranidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia]] [[Kategori:Pelophylax]] 7vkzqwz2ehicfmozq2w3irccwvrfrjy 0 108144 708025 707593 2026-04-08T08:25:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Gadung | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176329/1439223 |title=Ahaetulla prasina |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Ahaetulla prasina, oriental whipsnake - Kaeng Krachan National Park.jpg | image_caption = Ahaetulla prasina (Oray Gadung) di Taman Nasional Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Ahaetulla]]'' | species = '''''A. prasina''''' | binomial = ''Ahaetulla prasina'' | binomial_authority = ([[Boie]], 1827) | synonyms = * ''Dryophis prasinus'' <small>Boie, 1827</small> * ''Dryophis xanthozona'' <small>Boie, 1827</small> * ''Ahaetulla prasina'' <small>Smith, 1943</small> }} '''Oray pucuk; ''' ''Ahaetulla prasina'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Gadung''' atawa '''Oriental Whipsnake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu hirupna lolobana dina tatangkalan ([[arboreal]]).<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ahaetulla&species=prasina |title=Ahaetulla prasina |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray gadung]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular gadung]], [[ular pucuk]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo gadung]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Oriental Whipsnake]], [[Asian Vine Snake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/oriental_whip-snake.htm |title=Oriental Whip Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Ahaetulla prasina'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Oray ieu kacida lobana kapanggih di sabudeureun kebon jeung leuweung Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray gadung sumebar lega di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] dugi ka [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Filipina]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (ngawengku [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung [[Nusa Tenggara]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Awak:''' Wangun awakna kacida lénjangna sarta ramping, warnana biasana héjo caang (kawas pucuk cau), tapi aya ogé variasi warna coklat atanapi semu konéng. * '''Sirah:''' Bentuk sirahna seukeut sarta lénjang (kawas panah). * '''Panon:''' Gaduh pupil horizontal (nyépté kawas garis datar), anu méré kamampuh tetempoan [[binokular]] anu hadé pikeun ngukur jarak mangsa.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 1.8 dugi ka 2 méter. == Sipat jeung Peurah == Oray gadung téh sato [[diurnal]] (aktif ti beurang). Sanajan miboga huntu taring di bagian tukang (''opisthoglypha''), peurah oray ieu kagolong lésh (''mildly venomous''). Sacara umum henteu bahaya pikeun manusa, ngan ukur bisa nyababkeun bareuh saeutik atanapi ateul upami kapacok. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[kadal]], [[bangkong]], sarta sakapeung [[manuk]] leutik.<ref name="WHO_Ahaetulla">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000133 |title=Ahaetulla genus |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato arboreal]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah hampang]] [[Kategori:Oray pucuk]] m9qyrrmdkfqjsckiwfycspc1lwpzql6 0 108145 708027 707594 2026-04-08T08:47:09Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Lingas | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Ptyas korros |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Ptyas korros 166753674.jpg | image_caption = Ptyas korros, némbongkeun warna coklat zaitun sarta panon anu badag. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Ptyas]]'' | species = '''''P. korros''''' | binomial = ''Ptyas korros'' | binomial_authority = ([[Schlegel]], 1837) | synonyms = * ''Coluber korros'' <small>Schlegel, 1837</small> * ''Zamenis korros'' <small>Boulenger, 1890</small> * ''Ptyas korros'' <small>Cope, 1860</small> }} '''Oray lingas;''' ''Ptyas korros'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Koros''' atawa '''Indo-Chinese Rat Snake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu henteu miboga peurah ([[non-venomous]]). Ieu oray mangrupakeun salah sahiji oray anu pinter lumpat sarta mindeng kapanggih di sabudeureun padumukan jalma.<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Ptyas&species=korros |title=Ptyas korros |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray koros]]; Oray lingas. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular koros]], [[ular kayu]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo koros]], [[ulo kayu]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Indo-Chinese Rat Snake]], [[Chinese Ratsnake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/indo-chinese_rat_snake.htm |title=Indo-chinese Rat Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Ptyas korros'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan populasina masih loba, oray ieu mindeng diboro pikeun dicokot daging jeung kulitna di sababaraha nagara Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray koros sumebar lega di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul-wétan]] jeung [[Asia Wétan]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Tiongkok]] bagian kidul, [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta [[Bali]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Warna:''' Bagian tonggongna (dorsal) biasana warnana coklat zaitun, kulawu poék, atanapi semu coklat. Bagian buntutna mindeng némbongkeun sisik anu garis hideungna leuwih jelas. * '''Panon:''' Miboga panon anu kawilang badag sarta pupil bunder, ciri khas sato [[diurnal]] (aktif ti beurang). * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 1.5 dugi ka 2 méter. Awakna ramping sarta lénjang, anu ngamungkinkeun manéhna lumpat gancang pisan dina taneuh atanapi naék tangkal.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Oray koros téh oray anu beurangan sarta bakal geuwat kabur upami ningali manusa. Upami kapepet, manéhna bisa mekarkeun beuheungna saeutik sarta nyogot, tapi sogotanana henteu picilakaeun sabab teu miboga peurah. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[beurit]], [[bangkong]], sarta [[kadal]]. Kusabab resep ngahakan beurit, oray ieu kacida gunana pikeun patani pikeun ngadalikeun hama alami.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato terestrial]] [[Kategori:Oray diurnal]] [[Kategori:Oray pamangsa beurit]] rwsjs09f093atf5640549leui7sbp7q 0 108148 708030 707603 2026-04-08T09:13:27Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Bangka Laut | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176499/1490212 |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> | image = Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg | image_caption = Trimeresurus albolabris (bikang) di Taman Nasional Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. Némbongkeun biwir bodas anu janten ciri khasna. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = ''[[Trimeresurus]]'' | species = '''''T. albolabris''''' | binomial = ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' | binomial_authority = [[Gray]], 1842 | synonyms = * ''Trimesurus albolabris'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> * ''Lachesis albolabris'' <small>Boulenger, 1896</small> * ''Cryptelytrops albolabris'' <small>Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004</small> }} '''Oray bungka; ''' ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Bangka Laut''' atawa '''White-lipped Pit Viper''') nyaéta spésiés oray peurah tina kulawarga [[Viperidae]]. Ieu oray téh mindeng kapanggih di sabudeureun kebon sarta tatangkalan, hususna di wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Trimeresurus&species=albolabris |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray bangka laut]], [[oray héjo]] (ngaran umum pikeun sababaraha jenis Trimeresurus). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular bangkai laut]], [[ular hijau bibir putih]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[White-lipped Pit Viper]], [[White-lipped Tree Viper]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/white-lipped_pit_viper.htm |title=White-lipped Pit Viper |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan kitu, oray ieu mindeng dipaéhan ku manusa sabab dianggap kacida bahayana upami asup ka padumukan.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray bangka laut sumebar di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] dugi ka [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Tiongkok]] bagian kidul, [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Kamboja]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], sarta [[Madura]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Warna:''' Awakna warnana héjo caang (dorsal), sedengkeun bagian beuteungna (ventral) warnana konéng atanapi bodas semu héjo. * '''Sirah:''' Miboga sirah anu bentukna segitiga (ciri khas viper) sarta aya garis bodas ipis dina bagian biwir luhurna (nu matak dingaranan ''white-lipped''). * '''Buntut:''' Bagian tungtung buntutna warnana coklat atanapi semu beureum, anu fungsina pikeun maming mangsa (''caudal luring''). * '''Panon:''' Pupilna nangtung (vértikal) sarta miboga liang sénsor panas (''loreal pit'') di antara panon jeung liang irung.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Peurah == Ieu oray miboga peurah anu sipatna '''hemotoksin''' (nyerang sistem saluran getih). Sogotanana bisa nyababkeun bareuh anu kacida, nyeri hébat, sarta karuksakan jaringan (nukrosis). Upami teu gancang ditanganan sacara médis, bisa fatal mangaruhan organ internal. Oray bangka laut téh sato [[nokturnal]] sarta resep cicing dina dahan tatangkalan anu teu jauh teuing tina taneuh.<ref name="WHO_Trimeresurus">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000139 |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Crotalinae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato arboreal]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah luhur]] [[Kategori:Oray héjo]] 2e069ul95yqqaseqd7oyvbj3ohlnm2s 0 108245 707971 2026-04-07T12:16:21Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707971 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Arboreal |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).jpg|250px]]<br/>''[[Orangutan Sumatera]] (Pongo abelii), mamalia arboreal pangbadagna di dunya.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Sato anu hirupna di luhur tangkal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Téréstrial]] (di darat) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Adaptasi Utama | Cékéltan, buntut préhénsil, awak lénjang |} '''Arboreal''' nyaéta istilah dina widang [[Biologi]] anu nujul kana sato anu sabagian badag hirupna méspentkeun waktos di luhur [[Tangkal]]. Kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Latin]] ''arbor'' anu hartosna "tangkal". == [[Adaptasi Sato Arboreal]] == Sato anu hirup di luhur tangkal miboga ciri has dumasar kana kelompokna: * '''[[Primata]]''': Miboga ramo anu cékéltan (''opposable thumbs''). Contona nyaéta [[Orangutan Sumatera]] anu tapis pisan pindah ti dahan ka dahan sanajan awakna badag. * '''[[Oray]]''': Miboga awak anu ramping sarta lénjang (saperti [[Oray Pucuk Beureum]]) pikeun ngadistribusi beurat awakna dina dahan anu ipis. * '''[[Amfibi]]''': Saperti [[Hileud Geureung]] (kodok tangkal) anu miboga selaput caket dina ramo sukuna pikeun napel dina daun. == [[Raksasa Arboreal (Arboreal Giants)]] == [[Orangutan Sumatera]] (''Pongo abelii'') mangrupa conto sato "raksasa" dina ékosistem arboreal. * '''[[Fisik]]''': Beurat jaluna tiasa dugi ka 90 kg, nanging tetep cicing sagemblengna di luhur kanopi leuweung. * '''[[Paripolah]]''': Aranjeunna jarang pisan turun ka taneuh pikeun nyingkahan prédator saperti [[Maung Sumatera]]. Adaptasi utamana nyaéta kakuatan cekelan leungeun sarta suku anu kacida tohagana.<ref name="SumatranOrangutan">World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ''Sumatran Orangutan''. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-orangutan</ref> == Kauntungan sarta Tantangan == # '''[[Kasalametan]]''': Ngahindar tina prédator darat ([[Téréstrial]]) anu henteu bisa nérkél. # '''[[Sumber Kadaharan]]''': Kanopi nyadiakeun rupa-rupa bungbuahan, kembang, sarta gegeremet (serangga). 3. '''[[Tantangan]]''': Resiko ragrag sarta kawatesna sumber [[Cai]] bersih di luhur tangkal. == [[Habitat]] == Sato arboreal loba pisan kapanggih di wewengkon [[Leuweung Tropis]] saperti di [[Indonésia]]. Karuksakan leuweung ([[Déforéstasi]]) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun sato-sato ieu, margi aranjeunna moal tiasa salamet upami tangkal-tangkalna ditegor.<ref name="RainforestAlliance">Rainforest Alliance. ''Species of the Canopy''. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Ékologi]] [[Kategori:Sato]] egmfhhohzigmfhktkfqrd29n8l11bro 707972 707971 2026-04-07T12:18:45Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707972 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Arboreal |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).jpg|250px]]<br/>''[[Orangutan Sumatera]] (Pongo abelii), mamalia arboreal pangbadagna di dunya.