Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4559 708361 707558 2026-04-22T03:25:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia <!-- Do not change - see section entitled The name of the Federation-->| common_name = Malaysia | native_name = مليسيا| image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | symbol_type = Émblim | image_map = LocationMalaysia.svg | national_motto = ''Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu''<br />(ngahiji nambah mutu) | national_anthem = "''[[Negaraku]]''" | official_languages = [[basa Malayu|Malayu]]<br /> | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]¹ | latd=2 | latm=30 | latNS=N | longd=112 | longm=30 | longEW=E | largest_city = Kuala Lumpur | government_type = [[Féderasi|Féderal]] [[monarki konstitusional]] | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Nu Dipertuan Agung]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Malaysia|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdullah al-Haj]] | leader_name2 = [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | area_rank = ka-66 | area_magnitude = 1_E8 | area = 330,803 | areami²= 127,724<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = ka-45 | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385 | population_density = 78 | population_densitymi² = 206 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = ka-97 | GDP_PPP_year=2005 | GDP_PPP = $290 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-33 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,106 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-61 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.796 | HDI_rank = ka-61 | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">sedeng</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdékaan]] | established_event1 = ti [[United Kingdom|UK]] (ukur Malaya) | established_event2 = '''Ngadeg''' | established_date1 = [[31 Agustus]], [[1957]] | established_date2 = jeung [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Singapura]] [[16 Séptémber]], [[1963]] | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia|Ringgit]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | time_zone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +8 | cctld= [[.my]] | calling_code = 60² | footnotes = 1. [[Putrajaya]] mangrupa kadudukan utama di pamaréntahan<br /> 2. 020 ti [[Singapura]] }} '''Malaysia''' mangrupa [[féderasi]] [[nagara bagian Malaysia|13 nagara bagian]] di [[Asia Tenggara]], nu ngadeg taun [[1963]]. Nagara ieu ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis nu dipisahkeun ku [[Laut Cina Kidul]]: * [[Malaysia Semenanjung|Malaysia Kulon]] (atawa ''Peninsular Malaysia'') di [[Semenanjung Malaya]] nu babagi wates lemahna di beulah kalér jeung [[Muangtai]] tur kahubungkeun jeung [[Singapura]] di beulah kidulna ku [[Johor-Singapore Causeway]] jeung [[Malaysia-Singapura Second Link]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku 11 nagara bagéan, [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Melaka|Malaka]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Pahang]], [[Pérak]], [[Perlis]], [[Penang]], [[Selangor]] jeung [[Terengganu]], katut tulu teritori federal, [[Putrajaya]], [[Labuan]] jeung [[Kuala Lumpur]]. * [[Malaysia Wétan]] nempatan bagéan kaler pulo [[Kalimantan]], wawatesan jeung [[Indonesia]] katut Kasultanan [[Brunei]]. Wilayah ieu ngawengku teritori federal kapuloan [[Labuan]] jeung nagara bagéan [[Sabah]] katut [[Sarawak]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Salaku nagara Malaysia janten tilas Koloni, seueur [[institusi]] Malaysia anu didasar kanu tilas Inggris. Salaku tambihan, sistem Pamaréntah Malaysia kénéh ngarujuk kanu sistem Inggris [[Westminster system]]. The [[Pamingpin nagara]] nyaéta[[Yang di-Pertuan-agung]] (Anu sacara harti gampil raja), anu kapilih diantawi sultan sultan nagara bagéan kanggo lima taon , ngadamel anjeunna salaku nagara anu ngajalankeun monarki dua sistem (salian tina [[Vatican City]]). Salaku nagara anu ngamalkeun [[konstitusional Monarki]], ceupeungan Eksekutif dijalankeun ku [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Prime Minister]], di mana raja aya salaku simbol nagara. Cabang législatif diwangun ku [[Parlemén Malaysia|Parlemén]], anu lolobana dumasar kana [[Parlemén Inggris]]. [[Pengadilan Malaysia|peradilan]] ogé geus diadegkeun dina [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi]]. [[Barisan Nasional]] (National Front), hiji koalisi sababaraha partéy pulitik, geus maréntah Malaysia saprak Malaya merdéka dina 1957. Mimitina, ékonomi Malaysia kacida gumantungna kana aktivitas tatanén jeung tambang, tapi ayeuna geus ngalih fokus kana [[manufacturing|manufaktur]] jeung pariwisata salaku sumber panghasilan utama. Sanajan kitu, Malaysia tetep salah sahiji produsén karet jeung sawit nu panghadéna. Dina taun 1970-an, pamaréntah ngalaksanakeun Kebijakan Ékonomi Anyar (NEP) nu kontrovérsial pikeun nyanghareupan bédana panghasilan antara urang Melayu jeung urang Cina. Sanajan sajarahna didominasi ku [[urang Malayu|Melayu]], masarakat Malaysia modérn téh hétérogén, kalawan minoritas [[Cina Malaysia|Cina]] jeung [[India Malaysia|India]]. Pulitik Malaysia geus kacatet pikeun sipat disangka komunal maranéhanana; tilu partéy komponén utama Barisan Nasional masing-masing ngawatesan kaanggotaan pikeun hiji grup étnis, sarta hiji-hijina kekerasan utama nagara geus katempo saprak kamerdikaan nyaéta [[Kajadian 13 Méi]] karusuhan ras dina hudang kampanye pamilihan dumasar. dina masalah ras. == Ngaran Féderasi == Pasal 1(1) [[Konstitusi Malaysia|Konstitusi Féderal]] nyebutkeun yén "Federasi wajib dipikawanoh, dina basa Malayu jeung Inggris, salaku Malaysia". Ngaran "'''Federasi Malaysia'''" kituna teu boga sanksi resmi. Ngaran Malaysia diadopsi dina 1963 nalika Singapura, Sabah sareng Sarawak ngagabung sareng Féderasi Malaya pikeun ngabentuk Malaysia. Saméméh taun 1963, [[Federasi Malaya]] dipikawanoh salaku ''Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'' dina basa Malayu, sahingga ngaran resmina béda dina dua basa. == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Malaysia}} Bukti pamatuhan manusa modérn di Malaysia balik deui ka 40.000 taun katukang. [32] D Ujung Melayu, pangeusi kahiji anu dipikir téh Negritos. [33] Padagang jeung padumuk ti India jeung China anjog tina mimiti Maséhi abad kahiji, ngadegkeun palabuhan dagang jeung kota basisir di abad kadua jeung katilu. ayana maranéhanana nyababkeun kuatna pangaruh India jeung Cina dina budaya lokal, jeung rahayat Semenanjung Malaya ngadopsi agama Hindu jeung Budha. prasasti Sanskrit katémbong mimiti abad kaopat atawa kalima. [34] Karajaan Langkasuka jeung kar kira-kira abad kadua di wewengkon kalér Semenanjung Malaya, langgeng nepi ka kira-kira abad 15. [28] Antara abad ka 7 jeung ka 13, loba Ujung Melayu kidul ieu nyorang bagian ti Kakaisaran maritim Sriwijaya. Sanggeus tumiba Srivijaya, Kakaisaran Majapahit ngalaman pangaruh leuwih lolobana Ujung Malaysia jeung Kapuloan Melayu. [35] Islam mimiti nyebar di antara Malayu dina abad 14. [36] Dina mimiti abad ka-15, Sultan Iskandar Shah, raja runaway urut Karajaan Singapura, ngadegkeun Kasultanan Malaka, ilahar dianggap nagri bébas kahiji di wewengkon ujung. [37] Malaka ieu hiji puseur komersial nu penting salila jaman eta, mincut dagang ti sakuliah wewengkon. <!-- [[Jajirah Malaya] has long benefited from its central position in the maritime trade routes between [[China]] and the [[Middle East]]. [[Ptolemy]] showed it on his early map with a label that translates as "''Golden Chersonese''", the Straits of Malacca as "''Sinus Sabaricus''". The earliest recorded Malay kingdoms grew from coastal city-ports established in the 10th century AD. These include [[Langkasuka]] and [[Lembah Bujang]] in [[Kedah]], as well as [[Beruas]] and [[Gangga Negara]] in [[Perak]] and [[Pan Pan]] in [[Kelantan]]. It is thought that originally these were Hindu or Buddhist nations. The first evidence of [[Islam]] in the Malay peninsula dates from the 14th century in [[Terengganu]], but according to the [[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa|Kedah Annals]], the 9th Maharaja Derbar Raja (1136-1179 AD) of [[Sultanate of Kedah]] converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah. There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century A.D., as many as 30 according to Chinese sources. Kedah – Kedaram or Kataha, in ancient Pallavi or Sanskrit script – was in the direct route of invasions of Indian traders and kings. Rajendra Chola, who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste, put Kedah to heel in 1025 but his successor, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow the invaders. The Buddhist [[Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom|kingdom of Ligor]] took control of Kedah shortly after, and its King Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11the century, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan epic, Mahavamsa. During the first millennium, the religion of the Malay peninsula veered between Hinduism and Sanskrit until eventually converted to Islam. But not before Hindu, Buddhist and Sanskrit became embedded into the Malay worldview. We can still see traces of this in political ideas, social structure, rituals, language, arts and cultural practices. To this day, when a Malay considers anything important, he looks for a Sanskrit word to describe it: It is the Sanskrit pradana mantri (the Malay perdana mentri) here while in another Malay land, it is Penghulu ng Pilipina for its president. The [[Proton (company)|Proton]] car model names are from Sanskrit whilst the [[Perodua]] resorts to Malay names and is a poor and inferior to be bought only because the Proton is beyond one's means. There are reports of other areas older than Kedah – the ancient kingdom of Ganganegara, around Bruas in Perak, for instance – that pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century A.D., describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital; a seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunong Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the life of elegance of life in Kataha. All this is revealed after earlier archaeological and historical inquiry. Kota Gelanggi does not, it would appear, reveal more than the details of that long India, Hindu, Buddhist, Chola presence, the fitting of a historical jig-saw of a land that has a rich and enviable history long before the advent of Islam. We have been constrained by a mental block of not wanting to look beyond the Sejarah Melayu for our historical past. Malaysia's first prime minister, and a scion of the Kedah royal family, wanted independent Malaya to be know as Langkasuka, a kingdom that a millennium ago dominated north Malaya and southern Thailand, but he gave up the idea when he discovered that its capital was in Thailand. And the present contretemps between Malaysia and Thailand over the southern Thai Malays is also caught in this cultural time-warp. In the early [[15th century]], the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] was established under a dynasty founded by [[Parameswara]], a prince from [[Palembang]], who fled from the island Temasek (now Singapore). Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs. With [[Melaka|Malacca]] as its capital, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now [[Peninsula Malaysia]], southern [[Thailand]] ([[Patani]]), and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]]. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period [[Islam]] spread to most of the [[Malay Archipelago]]. [[Melaka|Malacca]] was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia. In [[1511]], Malacca was conquered by [[Portugal]], which established a colony there. The sons of the last [[sultan]] of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula - the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old [[Melaka|Malacca]] sultanate) to the south. After the fall of [[Melaka|Malacca]], three nations struggled for the control of [[Malacca Strait]]: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the [[Aceh|Sultanate of Aceh]]. This conflict went on till [[1641]], when the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. [[United Kingdom|Britain]] established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in [[1786]], with the granting of the island of Penang to the [[British East India Company]] by the Sultan of Kedah. In [[1824]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] took control of Malacca following the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] which divided the Malaya archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. In [[1826]], Britain established the [[crown colony]] of the [[Straits Settlements]], uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in [[Calcutta]] until [[1867]], when they were transferred to the [[Colonial Office]] in London. [[File:KualaLumpurAbdulSamadBldg.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Sultan Abdul Samad Building]] in Kuala Lumpur houses the [[High Court of Malaya]] at Kuala Lumpur and the Trade Court. Kuala Lumpur was the capital of the Federated Malay States and is the current Malaysian capital.]] [[Image:Malaysia.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Kuala Lumpur]], the capital and largest city of Malaysia]] During the late [[19th century]], many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of [[tin]] mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. British [[gunboat diplomacy]] was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters, and the [[Pangkor Treaty of 1874]] paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century the states of [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], and [[Negeri Sembilan]], known together as the [[Federated Malay States]] (not to be confused with the [[Federation of Malaya]]), were under the ''de facto'' control of British [[resident (title)|Residents]] appointed to advise the Malay rulers. The British were "advisers" by name but in reality they were the puppet masters behind the Malay rulers. The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the [[Unfederated Malay States]], while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisors around the turn of the [[20th century]]. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously under [[Thailand|Siamese]] control. On the island of [[Borneo]], Sabah was governed as the crown colony of [[British North Borneo]], while Sarawak was acquired from [[Brunei]] as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as white rajahs. As part of its history, the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] was granted the territory as a prize for helping the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies and from then on that part of Borneo is recognized as part of the Sultan of Sulu's sovereignty. In 1878, Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian partner representing The British North Borneo Co. and his partner British Alfred Dent, leased the territory known as "[[Sabah]]" - roughly translated as "the land beneath the winds". In return the company will provide arms to the Sultan to resist the Spaniards and 5,000 Malaysian ringgits annual rental based on the Mexican dollars value at that time or its equivalent in gold. This lease have been continued until the independence and formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963 together with [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]] and Malaysia. Up to these days, the Malaysians have been continuing the rental payment of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit - a 300 Ringgit increased from original rent. Following the [[Japan|Japanese]] occupation of Malaya ([[1942]]-[[1945]]) during [[World War II]], popular support for independence grew. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the [[Malayan Union]] foundered on strong opposition from the [[ethnic Malay|Malays]], who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the [[ethnic Chinese]]. The Malayan Union, established in [[1946]] and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in [[1948]] and replaced by the [[Federation of Malaya]], which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. During this time, rebels under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of Malaya]], who were mostly Chinese, launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The [[Malayan Emergency]], as it was known, lasted from 1948 to [[1960]], and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops in Malaya. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on [[31 August]] [[1957]] (see [[Hari Merdeka]]. In [[1963]] the Federation was expanded with the admission of the then-British crown colonies of Singapore, Sabah (British North Borneo) and Sarawak, and renamed Malaysia. The Sultanate of [[Brunei]], though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of the population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties. The early years of independence were marred by [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|conflict with Indonesia]] (''Konfrontasi'') over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of [[1969 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Race Riots|racial riots]] in 1969 (popularly known as the "May 13" riots). The [[Philippines]] also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] in 1704. The claim is still ongoing. After the [[May 13 Incident|May 13 racial riots]] of 1969, the controversial [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] - intended to increase the share of the economic pie owned by the bumiputeras as opposed to other ethnic groups - was launched by Prime Minister [[Tun Abdul Razak]]. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that favour [[Bumiputra]]s, which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population. Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under the premiership of Tun Dr [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]]. The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period, too, that the physical landscape of Malaysia has changed with the emergence of numerous mega-projects. The most notable of these projects are the [[Petronas Twin Towers]] (at the time the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), the Sepang F1 Circuit, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the Bakun hydroelectric dam and Putrajaya, a new federal administrative capital. In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the [[Asian financial crisis]] as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], commonly known as Pak Lah. --> == Pulitik == <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{morepolitics|country=Malaysia}} [[Gambar:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Malaysian House of Parliament|The Parliament building]]]] <!-- Malaysia is a [[federation|federal]] [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] monarchy. It is nominally headed by the Paramount Ruler or ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]'', commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong are selected for five-year terms from among the nine [[Malay Ruler|Sultan]]s of the [[Malay states]]; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of [[Westminster System|Westminster]] [[parliamentary system]], a legacy of [[British Empire|British colonial rule]]. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. [[Malaysian general election|Parliamentary elections]] are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2004. