Potosintésis

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    <title>Potosintésis</title>
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      <text bytes="9813" sha1="5shfj9agslmdc6jqebymzb488tw1fi3" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Leaf 1 web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Daun: loka utama lumangsungna fotosintésis na tutuwuhan.]]
'''Fotosintésis''' nyaéta hiji prosés [[biokimia]]wi nalika [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]], [[ganggang]], jeung sababaraha rupa [[baktéri]] ngamangpaatkeun énergi cahya pikeun ngahasilkeun dahareun. Gemblengna mah, ampir sadaya mahluk hirupna gumantung kana énergi nu dihasilkeun tina fotosintésis, antukna fotosintésis penting pisan pikeun kahirupan di [[Marcapada]]. Fotosintésis ogé kacida pisan pentingna dina ngahasilkeun [[oksigén]] nu ngeusi [[atmosfir]] Bumi. Organisme-organisme nu ngahasilkeun énergi ngaliwatan fotosintésis disebut [[fototrof]].

== Fotosintésis na tutuwuhan ==
Tangkal sipatna [[autotrof]], nu hartina bisa nyieun dahareun langsung tina sanyawaan anorganik, teu kudu ngahakan organisme séjén atawa gumantung kana bahan nu diturunkeun ti organisme séjén. Nu paling penting, tatangkalan ngagunakeun gas [[karbon dioksida]] jeung [[cai]] pikeun ngahasilkeun gula jeung gas [[oksigén]]. Énergi keur prosés ieu datang tina fotosintésis. Pikeun ringkesna, kasaruaan gembleng produksi [[glukosa]] bisa digambarkeun kieu

:6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + 6CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + cahya → C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; (glukosa) + 6O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Glukosa dipaké dina rupa-rupa réaksi pikeun ngahasilkeun sanyawaan organik lianna, kayaning &quot;bahan wangunan&quot; [[selulosa]], atawa dipaké salaku suluh. Ieu lumangsung dina [[réspirasi]] nu kapanggih boh di sa[[sato]]an ataaw tutuwuhan. Garis badagna mah, prosés ieu téh sabalikna tina nu di luhur: glukosa jeung sanyawaan séjén meta jeung oksigén ngahasilkeun karbon dioksida, cai, jeung tanaga kimiawi. Tapi, prosés-prosés ieu téh ngaliwatan runtuyan hambalan nu pajeulit jeung béda detilna.

[[Gambar:Leaf.jpg|thumb|250px|Daun gugur: di lebah daun ku [[klorofil]]na geus ruksak jadi konéng.]]
Tutuwuhan nyerep cahya ngagunakeun pigmén [[klorofil]], nu ngajadikeun [[warna]]na [[héjo]]. Klorofil ieu dikandung dina hiji [[organél]] (rohangan na jero [[sél (biologi)|sél]]) nu disebut [[kloroplas]]. Najan sadaya bagian nu héjo na tatangkalan ngandung kloroplas, énergina mah lolobana dihasilkeun na [[daun]]. Sél-sél na jaringan interior daun disebut [[mésofil]], nu ngandung kira satengah juta kloroplas per [[miliméter]] pasagi daun. Beungeut daun rata dilapis ku [[kutikel]] nu ngandung [[lilin]] antukna teu tembus cai: ngajaga daun tina absorpsi cahya jeung nguapna cai sacara kaleuleuwihi. Lapisan [[épidermis]] nu transparan jeung teu warnaan tetep bisa nembuskeun cahya ka sél mésofil palisade tempat utama lumangsungna fotosintésis.

== Fotosintésis na ganggang jeung baktéri ==
Ganggang (''algae'') téh rupa-rupa, ti organisme multisélular kawas ''[[kelp]]'' nepi ka sél tunggal [[mikroskop]]ik. Najan ganggang teu pajeulit kawas tatangkalan di darat, fotosintésisna mah lunmangsung sarua kénéh. Sadaya rupa ganggang ngahasilkeun oksigén, sarta lolobana autotrof. Tapi, aya ogé nu [[hétérotrof]]ik, gumantung bahan nu dihasilkeun ku organisme séjén.

Baktéri fotosintétik teu boga kloroplas, fotosintésisna lumangsung dina jero sél. [[Sianobaktéria]] ngandung klorofil jeung oksigén dina cara nu sarua jeung kloroplas - malah kiwari loba nu nganggap yén kloroplas téh asalna tina sianobaktéria. Baktéri fotosintétik séjénna mibanda rupa-rupa pigmén nu disebut [[baktérioklorofil]] nu teu ngahasilkeun oksigén.

== Na hambalan molekular ==
Fotosintésis ngahasilkeun énergi nu leuwih loba mun nyerep cahya nu panjang gelombangna tangtu. Dina tutuwuhan, aya dua [[fotosistim]] nu kajeujeut, nu paling aktif na panjang gelombang 700 jeung 680 [[nanométer|nm]].

Fotosintésis dimimitian nalika cahya ngaionisasi molekul klorofil, ngaleupaskeun dua [[éléktron]], nu dipindahkeun ngaliwatan [[rantay transpor éléktron]], sarupa jeung nu lumangsung na réspirasi. Énergina dipaké pikeun [[fotofosforilasi]] nu ngahasilkeun [[adénosin trifosfat]] (ATP), &quot;mata uang&quot; utama jero sél.

Na fotosistim I, éléktron dipulangkeun ka klorofil, sedengkeun na fotosistim II dipaké pikeun nyetir réaksi

:[[nikotinamida adénin dinukléotida|NADP]]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 2e&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; → NADPH

NADPH mangrupa [[agén pangréduksi]] utama jero sél nu nyadiakeun sumber éléktron énergetik pikeun réaksi séjén. Balukar tina ieu réaksi, klorofil jadi kakurangan éléktron, antukna kudu nyokot ti agén pangréduksi lianna. Na tutuwuhan jeung ganggang, fungsi ieu ditempatan ku cai, nu salajengna ngahasilkeun oksigén:

:2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O → O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 4 H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 4 ''e''&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;

Catet yén oksigén ngan dihasilkeun tina cai, lain ti karbon dioksida nu dipaké ku tutuwuhan. Hal ieu munggaran diajukeun ku [[C. B. van Neil]] taun[[1930-an]], nu nalungtik baktéri fotosintétik. Misalna [[sianobaktéria]] nu ngagunakeun agén pangréduksi kayaning [[silfida]] jeung [[hidrogén]], antukna teu ngahasilkeun oksigén.

Nu séjénna, kayaning halofil (Archéae) ngahasilkeun nu katelah mémbran bungur, tempat rodopsin baktéri bisa manén cahya pikeun ngahasilkeun énergi. -- Mémbran bungur mangrupa nu munggaran dipaké pikeun némbongkeun téori kémiosmotik: cahya nu neunggar mémbran ngajadikeun leyuran nu ngandung mémbran bungur pH-na nyirorot alatan proton dikompa kaluar ti mémbran!

ATP jeung NADPH nu dihasilkeun tina fotosintésis nyetir rupa-rupa prosés biokimia. na tutuwuhan, nu onjoy pisan mah dina [[daur Calvin]], nu ngarobah karbon dioksida jadi [[ribulosa]] (lajeng jadi [[gula]] kayaning [[PGAL]], nu salajengna dirobah deui jadi [[glukosa]] jeung, kadang, [[protéin]]). Réaksi-réaksi ieu disebut [[réaksi bébas cahya]], atawa réaksi poék, sabab bisa lumangsung tanpa ayana cahya. Najan kitu, nalika oksigén dina kloroplas leuwih loba batan karbon dioksida, bisa lumnagsung ogé [[fotoréspirasi]] nu mangrupa jalur kontraproduktif, sabalikna tina produksi gula.

== Papanggihan ==
Najan can sadaya hambalan na fotosintésis kaharti sacara gamblang, kasaruaan fotosintétik geus dipikanyaho ti taun [[1800-an]].

[[Jan van Helmont]] ngamimitian nalungtik prosés ieu panengah [[1600-an]] ku jalan ngukur [[massa]] taneuh na pot jeung massa tangkalna nalika tumuwuh. Anjeunna boga hipotésis yén parobahan massa taneuh nu saeutik tangtu balukar ayana cai, hiji-hijina zat nu ditambahkeun kana pot ku anjeunna. Sabagian mah hipotésis ieu téh bener - nambahanana massa tangkal leuwih loba datang ti karbon dioksida. Najan kitu, hipotésis ieu mangrupa tanda yén &quot;kahakanan&quot; tutuwuhan téh asalna tina asupan fotosintésis,lain tina taneuh.

[[Joseph Priestley]], kimiawan, manggihan yén nalika anjeunna ngisolasi sawadah udara dina mangkok nu dibalikkeun, lajeng ngahurungkeun lilin di jerona, lilinna bakal téréh pareum. Anjeunna ogé lajeng ngabuktikeun yén beurit gé bisa &quot;méakkeun&quot; udara. Ti dinya lajeng kabuktikeun yén bagian udara nu béak ku lilin jeung beurit téh bisa dipulangkeun deui ku tutuwuhan.

Taun [[1778]], [[Jan Ingenhousz]], dokter di Austrian Empress, ngulang ékspérimén Priestley. Anjeunna mendakan yén tutuwuhan nu bisa nulungan beurit nalika béakeun udara téh dipangaruhan ku ayana [[panonpoé]] jeung cahya.

Taun [[1796]], [[Jean Senebier]], pastur Prancis, némbonkeun yén CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nu ngeusi udara nu &quot;béak&quot; téa, diserep ku tutuwuhan na fotosintésis. Teu lami ti éta, [[Theodore de Saussure]] némbongkeun yén nambahanana massa tangkal nalika tumuwuh bisa jadi lain alatan nyerep CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; wungkul, tapi ogé ku ayana cai. Ti dinya lajeng digambarkeun réaksi dasar fotosintésis nepi ka ngahasilkeun dahareun (kawas glukosa).

Élmuwan modérn ngawangun dadasar pangaweruh ngeunaan fotosintésis tina para élmuwan nu kasebut tadi, antukna lajeng bolékér rusiah-rusiah kaélmuan séjénna.

Ékspérimén munggaran nu ngabuktikeun yén oksigén nu dihasilkeun dina fotosintésis tutuwuhan héjo asalna tina cai dipilampah ku [[Robin Hill]] taun [[1937]] jeung [[1939]]. Anjeunna némbongkeun yén isolat kloroplas ngaleupaskeun oksigén ku ayana agén pangréduksi teu alami kawas [[oksalat beusi]], [[férisianida]], atawa [[bénzoquinon]] sanggeus kasinaran. Réaksi Hill didadarkeun dina kasaruaan
:2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + 2 A &gt; (cahya, kloroplas) &gt; 2 AH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, A mangrupa panampa éléktron. Ieu nunjukkeun yén panampa éléktron diréduksi sahingga ngahasilkeun oksigén.

[[Samuel Ruben]] jeung Martin Camen ngagunakeun isotop pikeun ngabuktikeun yén oksigén nu dihasilkeun dina fotosintésis asalna tina cai.

[[Melvin Calvin]] jeung baladna, Benson, ngaruntuykeun hambalan-hambalan dina fase poék (bébas cahya) na fotosintésis, antukna katelah Daur Calvin.

Élmuwan nu meunangkeun [[Hadiah Nobel]], [[Rudolf Marcus]], ngabolékérkeun fungsi jeung pentingna rantay transpor éléktron.

== Faktor-faktor nu mangaruhan fotosintésis ==
* inténsitas cahya jeung panjang gelombangna
* kadar karbon dioksida
* hawa/temperatur
* cai
* morfologi daun
* kadar [[nitrogén]] na daun

== Wincikanana ==
Jalur métabolik nu aya dina fotosintésis:
* [[Réaksi caang]] 
* [[Réaksi poék]]

== Sumber rujukan ==
* ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photosynthesis Photosynthesis]'', ti Wikipédia basa Inggris, disalin ping 29 Juni 2005.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Fotosintésis artifisial]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316052050/http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml |date=2005-03-16 }}

[[Kategori:Biokimia]]
[[Kategori:Botani]]
[[Kategori:Fotosintésis]]
[[Kategori:Métabolisme]]
[[Kategori:Biologi]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hileud sutra</title>
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      <text bytes="3412" sha1="kfdlmivj7t31kmt4k9f4in6ikt8sbzs" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | ngaran = Hileud sutra}}
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Gambar:Silkworm_01.png|240px]] | caption = Hileud sutra Prometheus}}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animalia]]}}
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Arthropoda]]}}
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Insékta]]}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Lepidoptera]]}}
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Bombycidae]]}}
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''''[[Bombyx]]'''''}}
{{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''B. mori'''''}}
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{{Taxobox_section_binomial | color = pink | binomial_name = Bombyx mori | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] | date = 1758}}
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'''Hileud sutra''' (''Bombyx mori,'' [[basa Latin|Latin]]: &quot;hileud sutra tangkal murbéy&quot;) nyaéta [[larva]] sabangsa ''[[kukupu]]'' ([[basa Indonésia|Ind]]. ''[[ngengat]]'') nu penting pisan sacara [[ékonomi]]s salaku produsén [[sutra]]. Kadaharan hileud sutra ngan ukur [[daun]] [[[[Babasaran|murbéy]]]]; asalna mah ti wewengkon kalér [[Cina]].

Katelah '''hileud sutra''' taya lian ku sabab mémang hileud ieu téh nganyam [[kepompong]]na tina sutra kasar. Kepompong ieu dijieun tina salambar sutra kasar nu nyambung nepi ka panjangna 300-900 [[méter]].

Hileud sutra mah rewog, terus-terusan ngahakanan daun [[Babasaran|murbéy]], antukna tumuwuhna morontod. Nalika huluna robah kelir jadi semu poék, hartina sakeudeung deui bakal [[ganti kulit]]. Sanggeus ganti kulit kira opat kali, awakna robah jadi semu [[konéng]], sedengkeun kulitna jadi leuwih manteng, nu ngandung harti si hileud téh rék ngabulen manéh ku kepompong sutra téa. Mun [[hileud]]na diantepkeun kaluar tina kepompong sacara alami, [[serat]] sutrana bakal diteukteuk pondok antukna moal kapaké ku urang. Ku kituna, kepompongna dipasak na cai nu ngagolak, antukna hileud sutrana paéh sarta kepompongna leuwih gampang diudar. Hileud sutrana kadang ogé sok didahar.

''Ngengat'' nu geus sawawa teu bisa hiber, dipiara pikeun ngahasilkeun sutra. Lébar [[jangjang]]na kira dua [[inci]], awakna buluan bodas. ku sabab ajén sajarah jeung ékonomisna, [[Génus|génom]] hileud sutra geus dijadikeun objék panalungtikan modérn.

== Legénda ==
Di Cina, aya carita nu nyebutkeun yén sutra hileud sutra kapanggihna nu hiji ratu nu ngaranna [[Xi Ling-Shi]] ({{zh-cp|c=嫘祖|p=Léi Zǔ}}). Anjeunna keur kukurilingan nalika manggihan hileud éta téh. barang ditoél, ujug-ujug kaluar serat sutra nu beuki lila beuki ngabulen raramoanana antukna karasa haneut. nalika sutrana geus béak, lajeng anjeunna ningal aya kepompong leutik. sakedét nétra, anjeunna lajeng sadar yén kepompong éta téh mangrupa sumber sutra. Saatosna kitu, anjeunna lajeng ngajarkeun ka bangsana cara ngagunakeun/ngamangpaatkeun sutra.

== Mangpaat médis ==
Hileud sutra mangrupa sumber [[ubar tradisional Cina]] &quot;''bombyx batryticatus''&quot; atawa &quot;hileud sutra heuras&quot; ({{zh-stp|s=僵蚕|t=僵蠶|p=jiāngcán}}), nyaéta awak hileud nu geus digaringkeun nu asalna tina larva hambalan ka-4-5 nu paéh alatan kasakit ''white muscadine'' nu dibalukarkeun ku inféksi [[jamur]] ''[[Beauveria bassiana]]''.
{{Commons|Bombyx}}
== Sumber rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Silkworm|Silkworm]]'' ti Wikipédia basa Inggris, disalin ping [[14 Séptémber]] [[2005]]

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[[Kategori:Sutra]]
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  <page>
    <title>Bima (wayang)</title>
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{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.

Dina hiji poé sabot para [[Kurawa]] jeung [[Pandawa]] indit ulin ka wewengkon walungan [[Gangga]], [[Duryodana]] nyuguhan Bima kadaharan sarta inuman anu saméméhna geus dicampuran [[racun]]. Alatan Bima tara curigaan ka hiji jalma, manéhna ngadahar kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Duryodana. Teu lila ti harita, Bima kapidara. Tuluy awakna ditalian sakuatna ku Duryodana ngagunakeun pepelakan nu ngarambat, sanggeus éta dipalidkeun ka walungan Gangga maké rakit. Waktu rakit anu mawa Bima nepi ka tengah walungan, oray-oray anu hirup di sabudeureun walungan kasebut macok awak Bima. Ngan ajaib, peurah oray kasebut robah jadi ''penangkal'' pikeun racun anu didahar ku Bima. Waktu geus sadar, Bima langsung ngalaan iketan pepelakan nu dibeulitkeun kana awakna, tuluy manéhna maéhan oray-oray anu ngégél awakna. Sawatara oray nyalametkeun diri sarta nepungan rajana, nyaéta [[...........poho deui....]].

Waktu [[...........poho deui....]] ngadéngé béja yén anak [[Pandu]] anu ngaranna Bima geus maéhan anak buahna, manéhna geura-giru ngabagéakeun Bima sarta méré inuman sakti. Inuman kasebut diinum sababaraha mangkok ku Bima, antukna awakna jadi pohara kuat. Bima cicing di karaton [[...........poho deui....]] salila dalapan poé, sarta sanggeus éta manéhna balik. Waktu Bima balik, [[Duryodana]] kaluman alatan jelema anu dipikaceuceubna masih hirup. Sabot para [[Pandawa]] sadar yén kaceuceub dina haté Duryodana mimiti tumuwuh, maranéhanana mimiti ati-ati.

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]]. Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]]. Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
      <sha1>sgul7nl73kzewe4ntxf49qol2pc997d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708247</id>
      <parentid>708246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T00:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Harti ngaran */</comment>
      <origin>708247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6750" sha1="tvendoku27bu5pjgk4f1aqncv2rplim" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}
{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.