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Sato anu hirupna di luhur tangkal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Téréstrial]] (di darat) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Adaptasi Utama | Cékéltan, buntut préhénsil, awak lénjang |} '''Arboreal''' nyaéta istilah dina widang [[Biologi]] anu nujul kana sato anu sabagian badag hirupna méspentkeun waktos di luhur [[Tangkal]]. Kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Latin]] ''arbor'' anu hartosna "tangkal". == Adaptasi Sato Arboreal == Sato anu hirup di luhur tangkal miboga ciri has dumasar kana kelompokna: * '''[[Primata]]''': Miboga ramo anu cékéltan (''opposable thumbs''). Contona nyaéta [[Orangutan Sumatera]] anu tapis pisan pindah ti dahan ka dahan sanajan awakna badag. * '''[[Oray]]''': Miboga awak anu ramping sarta lénjang (saperti [[Oray Pucuk Beureum]]) pikeun ngadistribusi beurat awakna dina dahan anu ipis. * '''[[Amfibi]]''': Saperti [[Hileud Geureung]] (kodok tangkal) anu miboga selaput caket dina ramo sukuna pikeun napel dina daun. == [[Raksasa Arboreal (Arboreal Giants)]] == [[Orangutan Sumatera]] (''Pongo abelii'') mangrupa conto sato "raksasa" dina ékosistem arboreal. * '''[[Fisik]]''': Beurat jaluna tiasa dugi ka 90 kg, nanging tetep cicing sagemblengna di luhur kanopi leuweung. * '''[[Paripolah]]''': Aranjeunna jarang pisan turun ka taneuh pikeun nyingkahan prédator saperti [[Maung Sumatera]]. Adaptasi utamana nyaéta kakuatan cekelan leungeun sarta suku anu kacida tohagana.<ref name="SumatranOrangutan">World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ''Sumatran Orangutan''. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-orangutan</ref> == Kauntungan sarta Tantangan == # '''[[Kasalametan]]''': Ngahindar tina prédator darat ([[Téréstrial]]) anu henteu bisa nérkél. # '''[[Sumber Kadaharan]]''': Kanopi nyadiakeun rupa-rupa bungbuahan, kembang, sarta gegeremet (serangga). 3. '''[[Tantangan]]''': Resiko ragrag sarta kawatesna sumber [[Cai]] bersih di luhur tangkal. == [[Habitat]] == Sato arboreal loba pisan kapanggih di wewengkon [[Leuweung Tropis]] saperti di [[Indonésia]]. Karuksakan leuweung ([[Déforéstasi]]) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun sato-sato ieu, margi aranjeunna moal tiasa salamet upami tangkal-tangkalna ditegor.<ref name="RainforestAlliance">Rainforest Alliance. ''Species of the Canopy''. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Ékologi]] [[Kategori:Sato]] q68eti70mtv1bszfzhzf4qexqwz5cww 707988 707972 2026-04-08T00:51:36Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707988 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Arboreal |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).jpg|250px]]<br/>''[[Orangutan Sumatera]] (Pongo abelii), mamalia arboreal pangbadagna di dunya.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Sato anu hirupna di luhur tangkal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Téréstrial]] (di darat) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Adaptasi Utama | Cékéltan, buntut préhénsil, awak lénjang |} '''Arboreal''' nyaéta istilah dina widang [[Biologi]] anu nujul kana sato anu sabagian badag hirupna méspentkeun waktos di luhur [[Tangkal]]. Kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Latin]] ''arbor'' anu hartosna "tangkal". == Adaptasi Sato Arboreal == Sato anu hirup di luhur tangkal miboga ciri has dumasar kana kelompokna: * '''[[Primata]]''': Miboga ramo anu cékéltan (''opposable thumbs''). Contona nyaéta [[Orangutan Sumatera]] anu tapis pisan pindah ti dahan ka dahan sanajan awakna badag. * '''[[Oray]]''': Miboga awak anu ramping sarta lénjang (saperti [[Oray Pucuk Beureum]]) pikeun ngadistribusi beurat awakna dina dahan anu ipis. * '''[[Amfibi]]''': Saperti [[Hileud Geureung]] (kodok tangkal) anu miboga selaput caket dina ramo sukuna pikeun napel dina daun. == [[Raksasa Arboreal (Arboreal Giants)]] == [[Orangutan Sumatera]] (''Pongo abelii'') mangrupa conto sato "raksasa" dina ékosistem arboreal. * '''[[Fisik]]''': Beurat jaluna tiasa dugi ka 90 kg, nanging tetep cicing sagemblengna di luhur kanopi leuweung. * '''[[Paripolah]]''': Aranjeunna jarang pisan turun ka taneuh pikeun nyingkahan prédator saperti [[Maung Sumatera]]. Adaptasi utamana nyaéta kakuatan cekelan leungeun sarta suku anu kacida tohagana.<ref name="SumatranOrangutan">World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ''Sumatran Orangutan''. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-orangutan</ref> == Kauntungan sarta Tantangan == # '''[[Kasalametan]]''': Ngahindar tina prédator darat ([[Téréstrial]]) anu henteu bisa nérkél. # '''[[Sumber Kadaharan]]''': Kanopi nyadiakeun rupa-rupa bungbuahan, kembang, sarta gegeremet (serangga). 3. '''[[Tantangan]]''': Resiko ragrag sarta kawatesna sumber [[Cai]] bersih di luhur tangkal. == [[Habitat]] == Sato arboreal loba pisan kapanggih di wewengkon [[Leuweung Tropis]] saperti di [[Indonésia]]. Karuksakan leuweung ([[Déforéstasi]]) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun sato-sato ieu, margi aranjeunna moal tiasa salamet upami tangkal-tangkalna ditegor.<ref name="RainforestAlliance">Rainforest Alliance. ''Species of the Canopy''. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Ékologi]] [[Kategori:Sato]] [[Kategori:Paripolah sato]] 21sviycrh7vxol96qwfs3tvu3dfjv99 707989 707988 2026-04-08T00:54:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707989 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Arboreal |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).jpg|250px]]<br/>''[[Orangutan Sumatera]] (Pongo abelii), mamalia arboreal pangbadagna di dunya.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Sato anu hirupna di luhur tangkal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Téréstrial]] (di darat) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Adaptasi Utama | Cékéltan, buntut préhénsil, awak lénjang |} '''Arboreal''' nyaéta istilah dina widang [[Biologi]] anu nujul kana sato anu sabagian badag hirupna méspentkeun waktos di luhur [[Tangkal]]. Kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Latin]] ''arbor'' anu hartosna "tangkal". == Adaptasi Sato Arboreal == Sato anu hirup di luhur tangkal miboga ciri has dumasar kana kelompokna: * '''[[Primata]]''': Miboga ramo anu cékéltan (''opposable thumbs''). Contona nyaéta [[Orangutan Sumatera]] anu tapis pisan pindah ti dahan ka dahan sanajan awakna badag. * '''[[Oray]]''': Miboga awak anu ramping sarta lénjang (saperti [[Oray pucuk beureum|Oray Pucuk Beureum]]) pikeun ngadistribusi beurat awakna dina dahan anu ipis. * '''[[Amfibi]]''': Saperti [[Hileud Geureung]] (kodok tangkal) anu miboga selaput caket dina ramo sukuna pikeun napel dina daun. == [[Raksasa Arboreal (Arboreal Giants)]] == [[Orangutan Sumatera]] (''Pongo abelii'') mangrupa conto sato "raksasa" dina ékosistem arboreal. * '''[[Fisik]]''': Beurat jaluna tiasa dugi ka 90 kg, nanging tetep cicing sagemblengna di luhur kanopi leuweung. * '''[[Paripolah]]''': Aranjeunna jarang pisan turun ka taneuh pikeun nyingkahan prédator saperti [[Maung Sumatera]]. Adaptasi utamana nyaéta kakuatan cekelan leungeun sarta suku anu kacida tohagana.<ref name="SumatranOrangutan">World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ''Sumatran Orangutan''. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-orangutan</ref> == Kauntungan sarta Tantangan == # '''[[Kasalametan]]''': Ngahindar tina prédator darat ([[Téréstrial]]) anu henteu bisa nérkél. # '''[[Sumber Kadaharan]]''': Kanopi nyadiakeun rupa-rupa bungbuahan, kembang, sarta gegeremet (serangga). 3. '''[[Tantangan]]''': Resiko ragrag sarta kawatesna sumber [[Cai]] bersih di luhur tangkal. == [[Habitat]] == Sato arboreal loba pisan kapanggih di wewengkon [[Leuweung Tropis]] saperti di [[Indonésia]]. Karuksakan leuweung ([[Déforéstasi]]) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun sato-sato ieu, margi aranjeunna moal tiasa salamet upami tangkal-tangkalna ditegor.<ref name="RainforestAlliance">Rainforest Alliance. ''Species of the Canopy''. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Ékologi]] [[Kategori:Sato]] [[Kategori:Paripolah sato]] o4jwjbcq9z1yjis02ih2quv2aq2zgba 707990 707989 2026-04-08T00:55:36Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Adaptasi Sato Arboreal */ 707990 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Arboreal |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).jpg|250px]]<br/>''[[Orangutan Sumatera]] (Pongo abelii), mamalia arboreal pangbadagna di dunya.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Sato anu hirupna di luhur tangkal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Téréstrial]] (di darat) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Adaptasi Utama | Cékéltan, buntut préhénsil, awak lénjang |} '''Arboreal''' nyaéta istilah dina widang [[Biologi]] anu nujul kana sato anu sabagian badag hirupna méspentkeun waktos di luhur [[Tangkal]]. Kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Latin]] ''arbor'' anu hartosna "tangkal". == Adaptasi Sato Arboreal == Sato anu hirup di luhur tangkal miboga ciri has dumasar kana kelompokna: * '''[[Primata]]''': Miboga ramo anu cékéltan (''opposable thumbs''). Contona nyaéta [[Mayas|Orangutan Sumatera]] anu tapis pisan pindah ti dahan ka dahan sanajan awakna badag. * '''[[Oray]]''': Miboga awak anu ramping sarta lénjang (saperti [[Oray pucuk beureum|Oray Pucuk Beureum]]) pikeun ngadistribusi beurat awakna dina dahan anu ipis. * '''[[Amfibi]]''': Saperti [[Hileud Geureung]] (kodok tangkal) anu miboga selaput caket dina ramo sukuna pikeun napel dina daun. == [[Raksasa Arboreal (Arboreal Giants)]] == [[Orangutan Sumatera]] (''Pongo abelii'') mangrupa conto sato "raksasa" dina ékosistem arboreal. * '''[[Fisik]]''': Beurat jaluna tiasa dugi ka 90 kg, nanging tetep cicing sagemblengna di luhur kanopi leuweung. * '''[[Paripolah]]''': Aranjeunna jarang pisan turun ka taneuh pikeun nyingkahan prédator saperti [[Maung Sumatera]]. Adaptasi utamana nyaéta kakuatan cekelan leungeun sarta suku anu kacida tohagana.<ref name="SumatranOrangutan">World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ''Sumatran Orangutan''. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sumatran-orangutan</ref> == Kauntungan sarta Tantangan == # '''[[Kasalametan]]''': Ngahindar tina prédator darat ([[Téréstrial]]) anu henteu bisa nérkél. # '''[[Sumber Kadaharan]]''': Kanopi nyadiakeun rupa-rupa bungbuahan, kembang, sarta gegeremet (serangga). 3. '''[[Tantangan]]''': Resiko ragrag sarta kawatesna sumber [[Cai]] bersih di luhur tangkal. == [[Habitat]] == Sato arboreal loba pisan kapanggih di wewengkon [[Leuweung Tropis]] saperti di [[Indonésia]]. Karuksakan leuweung ([[Déforéstasi]]) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun sato-sato ieu, margi aranjeunna moal tiasa salamet upami tangkal-tangkalna ditegor.<ref name="RainforestAlliance">Rainforest Alliance. ''Species of the Canopy''. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Ékologi]] [[Kategori:Sato]] [[Kategori:Paripolah sato]] njxh1q1sy591jj2fh79p7t83avw2yex 0 108246 707973 2026-04-07T13:23:23Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707973 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. == [[Ciri Fisik]] == * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/</ref> == [[Habitat sarta Paripolah]] == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] ocaewu0rii50rvfalkpied699oxtcha 707974 707973 2026-04-07T15:46:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Habitat sarta Paripolah */ 707974 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. == [[Ciri Fisik]] == * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/</ref> == Habitat sarta Paripolah == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] kqj2loo28x0utyo010t9g8e5v3u27cy 707975 707974 2026-04-07T15:46:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ciri Fisik */ 707975 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. ==Ciri Fisik== * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/</ref> == Habitat sarta Paripolah == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] 8v3bbryj9zj674xb7mvnnff0jdmj3gx 707991 707975 2026-04-08T01:01:46Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707991 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. ==Ciri Fisik== * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/</ref> == Habitat sarta Paripolah == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] l8v1apgn0vahq85ub2sda6nnja68s4o 707992 707991 2026-04-08T01:02:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707992 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. ==Ciri Fisik== * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/</ref> == Habitat sarta Paripolah == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] k64fcxup3hcm96pg4mh1elcisiy60x8 0 108247 707976 2026-04-07T15:56:57Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707976 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Rhacophoridae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophoridae (10.3897-evolsyst.2.27020) Figure 5.