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-racial coalition known as the [[Barisan Nasional]] (formerly the Alliance). [[Executive branch|Executive power]] is vested in the [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] led by the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]]; the Malaysian [[Constitution of Malaysia|constitution]] stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower house of [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]] who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. The bicameral [[parliament]] consists of the [[upper house]], the Senate or ''Dewan Negara'' (literally the "Chamber of the Nation") and the [[lower house]], the House of Representatives or ''Dewan Rakyat'' (literally the "Chamber of the People"). All 69 Senators sit for 6-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 43 are appointed by the king. The 219 members of the House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies by universal adult suffrage, for a maximum term of 5 years. [[Legislative power]] is divided between federal and state legislatures. The state governments are led by chief ministers (''Menteri Besar'' or ''Ketua Menteri'', the latter term being used in states without hereditary rulers), selected by the state assemblies (''Dewan Undangan Negeri'') advising their respective sultans or governors. The national media are largely controlled by the government and by political parties in the [[Barisan Nasional]]/National Front ruling coalition and the opposition has little access to the media. The print media are controlled by the Government through the requirement of obtaining annual publication licences under the [[Printing and Presses Act]]. --> == Géografi == [[Gambar:My-map.png|thumb|right|450px|Map of Peninsular and East Malaysia]] {{utama|Geography of Malaysia}} <!-- The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the [[South China Sea]], share a largely similar landscape in that both [[Peninsular Malaysia|West]] and [[East Malaysia]] feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is [[Mount Kinabalu]] at 4,095.2 metres (13,435.7&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) on the island of [[Borneo]]. The local [[climate]] is [[equatorial]] and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) [[monsoon]]s. [[Tanjung Piai]], located in the southern state of [[Johor]], is the southernmost tip of continental [[Asia]] — if [[Singapore]], an island connected to the continent by a man-made [[causeway]], is excluded. The [[Strait of Malacca]], lying between [[Sumatra]] and West Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world. [[Putrajaya]] is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The prime minister's office moved in 1999 and the move is expected to be completed in 2005. Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]], [[Johor Bahru]] and [[Kuching]]. --> == Ékonomi == {{utama|Economy of Malaysia}} <!-- The [[Malay Peninsula]] and indeed [[Southeast Asia]] has been a centre of trade for centuries. Various items such as [[porcelain]] and [[spice]] were actively traded even before [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] and Singapore rose to prominence. In the 17th century, large deposits of [[tin]] were found in several [[Malay states]]. Later, as the [[British Empire|British]] started to take over as administrators of [[Malaya]], [[rubber]] and [[palm oil]] trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently. As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic [[five-year plan]]s, beginning with the [[First Malayan Five Year Plan]] in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the [[First Malaysia Plan]] in 1965. In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate the footsteps of the original four [[Asian Tigers]] and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With [[Japan]]ese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian [[export]]s became the country's primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% [[GDP]] growth along with low [[inflation]] in the 1980s and the 1990s. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial [[New Economic Policy (Malaysia)|New Economic Policy]] (NEP), in the wake of the [[May 13 Incident]] of racial rioting in 1969. Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the [[Second Malaysia Plan]]. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the [[National Development Policy]] (NDP). The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich [[PLC]]s and consortiums of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. This all ended when the [[Asian Financial Crisis]] hit in the fall of 1997, delivering massive shock to Malaysia's economy. As characteristic of other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the [[ringgit]]. [[Foreign direct investment]] fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]'s composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to nearly merely 400 points in a matter of weeks. After the sacking of finance minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]], a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. [[Bank Negara]] imposed [[capital controls]] and [[fixed exchange rate|pegged]] the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts. In [[March 2005]], the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, [[University of Malaya]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 ([[Y2K]]) upon older computers and other digital devices. However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the [[Hong Kong]] dollar in August 1998 and after the [[Russian ruble]] collapsed. (See [[George Soros]]) Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era. While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. And, although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector is more resilient to external shocks now. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights. The [[fixed exchange rate]] regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of managed [[floating exchange rate|floating system]] within an hour of [[China]]'s announcing of the same move. In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as [[capital flight]] exceeded USD 10 billion. In [[September 2005]], Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the [[London School of Economics]], at a meeting [[Kuala Lumpur]], cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. On March 23 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. <ref>[[Financial Times]]. ''[http://news.ft.com/cms/s/3659eba2-ba91-11da-980d-0000779e2340.html Malaysia relaxes short-selling ban]''. Extracted March 28, 2006.</ref> --> == Sumber daya alam == <!-- Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry as well as minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is the world's primary exporter of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with saw logs and sawn timber, [[cocoa]], [[black pepper|pepper]], [[pineapple]] and [[tobacco]] dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major foreign exchange earner. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today an estimated 59 percent of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the downtrend. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an intercrop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as ''meranti tembaga'', ''merawan'' and ''sesenduk'' are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. [[Rubber]], once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by [[oil palm]] as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of [[tin]] until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th Century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mining sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas which were discovered in oilfields offshore from Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy particularly in those three states. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, gold, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of [[gold]] are produced. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, [[Datuk Mustapa Mohamed]], revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion [[Cubic foot|cubic feet]] (2,500&nbsp;km³). This was an increase of 7.2 percent. The government predicts that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil for 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004 Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government. <!---Every states maintain the right to control resources inside the states. However oil and gas are controlled by the federal government. The states where the resources are found will be given royalties.---> == Transportasi jeung Komunikasi == {{main2|Transportation in Malaysia|Communications in Malaysia}} [[Gambar:KualaLumpurTower.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Kuala Lumpur Tower]] enhances communication quality within Kuala Lumpur and the [[Klang Valley]].]] <!-- Malaysia has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and town on the peninsular and east Malaysia itself. There is a train service in West Malaysia run by KTM and several LRTs in Kuala Lumpur such as the [[Ampang Line]], [[Sri Petaling Line]] (formerly called [[STAR LRT]]), [[Kelana Jaya Line]] (formerly called [[PUTRA LRT]]). The [[North-South Expressway]] basically spans from the northern tip of Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Baru in the south, which also connects roads into Thailand and Singapore. There are sea ports in Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan and Tawau. There are also world class airports that provide international and domestic destinations. Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of West Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers as the main mode of transportation for interior residents. Malaysia is also the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, [[Air Asia]]. It retains Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights around Southeast Asia and now China as well. The intercity telecommunication service is provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satellite. In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister [[Lim Keng Yaik|Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik]] reported that only 0.85 percent or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies of choice in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile to Internet Service Provider. --> == Kaséhatan == <!-- Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public healthcare - an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment. The Malaysian healthcare system requires doctors to perform a compulsory 3 years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments. There are currently 114 government hospitals and healthcare centres with a total of 28,163 beds. There are also seven special medical institutions (including psychiatric institutions) with a total of 6,292 beds. As for private hospitals, there are 225 of them (including maternity and nursing homes) in Malaysia, and they provide 9,498 beds. The majority are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment - it has often taken up to 10 years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care. * [[List of hospitals in Malaysia|List of Malaysian hospitals]] --> == Pendidikan == {{utama|Pangatikan di Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysian children begin schooling from the age of 5 or 6 in kindergarten. Year One begins the year a child turns 7. There is an exam taken when leaving Primary school, called 'Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah', or UPSR (Primary School Assessment Examination) which is taken by all Year Six students before going into secondary schools. The purpose of this examination is to assess the quality of the primary education in Malaysia. An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS; First Level Assessment) was used to measure the ability of bright students, and to allow them to move from Year 3 to 5. This exam has since been removed. Secondary education lasts five years. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students must sit for the 'Penilaian Menengah Rendah' (PMR; Lower Secondary Assessment), to guide them on what subjects to take in the next year. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for 'Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia', or SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' levels, now referred to as GCSEs). Some Chinese choose to study in Independent High School, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Independent high school takes 6 years to complete. Instead of sitting for PMR or SPM, student will sit for UEC in Junior Middle 3 (Form 3) and Senior Middle 3 (Form 6). Some independent high schools teach in Malay and Chinese, so that the students can sit for PMR, SPM and UEC. Students wishing to enter university must complete 2 more years of secondary schooling. They must take up either the school based Form Six and sit for Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia', or STPM (Malaysia Higher Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels), matriculation (1 year only), or other pre-university courses before they may apply for entry into local universities. Independent High School students can enter some of the universities using their UEC result. Students can opt to go to private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have education links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]], [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]]. Until recently, all subjects except foreign languages ([[Malaysian English|English]], Mandarin and Tamil) were taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]] (Malay). The result was that while many Malaysian students were proficient with the Malay language, they later struggled with English based tertiary education, especially in overseas universities and colleges. Currently [[Mathematics]] and [[Science]] subjects such as [[Biology]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] are taught in English. The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as [[medicine]] and [[engineering]]. All other subjects are taught in [[Bahasa Melayu]]. In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater for the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include - [[Australian International School, Malaysia]] (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British curriculum), [[The Garden International School]] (British curriculum), The [[International School of Kuala Lumpur]] (International Baccalaureate and American curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French curriculum) amongst others. --> == Démografi == {{utama|Demographics of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia's population is comprised of many ethnic groups, with the politically dominant [[Malay people|Malay]]s making up the majority. By constitutional definition, all Malays are [[Islam|Muslim]]. About a quarter of the population are [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]], who have historically played an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of [[India]]n descent comprise about 10% of the population and include [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]. About 90% of the Indian community is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] but various other groups are represented, including [[Kerala|Malayali]]s, [[Punjabi]]s and [[Telugu people|Telugus]]. Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of [[Sarawak]]'s population, constitute about 66% of [[Sabah]]'s population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively called [[Orang Asli]]. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, [[Europe]]an, [[Middle East]]ern, [[Cambodia]]n, and [[Vietnam]]ese descent. Europeans and [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]] include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some [[Portugal|Portuguese]], and most of the Middle Easterners are [[Arab]]s. A small number of Kampucheans and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[May 13]], [[1969]] saw an incident of civil unrest which was then thought to be largely due to the socio-economic imbalance of the country along racial lines, though in retrospect it may have been more motivated by political firebrands in both governing and opposition parties, as the violence involved only the areas in and around the capital, with much of the country remaining at peace. This incident led to the adoption of the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] as a two-pronged approach to address racial and economic inequality and to eradicate poverty in the country. Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20 percent foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers; there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 20% of its 2.5 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Unauthorized foreigners are subject to RM10,000 fines and two-year prison terms, while Malaysian employers face up to a year in jail and a fine of up to RM50,000 for each illegal worker hired, with those hiring more than five also liable to caning. [[Caning]] is a standard punishment for more than 40 crimes in Malaysia, ranging from sexual abuse to drug use. Administered with a thick rattan stick, it splits the skin and leaves scars. Some 380,000 unauthorized foreigners left during an "amnesty" that began in Fall 2004 and was extended several times. During amnesties, unauthorized foreigners can leave without paying fines for staying illegally in the country. On March 1, 2005, some 300,000 policemen as well as the 560,000-strong Peoples Volunteer Corp began searching for the remaining unauthorized foreigners under Operation Tegas; the volunteers receive RM100 for each foreigner arrested. ''Source: [http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/index.php Migration News, April 2005 Volume 12 Number 2]'' --> == Ageman == [[Gambar:MosqueJamek.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Masjid Jamek]] is one of the most recognizable mosques in Malaysia.]] <!-- Malaysia is a multi-religious society, and [[Islam]] is the country's [[official religion]]. The four main religions are Islam (60.4% of the population according to government census figures in 2000), [[Buddhism]] (19.2%), [[Hinduism]] (6.3%), and [[Christianity]] (9.1%, mostly in East Malaysia, i.e. [[Borneo]]). Until the 20th century, most practiced [[animism|traditional beliefs]], which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. The aforementioned figures may be skewed as they do not take into account the fact that all Malay persons are officially regarded and treated as Muslim, regardless of private belief. Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is not so simple (See [[Status of religious freedom in Malaysia]]). Non-Muslims often experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 1">Inter Press Service: [http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33451 Temple Demolitions Spell Creeping Islamisation]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref> <ref name="Non Muslim restrictions 2">BBC : [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia]. Retrieved [[4 June]] [[2006]].