Dina hiji poé sabot para [[Kurawa]] jeung [[Pandawa]] indit ulin ka wewengkon walungan [[Gangga]], [[Duryodana]] nyuguhan Bima kadaharan sarta inuman anu saméméhna geus dicampuran [[racun]]. Alatan Bima tara curigaan ka hiji jalma, manéhna ngadahar kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Duryodana. Teu lila ti harita, Bima kapidara. Tuluy awakna ditalian sakuatna ku Duryodana ngagunakeun pepelakan nu ngarambat, sanggeus éta dipalidkeun ka walungan Gangga maké rakit. Waktu rakit anu mawa Bima nepi ka tengah walungan, oray-oray anu hirup di sabudeureun walungan kasebut macok awak Bima. Ngan ajaib, peurah oray kasebut robah jadi ''penangkal'' pikeun racun anu didahar ku Bima. Waktu geus sadar, Bima langsung ngalaan iketan pepelakan nu dibeulitkeun kana awakna, tuluy manéhna maéhan oray-oray anu ngégél awakna. Sawatara oray nyalametkeun diri sarta nepungan rajana, nyaéta [[...........poho deui....]].

Waktu [[...........poho deui....]] ngadéngé béja yén anak [[Pandu]] anu ngaranna Bima geus maéhan anak buahna, manéhna geura-giru ngabagéakeun Bima sarta méré inuman sakti. Inuman kasebut diinum sababaraha mangkok ku Bima, antukna awakna jadi pohara kuat. Bima cicing di karaton [[...........poho deui....]] salila dalapan poé, sarta sanggeus éta manéhna balik. Waktu Bima balik, [[Duryodana]] kaluman alatan jelema anu dipikaceuceubna masih hirup. Sabot para [[Pandawa]] sadar yén kaceuceub dina haté Duryodana mimiti tumuwuh, maranéhanana mimiti ati-ati.

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]]. Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]]. Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
      <sha1>tvendoku27bu5pjgk4f1aqncv2rplim</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708248</id>
      <parentid>708247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T00:32:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kalahiran */</comment>
      <origin>708248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6851" sha1="er3wr082tjlgybpwvkz3z5db4nen74u" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}
{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.

Dina hiji poé sabot para [[Kurawa]] jeung [[Pandawa]] indit ulin ka wewengkon walungan [[Gangga]], [[Duryodana]] nyuguhan Bima kadaharan sarta inuman anu saméméhna geus dicampuran [[racun]]. Alatan Bima tara curigaan ka hiji jalma, manéhna ngadahar kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Duryodana. Teu lila ti harita, Bima kapidara. Tuluy awakna ditalian sakuatna ku Duryodana ngagunakeun pepelakan nu ngarambat, sanggeus éta dipalidkeun ka walungan Gangga maké rakit. Waktu rakit anu mawa Bima nepi ka tengah walungan, oray-oray anu hirup di sabudeureun walungan kasebut macok awak Bima. Ngan ajaib, peurah oray kasebut robah jadi ''penangkal'' pikeun racun anu didahar ku Bima. Waktu geus sadar, Bima langsung ngalaan iketan pepelakan nu dibeulitkeun kana awakna, tuluy manéhna maéhan oray-oray anu ngégél awakna. Sawatara oray nyalametkeun diri sarta nepungan rajana, nyaéta [[...........poho deui....]].

Waktu [[...........poho deui....]] ngadéngé béja yén anak [[Pandu]] anu ngaranna Bima geus maéhan anak buahna, manéhna geura-giru ngabagéakeun Bima sarta méré inuman sakti. Inuman kasebut diinum sababaraha mangkok ku Bima, antukna awakna jadi pohara kuat. Bima cicing di karaton [[...........poho deui....]] salila dalapan poé, sarta sanggeus éta manéhna balik. Waktu Bima balik, [[Duryodana]] kaluman alatan jelema anu dipikaceuceubna masih hirup. Sabot para [[Pandawa]] sadar yén kaceuceub dina haté Duryodana mimiti tumuwuh, maranéhanana mimiti ati-ati.

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]]. Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]]. Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
      <sha1>er3wr082tjlgybpwvkz3z5db4nen74u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708249</id>
      <parentid>708248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T00:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mangsa ngora */</comment>
      <origin>708249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6974" sha1="2a9soztclti8skqft9tw5skult2pe8y" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}
{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina hiji poé sabot para [[Kurawa]] jeung [[Pandawa]] indit ulin ka wewengkon walungan [[Gangga]], [[Duryodana]] nyuguhan Bima kadaharan sarta inuman anu saméméhna geus dicampuran [[racun]]. Alatan Bima tara curigaan ka hiji jalma, manéhna ngadahar kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Duryodana. Teu lila ti harita, Bima kapidara. Tuluy awakna ditalian sakuatna ku Duryodana ngagunakeun pepelakan nu ngarambat, sanggeus éta dipalidkeun ka walungan Gangga maké rakit. Waktu rakit anu mawa Bima nepi ka tengah walungan, oray-oray anu hirup di sabudeureun walungan kasebut macok awak Bima. Ngan ajaib, peurah oray kasebut robah jadi ''penangkal'' pikeun racun anu didahar ku Bima. Waktu geus sadar, Bima langsung ngalaan iketan pepelakan nu dibeulitkeun kana awakna, tuluy manéhna maéhan oray-oray anu ngégél awakna. Sawatara oray nyalametkeun diri sarta nepungan rajana, nyaéta [[...........poho deui....]].

Waktu [[...........poho deui....]] ngadéngé béja yén anak [[Pandu]] anu ngaranna Bima geus maéhan anak buahna, manéhna geura-giru ngabagéakeun Bima sarta méré inuman sakti. Inuman kasebut diinum sababaraha mangkok ku Bima, antukna awakna jadi pohara kuat. Bima cicing di karaton [[...........poho deui....]] salila dalapan poé, sarta sanggeus éta manéhna balik. Waktu Bima balik, [[Duryodana]] kaluman alatan jelema anu dipikaceuceubna masih hirup. Sabot para [[Pandawa]] sadar yén kaceuceub dina haté Duryodana mimiti tumuwuh, maranéhanana mimiti ati-ati.

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]]. Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]]. Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
      <sha1>2a9soztclti8skqft9tw5skult2pe8y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708251</id>
      <parentid>708249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T03:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mangsa ngora */</comment>
      <origin>708251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6735" sha1="sjwdjvohaa8r15x2cmitw5j3c7onb2x" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}
{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bima Diracun ==

Duryodana saterusna ngatur rencana pikeun maéhan Bima ku cara méré racun kana katuanganana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus Bima kapiuhan alatan éta racun, Duryodana sarta balad Kurawa miceun Bima ka Walungan [[Gangga]] dina kaayaan awakna ditalian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dowson&quot;&gt;Dowson, J. (1879). ''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature''. London: Trübner &amp; Co. Kaca 51.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nalika di jero cai, awak Bima dipacok ku oray-oray peurah, nanging peurah oray éta kalahka janten ubar anu néléngténgkeun racun dina awakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot; /&gt; Salajengna, Bima dibawa ka karajaan naga ku [[Basuki (naga)|Naga Basuki]] sarta di dinya manéhna dibéré inuman ''Rasakunda'' anu ngalantarankeun kakuatanana nikel sapuluh tikel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt; Bima saterusna mulang deui ka [[Astina]] dina kaayaan salamet sarta mibanda kakuatan anu leuwih hébat ti saacanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]]. Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]]. Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
      <sha1>sjwdjvohaa8r15x2cmitw5j3c7onb2x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708252</id>
      <parentid>708251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T03:44:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Atikan */</comment>
      <origin>708252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7130" sha1="r99vm04hgl9z6dy8yut2dtlylcworuk" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}
{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bima Diracun ==

Duryodana saterusna ngatur rencana pikeun maéhan Bima ku cara méré racun kana katuanganana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus Bima kapiuhan alatan éta racun, Duryodana sarta balad Kurawa miceun Bima ka Walungan [[Gangga]] dina kaayaan awakna ditalian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dowson&quot;&gt;Dowson, J. (1879). ''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature''. London: Trübner &amp; Co. Kaca 51.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nalika di jero cai, awak Bima dipacok ku oray-oray peurah, nanging peurah oray éta kalahka janten ubar anu néléngténgkeun racun dina awakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot; /&gt; Salajengna, Bima dibawa ka karajaan naga ku [[Basuki (naga)|Naga Basuki]] sarta di dinya manéhna dibéré inuman ''Rasakunda'' anu ngalantarankeun kakuatanana nikel sapuluh tikel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt; Bima saterusna mulang deui ka [[Astina]] dina kaayaan salamet sarta mibanda kakuatan anu leuwih hébat ti saacanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dowson&quot;&gt;Dowson, J. (1879). ''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature''. London: Trübner &amp; Co. Kaca 51.&lt;/ref&gt; Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>708253</id>
      <parentid>708252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T03:45:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="7113" sha1="kvxcsde94iv8q15x2173ypo0v4yqhfl" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo wayang|
| Gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Bima TMnr 4283-36.jpg
| Katerangan = Bimaséna
| Ngaran = Bima
| Déwanagari = भीम; भीमसेन
| Éjahan_sansakerta = Bhīma; Bhīmaséna
| Ngaran_séjén = Werkudara; Bimaséna; &lt;br /&gt; Brataséna
| Asal = [[Astinapura]], [[Karajaan Kuru]]
| Pakarang = Gada
| Papasangan = [[Drupadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara
}}
'''Bima''' ([[Basa Sansakerta|Sansakerta]]: भीम, ''bhīma'') atawa '''Bimaséna''' ([[Sansakerta]]: भीमसेन, ''bhīmaséna'') nyaéta salah saurang inohong protagonis dina [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabarata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mangrupa anakna Déwi [[Kunti]] sarta dipikawanoh minangka inohong [[Pandawa]] anu kuat, boga sipat sok dugal sarta dipikasieun ku musuh, sanajan sabenerna haténa mah lemah lembut. Manéhna mangrupa kulawarga Pandawa nu kadua ti lima sadulur. Bima satia kana hiji sikep, nyaéta henteu resep basa-basi sarta teu kungsi laku ngadua haté sarta henteu kungsi ngalétak ciduhna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harti ngaran ==

Kecap ''bhīma'' dina [[basa Sansekerta]] hartina kurang leuwih nyaéta &quot;pikasieuneun&quot;. Sedengkeun ngaran séjén Bima nyaéta Werkudara nu dina basa Sansakerta ''vṛkodara'' sarta boga harti &quot;beuteung [[serigala]]&quot; nujul kana sipatna nu rampus dahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MonierWilliams&quot;&gt;Monier-Williams, M. (1899). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kaca 758.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalahiran ==

Dina [[wiracarita]] [[Mahabarata]] dicaritakeun yén alatan [[Pandu]] henteu bisa boga turunan (alatan supata ti saurang resi), mangka [[Kunti]] (pamajikan Pandu) ménta dibéré anak ku [[Bayu]], déwa angin. Tina hubungan Kunti jeung Bayu, lahir Bima. Ku kasinugrahan ti Bayu, Bima jadi jelema anu pangkuatna sarta pinuh kaasih jeung kadeudeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa ngora ==

Dina mangsa keur budak, kakuatan Bima euweuh nu bisa nandingan. Kakuatan kasebut mindeng dipaké pikeun ngajailan dulur-dulurna, nyaéta Kurawa. Salah sahiji anggota Kurawa nyaéta [[Duryodana]], pohara ceuceub kana peta Bima anu sok jail. Kaceuceub kasebut tumuwuh subur antukna Duryodana boga niat pikeun maéhan Bima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bima Diracun ==

Duryodana saterusna ngatur rencana pikeun maéhan Bima ku cara méré racun kana katuanganana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus Bima kapiuhan alatan éta racun, Duryodana sarta balad Kurawa miceun Bima ka Walungan [[Gangga]] dina kaayaan awakna ditalian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dowson&quot;&gt;Dowson, J. (1879). ''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature''. London: Trübner &amp; Co. Kaca 51.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nalika di jero cai, awak Bima dipacok ku oray-oray peurah, nanging peurah oray éta kalahka janten ubar anu néléngténgkeun racun dina awakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot; /&gt; Salajengna, Bima dibawa ka karajaan naga ku [[Basuki (naga)|Naga Basuki]] sarta di dinya manéhna dibéré inuman ''Rasakunda'' anu ngalantarankeun kakuatanana nikel sapuluh tikel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt; Bima saterusna mulang deui ka [[Astina]] dina kaayaan salamet sarta mibanda kakuatan anu leuwih hébat ti saacanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atikan ==
Dina mangsa rumaja, Bima sadulur dididik sarta dilatih dina widang militer ku [[Dorna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajagopalachari&quot;&gt;Rajagopalachari, C. (2008). ''Mahabharata''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina neuleuman élmu ngagunakeun pakarang, Bima leuwih museurkeun perhatianana kana élmu ngagunakeun [[gada]], kawas [[Duryodana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dowson&quot;&gt;Dowson, J. (1879). ''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature''. London: Trübner &amp; Co. Kaca 51.&lt;/ref&gt; Duanana jadi murid [[Baladéwa]], nyaéta baraya [[Kresna]] anu pohara mahér dina ngagunakeun pakarang gada. [[Baladéwa]] leuwih mikanyaah [[Duryodana]] manan Bima, sarta Duryodana ogé satuhu ka [[Baladéwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoetmulder&quot;&gt;Zoetmulder, P.J. (1983). ''Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang''. Jakarta: Djambatan.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kajadian di Waranawata ==

Sabot Bima jeung indung sarta dulur-dulurna ulin di [[Waranawata]], manéhna jeung [[Yudistira]] sadar yén imah pamondokan anu disadiakeun pikeun maranéhanana, geus dirarancang pikeun maéhan maranéhanana. Badéga [[Duryodana]], nyaéta Purocana, geus ngawangun imah kasebut sakitu rupa maké bahan nu kawas lilin antukna gancang kabeuleum. Bima rék geura-giru indit, tapi ku bongbolongan Yudistira maranéhanana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan.

Dina hiji peuting, [[Kunti]] ngayakeun pésta sarta saurang wanoja anu deukeut jeung Purocana milu hadir dina éta pésta  babarengan jeung Pandawa. Sabot Purocana jeung wanoja kasebut sarta Pandawa saré tibra alatan kadaharan anu disuguhkeun ku Kunti, Bima geura-giru ngajurung sangkan indung sarta dulur-dulurna lumpat nyalametkeun diri kalawan ngaliwatan torowongan anu geus dijieun saméméhna. Satuluyna, Bima mimiti ngaduruk imah lilin anu ditinggalkeun ku maranéhanana. Ku alatan indung sarta dulur-dulurna ngarasa tunduh sarta capé, Bima manggul maranéhanana sakaligus kalawan kakuatanana anu rongkah. Kunti digéndong dina tonggongna, [[Nakula]] sarta [[Sadewa]] aya dina pingpingna, sedengkeun [[Yudistira]] sarta [[Arjuna]] aya dina leungeunna.

Mangsa geus kaluar ti tungtung torowongan, Bima sarta barayana anjog di [[walungan Gangga]]. Di dinya maranéhanana dianteur meuntas walungan ku badégana [[Widura]], nyaéta patih [[Astinapura]] anu hariwang kana kaayaan maranéhanana. Sanggeus meuntasan walungan Gangga, maranéhanana ngaliwatan [[Sidawata]] nepi ka Hidimbawana. Dina lalampahan kasebut, Bima manggul kabéh barayana sarta indungna ngaliwatan jarak nu jauhna kurang leuwih tujuh puluh dua mil.

== Kajadian di Hidimbawana ==

Di Hidimbawana, Bima papanggih jeung [[Hidimbi]] anu kapentang asmara ku manéhna. Lanceuk Hidimbi anu ngaranna [[Hidimba]], jadi ambek alatan Hidimbi geus ragrag asih ka hiji jalma anu sakuduna jadi hakaneun maranéhanana. Satuluyna Bima jeung  Hidimba tarung. Dina tarung kasebut, Bima unggul sarta hasil maéhan Hidimba ku leungeunnya sorangan. Tuluy, Bima ngadahup ka Hidimbi. Tina lakirabi kasebut, lahir budak anu dibéré ngaran [[Gatotkaca]]. Bima sarta kulawargana tumetep di dinya salila sawatara bulan babarengan jeung Hidimbi sarta Gatotkaca, sanggeus éta maranéhanana neruskeun lalampahan.
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Palaku Mahabarata}}

[[Kategori:Palaku Mahabarata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie</title>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="29291" sha1="9oh3yt8rrbyn2np2stottpfw24jjcq0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox President
|name               = Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
|image              = Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie official portrait.jpg
|order              = Présidén Indonésia
|office             = 3
|term_start         = [[21 Méi]] [[1998]]
|term_end           = [[20 Oktober]] [[1999]]
|predecessor        = [[Suharto]]
|successor          = [[Abdurrahman Wahid]]
|order2             = Wakil Présidén Indonésia
|office2            = 7
|president2         = [[Soeharto]]
|term_start2        = 10 Maret 1998
|term_end2          = 21 Méi 1998
|predecessor2       = [[Try Sutrisno]]
|successor2         = [[Mégawati Soekarnoputri]]
|birth_date         = {{birth date|1936|6|25}}
|birth_place        = [[Parepare]], [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[Indonesia]]
|death_date         = {{death date and age|2019|9|11|1936|6|25}}
|death_place        = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|spouse             = [[Hasri Ainun Besari]] (m. 12 May 1962)
|children           = Ilham Akbar Habibie (b. 1963)&lt;br /&gt;Thareq Kemal Habibie (b. 1967)
|party              = [[Partéy Golongan Karya]]
|religion           = [[Islam]]
|signature          = Signature of B. J. Habibie.svg
}}
'''Bacharuddin Jusuf Habiebie''',;  Prof. DR (HC). Ing. [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], Dr. Sc. Mult.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Deutsche Welle |title=BJ Habibie dan Jejak Intelektualnya di Jerman |url=https://www.dw.com/id/bj-habibie-dan-jejak-intelektualnya-di-jerman/a-50395781 |date=2019 |publisher=DW.com |access-date=24 Januari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta saurang élmuwan sarta pulitikus Indonésia anu ngajabat salaku [[Présidén Indonésia]] katilu (1998–1999). Sateuacanna, anjeunna ngajabat salaku [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia]] katujuh sarta lami ngabdikeun diri salaku Menteri Nagara Risét jeung Téknologi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Amir |first=Sulfikar |title=B.J. Habibie and the Indonesian Democracy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335777478 |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=24 Januari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Habibie ngajabat salaku [[Présidén Indonésia]] ka-3 kalayan masa jabatan anu kawilang singget, nyaéta salami 1,4 taun (atawa 512 poé). Sanajan singget, mangsa pamaréntahanana dianggap krusial dina mangsa [[Réformasi]] Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antara512&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Antara News |title=BJ Habibie, Presiden RI ke-3 dengan masa jabatan paling singkat |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1057406/bj-habibie-presiden-ri-ke-3-dengan-masa-jabatan-paling-singkat |quote=Masa jabatan Habibie hanya berlangsung selama 512 hari atau sekitar 1,4 tahun. |date=2019 |access-date=24 Januari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kompas512&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Kompas.com |title=Masa Jabatan BJ Habibie, Presiden Termuda Sekaligus Paling Singkat |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/05/21/00000021/masa-jabatan-bj-habibie-presiden-termuda-sekaligus-paling-singkat |quote=BJ Habibie menjabat sebagai Presiden RI selama 512 hari, terhitung sejak 21 Mei 1998 hingga 20 Oktober 1999. |date=2022 |access-date=24 Januari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;