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Rupa-rupa spésiés tina suku Rhacophoridae anu mintonkeun bédana morfologi.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | '''''Rhacophoridae'''''<br/><small>[[Hoffman]], 1932</small> |} '''Rhacophoridae''' nyaéta salah sahiji suku (familia) [[Amfibi]] tina ordo [[Anura]] (bangsa bangkong). Suku ieu kawéntar ku sebutan '''Bangkong Tangkal''' (''tree frogs'') dunya heubeul, anu sumebar di wewengkon tropis [[Asia]] sarta [[Afrika]].<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Family Rhacophoridae''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> ==Ciri Manfiri== Anggota Rhacophoridae miboga sababaraha ciri fisik anu unik salaku sato '''[[Arboreal]]''': * '''[[Ramo Suku]]''': Dina tungtung ramo-ramona aya selaput/lamad cepel (''adhesive pads'') anu ngabantu maranéhna nérkél/napel dina daun atanapi dahan anu leueur. * '''[[Kamampuh Ngalayang]]''': Sababaraha marga (genus) saperti ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' (contona [[Hileud Geureung]]) miboga ''selaput'' anu rubak pisan pikeun ngalayang di awang-awang. * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Ukuranna rupa-rupa, ti mimiti anu leutik pisan (1,5 cm) dugi ka anu lumayan badag (12 cm). ==Sajarah sarta Taksonomi == Suku ieu mimiti diwanohkeun sacara ilmiah ku '''[[Hoffman]]''' dina taun 1932. Sacara évolusi, Rhacophoridae miboga hubungan anu raket sareng suku [[Ranidae]] (bangkong sawah), nanging maranéhna mekar janten sato anu tapis hirup di luhur tangkal. Dina gambar panalungtikan (''Figure 5''), katingal bédana wangun sirah, warna, sarta selaput di antara rupa-rupa spésiés, anu nunjukkeun kabeungharan spésiasi di wewengkon tropis saperti [[Nusantara]].<ref name="EvolSyst">Evolutionary Systematics. ''Rhacophoridae Taxonomy and Evolution''. https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/</ref> == Habitat sarta Baranahan == * '''[[Habitat]]''': Lolobana hirup di kanopi leuweung hujan tropis. * '''[[Nyayang]]''': Seueur anggota suku ieu anu ngagunakeun mékanisme "sayang budah" (''foam nest'') pikeun nangtayungan endogna tina prédator sarta kaayaan garing. Sayang ieu biasana napel dina daun di luhureun cai. == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] iakufbri72va1kqe2cl3ccjy4f736ao 14 108248 707977 2026-04-07T16:45:10Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar [[Kategori:Sato]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel-artikel ngeunaan '''Amfibi''' (sasatoan dua alam). Amfibi nyaéta kelompok sasatoan [[Vértébrata]] anu hirupna méspentkeun waktos boh di cai boh di darat. == Ciri Utama== * Miboga kulit anu baseuh sarta perméabel (tiasa nyerep cai atawa hawa). * Ngalaman prosés [[Métamorfosis]] tina buruy (di cai) janten déwasa (di darat). * Kaasup sato nu miboga getih tiis (''éktotérm''). == Sub-kategori == Pikeun ngagampangkeu... 707977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel-artikel ngeunaan '''Amfibi''' (sasatoan dua alam). Amfibi nyaéta kelompok sasatoan [[Vértébrata]] anu hirupna méspentkeun waktos boh di cai boh di darat. == Ciri Utama== * Miboga kulit anu baseuh sarta perméabel (tiasa nyerep cai atawa hawa). * Ngalaman prosés [[Métamorfosis]] tina buruy (di cai) janten déwasa (di darat). * Kaasup sato nu miboga getih tiis (''éktotérm''). == Sub-kategori == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari artikel, kategori ieu dipasing-pasing deui dumasar kana ordo atanapi kulawargana: * [[:Kategori:Kodok]] (Anura) * [[:Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[File:Amphibian diversity (10.3897-zookeys.715.20288) Figure 4.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jenis amfibi anu hirup di alam dunya.]] 0583ayfpyvxm2dxa9k7g8cxqrfgka4k 707978 707977 2026-04-07T16:47:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ciri Utama */ 707978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel-artikel ngeunaan '''Amfibi''' (sasatoan dua alam). Amfibi nyaéta kelompok sasatoan [[Vértébrata]] anu hirupna méspentkeun waktos boh di cai boh di darat. == Ciri Utama== * Miboga kulit anu baseuh sarta perméabel (tiasa nyerep cai atawa hawa). * Ngalaman prosés [[Métamorfosis]] tina [[buruy]] (di cai) janten déwasa (di darat). * Kaasup sato nu miboga getih tiis (''éktotérm''). == Sub-kategori == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari artikel, kategori ieu dipasing-pasing deui dumasar kana ordo atanapi kulawargana: * [[:Kategori:Kodok]] (Anura) * [[:Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[File:Amphibian diversity (10.3897-zookeys.715.20288) Figure 4.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jenis amfibi anu hirup di alam dunya.]] 088glulofjue83anqc21cgy0hcii7q5 14 108249 707983 2026-04-08T00:06:33Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar [[Kategori:Sato dumasar buana]] [[Kategori:Asia]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di buana '''[[Asia]]'''. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Kategori ieu tiasa dipasing-pasing deui dumasar kana daérahna, saperti: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|center|250px|Peta buana Asia.]] 707983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato dumasar buana]] [[Kategori:Asia]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di buana '''[[Asia]]'''. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Kategori ieu tiasa dipasing-pasing deui dumasar kana daérahna, saperti: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|center|250px|Peta buana Asia.]] 40q51n0aw7g128jye655g05aj7j56vv 14 108250 707984 2026-04-08T00:11:25Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato di Asia]] [[Kategori:Asia Tenggara]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di wewengkon '''[[Asia Tenggara]]''', kalebet [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Filipina]], [[Thailand]], sarta nagara tatangga sanésna. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun kaperluan anu langkung spésifik, kategori ieu tiasa dipasing-pasing deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Malaysia]] * [[:Kategori:Manuk di Asia Tenggara]] [[File:Southeast Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|center|250px|Peta wewengkon Asia Tenggara.]] h9kvxgpux3goyowrixx6b16e5t2jkug 14 108251 707985 2026-04-08T00:45:10Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di wilayah nagara '''[[Indonésia]]'''. Indonésia kawéntar miboga kabeungharan sato anu luhur (biodiversitas) margi perenahna aya di antara dua zona ékozon, nyaéta [[Indomalaya]] sarta [[Australasia]]. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari sato dumasar kana pulo atanapi jinisna, kategori ieu dipasing-pasing deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Jawa]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Sumatera]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Kalimantan]] * [[:Kategori:Lauk di Indonésia]] * [[:Kategori:Manuk di Indonésia]] [[File:Flag-map of Indonesia.svg|thumb|center|300px|Peta Indonésia, nagara anu miboga rupa-rupa spésiés sato unik (éndémik).]] p9xjoygv887hyz1y3hpkqpiolu047lk 707986 707985 2026-04-08T00:46:58Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di wilayah nagara '''[[Indonésia]]'''. Indonésia kawéntar miboga kabeungharan sato anu luhur (biodiversitas) margi perenahna aya di antara dua zona ékozon, nyaéta [[Indomalaya]] sarta [[Australasia]]. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari sato dumasar kana pulo atanapi jinisna, kategori ieu dipasing-pasing deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Jawa]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Sumatera]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Kalimantan]] * [[:Kategori:Lauk di Indonésia]] * [[:Kategori:Manuk di Indonésia]] [[File:File:Flag map of Indonesia.svg|thumb|center|300px|Peta Indonésia, nagara anu miboga rupa-rupa spésiés sato unik (éndémik).]] dmdj9m59ypjh4tbszzeed2cacminv3l 707987 707986 2026-04-08T00:47:49Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 707987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Sato]]''' anu miboga habitat asli atanapi sumebar di wilayah nagara '''[[Indonésia]]'''. Indonésia kawéntar miboga kabeungharan sato anu luhur (biodiversitas) margi perenahna aya di antara dua zona ékozon, nyaéta [[Indomalaya]] sarta [[Australasia]]. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari sato dumasar kana pulo atanapi jinisna, kategori ieu dipasing-pasing deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Sato di Jawa]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Sumatera]] * [[:Kategori:Sato di Kalimantan]] * [[:Kategori:Lauk di Indonésia]] * [[:Kategori:Manuk di Indonésia]] [[File:Flag map of Indonesia.svg|thumb|center|300px|Peta Indonésia, nagara anu miboga rupa-rupa spésiés sato unik (éndémik).]] 0ij9rsguaz9frs5y4b00pc1fh3jfojk 14 108252 707994 2026-04-08T01:36:03Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Chordata]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Vértébrata]]''', nyaéta sato anu miboga tulang tonggong. Kelompok ieu mangrupa bagian tina filum [[Chordata]]. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Vértébrata dibagi deui janten sababaraha kelas utama, di antarana: * [[:Kategori:Amfibi]] (Ampibi) * [[:Kategori:Lauk]] (Pisces) * [[:Kategori:Manuk]] (Aves) * [[:Kategori:Mamalia]] * [[:Kategori:Réptil]] [[File:Microbiome diversity and vertebrates that fly.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa sato anu kaasup kana kelompok Vértébrata.]] p567gjwyo8isdayk89f9hxktxukfroy 14 108253 707995 2026-04-08T01:48:15Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Réptil]]''', nyaéta kelompok sato [[Vértébrata]] anu miboga getih tiis (''éktotérm'') sarta kulitna katutupan ku sisit. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun klasifikasi, kategori ieu dibagi deui dumasar kana ordo utama: * [[:Kategori:Oray]] (Serpentes) * [[:Kategori:Kadal]] (Lacertilia) * [[:Kategori:Kuya]] (Testudines) * [[:Kategori:Buaya]] (Crocodilia) [[File:Lepidosauria Diversity.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jenis réptil anu hirup di alam dunya.]] 3tn3zr2cnh8sdd4wt9lbaog6w61i03e 14 108254 707996 2026-04-08T01:58:15Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Oray]]''' (''Serpentes''), nyaéta kelompok [[Réptil]] anu teu miboga suku sarta awakna panjang katutupan ku sisit. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinis oray dumasar kana kulawargana, kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Elapidae]] (Oray kobra, welang, jsb.) * [[:Kategori:Pythonidae]] (Oray sanca) * [[:Kategori:Viperidae]] (Oray taneuh, oray héjo, jsb.) [[File:Snake diversity (10.3897-zookeys.715.20288) Figure 6.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jinis oray anu aya di alam dunya.]] p9wsrjsyl7wenp12p2rm1b6wr1h06zk 14 108255 707997 2026-04-08T02:02:05Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Oray]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina kulawarga '''[[Elapidae]]'''. Ciri utama oray dina kelompok ieu nyaéta miboga taring peurah anu tetep (teu tiasa ditekuk) dina bagian hareup rahang luhurna. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna, kategori ieu tiasa dipasing-pasing deui dumasar kana margana (genus), saperti: * [[:Kategori:Naja]] (Kobra) * [[:Kategori:Bungarus]] (Welang/Weling) * [[:Kategori:Oray laut]] [[File:Ophiophagus hannah, King cobra - Kaeng Krachan National Park (25639079704).jpg|thumb|center|300px|Oray kobra (Naja), salah sahiji conto sato tina kulawarga Elapidae.]] anw1kl5cmuqlyjkeiepzoorwngsnl8t 14 108256 707998 2026-04-08T02:05:39Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Kadal]]''' (''Lacertilia''), nyaéta kelompok [[Réptil]] anu umumna miboga suku opat, liang ceuli luar, sarta kongkolak mata anu tiasa dicicingkeun (benten sareng oray). == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinis kadal dumasar kana kulawargana, kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Agamidae]] (Luncas, hiliwir, jsb.) * [[:Kategori:Gekkonidae]] (Toké, cakcak, jsb.) * [[:Kategori:Scincidae]] (Kadal dunya, kadal luhur, jsb.) * [[:Kategori:Varanidae]] (Biawak, komodo) [[File:Lizard diversity (10.3897-zookeys.715.20288) Figure 5.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jinis kadal anu miboga rupa-rupa wangun sarta ukuran.]] ajuegi6ir4boond85sru49bfrcrosef 14 108257 707999 2026-04-08T02:55:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 707999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Kadal]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés kadal tina kulawarga '''[[Scincidae]]'''. Ciri utamana nyaéta miboga sisit anu leueur sarta ngagurilap (mirip sisit lauk), sirahna semu lonyod, sarta sukuna anu rada pondok. == [[Ciri Utama]] == * Kulitna leueur sarta miboga lapisan osteoderm (tulang leutik handapeun sisit). * Seueur jinisna anu tiasa mutuskeun buntutna (autotomi) nalika kaancam. * Habitatna rupa-rupa, ti mimiti di jero taneuh dugi ka luhur tangkal. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna, kategori ieu dibagi dumasar kana margana, saperti: * [[:Kategori:Mabuya]] (Kadal kebon) * [[:Kategori:Eutropis]] [[File:Squamata.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jinis Scincidae (skink) anu miboga sisit leueur.]] q9co0cak94o4es0d92y6j3mximewgh4 14 108258 708000 2026-04-08T03:21:56Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Réptil]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Kuya]]''' (''Testudines''), nyaéta kelompok [[Réptil]] anu miboga ciri husus mangrupa cangkang teuas anu tumuwuh tina tulang rusukna. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna dumasar kana habitat sarta ciri fisikna, kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Penyu]] (Kuya laut) * [[:Kategori:Lobi-lobi]] (Kuya cai tawar anu cangkangna hipu) * [[:Kategori:Kuya darat]] (Testudinidae) [[File:Turtle diversity.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jinis kuya, ti mimiti kuya darat dugi ka penyu di laut.]] bztbqhtmwxcnwg4p30xb4pcj1j5bhne 14 108259 708001 2026-04-08T03:30:52Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Réptil]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés '''[[Buaya]]''' (''Crocodilia''), nyaéta kelompok [[Réptil]] badag anu hirup di cai (semi-akuatik). Kelompok ieu kawéntar miboga kulit anu teuas pisan sarta rahang anu kacida kuatna. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna dumasar kana kulawargana, kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Crocodylidae]] (Buaya sajati) * [[:Kategori:Alligatoridae]] (Aligator sarta Kaiman) * [[:Kategori:Gavialidae]] (Garial atanapi buaya monyong panjang) [[File:Freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) near a swamp area at Pilibhit tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Rupa-rupa jinis buaya tina kulawarga Crocodilia.]] 4sllpo1cg02dpoxp035a2ch6uhswlmw 14 108260 708002 2026-04-08T03:42:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Oray]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina kulawarga '''[[Pythonidae]]'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu umumna miboga ukuran awak anu badag sarta henteu miboga peurah (bisa). Maranéhna moro mangsa ku cara meulit dugi ka mangsana teu tiasa ambekan. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna dumasar kana margana (genus), kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Python]] (Sanca ti Asia sareng Afrika) * [[:Kategori:Malayopython]] (kaasup Sanca Batik) * [[:Kategori:Morelia]] [[File:Malayopython reticulatus, Reticulated python - Kaeng Krachan District, Phetchaburi Province (47924282891).jpg|thumb|center|300px|Sanca batik (Malayopython reticulatus), salah sahiji anggota Pythonidae anu pangkasohorna di Indonésia.]] ineirl4s6rsvhqd5xikaqtoetnks80z 14 108261 708003 2026-04-08T03:50:46Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Oray]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina kulawarga '''[[Viperidae]]'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu miboga ciri husus mangrupa sihung peurahan anu panjang sarta bisa ditilep nalika sungutna balem. Umumna miboga bentuk sirah anu semu nyegitilu. == [[Sub-kategori]] == Pikeun ngagampangkeun milari jinisna, kategori ieu dibagi deui janten: * [[:Kategori:Crotalinae]] ([[Oray taneuh]], [[oray héjo]], jsb.) * [[:Kategori:Viperinae]] (Viper sajati ti dunya lami) [[File:Trimeresurus insularis.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Oray héjo (Trimeresurus insularis), salah sahiji anggota Viperidae anu loba kapanggih di Nusantara.]] 5orrj9tkfn0tacmmke01cfuf51a69jh 14 108262 708004 2026-04-08T03:56:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708004 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina marga '''[[Python (genus)|Python]]'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu sumebar di Asia sareng Afrika, kawéntar ku ukuranana anu badag sarta cara morona ku cara meulit. == [[Spésiés]] == Sababaraha conto sanca anu asup kana marga ieu: * [[Sanca sawah]] (Python bivittatus) * [[Sanca bodo]] (Python molurus) * [[Python sebae]] (Sanca Afrika) [[File:Pitón de la India (Python molurus), Zoo de Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 13.JPG|thumb|center|300px|Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus), salah sahiji spésiés utama dina marga Python.]] 9xoxgaso117i39mvgmrogwm0mci67ak 708005 708004 2026-04-08T04:00:34Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Spésiés */ 708005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina marga '''[[Python (genus)|Python]]'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu sumebar di Asia sareng Afrika, kawéntar ku ukuranana anu badag sarta cara morona ku cara meulit. == [[Spésiés]] == Sababaraha conto sanca anu asup kana marga ieu: * [[Sanca sawah]] (Python bivittatus) * [[Oray sanca bodo|Sanca bodo]] (Python molurus) * [[Python sebae]] (Sanca Afrika) [[File:Pitón de la India (Python molurus), Zoo de Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 13.JPG|thumb|center|300px|Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus), salah sahiji spésiés utama dina marga Python.]] d7sjmx1vzi5q2us4y33etojhjqmlm0t 0 108263 708006 2026-04-08T04:14:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca sawah | image = File:Python bivittatus in Ouwehands Dierenpark 01.jpg | image_caption = Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus) | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = [[Python (genus)|Python]] | species = '''''P. bivittatus''''' | binomial = ''Python bivittatus'' | binomial_authority = Kuhl, 1820 }} '''Sanca sawah''' (''Python bivittatus'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[oray]] pangbadagna ti kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref>Barker, D. G., Barker, T. M., Davis, M. A., & Schuett, G. W. (2012). A review of the systematics and taxonomy of Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 (Pythonidae: Squamata), with the description of a new subspecies from Thailand. Bulletin of the Texas Herpetological Society, 2012(3), 1-29.</ref> Kapungkur, oray ieu dianggap salaku anak jinis tina ''Python molurus'' (Sanca bodo), nanging ayeuna parantos diaku salaku spésiés sorangan.<ref>Jacobs, H. J., Auliya, M., & Böhme, W. (2009). On the taxonomy of the Burmese Python, Python molurus bivittatus KUHL, 1820, specifically on the Sulawesi population. Sauria, 31(3), 5-16.</ref> == Pedaran == Sanca sawah miboga pola kelir mangrupa bercak coklat kolot kalayan garis hideung dina latar coklat ngora atawa semu konéng.<ref>Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Giant constrictors: biological and management profiles and an establishment risk assessment for nine large species of pythons, anacondas, and the boa constrictor. US Geological Survey.</ref> Ukuran awakna tiasa dugi ka 5-7 méter kalayan beurat anu tiasa ngahontal langkung ti 90 kg.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Habitat sareng Sebaran == Oray ieu sumebar di sababaraha nagara di Asia Tenggara, kaasup [[Indonésia]] (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, sarta Bali).<ref>Auliya, M. (2006). Taxonomy, Life History, and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Natur und Tier-Verlag.</ref> Habitat asalna nyaéta leuweung tropis, rawa-rawa, sarta sering pisan kapanggih di deukeut cai atanapi [[sawah]].<ref>Snow, R. W., Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M., Oberhofer, L., Smith, A., & Reed, R. N. (2007). Induced Volatilization of Pythons in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. US Geological Survey.</ref> == Paripolah == Sanca sawah mangrupa sato nokturnal anu langkung aktif moro dina mangsa peuting.<ref>Wall, F. (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo Museum.</ref> Maranéhna moro mangsa ku cara meulit (konstriksi) dugi ka mangsana teu tiasa ambekan.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2000). The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in snakes. Journal of Zoology, 252(1), 83-98.</ref> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]] sarta mamalia leutik saperti beurit atanapi kelinci.<ref>Mazzotti, F. J., et al. (2011). Digestive Physiology of the Burmese Python. Journal of Experimental Biology.</ref> == Konservasi == Di alam liar, populasi sanca sawah beuki ngirangan alatan ruksakna habitat sarta perburuan liar pikeun perdagangan kulit.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.</ref> Status konservasina ayeuna asup kana kategori ''Vulnerable'' (Rentan) dumasar kana daptar beureum IUCN.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Python bivittatus: Burmese Python.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Python]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] g8uhu2x6hikuoma8be6jtjsridc9pkm 708007 708006 2026-04-08T04:15:35Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Paripolah */ 708007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca sawah | image = File:Python bivittatus in Ouwehands Dierenpark 01.jpg | image_caption = Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus) | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = [[Python (genus)|Python]] | species = '''''P. bivittatus''''' | binomial = ''Python bivittatus'' | binomial_authority = Kuhl, 1820 }} '''Sanca sawah''' (''Python bivittatus'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[oray]] pangbadagna ti kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref>Barker, D. G., Barker, T. M., Davis, M. A., & Schuett, G. W. (2012). A review of the systematics and taxonomy of Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 (Pythonidae: Squamata), with the description of a new subspecies from Thailand. Bulletin of the Texas Herpetological Society, 2012(3), 1-29.</ref> Kapungkur, oray ieu dianggap salaku anak jinis tina ''Python molurus'' (Sanca bodo), nanging ayeuna parantos diaku salaku spésiés sorangan.<ref>Jacobs, H. J., Auliya, M., & Böhme, W. (2009). On the taxonomy of the Burmese Python, Python molurus bivittatus KUHL, 1820, specifically on the Sulawesi population. Sauria, 31(3), 5-16.</ref> == Pedaran == Sanca sawah miboga pola kelir mangrupa bercak coklat kolot kalayan garis hideung dina latar coklat ngora atawa semu konéng.<ref>Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Giant constrictors: biological and management profiles and an establishment risk assessment for nine large species of pythons, anacondas, and the boa constrictor. US Geological Survey.</ref> Ukuran awakna tiasa dugi ka 5-7 méter kalayan beurat anu tiasa ngahontal langkung ti 90 kg.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Habitat sareng Sebaran == Oray ieu sumebar di sababaraha nagara di Asia Tenggara, kaasup [[Indonésia]] (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, sarta Bali).<ref>Auliya, M. (2006). Taxonomy, Life History, and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Natur und Tier-Verlag.</ref> Habitat asalna nyaéta leuweung tropis, rawa-rawa, sarta sering pisan kapanggih di deukeut cai atanapi [[sawah]].<ref>Snow, R. W., Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M., Oberhofer, L., Smith, A., & Reed, R. N. (2007). Induced Volatilization of Pythons in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. US Geological Survey.</ref> == Paripolah == Sanca sawah mangrupa sato nokturnal anu langkung aktif moro dina mangsa peuting.<ref>Wall, F. (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo Museum.</ref> Maranéhna moro mangsa ku cara meulit (konstriksi) dugi ka mangsana teu tiasa ambekan.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2000). The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in snakes. Journal of Zoology, 252(1), 83-98.</ref> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]] sarta mamalia leutik saperti [[beurit]] atanapi [[kalenci]].<ref>Mazzotti, F. J., et al. (2011). Digestive Physiology of the Burmese Python. Journal of Experimental Biology.</ref> == Konservasi == Di alam liar, populasi sanca sawah beuki ngirangan alatan ruksakna habitat sarta perburuan liar pikeun perdagangan kulit.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.</ref> Status konservasina ayeuna asup kana kategori ''Vulnerable'' (Rentan) dumasar kana daptar beureum IUCN.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Python bivittatus: Burmese Python.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Python]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] sjispgwzfvzbrk5lpbhi2n1ekbnk71a 708008 708007 2026-04-08T04:16:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Paripolah */ 708008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca sawah | image = File:Python bivittatus in Ouwehands Dierenpark 01.jpg | image_caption = Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus) | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = [[Python (genus)|Python]] | species = '''''P. bivittatus''''' | binomial = ''Python bivittatus'' | binomial_authority = Kuhl, 1820 }} '''Sanca sawah''' (''Python bivittatus'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[oray]] pangbadagna ti kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref>Barker, D. G., Barker, T. M., Davis, M. A., & Schuett, G. W. (2012). A review of the systematics and taxonomy of Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 (Pythonidae: Squamata), with the description of a new subspecies from Thailand. Bulletin of the Texas Herpetological Society, 2012(3), 1-29.