</ref>. Meanwhile Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of [[sharia]] courts. As a legal matter, it is not yet clear whether Muslims may freely leave Islam. In some situations, the Malaysian courts have denied one's right to freedom of religion even when one has renounced Islam (such as the Yeshua Jalilludin versus the Minister of Home Affairs case in the 1980's). Generally one who wishes to leave Islam makes a legal declaration, but this is still not recognised by the Malaysian civil courts. One is said to have to obtain a declaration of apostasy with a Syariah Court, but the court will not generally grant one. Malaysians tend to personally respect one another's religious beliefs, with inter-religious problems arising mainly from the political sphere. --> * [[Buda di Malaysia]] * [[Islam di Malaysia]] * [[Kristen di Malaysia]] * [[Hindu di Malaysia]] * [[Status kabébasan rélijius di Malaysia]] == Budaya == {{utama|Culture of Malaysia}} <!-- Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society, consisting of 65% Malays and other indigenous tribes, 25% Chinese, 7% Indians. The Malays, which form the largest community, are all Muslims since one has to be Muslim to be legally Malay under Malaysian law. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as [[bumiputra]]. Their native language is [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Bahasa Melayu]]). Bahasa Malaysia which is largely similar to Bahasa Melayu in most practical terms is the national language of the country. In the past, Bahasa Melayu was written widely in [[Jawi]], a script based on Arabic. Over time, [[romanized]] script overtook Jawi as the dominant script. This was largely due to the influence of the colonial education system which taught children in romanised writing rather than in Arabic script. The largest indigenous tribe in terms of numbers is the [[Iban people|Iban]] of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. The Iban who still live in traditional jungle villages live in [[longhouse]]s along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries. The [[Bidayuh]] (170,000) are concentrated in the south-western part of Sarawak. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the [[Kadazan]]. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. The [[Orang Asli]] (140,000), or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities living in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia. However, they remain the poorest group in the country. The Chinese population in Malaysia is mostly [[Buddhist]] (of [[Mahayana]] sect), [[Taoist]] or [[Christianity|Christian]]. Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including [[Hokkien (dialect)|Hokkien]]/[[Fujian]], [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], [[Hakka]] and [[Teochew]]. Many middle to upper-middle class Chinese in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. Chinese have historically been dominant in the Malaysian business community. The Indians in Malaysia are mainly Hindu [[Tamil people|Tamils]] from southern India, speaking [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]], living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula. Many middle to upper-middle class Indians in Malaysia also speak [[English language|English]] as a first language. There is also a sizeable [[Sikh]] community. [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]], Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language|creole]], called [[Kristang language|Papiá Kristang]]. There are also Eurasians of mixed Malay and Spanish descent, mostly in [[Sabah]]. Descended from immigrants from the [[Philippines]], some speak [[Chavacano]], the only [[Spanish-based creole language]] in [[Asia]]. [[Cambodia]]ns and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of [[Theravada]] sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include [[wayang|wayang kulit]] (shadow puppet theatre), [[silat]] (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as [[batik]], weaving, and silver and brasswork. --> == Kawarganagaraan == {{utama|Malaysian citizenship}} Sadaya Malaysians téh warga Federal tanpa kawarganagaraan formal dina pada-pada nagara bagéanna. Unggal warga dipangnyitakkeun biometric [[identity card]], katelahna téh "[[MyKad]]", dina yuswa 12, sarta kudu mawa kartu sareng maranéhna. Warga kedah pikeun nampilkeun kartu jati dirina ka pulisi, atawa dina kasus kaayaan darurat, ka tanaga militer, pikeun dicirian. Lamun kartu teu bisa dihasilkeun langsung, téhnisna jalmi boga 24 jam dina hukum pikeun nyieun éta di kantor pulisi nu pangdeukeutna. == Poe pere == {{utama|Holidays in Malaysia}} Malaysia jeung nagara bagian na niténan sababaraha libur. Sababaraha dihukum federally sedengkeun anu sanésna dirayakeun ku sababaraha nagara bagian wungkul. == Tempo ogé == {{Malaysian Topics}} == Rujukan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{portalpar|Malaysia}} {{sisterlinks|Malaysia}} === Situs resmi === <div class="references-small"> * [http://www.gov.my/ myGovernment Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827155920/http://www.gov.my/ |date=2008-08-27 }} - Malaysian Government Portal * [http://www.bernama.com.my/ Bernama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512085506/http://www.bernama.com.my/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Malaysian national news agency * [http://www.statistics.gov.my Malaysian Department of Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }} * [http://www.tourism.gov.my/ Tourism Malaysia] - Malaysian tourism portal * [http://www.pmo.gov.my/ Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia] * [http://www.rtm.net.my/ Radio Televisyen Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013210336/http://www.rtm.net.my/ |date=2008-10-13 }} - Government-owned television network * [http://www.matrade.gov.my/ Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation] * [http://www.smidec.gov.my/ Small Medium Industries Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125084637/http://www.smidec.gov.my/ |date=2020-11-25 }} </div> {{Malaysia}} {{D8}} {{Asia Tenggara}} {{Asia}} {{Nagara Persemakmuran}} {{Gerakan Non-Blok}} {{OKI}} [[Kategori:Nagara]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Malaysia| A]] [[Kategori:Monarki]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] 6bzxk1jf6cwnr808rmbfu85z02rnjyg 0 6700 708401 703490 2026-04-22T07:50:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708401 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Sikhs in the First World War Q24777.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Urang Sikh dina Perang Dunya I]] '''Perang Dunya I''' nujul ka perang sababaraha [[nagara]] nu lumangsung di [[Éropa]] antara taun [[1914]] jeung [[1918]]. Perang ieu ngabalukarkeun palastrana jutaan jalma sarta ngarobah kaayaan dunya modéren. Dina ieu perang, [[Sekutu]] (''Allied Powers'') nu diluluguan ku [[Prancis]], [[Karajaan Rusia]], [[Karajaan Inggris]], [[Itali]], sarta salajengna [[AS]], ngéléhkeun Kakuatan Tengah (''Central Powers'') nu diluluguan ku [[Austria]]-[[Hungaria]], [[Karajaan Jérman]], jeung [[Kasultanan Usmani]]. Sajarah Perang Dunya I lumangsung di Éropa mimiti taun 1914 sarta lekasan dina 1918. Faktor nu nyieun peperangan nagara-nagara kulon ieu salah sahijina dipicu ku persaingan industri sarta militer antara Jérman kalawan Inggris. Saprak taun 1910 dugi 1914, Jérman naekkeun anggaran pertahanan sagedé 73 persén. Perkawis ieu dipigawé Jérman margi basa éta aya anceman kakiatan militer ti nagara Éropa lain, utamana Inggris anu ngawasa saparapat wilayah dunya, ku kituna produksi persenjataan militer diprioritaskeun. Ti dieu, industri parabot militér di wilayah Éropa ogé marak diutamikeun deui ku nagara-nagara lain. Tujuanana pikeun maranéhanana bisa ngabéla diri ti serangan-serangan lamun hiji wanci boga potensi lumangsung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-perang-dunia-i-penyebab-dan-daftar-negara-yang-terlibat-glHp|title=Sejarah Perang Dunia I, Penyebab, dan Daftar Negara yang Terlibat|last=Prinada|first=Yuda|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> [[Gambar:RFC Sopwith 1½ Strutter lineup Ministry of Information First World War Miscellaneous Collection Q33840.jpg|jmpl|'''RFC Sopwith 1½ Strutter atawa Aviasi ti Inggris basa Perang Dunya I''']] Perang Dunya I jalaran ku industri militer anu marak ditaékkeun nagara-nagara Eropa. Kaliwat, maranéhanana anu rumaos peryogi rerencangan sabot pahareup-hareup kalawan satru ahirna ngawangun kubu-kubu (aliansi). Pembentukan aliansi ieu oge barobah kaayaan cukang lantaran Perang Dunya I. Wanci éta, aya dua kubu anu silih pahareup-hareup Triple Alliance atawa Aliansi Tilu sarta Triple Entente atawa Entente Tilu. Dina ''The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts'' (suntingan John Grenville sarta Bernard Wasserstein) diungkabkeun, Triple Alliance mangrupa persekutuan antara Kekaisaran Jerman, Austria-Hongaria, sarta Italia anu saleresna atos dijieun saprak warsih 1882. Sedengkeun Triple Entente diwangun ti Kekaisaran Rusia, Republik Katilu Prancis, sarta Karajaan Inggris Raya sarta Irlandia anu geus lumangsung ti taun 1894. Sabot dua kubu kasebat dijieun deui dina lalampahan dekadeu kadua abad ka-20, Italia tétéla milih nyeberang ka kubu Triple Entente. Posisi Italia di Triple Alliance saterusna digantikeun ku Kekaisaran Turki Usmani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2021/05/25/163520070/kisah-perang-dunia-1-sejarah-dan-penyebab-pertempuran|title=Kisah Perang Dunia 1: Sejarah dan Penyebab Pertempuran|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> == Kronologi Mimiti Perang == Perang Dunya I ahirna ngajelegur sabot putra makuta Austria-Hongaria, Franz Ferdinand, dipaéhan. Perkara ieu matak pihak Austria-Hongaria jeung Triple Alliance milampah serangan ka kulon (Prancis). Dalang di wangsul kajadian pembunuhan kasebat disangka dimimitian ku Sérbia. Inggris anu usaha ngadamaikeun ngaliwatan dialog tétéla éléh sora ti Jérman. Sedengkeun Austria-Hongaria hayang perang. Jérman jeung Austria-Hongaria ngalancarkeun serangan ka Bélgia anu kabeungkeut jangji-pasini kalawan Prancis sarta Inggris. Perkara ieu matak Prancis sarta Inggris ahirna kudu milu dina perang. Taun 1915, Italia nyebrang ka Triple Entente sarta ninggalkeun Triple Alliance margi dijangjikeun bakal meunangkeun wilayah Dalmatia anu basa éta ditempatan ku Austria-Hongaria. Sanggeus éta, Turki Usmani megatkeun pikeun ngagabung sareng Triple Alliance margi rumasa boga satru anu sarua, nyaéta Uni Sovyet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/10/26/121838269/sejarah-perang-dunia-i-1914-1918|title=Sejarah Perang Dunia I (1914-1918) Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-1st.general.html Chronology World War I World History Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091358/http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-1st.general.html |date=2007-03-07 }} * [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War One] * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ “The Heritage of the Great War”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213101606/http://www.greatwar.nl/ |date=2005-02-13 }} with numerous pictures (many in color!) * [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] The Royal Engineers and the First World War * [http://www.genealogybuff.com/il/il-ww1-casualties.htm GenealogyBuff.com — World War I Casualty Reports for the U.S. Army 1918] * [http://www.1914-1918.net/ The British Army in the Great War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015192351/http://www.1914-1918.net/ |date=2015-10-15 }} * [http://www.chtimiste.com/ The French Army in the Great War] * [http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/W/WW1.html World War I — Wars And Battles] * [http://donswaim.com/doughboypage.html Fighting the Hun in the Great War] * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm Encyclopedia of the First World War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303084453/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm |date=2005-03-03 }} * [http://www.worldwar1.com/ Trenches on the Web] * [http://www.militaryindexes.com/worldwarone/ Online World War I Records & Indexes] * [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/ World War I Document Archive] * [http://www.vlib.us/medical/ The Medical Front WWI] * [http://worldwar1.co.uk/ World War I Naval Combat] * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P3_1_EN.html Wanted! 500&nbsp;000 Canadians for WWI] — Illustrated Historical Essay * [http://www.archive.org/details/memogw/ Memoirs of the Great War] — A personal account in diary format of one man’s experiences throughout the Gréat War * [http://www.first-world-war.co.uk/ War diaries of TF Littler] A personal account, war postcards and propaganda comic postcards * [http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/174/47/ Casualties of the First World War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029064143/http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/174/47/ |date=2006-10-29 }} * [http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/157/47/ Dardanelles Report 1915] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029064137/http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/157/47/ |date=2006-10-29 }} * [http://www.mediatheque-patrimoine.culture.gouv.fr/fr/archives_photo/visites_guidees/autochromes.html Mediatheque Autochromes] — French site with many color photographs from WWI * [http://www.nvr.org/ww1films/ The World War I Years] — NVR’s Film & Discussion Series in Public Libraries * [http://vlib.iue.it/history/mil/ww1.html WWW-VL: Military History: The Great War 1914-1918] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009230538/http://vlib.iue.it/history/mil/ww1.html |date=2006-10-09 }} * [http://www.wfa-usa.org/new/links.cfm WWI links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902140818/http://www.wfa-usa.org/new/links.cfm |date=2006-09-02 }} * [http://www.chailey1914-1918.net/ Chailey 1914-1918] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903221357/http://chailey1914-1918.net/ |date=2006-09-03 }} - A Sussex community's response to the First World War * [http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=First_World_War canadiansoldiers.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314050055/http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=First_World_War |date=2007-03-14 }} * [http://digital.library.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=collection&q=WWI World War I Poster Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920093347/http://digital.library.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=collection&q=WWI |date=2006-09-20 }} hosted by the Universtity of North Texas Libraries' [http://digital.library.unt.edu/ Digital Collections] * [http://historisches-zentrum.de/index.php?id=410 German submarine industries WWI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007153050/http://historisches-zentrum.de/index.php?id=410 |date=2007-10-07 }} * [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww1.htm Documents of World War One] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708194650/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww1.htm |date=2006-07-08 }} * [http://firstworldwar.cloudworth.com/ First World War in the News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719212806/http://firstworldwar.cloudworth.com/ |date=2006-07-19 }} * [http://www.greatwardifferent.com/ The Great War in a Different Light] Photographs, illustrations, postcards, artists, period newspaper and magazine articles/excerpts, complete war-time books. Material in English, French, Dutch, German, Spanish {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Perang Dunya I]] 5wz0xd3jza05zra3jnfy90bix1p1zsa 0 16947 708405 707086 2026-04-22T08:41:06Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]]. Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]]. Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim). Umat muslim diperintahkan untuk ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam. == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngaageman Islam # balegh # Akal sehat # Suci ti hadas jeung najis # Ngahadap kiblat # Apal waktosna salat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat {{Islam-pondok}} [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] g9lbwykhxlvja6fsukfxej51uqmfp8d 0 22419 708346 703750 2026-04-21T15:42:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pines | image = Pinus pinaster.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Pines maritim (''Pinus pinaster'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Pinaceae]] | genus = '''''Pinus''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera | subdivision = * Subgenus ''[[Klasifikasi pines|Strobus]]'' * Subgenus ''[[Klasifikasi pines|Ducampopinus]]'' * Subgenus ''[[Klasifikasi pines|Pinus]]'' <small>''Tempo [[klasifikasi pines]] keur taksonomi kumplit nepi ka hambalan spesies. Tempo [[pines dumasar wewengkon]] keur daptar spesies dumasar distribusi geografis.''</small> }} '''Pines''' atawa '''tines'''; '''Pineus''' nyaéta [[tangkal|tatangkalan]] nu ngagabung kana [[genus|marga]] ''[[Pinus]]''. Di [[Indonesia]] sebutan pines biasana nuju kana '''[[pines Sumatra]]''' (''Pinus merkusii'' Jungh. ''et'' deVries).<ref name=”Hen”>{{Cite book| url =https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kamus_Basa_Sunda_Indonesia_Indonesia_Sun/UiWyDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=basa+sunda,+sirah%27&pg=PA255&printsec=frontcover| title =Kamus Basa Sunda - Indonesia , Indonesia - Sunda Untuk Pelajar & UmumHenrayana & Yus R. Ismail| last =Henrayana & Yus R. Ismail| first =Dian | publisher =Bhuana Ilmu Populer| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=9786232164123|pages =290}} Disungsi 25 Desember 2025</ref><ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/39/mode/1up |page=39}}</ref> == Ngaran Lokal (Vérnakular) == Pines lolobananana boga sipat imahan hiji (''monoecious''), nyaéta dina hiji [[tutuwuhan]] aya organ jalu jeung bikang tapi misah, sanajan sababaraha [[spésiés]] boga sipat satengah imahan dua (''sub-dioecious''). == Ngaran Lokal (Vérnakular) == Salian ti nami umum '''Pinus''', di sababaraha tempat di [[Jawa Kulon]] ieu tangkal sok disebut ogé '''Tangkal Héno''' (tina basa Walanda ''den''). Di Sumatra, tempat asalna, ieu tangkal katelahna '''Tusam''' (Aceh) atanapi '''Uyam''' (Batak).<ref name="heyne" /> == Riwayat Taksonomi == Ieu spésiés munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]] sarta [[Willem Hendrik de Vriese]] dina pertengahan abad ka-19. Nami spésiésna, ''merkusii'', dicokot tina nami Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Walanda, [[Pieter Merkus]]. Catetan ngeunaan klasifikasi pinus di Nusantara ogé janten bagian tina kabeungharan flora anu ditalungtik ku [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] dina karya-karyana.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=2}}</ref> == Habitat == ''Pinus merkusii'' hirup di wewengkon pagunungan kalayan luhurna antara 200 nepi ka 2.000 méter di luhur beungeut laut (mdpl). Ieu tangkal mikabutuh taneuh anu drainaséna saé sarta sering kapanggih di daérah anu miboga iklim rada garing. Salaku tutuwuhan pionir, pinus sering tumuwuh di urut lahan anu kahuruan atanapi lahan terbuka. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == Dumasar kana catetan [[Karel Heyne]], pinus miboga mangpaat anu kacida seueurna: * Gidit (Gondorukem): Hasil utamana nyaéta geutah (résin) anu diolah janten gondorukem sarta turpentin pikeun bahan [[cét]], [[sabun]], sarta [[vernis]]. * Kai: Kaina kalebet kai hampang anu sering dianggo pikeun bahan korék api, pulp (bahan kertas), sarta peti kémas. * Konservasi: Sering dianggo pikeun réboisasi lahan kritis margi kakuatanana hirup di taneuh anu kurang subur.