​Ti leuleutik, Habibie geus mintokeun kapinteranana sarta sumanget anu gedé kana élmu pangaweruh jeung téknologi, hususna dina widang [[fisika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DetikHabibie&quot;&gt;{{cite web 
| author = Detik Edu 
| title = Biografi BJ Habibie, Presiden ke-3 RI yang Dijuluki Mr Crack 
| url = https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6486074/biografi-bj-habibie-presiden-ke-3-ri-yang-dijuluki-mr-crack 
| date = 2022 
| access-date = 24 Januari 2026 
| quote = Sejak kecil, Habibie dikenal sebagai anak yang cerdas dan sangat menyukai buku-buku ilmiah, terutama fisika.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salila genep bulan, anjeunna kuliah di Téknik Mesin [[Institut Téknologi Bandung]] (ITB), saterusna dituluykeun ka [[RWTH Aachen|Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen]], [[Jérman]] dina taun 1955. Kalawan dibiayaan ku indungna, R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardoyo, Habibie ngora méakkeun 10 taun pikeun ngaréngsékeun studi S1 nepi ka S3 di [[Aachen]], Jérman.&lt;ref name=&quot;HabibieEduAachen&quot;&gt;&quot;Habibie's Academic Journey in Germany&quot;. [https://www.rwth-aachen.de/ RWTH Aachen]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Béda jeung rata-rata mahasiswa Indonésia anu meunang béasiswa ti pamaréntah pikeun kuliah di luar nagri, kuliah Habibie (utamana jenjang S1 jeung S2) mah dibiayaan langsung ku indungna.&lt;ref name=&quot;MandiriHabibie&quot;&gt;&quot;Perjuangan Ibu B.J. Habibie Membiayai Kuliah di Jerman&quot;. [https://www.kompas.com/ Kompas]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ibuna, R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo, banting tulang ngajalankeun usaha [[catering]] jeung [[indékos]] di [[Bandung]] pikeun ngarojong cita-cita putrana, sabada ditinggalkeun pupus ku salakina (bapana Habibie) nalika Habibie masih rumaja.&lt;ref name=&quot;HabibieMother&quot;&gt;&quot;Sosok Ibu di Balik Kesuksesan B.J. Habibie&quot;. [https://www.liputan6.com/ Liputan6]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Habibie ancrub kana widang désain jeung konstruksi pesawat di Fakultas Téknik Mesin. Salila lima taun studi di [[Jérman]], ahirna Habibie meunang gelar [[Diplom-Ingenieur]] (diploma téknik) dina taun 1960 kalawan prédikat [[Summa Cum Laude]], nyaéta peunteun rata-rata 9,5.&lt;ref name=&quot;HabibieBook2010&quot;&gt;Habibie, B.J. (2010). ''Habibie &amp; Ainun''. Jakarta: PT. THC Mandiri. ISBN 978-979-1255-13-4. Kaca 12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HabibieDiplom&quot;&gt;&quot;Perjalanan Akademik B.J. Habibie di Jerman&quot;. [https://www.kompas.com/ Kompas]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
​Gelar ieu mangrupa léngkah awal anjeunna jadi saurang [[teknolog]] anu diperhitungkeun di dunya internasional. Sanggeus lulus diploma, Habibie henteu langsung mulang ka Indonésia, tapi nuluykeun deui panalungtikanana pikeun gelar Doktor bari digawé di pausahaan karéta api pikeun nyiar pangalaman téknis.&lt;ref name=&quot;HabibieEngineer&quot;&gt;&quot;BJ Habibie: Sang Teknokrat Kelas Dunia&quot;. [https://www.republika.co.id/ Republika]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kulawarga ==
B. J. Habibie téh putra kaopat tina dalapan duduluran, hasil pasangan [[Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie]] jeung [[R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo]]. Ramana, saurang ahli tatanén, asalna tina étnis Bugis-[[Gorontalo]], ari ibuna asalna tina étnis [[Jawa (pulo)|Jawa]].

Dina hiji wawancara jeung ''Jawa Pos'' taun 2016, Habibie nétélakeun yén sepuhna kantos kedah misah ti kulawarga ageung alatan béda budaya. Alwi, salaku urang Bugis-[[Gorontalo]], teu diaku ku kulawarga Tuti anu asalna ti kalangan ningrat [[Yogyakarta]], kitu ogé sabalikna.&lt;ref name=&quot;perpusnas-bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/biography/?id=45 |title=Biografi Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie |publisher=Kepustakaan Presiden Republik Indonesia, Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia |access-date=12 Pébruari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Habibie nyebatkeun yén kulawargana kapungkur biasa ngalaksanakeun tradisi nikah sanasib (antar anggota kulawarga sorangan) pikeun ngajaga kakayaan mangrupa taneuh sarta harta banda sanésna supados teu pindah ka pihak deungeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;jawapos2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |language=id |last=Huda |first=M. |url=https://www.jawapos.com/features/01222446/cerita-habibie-tentang-asal-usul-keluarga-dan-marga |title=Cerita Habibie tentang Asal-usul Keluarga dan Marga |work=Jawa Pos |date=25 Juni 2016 |access-date=12 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie]] ngagem marga &quot;Habibie,&quot; salah sahiji marga asli dina struktur sosial ''Pohala'a'' (karajaan sarta kekerabatan) di [[Gorontalo]]. Ari [[R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo]] nyaéta putri ti saurang dokter spésialis soca di [[Yogyakarta]]; ramana, Puspowardojo, ogé dipikawanoh salaku tokoh anu gaduh sakola.&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-marga&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://id.beritasatu.com/national/mengenal-marga-habibie-dan-silsilahnya/150000 |title=Mengenal Marga Habibie dan Silsilahnya di Gorontalo |publisher=BeritaSatu |date=12 Séptémber 2019 |access-date=12 Pébruari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sacara sajarah, marga [[Habibie]] asalna ti daérah Kabila, [[Kabupatén Bone Bolango]], Propinsi [[Gorontalo]]. Garis katurunan marga ieu dimimitian ti Lamakasa, saurang Bugis anu dumuk di Gorontalo sarta nikah ka awéwé lokal anu jenenganana Hawaria. Tina éta pernikahan, medal sababaraha putra, salah sahijina nyaéta Habibie. &lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-marga&quot;/&gt;

[[Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie]], anu babar taun 1908, mangrupa katurunan Lamakasa. Aki B.J. Habibie sorangan dipikawanoh minangka [[ulama]], anggota majelis peradilan agama, sarta inohong adat Gorontalo anu kacida dihormatna. Kulawarga ageung Habibie di Gorontalo ogé kasohor minangka pangusaha tatanén, di antarana peternak sapi, nu gaduh seueur kuda, sarta nu gaduh perkebunan kopi.&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-marga&quot;/&gt;

== Pernikahan sarta Kulawarga ==
Patepangna [[B.J. Habibie]] jeung [[Hasri Ainun Besari]] dimimitian ti nuju rumaja, nalika duanana masih kénéh sakola di SMP. Lajeng, hubungan éta diteraskeun nalika duanana sakola di [[SMA Kristen Dago]], Bandung, [[Jawa Kulon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;perpusnas-bio&quot; /&gt; 

Nanging, komunikasi antawis maranéhna kantos pegat nalika Habibie neraskeun kuliah sarta damel di [[Jerman Kulon]], ari Ainun tetep di Indonésia pikeun kuliah di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Indonésia]].

[[B.J. Habibie]] nikah jeung [[Hasri Ainun Besari]] dina ping 12 Méi 1962 di Rangga Malela, [[Bandung]]. Akad nikahna dilaksanakeun ngagunakeun adat [[Jawa]], ari resépsi pernikahan diayakeun dina dinten salajengna nganggo adat [[Gorontalo]] di [[Hotél Preanger]], Bandung.&lt;ref name=&quot;biografi-ainun&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.biografiku.com/biografi-ibu-hasri-ainun-habibie/ |title=Biografi Ibu Hasri Ainun Habibie |website=Biografiku.com |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Saparantos nikah, Ainun disanghareupan ku dua pilihan: tetep damel di rumah sakit murangkalih di [[Hamburg]] atawa museurkeun peranna salaku istri sarta ibu rumah tangga. Ti ieu pernikahan, Habibie jeung Ainun dipaparin dua putra, nyaéta [[Ilham Akbar Habibie]] sarta [[Thareq Kemal Habibie]].

=== Atikan ===
B.J. Habibie neuleuman élmu téknik mesin di Fakultas Téknik Universitas Indonésia Bandung (ayeuna [[Institut Téknologi Bandung|ITB]]) dina taun 1954. Dina périodeu 1955–1965, anjeunna neraskeun studi dina widang téknik penerbangan, kalayan spésialisasi konstruksi kapal udara, di [[RWTH Aachen]], Jerman Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;habibie-center&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://habibiecenter.or.id/habibie |title=The Founder: Prof. Dr.-Ing. B.J. Habibie |publisher=The Habibie Center |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Habibie hasil ngahontal gelar diploma insinyur taun 1960 sarta gelar doktor insinyur taun 1965 kalayan prédikat ''[[summa cum laude]]''.

== Gelar adat ==
Dina émutan masarakat [[Gorontalo]], B.J. Habibie kantos nampi gelar adat pangluhurna ti persekutuan Lima Karajaan Adat Gorontalo (''Duluwo Limo Lo Pohala'a''). Gelar adat pangluhurna ieu kawilang jarang dipaparinkeun, iwal ka jalma anu miboga jasa pangabdian anu luar biasa pikeun tanah karuhun, agama, bangsa, sarta nagara. Gelar-gelar kasebat di antarana:

* '''Gelar adat Pulanga''': ''&quot;Ti Tilango Lo Madala&quot;'' (Sang Cahaya Nagri).
* '''Gelar adat Gara'i''': ''&quot;Ta Lopo Lolade Tilango&quot;'' (Sang Nu Nyebarkeun Cahaya).&lt;ref name=&quot;adat-gorontalo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1060370/bj-habibie-dianugerahi-gelar-adat-garai-oleh-masyarakat-gorontalo |title=BJ Habibie dianugerahi gelar adat Gara'i oleh masyarakat Gorontalo |publisher=Antara News |date=12 Séptémber 2019 |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pagawéan jeung karir ==
Habibie kantos damel di [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm]] (MBB), hiji perusahaan penerbangan anu perenahna di [[Hamburg]], Jerman Kulon. Di dinya, anjeunna ngahontal posisi puncak salaku Wakil Présidén sarta Diréktur Téknologi.&lt;ref name=&quot;setkab-habibie&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://setkab.go.id/bj-habibie-bapak-teknologi-indonesia-yang-menginspirasi/ |title=BJ Habibie: Bapak Teknologi Indonesia yang Menginspirasi |publisher=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1973, anjeunna uih deui ka Indonésia dumasar kana pamundut Présidén [[Soeharto]] pikeun ngabdikeun élmuna dina pamaréntahan. Habibie sumping ka Indonésia dina ping 14 Désémber 1973, sarta langsung dipasrahkeun pancén munggaran minangka Kapala Divisi Téknologi Maju sarta Téknologi Penerbangan di [[Pertamina]], anu harita mangrupa bagian tina Departemén Pertambangan sarta Énergi. Nanging, ieu jabatan téh mung sakedap sateuacan anjeunna diperanten ngawangun industri strategis sanésna. 

Salajengna, Habibie diperanten ngajabat salaku Menteri Nagara Panalungtikan sarta Téknologi (Menristek) ti taun 1978 nepi ka Maret 1998. Dina ieu kalungguhan, anjeunna ngamimitian gagasan anu katelah ku sebutan &quot;Visi Indonésia&quot;. Ieu mangrupa hiji konsép pikeun ngamekarkeun Indonésia ngaliwatan panalungtikan sarta téknologi, hususna di séktor industri strategis.&lt;ref name=&quot;brin-habibie&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.brin.go.id/news/97193/mengenang-bj-habibie-tokoh-teknologi-indonesia |title=Mengenang B.J. Habibie: Tokoh Teknologi Indonesia |publisher=Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pikeun ngawujudkeun éta visi, Habibie mingpin sababaraha pausahaan nagara anu kagolong kana Industri Strategis (BUMNIS), di antarana:

[[PT IPTN]] (ayeuna PT Dirgantara Indonésia) dina widang dirgantara.
[[PT Pindad]] dina widang pertahanan sarta kaamanan.
[[PT PAL Indonésia]] dina widang maritim sarta perkapalan.

Salian ti pancénna salaku Menristek, Habibie ogé kapilih jadi Ketua munggaran [[Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim sa-Indonésia]] (ICMI) dina ping 7 Désémber 1990 ngaliwatan dadasar aklamasi.

Puncak karirna dina dunya pulitik kajantenan dina taun 1998. Anjeunna mimitina diangkat jadi Wakil Présidén Indonésia anu ka-7 dina ping 14 Maret 1998, dampingan jeung Présidén [[Soeharto]] dina Kabinét Pangwangunan VII. Nanging, alatan ayana gerakan [[Réformasi]], Soeharto léngsér tina jabatanna, sarta dina ping 21 Méi 1998, B.J. Habibie resmi diistrénan jadi Présidén Républik Indonésia anu ka-3. Anjeunna nyepeng kalungguhan kasebat nepi ka ping 20 Oktober 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;perpusnas-bio&quot; /&gt;

== Riwayat pagawéan ==

* 1960–1965 Asistén Risét, Lehrstuhl und Institut fur Leichtbau (Pimpinan jeung Lembaga Konstruksi Hampang), Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochshule (RTWH), Aachen, Jérman - ayeuna Universitas Téknologi Rhein Westfalen Aachen;
* 1965-1966 Special Scientist, Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) GmbH, Hamburg, Jérman;
* 1966–1969 Kepala, Bagian Panalungtikan jeung Pangembangan Analisis Struktur, HFB GmbH, Hamburg, Jérman - 1968 Messerschmitt AG merger jeung Bolkow GmbH jadi Messerschmitt-Bolkow GmbH - 1969 Messerschmitt-Bolkow GmbH merger jeung Hamburger Flugzeugbau jadi Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MBB) GmbH;
* 1969–1973 Kepala, Divisi Métode jeung Téknologi Pesawat Angkut Niaga jeung Militér, MBB GmbH, Hamburg, Jérman;
* 1974–1978 VP, Diréktorat Penerapan Téknologi, MBB GmbH, Hamburg, Jérman;
* 1974-1998 Kepala Badan Pengkajian jeung Penerapan Téknologi (BPPT) - berawal dengan 5 Jan'74 menjadi Panaséhat Diréktur Utama PN Pertamina jeung Panaséhat Présidén nepi Méi 1974 nyieun jeung jadi Kepala Divisi Téknologi jeung Téknologi Penerbangan (ATTP) PN Pertamina - lalu pada 1 Apr'76 ATTP menjadi Divisi Advance Teknologi PN Pertamina (ATP) - tuluy dina 21 Agu'78 jadi Badan Pengkajian jeung Penerapan Téknologi;
* 1976-1998 Diréktur Utama PT Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (Persero) - dibentuk 26 Apr'76 sebagai penggabungan unsur Téknologi Penerbangan Divisi ATTP PN Pertamina jeung Lembaga Industri Penerbangan Nurtanio (LIPNUR) - ayeuna PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero);
* 1978-1998 Direktur Utama Perum Dok dan Galangan Kapal - dijieun29 Mar'78 dari Komando Penataran Angkatan Laut (KONATAL), sebelum 1970 bernama Penataran Angkatan Laut (PAL) - ayeuna PT PAL Indonésia (Persero);
* 1978-1998 Ketua Otorita Pengembangan Daérah Industri Pulau Batam (Otorita Batam) - ayeuna Badan Pengusahaan Kawasan Perdagangan Bébas jeung Palabuhan Bébas Batam (BP Batam);
* 1983-1998 Direktur Utama PT Pindad (Persero) - dibentuk 29 Apr'83 ti Perindustrian TNI Angkatan Darat (Pindad);
* 1984-1998 Ketua Dewan Risét Nasional - peningkatan dari Tim Perumus Program Utama Nasional Risét jeung Téknologi (PEPUNAS RISTEK) anu dijieun 11 Mei'78;
* 1989-1998 Ketua Badan Pengelola Industri Stratégis (BPIS) jeung Wakil Ketua Déwan Pembina Industri Stratégis (DPIS);

== Riwayat karir pamaréntahan ==

* Menteri Negara Risét jeung Téknologi Kabinét Pembangunan III (1978–1983);
* Menteri Negara Risétt jeung Téknologi Kabinét Pembangunan IV (1983–1988);
* Menteri Negara Risét jeung Téknologi Kabinét Pembangunan V (1988–1993);
* Menteri Negara Risét jeung Téknologi Kabinét Pembangunan VI (1993–1998);
* Ketua Tim Kaputusan Présidén (Keppres) 35;
* Wakil Présidén RI (1998);
* Présidén RI (1998–1999).

== Nalika jadi présidén ==
B.J. Habibie nyepeng pamingpin pangluhurna di Indonésia dina kaayaan nagara anu nuju bancang pakewu alatan rupa-rupa karusuhan sarta ancaman disintegrasi saatos léngsérna Soeharto dina pamungkas jaman [[Orde Baru]]. Saparantos diistrénan, anjeunna gancang ngawangun kabinét sarta museurkeun perhatian kana sababaraha pancén utama pikeun mulihkeun deui stabilitas nasional.

Dina mangsa kapamingpinanna anu kawilang pondok, Habibie hasil neundeun dadasar anu kacida pentingna pikeun kamajuan Indonésia. Sababaraha aturan hukum anu dihasilkeun dina mangsa anjeunna ngajabat di antarana nyaéta UU Anti-Monopoli, UU Partéy Pulitik, sarta anu pangutamana nyaéta UU Otonomi Daérah.

Ieu UU Otonomi Daérah téh hasil ngerem poténsi disintegrasi (beulahna nagara) anu diwariskeun tina jaman saméméhna, anu saterusna dipasinikeun dina jaman [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. Tanpa ieu aturan, Indonésia miboga kamungkinan bakal nampa nasib anu sarua jeung [[Uni Soviét]] atawa [[Yugoslavia]] anu nagarana pabalayar sarta kabagi-bagi.

Diangkatna B.J. Habibie jadi présidén ngabalukarkeun pro sarta kontra di tengah masarakat. Béda sawangan ieu dumasar kana tatanén hukum [[UUD 1945]] anu harita lumaku:

Pihak anu Satuju: Nyebutkeun yén diangkatna Habibie geus saluyu jeung Pasal 8 UUD 1945, anu nétélakeun yén upami présidén eureun, mundur, atawa teu bisa ngalakukeun tugasna, mangka wakil présidén anu ngagentos nepi ka lekasan masa jabatanna.