</ref> Kapungkur, oray ieu dianggap salaku anak jinis tina ''Python molurus'' (Sanca bodo), nanging ayeuna parantos diaku salaku spésiés sorangan.<ref>Jacobs, H. J., Auliya, M., & Böhme, W. (2009). On the taxonomy of the Burmese Python, Python molurus bivittatus KUHL, 1820, specifically on the Sulawesi population. Sauria, 31(3), 5-16.</ref> == Pedaran == Sanca sawah miboga pola kelir mangrupa bercak coklat kolot kalayan garis hideung dina latar coklat ngora atawa semu konéng.<ref>Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Giant constrictors: biological and management profiles and an establishment risk assessment for nine large species of pythons, anacondas, and the boa constrictor. US Geological Survey.</ref> Ukuran awakna tiasa dugi ka 5-7 méter kalayan beurat anu tiasa ngahontal langkung ti 90 kg.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Habitat sareng Sebaran == Oray ieu sumebar di sababaraha nagara di Asia Tenggara, kaasup [[Indonésia]] (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, sarta Bali).<ref>Auliya, M. (2006). Taxonomy, Life History, and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Natur und Tier-Verlag.</ref> Habitat asalna nyaéta leuweung tropis, rawa-rawa, sarta sering pisan kapanggih di deukeut cai atanapi [[sawah]].<ref>Snow, R. W., Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M., Oberhofer, L., Smith, A., & Reed, R. N. (2007). Induced Volatilization of Pythons in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. US Geological Survey.</ref> == Paripolah == Sanca sawah mangrupa sato nokturnal anu langkung aktif moro dina mangsa peuting.<ref>Wall, F. (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo Museum.</ref> Maranéhna moro mangsa ku cara meulit (konstriksi) dugi ka mangsana teu tiasa ambekan.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2000). The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in snakes. Journal of Zoology, 252(1), 83-98.</ref> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]] sarta mamalia leutik saperti [[beurit]] atanapi [[kelenci]].<ref>Mazzotti, F. J., et al. (2011). Digestive Physiology of the Burmese Python. Journal of Experimental Biology.</ref> == Konservasi == Di alam liar, populasi sanca sawah beuki ngirangan alatan ruksakna habitat sarta perburuan liar pikeun perdagangan kulit.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.</ref> Status konservasina ayeuna asup kana kategori ''Vulnerable'' (Rentan) dumasar kana daptar beureum IUCN.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Python bivittatus: Burmese Python.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Python]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] 1gc97ho4lgx1uhovqk4bcj0vgdflqbe 708009 708008 2026-04-08T04:25:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Pedaran */ 708009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca sawah | image = File:Python bivittatus in Ouwehands Dierenpark 01.jpg | image_caption = Sanca sawah (Python bivittatus) | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = [[Python (genus)|Python]] | species = '''''P. bivittatus''''' | binomial = ''Python bivittatus'' | binomial_authority = Kuhl, 1820 }} '''Sanca sawah''' (''Python bivittatus'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[oray]] pangbadagna ti kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref>Barker, D. G., Barker, T. M., Davis, M. A., & Schuett, G. W. (2012). A review of the systematics and taxonomy of Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 (Pythonidae: Squamata), with the description of a new subspecies from Thailand. Bulletin of the Texas Herpetological Society, 2012(3), 1-29.</ref> Kapungkur, oray ieu dianggap salaku anak jinis tina ''Python molurus'' (Sanca bodo), nanging ayeuna parantos diaku salaku spésiés sorangan.<ref>Jacobs, H. J., Auliya, M., & Böhme, W. (2009). On the taxonomy of the Burmese Python, Python molurus bivittatus KUHL, 1820, specifically on the Sulawesi population. Sauria, 31(3), 5-16.</ref> == Pedaran == Sanca sawah miboga pola kelir mangrupa bercak coklat kolot kalayan garis [[hideung]] dina latar [[coklat]] ngora atawa semu konéng.<ref>Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Giant constrictors: biological and management profiles and an establishment risk assessment for nine large species of pythons, anacondas, and the boa constrictor. US Geological Survey.</ref> Ukuran awakna tiasa dugi ka 5-7 méter kalayan beurat anu tiasa ngahontal langkung ti 90 kg.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Habitat sareng Sebaran == Oray ieu sumebar di sababaraha nagara di Asia Tenggara, kaasup [[Indonésia]] (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, sarta Bali).<ref>Auliya, M. (2006). Taxonomy, Life History, and Conservation of Giant Reptiles in West Kalimantan. Natur und Tier-Verlag.</ref> Habitat asalna nyaéta leuweung tropis, rawa-rawa, sarta sering pisan kapanggih di deukeut cai atanapi [[sawah]].<ref>Snow, R. W., Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M., Oberhofer, L., Smith, A., & Reed, R. N. (2007). Induced Volatilization of Pythons in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. US Geological Survey.</ref> == Paripolah == Sanca sawah mangrupa sato nokturnal anu langkung aktif moro dina mangsa peuting.<ref>Wall, F. (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo Museum.</ref> Maranéhna moro mangsa ku cara meulit (konstriksi) dugi ka mangsana teu tiasa ambekan.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2000). The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in snakes. Journal of Zoology, 252(1), 83-98.</ref> Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]] sarta mamalia leutik saperti [[beurit]] atanapi [[kelenci]].<ref>Mazzotti, F. J., et al. (2011). Digestive Physiology of the Burmese Python. Journal of Experimental Biology.</ref> == Konservasi == Di alam liar, populasi sanca sawah beuki ngirangan alatan ruksakna habitat sarta perburuan liar pikeun perdagangan kulit.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.</ref> Status konservasina ayeuna asup kana kategori ''Vulnerable'' (Rentan) dumasar kana daptar beureum IUCN.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Python bivittatus: Burmese Python.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Python]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] foha7birq0fvgcl2ltxmoa82zezurpu 0 108264 708010 2026-04-08T04:34:14Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Pythonidae | image = Python molurus molurus 2.jpg | image_caption = Sanca bodo (''Python molurus''), salah sahiji anggota kulawarga Pythonidae. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | infraordo = [[Alethinophidia]] | familia = '''Pythonidae''' | familia_authority = Fitzinger, 1826 }} '''Pythonidae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga [[oray]] anu henteu miboga peurah sarta sumebar di wilayah [[Asia]], [[Afrika]], jeung [[Australia]].<ref>Pyron, R. A., & Burbrink, F. T. (2014). Early origin of the Japanese snake fauna and subsequent diversification of the Asian lineage. Journal of Biogeography, 41(1), 93-107.</ref> Kelompok ieu kawéntar ku sebutan sanca atanapi méte dina basa Sunda.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> == Pedaran == Anggota Pythonidae miboga ukuran awak anu rupa-rupa, ti mimiti nu leutik dugi ka nu panjangna langkung ti 7 méter.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> Ciri mandiri kulawarga ieu nyaéta miboga liang sénsor panas (''labial pits'') dina bagian biwirna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa anu miboga [[getih]] haneut.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region. National University of Singapore.</ref> Bénten sareng oray [[Boidae]], Pythonidae miboga tulang premaxilla anu huntuun sarta organ hémipénis anu béda strukturna.<ref>Kluge, A. G. (1993). Aspidites and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 19, 1-77.</ref> == Habitat sareng Paripolah == Oray ieu bisa hirup dina rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti [[leuweung tropis]], [[rawa]], dugi ka daérah anu garing.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World: Australia. Advanced Vivarium Systems.</ref> Maranéhna moro ku cara nunggu (''ambush predator'') teras meulit mangsana dugi ka sistem sirkulasi getih mangsana lirén.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2000). The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in snakes. Journal of Zoology, 252(1), 83-98.</ref> Ampir sakabéh spésiés Pythonidae mangrupa sato anu baranahan ku cara ngendog (ovipar).<ref>Vinegar, A. (1974). Evolutionary implications of temperature induced anomalies of development in snakes. Herpetologica, 30(1), 72-74.</ref> == Klasifikasi == Kulawarga Pythonidae ngawengku sababaraha marga (genus) anu kawéntar, di antarana:<ref>Reynolds, R. G., Niemiller, M. L., & Revell, L. J. (2014). Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 71, 201-213.</ref> * ''[[Antaresia]]'' * ''[[Apodora]]'' * ''[[Aspidites]]'' * ''[[Bothrochilus]]'' * ''[[Leiopython]]'' * ''[[Liasis]]'' * ''[[Malayopython]]'' (Contona: [[Sanca batik]]) * ''[[Morelia]]'' * ''[[Python (genus)|Python]]'' (Contona: [[Sanca sawah]]) == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] == Référénsi == <references /> 8miy2prnxbbnp4g7j69a719fgo5vt6v 0 108265 708011 2026-04-08T04:46:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Elapidae | image = Elapidae-01.jpg | image_caption = Salah sahiji conto sato tina kulawarga Elapidae. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | infraordo = [[Alethinophidia]] | familia = '''Elapidae''' | familia_authority = F. Boie, 1827 }} '''Elapidae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga [[oray]] anu miboga peurah (bisa) sarta sumebar di wilayah [[tropis]] jeung [[subtropis]] di sakuliah dunya, kaasup di [[laut]].<ref>Pyron, R. A., et al. (2013). A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 93.</ref> Kelompok ieu kawéntar sabab sakabéh anggotana miboga sihung peurah anu tetep dina bagian hareup caréham luhurna.<ref>Vidal, N., et al. (2007). The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear genes. C. R. Biologies, 330(2), 182-197.</ref> == Pedaran == Oray tina kulawarga Elapidae miboga sihung peurah anu pondok sarta teu tiasa ditilep (proteroglypha).<ref>Jackson, K. (2003). The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137(3), 337-354.</ref> Peurah anu dihasilkeun umumna mangrupa [[neurotoksin]] anu narajang sistem ''saraf'' mangsana.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome": Molecular origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome. Genome Research, 15(3), 403-420.</ref> Ukuran awakna rupa-rupa, ti mimiti oray darat anu pondok dugi ka Oray Raja (King Cobra) anu panjangna tiasa ngahontal 5,8 méter.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Habitat sareng Paripolah == Kulawarga ieu nempatan rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti [[leuweung]], [[gurun]], dugi ka sagara (oray laut).<ref>Slowinski, J. B., & Keogh, J. S. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships of elapid snakes based on cytochrome b mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15(1), 157-164.</ref> Sababaraha jinisna mibanda sipat [[terestrial]] (hirup di darat), [[arboreal]] (dina tangkal), atanapi [[akuatik]].<ref>Sanders, K. L., et al. (2013). Molecular phylogeny of elapid snakes: a recent and rapid radiation in Australian and Asian waters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(3), 575-585.</ref> Kalolobaan Elapidae baranahan ku cara ngendog (ovipar), sanajan aya sababaraha jinis anu ngajuru (vivipar).<ref>Shine, R. (1985). The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: an ecological analysis. Biology of the Reptilia, 15, 605-694.</ref> == Klasifikasi == Kulawarga Elapidae ngawengku seueur marga (genus) anu kawéntar, di antarana:<ref>Castoe, T. A., et al. (2007). A multilocus phylogeny of the poison-dart frogs (family Dendrobatidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</ref> * ''[[Bungarus]]'' (Contona: Welang, Weling) * ''[[Naja]]'' (Contona: Kobra) * ''[[Ophiophagus]]'' (Contona: Oray Raja/King Cobra) * ''[[Laticauda]]'' (Oray laut) * ''[[Micrurus]]'' (Oray karang) == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Elapidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] oj81yln75f769h3i4lcbe06xfeqtnsd 14 108266 708012 2026-04-08T04:48:40Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina marga '''[[Malayopython]]'''. Marga ieu diwangun ku oray sanca asal Asia Tenggara anu kapungkur asup kana marga ''Python'', nanging ayeuna dipisahkeun dumasar kana studi filogénétik. == [[Spésiés Utami]] == * [[:Kategori:Malayopython reticulatus]] (Sanca batik / Sanca kembang) * ''Malayopython timoriensis'' (Sanca Timor) [[File:Reticulated python MP1.JPG|thumb|center|300px|Sanca batik (Malayopython reticulatus), spésiés pangbadagna dina marga Malayopython.]] m1gkclkns8uuzlw4dbd4c6aoz5q51gn 14 108267 708013 2026-04-08T05:00:08Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina marga '''[[Morelia]]'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu umumna sumebar di wilayah Australia, [[Papua]], sarta sababaraha kapuloan di [[Indonésia]] wétan. Seueur anggotana anu hirup dina tangkal (arboreal). == [[Spésiés Utami]] == Sababaraha conto sanca anu asup kana marga ieu: * [[Sanca bulan]] (''Morelia viridis'') * [[Sanca karpét]] (''Morelia spilota'') * [[Morelia amethistina]] [[File:Morelia-viridis.