<ref name="heyne" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] [[Kategori:Pinaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Kai]] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2 }} {{tutuwuhan-pondok}} ffe8ttnjjraixuwzs4nwtw0vp3sx2ep 0 26346 708349 480375 2026-04-21T17:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Higashiyama Line 20150619A.JPG|thumb|Kareta Type N1000]] {{nihongo|'''Jalur Higashiyama'''|東山線|Higashiyama-sen}} nyaéta jalur [[Metro|subway]], bagéan ti sistim [[Nagoya Municipal Subway]] di [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]], [[Jepang]]. Sacara resmi, ieu jalur disebut {{nihongo|'''Jalur 1 Kareta api Cepet Kota Nagoya'''|名古屋市高速度鉄道第1号線|Nagoya-shi Kōsokudo Tetsudō Dai-ichi-gō-sen}}. Manjang ti [[Takabata Station|Takabata]], [[Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya|Nakagawa Ward]] nepi ka [[Fujigaoka Station|Fujigaoka]], [[Meito-ku, Nagoya|Meitō Ward]], sadayana di Nagoya. Warna jalur Higashiyama dina peta nyaéta koneng Windsor; di unggal stasion ditandaan ku hurup '''H''' diteruskeun ku nomer. Sakabéh stasion bisa narima [[Tranpass]], kartu magnet pra bayar. <!-- The line opened its first section in 1957. The line links [[Nagoya Station]] and [[Sakae Station|Sakae]], the [[Central business district|CBD]] of Nagoya. As such, the line has the highest ridership among Nagoya Municipal Subway Lines. On arriving Nagoya Station (from Fujigaoka), departing Nagoya Station (to Fujigaoka), or arriving Fujigaoka Station, the announcements are made in five languages, namely [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[English language|English]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]].--> == Data dasar == * Jarak: 20.6 [[Kilometre|km]] / 12.8 [[mile|mi.]] * Jumlah Stasion: 22 * [[Rail gauge|Gauge]]: 1435 [[Millimetre|mm]] / 4 [[foot (unit of length)|ft.]] 8½ [[inch|in.]] (Standard gauge, in contrast to the narrow gauge of most Japanese railways.) * Jalur trek-ganda: sapanjang jalur * Sumber listrik: sapanjang jalur (600 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]], [[third rail]]) * [[Railway signalling]]: [[Cab signalling|CS]]-[[Automatic Train Control|ATC]] * Kecepatan maksimal: 65 [[Kilometres per hour|km/jam]] == Stasion-stasion == {|border=;1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable" ! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" | Nomer !! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" | Ngaran Stasion !! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" | Basa Jepang !! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" | Total jarak !! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" | Pindah jalur !! style="border-bottom:3px solid gold;" colspan=2 | Lokas |- | H01 || [[Takabata Station|Takabata]] || [[:ja:高畑駅|高畑]] || align=right | 0&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: ''Kanayama Line (planned)'' || rowspan=2 | [[Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya|Nakagawa]] || rowspan=22 | [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]], [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]] |- | H02 || [[Hatta Station|Hatta]] || [[:ja:八田駅|八田]] || align=right | 0.9&nbsp;km || [[Central Japan Railway Company|JR]]: [[Jalur Utama Kansai]]<br />[[Kintetsu]]: [[Kintetsu Nagoya Line|Nagoya Line]] ([[Kintetsu-Hatta Station|Kintetsu-Hatta]]) |- | H03 || [[Iwatsuka Station|Iwatsuka]] || [[:ja:岩塚駅|岩塚]] || align=right | 2&nbsp;km || || rowspan=6 | [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya|Nakamura]] |- | H04 || [[Nakamura Koen Station|Nakamura Kōen]] || [[:ja:中村公園駅|中村公園]] || align=right | 3.1&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:red">■</span> ''[[Sakura-dōri Line]] (planned extension)'' |- | H05 || [[Nakamura Nisseki Station|Nakamura Nisseki]] || [[:ja:中村日赤駅|中村日赤]] || align=right | 3.9&nbsp;km || |- | H06 || [[Honjin Station|Honjin]] || [[:ja:本陣駅|本陣]] || align=right | 4.6&nbsp;km || |- | H07 || [[Kamejima Station|Kamejima]] || [[:ja:亀島駅|亀島]] || align=right | 5.5&nbsp;km || |- | H08 || [[Stasion Nagoya|Nagoya]] || [[:ja:名古屋駅|名古屋]] || align=right | 6.6&nbsp;km || JR: [[Jalur Utama Chūō]], [[Jalur Utama Kansai]], [[Jalur Utama Tōkaidō]], [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]]<br />Kintetsu: [[Jalur Kintetsu Nagoya|Jalur Nagoya]] ([[Stasion Kintetsu Nagoya|Kintetsu Nagoya]])<br />[[Nagoya Railroad|Meitetsu]]: [[Jalur Utama Meitetsu Nagoya|Jalur Nagoya]] ([[Stasion Meitetsu Nagoya|Meitetsu Nagoya]])<br />Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:red">■</span> Sakura-dōri Line (S02)<br />[[Nagoya Seaside Rapid Railway]]: [[Aonami Line]] (AN01) |- | H09 || [[Fushimi Station (Aichi)|Fushimi]] || [[:ja:伏見駅 (愛知県)|伏見]] || align=right | 8&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:deepskyblue">■</span> [[Tsurumai Line]] (T07) || rowspan=2 | [[Naka-ku, Nagoya|Naka]] |- | H10 || [[Sakae Station (Aichi)|Sakae]] || [[:ja:栄駅 (愛知県)|栄]] || align=right | 9&nbsp;km || Meitetsu: [[Meitetsu Seto Line|Seto Line]] ([[Sakaemachi Station|Sakaemachi]])<br />Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:mediumpurple">■</span> [[Meijō Line]] (M05) |- | H11 || [[Shinsakae-machi Station|Shinsakae-machi]] || [[:ja:新栄町駅 (愛知県)|新栄町]] || align=right | 10.1&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:hotpink">■</span> ''[[Kamiiida Line]] (planned extension)'' || rowspan=2 | [[Higashi-ku, Nagoya|Higashi]] |- | H12 || [[Chikusa Station|Chikusa]] || [[:ja:千種駅|千種]] || align=right | 11&nbsp;km || JR: Chūō Main Line |- | H13 || [[Imaike Station (Aichi)|Imaike]] || [[:ja:今池駅 (愛知県)|今池]] || align=right | 11.7&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:red">■</span> [[Sakura-dōri Line]] (S08) || rowspan=6 | [[Chikusa-ku, Nagoya|Chikusa]] |- | H14 || [[Ikeshita Station|Ikeshita]] || [[:ja:池下駅|池下]] || align=right | 12.6&nbsp;km || |- | H15 || [[Kakuozan Station|Kakuōzan]] || [[:ja:覚王山駅|覚王山]] || align=right | 13.2&nbsp;km || |- | H16 || [[Motoyama Station (Aichi)|Motoyama]] || [[:ja:本山駅 (愛知県)|本山]] || align=right | 14.2&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:mediumpurple">■</span> Meijō Line (M17) |- | H17 || [[Higashiyama Koen Station|Higashiyama Kōen]] (Higashiyama Park) || [[:ja:東山公園駅 (愛知県)|東山公園]] || align=right | 15.1&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: ''Tōbu Line (planned)'' |- | H18 || [[Hoshigaoka Station (Aichi)|Hoshigaoka]] || [[:ja:星ヶ丘駅 (愛知県)|星ヶ丘]] || align=right | 16.2&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: ''Tōbu Line (planned)'' |- | H19 || [[Issha Station|Issha]] || [[:ja:一社駅|一社]] || align=right | 17.5&nbsp;km || || rowspan=4 | [[Meito-ku, Nagoya|Meitō]] |- | H20 || [[Kamiyashiro Station|Kamiyashiro]] || [[:ja:上社駅|上社]] || align=right | 18.6&nbsp;km || |- | H21 || [[Hongo Station (Aichi)|Hongō]] || [[:ja:本郷駅 (愛知県)|本郷]] || align=right | 19.3&nbsp;km || |- | H22 || [[Fujigaoka Station (Aichi)|Fujigaoka]] || [[:ja:藤が丘駅 (愛知県)|藤が丘]] || align=right | 20.6&nbsp;km || [[Aichi Rapid Transit]]: [[Linimo]] (L01) |- |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Runtuyan Jalur Kareta api di Jepang]] == Tumbu kaluar == * {{ja icon}} [http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/index.html Ramatloka resmi Biro Transportasi Kota Nagoya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219052314/http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/index.html |date=2020-02-19 }} {{Nagoya transit}} [[Kategori:Nagoya Municipal Subway|Higashiyama]] {{japan-rail-stub}} pcgcpyfudvs3oyw6papfivqmhlqkn1l 0 26543 708350 626301 2026-04-21T22:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:NagoyaCitySubwaySeries6050@Nakamurakuyakusyo.JPG|thumb|Kareta tipe 6050]] {{nihongo|'''Jalur Sakura-dōri'''|桜通線|Sakura-dōri-sen}} nyaéta jalur [[Metro|subway]], bagéan ti sistim {{nihongo|'''[[Nagoya Municipal Subway]]'''|名古屋市営地下鉄|Nagoya Shiei Chikatetsu}} di [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]], [[Jepang]]. Jalur ieu mimiti ti [[Nakamura Kuyakusho Station|Nakamura Kuyakusho]], [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya|Nakamura Ward]] nepi ka [[Nonami Station|Nonami]], [[Tempaku-ku, Nagoya|Tempaku Ward]], sakabéhna di Nagoya. Dina peta Jalur Sakura-dōri warna beureum. Dina 2004, pamaréntah kota mimiti ngarobah sakabéh tanda stasion. Tanda anyar ieu di unaggal stasion ngagunakeun hiji huruf jeung nomer. Dina Jalur Sakura-dōri, maké huruf '''''S'''''. Sacara resmi, ngaran jalur ieu {{nihongo|'''Nagoya City Rapid Railway Line 6'''|名古屋市高速度鉄道第6号線|Nagoya-shi Kōsokudo Tetsudō Dai-roku-gō-sen}}. Sakabéh stasion bisa maké [[Tranpass]], kartu magnet pra-bayar. Jalur ieu mimiti dibuka dina taun 1989. Antara Nagoya jeung Imaike, jalur ieu aya di handapeun [[Sakura-dori Avenue|Jalan Sakura-dōri]], nu motong kana [[Jalur Higashiyama]]. Jalur ieu hiji-hiji di Nagoya Municipal Subway nu maké sistim [[Automatic train operation|ATO]]. ==Data dasar== *Jarak: 14.9 [[Kilometre|km]] / 9.3 [[mile|mi.]] *Jumlah stasion: 17 *[[Rail gauge|Gauge]]: 1067 [[Millimetre|mm]] / 3 [[foot (unit of length)|ft.]] 6 [[inch|in.]] *Trek ganda: sakabéh jalur *Sumber listrik: Sakaebh jalur (1500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]], [[overhead lines]]) *[[Railway signalling]]: [[Cab signalling|CS]]-[[Automatic Train Control|ATC]] *Maksimum kacepatan: 75 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] ==Rencana ka hareup== Ti Nonami, jalur bakal diteruskeun ka wetan nuju Tokushige dina taun 2011. Rencana ieu manjangan jalur ieu, ka sababaraha tempat di [[Toyoake, Aichi|Toyoake City]] atawa [[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota City]]. Salian ti eta, aya ogé rencana manjangan ti Nakamura Kuyakusho ka sababaraha tempat di [[Shippo, Aichi|Shippō Town]]. == Stasion-stasion == {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable" ! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" | No !! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" | Ngaran stasion !! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" | Basa Jepang !! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" | Total jarak !! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" | Pindah jalur !! style="border-bottom:3px solid red;" colspan=2 | Lokasi |- | S01 || [[Nakamura Kuyakusho Station|Nakamura Kuyakusho]] || [[:ja:中村区役所駅|中村区役所]] || align=right | 0&nbsp;km || || rowspan=3 | [[Nakamura-ku, Nagoya|Nakamura]] || rowspan=17 | [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]], [[Préféktur Aichi|Aichi]] |- | S02 || [[Stasion Nagoya|Nagoya]] || [[:ja:名古屋駅|名古屋]] || align=right | 0.9&nbsp;km || [[Central Japan Railway Company|JR]]: [[Jalur Utama Chūō]], [[Jalur Utama Kansai]], [[Jalur Utama Tōkaidō]], [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]]<br/>Kintetsu: Jalur Nagoya ([[Stasion Kintetsu Nagoya|Kintetsu Nagoya]])<br/>[[Nagoya Railroad|Meitetsu]]: [[Jalur Utama Meitetsu Nagoya|Jalur Nagoya]] ([[Stasion Meitetsu Nagoya|Meitetsu Nagoya]])<br/>Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:gold">■</span> [[Jalur Higashiyama]] (H08)<br/>[[Nagoya Seaside Rapid Railway]]: [[Jalur Aonami]] (AN01) |- | S03 || [[Kokusai Center Station|Kokusai Center]] (International Center) || [[:ja:国際センター駅|国際センター]] || align=right | 1.6&nbsp;km || |- | S04 || [[Marunouchi Station (Nagoya, Aichi)|Marunouchi]] || [[:ja:丸の内駅 (愛知県)|丸の内]] || align=right | 2.4&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:deepskyblue">■</span> [[Tsurumai Line]] (T06) || rowspan=2 | [[Naka-ku, Nagoya|Naka]] |- | S05 || [[Hisaya-odori Station|Hisaya-ōdōri]] || [[:ja:久屋大通駅|久屋大通]] || align=right | 3.3&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:mediumpurple">■</span> [[Meijō Line]] (M06) |- | S06 || [[Takaoka Station (Aichi)|Takaoka]] || [[:ja:高岳駅|高岳]] || align=right | 4&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:hotpink">■</span> ''[[Kamiiida Line]] (planned extension)'' || rowspan=2 | [[Higashi-ku, Nagoya|Higashi]] |- | S07 || [[Kurumamichi Station|Kurumamichi]] || [[:ja:車道駅|車道]] || align=right | 5.3&nbsp;km || |- | S08 || [[Imaike Station (Aichi)|Imaike]] || [[:ja:今池駅 (愛知県)|今池]] || align=right | 6.3&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:gold">■</span> Jalur Higashiyama (H13) || rowspan=2 | [[Chikusa-ku, Nagoya|Chikusa]] |- | S09 || [[Fukiage Station (Aichi)|Fukiage]] || [[:ja:吹上駅 (愛知県)|吹上]] || align=right | 7.4&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: ''Tōbu Line (planned)'' |- | S10 || [[Gokiso Station|Gokiso]] || [[:ja:御器所駅|御器所]] || align=right | 8.4&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:deepskyblue">■</span> Tsurumai Line (T12) || [[Showa-ku, Nagoya|Shōwa]] |- | S11 || [[Sakurayama Station|Sakurayama]] || [[:ja:桜山駅|桜山]] || align=right | 9.5&nbsp;km || || rowspan=4 | [[Mizuho-ku, Nagoya|Mizuho]] |- | S12 || [[Mizuho Kuyakusho Station|Mizuho Kuyakusho]] || [[:ja:瑞穂区役所駅|瑞穂区役所]] || align=right | 10.4&nbsp;km || |- | S13 || [[Mizuho Undojo Nishi Station|Mizuho Undōjō Nishi]] || [[:ja:瑞穂運動場西駅|瑞穂運動場西]] || align=right | 11.1&nbsp;km || |- | S14 || [[Aratama-bashi Station|Aratama-bashi]] || [[:ja:新瑞橋駅|新瑞橋]] || align=right | 11.8&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: <span style="color:mediumpurple">■</span> Meijō Line (M23) |- | S15 || [[Sakura-hommachi Station|Sakura-hommachi]] || [[:ja:桜本町駅|桜本町]] || align=right | 12.9&nbsp;km || Nagoya City Subway: ''Nambu Line (planned)'' || rowspan=2 | [[Minami-ku, Nagoya|Minami]] |- | S16 || [[Tsurusato Station|Tsurusato]] || [[:ja:鶴里駅|鶴里]] || align=right | 13.8&nbsp;km || |- | S17 || [[Nonami Station|Nonami]] || [[:ja:野並駅|野並]] || align=right | 14.9&nbsp;km || || [[Tempaku-ku, Nagoya|Tempaku]] |- ! colspan=7 | Keur diwangun, direncanakeun dibuka dina taun 2011 (Ngaran stasion sementara) |- | S18 || ''Naruko Kita'' || 鳴子北 || || || Tempaku || rowspan=4 | Nagoya, Aichi |- | S19 || ''Aioiyama'' || 相生山 || || || rowspan=3 | [[Midori-ku, Nagoya|Midori]] |- | S20 || ''Kamisawa'' || 神沢 || || |- | S21 || ''Tokushige'' || 徳重 || || |- |} ==Tempo ogé== *[[Runtuyan Jalur Kareta api di Jepang]] == Tumbu kaluar == * {{ja icon}} [http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/index.html Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219052314/http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/index.html |date=2020-02-19 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/tagengo/tagengo-chika-e.htm Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya official website]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/tagengo/subwaymap.pdf The subway map]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Nagoya transit}} [[Kategori:Nagoya Municipal Subway]] mh4h1hfyr8usgoexxgs7sr92i816okk 0 36092 708358 705443 2026-04-21T23:49:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = ''République du Cameroun'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Kamerun |common_name = Kamerun |image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg |symbol_type = Coat of Arms |image_map =Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg |alt_map = Lokasi Kamerun dina Uni Afrika. |map_caption= {{map_caption |location_color=héjo kolot|region=Afrika |region_color=kulawu kolot |subregion=[[Uni Afrika]] |subregion_color=paul |legend=Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg}} |national_motto = "''Paix – Travail – Patrie''"<small><br />"Rapih – Gawé – Lemah Cai"</small> |national_anthem = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">''[[Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres]]''<br />''O Kamerun, Lemah Cai pun Bapa''&nbsp;¹</span> |official_languages = Basa Perancis jeung Inggris ''(de facto)'' |demonym = Cameroonian |capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="Cameroon - Infoplease.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html|title=Cameroon |publisher=Infoplease |accessdate=27 May 2011|publisheer=Infoplease}}</ref> |latd=3 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=11 |longm=31 |longEW=E <!--Google Maps--> |largest_city = [[Douala]]<ref name="Cameroon - Infoplease.com"/> |government_type = [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Pupuhu nagara Kamerun|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]]<ref name="Cameroon - Infoplease.com"/> |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Kamerun|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name2 = [[Philémon Yang]] |area_rank = ka-54 <!--Demographic Yearbook 1.--> |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area = 475.442 |areami² = 183.568 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1,3 <!--CIA World Factbook--> |population_estimate = 19.100.000 |population_estimate_rank = ka-58 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> |population_estimate_year = Juli 2009 |population_census = 15.746.179 |population_census_year = 2003 |population_density = 39,7 |population_densitymi² = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-167 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> |GDP_PPP = $44,327&nbsp;milyar<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=13 |title=Cameroon|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2.170<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $22,478&nbsp;milyar<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2010 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1.100<ref name="imf2"/> |sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Perancis]] |established_event1 = Didéklarasikeun |established_date1 = 1 Januari 1960 |established_event2 = Anéksasi urut Kamerun Britania |established_date2 = 1 Oktober 1961 |HDI = {{increase}} 0,460 |HDI_rank = ka-131 |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI_category = handap<ref>[http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/CMR.html Country profile of human development indicators – Cameroon]. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.</ref> |Gini = 44,6<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-09-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2009-05-13 }}</ref> |Gini_year = 2001 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> |currency = [[Franc CFA Afrika Tengah]] |currency_code = XAF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Wanci Afrika Kulon|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = teu kaobsérvasi |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.cm]] |calling_code = 237 |footnote1 = Judul ieu sakumaha disebutkeun dina ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Pasal X. Vérsi basa Perancisna kadang disebut "''Chant de Ralliement''", sakumaha dina ''National Anthems of the World'', jeung vérsi basa Inggrisna "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", sakumaha dina DeLancey jeung DeLancey 61. }} '''Kamerun''', resmina '''Républik Kamerun''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|République du Cameroun}}), mangrupa hiji nagara di [[Afrika Tengah]] kulon. Nagara ieu tepung wates jeung [[Nigeria]] di kulon; [[Chad]] di kalér-wétan; [[Républik Afrika Tengah]] di wétan; sarta [[Guinéa Khatulistiwa]], [[Gabon]], jeung [[Républik Kongo]] di kidul. Basisirna Kamerun wawatesan jeung [[Teluk Bonny]], bagian ti [[Teluk Guinéa]] jeung [[Samudra Atlantik]]. Nagara ieu kalandi "Miniatur Afrika" pikeun bébéda géologis jeung kabudayaanna. Objék alami saperti basisir, sagara, gunung, leuweung hujan, jeung savana. Titik nu pangluhurna nyaéta [[Gunung Kamerun]] di beulah kidul-kulon, sarta kota panggedéna nyaéta [[Douala]], [[Yaoundé]], jeung [[Garoua]]. Kamrun miboga leuwih ti 200 grup basa nu bébéda. Nagara ieu katelah tina gaya musik aslina, utamina [[makossa]] jeung [[bikutsi]], sarta tina [[Tim maén bal nasional Kamerun|tim maén bal nasionalna]] nu suksés. [[Basa Perancis]] jeung [[Basa Inggris]] mangrupa basa resmi. Padumuk awal ti wewengkon ieu kaasup [[Paadaban Sao]] di sabundereun [[Dano Chad]] jeung pamoro-pangumpul [[Baka (Kamerun jeung Gabon)|Baka]] dina leuweung hujan tenggara. Panjelajah Portugis nepi ka basisirna dina abad ka-15 jeung méré ngaran wewengkon éta ''Rio dos Camarões'' ("Walungan Hurang"), ngaran ti mana dibeunangkeun ngaran ''Kamerun''. Tentara [[Urang Fula|Fula]]<ref>Dina {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}; dina {{lang-fr|link=no|Peul ''atawa'' Peuhl}}.