Pihak anu Teu Satuju: Nyebutkeun yén prosés éta ngalanggar Pasal 9 UUD 1945. Ieu aturan ngawajibkeun présidén pikeun sumpah atawa jangji di payuneun [[MPR]] atawa [[DPR]] saméméh ngamimitian masa jabatanna, ari harita Habibie disumpah di Istana Nagara alatan kaayaan kaamanan anu nuju bancang pakewu.

== Kawijakan politik ==
'''Léngkah-léngkah nu dilakukeun ku B.J. Habibie dina widang pulitik nyaéta:'''

# '''Méré Kabébasan Pulitik'''  Habibie muka kasempetan pikeun rahayat nyalurkeun aspirasina dina widang pulitik. Hasilna, mucunghul 48 partéy pulitik anyar.
# '''Ngabébaskeun Narapidana Pulitik'''  Anjeunna ngabébaskeun sababaraha narapidana pulitik, di antarana Sri Bintang Pamungkas, tilas anggota DPR nu dipanjara lantaran ngiritik Présidén Soeharto, sarta Muchtar Pakpahan, pupuhu buruh nu dihukum lantaran dituduh nyababkeun karusuhan di Medan dina taun 1994.
# '''Ngakuan Serikat Buruh Mandiri'''  Habibie nyabut larangan kana ngadegkeun serikat-serikat buruh mandiri.
# '''Nyieun Undang-Undang Nu Demokratis'''  Anjeunna nyusun tilu undang-undang anu ngarojong démokrasi:
#* '''UU No. 2 Taun 1999''' ngeunaan Partéy Pulitik
#* '''UU No. 3 Taun 1999''' ngeunaan Pemilu
#* '''UU No. 4 Taun 1999''' ngeunaan Susunan jeung Kadudukan MPR/DPR
# '''Nangtukeun Ketetapan MPR'''  Saperluna 12 Ketetapan MPR ditetepkeun, opat di antarana ngaréaksi kana tuntutan réformasi:
#* '''Tap MPR No. VIII/MPR/1998''': Nyabut Tap No. IV/MPR/1983 ngeunaan Referendum.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XVIII/MPR/1998''': Nyabut Tap No. II/MPR/1978 ngeunaan Pancasila salaku asas tunggal.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XII/MPR/1998''': Nyabut Tap No. V/MPR/1978 nu masihan Présidén hak di luar undang-undang.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XIII/MPR/1998''': Méré wates lilana masa jabatan Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén nepi ka dua période.
# '''Daptar 12 Ketetapan MPR'''
#* '''Tap MPR No. X/MPR/1998''': Pokok-pokok réformasi pembangunan nasional.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XI/MPR/1998''': Nyelenggarakeun nagara anu bebas tina korupsi, kolusi, jeung nepotisme.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XIII/MPR/1998''': Wates lilana jabatan Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XV/MPR/1998''': Palaksanaan otonomi daérah.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XVI/MPR/1998''': Pulitik ékonomi pikeun démokrasi ékonomi.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998''': Pangakuan kana Hak Asasi Manusa (HAM).
#* '''Tap MPR No. VII/MPR/1998''': Robahan Tata Tertib MPR.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XIV/MPR/1998''': Pemilu.
#* '''Tap MPR No. III/V/MPR/1998''': Referendum.
#* '''Tap MPR No. IX/MPR/1998''': Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Nagara (GBHN).
#* '''Tap MPR No. XII/MPR/1998''': Wewenang Présidén pikeun nyukseskeun pembangunan nasional.
#* '''Tap MPR No. XVIII/MPR/1998''': Nyabut Pedoman Panghayatan jeung Pangamalan Pancasila (P4).

== Kawijakan ékonomi ==
Dina widang ékonomi, B.J. Habibie suksés ngajaga nilai tukar rupiah kana dolar AS dina kisaran Rp10.000 nepi ka Rp15.000. Tapi, dina ahir pamaréntahanana, utamana sanggeus laporan pertanggungjawabanana ditolak ku MPR, nilai tukar rupiah naék tajug nepi ka Rp6.500 per dolar AS, hiji tingkat anu teu acan pernah kahontal deui dina jaman pamaréntahan salajengna. Sajaba ti éta, anjeunna ogé ngamimitian nerapkeun kamerdikaan Bank Indonesia pikeun langkung fokus kana urusan ékonomi.

Pikeun méréskeun krisis moneter jeung ningkatkeun ékonomi Indonesia, B.J. Habibie ngalakukeun sababaraha léngkah ieu:

# Ngarestrukturisasi jeung ngarekapitulasi perbankan  Hal ieu dilakukeun ku cara ngadegkeun Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) jeung Unit Pangatur Aset Nagara.
# Melikuidasi Bank Bermasalah  Sababaraha bank anu bermasalah dileungitkeun atawa ditutup.
# Ngangkat Nilai Tukar Rupiah  Nilai tukar rupiah ka dolar AS bisa ditingkatkeun ka handapeun Rp10.000,00.
# Ngadegkeun Lembaga Pemantau Utang Luar Negeri  Lembaga ieu didamel pikeun ngawas sarta méréskeun masalah utang luar negeri.
# Ngalarapkeun Réformasi Ékonomi IMF  Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun réformasi ékonomi anu dijadikeun sarat ku International Monetary Fund (IMF).
# Ngengeskeun Undang-Undang Anti Monopoli  Undang-Undang No. 5 Taun 1999 ngeunaan Larangan Praktek Monopoli jeung Persaingan Nu Teu Séhat diresmikeun.
# Ngengeskeun Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen  Undang-Undang No. 8 Taun 1999 ngeunaan Perlindungan Konsumen ogé disahkeun pikeun ngajaga hak-hak konsumen.

== Ahir jabatan présidén ==
Numutkeun pihak oposisi, salah sahiji kasalahan pangbadagna nu dilakukeun ku B.J. Habibie nalika jabat salaku Présidén nyaéta ngidinan diayakeunana referendum pikeun Propinsi Timor Timur (anu ayeuna jadi Timor Leste). Dina waktu éta, Habibie ngalakukeun hiji kaputusan anu ngageunjleungkeun masarakat umum, nyaéta ngadamel jajak pendapat pikeun masarakat Timor Timur, naha maranéhna hoyong merdéka atawa tetep jadi bagian ti Indonesia. Dina jaman kaprésidénanana, Propinsi Timor Timur ahirna ngahontal kamerdékaan sarta milih jadi nagara merdéka anu berdaulat kalayan nami Timor Leste dina bulan Agustus 1999. Kapisahan ieu diumumkeun dina tanggal 30 Agustus 1999.

Kasus ieu ngadorong pihak oposisi, anu henteu puas ku kapamimpinan Habibie, pikeun nguatkeun usaha pikeun ngaleupaskeun anjeunna. Nalika Habibie jadi salah sahiji calon dina pamilihan présidén ku MPR taun 1999, pencalonanana ditolak ku sabagian gedé anggota DPR. Habibie dianggap masih patali jeung rezim Orde Baru. Penentangan ieu asalna ti anggota DPR ti partéy pangusungna, nyaéta Partéy Golongan Karya, ogé ti anggota DPR anu sanés. Kaayaan ieu nyababkeun laporan pertanggungjawaban Habibie salaku présidén ditolak dina Sidang Umum MPR taun 1999. Lantaran éta, Habibie mutuskeun pikeun mundur ti pencalonanana salaku présidén.

Pandangan ngeunaan pamaréntahan Habibie dina jaman awal réformasi umumna négatif, tapi sapanjang waktu, loba pihak anu ningali pamaréntahanana sacara positip. Salah sahiji pandangan positip ieu disampeurkeun ku L. Misbah Hidayat dina bukuna Reformasi Administrasi: Kajian Komparatif Pemerintahan Tiga Presiden.

Visi, misi, jeung kapamimpinan Habibie dina ngalaksanakeun agénda réformasi teu bisa dipisahkeun ti pangalaman hirupna. Unggal kaputusan anu diambilna salawasna dumasar kana faktor anu bisa diukur. Ku kituna, teu anéh upami sababaraha kawijakan anu dilakukeunana kadang ngageunjleungkeun tur hésé dipikaharti ku sababaraha pihak. Malah, aya nu nyangka yén Habibie apolitis jeung henteu boga rasa émpati. Ieu téh bisa dipikaharti lantaran latar pendidikan Habibie minangka doktor di widang konstruksi pesawat terbang.

Dina hal démokratisasi, Habibie ngalakukeun sababaraha parobahan ku ngawangun pamaréntahan anu transparan jeung dialogis. Prinsip démokrasi ogé dilarapkeun dina kawijakan ékonomi anu dirojong ku panegakan hukum sarta ditujukeun pikeun karaharjaan rahayat. Dina ngatur kabinét sapopoéna, anjeunna ngalakukeun parobahan anu signifikan, kayaning ningkatkeun koordinasi sarta ngaleungitkeun egosentrisme sektoral antara menteri.

Salian ti éta, sababaraha inovasi mewarnai gaya kapamimpinan Habibie dina nyanghareupan masalah bangsa. Dina usaha ngungkulan masalah ékonomi, misalna, anjeunna ngangkat pangusaha salaku utusan husus anu nanggung biayana sorangan. Tugas ieu kacida pentingna, lantaran salah sahiji kalemahan pamaréntah nyaéta kurangna komunikasi anu jelas ngeunaan kaayaan Indonesia ka masarakat internasional. Ari média, utamana média asing, condong ngan ukur ngawanohkeun warta négatif ngeunaan Indonesia anu nyababkeun bérita-bérita teu saimbang.

== Pasca-kaprésidénan ==
Sanggeus henteu deui nyekel kalungguhan salaku présidén, B.J. Habibie sempet cicing jeung dumuk di Jerman. Tapi, dina jaman kaprésidénan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, anjeunna deui aktip jadi panasehat présidén pikeun ngawal prosés démokratisasi di Indonesia ngaliwatan organisasi anu didirikeunana, Habibie Center, sarta tungtungna anjeunna mutuskeun pikeun tetep cicing di Indonesia.

Kontribusi gedé Habibie pikeun bangsa tetep dilakukeun dina mangsa kapamimpinan Présidén Joko Widodo. Habibie aktip méré masukan sarta gagasan pikeun ngembangkeun sumber daya manusa di Indonesia.

Kasibukan séjén B.J. Habibie nyaéta ngurus industri pesawat terbang anu keur dikembangkeunana di Batam. Habibie ngajabat minangka Komisaris Utama di PT Regio Aviasi Industri, hiji perusahaan anu ngarancang pesawat R-80. Lajeng, anjeunna masrahkeun kalungguhan puncak perusahaan éta ka putrana, Ilham Habibie.

== Ninggalkeun alam dunya ==
B.J. Habibie pupus di RSPAD Gatot Subroto dina tanggal 11 Séptémber 2019 jam 18.05 WIB alatan gagal jantung. Saméméhna, Habibie geus ngalaksanakeun parawatan intensif ti tanggal 1 Séptémber 2019. Seupami poé saméméh dimakamkeun, layon B.J. Habibie diangkat ti RSPAD ka bumi Habibie-Ainun di Jalan Patra Kuningan XIII Blok L15/7 No. 5, wewengkon Patra Kuningan, pikeun disemayarkeun. Anjeunna tuluy dimakamkeun di gigireun pamajikanana, Hasri Ainun Besari, di Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata, slot 120, dina tanggal 12 Séptémber 2019 jam 14.00 WIB. Upacara panguburan ieu dihadiran ku Présidén Républik Indonesia, Joko Widodo, salaku inspektur upacara.

B.J. Habibie mangrupa présidén Indonesia kahiji anu dikurebkeun di taman makam pahlawan di ibukota Jakarta. Ari éta, Présidén Sukarno jeung Abdurrahman Wahid dikurebkeun di Jawa Timur, sarta Présidén Suharto dikurebkeun di Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah.

Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, ngucapkeun belasungkawa sanggeus Habibie pupus. Dina akun Twitter-na, anjeunna ngucapkeun duka ka rahayat Indonesia alatan kepergian Habibie. Habibie ngawasa dina période 1998 nepi ka 1999, nu mangrupa période kahiji kalungguhan Mahathir. Ka média sanggeus ilubiung dina acara dinner dina rangka ulang taun ka-35 Universitas Binary, sakumaha anu dikutip ku The Star, Mahathir nyarios yén anjeunna kacida sedihna.{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=Presiden Indonésia | before=[[Suharto]] | after=[[Abdurrahman Wahid]] | years=1998 - 1999 }}
{{succession box | title=Wakil Presiden Indonésia | before=[[Try Sutrisno]] | after=[[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] | years=1998 }}
{{end box}}
==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist}}
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1936]]
[[Kategori:Présidén Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]]</text>
      <sha1>9oh3yt8rrbyn2np2stottpfw24jjcq0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Carulang</title>
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      <text bytes="2508" sha1="38piaujginwzi5q9fpjgfs3gam74yml" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = Carulang
|image = Eleusine indica, closeup.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
|tribus = Eragrostideae
|genus = ''[[Eleusine]]''
|species = '''''E. indica'''''
|binomial = ''Eleusine indica''
|binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gaertn.]]
|}}
'''Carulang''' ('''''Eleusine indica''''') nyaéta jukut leutik taunan nu sumebar di wewengkon haneut di sakuliah dunya nepi ka kira 50 darajat garis lintang, kaasup [[spésiés invasif]].&lt;ref name=”Priyadi”&gt;{{Cite book | title = Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: A Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution, and Use| last = Hari Priyadi, Gen Takao, Irma Rahmawati, Bambang Supriyanto, Wim Ikbal Nursal, Ismail Rahman| first =Priyadi | publisher =CIFOR | location =Bogor| year =2010|ISBN=9786028693226 |pages = 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Ieu spésiés milampah [[fotosintésis|fotosintésis C4]], ku kituna bisa hirup dina hawa anu panas. najan disebut taunan, ieu jukut bisa tetep hirup leuwih lila di wewengkon anu teu katarajang salju.&lt;ref name=”Priyadi”/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Justus”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus| last =Karl Hasskarl| publisher = J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =5|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=id&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 28 Mei 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}
== Tumbu kaluar ==
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8961,8962 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 USDA Plants Profile: ''Eleusine indica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430064741/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 |date=2013-04-30 }}
*[http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Eleusine_indica&amp;type=treatment Grass Manual Treatment]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Eleusine+indica Photo gallery]
*[http://weedipedia.net/wiki/index.php5?title=Eleusine_indica weedipedia.net]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Commons|Category:Eleusine indica}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Invasive plant species]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]
[[Kategori:Gulma]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12887" sha1="gh98k5xf2jwkooq0ha96oyzb748sl53" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Harris Corporation
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[Image:Harris corporation.png|220px]]
|-
! Tipe
| [[Public company|Publik]]
|-
! Diadegkeun
| 1895
|-
! Kantor puseur
| [[Melbourne, Florida]], Amérika Sarikat
|-
! Inohong konci
| William M. Brown (CEO)
|-
! Industri
| [[Parabot Télékomunikasi]]
|-
! Produk
| [[Defense contractor|Pertahanan]] sarta [[Telecommunication|Komunikasi]]
|-
! Padamel
| 16.900 &lt;small&gt;(2011)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot;&gt;{{citation | author = Harris Corporation | publication-date = 2011-08-29 | title = Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 1, 2011 | publisher = U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | url = http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/202058/000095012311081041/g27195e10vk.htm | accessdate=2011-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Situs wéb
| [http://www.harris.com/ www.harris.com]
|}

'''Harris Corporation''' nyaéta hiji pausahaan téknologi Amérika Sarikat, kontraktor pertahanan, sarta panyadia jasa téknologi inpormasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;Bloomberg. (2011). &quot;Harris Corp Profile&quot;. [https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/HRS:US Bloomberg Business].&lt;/ref&gt; Pausahaan ieu mibanda kantor puseur di [[Melbourne, Florida]], Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot; /&gt; 

Harris Corporation diadegkeun dina taun 1895 sarta geus jadi salah sahiji pamaén utama dina industri parabot télékomunikasi sarta sistem pertahanan.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;Harris Corporation. (2010). ''Harris History: 115 Years of Innovation''. Melbourne: Harris Corporate Relations.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2011, Harris kacatet mibanda leuwih ti 16.000 pagawé anu kasebar di rupa-rupa divisi operasionalna.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot; /&gt; Pausahaan ieu fokus kana rupa-rupa widang téknologi saperti komunikasi nirkabel, sistem intelijen, sarta jaringan terintegrasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;

=== Sajarah ===
[[Image:KL Harris MR80C88 MilSpec.jpg|thumb|left|Harris MR80C88 processor.]]
Pausahaan ieu mimitina diadegkeun ku Alfred S. Harris sarta Charles Harris di Niles, Ohio.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; Dina kamekaranana, Harris Corporation geus ngaliwatan rupa-rupa merger sarta akuisisi anu nguatkeun posisina dina pasar téknologi global.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; Salah sahiji titik balik penting nyaéta nalika pausahaan ieu pindah kantor puseur ka Florida dina taun 1978 pikeun leuwih deukeut ka puseur téknologi dirgantara.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

Taun 1959, maranéhanana ngaakuisisi PRD Electronics ti [[Brooklyn, New York]], nguatkeun téknologi  [[microwave]].{{citation needed|needs money. needs cite to determine how important this is. They acquired some firms, some of whom were not that important|date=February 2012}}

Dina taun 1967, maranéhanana ngagabung jeung Radiation, Inc. [[Melbourne, Florida]], salah sahiji pangembang anteneu, sirkuit terpadu, sarta téknologi modém anu dipaké dina [[rohang jomantara]]: tina pamekaran bisnis [[semiconductor]] ieu anu saterusna jadi [[Intersil]] taun 1999. Kantor puseur pausahaan dipindahkeun ti Cleveland ka Melbourne taun 1978.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Dina taun 1969, Harris Corporation ngaakuisisi RF Communications sarta [[Farinon]], nuluykeun asét microwave-na. Operasi Printing nu dijual taun 1983 sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh minangka  [[GSS Printing Equipment]].  GSS Printing Equipment saterusna ngaakuisisi [[Lanier Worldwide]], laju eureun ti Harris Corporation di ahir taun 1990s.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}{{clarify|need financial details to indicate importance|date=February 2012}}

Dina ahir taun 1980s, Harris meuli divisi semikonduktor ti [[RCA]] sanggeus [[GE]]ngaakuisisi RCA, saterusna sarua ngajual ka  [[Texas Instruments]] di ahir taun 1990-an atawa awal taun 2000-an.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}{{clarify|need basic financial details so reader can determine importance|date=February 2012}}  TI masih (nepi ka Séptember 2006) nyieun [[4000 series|CD4000]] kulawarga chip logika [[CMOS]] awalna ditawarkeun ku RCA sarta diakuisisi ku TI ngaliwatan Harris.