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Sanca bulan (Morelia viridis), salah sahiji spésiés anu paling éndah dina marga Morelia.]] nhjx03i99dh72e555d5tnw9u5fg0a36 0 108268 708014 2026-04-08T05:20:36Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca bulan | image = Morelia-viridis.jpg | image_caption = Sanca bulan (''Morelia viridis'') warna héjo sawawa. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = [[Morelia]] | species = '''''M. viridis''''' | binomial = ''Morelia viridis'' | binomial_authority = (Schlegel, 1872) }} '''Sanca bulan''' (''Morelia viridis'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[oray]] sanca leutik anu asalna ti [[Papua]], sababaraha pulo sab7deureuna, sarta [[Australia]] kalér.<ref>Wilson, D., & Heinsohn, R. (2007). Geographic variation in life-history traits of the green tree python (Morelia viridis). Journal of Zoology, 271(4), 401-408.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami lokal gumantung kana wilayahna: * Dina basa Sunda, sering disebut '''Sanca bulan''' atanapi '''Oray héjo'''.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Green Tree Python'''.<ref>Kogel, C. (2004). The Green Tree Python and Emerald Tree Boa. Reptile Care Series.</ref> * Di wilayah Papua, sering disebut ogé '''Sanca héjo'''. == Taksonomi == Sacara taksonomi, sanca bulan munggaran didéskripsikeun ku [[Hermann Schlegel]] dina taun 1872 kalayan nami ''Python viridis''.<ref>Schlegel, H. (1872). De Diergaarde van het Koninklijk Zoölogisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra te Amsterdam.</ref> Salajengna, dumasar kana studi [[filogenetik]], [[oray]] ieu diasupkeun kana marga ''Morelia''.<ref>Rawlings, L. H., & Donnellan, S. C. (2003). Phylogeographic analysis of the green tree python (Morelia viridis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</ref> == Morfologi == Sanca bulan miboga ciri fisik anu mandiri pikeun nyaluyukeun manéh jeung kahirupan dina tangkal: * '''Kelir''': Nalika tos sawawa, awakna boga warna héjo ngempur kalayan totol-totol bodas atawa biru dina tonggongna.<ref>Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Giant constrictors: biological and management profiles. US Geological Survey.</ref> * '''Ukuran''': Panjang awakna rata-rata antara 1,5 dugi ka 2 méter kalayan bentuk awak anu ramping.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World: Australia. Advanced Vivarium Systems.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Bentuk sirahna badag sarta semu nyikutilu, miboga liang sénsor panas (''labial pits'') anu jelas dina bagian biwirna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region. National University of Singapore.</ref> * '''Buntut''': Miboga buntut anu kuat (''prehensile'') pikeun meulit dina dahan tangkal.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> * '''Ontogeni''': Anak sanca bulan miboga warna anu béda pisan (konéng caang atawa beureum bata) sarta bakal robah janten héjo nalika nambihanana umur.<ref>Vidal, N., et al. (2007). The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes. C. R. Biologies.</ref> == Habitat == Habitat utama sanca bulan nyaéta [[leuweung hujan]] [[tropis]] anu kaayaanna jemlék .<ref>Wilson, D., et al. (2006). Survival and reproduction of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis). Biological Conservation.</ref> Oray ieu mangrupa sato '''[[arboreal]]''' (hirup dina tangkal) sarta miboga kabiasaan saré anu unik, nyaéta meulitkeun awakna dina dahan kalayan sirah aya di tengahna.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Konservasi == Status konservasi sanca bulan dumasar kana daptar beureum IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Morelia viridis: Green Tree Python.</ref> Nanging, perdaganganna diatur sacara ketat dina daptar '''CITES Appendix II''' pikeun nyegah perburuan liar.<ref>Lyons, J. A., & Natusch, D. J. (2011). Wildlife laundering through breeding farms. Biological Conservation.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Morelia]] [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Papua]] kb74awa8w2sjutyrse5kgj2bk5llfyt 0 108269 708015 2026-04-08T05:44:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Viperidae | image = Viperidae-01.jpg | image_caption = Salah sahiji jinis oray tina kulawarga Viperidae. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | infraordo = [[Alethinophidia]] | familia = '''Viperidae''' | familia_authority = Oppel, 1811 }} '''Viperidae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga [[oray]] peurahan anu sumebar di ampir sakuliah dunya, iwal ti di [[Antartika]], [[Australia]], sarta sababaraha pulo jauh.<ref>Pyron, R. A., et al. (2013). A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 93.</ref> Oray dina kulawarga ieu kawéntar ku taring peurahna anu panjang sarta bisa tilep ka tukang nalika sungutna balem.<ref>Jackson, K. (2003). The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137(3), 337-354.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa anu béda, kulawarga ieu miboga sababaraha nami: * Dina basa Sunda, anggotana sering disebut ku nami spésifikna saperti '''Oray taneuh''' atanapi '''Oray héjo''' (nanging bénten sareng sanca bulan).<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Vipers''' atanapi '''Adders'''.<ref>Mallow, D., Ludwig, D., & Nilson, G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Beludak''' atanapi '''Bandotan'''. == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Viperidae munggaran dideskripsikeun ku Nicolaus Michael Oppel dina taun 1811.<ref>Oppel, N. M. (1811). Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien, als Nachtrag vorgetragen.</ref> Taksonomi kulawarga ieu dibagi deui janten sababaraha sub-kulawarga utama, nyaéta Azemiopinae, Causinae, Viperinae (vipers sajati), sarta Crotalinae (oray deudeuk/pit vipers).<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A., & Touré, T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.</ref> == Morfologi == Viperidae miboga ciri fisik anu kontras dibandingkeun kulawarga oray sanésna: * '''Huntu Peurah''': Miboga sapasang sihung panjang anu miboga saluran peurah di jerona (solenoglypha) sarta bisa ditilep.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome": Molecular origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome. Genome Research.</ref> * '''Awak''': Umumna miboga awak anu pondok, lintuh, sarta buntut anu pondok.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Bentuk sirahna ilaharna semu segitiga sarta jelas pisan bédana jeung bagian beuheungna.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region.</ref> * '''Sénsor''': Sababaraha jinis (Crotalinae) miboga liang sénsor panas (''loreal pits'') di antara panon sarta liang irungna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa.<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere.</ref> == Habitat == Anggota Viperidae bisa kapanggih dina rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti [[gurun]] anu garing, [[leuweung hujan tropis]], dugi ka daérah [[pagunungan]] anu luhur.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World. Advanced Vivarium Systems.</ref> Kalolobaanana hirup di luhur taneuh (terestrial), nanging aya ogé anu hirup dina tangkal (arboreal) saperti oray héjo.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> == Konservasi == Sababaraha spésiés Viperidae asup kana daptar sato anu kaancam tumpur alatan habitatna ruksak sarta sering dipaéhan ku manusa kusabab dianggap bahaya.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Global Snake Assessment.</ref> Perlindungan hukum diatur ku nagara masing-masing sarta sababaraha jinis asup kana Appendix CITES.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Viperidae conservation status report.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] njfkuyh4b7enihy42pfdk49q36gq8sv 708016 708015 2026-04-08T05:44:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Morfologi */ 708016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Viperidae | image = Viperidae-01.jpg | image_caption = Salah sahiji jinis oray tina kulawarga Viperidae. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | infraordo = [[Alethinophidia]] | familia = '''Viperidae''' | familia_authority = Oppel, 1811 }} '''Viperidae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga [[oray]] peurahan anu sumebar di ampir sakuliah dunya, iwal ti di [[Antartika]], [[Australia]], sarta sababaraha pulo jauh.<ref>Pyron, R. A., et al. (2013). A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 93.</ref> Oray dina kulawarga ieu kawéntar ku taring peurahna anu panjang sarta bisa tilep ka tukang nalika sungutna balem.<ref>Jackson, K. (2003). The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137(3), 337-354.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa anu béda, kulawarga ieu miboga sababaraha nami: * Dina basa Sunda, anggotana sering disebut ku nami spésifikna saperti '''Oray taneuh''' atanapi '''Oray héjo''' (nanging bénten sareng sanca bulan).<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Vipers''' atanapi '''Adders'''.<ref>Mallow, D., Ludwig, D., & Nilson, G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Beludak''' atanapi '''Bandotan'''. == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Viperidae munggaran dideskripsikeun ku Nicolaus Michael Oppel dina taun 1811.<ref>Oppel, N. M. (1811). Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien, als Nachtrag vorgetragen.</ref> Taksonomi kulawarga ieu dibagi deui janten sababaraha sub-kulawarga utama, nyaéta Azemiopinae, Causinae, Viperinae (vipers sajati), sarta Crotalinae (oray deudeuk/pit vipers).<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A., & Touré, T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.</ref> == Morfologi == Viperidae miboga ciri fisik anu kontras dibandingkeun kulawarga oray sanésna: * '''Huntu Peurah''': Miboga sapasang sihung panjang anu miboga saluran peurah di jerona (solenoglypha) sarta bisa ditilep.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome": Molecular origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome. Genome Research.</ref> * '''Awak''': Umumna miboga awak anu pondok, lintuh, sarta buntut anu pondok.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Bentuk sirahna ilaharna semu nyegitilu sarta jelas pisan bédana jeung bagian beuheungna.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region.</ref> * '''Sénsor''': Sababaraha jinis (Crotalinae) miboga liang sénsor panas (''loreal pits'') di antara panon sarta liang irungna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa.<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere.</ref> == Habitat == Anggota Viperidae bisa kapanggih dina rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti [[gurun]] anu garing, [[leuweung hujan tropis]], dugi ka daérah [[pagunungan]] anu luhur.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World. Advanced Vivarium Systems.</ref> Kalolobaanana hirup di luhur taneuh (terestrial), nanging aya ogé anu hirup dina tangkal (arboreal) saperti oray héjo.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> == Konservasi == Sababaraha spésiés Viperidae asup kana daptar sato anu kaancam tumpur alatan habitatna ruksak sarta sering dipaéhan ku manusa kusabab dianggap bahaya.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Global Snake Assessment.</ref> Perlindungan hukum diatur ku nagara masing-masing sarta sababaraha jinis asup kana Appendix CITES.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Viperidae conservation status report.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Squamata]] [[Kategori:Réptil]] [[Kategori:Vértébrata]] 59wo3htv1hfp7bs8jkrhmk9klijvvao 14 108270 708020 2026-04-08T06:37:44Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Viperidae]] Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa spésiés oray tina sub-kulawarga '''Crotalinae'''. Oray dina kelompok ieu miboga ciri mandiri nyaéta liang (''pit'') sénsor panas anu aya di antara panon sarta liang irungna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa anu miboga getih haneut. == [[Marga sareng Spésiés Utami]] == Sababaraha conto oray anu asup kana sub-kulawarga ieu di antarana: * [[Oray taneuh]] (''Calloselasma rhodostoma'') * [[Oray héjo]] (''Trimeresurus insularis''/''albolabris'') * [[Oray deudeuk]] (''Crotalus'' - Rattlesnakes) * [[Deinagkistrodon]] [[File:Viperidae-01.