</ref> ngadegkeun [[Emirat Adamawa]] di beulah kalér dina abad ka-19, jeung rupa-rupa grup étnis ti kulon jeung kalér-kulon ngadegkeun séké-séké jeung [[fon (Kamerun)|kafonan]]. Kamerun jadi [[Kakaisaran Jérman|jajahan Jérman]] dina 1884. Sanggeus Perand Dunya I, wewengkon ieu dibagi antara [[Républik Katilu Perancis|Perancis]] jeung [[Kakaisarana Britania|Britania]] salaku [[mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Partéy pulitik [[Kahijian Urang Kamerun|Union des Populations du Cameroun]] ngadukung kamerdikaan tapi teu disahkeun ku Perancis dina 1950-an. Dina 1960, Perancis ngadministradi sabagian Kamerun jadi merdika salaku Républik Kamerun dina Présidén [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]. [[Kamerun Kidul|Bagian kidulna]], Kamerun Britania, ngagabung dina 1961 pikeun ngawangun [[Républik féderal|Républik Féderal]] Kamerun. Nagara ieu diganti ngaranna kana [[Nagara kahijian|Républik Kahijian]] Kamerun dina 1972 sarta teras Républik Kamerun dina 1984. Dibandingkeun nagara Afrika lianna, Kamerun miboga stabilitas pulitis jeung sosial nu rélatif luhur. Hal ieu ngidinkeun kamekaran tatanén, jalan, rél, jeung industri ageung minyak bumi sarta kai. Tapi, raloba urang Kamerun anu miskin salaku patani. Kakawasaan aya dina présidén [[Otoritérisme|otoritér]] ti 1982, [[Paul Biya]], jeung partéyna, [[Pagerakan Démokratik Urang Kamerun]]. == Région == :''Artikel utama: [[Région di Kamerun]], [[Divisi Kamerun]]'' [[Gambar:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|center|Kamerun dibagi kana 10 région.]] [[Konstitusi Kamerun|Konstitusi]] ngabagi Kamerun kana 10 région semi-otonom, masing-masing dina administrasi [[Déwan Régional (Kamerun)|Déwan Régional]]. Dekrét présidénsial 12 Nopémber 2008 resmi nyarankeun parobihan ti propinsi ka région.<ref>[http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=les_actes/lecture_act&id=79&lang=fr&quoi=D%E9cret Décret N° 2008/376 du 12 novembre 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014221647/http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=les_actes%2Flecture_act&id=79&lang=fr&quoi=D%E9cret |date=2012-10-14 }}, President of the Republic website. Accessed 9 June 2009.</ref> Région-régionna dibagi deui kana (total) 58 divisi (''départements''). Divisi-divisina salajengna dibagi deui kana sub-divisi (''arrondissements''). == Tempo ogé == *[[Afrika Tengah]] *[[Daptar nagara]] == Catetan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Réferénsi == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3"> * "[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm Background Note: Cameroon]". October 2006. United States Department of State. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208022949/http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/cmr-summary-eng Cameroon]". ''Amnesty International Report 2006''. Amnesty International Publications. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon]". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Buréau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html Cameroon]". ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515103416/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |date=2020-05-15 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 March 2007. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://www.unaids.org/en/Regions_Countries/Countries/cameroon.asp Cameroon]". UNAIDS. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 Cameroon (2006)]". ''Country Report: 2006 Edition''. Freedom House, Inc. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 Cameroon – Annual Report 2007]". Reporters without Borders. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 CAMEROON: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical]". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Accessed 6 April 2007. * ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'' ([http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051229035354/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |date=2005-12-29 }} and [http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm French] versions). 18 January 1996. Accessed 6 April 2007. * "[http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 Corruption Perceptions Index 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428203145/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |date=2008-04-28 }}". Transparency International. Accessed 28 September 2007. * DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000): ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. * [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004'']. United Nations Statistics Division. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060518021316/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR410062006?open&of=ENG-CMR 2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries]". May 2006. Amnesty International Publications. Accessed 6 April 2007. * Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd. * Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. * Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education Ltd. * Fonge, Fua béh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. * Gwanfogbe, Mathew, Ambrose Meligui, Jéan Moukam, and Jéanette Nguoghia (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd. * "[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=2013-11-28 }}". Global Méasured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Accessed 6 April 2007. * Hudgens, Jim, and Richard Trillo (1999). ''West Africa: The Rough Guide''. 3rd ed. London: Rough Guides Ltd. * International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument |date=2007-06-13 }}". ReliefWeb. Accessed 18 June 2007. * Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?lang=Fr&oled=j17072007&idart=4085&olarch=j17072007 Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211093654/http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?lang=Fr&oled=j17072007&idart=4085&olarch=j17072007 |date=2008-12-11 }}", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Accessed 18 July 2007. * Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]]. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=2008-12-06 }}", Africa News. Accessed 13 March 2008. * Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). ''Culture and Customs of Cameroon''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. * Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL08308448.html Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206070242/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL08308448.html |date=2008-12-06 }}". Reuters. Accessed 9 April 2008. * Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=2007-06-29 }}". Reuters. Accessed 27 June 2007. * Neba, Aaron (1999). ''Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon,'' 3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers. * Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon]". BBC News. Accessed 6 April 2007. * Njeuma, Dorothy L. (no date). "[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm |date=2007-06-09 }}". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Accessed 11 April 2008. * Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?lang=Fr&oled=j11032008&idart=9281&olarch= Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211093632/http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?lang=Fr&oled=j11032008&idart=9281&olarch= |date=2008-12-11 }}", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Accessed 12 March 2008. * Nkolo, Jéan-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd. * "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=2014-02-09 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 March 2007. Accessed 6 April 2007. * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing']". BBC News. Accessed 6 April 2007. * Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics. Audio CD. * Volet, Jéan-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance]". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Accessed 6 April 2007. * West, Ben (2004). ''Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide''. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. * Wight, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Spain: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys]". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Accessed 6 April 2007. * ''[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511162049/http://esa.un.org/unpp/ |date=2011-05-11 }}''. 2006. United Nations Population Division. Accessed 6 April 2007. </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks|Cameroon}} ; Pamaréntah * [http://www.presidenceducameroun.com Kaprésidénan Républik Kamerun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529010519/http://www.presidenceducameroun.com/ |date=2017-05-29 }} * [http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Kantor Perdana Mentri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 |date=2011-07-15 }} * [http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ Majelis Nasional Kamerun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ |date=2009-08-05 }} ; Informasi ilahar * {{CIA World Factbook link|cm|Cameroon}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Cameroon|Kamerun}} * {{Wikiatlas|Cameroon}} * {{wikivoyage|Cameroon}} {{Template group |title = Artikel nu patali jeung Kamerun |list = {{Cameroon topics}} {{Template group |title = [[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]&nbsp;Géografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Template group |title = Basa |list = {{Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations}} }} }} [[Kategori:Kamerun| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota La Francophonie]] [[Kategori:Anggota OSI]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Perancis]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Kamerun}} fxn1hyvfhvmhuugbhx1hpi6m28zomp9 0 40167 708394 651517 2026-04-22T06:52:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Ust-Kamenogorsk | native_name = Өскемен | image_skyline = ust1.jpg | image_flag = Oskemen-remade.png | image_seal = Oskemen seal.jpg | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Kazakstan | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 280 | pushpin_map_caption =Lokasi di Kazakstan | coordinates_region = KZ | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_type1 = [[Propinsi di Kazakstan|Propinsi]] | subdivision_name = [[Kazakstan]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Propinsi Kazakstan Wétan]] | established_title = Ngadeg | established_date =1720 | established_title1 = Disahkeun ([[kota]]) | established_date1 = 1868 | government_type = | leader_title = Akim <small>([[walikota]])</small> | leader_name = [[Islam Abishev]] | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 540 | area_land_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | population_as_of=2010 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-cities.htm |title=Cities & towns of Kazakhstan |publisher=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=February 25, 2009 |accessdate=January 25, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221175803/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-cities.htm |date=December 21, 2009 }}</ref> | population_total = 321.000 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] | utc_offset = +6 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | latd=49|latm=59|lats=|latNS=N | longd=82|longm=37|longs=|longEW=E | elevation_footnotes= | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = [[Kode pos]] | postal_code = F0***** | area_code = +7 7232 | registration_plate = F, 16 | website = http://www.oskemen.kz | footnotes = }} '''Öskemen''' ({{lang-kz|Өскемен}}) atanapi '''Ust-Kamenogorsk''' ({{lang-ru|Усть-Каменого́рск}}) nyaéta kota puseur administratif [[Propinsi Kazahstan Wétan]] di [[Kazakstan]]. Kota ieu dilayanan ku [[Bandar Udara Ust-Kamenogorsk]]. ==Agama== [[File:Mosque oskemen.jpg|right|Masigit di Oskemen|thumb|200px]] [[File:Church oskemen.jpg|right|Garéja Ortodoks Rusia|thumb|200px]] Aya 32 paguyuban kaagamaan di Oskemen ti 15 agama jeung kapercayaan, di antarana [[Islam]], [[Kristen]], jeung agama non-tradisional liannna. Aya 21 wangunan cagar budaya di kota ieu, di antarana nyaéta [[masigit]] jeung garéja [[Kristen Ortodoks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oskemen.kz/en/politics5.htm |title=Domestic policy |publisher=www.oskemen.kz |date=19 April 2001 |accessdate=January 25, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142714/http://www.oskemen.kz/en/politics5.htm |date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Angkutan== *[[Bandar Udara Ust-Kamenogorsk]] ==Kota kembar== Oskemen [[kota kembar|dikembarkeun]] jeung: * {{flagicon|Bélarus}} [[Babruysk]], Bélarus * {{flagicon|Koréa Kidul}} [[Gangneung]], Koréa Kidul (2011) * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Bursa]], Turki (2011) * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Yokneam]], Israél (2012) * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Barnaul]], Rusia (2012) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== *[http://www.oskemen.kz Oskemen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730035544/http://www.oskemen.kz/ |date=2008-07-30 }} {{East Kazakhstan Province}} {{Cities of Kazakhstan}} {{Coord|49|59|N|82|37|E|region:KZ_type:city|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ust-Kamenogorsk}} [[Kategori:Pagunungan Altai]] [[Kategori:Pamukiman nu ngadeg taun 1720]] [[Kategori:Pamukiman di Propinsi Kazakstan Wétan]] 8opb4imycm15jl6hle48kctfkdtbs48 0 42076 708347 707424 2026-04-21T16:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{islam}} '''Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad bin Idrīs Asy-Syafiʿī''' atawa '''Muhammad bin Idris asy-Syafi`i''' ({{lang-ar|محمد بن إدريس الشافعي}}) anu nelah disebat '''Imam Syafi'i''' ([[Ashkelon]], [[Gaza]], [[Paléstina]], 150 H / [[767]]M - Fusthat, [[Mesir]] 204H / [[820]]M)<ref name="hiji">Asraka, Tawil. 2010. ''Mengenal Tokoh Ulama’ Terbesar Sepanjang Masa Al-Imam Abu Abdillah Muhammad bin Idris Rah.A, yang lebih dikenal dengan Imam Syafi’i''. Jakarta.</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |last=Chaumont |first=E. |title=al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Shafi-i |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> nyaéta hiji [[mufti]] agung [[Sunni]] Islam ogé pangadeg '''[[madzhab Syafi'i]]'''. Imam Syafi'i ogé kaasup sadudulur ti [[Rasulullah]], mantenna kaasup kana [[Bani Muththalib]], nyaéta réréhan ti [[Abdul-Muththalib|al-Muththalib]], dulur ti [[Hasyim bin 'Abd al-Manaf|Hasyim]], anu mangrupa akina nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref name="MuslimHeritage">{{cite web |title=Imam al-Shafi'i: The Father of Usul al-Fiqh |url=https://muslimheritage.com/imam-al-shafii-usul-al-fiqh/ |website=Muslim Heritage |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Nalika yuswa 20 taun, Imam Syafi'i angkat ka [[Madinah]] pikieun guguru ka ulama agung mangsa harita, nyatana [[Malik bin Anas|Imam Malik]]. Dua taun salajengna, mantenna ogé angkat ka [[Irak]], pikeun guguru ka murid-murid [[Imam Abu Hanifah|Imam Hanafi]] di dinya. Imam Syafi`i miboga dua dasar nu beda pikeun '''[[Madhab Syafi'i]]'''. nyaéta ''Qaulun Qadim'' jeung ''Qaulun Jadid''.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Shafi'i, Muhammad ibn Idris al- |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100500155 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> == Gumelaran jeung Kahirupan Kulawarga == === Gumelaran === Imam Syafi’i gumelar dina jaman [[Dinasti Bani Abbas]], nyatana dina jaman kakawasaan [[Abu Ja’far al-Mansyur]].<ref name="dua">Dr. Jaih Mubarok. 2000. ''Sejarah dan Perkembangan Hukum Islam''. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.</ref> Idris bin Abbas rumeujeung ka garwana, Fatimah al-Azdiyyah dina hiji liliaran anu kawilang jauh, nyaéta ka pilemburan [[Gaza]], [[Paléstina]]. Harita umat Islam keur nyanghareupan perang ngabéla nagari Islam di kota [[Ashkelon|Asqalan]].<ref name="ArabWorld">{{cite web |title=Al-Shafi'i: Muslim Jurist |url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/biography/al-shafi-i |website=Arab World Books |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Mangsa harita Fatimah al-Azdiyyah nuju ngandung, Idris bin Abbas bingah ku perkara éta, lajeng dikocapkeun, "Saumpamana anu gumelar téh lalaki, mangka bakal dingaranan Muhammad, sarts bakal dijujuluk ku nami salasaurang akina nyaéta Syafi'i bin Asy-Syaib."<ref name="dua"/> Imam Syafi'i gumelar dina taun 150 H, nyaéta taun anu sami sareng pupusna [[Imam Abu Hanifah]].<ref name="LostIslamicHistory">{{cite web |title=Imam al-Shafi'i - The Architect of Islamic Law |url=https://lostislamichistory.com/imam-al-shafii/ |website=Lost Islamic History |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Antukna Fatimah babar di [[Gaza]], jeung kabuktian naon anu geus dicita-citakeun ku ramana téh. Budak éta dingaranan Muhammad, sarta kawentar ku jujuluk "asy-Syafi'i".<ref name="dua"/> Nurutkeun ahli sajarah, Imam Syafi'i gumelar dina taun anu sami sareng pupusna ulama agung [[Sunni]] nyaéta [[Imam Abu Hanifah]]. Dina yuswa 2 taun, Imam Syafi’i ngalih ka [[mekah]] bareng sareng biangna dina kaayaan yatim.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="hiji"/> Nalika Imam Syafi’i masih dina kandungan, biangna ngimpén yén hiji béntang anu kaluar tina rahimna éta béntang téh naék luhur pisan sarta cahayana sumebar nyaangan sakuliah jagat. Ahli mimpi nafsirkeun yén Fatimah bakal ngababarkeun hiji putra anu élmuna bakal nyaangan sarta mangaruhan sakuliah dunya.<ref name="TheIslamicHistory">{{cite web |title=The Life and Legacy of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.theislamichistory.com/imam-al-shafii/ |website=The Islamic History |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref><ref name="hiji"/> === Nasab === Idris, ramana Imam Syafi'i, kawitna dumuk di [[taneuh]] [[Hijaz]]. Anjeunna mangrupa réréhan ti [[Bani Muththalib]].<ref name="dua"/> Imam Syafi'i mangrupikeun katurunan [[Quraisy]] tina nasab kadua sepuhna, boh ti [[rama]] atanapi ti [[biang]].<ref name="dua"/> Anjeunna mangrupa réréhan ti [[Bani Muththalib]], janten anjeunna kalebet kana [[Bani Muththalib]].<ref name="dua"/> [[Nasab]] ramana nyaéta Muhammad bin [[Idris bin Abbas]] bin Syafi’i bin [[Sa’ib bin Ubaid]] bin Abdu Yazid bin [[Hasyim bin al Muththalib]] bin Abdu Manaf.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ImamShafiiNet">{{cite web |title=The Lineage of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=http://www.imamshafii.net/en/biography/lineage/ |website=Imam Shafii Network |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dupi biagna nyaéta [[Fatimah binti Abdullah]] bin Hasan bin [[Husain bin Ali]] bin [[Abu Thalib bin Abdul Muththalib]], ngalangkungan biangna, nasab mantenna patepung sareng [[Rasulullah SAW]] dina [[Abdul-Muththalib]] akina Rasulullah SAW.