Dina taun 1996, Harris Corporation nyieun gawé bareng jeung Shenzhen Telecom Company pikeun mroduksi sarta ngajual radio microwave digital Harris sarta ngaintegrasikeun maranéhanana jeung sistem séjén pikeun méré solusi télékomunikasi anu pepek.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}{{clarify|Shezhen not a notable company. Need financial details or SOMETHING to understand importance. Else seems like [[WP:SPAM]] for Shenzhen|date=February 2012}}

Dina taun 2005, pausahaan méakkeun $870 juta dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | first=Patrick | last=Peterson | title=Harris considers PB overhaul | url=http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=355471&amp;rc=bz | work= | publisher=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=1E | date=17 October 2010 | id= | accessdate= }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Januari 2011 Harris muka [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] operasi avionic, Harris Canada Inc., anak pausahaan anu sapinuhna dipiboga ku Harris Corporation. Operasi fasilitas nu anyar nyaéta pangrojong ti pakasaban anu baris dipungkas di handapeun pausahaan salila genep taun, kontrak jasa $273 juta (CAD) jeung Pamaréntah Kanada pikeun program [[CF-18]] Avionics Optimized Wéapon System Support (OWSS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harris.com/feature/calgary2011/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704185045/http://harris.com/feature/calgary2011/ |date=2015-07-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pupuhu Éksékutip===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Chief executives'''
|-
! Nami !! Jabatan !! Lami Ngajabat
|-
| Alfred S. Harris || présidént || 1895–1947
|-
| Vernon Mitchell ||  || 1947–1955
|-
| Géorge S. Dively || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1955–1972
|-
| Richard B. Tullis || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1972–1978
|-
| Joseph A. Boyd || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1978–1987
|-
| John T. Hartley || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1987 – June 1995
|-
| Phillip W. Farmer || Chairman, Céo &amp; présidént || Juli 1995 – Januari 2003
|-
| Howard L. Lance || Chairman, Céo &amp; présidént || Februari 2003 – Oktober 2011
|-
| William M. Brown || Céo &amp; présidént || Nopember 2011 – kiwari
|}

==Kiwari==
Harris nyaéta pausahaan komunikasi internasional sarta  téknologi informasi anu ngaladénan pasar pamaréntah sarta komérsial disakumna dunya.  Kantor puseurna di Melbourne, Florida, pausahaan mibanda panghasilan taunan  kira-kira $ 6 milyar sarta  leuwih ti 16.900 pagawé - kaasup ampir 7.000 insinyur sarta ilmuwan .&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot;/&gt;

==Déwan Diréksi==
* William M. Brown - Chief Executive Officer
* [[Howard Lance|Howard L. Lance]] – Chairman of the Board
* Thomas A. Dattilo
* Terry D. Growcock
* Lewis Hay III
* Karen Katen
* Stephen P. Kaufman
* [[Leslie F. Kenne]]
* David B. Rickard
* Dr. James C. Stoffel
* Gregory T. Swienton
* Hansel E. Tookes II

==Widang Usaha==
===Komunikasi RF===
RF Communications&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rfcomm.harris.com Tactical Radios &amp; Defense Communications | Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025051/http://www.rfcomm.harris.com/ |date=2011-10-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta pamasok global komunikasi radio taktis nu kawentar aman  pikeun organisasi pamaréntah militer, pertahanan sarta nu séjénna.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Kulawarga Falcon ti software-defined sistem radio ngawengku  manpack, radio bergerak, telepon keupeul sarta aplikasi radio peran-pribadi.  Falcon III disebut-sebut minangka generasi saterusna ti multiband, radio multimission taktis anu bisa digabungkeun jeung raramat komunikasi medan perang  ngaliwatan pangabisa raramat bandwith maranéhanana.  Harris Public Safety sarta Professional Communications&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pspc.harris.com Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210102058/http://pspc.harris.com/ |date=2013-02-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngadésain sarta ngawangun raramat komunikasi sarta produk pikeun langganan dina kasalametan umum, sipil, agén-agén federal, utilitas, transportasi sarta pasar transit. Produk ngawengku VIDA raramat, ka P25IP sarta sistem komunikasi  nirkabel OpenSky mangrupa réspondén kahiji kana solusi  Broadband VIDA  pikeun Intelligent Transportation Systems. Kalayan dumasar kana kombinasi IP (Internet Protocol) -dumasar  VIDA raramat sarta radio portabel multiband Unity XG-100, Harris PS&amp;PC nyatakeun minangka pamingpin industri dina end-to-end interoperabilitas.

===Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah===
Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah ngamekarkeun, mroduksi, ngaintegrasikeun, sarta ngarojong sistem pikeun pertahanan, intelijén nasional, federal sarta langganan sipil. Ieu ngaladénan basis langganan anu rupa-rupa kaasup Departemen Pertahanan AS sarta agén-agén intelijén nasional, sarta lembaga-lembaga sipil federal kawas Federal Aviation Administration, Census Biro, Departemen Kahakiman, Departemen Luar Nagari, sarta National Océanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah boga fungsi minangka mesin téknologi canggih pikeun portofolio bisnis anu rupa-rupa pausahaan {{Clarify|date=November 2009}} sarta diwangun ti tilu langganan bisnis anu fokus  kana Program Pertahanan,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/defense Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207083138/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/defense/ |date=2013-02-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; National Intelligence Programs,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/intelligence/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050145/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/intelligence/ |date=2013-01-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Program Sivil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/civil/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325025451/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/civil/ |date=2013-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Solusi Integrasi Raramat===
Solusi Integrasi Raramat, anu ngawengku Komunikasi Broadcast, [[solusi]]  supléy téknologi  ka stasion TV sarta raramat; kabel, satelit, télékomunikasi sarta panyadia konten; langganan pamaréntah, sarta olahraga sarta organisasi hiburan.

==Daftar anu diakuisisi ku Harris==
Di handap ieu daptar kabéh akuisisi Harris, mimiti taun 1995.
* Carefx (2011)
* Schlumberger Global Communications Services (GCS) Division (2011)
* CapRock Communications (2010)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harris.com/view_pressrelease.asp?act=lookup&amp;pr_id=3046 Harris Corporation Completes Acquisition of CapRock Communications&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151654/http://www.harris.com/view_pressrelease.asp?act=lookup&amp;pr_id=3046 |date=2012-03-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SignaCert (2010)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/technology/2010/05/harris-cyber-signacert|title= Communications company Harris Corp to acquire IT compliance organisation|date=May 2010|publisher=newstatesman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SolaCom ATC Solutions (2009)
* Tyco Electronics (MA-COM) Wireless Systems (2009)
* Crucial Security, Inc. (2009)
* Zandar Technologies Ltd. (2007)
* [[Multimax]] (2007)
* Aastra Digital Vidéo (2006)
* Optimal Solutions, Inc. (2006)
* [[Leitch Technology]] (2005)
* Orkand Corporation (2004 – Now Harris Enterprise Services)
* Encoda Systems (2004)
* ImageLinks, Inc. (2004)
* Hirschmann Multimedia Communications Network (2001)
* Exigent International, Inc. (2001)
* Wavtrace, Inc. (2000)
* Lucent Technologies' Point-to-Point Microwave Business (2000)
* Louth Automation (2000)
* Audio Broadcast Group, Inc. (1999)
* Pacific Reséarch &amp; Engineering Corporation (1999)
* CHOICE Microsystems (1999)
* Intraplex, Inc. (1999)
* Agfa Copying Systems, Inc. (1998)
* Trans-Comp, Inc. (1998 – Spun-off with Lanier Worldwide)
* Northéast Broadcast Lab (1997)
* NovAtel Communications (1995)
* Triplett Corporation's Cellular and Telecommunications Business (1995)

==Tempo ogé==
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
* [[57th Technology &amp; Engineering Emmy Awards]]

==Référénsi==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.harris.com/ Company Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021094345/https://www.harris.com/ |date=2020-10-21 }}
*[http://www.harris.com/company-history.html Company History]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris Corporation}}
[[Kategori:Companies based in Brevard County, Florida]]
[[Kategori:Companies established in 1895]]
[[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Kategori:Electronics companies]]
[[Kategori:Multinational companies]]
[[Kategori:Type foundries]]
[[Kategori:Cold Type Foundries]]
[[Kategori:Pausahaan di Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Téknologi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14366" sha1="9vp2y2apdti1qkfy27btepesz0lv7u6" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Harris Corporation
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[Image:Harris corporation.png|220px]]
|-
! Tipe
| [[Public company|Publik]]
|-
! Diadegkeun
| 1895
|-
! Kantor puseur
| [[Melbourne, Florida]], Amérika Sarikat
|-
! Inohong konci
| William M. Brown (CEO)
|-
! Industri
| [[Parabot Télékomunikasi]]
|-
! Produk
| [[Defense contractor|Pertahanan]] sarta [[Telecommunication|Komunikasi]]
|-
! Padamel
| 16.900 &lt;small&gt;(2011)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot;&gt;{{citation | author = Harris Corporation | publication-date = 2011-08-29 | title = Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 1, 2011 | publisher = U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | url = http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/202058/000095012311081041/g27195e10vk.htm | accessdate=2011-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Situs wéb
| [http://www.harris.com/ www.harris.com]
|}

'''Harris Corporation''' nyaéta hiji pausahaan téknologi Amérika Sarikat, kontraktor pertahanan, sarta panyadia jasa téknologi inpormasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;Bloomberg. (2011). &quot;Harris Corp Profile&quot;. [https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/HRS:US Bloomberg Business].&lt;/ref&gt; Pausahaan ieu mibanda kantor puseur di [[Melbourne, Florida]], Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot; /&gt; 

Harris Corporation diadegkeun dina taun 1895 sarta geus jadi salah sahiji pamaén utama dina industri parabot télékomunikasi sarta sistem pertahanan.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;Harris Corporation. (2010). ''Harris History: 115 Years of Innovation''. Melbourne: Harris Corporate Relations.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2011, Harris kacatet mibanda leuwih ti 16.000 pagawé anu kasebar di rupa-rupa divisi operasionalna.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot; /&gt; Pausahaan ieu fokus kana rupa-rupa widang téknologi saperti komunikasi nirkabel, sistem intelijen, sarta jaringan terintegrasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;

=== Sajarah ===
[[Image:KL Harris MR80C88 MilSpec.jpg|thumb|left|Harris MR80C88 processor.]]
Pausahaan ieu mimitina diadegkeun ku Alfred S. Harris sarta Charles Harris di Niles, Ohio.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; Dina kamekaranana, Harris Corporation geus ngaliwatan rupa-rupa merger sarta akuisisi anu nguatkeun posisina dina pasar téknologi global.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; Salah sahiji titik balik penting nyaéta nalika pausahaan ieu pindah kantor puseur ka Florida dina taun 1978 pikeun leuwih deukeut ka puseur téknologi dirgantara.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

Taun 1959, maranéhanana ngaakuisisi PRD Electronics ti [[Brooklyn, New York]], nguatkeun téknologi  [[microwave]].{{citation needed|needs money. needs cite to determine how important this is. They acquired some firms, some of whom were not that important|date=February 2012}}

Dina taun 1967, maranéhanana ngagabung jeung Radiation, Inc. [[Melbourne, Florida]], salah sahiji pangembang anteneu, sirkuit terpadu, sarta téknologi modém anu dipaké dina [[rohang jomantara]]: tina pamekaran bisnis [[semiconductor]] ieu anu saterusna jadi [[Intersil]] taun 1999. Kantor puseur pausahaan dipindahkeun ti Cleveland ka Melbourne taun 1978.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Taun 1959, Harris Corporation ngaakuisisi PRD Electronics ti [[Brooklyn, New York]], anu mangrupa léngkah strategis pikeun nguatkeun téknologi [[microwave]] sarta alat ukur éléktronik.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;Harris Corporation. (2010). ''Harris History: 115 Years of Innovation''. Melbourne: Harris Corporate Relations.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina taun 1967, pausahaan ieu ngagabung (merger) jeung Radiation, Inc. ti [[Melbourne, Florida]], salah sahiji pangembang anteneu, sirkuit terpadu, sarta téknologi modém anu dipaké dina [[rohang jomantara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FundingUniverse&quot;&gt;FundingUniverse. &quot;Harris Corporation History&quot;. [http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/harris-corporation-history/ FundingUniverse Archive].&lt;/ref&gt; Tina pamekaran bisnis [[semiconductor]] ieu pisan anu saterusna jadi [[Intersil]] nalika dipisahkeun (spin-off) jadi pausahaan mandiri dina taun 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Intersil&quot;&gt;Intersil News. (1999). &quot;Harris Corporation Announces Completion of Semiconductor Spin-off&quot;. [https://www.intersil.com Intersil Corporate Press].&lt;/ref&gt; Kantor puseur pausahaan saterusna dipindahkeun ti Cleveland ka Melbourne taun 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1969, Harris Corporation ngaakuisisi RF Communications sarta [[Farinon]], anu sacara signifikan ngalegaan asét microwave sarta infrastruktur komunikasi nirkabelna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;Bloomberg. (2011). &quot;Harris Corp Profile&quot;. [https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/HRS:US Bloomberg Business].&lt;/ref&gt; Operasi bisnis percétakan (Printing) dijual dina taun 1983 ka [[GSS Printing Equipment]], sangkan pausahaan bisa leuwih fokus kana widang éléktronika sarta komunikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; GSS Printing Equipment saterusna ngaakuisisi [[Lanier Worldwide]], anu pamustunganana misah ti Harris Corporation di ahir taun 1990-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;FundingUniverse&quot; /&gt;

Dina ahir taun 1980-an, Harris meuli divisi semikonduktor ti [[RCA]] sanggeus [[GE]] ngaakuisisi RCA, hiji transaksi anu ngajadikeun Harris salah sahiji produsen semikonduktor pangbadagna di Amérika harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT88&quot;&gt;The New York Times. (1988). &quot;Harris to Buy GE Semiconductor&quot;. [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/business/harris-to-buy-ge-semiconductor.html NYT Archives].&lt;/ref&gt; Divisi ieu saterusna dijual ka [[Texas Instruments]] (TI) dina taun 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI98&quot;&gt;Texas Instruments. (1998). &quot;TI to acquire Harris' logic and standard analog product lines&quot;. [https://www.ti.com TI Press Release].&lt;/ref&gt; Nepi ka ayeuna, TI masih mroduksi kulawarga chip logika [[CMOS]] [[4000 series|CD4000]] anu asalna dikembangkeun ku RCA sarta diwariskeun ngaliwatan Harris.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI98&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1996, Harris Corporation nyieun gawé bareng (joint venture) jeung Shenzhen Telecom Company pikeun mroduksi sarta ngajual radio microwave digital Harris di pasar Asia, anu mangrupa bagian tina ékspansi global pausahaan dina solusi télékomunikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 2005, pausahaan méakkeun $870 juta dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | first=Patrick | last=Peterson | title=Harris considers PB overhaul | url=http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=355471&amp;rc=bz | work= | publisher=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=1E | date=17 October 2010 | id= | accessdate= }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Januari 2011 Harris muka [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] operasi avionic, Harris Canada Inc., anak pausahaan anu sapinuhna dipiboga ku Harris Corporation. Operasi fasilitas nu anyar nyaéta pangrojong ti pakasaban anu baris dipungkas di handapeun pausahaan salila genep taun, kontrak jasa $273 juta (CAD) jeung Pamaréntah Kanada pikeun program [[CF-18]] Avionics Optimized Wéapon System Support (OWSS).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harris.com/feature/calgary2011/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704185045/http://harris.com/feature/calgary2011/ |date=2015-07-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pupuhu Éksékutip===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Chief executives'''
|-
! Nami !! Jabatan !! Lami Ngajabat
|-
| Alfred S. Harris || présidént || 1895–1947
|-
| Vernon Mitchell ||  || 1947–1955
|-
| Géorge S. Dively || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1955–1972
|-
| Richard B. Tullis || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1972–1978
|-
| Joseph A. Boyd || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1978–1987
|-
| John T. Hartley || Chairman &amp; Céo || 1987 – June 1995
|-
| Phillip W. Farmer || Chairman, Céo &amp; présidént || Juli 1995 – Januari 2003
|-
| Howard L. Lance || Chairman, Céo &amp; présidént || Februari 2003 – Oktober 2011
|-
| William M. Brown || Céo &amp; présidént || Nopember 2011 – kiwari
|}

==Kiwari==
Harris nyaéta pausahaan komunikasi internasional sarta  téknologi informasi anu ngaladénan pasar pamaréntah sarta komérsial disakumna dunya.  Kantor puseurna di Melbourne, Florida, pausahaan mibanda panghasilan taunan  kira-kira $ 6 milyar sarta  leuwih ti 16.900 pagawé - kaasup ampir 7.000 insinyur sarta ilmuwan .&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Form 10-K&quot;/&gt;

==Déwan Diréksi==
* William M. Brown - Chief Executive Officer
* [[Howard Lance|Howard L. Lance]] – Chairman of the Board
* Thomas A. Dattilo
* Terry D. Growcock
* Lewis Hay III
* Karen Katen
* Stephen P. Kaufman
* [[Leslie F. Kenne]]
* David B. Rickard
* Dr. James C. Stoffel
* Gregory T. Swienton
* Hansel E. Tookes II

==Widang Usaha==
===Komunikasi RF===
RF Communications&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rfcomm.harris.com Tactical Radios &amp; Defense Communications | Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025051/http://www.rfcomm.harris.com/ |date=2011-10-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta pamasok global komunikasi radio taktis nu kawentar aman  pikeun organisasi pamaréntah militer, pertahanan sarta nu séjénna.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Kulawarga Falcon ti software-defined sistem radio ngawengku  manpack, radio bergerak, telepon keupeul sarta aplikasi radio peran-pribadi.  Falcon III disebut-sebut minangka generasi saterusna ti multiband, radio multimission taktis anu bisa digabungkeun jeung raramat komunikasi medan perang  ngaliwatan pangabisa raramat bandwith maranéhanana.  Harris Public Safety sarta Professional Communications&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pspc.harris.com Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210102058/http://pspc.harris.com/ |date=2013-02-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngadésain sarta ngawangun raramat komunikasi sarta produk pikeun langganan dina kasalametan umum, sipil, agén-agén federal, utilitas, transportasi sarta pasar transit. Produk ngawengku VIDA raramat, ka P25IP sarta sistem komunikasi  nirkabel OpenSky mangrupa réspondén kahiji kana solusi  Broadband VIDA  pikeun Intelligent Transportation Systems. Kalayan dumasar kana kombinasi IP (Internet Protocol) -dumasar  VIDA raramat sarta radio portabel multiband Unity XG-100, Harris PS&amp;PC nyatakeun minangka pamingpin industri dina end-to-end interoperabilitas.

===Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah===
Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah ngamekarkeun, mroduksi, ngaintegrasikeun, sarta ngarojong sistem pikeun pertahanan, intelijén nasional, federal sarta langganan sipil. Ieu ngaladénan basis langganan anu rupa-rupa kaasup Departemen Pertahanan AS sarta agén-agén intelijén nasional, sarta lembaga-lembaga sipil federal kawas Federal Aviation Administration, Census Biro, Departemen Kahakiman, Departemen Luar Nagari, sarta National Océanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Sistim Komunikasi Pamarétah boga fungsi minangka mesin téknologi canggih pikeun portofolio bisnis anu rupa-rupa pausahaan {{Clarify|date=November 2009}} sarta diwangun ti tilu langganan bisnis anu fokus  kana Program Pertahanan,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/defense Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207083138/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/defense/ |date=2013-02-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; National Intelligence Programs,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/intelligence/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050145/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/intelligence/ |date=2013-01-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Program Sivil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.govcomm.harris.com/civil/ Harris Corporation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325025451/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/civil/ |date=2013-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Solusi Integrasi Raramat===
Solusi Integrasi Raramat, anu ngawengku Komunikasi Broadcast, [[solusi]]  supléy téknologi  ka stasion TV sarta raramat; kabel, satelit, télékomunikasi sarta panyadia konten; langganan pamaréntah, sarta olahraga sarta organisasi hiburan.

==Daftar anu diakuisisi ku Harris==
Di handap ieu daptar kabéh akuisisi Harris, mimiti taun 1995.
* Carefx (2011)
* Schlumberger Global Communications Services (GCS) Division (2011)
* CapRock Communications (2010)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harris.com/view_pressrelease.asp?act=lookup&amp;pr_id=3046 Harris Corporation Completes Acquisition of CapRock Communications&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151654/http://www.harris.com/view_pressrelease.asp?act=lookup&amp;pr_id=3046 |date=2012-03-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SignaCert (2010)*&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/technology/2010/05/harris-cyber-signacert|title= Communications company Harris Corp to acquire IT compliance organisation|date=May 2010|publisher=newstatesman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SolaCom ATC Solutions (2009)
* Tyco Electronics (MA-COM) Wireless Systems (2009)
* Crucial Security, Inc. (2009)
* Zandar Technologies Ltd. (2007)
* [[Multimax]] (2007)
* Aastra Digital Vidéo (2006)
* Optimal Solutions, Inc. (2006)
* [[Leitch Technology]] (2005)
* Orkand Corporation (2004 – Now Harris Enterprise Services)
* Encoda Systems (2004)
* ImageLinks, Inc. (2004)
* Hirschmann Multimedia Communications Network (2001)
* Exigent International, Inc. (2001)
* Wavtrace, Inc. (2000)
* Lucent Technologies' Point-to-Point Microwave Business (2000)
* Louth Automation (2000)
* Audio Broadcast Group, Inc. (1999)
* Pacific Reséarch &amp; Engineering Corporation (1999)
* CHOICE Microsystems (1999)
* Intraplex, Inc. (1999)
* Agfa Copying Systems, Inc. (1998)
* Trans-Comp, Inc. (1998 – Spun-off with Lanier Worldwide)
* Northéast Broadcast Lab (1997)
* NovAtel Communications (1995)
* Triplett Corporation's Cellular and Telecommunications Business (1995)

==Tempo ogé==
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
* [[57th Technology &amp; Engineering Emmy Awards]]

==Référénsi==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.harris.com/ Company Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021094345/https://www.harris.com/ |date=2020-10-21 }}
*[http://www.harris.com/company-history.html Company History]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris Corporation}}
[[Kategori:Companies based in Brevard County, Florida]]
[[Kategori:Companies established in 1895]]
[[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Kategori:Electronics companies]]
[[Kategori:Multinational companies]]
[[Kategori:Type foundries]]
[[Kategori:Cold Type Foundries]]
[[Kategori:Pausahaan di Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Téknologi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708256</id>
      <parentid>653530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T04:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nambihan kategori</comment>
      <origin>708256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2988" sha1="kcezhwzybaargqrmfu3azmprs4l328p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Belalang kawin.jpg|thumb|Simeut salaku hama]]
'''Hama''' nyaéta [[sato]]; ''organismé'' nu ngaganggu [[produksi]] [[pertanian]] misalna [[céléng]], [[bajing]], [[beurit]], jeung nu pangutamana [[serangga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{id}}[http://kbbi.web.id/hama Hama] (diakses 9 Juli 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. Hama ogé bisa disebut sagala jinis sasatoan nu ngarugikeun jeung ngaganggu [[tutuwuhan]] nu eukeur dibudidayakeun ku [[manusa]] jeung lain [[tutuwuhan]] liar nu aya di [[alam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://www.infolengkap.net/2014/12/hama-gulma-penyakit-tumbuhan-pengertian-jenis-contoh.html Hama, Gulma dan Penyakit Tumbuhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511141428/http://www.infolengkap.net/2014/12/hama-gulma-penyakit-tumbuhan-pengertian-jenis-contoh.html |date=2015-05-11 }} (diakses 9 Juli 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Sato]] ieu bisa nyababkeun karusakan, jeung aya sababaraha [[sato]] nu bisa nyababkeun panyakit husus kana [[tutuwuhan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lamun diklasifikasikeun, hama bakal dogolongkeun kana sababaraha jinis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hama2&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Teknik Menanggulangi Serangga Hama Kehutanan Menggunakan Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman| last= Nur Aminah Ngatimin| first= Sri| coauthors =Zakiah Uslinawaty| year= 2013|page=17|location=Jakarta| publisher=Penerbit LeutikaPrio| isbn=9786023717200|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=5KGqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=hama+adalah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN0Nr41tnuAhXNAnIKHc1_DpwQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=hama%20adalah&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;											
Hama teu datang tina luhur [[taneuh]] waé, bisa ogé tina jero [[taneuh]] éta sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hama saperti ieu sok narajang [[tutuwuhan]] nu dicokot beutina hususna [[kentang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Hama nu dikenal salaku [[nématoda]] sistem [[konéng]] ieu narajang keur [[usum]] [[hujan]], akibatna [[kentang]] jadi [[gering]] nu dicirikeun ku konengna [[daun]] anu saterusna bakal [[paéh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hama&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu: Konsep, Taktik, Strategi, Penyusunan Program PHT, dan Implementasinya| last= Mudjiono| first= Gatot| coauthors =Universitas Brawijaya Press| year= 2013|page=64|location=Malang| publisher=Universitas Brawijaya Press| isbn=9786022031970|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RLljDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA64&amp;dq=hama+adalah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN0Nr41tnuAhXNAnIKHc1_DpwQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=hama%20adalah&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;											


==Jinis hama tutuwuhan==

*'''Molusca''', di antarana [[bekicot]], [[siput]], jeung sajabana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*'''Aves''', bangsa [[manuk]], [[hayam]] (lamun ngaganggu/ngadaharan tutuwuhan).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*'''gegeremet''', jins nu panglobana, misalkeun [[simeut]], [[hileud]], [[Wereng coklat|wereng]], [[kumbang]], jeung sajabana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*'''Mamalia''', [[Beurit]] nyaéta salah sahiji conto nu sok kapanggih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Agronomi]]
[[Kategori:Pertanian]]
[[Kategori:Tatanén]]
[[Kategori:Biologi]]</text>
      <sha1>kcezhwzybaargqrmfu3azmprs4l328p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paku tihang beureum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708234</id>
      <parentid>681127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T23:15:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ngalereskeun info box</comment>
      <origin>708234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26151" sha1="kwopmgog1mws3j1vedty50lbpm8veqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[[[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]]]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* **Bahan Wangunan**: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun panyangga atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* **Katuangan**: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
'''''Paku tihang beureum ''''' ; ''Alsophila'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. '' Alsophila '' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Molékuler filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =151|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater|accessdate=(disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')
*''[[Alsophila rigens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rigens'')
*''[[Alsophila rolandii]]''
*''[[Alsophila roroka]]''
*''[[Alsophila rosenstockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ascendens'')
*''[[Alsophila rouhaniana]]''
*''[[Alsophila rubella]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubella'')
*''[[Alsophila rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubiginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rufopannosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rufopannosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rupestris]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rupestris'')
*''[[Alsophila saccata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea saccata'')
*''[[Alsophila salletii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salletii'')
*''[[Alsophila salvinii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salvinii'')
*''[[Alsophila scandens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea scandens'')
*''[[Alsophila schlechteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schlechteri'')
*''[[Alsophila schliebenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fadenii'')
*''[[Alsophila sechellarum]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sechellarum'')
*''[[Alsophila semiamplectens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea semiamplectens'')
*''[[Alsophila serratifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea serratifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila setosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setosa'')
*''[[Alsophila setulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila similis]]''
*''[[Alsophila simulans]]''
*''[[Alsophila sinuata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sinuata'')
*''[[Alsophila smithii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea smithii'')
*''[[Alsophila societarum]]''
*''[[Alsophila solomonensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea solomonensis'')
*''[[Alsophila spinulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea spinulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila stelligera]]''
*''[[Alsophila sternbergii]]''
*''[[Alsophila subdubia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subdubia'')
*''[[Alsophila subtripinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subtripinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila sumatrana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sumatrana'')
*''[[Alsophila tanzaniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schliebenii'')
*''[[Alsophila tenuis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tenuicaulis'')
*''[[Alsophila ternatea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ternatea'')
*''[[Alsophila thomsonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea thomsonii'')
*''[[Alsophila tryoniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tryoniana'')
*''[[Alsophila tsaratananensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila tsilotsilensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tsilotsilensis'')
*''[[Alsophila tussacii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tussacii'')
*''[[Alsophila tuyamae]]''
*''[[Alsophila urbanii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea urbanii'')
*''[[Alsophila valdesquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila vandeusenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vandeusenii'')
*''[[Alsophila veitchii]]''
*''[[Alsophila vieillardii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vieillardii'')
*''[[Alsophila viguieri]]''
*''[[Alsophila walkerae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea walkerae'')
*''[[Alsophila weidenbrueckii]]''
*''[[Alsophila welwitschii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea welwitschii'')
*''[[Alsophila wengiensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea wengiensis'')
*''[[Alsophila woodwardioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woodwardioides'')
*''[[Alsophila woollsiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woollsiana'')
*''[[Alsophila zakamenensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea zakamenensis''
{{div col end}}

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26147" sha1="a1tjvzjng73o0x7cdympuztveiuiiph" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* **Bahan Wangunan**: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun panyangga atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* **Katuangan**: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
'''''Paku tihang beureum ''''' ; ''Alsophila'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. '' Alsophila '' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Molékuler filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =151|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater|accessdate=(disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')
*''[[Alsophila rigens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rigens'')
*''[[Alsophila rolandii]]''
*''[[Alsophila roroka]]''
*''[[Alsophila rosenstockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ascendens'')
*''[[Alsophila rouhaniana]]''
*''[[Alsophila rubella]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubella'')
*''[[Alsophila rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubiginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rufopannosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rufopannosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rupestris]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rupestris'')
*''[[Alsophila saccata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea saccata'')
*''[[Alsophila salletii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salletii'')
*''[[Alsophila salvinii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salvinii'')
*''[[Alsophila scandens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea scandens'')
*''[[Alsophila schlechteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schlechteri'')
*''[[Alsophila schliebenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fadenii'')
*''[[Alsophila sechellarum]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sechellarum'')
*''[[Alsophila semiamplectens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea semiamplectens'')
*''[[Alsophila serratifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea serratifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila setosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setosa'')
*''[[Alsophila setulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila similis]]''
*''[[Alsophila simulans]]''
*''[[Alsophila sinuata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sinuata'')
*''[[Alsophila smithii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea smithii'')
*''[[Alsophila societarum]]''
*''[[Alsophila solomonensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea solomonensis'')
*''[[Alsophila spinulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea spinulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila stelligera]]''
*''[[Alsophila sternbergii]]''
*''[[Alsophila subdubia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subdubia'')
*''[[Alsophila subtripinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subtripinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila sumatrana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sumatrana'')
*''[[Alsophila tanzaniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schliebenii'')
*''[[Alsophila tenuis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tenuicaulis'')
*''[[Alsophila ternatea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ternatea'')
*''[[Alsophila thomsonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea thomsonii'')
*''[[Alsophila tryoniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tryoniana'')
*''[[Alsophila tsaratananensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila tsilotsilensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tsilotsilensis'')
*''[[Alsophila tussacii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tussacii'')
*''[[Alsophila tuyamae]]''
*''[[Alsophila urbanii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea urbanii'')
*''[[Alsophila valdesquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila vandeusenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vandeusenii'')
*''[[Alsophila veitchii]]''
*''[[Alsophila vieillardii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vieillardii'')
*''[[Alsophila viguieri]]''
*''[[Alsophila walkerae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea walkerae'')
*''[[Alsophila weidenbrueckii]]''
*''[[Alsophila welwitschii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea welwitschii'')
*''[[Alsophila wengiensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea wengiensis'')
*''[[Alsophila woodwardioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woodwardioides'')
*''[[Alsophila woollsiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woollsiana'')
*''[[Alsophila zakamenensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea zakamenensis''
{{div col end}}

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>a1tjvzjng73o0x7cdympuztveiuiiph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708236</id>
      <parentid>708235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T23:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Kagunaan */</comment>
      <origin>708236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="26136" sha1="0r94ctx66gmyd4r19ib5xjrx7g0l5w2" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
'''''Paku tihang beureum ''''' ; ''Alsophila'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. '' Alsophila '' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Molékuler filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =151|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater|accessdate=(disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')
*''[[Alsophila rigens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rigens'')
*''[[Alsophila rolandii]]''
*''[[Alsophila roroka]]''
*''[[Alsophila rosenstockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ascendens'')
*''[[Alsophila rouhaniana]]''
*''[[Alsophila rubella]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubella'')
*''[[Alsophila rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubiginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rufopannosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rufopannosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rupestris]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rupestris'')
*''[[Alsophila saccata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea saccata'')
*''[[Alsophila salletii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salletii'')
*''[[Alsophila salvinii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salvinii'')
*''[[Alsophila scandens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea scandens'')
*''[[Alsophila schlechteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schlechteri'')
*''[[Alsophila schliebenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fadenii'')
*''[[Alsophila sechellarum]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sechellarum'')
*''[[Alsophila semiamplectens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea semiamplectens'')
*''[[Alsophila serratifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea serratifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila setosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setosa'')
*''[[Alsophila setulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila similis]]''
*''[[Alsophila simulans]]''
*''[[Alsophila sinuata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sinuata'')
*''[[Alsophila smithii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea smithii'')
*''[[Alsophila societarum]]''
*''[[Alsophila solomonensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea solomonensis'')
*''[[Alsophila spinulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea spinulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila stelligera]]''
*''[[Alsophila sternbergii]]''
*''[[Alsophila subdubia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subdubia'')
*''[[Alsophila subtripinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subtripinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila sumatrana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sumatrana'')
*''[[Alsophila tanzaniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schliebenii'')
*''[[Alsophila tenuis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tenuicaulis'')
*''[[Alsophila ternatea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ternatea'')
*''[[Alsophila thomsonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea thomsonii'')
*''[[Alsophila tryoniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tryoniana'')
*''[[Alsophila tsaratananensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila tsilotsilensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tsilotsilensis'')
*''[[Alsophila tussacii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tussacii'')
*''[[Alsophila tuyamae]]''
*''[[Alsophila urbanii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea urbanii'')
*''[[Alsophila valdesquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila vandeusenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vandeusenii'')
*''[[Alsophila veitchii]]''
*''[[Alsophila vieillardii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vieillardii'')
*''[[Alsophila viguieri]]''
*''[[Alsophila walkerae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea walkerae'')
*''[[Alsophila weidenbrueckii]]''
*''[[Alsophila welwitschii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea welwitschii'')
*''[[Alsophila wengiensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea wengiensis'')
*''[[Alsophila woodwardioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woodwardioides'')
*''[[Alsophila woollsiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woollsiana'')
*''[[Alsophila zakamenensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea zakamenensis''
{{div col end}}

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25420" sha1="1qyt3s2a3ku0ma2je123qw8qb1h8c1h" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')
*''[[Alsophila rigens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rigens'')
*''[[Alsophila rolandii]]''
*''[[Alsophila roroka]]''
*''[[Alsophila rosenstockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ascendens'')
*''[[Alsophila rouhaniana]]''
*''[[Alsophila rubella]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubella'')
*''[[Alsophila rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rubiginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rufopannosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rufopannosa'')
*''[[Alsophila rupestris]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rupestris'')
*''[[Alsophila saccata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea saccata'')
*''[[Alsophila salletii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salletii'')
*''[[Alsophila salvinii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea salvinii'')
*''[[Alsophila scandens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea scandens'')
*''[[Alsophila schlechteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schlechteri'')
*''[[Alsophila schliebenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fadenii'')
*''[[Alsophila sechellarum]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sechellarum'')
*''[[Alsophila semiamplectens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea semiamplectens'')
*''[[Alsophila serratifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea serratifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila setosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setosa'')
*''[[Alsophila setulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea setulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila similis]]''
*''[[Alsophila simulans]]''
*''[[Alsophila sinuata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sinuata'')
*''[[Alsophila smithii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea smithii'')
*''[[Alsophila societarum]]''
*''[[Alsophila solomonensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea solomonensis'')
*''[[Alsophila spinulosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea spinulosa'')
*''[[Alsophila stelligera]]''
*''[[Alsophila sternbergii]]''
*''[[Alsophila subdubia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subdubia'')
*''[[Alsophila subtripinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea subtripinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila sumatrana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea sumatrana'')
*''[[Alsophila tanzaniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea schliebenii'')
*''[[Alsophila tenuis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tenuicaulis'')
*''[[Alsophila ternatea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ternatea'')
*''[[Alsophila thomsonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea thomsonii'')
*''[[Alsophila tryoniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tryoniana'')
*''[[Alsophila tsaratananensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila tsilotsilensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tsilotsilensis'')
*''[[Alsophila tussacii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea tussacii'')
*''[[Alsophila tuyamae]]''
*''[[Alsophila urbanii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea urbanii'')
*''[[Alsophila valdesquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila vandeusenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vandeusenii'')
*''[[Alsophila veitchii]]''
*''[[Alsophila vieillardii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea vieillardii'')
*''[[Alsophila viguieri]]''
*''[[Alsophila walkerae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea walkerae'')
*''[[Alsophila weidenbrueckii]]''
*''[[Alsophila welwitschii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea welwitschii'')
*''[[Alsophila wengiensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea wengiensis'')
*''[[Alsophila woodwardioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woodwardioides'')
*''[[Alsophila woollsiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea woollsiana'')
*''[[Alsophila zakamenensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea zakamenensis''
{{div col end}}