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Salah sahiji jinis oray Crotalinae (Pit Viper) anu némbongkeun liang sénsor panas dina bagian pameunteuna.]] fgbeqd2ywucsqpxmw7160zyduh49yku 0 108271 708021 2026-04-08T07:07:32Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray deudeuk | image = Crotalus atrox USFWS.jpg | image_caption = Oray deudeuk (''Crotalus atrox''), salah sahiji jinis oray deudeuk pangbadagna. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = '''''Crotalus''''' | genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 }} '''Oray deudeuk''' (''Crotalus'') nyaéta sakelompok [[oray]] peurahan tina sub-kulawarga [[Crotalinae]] (pit vipers) anu asalna ti buana Amérika.<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates.</ref> Ciri khas anu paling utama nyaéta ayana pakakas sora dina tungtung buntutna anu bisa ngaluarkeun sora ngadereged salaku pépéling.<ref>Klauber, L. M. (1972). Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. University of California Press.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami gumantung kana basa sarta jinisna: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray deudeuk''' alatan paripolahna anu sok "neudeuk" atawa ngaderegedkeun buntutna.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Rattlesnakes'''. * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular derik'''. == Morfologi == Oray deudeuk miboga ciri fisik anu unik: * '''Buntut (Rattle)''': Diwangun ku segmen keratin anu logor. Nalika buntutna dikoyagkeun, segmen-segmen éta silih adu sarta ngahasilkeun sora "muruwis" anu tarik.<ref>Moon, B. R. (2001). Muscle physiology and energetics of rattlesnake tail rattling. Journal of Experimental Biology.</ref> * '''Sénsor Panas''': Miboga liang sénsor panas dina beungeutna pikeun moro dina kaayaan poék.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region.</ref> * '''Huntu Peurah''': Miboga [[sihung]] anu bisa ditilep sarta peurah anu kacida bahayana pikeun getih (hemotoksin).<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome". Genome Research.</ref> == Sebaran == Marga ''Crotalus'' miboga wewengkon sebaran anu kacida legana di Dunya Anyar: * '''[[Amérika Kalér]]''': Sumebar ti mimiti [[Kanada]] bagian kidul, ampir sakuliah [[Amérika Serikat]], dugi ka [[Méksiko]].<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere.</ref> * '''[[Amérika Tengah]] sarta Kidul''': Kapanggih di sababaraha nagara Amérika Tengah dugi ka wilayah Argéntina tengah di Amérika Kidul.<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> * '''Pulo-pulo''': Sababaraha spésiés ogé kapanggih di kapuloan sakitaran basisir Amérika.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Maranéhna bisa hirup dina rupa-rupa lingkungan, mimiti ti [[gurun]] anu garing, tegal jukut (prairie), [[leuweung]] anu negrak, dugi ka daérah [[tatanén]].<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> == Konservasi == Status konservasi umumna nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Global Snake Assessment.</ref> Nanging, perburuan liar pikeun dicandak kulitna atanapi kanggo hobi sato éksotis janten ancaman pikeun sababaraha spésiés anu langka.<ref>Stuart, B., et al. (2012). Viperidae conservation status report.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Crotalinae]] [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Amérika]] 2d52449a2sxn8hx8xt509ulke2vgrg4 0 108272 708022 2026-04-08T07:12:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Crotalinae | image = Viperidae-01.jpg | image_caption = Salah sahiji jinis oray tina sub-kulawarga Crotalinae (Pit Viper). | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = '''Crotalinae''' | subfamilia_authority = Oppel, 1811 }} '''Crotalinae''' nyaéta hiji sub-kulawarga oray peurahan tina kulawarga [[Viperidae]] anu sumebar di buana Asia sarta Amérika.<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates.</ref> Oray dina kelompok ieu kawéntar ku sebutan '''Pit Viper''' alatan miboga liang sénsor panas anu unik dina pameunteuna.<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda sarta basa sanésna, kelompok ieu miboga sababaraha nami: * Dina basa Sunda, anggotana ngawengku '''Oray taneuh''' sarta rupa-rupa '''Oray héjo'''.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, disebut '''Pit vipers''' (Viper miboga liang).<ref>Mallow, D., et al. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia, sering disebut '''Ular beludak''' atanapi '''Bandotan'''. == Morfologi == Ciri utama Crotalinae anu ngabédakeunana sareng Viperinae (viper sajati) nyaéta: * '''Liang Sénsor Panas (Loreal Pits)''': Miboga sapasang liang di antara panon sarta liang irung. Ieu pakakas fungsi pikeun "ningali" radiasi panas (infra beureum) tina sato mamalia, sangkan bisa moro dina kaayaan poék sakaligus.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region.</ref> * '''Huntu Peurah''': Miboga taring anu panjang sarta bisa ditekuk (solenoglypha).<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome". Genome Research.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Ilaharna miboga bentuk sirah segitiga anu kacida jelasna kusabab ayana kelenjar peurah anu badag dina bagian tukang rahang.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> == Sebaran == Kelompok oray ieu miboga wewengkon sebaran anu kacida legana: * '''Dunya Anyar (Amérika)''': Ti mimiti Kanada kidul dugi ka Argéntina tengah.<ref>Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere.</ref> * '''Dunya Kolot (Asia)''': Ti mimiti wilayah Kaspia dugi ka [[Jepang]], [[Indonésia]], [[Indi]], sarta [[Srilanka]].<ref>Gumprecht, A., et al. (2004). Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks.</ref> == Habitat == Crotalinae bisa hirup dina rupa-rupa habitat, mimiti tina gurun anu garing (saperti oray deudeuk), leuweung hujan tropis (saperti oray taneuh), dugi ka pagunungan anu luhur.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> Aya jinis anu hirup di handap (terestrial) sarta aya ogé anu hirup dina tangkal (arboreal). == Konservasi == Status konservasi unggal spésiés béda-béda, nanging seueur jinis Crotalinae anu populasina mimiti turun alatan habitatna kaganggu sarta sering dianggap hama ku manusa.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2025). Global Snake Assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Viperidae]] g50n73dzwpqp4vfba55vk9wdq2bfnzx 0 108273 708024 2026-04-08T08:21:47Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray kawat | image = Indotyphlops braminus 158116379.jpg | image_caption = Oray kawat (''Indotyphlops braminus'') anu warnana hideung meles kawas kawat. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Typhlopidae]] | genus = [[Indotyphlops]] | species = '''''I. braminus''''' | binomial = ''Indotyphlops braminus'' | binomial_authority = (Daudin, 1803) }} '''Oray kawat''' (''Indotyphlops braminus'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] pangleutikna di dunya anu asalna ti [[Asia]], nanging ayeuna parantos sumebar ka ampir sakuliah dunya.<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.</ref> Oray ieu sering pisan disangka [[cacing]] alatan ukuran sarta warnana anu mirip, nanging sacara [[anatomi]] tetep mangrupa [[réptil]].<ref>Pyron, R. A., & Wallach, V. (2014). Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia). Zootaxa.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami lokal: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray kawat''' alatan awakna anu leutik, teuas, sarta warnana hideung meles kawas kawat.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Brahminy blind snake''' atanapi '''Flowerpot snake''' (oray pot kembang) sabab sering kabawa dina jero pot kembang.<ref>Cundall, D., et al. (1993). Feeding in blind snakes. Journal of Morphology.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular kawat'''. == Morfologi == Oray kawat miboga ciri fisik anu mandiri pikeun hirup di jero taneuh (fossorial): * '''Ukuran''': Panjang awakna leutik pisan, rata-rata ngan 10 dugi ka 15 séntiméter.<ref>Barker, D. G., & Barker, T. M. (1994). Pythons of the World.</ref> * '''Panon''': Panonna kacida leutikna sarta katutupan ku sisit (rudiméntér), ngan bisa ngabédakeun caang sarta poék hungkul.<ref>Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1994). Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region.</ref> * '''Sisit''': Sisit awakna lemes sarta teuas, warnana hideung meles, cokelat kolot, atanapi kulawu poék. * '''Buntut''': Buntutna pondok pisan sarta miboga tungtung anu seukeut kawas cucuk (tapi teu miboga peurah).<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes.</ref> == Sebaran == Oray kawat mangrupa salah sahiji jinis oray anu miboga wewengkon sebaran panglegana di dunya: * '''Asal''': Asalna ti wilayah [[Asia Kidul]] sarta [[Asia Tenggara]] (kaasup Indonésia). * '''Introduksi''': Ayeuna parantos kapanggih di [[Australia]], [[Amérika]], [[Afrika]], sarta kapuloan di [[Samudra Pasifik alatan kabawa dina taneuh pot pepelakan perdagangan internasional.<ref>Wilson, D. (2005). Brahminy Blind Snake (Indotyphlops braminus) in Australia.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup di jero [[taneuh]] anu ngeprul, handapeun tumpukan [[daun]], handapeun [[batu]], malihan dina jero pot kembang.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> Oray ieu ngadahar endog sarta larva caket (sireum) atawa rinyuh.<ref>Vidal, N., et al. (2010). The phylogeny of blind snakes. Biology Letters.</ref> == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi résiko handap, margi populasina kacida lobana sarta gampang adaptasi di lingkungan manusa.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Indotyphlops braminus assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Typhlopidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Typhlopidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Oray pangleutikna]] [[Kategori:Sato fossorial]] 02b54q4otl41kypxvyh7n158gb1ik5t 0 108274 708026 2026-04-08T08:43:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray tali wangwang | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Coelognathus radiatus.jpg | image_caption = Oray tali wangwang (''Coelognathus radiatus'') némbongkeun posisi pertahananana. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Coelognathus]]'' | species = '''''C. radiatus''''' | binomial = ''Coelognathus radiatus'' | binomial_authority = (Boie, 1827) | synonyms = * ''Elaphe radiata'' <small>Schlegel, 1837</small> }} '''Oray tali wangwang''' (''Coelognathus radiatus'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu sumebar di [[Asia Kidul]] sarta [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>Rooij, N. de. (1917). The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. E.J. Brill.</ref> Oray ieu henteu miboga peurah sarta kawéntar ku paripolahna anu galak nalika ngarasa kaganggu.<ref>Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami lokal anu unik: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray tali wangwang''' atanapi sakapeung disebut '''Oray jali''' (nanging bénten sareng ''Ptyas korros'').<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Copperhead Rat Snake''' atanapi '''Radiated Ratsnake'''.<ref>Schulz, K. D. (1996). A Monograph of the Colubrid Snakes of the Genus Elaphe Fitzinger. Koeltz Scientific Books.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular radiatus''' atanapi '''Ular lariang'''. == Morfologi == Oray tali wangwang miboga ciri fisik sarta paripolah anu mandiri: * '''Warna''': Awakna miboga warna dasar cokelat semu [[konéng]] atanapi [[tambaga]], kalayan opat gurat hideung dina bagian hareup awakna.<ref>Cox, M. J. (1991). The Snakes of Thailand and Their Conservation. Bangkok.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Dina bagian tukang panonna aya tilu gurat hideung anu nyebar kawas jari-jari (radiasi), anu janten asal-usul nami spésiésna ''radiatus''. * '''Paripolah Pertahanan''': Nalika kaancam, oray ieu bakal ngabengkekkeun bagian hareup awakna janten bentuk hurup "S", ngalegaan beuheungna, sarta muka sungutna pikeun nyingsieunan musuh.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes.</ref> * '''Ukuran''': Panjang awakna tiasa dugi ka 1,8 dugi ka 2 méter. == Sebaran == Wewengkon sebaranna ngawengku: * '''Asia Kidul''': [[India]], [[Népal]], sarta [[Bangladés]]. * '''Asia Tenggara''': [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Kamboja]], [[Viétnam]], [[Malaysia]], sarta '''Indonésia''' (utamana di Sumatra, Jawa, sarta Kalimantan).<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup di rupa-rupa lingkungan, ti mimiti [[leuweung]] negrak, [[perkebunan]], [[sawah]], dugi ka sabudeureun [[padumukan]] manusa.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> Oray ieu mangrupa pamangsa [[beur8t]] anu kacida hadéna (rat snake). == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''. Oray ieu mangrupa mitra patani sabab ngabantosan ngadalikeun hama [[beurit]] di [[sawah]].