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ShafiBiog">{{cite web |title=Biography of Imam Shafi'i |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/knowledge/biography/story-of-imam-shafii/ |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tina nasab éta, [[Al-Mutthalib bin Abdi Manaf]], akina Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`, nyaéta dulur kandung Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf akina [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam.<ref name="dua"/> Ogé dulur kandung Abdul Mutthalib bin Hasyim, akina [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam , ngaranna Syifa’, ditikah ku Ubaid bin Abdi Yazid, sangkan gumelar putra nu ngaranna As-Sa’ib, ramana Syafi’i.<ref name="dua"/> Ka Syafi’i bin As-Sa’ib radliyallahu`anhuma ieu budak yatim nu dimaksud téh dinisbahkeun nasabna sahingga kasohor ku ngaran Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`i Al-Mutthalibi.<ref name="dua"/> Ku kituna nasab yatim ieu kacida deukeutna jeung [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam. Ka Syafi’i bin As-Sa’ib radliyallahu `anhuma ieu, nasab budak yatim anu dimaksud téh dinisbahkeun, sahingga mantenna kasohor ku jujuluk '''Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi'i Al-Mutthalibi'''.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="SunnahOnline">{{cite web |title=Biography of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://sunnahonline.com/library/biographies/355-shafii |website=SunnahOnline |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Ku kituna, nasab Imam Syafi'i téh kacida deukeutna sareng [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ImamShafiiOrg">{{cite web |title=The Lineage of the Great Imam |url=http://www.imamshafii.org/lineage |website=ImamShafii.org |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kusabab [[Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf]] anu saterusna ngalahirkeun [[Bani Hasyim]], nyaéta dulur kandung jeung Mutthalib bin Abdi manaf, anu ngalahirkeun Bani Mutthalib, mangka Rasulullah ngadawuh: {{cquote|Mung ukur kami (nyaéta [[Bani Hasyim]]) jeung maranéhanana (nyaéta [[Bani Mutthalib]]) nu asalna ti hiji nasab. Sabari mantenna nyilang-nyilangkeun [[ramo]] dua panangan mantenna.|4=HR. Abu Nu’aim Al-Asfahani dina Hilyah na juz 9 kaca 65 - 66}} ===Waragad jeung Ahlak=== Syaikh [[Ar-Rabi’ bin Sulaiman]] (Sahabat sarta murid imam Syafi’i) ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i pameunteuna kasép, sorana halimpu nalika macakeun Ayat-ayat suci [[Al-Qur’an]], sahingga sing saha waé anu ngadanguna nyurucudkeun [[cimata]] malihan aya anu nepika [[kapiuhan]], "ahlakna kacida [[éndah]] sarta béréhan.<ref name="hiji"/> Syaikh [[Al-Humaidi]] nyaritakeun, “Syafi’i sumping ti [[shana’a]] nyandak bebekelan [[duit]] lobana sapuluh rébu [[dinar]]. Lajeng mantenna ngadegkeun kémah di luar [[Mekah]], jalma-jalma ngadatangan mantenna, sarta dina [[peuting]] éta kénéh duitna téh parantos bérés dibagikeun (sedekah),”.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="MuslimHeritage2">{{cite web |title=Imam as-Shafi'i: The Jurisprudential Star |url=https://muslimheritage.com/imam-as-shafii/ |website=Muslim Heritage |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Syaikh [[Amr bin Sawad]] ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i nyaéta jalma anu pang béréhanana kana [[:id:Dinar|dinar]], [[:id:Dirham|dirham]] jeung [[kadaharan]]”.<ref name="hiji"/> Ar-rabi’ ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i nyaéta jalma anu pangbéréhanana kana [[dinar]], [[dirham]], sarta [[kadaharan]].”<ref name="hiji"/>.<ref name="hiji"/> Ar-Rabi’ ogé nyaritakeun yén nalika Imam Syafi’i naék [[keledéi]] sarta pecutna murag, aya saurang jalma anu mangmulungkeun. Harita kénéh Imam Syafi’i maréntahkeun ka palayanna pikeun nyedekahkeun duit tujuh [[dinar]] ka éta jalma.<ref name="hiji"/> Mantenna mah saderhana dina dangdanan, mahér dina pangubaran, lihéi dina numpak kuda ogé mahér papanahan ku keunana 100 persén, Syafi'i ogé saurang anu lébér wawanén, nganggé [[cingcin]] dina ramo kéncana nu ditulisan “Cekap mung Allah minangka ageman Muhammad bin Idris”.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="hiji"/><ref name="IslamicFinder2">{{cite web |title=The Character of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/knowledge/biography/story-of-imam-shafii/ |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mangsa Diajar == Nalika yuswa [[2]] [[taun]], Imam Syafi'i dicandak ku [[biang]]na ka [[Hijaz]] sarta ngahiji jeung pangeusi [[negeri]] éta anu kalolobaanana urang [[Yaman]], jalaran [[biang]]na asalna ti suku [[:id:Azd|Azd]].<ref name="hiji"/> Nincak yuswa [[10]] [[taun]] mantenna dicandak ku [[biang]]na ka [[Mekah]], Hal ieu dilakukeun jalaran biangna melang [[nasab]]na anu kacida mulyana téh paur leungit sarta dipopohokeun upami tetep aya di pangumbaran.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="Britannica2">{{cite web |last=Chaumont |first=E. |title=al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Shafi-i |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Nalika mangsa diajar jeung nyungsi [[:id:guru|guru]] pikeun mantenna, [[ibu]]na henteu kawasa pikeun ngaburuhan [[guru]]na. Tapi [[guru]]na tumarima jeung ridho pikeun ngadidik Imam Syafi'i ngora. Imam Syafi'i loba ngahadiran pangajian ogé patepung jeung para [[ulama]] pikeun diajar sawatara perkara [[agama]]. Mantenna nulis sagala hal anu didanguna dina [[:id:tulang|tulang]]-[[tulang]] nu lamun tas pinuh jeung numpuk éta [[tulang]] téh dikana karungkeun.<ref name="hiji"/> ku sabab kaayaan [[ékonomi]]na nu mangwaaskeun, pikeun tolab [[élmu]] téh Imam Syafi'i kudu ka perpustakaan jeung ngagunakeun bagéan luar tina kulit anu dipanggihan pikeun nyatet. Hasilna, dina yuswa 7 taun tas apal [[al-Qur'an]] 30 Juz, yuswa 10 taun tas apal kitab [[al-Muwaththa]] yasana [[Imam Malik]] ogé dina yuswa 15 taun tas dipercanten pikeun matwa ku [[guru]]na [[Muslim bin Khalid]] az-Zanji.<ref name="hiji"/> Di Mekkah, sanggeus dipapatahan supaya neuleuman [[élmu]] [[fiqih]], Imam Syafi’i guguru ka [[Muslim bin Khalid]] az-Zanji, salah sahiji mufti [[Mekkah]]. Sanggeus kitu, mantenna dicandak ku [[ibu]]na ka [[Madinah]] pikeun tolab [[élmu]] ka [[:id:Malik bin Anas|lmam Malik]].<ref name="hiji"/> di dinya, mantenna guguru ka [[Imam Malik]] salila 16 [[taun]] nikakeun [[guru]]na ieu téh tilar dunya. Bareng jeung éta, anjeunna diajar ka [[Ibrahim bin Sa’d al-Anshary]], [[Muhammad bin Sa’id bin Fudaik]] jeung [[:id:ulama|ulama]]-[[ulama]] salian aranjeunna.<ref name="hiji"/> Sapupusna [[Imam Malik]], Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka wewengkon [[Najran]] minangka Wali (pangawasa) di dinya. Namung sakumaha adilna ogé, aya waé sawaréh jalma anu sirik mah jeung ngagogoréng ka Imam Safi’i sarta ngadu-ngadu ka [[:id:khalifah|khalifah]] [[Harun ar-Rasyid]].<ref name="hiji"/> Nikakeun Imam Syafi’i téh ditalék di Dar al-Khilafah dina taun 184 H. Sajanan kitu, Imam Syaféi bisa ngabéla dirina di hareupeun para [[khalifah]] ku cara hujjah anu kacida ngantebna sangkan kacirina ku khalifah yén tutuduh anu ditojokeun ka Imam Syafi’i téh henteu ngadasar jeung teu mibanda alesan anu jelas, antukna [[khalifah]] ngabébaskeun ka Imam Syafi’i.<ref name="hiji"/> Salajengna Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka [[Baghdad]], di dinya anjeunna patepang sareng [[Muhammad bin al-Hasan asy-Syaibany]], muridna [[Imam Abu Hanifah]].<ref name="hiji"/> anjeunna maca [[kitab]]-[[:id:kitab|kitab]]na jeung ngawanohan [[élmu]] AhIi Rayi ([[:id:kaum|kaum]] [[:id:Rasional|Rasional]]), salajengna mulang deui ka [[Makkah]] sinaareng dumuk di dinya salila kurang leuwih 9 taun pikeun nyumebarkeun madzhabna liwat [[halaqah]]-[[:id:halawah|halaqah]] élmu anu ditéangan ku para panungnut élmu di [[Haram]], [[Makkah]], kitu ogé liwat panglawungan jeung para [[ulama]] nalika lumangsungna [[usum]] [[haji]].<ref name="hiji"/> Dina mangsa ieu, [[Imam Ahmad]] diajar jeung anjeunna.<ref name="hiji"/> Saterusna Imam Syafi’i balik deui ka [[Baghdad]] taun 195 H. Kabeneran di dinya tas aya [[majelis]]na anu dihadiran ku para [[:id:ulama]] jeung dipinihan ku para penungtut élmu anu datang ti pangjuru buana. Anjeunna dumuk di dinya salila 2 taun, waktuna dipaké pikeun ngarang [[kitab]] [[:id:ar-risalah|ar-Risalah]].<ref name="hiji"/> Dina [[buku]]na éta, anjeunna ngajabarkeun [[madzhab]] heubeulna (Qaul Qadim). Dina mangsa ieu, aya opat urang sohabat seniorna anu nyantri jeung anjeunna, nyaéta [[Ahmad bin Hanbal]], [[Abu Tsaur]], [[az-Za’farany]] jeung [[al-Karaabiisy]].<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna balik ka [[Makkah]] jeung dumuk di dinya dina wanci anu sajorélat, sanggeus kitu angkat deui ka [[Baghdad]], dina taun 198 H.<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[Baghdad]], anjeunna ogé dumuk sakeudeung pikeun saterusna angkat ka [[Mesir]].<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna nepi di [[:en:Egypt|Mesir]] dina taun 199 H nu teu disangka-sangkana mah yén kasohoranna Imam Syafi’i téh tas miheulaan nepi ka dinya. Dina iinditanna ieu, anjeunna dibaturan ku babaraha urang muridna, di antarana [[Ar-Rabi’i bin Sulaiman al-Murady]] jeung [[Abdullah bin az-Zubair al-Humaidy]]. Anjeunna sindang heula di [[Fushthath]] minangka tamu [[Abdullah bin Abdul Hakam]] anu mangrupa sohabat [[Imam Malik]]. Saterusna anjeunna mimiti ngeusian pangajianna di Jami [[Amr bin Ash]]. Sihoréng, lolobana mah nu tumut ka dua imam saméméhna, nyaéta nu tumut ka [[Imam Abu Hanifah]] jeung [[Imam Malik]] leuwih condong ka anjeunna jeung kasima ku kafaséhan sarta élmuna.<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[:id:mesir|Mesir]], anjeunna dumuk salila 5 taun nu mana salila mangsa ieu digunakeun pikeun ngarang, ngajar, nyawala (Munazharah) ogé ngitung-ngitung pangedalan lawan sawalana.<ref name="hiji"/> Di negeri ieu, anjeunna neundeun madzhab anyarna (Qaul Jadid), nyaéta mangrupa [[hukum]]-[[:id:hukum|hukum]] jeung [[fatwa]]-[[:id:fatwa|fatwa]] anu ku anjeunna diguar [[dalil]]na salila di [[Mesir]], sawaréhna mah béda jeung kedalan [[fiqih]] anu tas diteundeun di [[Iraq]].<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[Mesir]] ogé, anjeunna ngarang [[buku]]-[[:en:book|buku]] agréngna, anu diriwayatkeun ku para [[murid]]na.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Guru jeung murid-muridna== ===Guru-guru Imam Syafi'i=== Imam Syafi’i ngawitan nungnut [[élmu]] jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] anu aya di [[negeri]]na, diantawisna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/>: #[[Muslim bin Khalid Az-Zanji]] [[mufti]] Makkah, #[[Muhammad bin Syafi]]’ [[uwa]]na nyalira, #Abbas [[aki]]na Imam Syafi’i, #[[Sufyan bin Uyainah]], #[[Fudhail bin Iyadl]], sarta sababaraha [[ulama]] nu séjén. Anjeunna ogé nungtut élmu jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] [[:id:Madinah|Madinah]] diantawisna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/>: #[[Malik bin Anas]], #[[Ibrahim bin Abu Yahya Al Aslamy Al Madany]], #[[Abdul Aziz Ad-Darawardi]], [[Athaf bin Khalid]], [[Ismail bin Ja’far]] dan [[Ibrahim bin Sa’ad]] sarta para [[ulama]] anu aya dina tingkatanna. Imam Syafi’i ogé nungtut élmu jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] [[negeri]] [[:id:Yaman|Yaman]] diantawisna<ref name="hiji"/>: #Mutharrif bin Mazin #Hisyam bin Yusuf Al Qadhi, jeung sababaraha [[ulama]] séjénna. Jeung di [[:en:Baghdad|Baghdad]] anjeunna nungtut élmu ti<ref name="hiji"/> #[[Muhammad bin Al Hasan]], [[ulama]]na [[bangsa]] [[:id:Irak|Irak]], anjeunna ngamulazamah barengan [[ulama]] éta, jeung nungtut élmu nu loba ti anjeunna, #[[Ismail bin Ulayah]], #[[Abdulwahab Ats-Tsaqafy]], sarta anu séjénna. ===Murid-murid Imam Syafi’i=== Anjeunna mibanda loba murid, anu umumna jadi inohong jeung gegedén [[ulama]] jeung [[imam]] umat [[islam]], anu pangnyongcolangna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/> #[[Ahmad bin Hanbal]], Ahli Hadits jeung sakaligus ogé Ahli [[Fiqih]] jeung [[:id:Imam|imam]] [[Ahlus Sunnah]] jeung kasupaketan kaum [[muslimin]]. #[[Al Hasan bin Muhammad Az-Za’farani]], #[[Ishaq bin Rahawaih]], #[[Harmalah bin Yahya]], #[[Sulaiman bin Dawud Al Hasyimi]], #[[Abu Tsaur Ibrahim bin Khalid Al Kalbi]] jeung loba deui nu séjén-séjénna. == Tilar Dunya == Imam Syafi’i tilar dunya di [[Fustat]], [[Mesir]] dina malem [[juma’ah]] sanggeus [[magrib]] taun [[204 H]] / [[820]] M.<ref name="hiji"/> Syaikh [[Ar-Rabi’i]] ngocapkeun, “Simkuring ngimpen ningal Nabi [[Adam]] AS, tilar dunya, nalika kuring nanya ngeunaan perkara éta, hiji jalma (ahli tafsir [[:en:dream|ngimpi]]) ngawaler yén éta téh cicirén yén hiji jalma anu pangalimna di dunya bakal pupus, margina [[Allah]] SWT ngajarkeun [[Adam]] AS sakabéh ngaran, teu lila sanggeus éta Imam Syafi’i rah.a tilar dunya.<ref name="dua"/> Jasadna dikurebkeun dina poé [[juma’ah]] sanggeus [[ashar]], poé panungtung dina bulan [[rajab]].<ref name="dua"/> Nalika [[Ar-Rabi’i]] mulang tina ngalayad anjeunna ningal [[hilal]] bulan [[:id:Sya’ban|sya’ban]] taun [[204]] [[Hijriyah]].<ref name="dua"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Inohong Islam|Syafi'i]] [[Kategori:4 Madzhab Islam]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 767]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 819]] ernoqew34yblx7fvi7l4g6shsj1k57p 0 53346 708365 675605 2026-04-22T05:45:49Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun cutatan 708365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Podocarpaceae | image = Podocarpus macrophyllus inumaki.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Daun jeung runjung siki kolot ''Podocarpus macrophyllus'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = '''Podocarpaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Acmopyle]]''{{br}} ''[[Afrocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrydium]]'' - cin atau [[sempilor]]{{br}} ''[[Falcatifolium]]''{{br}} ''[[Halocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Lagarostrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Lepidothamnus]]''{{br}} ''[[Manoao]]''{{br}} ''[[Microcachrys]]''{{br}} ''[[Microstrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Nageia]]''{{br}} ''[[Parasitaxus]]''{{br}} ''[[Phyllocladus]]''{{br}} ''[[Podocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Prumnopitys]]''{{br}} ''[[Retrophyllum]]''{{br}} ''[[Saxegothaea]]''{{br}} ''[[Sundacarpus]]'' }} '''Podocarpacéae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga badag ti [[koniper]] anu hirup di [[beulahan kidul|beulahan Bumi kidul]], anu ngawengku 18-19 [[génus]] ogé antara 170 nepi ka 200 [[spésiés]] [[tangkal]] ogé [[rungkun]] anu teu weléh daunnan sapaparat taun.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Podocarpaceae |title=Podocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ieu kulawarga nyaéta anggota klasik ti [[plora Antartika]], anu puseur kaanekaragamanana aya di wewengkon [[Australasia]], utamana [[Kalédonia Ngora]], [[Tasmania]], [[Selandia Ngora|Selandia Anyar]], jeung rada sumebar saeutik ka [[Malesia]] ogé [[Amerika Kidul]] (utamana di pagunungan [[Andés]]).<ref name="britannica"/> Sawatara génus saberana sumebar ka kalér [[khatulistiwa]] ka [[Indocina]] ogé [[Filipina]].<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Podocarpus]]'' sumebar di kalér anu ambahanana nepi ka kidul [[Jepang]] jeung kidul [[Cina]] di [[Asia]] sarta [[Méksiko]] di [[Buana Amérika|Amérika]], ogé génus ''[[Nageia]]'' nepi ka kidul Cina jeung kidul [[India]].{{fact}} Dua génus séjénna sumebar di [[Afrika]] sub-Sahara, nyaéta ''Podocarpus'' anu sumebarna ngahontal wilayah anu lega ogé ''[[Afrocarpus]]'' anu [[éndemik]].<ref name="britannica"/> ''Parasitaxus usta'' mangrupa konipér unik alatan inyana mangrupa hiji-hijina konipér [[parasit]].<ref name="britannica"/> Inyana aya di [[Kalédonia Ngora]], di éta wewengkon inyana mangrupa parasit anggota Podocarpacéae séjén, ''Falcatifolium taxoides''.<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Phyllocladus]]'', anu dimaksud di dieu digolongkeun minangka Podocarpacéae dumasar kana bukti génétis, ku sawatara urang botanis ditempatkeun kana kulawarga anu misah sorangan ''Phyllocladaceae''.<ref name="britannica"/> == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Podocarpacéae kacida loba ragamna, boh tina jihat morpologi pon kitu deui ékologi.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> Anggotana utamana aya di beulahan Bumi kidul, kalawan ragam jinis anu umum aya di Kalédonia Ngora, Selandia Ngora ogé Tasmania.<ref name="heyne"/> Lobana ragam spésies ''Podocarpus'' utamana aya di Amérika Kidul jeung pulo-pulo di [[Indonésia]], Indonésia ogé beunghar ku spésiés ''[[Dacrydium]]'' jeung ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''.<ref name="heyne"/> ''Podocarpus'' L’Hér. ex Pers. (ngawengku 107 spésiés) jeung ''Dacrydium'' Sol. ex Forst mangrupa génus pangbadagna.<ref name="heyne"/> Sababaraha génus ilahar aya di di Selandia Ngora jeung Amérika Kidul, anu ngarojong kamandang yén Podocarpacéae sumebar ngahontal wilayah anu lega dina kidul [[Gondwana]].<ref name="heyne"/> Misahna Gondwana ngabalukarkeun spésiasi rongkah kulawarga Podocarpacéae.<ref name="heyne"/> Tug nepi ka taun 1970 ngan ukur tujuh génus Podocarpacéae anu dipikawanoh - ''Podocarpus'', ''Dacrydium'', ''Phyllocladus'', ''Acmopyle'', ''Microcachrys'', ''Saxegothaea'' jeung ''Pherosphaera''.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite conference |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |book-title=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Kabéh takson ti Aprika aya dina ''Podocarpus'' - ''P. falcatus'', ''P. elongatus'', ''P. henkelii'' dan ''P. latifolius''.<ref name="heyne"/> Taksonom ngabagi spésiés ti ''Podocarpus'' jadi dalapan kategori dumasar anatomi daun (Afrocarpus J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray, Dacrycarpus Endl., Eupodocarpus Endl., Microcarpus Pilg., Nageia (Gaertn.) Endl., Polypodiopsis C.E. Bertrand (non Polypodiopsis Carriére nom. rej. prop.6), Stachycarpus Endl. and Sundacarpus J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray).<ref name="heyne"/> Studi embriologi, jeung kamekaran gametopit, struktur runjung bikang jeung sitologi, mawa rasa percaya yén kadalapan éta kategori téh mungkin waé pantes aya dina hiji génus nu sarua.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Anu naralungtik panuju kana kabutuhan pikeun mikawanoh ‘pengelompokan anu cukup alami ngabuktikeun membuktikan mibanda kohési anu hadé jeung mungkin kohési evolusioner’ ogé nyokot tindakan anu perelu pikeun ngangkat tiap seksi kana status genus.<ref name="Barker et al. 2004">Barker, N.P., Muller, E.M., and Mill, R.R. (2004). [http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408221809/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf |date=2008-04-08 }}. ''South African Journal of Science'', 100: 629-632.</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} * Quinn, C. J. & Price, R. A. Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers. ''Proc. Fourth International Conifer Conference'' 129-136 (2003). == Pranala luar == * [http://www.conifers.org/po/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Podocarpaceae] [[Kategori:Podocarpaceae| ]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] mt24g5hxpotolx5ty9sd8c2y21u5agu 708367 708365 2026-04-22T05:48:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Podocarpaceae | image = Podocarpus macrophyllus inumaki.