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <id>708238</id>
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      <text bytes="22630" sha1="kus7isjvgu7ut4lepxqod8xu5gwi2uk" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <id>708239</id>
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      <text bytes="23146" sha1="4s85eka5psowotlstds6v4aa8rro0ob" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <id>708240</id>
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      <text bytes="23503" sha1="b1uyjw4bgcqxw94318d8h9uugq9vksk" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24029" sha1="4q92nfa1azj75dn35mhhhcqv0urp7wk" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>708242</id>
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      <text bytes="24238" sha1="k6ogkw0ey6z5wdhn4n63k1m09k011x0" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24601" sha1="fff0bqd0y9htz7bk5qqwmf4qthqci0p" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |bibcode=2018AnMBG.103....1D |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25233" sha1="r5viu6fza1pv7aawjegxh8ywpbwj6z4" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paku tihang beureum
| image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]''
| regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Polypodiopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cyatheales]]
| familia = [[Cyatheaceae]]
| genus = '''''Alsophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
}}

[[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']]

'''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;&lt;ref name=“Heyne”&gt;{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK &amp; Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16/&gt;&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt;&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |bibcode=2018AnMBG.103....1D |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taksonomi==
Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2/&gt; Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu  parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/&gt; Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]].  ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt; Dina taun  2018, Dong jeung  Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.&lt;ref name=DongZuo18/&gt;
{{clade
|label1=[[Cyatheaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Cyathea]]''
      |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto
         |2=''Gymnosphaera''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.&lt;ref name=NZOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=LargBrag04/&gt;

==Sebaran sareng habitat==
Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon  [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO_328001-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt; Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240/&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan.  Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&amp;nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&amp;nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&amp;nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&amp;nbsp;rebeccae]]''.&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/&gt; Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&amp;nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.&lt;ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18&gt;{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kabudayaan==
''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.&lt;ref name=TeAra&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell  (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina &quot;Henry Graham&quot; sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat:
* Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.&lt;ref name=“Heyne”/&gt;&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Spésiés===
Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.&lt;ref name=PPGI/&gt;
{{As of|2019|August}},  ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :&lt;ref name=CFLWg/&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'')
*''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'')
*''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'')
*''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'')
*''[[Alsophila acutula]]''
*''[[Alsophila albida]]''
*''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'')
*''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'')
*''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'')
*''[[Alsophila alta]]''
*''[[Alsophila alternans]]''
*''[[Alsophila alticola]]''
*''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'')
*''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'')
*''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'')
*''[[Alsophila angiensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'')
*''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'')
*''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'')
*''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'')
*''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'')
*''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'')
*''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'')
*''[[Alsophila auriculata]]''
*''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'')
*''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'')
*''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]''
*''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'')
*''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'')
*''[[Alsophila binayana]]''
*''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]''
*''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]''
*''[[Alsophila borbonica]]''
*''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'')
*[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']]
*''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'')
*''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'')
*''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'')
*''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'')
*''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]''
*''[[Alsophila bullata]]''
*''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'')
*''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'')
*''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'')
*''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'')
*''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'')
*''[[Alsophila celebica]]''
*''[[Alsophila celsa]]''
*''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'')
*''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'')
*''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'')
*''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'')
*''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'')
*''[[Alsophila conantiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila conferta]]''
*''[[Alsophila confinis]]''
*''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'')
*''[[Alsophila coursii]]''
*''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'')
*''[[Alsophila crinita]]''
*''[[Alsophila cubensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'')
*''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'')
*''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'')
*''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern)
*''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'')
*''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'')
*''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'')
*''[[Alsophila dilatata]]''
*''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'')
*''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'')
*''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'')
*''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'')
*''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'')
*''[[Alsophila elata]]''
*''[[Alsophila emilei]]''
*''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'')
*''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'')
*''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'')
*''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'')
*''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'')
*[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']]
*''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'')
*''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'')
*''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'')
*''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'')
*''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'')
*''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'')
*''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'')
*''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]''
*''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'')
*''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'')
*''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'')
*''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'')
*''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]''
*''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'')
*''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'')
*''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'')
*''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'')
*''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hebes]]''
*''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'')
*''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'')
*''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'')
*''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'')
*''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'')
*''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'')
*''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'')
*''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'')
*''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'')
*''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]''
*''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'')
*''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'')
*''[[Alsophila impolita]]''
*''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'')
*''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'')
*''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'')
*''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'')
*''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'')
*''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'')
*''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'')
*''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'')
*''[[Alsophila katoi]]''
*''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'')
*''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'')
*''[[Alsophila kirkii]]''
*''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'')
*''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]''
*''[[Alsophila lastii]]''
*''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'')
*''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'')
*''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]''
*''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'')
*''[[Alsophila lepifera]]''
*''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]''
*''[[Alsophila ligulata]]''
*''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'')
*''[[Alsophila lisyae]]''
*''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'')
*''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'')
*''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'')
*''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]''
*''[[Alsophila longispina]]''
*''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'')
*''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'')
*''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'')
*''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'')
*''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'')
*''[[Alsophila major]]''
*''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'')
*''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'')
*[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'')
*''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'')
*''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'')
*''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'')
*''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'')
*''[[Alsophila melleri]]''
*''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'')
*''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'')
*''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'')
*''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'')
*''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'')
*''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'')
*''[[Alsophila minervae]]''
*''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'')
*''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'')
*''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'')
*''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'')
*''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]''
*''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'')
*''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'')
*''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'')
*''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'')
*''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'')
*''[[Alsophila obtecta]]''
*''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'')
*''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]''
*''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'')
*''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]''
*''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'')
*''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'')
*''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'')
*''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]''
*''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'')
*''[[Alsophila pacifica]]''
*''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'')
*''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'')
*''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'')
*''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'')
*''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'')
*''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]''
*''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'')
*''[[Alsophila pilosula]]''
*''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'')
*''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'')
*''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'')
*''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'')
*''[[Alsophila poolii]]''
*''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'')
*''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'')
*''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]''
*''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'')
*''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'')
*''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'')
*''[[Alsophila quadrata]]''
*''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'')
*''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]''
*''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'')
*''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'')


== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PPGI&quot;&gt;PPG I (2016). &quot;A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns&quot;. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=CFLWg&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=DongZuo18&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=FoC_10240&gt;{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan &lt;!--|year=1994 onwards--&gt; |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IPNI_328001-2&gt;{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=LargBrag04&gt;{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NZOR&gt;{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=PPGI&gt;{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WaltBradBricCull86&gt;{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=WeigLehn16&gt;{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}}

[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]]
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]]
[[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]]
[[Kategori:Paku tihang]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
      <sha1>r5viu6fza1pv7aawjegxh8ywpbwj6z4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bugang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708260</id>
      <parentid>650135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T05:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3677" sha1="swiw0a8d2rp4jiin2dozy8mnhuavllp" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|Pikeun artikel ngeunaan [[manusa|jelema]] anu geus maot, tempo [[Babatang]]}}
[[Gambar:Autounfall_mit_Reh_(Capreolus_capreolus)_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_2016.jpg|jmpl|Bangké uncal ngora anu paéh katabrak mobil]]
[[Gambar:Coyoteelk.jpg|jmpl|[[Koyote]] keur ngahakan bugang [[elk]] pas keur usum tiris salju.]]
'''Bugang''' atawa '''Bangké''' ([[Tatakrama basa Sunda|basa Hormat]]: '''Bigang''') nyaéta awak sato anu geus paéh jeung buruk. Bugang mangrupa hakaneun penting pikeun mangpirang-pirang [[karnivora]] jeung [[omnivora]] di lolobana ékosistem anu aya di sakuliah dunya. [[Héring|Manuk héring]], [[heulang]],&lt;ref&gt;Hovenden, Frank. [http://www.comoxvalleynaturalist.bc.ca/wild_side/2003/vulture.html The Carrion Eaters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601062448/http://www.comoxvalleynaturalist.bc.ca/wild_side/2003/vulture.html|date=2010-06-01}}. Comox Valley Naturalists Society. 7 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; [[héyna]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-striped_hyena.html &quot;San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Striped hyena&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130131612/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-striped_hyena.html |date=2012-11-30 }}. San Diego Zoo. 7 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; sétan tasmania,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tasmanian_devil.html &quot;San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Tasmanian Devil&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119150611/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tasmanian_devil.html |date=2013-01-19 }}. San Diego Zoo. 7 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; [[koyote]],&lt;ref&gt;Stegemann, Eileen. [http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/skullscience.pdf &quot;Skull Science: Coyote&quot;]. NYS Department of Environmental Conservation April 2006&lt;/ref&gt; [[komodo]],&lt;ref&gt;Irvin, Randall. Attachment and Colonization of Pseudomonas aerugionsa: Role of the Surface Structures. Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an Opportunistic Pathogen. 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; [[oposum virginia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Len McDougall|title=The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&amp;pg=PA274|accessdate=27 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-1-59228-070-4|pages=274–|archive-date=2016-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516094331/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&amp;pg=PA274|dead-url=yes}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sato gegeremetan anu kaasup kana [[Famili (biologi)|famili]] [[Silphidae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John George Wood|title=Insects abroad: Being a popular account of foreign insects; their structure, habits and transformations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=10VHAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA82|accessdate=27 November 2011|year=1892|publisher=Longmans|pages=82–}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Sarcophagidae]], sarta [[bilatung]] ogé ngahakan bugang.

Bugang anu geus buruk sanggeus paéhna sato bakal narik sato gegeremetan jeung baktéri pikeun ngalakukeun ''pembusukan''. Teu lila sanggeus éta, sanyawa [[cadaverine]] jeung [[putrescine]] kaluar tina bugang minangka hasil ti aktivitas baktéri jeung ngabalukarkeun bau bugang.

Sababaraha jinis [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[fungi]] mibanda bau buruk kawas bugang pikeun narik piroséa sato gegeremetan pikeun mantuan pakembangbiakan tutuwuhan jeung éta fungi. Tutuwuhan anu kawentar kayaning [[Kembang bangké (disambiguasi)|kembang bangké]] jeung fungi anu kaasup [[Famili (biologi)|famili]] [[Phallaceae]] dipikanyaho ngaluarkeun bau buruk kawas bugang.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Zoologi]]
[[Kategori:Ékologi]]
[[Kategori:Paéhna sato]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akhlak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708250</id>
      <parentid>706183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T02:48:52Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3875" sha1="1sgn641jrob61s9bv0w0ja3d2pcosf0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass  = vcard
| bodestyle  = width: 250px; font-size: 90%;
| title      = Akhlak
| title_ar   = الأَخْلَاقُ
| image      = [[file:Ethics.jpg|220px|center|Ilustrasi kaligrafi akhlak atanapi adab.]]
| caption    = Akhlak mangrupa buah tina kaimanan jeung ibadah.
| label1     = Harti
| data1      = Tabiat, laku lampah, budi pekerti
| label2     = Asal kecap
| data2      = Basa Arab: ''Khuluq'' (خُلُق)
| label3     = Klasifikasi
| data3      = * Akhlak Mahmudah (Hadé)
* Akhlak Mazmumah (Goréng)
| label4     = Tujuan Utama
| data4      = Nyampurnakeun kamanusaan
| label5     = Role Model
| data5      = [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]]
| label6     = Dasar Hukum
| data6      = [[Al-Qur'an]] &amp; [[As-Sunnah]]
}}

'''Akhlak''' ({{lang-ar|الأَخْلَاقُ}}) nyaéta sipat anu nanceb dina jiwa manusa anu ngalahirkeun rupa-rupa lampah kalayan gampang tanpa merlukeun timbangan pikiran heula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Ghazali |title=Ihya Ulumuddin |publisher=Darul Fikr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Islam, akhlak miboga posisi anu kacida pentingna sabab jadi [[barométer]] kasampurnaan iman hiji hamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://kemenag.go.id |title=Pentingnya Akhlakul Karimah |publisher=Kemenag RI }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimologi jeung Hakekat ==
Sacara basa, ''akhlak'' mangrupa jamak tina kecap ''khuluq'' ({{lang-ar|خُلُقٌ}}) anu hartina tabiat atawa adat kabiasaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Munawwir |first=A.W. |title=Kamus Al-Munawwir}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kecap ieu sakolompok sareng kecap ''Khaliq'' (Nu Nyipta) jeung ''Makhluq'' (Nu diciptakeun), anu negeskeun yén akhlak téh mangrupa hubungan harmonis antara mahluk jeung Khalikna sarta papada mahlukna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Shihab |first=Quraish |title=Wawasan Al-Qur'an}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Klasifikasi Akhlak ==
Akhlak sacara umum dibagi jadi dua bagian gedé:
# [[Akhlak Mahmudah]] (Terpuji): Sipat-sipat hadé saperti jujur ([[sidq]]), [[amanah]], sarta wijaksana. Manusa anu sampurna imanna nyaéta anu paling hadé akhlakna ({{rtl-lang|ar|أَكْمَلُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِيمَانًا أَحْسَنُهُمْ خُلُقًا}} — HR. Abu Dawud).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4682 |title=Sunan Abi Dawud 4682}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Akhlak Mazmumah]] (Tercela): Sipat-sipat goréng anu kudu dijauhan saperti sombong, hianat, jeung dengki.

== Dasar Hukum ==
=== Al-Qur'an ===
Allah SWT muji akhlak Rasulullah SAW salaku tuladan anu pangpunjulna:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلَىٰ خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Jeung saéstuna anjeun (Muhammad) bener-bener mibanda akhlak anu kacida agungna.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Qalam: 4).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://quran.com/68/4 |title=Surah Al-Qalam - 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Hadist ===
Tujuan utama diutusna Rasulullah SAW ka alam dunya nyaéta pikeun ngoméan akhlak manusa:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{rtl-lang|ar|إِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ لِأُتَمِّمَ صَالِحَ الْأَخْلَاقِ}}
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Saéstuna Kami diutus ngan saukur pikeun nyampurnakeun akhlak anu mulya.&quot;'' (HR. Ahmad).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com |title=Musnad Ahmad}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Kadudukan Akhlak dina Islam ==
Akhlak lain ngan saukur urusan sopan santun sacara sosial, tapi mangrupa ''inti'' tina ajaran [[agama]]. Rasulullah SAW negeskeun yén perkara anu paling beurat timbanganana dina poé kiamat nyaéta akhlak anu hadé ({{rtl-lang|ar|مَا مِنْ شَيْءٍ أَثْقَلُ فِي مِيزَانِ الْمُؤْمِنِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مِنْ حُسْنِ الْخُلُقِ}} — HR. Tirmidzi).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:2002 |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Tasawuf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2025 Women's Cricket World Cup</title>
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      <text bytes="6124" sha1="i716o897yjr99ucw9g4q7yo6bh4yggq" xml:space="preserve">Kriket mangrupikeun salah sahiji olahraga anu paling populér di dunya, khususna di Asia Kidul, Inggris, sareng Australia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket|title=Cricket – Ashes, Test, T20 &amp; ODI news, scores &amp; results|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir, kriket awéwé parantos ningali kamekaran anu signifikan, boh dina hal kualitas maén sareng perhatian global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/|title=Home|last=icc|website=icc|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Salah sahiji acara anu paling bergengsi dina kriket awéwé nyaéta Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé, anu diayakeun ku Déwan Kriket Internasional (ICC) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-08|title=Women's Cricket World Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup&amp;oldid=1342308387|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Turnamén ieu janten platform utama pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun nunjukkeun kamampuan pangsaéna di tingkat internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, turnamén ieu uih deui dina skala anu langkung ageung sareng kalayan perhatian global anu ningkat &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé ==
Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1973, bahkan sateuacan turnamén lalaki&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu janten simbol penting dina perjuangan pikeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kana waktu, kualitas kaulinan ningkat sareng langkung seueur nagara anu ilubiung&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Turnamén 2025 ==
Édisi 2025 bakal diayakeun di India salaku tuan rumah utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. India dipilih kusabab basis penggemar kriket anu ageung sareng infrastruktur anu nyukupan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Pertandingan bakal dilaksanakeun di kota-kota ageung sapertos Mumbai, Delhi, sareng Bengaluru&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Stadion-stadion ieu nyumponan standar internasional pikeun ngayakeun turnamén utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Format Kompetisi ==
Turnamén ieu bakal nampilkeun dalapan dugi ka sapuluh tim pangsaéna di dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Format anu dianggo nyaéta format round-robin, kalayan unggal tim maén ngalawan silih&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Opat tim luhur bakal maju ka semifinal teras final pikeun nangtukeun juara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tim Anu Ngiluan ==
Sababaraha tim top dina turnamén ieu kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Tim kriket nasional awéwé Australia
* Tim kriket awéwé Inggris
* Tim kriket nasional awéwé India
* Tim kriket nasional awéwé Afrika Kidul

Tim-tim ieu gaduh sajarah anu kuat sareng sering janten pesaing gelar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Pamaén Béntang ==
Turnamén ieu ogé nampilkeun pamaén top dunya sapertos:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Meg Lanning
* Smriti Mandhana
* Nat Sciver-Brunt

Ayana aranjeunna ningkatkeun kualitas kaulinan sareng narik perhatian global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Téhnologi dina Turnamén ==
Pamakéan téknologi sapertos Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS) ngabantosan ningkatkeun kaadilan pertandingan &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.Salajengna, analisis data dianggo pikeun ningkatkeun strategi tim&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Téhnologi maénkeun peran penting dina ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan. Panggunaan Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS), analitik data, sareng siaran kualitas luhur ngajantenkeun pangalaman ningali langkung pikaresepeun &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi|title=Women’s ODI Team Rankings – Official One Day International Standings {{!}} ICC|last=icc|website=icc|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203132746/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi |date=2025-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salajengna, média sosial sareng platform digital ngamungkinkeun penggemar pikeun nuturkeun perkembangan turnamén sacara real time, ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Turnamén ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan ka India&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sektor pariwisata, perhotelan, sareng média ngalaman kamekaran anu signifikan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Sosial ==
Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé maénkeun peran anu penting dina ningkatkeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu ngainspirasi awéwé ngora pikeun ngudag karir dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salah sahiji aspék penting tina Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 nyaéta kontribusina kana kasamaan gender dina olahraga. Turnamén ieu nyayogikeun platform pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun ngahontal pangakuan anu sami sareng atlit lalaki&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ningkatna jumlah panongton sareng sponsor nunjukkeun yén minat kana kriket awéwé terus ningkat. Ieu ogé nyababkeun ningkatna investasi dina pamekaran atlit awéwé ngora di sababaraha nagara.