<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Coelognathus radiatus assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato terestrial]] [[Kategori:Oray pamangsa beurit]] jmykwfdta5y51s353yaw4qfq9wrzdcd 0 108275 708028 2026-04-08T09:09:45Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray kadut | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Homalopsis buccata (cropped).jpg | image_caption = Oray kadut (''Homalopsis buccata'') némbongkeun pola belang anu khas. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Homalopsidae]] | genus = ''[[Homalopsis]]'' | species = '''''H. buccata''''' | binomial = ''Homalopsis buccata'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Oray kadut''' (''Homalopsis buccata'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] cai tina kulawarga [[Homalopsidae]] anu sumebar di Asia Tenggara kalebet [[Indonésia]].<ref>Murphy, J. C. (2007). Homalopsid Snakes: Evolution in the Mud. Krieger Publishing Company.</ref> Oray ieu kawéntar ku awakna anu [[lintuh]] sarta sisitna anu karasa kasar saperti karung kadut.<ref>Gyi, K. K. (1970). A revision of the colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami lokal: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray kadut''' alatan tékstur kulitna anu kasar sarta awakna anu "metet" kawas kadut.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Puff-faced Water Snake''' atanapi '''Masked Water Snake'''.<ref>Cox, M. J. (1991). The Snakes of Thailand and Their Conservation.</ref> * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular kadut'''. == Morfologi == Oray kadut miboga ciri fisik anu luyu pikeun hirup dina cai: * '''Warna sarta Pola''': Awakna miboga warna dasar cokelat kolot atanapi kulawu kalayan belang-belang cokelat terang atanapi krém anu jelas dina tonggongna.<ref>Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Sirahna miboga pola kawas topéng hideung (masked), sarta posisi liang irungna aya di luhur monyongna supados gampang napas nalika awakna kalem di jero cai.<ref>Voris, H. K., & Karns, D. R. (1992). Habitat utilization by the puffed-faced water snake.</ref> * '''Sisit''': Sisit dina awakna kacida kasarna sarta miboga lunas (keeled) anu kuat. * '''Peurah''': Oray ieu miboga peurah hampang (opisthoglypha) anu henteu ngabahayakeun pikeun manusa, tapi cukup pikeun ngalumpuhkeun mangsana. == Sebaran == Wewengkon sebaranna ngawengku: * Thailand, Vietnam, Kamboja, Malaysia, sarta '''Indonésia''' (utamana di Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, sarta Bali).<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup di lingkungan [[cai]] tawar anu [[hérang]] atanapi [[kiruh]], saperti [[balong]], [[rawa]], [[solokan]], [[walungan]] leutik, dugi ka [[sawah]].<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> Maranéhna mangrupa pamangsa lauk sarta bangkong. == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''. Nanging, oray ieu sering ditéwak pikeun dicokot kulitna atanapi dijantenkeun parab sato sanés.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Homalopsis buccata assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Homalopsidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato akuatik]] [[Kategori:Oray pamangsa lauk]] 42eh6koxopmc4ygb3iu6bclw5mx2oeo 0 108276 708031 2026-04-08T10:02:32Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray héjo buntut beureum | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = file:White-lipped Island Pit Viper Trimeresurus insularis (7881430330.jpg | image_caption = Oray héjo buntut beureum (''Trimeresurus insularis'') némbongkeun warna héjo sarta buntut anu semu beureum. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = ''[[Trimeresurus]]'' | species = '''''T. insularis''''' | binomial = ''Trimeresurus insularis'' | binomial_authority = Kramer, 1977 }} '''Oray héjo buntut beureum''' (''Trimeresurus insularis'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] peurahan tina kulawarga [[Viperidae]] (sub-kulawarga [[Crotalinae]]) anu asli ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>Kramer, E. (1977). Zur Schlangenfauna Nepals. Revue suisse de Zoologie.</ref> Oray ieu kawéntar ku peurahna anu kuat sarta warna buntutna anu béda jeung warna awakna.<ref>Gumprecht, A., et al. (2004). Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda sarta basa sanésna, oray ieu dipikawanoh ku nami: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray héjo buntut beureum''' atanapi sakapeung disaruakeun sareng '''Oray bangka laut'''.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''White-lipped Island Pit Viper''' atanapi '''Lesser Sunda Pit Viper'''. * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular hijau ekor merah'''. == Morfologi == Oray héjo buntut beureum miboga ciri fisik anu khas: * '''Warna''': Awakna dominan warna héjo caang (sanajan aya varian warna bulao di Komodo), nanging tungtung buntutna miboga warna semu beureum atanapi cokelat semu beureum.<ref>Malhotra, A., & Thorpe, R. S. (2004). A phylogeny of East Asian pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) and the evolution of tail coloration.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Bentuk sirahna segitiga jelas (kawas panah) kalayan liang sénsor panas (pit) dina sela-sela panon sarta irung. * '''Peurah''': Miboga peurah hemotoksin anu kacida kuatna, anu bisa ngabalukarkeun karuksakan jaringan sarta pendarahan hebat.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome". Genome Research.</ref> == Sebaran == Spésiés ieu mangrupa sato éndémik di wilayah Kapuloan Sunda Leutik, nanging ogé kapanggih di: * Jawa bagian wétan, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Timor, sarta pulo-pulo sakitarna.<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup dina tangkal (arboreal) di leuweung garing, rungkun, kebon, dugi ka sabudeureun padumukan manusa. Oray ieu aktip moro dina waktu peuting (nokturnal) pikeun milari lauk, bangkong, kadal, atanapi manuk leutik.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''. Nanging, alatan warnana anu éndah, oray ieu sering ditéwak pikeun diperdagankeun janten sato piaraan éksotis.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Trimeresurus insularis assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Crotalinae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato arboreal]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah luhur]] [[Kategori:Oray héjo]] roltwmiw57jk6gdv8l00r8vpuzq44a6 708032 708031 2026-04-08T10:04:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray héjo buntut beureum | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = file:White-lipped Island Pit Viper Trimeresurus insularis (7881430330).jpg | image_caption = Oray héjo buntut beureum (''Trimeresurus insularis'') némbongkeun warna héjo sarta buntut anu semu beureum. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = ''[[Trimeresurus]]'' | species = '''''T. insularis''''' | binomial = ''Trimeresurus insularis'' | binomial_authority = Kramer, 1977 }} '''Oray héjo buntut beureum''' (''Trimeresurus insularis'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] peurahan tina kulawarga [[Viperidae]] (sub-kulawarga [[Crotalinae]]) anu asli ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>Kramer, E. (1977). Zur Schlangenfauna Nepals. Revue suisse de Zoologie.</ref> Oray ieu kawéntar ku peurahna anu kuat sarta warna buntutna anu béda jeung warna awakna.<ref>Gumprecht, A., et al. (2004). Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda sarta basa sanésna, oray ieu dipikawanoh ku nami: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray héjo buntut beureum''' atanapi sakapeung disaruakeun sareng '''Oray bangka laut'''.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''White-lipped Island Pit Viper''' atanapi '''Lesser Sunda Pit Viper'''. * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular hijau ekor merah'''. == Morfologi == Oray héjo buntut beureum miboga ciri fisik anu khas: * '''Warna''': Awakna dominan warna héjo caang (sanajan aya varian warna bulao di Komodo), nanging tungtung buntutna miboga warna semu beureum atanapi cokelat semu beureum.<ref>Malhotra, A., & Thorpe, R. S. (2004). A phylogeny of East Asian pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) and the evolution of tail coloration.</ref> * '''Sirah''': Bentuk sirahna segitiga jelas (kawas panah) kalayan liang sénsor panas (pit) dina sela-sela panon sarta irung. * '''Peurah''': Miboga peurah hemotoksin anu kacida kuatna, anu bisa ngabalukarkeun karuksakan jaringan sarta pendarahan hebat.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome". Genome Research.</ref> == Sebaran == Spésiés ieu mangrupa sato éndémik di wilayah Kapuloan Sunda Leutik, nanging ogé kapanggih di: * Jawa bagian wétan, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Timor, sarta pulo-pulo sakitarna.<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup dina tangkal (arboreal) di leuweung garing, rungkun, kebon, dugi ka sabudeureun padumukan manusa. Oray ieu aktip moro dina waktu peuting (nokturnal) pikeun milari lauk, bangkong, kadal, atanapi manuk leutik.<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''. Nanging, alatan warnana anu éndah, oray ieu sering ditéwak pikeun diperdagankeun janten sato piaraan éksotis.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Trimeresurus insularis assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Crotalinae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato arboreal]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah luhur]] [[Kategori:Oray héjo]] b6sk7lgnd5ntfov05ovq16iy7mmlp58 0 108277 708033 2026-04-08T10:39:38Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray cabé | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Calliophis intestinalis 1916.jpg | image_caption = Oray cabé (''Calliophis intestinalis''). Perhatikeun gurat bodas dina awakna sarta buntutna anu beureum kawas cabé. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Réptil|Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Oray|Serpentes]] | familia = [[Elapidae]] | genus = ''[[Calliophis]]'' | species = '''''C. intestinalis''''' | binomial = ''Calliophis intestinalis'' | binomial_authority = (Laurenti, 1768) }} '''Oray cabé''' (''Calliophis intestinalis'') nyaéta jinis [[oray]] peurahan leutik tina kulawarga [[Elapidae]] anu asli ti [[Asia Tenggara]] kalebet [[Indonésia]].<ref>Slowinski, J. B., et al. (2001). The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Sinomicrurus) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</ref> Oray ieu miboga ciri khas buntutna anu warna beureum caang kawas buah [[cabé]] asak.<ref>Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers.</ref> == Vérnakular == Oray ieu miboga sababaraha nami lokal: * Dina basa Sunda, disebut '''Oray cabé''' alatan warna buntutna anu beureum marengeut kawas cabé.<ref>Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata. (2006). Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kawéntar ku nami '''Banded Coral Snake''' atanapi '''Malayan Striped Coral Snake'''. * Dina basa Indonésia disebut '''Ular cabé'''. == Morfologi == Sanajan ukuranana leutik, oray cabé miboga ciri fisik anu kacida kontrasna: * '''Warna Awak''': Warna dasarna hideung atanapi cokelat poék kalayan gurat bodas atanapi konéng anu ngujur sapanjang awakna.<ref>Cox, M. J. (1991). The Snakes of Thailand and Their Conservation.</ref> * '''Beuteung''': Bagian beuteungna miboga pola belang hideung-bodas kawas papan catur. * '''Buntut''': Bagian handap tungtung buntutna warna beureum caang. Nalika ngarasa kaancam, oray ieu bakal malikkeun buntutna pikeun nyingsieunan musuh (aposematik).<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). Tales of Giant Snakes.</ref> * '''Peurah''': Miboga peurah neurotoksin anu kuat pisan, sanajan jumlahna sakedik kusabab ukuran sungutna anu leutik.<ref>Fry, B. G. (2005). From genome to "venome". Genome Research.</ref> == Sebaran == Wewengkon sebaranna ngawengku [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sarta '''Indonésia''' (Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, sarta sababaraha pulo leutik sakitarna).<ref>McDiarmid, R. W., et al. (1999). Snake Species of the World.</ref> == Habitat == Hirup di handapeun tumpukan daun (kalakay), handapeun batu, atanapi liang taneuh di [[leuweung]] sarta [[pakebonan]].<ref>Shine, R. (1991). Australian Snakes: A Natural History.</ref> Oray ieu aktip moro dina waktu peuting (nokturnal) sarta mangrupa pamangsa oray sanés anu ukuranana leuwih leutik (ophiophagus). == Konservasi == Status konservasina dumasar IUCN nyaéta '''Least Concern (LC)'''. Nanging, oray ieu sering dipaéhan ku manusa kusabab dianggap bahaya atanapi sering teu kahaja katincak nalika keur bebersih kebon.<ref>IUCN Red List. (2026). Calliophis intestinalis assessment.</ref> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Elapidae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato fossorial]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah luhur]] 13ayzsh6vgyf3yz7ag7d995m8mcrrbs 0 108278 708036 2026-04-08T10:49:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Dinototosugiarto mindahkeun kaca [[Oray welang]] ka [[Oray macan cai]]: Eusina lepat kedahna : Oray macan cai 708036 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Oray macan cai]] aw9hu4rft6tcdzsu8ga65f7u7ehbmhm