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Daun jeung runjung siki kolot ''Podocarpus macrophyllus'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = '''Podocarpaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Acmopyle]]''{{br}} ''[[Afrocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrydium]]'' - cin atau [[sempilor]]{{br}} ''[[Falcatifolium]]''{{br}} ''[[Halocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Lagarostrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Lepidothamnus]]''{{br}} ''[[Manoao]]''{{br}} ''[[Microcachrys]]''{{br}} ''[[Microstrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Nageia]]''{{br}} ''[[Parasitaxus]]''{{br}} ''[[Phyllocladus]]''{{br}} ''[[Podocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Prumnopitys]]''{{br}} ''[[Retrophyllum]]''{{br}} ''[[Saxegothaea]]''{{br}} ''[[Sundacarpus]]'' }} '''Podocarpacéae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga badag ti [[per]] anu hirup di [[beulahan kidul|beulahan Bumi kidul]], anu ngawengku 18-19 [[génus]] ogé antara 170 nepi ka 200 [[spésiés]] [[tangkal]] ogé [[rungkun]] anu teu weléh daunnan sapaparat taun.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Podocarpaceae |title=Podocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ieu kulawarga nyaéta anggota klasik ti [[plora Antartika]], anu puseur kaanekaragamanana aya di wewengkon [[Australasia]], utamana [[Kalédonia Ngora]], [[Tasmania]], [[Selandia Ngora|Selandia Anyar]], jeung rada sumebar saeutik ka [[Malesia]] ogé [[Amerika Kidul]] (utamana di pagunungan [[Andés]]).<ref name="britannica"/> Sawatara génus saberana sumebar ka kalér [[khatulistiwa]] ka [[Indocina]] ogé [[Filipina]].<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Podocarpus]]'' sumebar di kalér anu ambahanana nepi ka kidul [[Jepang]] jeung kidul [[Cina]] di [[Asia]] sarta [[Méksiko]] di [[Buana Amérika|Amérika]], ogé génus ''[[Nageia]]'' nepi ka kidul Cina jeung kidul [[India]].{{fact}} Dua génus séjénna sumebar di [[Afrika]] sub-Sahara, nyaéta ''Podocarpus'' anu sumebarna ngahontal wilayah anu lega ogé ''[[Afrocarpus]]'' anu [[éndemik]].<ref name="britannica"/> ''Parasitaxus usta'' mangrupa '''Konifér'''ér unik alatan inyana mangrupa hiji-hijina '''Konifér'''ér [[parasit]].<ref name="britannica"/> Inyana aya di [[Kalédonia Ngora]], di éta wewengkon inyana mangrupa parasit anggota Podocarpacéae séjén, ''Falcatifolium taxoides''.<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Phyllocladus]]'', anu dimaksud di dieu digolongkeun minangka Podocarpacéae dumasar kana bukti génétis, ku sawatara urang botanis ditempatkeun kana kulawarga anu misah sorangan ''Phyllocladaceae''.<ref name="britannica"/> == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Podocarpacéae kacida loba ragamna, boh tina jihat morpologi pon kitu deui ékologi.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> Anggotana utamana aya di beulahan Bumi kidul, kalawan ragam jinis anu umum aya di Kalédonia Ngora, Selandia Ngora ogé Tasmania.<ref name="heyne"/> Lobana ragam spésies ''Podocarpus'' utamana aya di Amérika Kidul jeung pulo-pulo di [[Indonésia]], Indonésia ogé beunghar ku spésiés ''[[Dacrydium]]'' jeung ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''.<ref name="heyne"/> ''Podocarpus'' L’Hér. ex Pers. (ngawengku 107 spésiés) jeung ''Dacrydium'' Sol. ex Forst mangrupa génus pangbadagna.<ref name="heyne"/> Sababaraha génus ilahar aya di di Selandia Ngora jeung Amérika Kidul, anu ngarojong kamandang yén Podocarpacéae sumebar ngahontal wilayah anu lega dina kidul [[Gondwana]].<ref name="heyne"/> Misahna Gondwana ngabalukarkeun spésiasi rongkah kulawarga Podocarpacéae.<ref name="heyne"/> Tug nepi ka taun 1970 ngan ukur tujuh génus Podocarpacéae anu dipikawanoh - ''Podocarpus'', ''Dacrydium'', ''Phyllocladus'', ''Acmopyle'', ''Microcachrys'', ''Saxegothaea'' jeung ''Pherosphaera''.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite conference |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |book-title=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Kabéh takson ti Aprika aya dina ''Podocarpus'' - ''P. falcatus'', ''P. elongatus'', ''P. henkelii'' dan ''P. latifolius''.<ref name="heyne"/> Taksonom ngabagi spésiés ti ''Podocarpus'' jadi dalapan kategori dumasar anatomi daun (Afrocarpus J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray, Dacrycarpus Endl., Eupodocarpus Endl., Microcarpus Pilg., Nageia (Gaertn.) Endl., Polypodiopsis C.E. Bertrand (non Polypodiopsis Carriére nom. rej. prop.6), Stachycarpus Endl. and Sundacarpus J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray).<ref name="heyne"/> Studi embriologi, jeung kamekaran gametopit, struktur runjung bikang jeung sitologi, mawa rasa percaya yén kadalapan éta kategori téh mungkin waé pantes aya dina hiji génus nu sarua.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Anu naralungtik panuju kana kabutuhan pikeun mikawanoh ‘pengelompokan anu cukup alami ngabuktikeun membuktikan mibanda kohési anu hadé jeung mungkin kohési evolusioner’ ogé nyokot tindakan anu perelu pikeun ngangkat tiap seksi kana status genus.<ref name="Barker et al. 2004">Barker, N.P., Muller, E.M., and Mill, R.R. (2004). [http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408221809/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf |date=2008-04-08 }}. ''South African Journal of Science'', 100: 629-632.</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} * Quinn, C. J. & Price, R. A. Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers. ''Proc. Fourth International Conifer Conference'' 129-136 (2003). == Pranala luar == * [http://www.conifers.org/po/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Podocarpaceae] [[Kategori:Podocarpaceae| ]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 76sybnqmc4p1zuuazr8ndllkb91s0ke 708370 708367 2026-04-22T05:53:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Podocarpaceae | image = Podocarpus macrophyllus inumaki.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Daun jeung runjung siki kolot ''Podocarpus macrophyllus'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = '''Podocarpaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Acmopyle]]''{{br}} ''[[Afrocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrydium]]'' - cin atau [[sempilor]]{{br}} ''[[Falcatifolium]]''{{br}} ''[[Halocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Lagarostrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Lepidothamnus]]''{{br}} ''[[Manoao]]''{{br}} ''[[Microcachrys]]''{{br}} ''[[Microstrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Nageia]]''{{br}} ''[[Parasitaxus]]''{{br}} ''[[Phyllocladus]]''{{br}} ''[[Podocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Prumnopitys]]''{{br}} ''[[Retrophyllum]]''{{br}} ''[[Saxegothaea]]''{{br}} ''[[Sundacarpus]]'' }} '''Podocarpacéae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga badag ti [[per]] anu hirup di [[beulahan kidul|beulahan Bumi kidul]], anu ngawengku 18-19 [[génus]] ogé antara 170 nepi ka 200 [[spésiés]] [[tangkal]] ogé [[rungkun]] anu teu weléh daunnan sapaparat taun.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Podocarpaceae |title=Podocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ieu kulawarga nyaéta anggota klasik ti [[plora Antartika]], anu puseur kaanekaragamanana aya di wewengkon [[Australasia]], utamana [[Kalédonia Ngora]], [[Tasmania]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung rada sumebar saeutik ka [[Malesia]] ogé [[Amerika Kidul]] (utamana di pagunungan [[Andés]]).<ref name="britannica"/> Sawatara génus saberana sumebar ka kalér [[khatulistiwa]] ka [[Indochina|Indocina]] ogé [[Filipina]].<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Podocarpus]]'' sumebar di kalér anu ambahanana nepi ka kidul [[Jepang]] jeung kidul [[Cina]] di [[Asia]] sarta [[Méksiko]] di [[Buana Amérika|Amérika]], ogé génus ''[[Nageia]]'' nepi ka kidul Cina jeung kidul [[India]].<ref name="britannica"/> Dua génus séjénna sumebar di [[Afrika]] sub-Sahara, nyaéta ''Podocarpus'' anu sumebarna ngahontal wilayah anu lega ogé ''[[Afrocarpus]]'' anu [[éndemik]].<ref name="britannica"/> ''Parasitaxus usta'' mangrupa '''Konifér'''ér unik alatan inyana mangrupa hiji-hijina '''Konifér'''ér [[parasit]].<ref name="britannica"/> Inyana aya di [[Kalédonia Ngora]], di éta wewengkon inyana mangrupa parasit anggota Podocarpacéae séjén, ''Falcatifolium taxoides''.<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Phyllocladus]]'', anu dimaksud di dieu digolongkeun minangka Podocarpacéae dumasar kana bukti génétis, ku sawatara urang botanis ditempatkeun kana kulawarga anu misah sorangan ''Phyllocladaceae''.<ref name="britannica"/> == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Podocarpacéae kacida loba ragamna, boh tina jihat morpologi pon kitu deui ékologi.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> Anggotana utamana aya di beulahan Bumi kidul, kalawan ragam jinis anu umum aya di Kalédonia Ngora, Selandia Ngora ogé Tasmania.<ref name="heyne"/> Lobana ragam spésies ''Podocarpus'' utamana aya di Amérika Kidul jeung pulo-pulo di [[Indonésia]], Indonésia ogé beunghar ku spésiés ''[[Dacrydium]]'' jeung ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''.<ref name="heyne"/> ''Podocarpus'' L’Hér. ex Pers. (ngawengku 107 spésiés) jeung ''Dacrydium'' Sol. ex Forst mangrupa génus pangbadagna.<ref name="heyne"/> Sababaraha génus ilahar aya di di Selandia Ngora jeung Amérika Kidul, anu ngarojong kamandang yén Podocarpacéae sumebar ngahontal wilayah anu lega dina kidul [[Gondwana]].<ref name="heyne"/> Misahna Gondwana ngabalukarkeun spésiasi rongkah kulawarga Podocarpacéae.<ref name="heyne"/> Tug nepi ka taun 1970 ngan ukur tujuh génus Podocarpacéae anu dipikawanoh - ''Podocarpus'', ''Dacrydium'', ''Phyllocladus'', ''Acmopyle'', ''Microcachrys'', ''Saxegothaea'' jeung ''Pherosphaera''.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite conference |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |book-title=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Kabéh takson ti Aprika aya dina ''Podocarpus'' - ''P. falcatus'', ''P. elongatus'', ''P. henkelii'' dan ''P. latifolius''.<ref name="heyne"/> Taksonom ngabagi spésiés ti ''Podocarpus'' jadi dalapan kategori dumasar anatomi daun (Afrocarpus J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray, Dacrycarpus Endl., Eupodocarpus Endl., Microcarpus Pilg., Nageia (Gaertn.) Endl., Polypodiopsis C.E. Bertrand (non Polypodiopsis Carriére nom. rej. prop.6), Stachycarpus Endl. and Sundacarpus J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray).<ref name="heyne"/> Studi embriologi, jeung kamekaran gametopit, struktur runjung bikang jeung sitologi, mawa rasa percaya yén kadalapan éta kategori téh mungkin waé pantes aya dina hiji génus nu sarua.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Anu naralungtik panuju kana kabutuhan pikeun mikawanoh ‘pengelompokan anu cukup alami ngabuktikeun membuktikan mibanda kohési anu hadé jeung mungkin kohési evolusioner’ ogé nyokot tindakan anu perelu pikeun ngangkat tiap seksi kana status genus.<ref name="Barker et al. 2004">Barker, N.P., Muller, E.M., and Mill, R.R. (2004). [http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408221809/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf |date=2008-04-08 }}. ''South African Journal of Science'', 100: 629-632.</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} * Quinn, C. J. & Price, R. A. Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers. ''Proc. Fourth International Conifer Conference'' 129-136 (2003). == Pranala luar == * [http://www.conifers.org/po/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Podocarpaceae] [[Kategori:Podocarpaceae| ]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 1cjipztt22vnnop0mpfazw18eq0c41e 708371 708370 2026-04-22T05:55:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Podocarpaceae | image = Podocarpus macrophyllus inumaki.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Daun jeung runjung siki kolot ''Podocarpus macrophyllus'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = '''Podocarpaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Acmopyle]]''{{br}} ''[[Afrocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dacrydium]]'' - cin atau [[sempilor]]{{br}} ''[[Falcatifolium]]''{{br}} ''[[Halocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Lagarostrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Lepidothamnus]]''{{br}} ''[[Manoao]]''{{br}} ''[[Microcachrys]]''{{br}} ''[[Microstrobos]]''{{br}} ''[[Nageia]]''{{br}} ''[[Parasitaxus]]''{{br}} ''[[Phyllocladus]]''{{br}} ''[[Podocarpus]]''{{br}} ''[[Prumnopitys]]''{{br}} ''[[Retrophyllum]]''{{br}} ''[[Saxegothaea]]''{{br}} ''[[Sundacarpus]]'' }} '''Podocarpacéae''' nyaéta hiji kulawarga badag ti [[per]] anu hirup di [[beulahan kidul|beulahan Bumi kidul]], anu ngawengku 18-19 [[génus]] ogé antara 170 nepi ka 200 [[spésiés]] [[tangkal]] ogé [[rungkun]] anu teu weléh daunnan sapaparat taun.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Podocarpaceae |title=Podocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ieu kulawarga nyaéta anggota klasik ti [[plora Antartika]], anu puseur kaanekaragamanana aya di wewengkon [[Australasia]], utamana [[Kalédonia Ngora]], [[Tasmania]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung rada sumebar saeutik ka [[Malesia]] ogé [[Amerika Kidul]] (utamana di pagunungan [[Andés]]).<ref name="britannica"/> Sawatara génus saberana sumebar ka kalér [[khatulistiwa]] ka [[Indochina|Indocina]] ogé [[Filipina]].<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Podocarpus]]'' sumebar di kalér anu ambahanana nepi ka kidul [[Jepang]] jeung kidul [[Cina]] di [[Asia]] sarta [[Méksiko]] di [[Buana Amérika|Amérika]], ogé génus ''[[Nageia]]'' nepi ka kidul Cina jeung kidul [[India]].<ref name="britannica"/> Dua génus séjénna sumebar di [[Afrika]] sub-Sahara, nyaéta ''Podocarpus'' anu sumebarna ngahontal wilayah anu lega ogé ''[[Afrocarpus]]'' anu [[éndemik]].<ref name="britannica"/> ''Parasitaxus usta'' mangrupa '''Konifér'''ér unik alatan inyana mangrupa hiji-hijina '''Konifér'''ér [[parasit]].<ref name="britannica"/> Inyana aya di [[Kalédonia Ngora]], di éta wewengkon inyana mangrupa parasit anggota Podocarpacéae séjén, ''Falcatifolium taxoides''.<ref name="britannica"/> Génus ''[[Phyllocladus]]'', anu dimaksud di dieu digolongkeun minangka Podocarpacéae dumasar kana bukti génétis, ku sawatara urang botanis ditempatkeun kana kulawarga anu misah sorangan ''Phyllocladaceae''.<ref name="britannica"/> == Taksonomi == Kulawarga Podocarpacéae kacida loba ragamna, boh tina jihat morpologi pon kitu deui ékologi.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> Anggotana utamana aya di beulahan Bumi kidul, kalawan ragam jinis anu umum aya di Kalédonia Ngora, Selandia Ngora ogé Tasmania.<ref name="heyne"/> Lobana ragam spésies ''Podocarpus'' utamana aya di Amérika Kidul jeung pulo-pulo di [[Indonésia]], Indonésia ogé beunghar ku spésiés ''[[Dacrydium]]'' jeung ''[[Dacrycarpus]]''.<ref name="heyne"/> ''Podocarpus'' L’Hér. ex Pers. (ngawengku 107 spésiés) jeung ''Dacrydium'' Sol. ex Forst mangrupa génus pangbadagna.<ref name="heyne"/> Sababaraha génus ilahar aya di di Selandia Ngora jeung Amérika Kidul, anu ngarojong kamandang yén Podocarpacéae sumebar ngahontal wilayah anu lega dina kidul [[Gondwana]].<ref name="heyne"/> Misahna Gondwana ngabalukarkeun spésiasi rongkah kulawarga Podocarpacéae.<ref name="heyne"/> Tug nepi ka taun 1970 ngan ukur tujuh génus Podocarpacéae anu dipikawanoh - ''Podocarpus'', ''Dacrydium'', ''Phyllocladus'', ''Acmopyle'', ''Microcachrys'', ''Saxegothaea'' jeung ''Pherosphaera''.<ref name="quinn2003"/> Kabéh takson ti Aprika aya dina ''Podocarpus'' - ''P. falcatus'', ''P. elongatus'', ''P. henkelii'' dan ''P. latifolius''.<ref name="heyne"/> Taksonom ngabagi spésiés ti ''Podocarpus'' jadi dalapan kategori dumasar anatomi daun (Afrocarpus J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray, Dacrycarpus Endl., Eupodocarpus Endl., Microcarpus Pilg., Nageia (Gaertn.) Endl., Polypodiopsis C.E. Bertrand (non Polypodiopsis Carriére nom. rej. prop.6), Stachycarpus Endl. and Sundacarpus J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray).<ref name="heyne"/> Studi embriologi, jeung kamekaran gametopit, struktur runjung bikang jeung sitologi, mawa rasa percaya yén kadalapan éta kategori téh mungkin waé pantes aya dina hiji génus nu sarua.<ref name="quinn2003">{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=C. J. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference |pages=129-136}}</ref> Anu naralungtik panuju kana kabutuhan pikeun mikawanoh ‘pengelompokan anu cukup alami ngabuktikeun membuktikan mibanda kohési anu hadé jeung mungkin kohési evolusioner’ ogé nyokot tindakan anu perelu pikeun ngangkat tiap seksi kana status genus.<ref name="Barker et al. 2004">Barker, N.P., Muller, E.M., and Mill, R.R. (2004). [http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408221809/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/126/01/sajsci_v100_n11_a26%5B1%5D.pdf |date=2008-04-08 }}. ''South African Journal of Science'', 100: 629-632.</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} * Quinn, C. J. & Price, R. A. Phylogeny of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers. ''Proc. Fourth International Conifer Conference'' 129-136 (2003). == Pranala luar == * [http://www.conifers.org/po/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Podocarpaceae] [[Kategori:Podocarpaceae| ]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 7etb5tnz6bfxqqb1atae0tmtjyui0u4 0 56568 708348 707747 2026-04-21T16:57:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Intelsat, S.A. | logo = Intelsat logo.png | type = [[S.A. (corporation)|Société Anonyme]] | traded_as = {{NYSE|I}} | key_people = David McGlade {{small|(Executive Chairman)}} <br> [[Stephen Spengler]] {{small|([[CEO]] since April 1, 2015)}}<ref>http://www.intelsat.com/about-us/executive-team/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | industry = [[Satelit komunikasi]] | revenue = {{profit}} $542.0 million [[United States dollar|USD]] (2016) | operating_income = | net_income = | owner = | num_employees = +1110 (2011) | homepage = {{URL|http://www.intelsat.com/}} | foundation = August 20, 1964 | location = [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]]/[[Tysons Corner, Virginia]], [[United States|USA]] }} '''Intelsat, S.A.''' nyaéta pausahaan panyadia layanan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelsat.com/about-us/|title=Intelsat About Us|}}</ref> Beuheulana mah minangka ''International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation'' (ITSO) ti taun 1973 nepi nepi ka 2001, saméméhna nyaéta taun 1964 nepi ka taun 1973 disebut ogé ''International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium''.<ref name=britannica/>  Intelsat mibanda leuwih ti 50 [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] sarta [[stasiun bumi]] paragi ngadalikeun satelit-satelitna.<ref name=britannica/> Kantor puseurna aya di [[Luksemburg]].<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Intelsat|title=Intelsat|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ==Sajarah== [[File:INTELSAT I (Early Bird).jpg|thumb|right|INTELSAT I ''Early Bird'']] [[File:INTELSAT IVA.jpg|thumb|Satelit Intelsat IVA]] Intelsat diadegkeun minangka konsorsium swasta-publik dina tahun 1964 ku badan-badan [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] ti 18 nagara, kaasup [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]], nu ngusulkeun organisasi kasebut.