== Peran Média ==
Média maénkeun peran anu penting dina promosi turnamén&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Siaran langsung sareng média sosial ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan Ngayakeun Acara ==
Sababaraha tantangan kalebet logistik, cuaca, sareng jadwal pertandingan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nanging, kalayan manajemen anu saé, turnamén masih lancar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Kriket Awéwé ==
Turnamén ieu nandakeun tonggak penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Investasi dina pamaén ngora sareng infrastruktur bakal nangtukeun masa depan olahraga ieu&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 mangrupikeun acara anu penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé sacara global. Turnamén ieu henteu ngan ukur bakal ningkatkeun kualitas olahraga tapi ogé gaduh dampak sosial sareng ékonomi anu signifikan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Dukungan anu langkung ageung ti pamaréntah sareng organisasi olahraga diperyogikeun pikeun ngembangkeun kriket awéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, média kedah teras-terasan ngamajukeun olahraga ieu pikeun ningkatkeun popularitasna&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Soméah</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
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      <text bytes="2695" sha1="iv9rjsj5nirv1dnravp4geyrguct2wl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Raiyani muharramah- Wanita suku badui luar DSCF2861.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Soméah mangrupa ciri has sarta jati diri urang Sunda dina nampi semah.]]
'''Soméah''' nyaéta salah sahiji pasipatan sarta jati diri anu paling utama dina masarakat [[Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot;&gt;Ekadjati, Edi S. (1995). ''Kebudayaan Sunda (Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah)''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara basa, soméah hartosna marahmay, daredéh, sarta jembar budi ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 444.&lt;/ref&gt; Soméah sanés ngan saukur sikep sopan santun sacara lahiriah, nanging mangrupa cerminan tina kabeungharan haté sarta pangajén ka papada manusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamus ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java'' (1862), Jonathan Rigg nétélakeun yén soméah téh mibanda harti ''&quot;Affable, polite, kind and courteous in speech and manner&quot;'' (soméah, sopan, sarta luhung budi dina omongan jeung paripolah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Unsur-unsur Soméah ===
Saurang jalma bisa disebut soméah lamun mibanda sababaraha ciri has dina paripolahna:
* '''Amis Budi''': Némbongkeun raray anu marahmay sarta sok dibarengan ku imut ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Daredéh''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta lénggah pisan dina nampa semah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
* '''Hade Tata''': Ngagunakeun [[Undak-usuk basa Sunda|tata basa]] anu merenah nalika nyarita ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Handap Asor''': Mibanda sikep tawadu sarta henteu nembékeun kaunggulan diri di hareupeun batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Filosofi sarta Jati Diri ===
Sipat soméah raket patalina jeung filosofi hirup urang Sunda, nyaéta '''[[Silih Asih, Silih Asah, Silih Asuh]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Soméah mangrupa wujud nyata tina ajén ''Silih Asih'', nyaéta silih pikanyaah sarta ngajaga rarasaan batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamekaran sajarahna, pasipatan soméah janten salah sahiji daya tarik Tatar Sunda pikeun jalma asing anu nganjang ka Jawa Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Hal ieu ogé didukung ku kaayaan géografis Tatar Sunda anu subur sarta tiis, anu ngabentuk karakter masarakatna janten tenang sarta henteu agrésif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;

=== Babasan sarta Paribasa ===
Aya sababaraha babasan anu patalina jeung sipat soméah:
# '''Amis budi''': Jalma anu soméah sarta sok seuri ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
# '''Hadé gogog hade tagog''': Alus dina omongan (nyarita) sarta alus dina paripolah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
# '''Lénggah''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta dareudeuh dina nampa tamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Rujukan ===
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Karakter Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]]</text>
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      <id>708229</id>
      <parentid>708228</parentid>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Babasan sarta Paribasa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2696" sha1="8pl6kz9y2r3tcjrg5lqr0463u51d3u1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Raiyani muharramah- Wanita suku badui luar DSCF2861.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Soméah mangrupa ciri has sarta jati diri urang Sunda dina nampi semah.]]
'''Soméah''' nyaéta salah sahiji pasipatan sarta jati diri anu paling utama dina masarakat [[Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot;&gt;Ekadjati, Edi S. (1995). ''Kebudayaan Sunda (Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah)''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara basa, soméah hartosna marahmay, daredéh, sarta jembar budi ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 444.&lt;/ref&gt; Soméah sanés ngan saukur sikep sopan santun sacara lahiriah, nanging mangrupa cerminan tina kabeungharan haté sarta pangajén ka papada manusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamus ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java'' (1862), Jonathan Rigg nétélakeun yén soméah téh mibanda harti ''&quot;Affable, polite, kind and courteous in speech and manner&quot;'' (soméah, sopan, sarta luhung budi dina omongan jeung paripolah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Unsur-unsur Soméah ===
Saurang jalma bisa disebut soméah lamun mibanda sababaraha ciri has dina paripolahna:
* '''Amis Budi''': Némbongkeun raray anu marahmay sarta sok dibarengan ku imut ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Daredéh''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta lénggah pisan dina nampa semah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
* '''Hade Tata''': Ngagunakeun [[Undak-usuk basa Sunda|tata basa]] anu merenah nalika nyarita ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Handap Asor''': Mibanda sikep tawadu sarta henteu nembékeun kaunggulan diri di hareupeun batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Filosofi sarta Jati Diri ===
Sipat soméah raket patalina jeung filosofi hirup urang Sunda, nyaéta '''[[Silih Asih, Silih Asah, Silih Asuh]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Soméah mangrupa wujud nyata tina ajén ''Silih Asih'', nyaéta silih pikanyaah sarta ngajaga rarasaan batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamekaran sajarahna, pasipatan soméah janten salah sahiji daya tarik Tatar Sunda pikeun jalma asing anu nganjang ka Jawa Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Hal ieu ogé didukung ku kaayaan géografis Tatar Sunda anu subur sarta tiis, anu ngabentuk karakter masarakatna janten tenang sarta henteu agrésif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;

=== Babasan sarta Paribasa ===
Aya sababaraha babasan anu patalina jeung sipat soméah:
# '''Amis budi''': Jalma anu soméah sarta sok seuri ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
# '''Hadé gogog hade tagog''': Alus dina omongan (nyarita) sarta alus dina paripolah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
# '''Lénggah''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta daréhdéh dina nampa tamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Rujukan ===
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Karakter Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>708230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2723" sha1="g0do4pnfgaoh5h1ony58b12xyzaal47" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Raiyani muharramah- Wanita suku badui luar DSCF2861.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Soméah mangrupa ciri has sarta jati diri urang Sunda dina nampi semah.]]
'''Soméah''' nyaéta salah sahiji pasipatan sarta jati diri anu paling utama dina masarakat [[Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot;&gt;Ekadjati, Edi S. (1995). ''Kebudayaan Sunda (Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah)''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara basa, soméah hartosna marahmay, daredéh, sarta jembar budi ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 444.&lt;/ref&gt; Soméah sanés ngan saukur sikep sopan santun sacara lahiriah, nanging mangrupa cerminan tina kabeungharan haté sarta pangajén ka papada manusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamus ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java'' (1862), Jonathan Rigg nétélakeun yén soméah téh mibanda harti ''&quot;Affable, polite, kind and courteous in speech and manner&quot;'' (soméah, sopan, sarta luhung budi dina omongan jeung paripolah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Unsur-unsur Soméah ===
Saurang jalma bisa disebut soméah lamun mibanda sababaraha ciri has dina paripolahna:
* '''Amis Budi''': Némbongkeun raray anu marahmay sarta sok dibarengan ku imut ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Daredéh''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta lénggah pisan dina nampa semah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
* '''Hade Tata''': Ngagunakeun [[Undak-usuk basa Sunda|tata basa]] anu merenah nalika nyarita ka sasama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
* '''Handap Asor''': Mibanda sikep tawadu sarta henteu nembékeun kaunggulan diri di hareupeun batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Filosofi sarta Jati Diri ===
Sipat soméah raket patalina jeung filosofi hirup urang Sunda, nyaéta '''[[Silih Asih, Silih Asah, Silih Asuh]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Soméah mangrupa wujud nyata tina ajén ''Silih Asih'', nyaéta silih pikanyaah sarta ngajaga rarasaan batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; 

Dina kamekaran sajarahna, pasipatan soméah janten salah sahiji daya tarik Tatar Sunda pikeun jalma asing anu nganjang ka Jawa Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt; Hal ieu ogé didukung ku kaayaan géografis Tatar Sunda anu subur sarta tiis, anu ngabentuk karakter masarakatna janten tenang sarta henteu agrésif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;

=== Babasan sarta Paribasa ===
Aya sababaraha babasan anu patalina jeung sipat soméah:
# '''Amis budi''': Jalma anu soméah sarta sok seuri ka batur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;
# '''Hadé gogog hade tagog''': Alus dina omongan (nyarita) sarta alus dina paripolah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot; /&gt;
# '''Lénggah''': Sikep anu kabuka sarta daréhdéh dina nampa tamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot; /&gt;

=== Rujukan ===
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Karakter Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]]
[[Kategori: Budaya Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>g0do4pnfgaoh5h1ony58b12xyzaal47</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sapi perah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708257</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T04:36:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2104" sha1="d4iwk660suh8gt5z7y5sfz95k22wpos" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Sapi Perah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:Cow female black white.jpg|220px|Sapi perah jinis Friesian Holstein]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Sapi perah jinis Friesian Holstein (FH)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Karajaan
| Animalia
|-
! Filum
| Chordata
|-
! Kelas
| Mammalia
|-
! Ordo
| Artiodactyla
|-
! Kulawarga
| Bovidae
|-
! Genus
| ''Bos''
|-
! Spésiés
| ''Bos taurus''
|-
! Mangpaat Utama
| Diarah [[susu]]na
|-
! Daérah Utama (Jabar)
| [[Pangaléngan]], [[Lémbang]]
|}

'''Sapi perah''' nyaéta jinis [[sapi]] anu dikukut husus pikeun diarah [[susu]]na.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2011). ''Dairy Herd Management''. Rome: FAO. Kaca 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Béda jeung sapi daging (potong), sapi perah mibanda anatomi awak anu husus pikeun ngahasilkeun susu dina jumlah anu loba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. (1913). ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië''. Batavia: Ruygrok &amp; Co. Kaca 210.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis Sapi Perah ==
Aya sababaraha ras sapi perah anu kasohor di dunya, di antarana:
* ''Friesian Holstein (FH)'': Asalna ti Walanda, boga ciri warna hideung bodas sarta mangrupa juara dina ngahasilkeun volume susu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dairy&quot;&gt;Dairy Australia. (2015). ''Breeds of Dairy Cattle''. Melbourne: DA. Kaca 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Jerse'': Awakna leuwih leutik, warnana coklat, sarta susuna mibanda kadar lemak anu luhur.
* ''Guernsey'': Warna buluna semu konéng atawa beureum, kasohor ku kualitas susuna anu mibanda kadar protein luhur.

== Sajarah di Jawa Kulon ==
Di Tatar Sunda, peternakan sapi perah mimiti mekar dina jaman Hindia Walanda, utamana di daérah anu tiis saperti [[Pangaléngan, Bandung|Pangaléngan]] sarta [[Lémbang, Bandung Kulon|Lémbang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zijlstra&quot;&gt;Zijlstra, K. (1922). ''De Veehouderij in Nederlands-Indie''. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. Kaca 89.&lt;/ref&gt; Nepi ka ayeuna, ieu dua daérah téh jadi puseur produksi susu pangbadagna di Jawa Kulon.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Peternakan]]
[[Kategori:Sato]]</text>
      <sha1>d4iwk660suh8gt5z7y5sfz95k22wpos</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hama gudang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708259</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T04:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2352" sha1="oscyms8n6nsf5qzcmjf8nhhtyq0zb9r" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Kutu Gandum
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:Sitophilus granarius TP03.jpg|220px|Sitophilus granarius]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Sitophilus granarius'' mangrupa salah sahiji hama gudang utama.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Karajaan
| Animalia
|-
! Filum
| Arthropoda
|-
! Kelas
| Insecta
|-
! Ordo
| Coleoptera
|-
! Kulawarga
| Curculionidae
|-
! Genus
| ''Sitophilus''
|-
! Spésiés
| ''**S. granarius**''
|-
! Mangpaat Utama
| (Hama) Ngancem stok pangan
|}

'''Hama gudang''' nyaéta rupa-rupa organisme anu narajang sarta ngaruksak hasil [[tatanén]] nalika nuju diteundeun di jero gudang atawa lumbung.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pimentel&quot;&gt;Pimentel, D. (2007). ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management''. CRC Press. Kaca 512.&lt;/ref&gt; Karuksakan anu disababkeun ku hama gudang bisa nurunkeun kualitas (nutrisi) sarta kuantitas (beurat) hasil panén sacara signifikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. (1913). ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië''. Batavia: Ruygrok &amp; Co. Kaca 155.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis Hama Gudang Utama ==
Sababaraha jinis gegeremet anu sering jadi hama gudang di antarana:
* [[Kutu paré]] (''Sitophilus oryzae''): Kutu leutik anu ngégélan siki paré nepi ka bubuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 145.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kutu Jagong (''Sitophilus zeamais''): Mirip jeung kutu paré tapi ukuranana rada badag sarta narajang jagong.
* Beurit: Lain saukur ngadahar hasil panén, tapi ogé ngotoran gudang ku kotoranana anu bisa mawa panyakit.

== Cara Ngungkulan ==

[[File:Zoomlion disinfecting the Kumasi Airport 2.jpg|left|200px|Zoomlion_disinfecting_the_Kumasi_Airport_2]]
Pikeun nyegah hama gudang, aya sababaraha léngkah anu bisa dilakukeun:
# Suhu sarta Kalembaban Mastikeun gudang tetep garing. Kalembaban anu luhur bakal ngagancangan kamekaran kutu sarta [[supa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2011). ''Post-harvest Management''. Rome: FAO. Kaca 22.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fumigasi: Ngagunakeun gas kimia husus pikeun maéhan gegeremet di jero tumpukan karung.
# Kabersihan Gudang: Meresihan sésa-sésa panén heubeul sangkan teu jadi sayang hama anyar.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tatanén]]
[[Kategori:Hama]]</text>
      <sha1>oscyms8n6nsf5qzcmjf8nhhtyq0zb9r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Werit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708262</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T10:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2251" sha1="1ctpetigbquw35s49bsh1cwhkxq6r92" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Werit / Beurit
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:Gatchina park rodent (44764305630).jpg|220px|Beurit (rodent)]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Conto sato gerogot (rodent) anu mindeng jadi hama.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Karajaan
| Animalia
|-
! Filum
| Chordata
|-
! Kelas
| Mammalia
|-
! Ordo
| Rodentia
|-
! Kulawarga
| Muridae
|-
! Genus
| ''Rattus'' (ilaharna)
|-
! Mangpaat / Karugian
| Hama tatanén ([[Werit]])
|-
! Habitat
| Sawah, Leuweung, Pamatuhan
|}

'''Werit''' nyaéta istilah dina basa Sunda pikeun nyebutkeun rupa-rupa [[hama]] pepelakan anu narajang sacara bareng sarta hésé pisan diungkulanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 542.&lt;/ref&gt; Kecap werit mindeng dikaitkeun jeung sato [[beurit]] (''Rattus argentiventer'') atawa [[Wereng coklat|wereng]] anu ngaruksak sawah dina skala anu lega.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. (1913). ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië''. Batavia: Ruygrok &amp; Co. Kaca 151.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filosofi sarta Kapercayaan ==
Salian ti harti biologis, kecap &quot;werit&quot; ogé mibanda ma'na filosofis dina kabudayaan Sunda:
* Harti Kecap: Werit asalna tina kecap anu mibanda konotasi &quot;pikasieuneun&quot; atawa &quot;leubeut ku bahaya&quot;.
* Siloka Tatanén: Mun tatanén keur werit, éta dianggap minangka tanda ayana kasaimbangan alam anu kaganggu. Masarakat Sunda baheula sering ngalakukeun ritual [[Ngalokat]] atawa [[Sidekah Bumi]] pikeun ménta kasalametan sangkan tatanén jauh tina werit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekadjati&quot;&gt;Ekadjati, Edi S. (1995). ''Kebudayaan Sunda''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara Ngungkulan ==
Pikeun ngungkulan werit, patani biasana ngalakukeun sababaraha léngkah:
# Gropokan: Ngaburu beurit sacara barengan ku sakumna warga lembur.
# Ngagunakeun Musuh Alami: Saperti miara [[bueuk]] (''Tyto alba'') pikeun ngabasmi beurit di sawah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pimentel&quot;&gt;Pimentel, D. (2007). ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management''. CRC Press. Kaca 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Gilir Tandur: Ngatur waktu melak sangkan siklus hirup hama bisa paragat.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tatanén]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>1ctpetigbquw35s49bsh1cwhkxq6r92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gemuk organik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708263</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-16T10:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>708263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2223" sha1="2d3bgg2x7rju3k4r9o1di9e9z4iel5q" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;&quot; | Gemuk Organik
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:Organic Matter cycle drawing.png|220px|Siklus zat organik dina taneuh]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Gambar siklus zat organik anu jadi dadasar gemuk alami.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Istilah Lokal
| Gemuk
|-
! Bahan Utama
| Sésa tutuwuhan, kokotor sato
|-
! Fungsi Utama
| Nyuburkeun taneuh &amp; pepelakan
|-
! Sipat
| Alami, ramah lingkungan
|}

'''Gemuk organik''' nyaéta rupa-rupa bahan alami anu dipaké ku [[patani]] pikeun nyuburkeun taneuh sarta pepelakan, anu asalna tina sésa-sésa mahluk hirup saperti tutuwuhan atawa sato.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pimentel&quot;&gt;Pimentel, D. (2007). ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management''. CRC Press. Kaca 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina basa Sunda, istilah &quot;gemuk&quot; mibanda harti anu sarua jeung [[pupuk]], nanging leuwih mindeng dipaké dina paguneman sapopoé di [[sawah]] atawa [[kebon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. Kaca 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-jinis Gemuk ==
Dina prakték tatanén di [[Tatar Sunda]], gemuk organik dibagi jadi sababaraha jinis:
* Gemuk Kandang: Asalna tina kokotor sato (hayam, sapi, atawa domba). Ieu gemuk hadé pisan pikeun nambahan unsur hara dina taneuh.
* Kompos: Hasil tina prosés burukna (dékomposisi) dangdaunan, jukut, atawa sésa panén anu diteundeun nepi ka jadi taneuh deui.
* Gemuk Héjo: Tutuwuhan (ilaharna tina kulawarga kacang-kacangan) anu sengaja dipelak teras dibenamkeun kana taneuh nalika masih héjo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. (1913). ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië''. Batavia: Ruygrok &amp; Co. Kaca 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaonjoyan ==
Ngagunakeun gemuk organik mibanda sababaraha kauntungan dibandingkeun gemuk kimia:
# Ngaropéa Struktur Taneuh: Ngajadikeun taneuh leuwih gembur sahingga akar pepelakan gampang sumebar.
# Nahan Cai: Taneuh anu loba ngandung zat organik bakal leuwih kuat nahan cai (henteu gancang garing).
# Kaséhatan Lingkungan: Teu ngandung racun anu bisa maéhan mikroorganisme hadé dina jero taneuh.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tatanén]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>2d3bgg2x7rju3k4r9o1di9e9z4iel5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>