<ref name=britannica/> Pakakas pemancar jeung panarima di masing-masing nagara dipibanda ku anggota Intelsat, badan télékomunikasi ti nagara kasebut.<ref name=britannica/> Dina mangssa 10 taun kaanggotaan Intelsat geus tumuwuh ngawengku agénsi ti 86 nagara, sarta dina taun 2001 anggotanna sakitar 150 nagara.<ref name=britannica/> Konsorsium kasebut dikontrak ku ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'' (NASA) [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] pikeun ngapungkeun satelitna.<ref name=britannica/> Nu mimiti nyaéta ''Early Bird'', nu sateruna dingaranan Intelsat I, nu diteunden di orbit [[stasionér]] di luhureun [[Samudra Atlantik|Samudera Atlantik]] dina [[Hatulistiwa]] taun 1965.<ref name=britannica/> ''Early Bird'' nyéta [[satelit]] komérsial mimiti nu nyadiakeun layanan télékomunikasi sarta siaran régulér antara [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa]].<ref name=britannica/> ''Early Bird'' dituturkeun ku Intelsat II F-2 jeung II F-3, diapungkeung dina taun 1967 nu ngawengku wilayah [[Samudra Pasifik|Samudera Pasifik]], sarta Intelsat III F-3 diapungkeun taun 1969 nu ngawengku wilayah [[Samudra Hindia]].<ref name=britannica/> Satelit Intelsat di orbit [[géostasionér]] ampir ngawengku sacara global.<ref name=britannica/> Dina tanggal 20 Juli 1969, 19 poé sanggeus Intelsat III F-3 diteundeun di luhureun [[Samudra Hindia]], manusia munggaran di Bulan disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan raramat global satelit Intelsat kalayan leuwih ti 600 juta pamirsa [[Televisi|télévisi]].<ref name=britannica/> Satelit Intelsat nyaéta bagéan penting ti raramat komunikasi global satengah mangsa kadua abad ka-20. Loba acara nu dilalajoan di sakuliah dunya, saperti Olimpiade atawa Piala Dunya, ngagunakeun sistim Intelsat.<ref name=britannica/> ''Direct Communication Link'', atawa "''Hot Line''", antara [[Gedong Bodas]] di [[Washington, D.C.]], jeung [[Kremlin]] di [[Moskwa|Moskow]] dikonversi dina taun 1978 tina kabel [[téréstrial]] ka layanan nu dikirimkeun ngaliwatan satelit Intelsat.<ref name=britannica/> Dina tahun 2000, 70 negara ngagunakeun Intelsat pikeun sakabéh [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] internasional.<ref name=britannica/> Dina mangsa panungtung taun 1990an, Intelsat nyanghareupan saingan ti pausahaan [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] swasta, sarta struktur pamaréntahanna geus mekar kalayan susah ku sabab mibanda anggota loba teuing.<ref name=britannica/> Ku sabab éta, Intelsat jadi parusahaan swasta taun 2001, kalayan layanan publik di handapeun panalingaan Organisasi Satelit Telekomunikasi Internasional (ITSO) nu puseurna di [[Washington D.C]].<ref name=britannica/> Dina taun 2005 Intelsat dibeuli ku [[Zeus Holdings Limited]], nyaéta pausahaan nu diadegkeun ku pausahaan investasi [[Apax Patners]], [[Apollo Management]], [[Madison Dearborn Partners]], sarta [[Permira]].<ref name=britannica/> Saterusna Intelsat dibeuli tahun 2008 ku [[Serafina Holding Limited]], hiji [[Pausahaan Jasa|pausahaan]] nu diwangun ku pausahaan ''investasi'' [[BC Partners]] jeung [[Silver Lake.]]<ref name=britannica/> [[File:Intelsat headquarters.JPG|thumb|Urut kantor puseur Intelsat di [[Washington, D.C.]]]] ===Kiwari=== Intelsat ngaropéa kantor puseur pausahaanna di [[Luksemburg]], kalayan panglobana staf sarta pungsi satelit,kantor puseur administratifna aya di kantor Intelsat Corporation di [[Tysons Corner]], [[Virginia]].<ref name=skybroker/> Usaha nu pohara internasional, Intelsat sabagéan badag kauntunganna ti palanggan di luar [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]].<ref name=skybroker/> ''Teleport'' Intelsat pangbadagna nyaéta ''Teleport'' Fuchsstadt di [[Jérman]].<ref name=skybroker/> Pangadali pasawat rohang jomantara dikandalikeun ngaliwatan [[stasiun bumi]] di [[Hagerstown]], [[Maryland]] (AS), [[Riverside]], [[California]] (AS), sarta [[Fuchsstadt]], Jérman.<ref name=skybroker/> ==Satelit-satelit== ===Ngarobah ngaran=== Dina bulan Fébruari 2007, Intelsat ngarobah 16 ngaran satelit nu saméméhna dipikawanoh kalayan merek [[Intelsat Améka]] jeung [[PanAmSat]] jadi [[Galaxy]] jeung Intelsat Lolobana satelit ieu geus teu aktip sarta diasupkeun kana orbit nu teu kapaké.<ref name=skybroker>{{cite web|url=http://www.sky-brokers.com/home/services/satelite-operators/intelsat|title=Intelsat|publisher=sky-brokers.com}}</ref> ===Daptar satelit=== {{Main|Daftar satelit-satelit Intelsat}} * [http://www.intelsat.com/flash/coverage-maps/covmaphome.htm Satellite Coverage Map (HTML)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206153215/http://www.intelsat.com/flash/coverage-maps/covmaphome.htm |date=2010-12-06 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons}} * [http://www.intelsat.com Intelsat, Ltd.] {{Intelsat}} {{Telecommunications}} {{Coord|38|56|30|N|77|03|49|W|display=title}} [[Kategori:Intelsat| ]] [[Kategori:Operator satelit komunikasi]] 45zxechob2p7lg2crr15kffoqv1dsj2 0 72126 708397 703627 2026-04-22T07:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Hun_bow.jpg|jmpl|Wangun modérn, tina fiberglass jeung kai, jujutan bahan [[bahan gondéwa]]]] '''Panah '''nyaéta [[pakarang anggang]] nu sistemna ngawengku pakakas paluncur ([[gondéwa]]) jeung [[proyéktil]] ([[jamparing]]).<ref name=“Parabot”>{{Cite book | title =Mustika Basa Sunda| first =Drs.| last =Denny Djuhaeni, Dra. Rini Tanumulyana, Elly Sarimana S. Pd, Ine Novita S.Pd| publisher =Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2001| pages =18|ISBN=9789796952557|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=m6P45D_BcbsC&pg=PA18&dq=parabot+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95uel4cbpAhUb73MBHUuKBpYQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=parabot%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 22 Mei 2020)}}</ref> Pamakéan gondéwa jeung jamparing biasana ajang [[moro]] jeung [[pangperangan]], malah dina pangperangan mah nyangkaruk dina [[sajarah karekam]] sarta ilahar di sakumna [[budaya]]. Ari [[papanahan]] mah mangrupa seni, latihan sarta kaparigelan dina ngagunakeun gondéwa mangsa ngabelesatkeun jamparing.<ref name="Paterson17">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17</ref>, ari jalma nu purah manah disebutna '''pamanah'''. Ari nu sok nyieun gondéwa disebut '''[[tukang gondéwa]]''',<ref name="Paterson31">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 31</ref> mun nu sok nyieun jamparing disebut '''[[tukang jamparing]]'''<ref name="Paterson56">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 56</ref>, mun nu mroduksi [[ruruhit jamparing|ruruhit tungtung jamparing]] disebut '''[[tukang ngaruruhitan]]'''.<ref name="Paterson20">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 20</ref> == Pedaran == Gondéwa mangrupa gagang panjang nu [[élastis]] kawas rancatan anu dicangreudan ku tali di pada tungtungna kalawan nyambung. Nalika [[tali gondéwa]] dibetot ka tukang, puhu gondéwa milu melendoy, nendeun [[énérgi élastis]]. Jamparing nu mangrupa [[proyéktil]] panjang mibanda [[cécépét]] di puhuna nu distabilkeun ku [[ruruhit jamparing|ruruhit]] ditungtungna, tuluy diposisikeun ku cara neundeun puhuna nu aya cécépétan téh kana tali gondéwa. Tali nu dikaitan ku jamparing téh dibetot ka tukang tuluy dileupaskeun, élastisitas tungtung pada tungtung gondéwa ngarobah [[énérgi poténsial]] nu kateundeun jadi [[énérgi kinétik]], nu saterusna ditransmisikeun liwat tali gondéwa kana jamparing, nu ngabelesatkeun jamparing kalawan gancang pisan.<ref name="Paterson27">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' pp. 27-28</ref> Panah téh [[pakarang perang]] nu penting di sabagian loba paradaban mangsa [[sajarah kuna]]. Saprak [[périodeu modérn awal]], ieu panah téh arang langka kapanggih lantaran kasilih ku [[pakarang seuneu]] nu loba dipaké dina pangperangan. Kiwari, gondéwa jeung jamparing utamana mah dipaké pikeun kaperluan [[moro]] jeung [[olahraga]] [[papanahan]]. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.jpg|jmpl|[[Scythians]] nodongkeun gondéwa, [[Panticapeum]] ([[Kertch]] modérn), abad ka-4 SM.]] Bijilna panah téh kira-kira ti jaman [[paléolitik luhur]] nepi ka jaman [[Mesolitikum|mésolitikum]]. Di lokasi [[Nataruk]] di [[Turkana County]], [[Kénya]], sempalan [[obsidian]] kapanggih aya dina jero [[tangkorak]] jeung dina di jero rongga toraks rorongkong lianna, kajudi geus dipaké jamparing nu tungtungna diruruhitan batu minangka pakarang mangsa harita.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lahr|first=M. Mirazón|last2=Rivera|first2=F.|last3=Power|first3=R. K.|last4=Mounier|first4=A.|last5=Copsey|first5=B.|last6=Crivellaro|first6=F.|last7=Edung|first7=J. E.|last8=Fernandez|first8=J. M. Maillo|last9=Kiarie|first9=C.|year=2016|title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature16477|journal=Nature|volume=529|issue=7586|pages=394–398|doi=10.1038/nature16477|pmid=26791728}}</ref> Dina [[période glasial pamungkas]] katompérnakeun, pamakéan gondéwa kasampak geus sumebar ka sakuliah buana nu didumuk, kaasup [[lebahan kulon]], iwal [[Australia|Australi]].<ref>M. H. Monroe, ''Aboriginal Weapons and Tools'' "The favoured weapon of the Aborigines was the spear and spear thrower. The fact that they never adopted the bow and arrow has been debated for a long time. During post-glacial times the bow and arrow were being used in every inhabited part of the world except Australia. A number of reasons for this have been put forward [...] Captain Cook saw the bow and arrow being used on an island close to the mainland at Cape York, as it was in the Torres Strait islands and New Guinea. But the Aborigines preferred the spear. "</ref> == Cutatan == * {{Cite book|title=Background to archaeology: Britain in its European setting|last=Collins|first=Desmond|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1973|isbn=0-521-20155-1|edition=Revised}} CS1 maint: Extra text ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text|link]]) * {{Cite book|title=Target Archery: With a History of the Sport in America|last=Elmer, R. P.|publisher=A. A. Knopf|year=1946|location=New York|oclc=1482628}} * {{Cite book|title=Archery: The Modern Approach|last=Heath, E. G.|publisher=Faber and Faber|year=1978|isbn=0-571-04957-5|location=London}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Archery|last=Paterson, W. F.|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1984|isbn=0-312-24585-8|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=Beginner's Guide to Traditional Archery|last=Sorrells, Brian J.|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8117-3133-1|location=Mechanicsburg, PA}} * {{Cite book|title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times|last=Stone, George Cameron|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1999|isbn=0-486-40726-8|edition=Reprint|location=Mineola|author-link=George Cameron Stone|orig-year=1934}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * Gad Rausing, "Ruku", Universitas Lund Acta Archaéologica Lundensia Serie di 8° No 6, 1967 * ''Tradisional Bowyers Alkitab Volume 1''. 1992 Lyons Pencet. {{ISBN|1-58574-085-3}}1-58574-085-3 * ''Tradisional Bowyers Alkitab Volume 2''. 1992 Lyons Pencet. {{ISBN|1-58574-086-1}}1-58574-086-1 * ''Tradisional Bowyers Alkitab Jilid 3''. 1994 Lyons Pencet. {{ISBN|1-58574-087-X}}1-58574-087-X * ''Tradisional Bowyers Alkitab Volume 4''. 2008 Lyons Pencet. {{ISBN|978-0-9645741-6-8}}978-0-9645741-6-8 * U. Stodiek/H. Paulsen, "Mit dem Pfeil, dem Bogen..." Techniken der steinzeitlichen Jagd. (Oldenburg 1996). * Abu, David, "Bows of the World". Nu Lyons Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-58574-478-6}}1-58574-478-6. * Comstock, Paul. "Nu Ngagulung Lengket" == Tutumbu luar == * [http://www.atarn.org The Asian Traditional Archery Research Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040319/http://www.atarn.org/ |date=2011-12-08 }} * [http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/collection/archery/ Simon Archery Collection]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} From The Manchester muséum, The University of Manchester * [http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modeling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121144334/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf |date=2006-11-21 }} [[Kategori:Panah]] [[Kategori:Pakarang]] 4t9649ptg5409dwgqq2y01wzy3ylyfe 0 98557 708343 654366 2026-04-21T14:59:34Z CommonsDelinker 211 Gambar Pertamina_Energy_Tower.jpg dipiceun kusabab di hapus ti Commons ku Túrelio 708343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building |name = Pertamina Energy Tower |image = |former_names = |status = ditunda |highest_prev = |highest_next = |highest_start = |highest_end = |location = Kav. Rasuna Off Park (ROP) Unit XO-02, Jl. HR. Rasuna Said -, [[Jakarta Kidul]], [[Indonésia]] |coordinates = {{coord|-6.2155350|106.8296520|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |building_type = kantor, énérgi |floor_count = 99 |start_date = 2013 |completion_date = 2020 (rencana mimiti) |architectural = {{convert| 523 |m|ft}}<ref name="CTBUH">{{Cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/pertamina-tower/15134 |title=Pertamina Tower |work=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Déwan Wangunan Luhur jeung Habitat Urban]] |accessdate=10 Désémber 2019}}</ref> |top_floor = |tip = {{convert| 523 |m|ft}}<ref name="CTBUH" /> |floor_area = {{convert|540000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Pertamina">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pertamina.com/en/viewarchive/energia-news/pertamina-energy-tower,-gedung-tertinggi-di-indonesia |title=Pertamina Energy Tower, Gedung Tertinggi di Indonesia |publisher=[[Pertamina]] |date=16 Désémber 2013 |accessdate=10 Désémber 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210125630/https://www.pertamina.com/en/viewarchive/energia-news/pertamina-energy-tower,-gedung-tertinggi-di-indonesia |date=2019-12-10 }}</ref> |elevator_count = |architect = [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LLP (SOM)<ref name="CTBUH" /> |structural_engineer = [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LLP (SOM)<ref name="CTBUH" /> }} '''Pertamina Tower''' (disebut ogé '''Pertamina Energy Tower''', ditarjamahkeun jadi '''Munara Pertamina''') nyaéta wangunan pencakar langit nu perenahna di [[Jakarta Kidul]], [[Indonésia]]. Ieu wangunan didesain ku [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LLP (SOM) nu atos direncanakeun ti 2012,<ref name="CTBUH" /> tapi ditunda pangwangunanna dina taun 2014.<ref name="Kompas"/> Ieu wangunan direncanakeun miboga luhur 523 méter jeung 99 lantéy nu diwangun ku gabungan sababaraha sistem struktur. Salian éta, Pertamina Tower didesain ku konsep ''high performance green buildings'' nu manfaatkeun sababaraha énérgi ramah lingkungan pikeun kabutuhan listrikna, saperti [[géotérmal]], cai, panon poé, angin, jeung gas.<ref name="Kibert"/> Ieu wangunan difungsikeun pikeun kantor anyar Pertamina nu dilengkepan ku fasilitas pandukung saperti paviliun, masjid, jeung puseur pambangkit listrik.<ref name="som"/> == Sajarah == Pertamina Tower dirancang ku [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LLP (SOM) dina taun 2012 sarta ngalibatkeun Turner International salaku konsultan manajemén proyék jeung Rider Levett Bucknall salaku konsultan survéyor kuantitas. Lian ti éta, proyék pangwangunan ieu ngalibatkeun PT Airmas Asri salaku konsultan arsiték jeung PT Wiratman & Associates salaku konsultan struktur. Dina pangwangunan puseur pambangkit listrik, dilibatkeun PT [[Pembangunan Perumahan]] (PP) jeung PT [[Hutama Karya]] salaku palaksana proyék.<ref name="detik">{{Cite web |url=https://finance.detik.com/properti/d-3007334/tarif-sewa-kemahalan-pertamina-tower-batal-dibangun-99-lantai |title=Tarif Sewa Kemahalan, Pertamina Tower Batal Dibangun 99 Lantai |last1=Idris |first1=Muhammad |date=1 Séptémber 2019 |website=www.detik.com |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Sataun saanggeusna, tepatna dina ping 9 Désémber 2013, ieu wangunan mimiti diwangun nu ditandaan ku ngaletakkeun batu pangmimitina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2013/12/12/1348313/Setinggi.530.Meter.Inilah.Tampilan.Pertamina.Energy.Tower. |title=Setinggi 530 Meter, Inilah Tampilan Pertamina Energy Tower |author=Latief |website=www.kompas.com |date=12 Désémber 2013 |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Pangwangunan ieu difokuskeun ka fasilitas panunjang nu rencanana réngsé dina ahir taun 2014. Pertamina Tower sorangan direncanakeun réngsé dina taun 2020.<ref name="Pertamina" /> Tapi, pangwangunanna dihentikeun di ahir taun 2014. Panyetopan pangwangunan ieu wangunan téh disababkeun ku Pertamina nu ngubah prioritas fokusna ka ningkatkeun produktivitas hulu jeung kapasitas [[kilang minyak|kilang]] lantaran kondisi harga [[minyak bumi|minyak atah]] dunya nu keur turun.<ref name="Kompas">{{Cite web |url=https://money.kompas.com/read/2015/06/01/090100126/Pembangunan.Pertamina.Tower.Ditunda |title=Pembangunan Pertamina Tower Ditunda |editor-first=Erlangga |editor-last=Djumena |date=1 Juni 2015 |website=www.kompas.com |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/965660/34/pembangunan-gedung-tertinggi-pertamina-ditunda-1424172268 |title=Pembangunan Gedung Tertinggi Pertamina Ditunda |last=Fajriah |first=Lily Rusna |date=17 Pébruari 2019 |website=www.sindonews.com |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Salian éta, harga séwana bakal mahal, kurang leuwih $70 [[Amérika Sarikat|AS]] per méter pasagi, ku sabab nilai invéstasina nu gedé ogé, nu nyampé $1,7 miliar AS pikeun 99 lantéy. Ku kituna, pangwangunan dihentikeun jeung bakal ditinjau deui sarta aya rencana nu bakal ngurangan jumlah lantéy sangkan harga séwana leuwih murah.<ref name="detik"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/bisnis/668510-pertamina-batal-bangun-gedung-pencakar-langit-99-lantai |title=Pertamina Batal Bangun Gedung Pencakar Langit 99 Lantai |last=Wicaksono |first=Bayu Adi |date=1 Séptémber 2015 |website=www.viva.co.id |accessdate=11 Désémber 20019}}</ref> Dina taun 2019, PT Patra Jasa, anak pausahaan Pertamina, ngaanyarkeun rancangan indukna jeung bakal ngaganti Pertamina Tower ku E-Polis nu nimbangkeun Pertamina Tower nu teu layak sacara finansial. Rencana ieu bakal ngubah konsépna jadi kawasan komérsial nu diwangun ku sababaraha gedong jeung fasilitas. E-Polis ieu didesain ku firma arsitéktur Woods Bagot jeung bakal ngayakeun kerja sama jeung PT Wika Realty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/07/20/190000421/proyek-jumbo-e-polis-jakarta-dirancang-arsitek-dunia |title=Proyek Jumbo E-Polis Jakarta Dirancang Arsitek Dunia |last=Alexander |first=Hilda B. |date=20 Juli 2019 |website=www.kompas.com |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref> == Desain == Pertamina Tower nu dirancang miboga luhur 523 méter jeung 99 lantéy ieu didesain ku konsép ''high performance green buildings''.<ref name="Kibert">{{Cite book |first=Charles J. |last=Kibert |title=Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th |date=April 2016 |isbn=978-1-119-05517-4}}</ref> Sareng ieu konsép, Pertamina Tower jadi pencakar langit ''supertall'' pangmimitina nu desain utamana boga téma énérgi. Lantaran Pertamina Tower bakal dijadikeun ikon énérgi, sababaraha énérgi ramah lingkungan bakal diaplikasikeun dina ieu wangunan, saperti [[géotérmal]], [[pambangkit listrik tanaga cai|cai]], panon poé, [[pambangkit listrik tanaga angin|angin]], jeung [[pambangkit listrik tanaga gas|gas]].<ref name="Pertamina"/> Panganggoan ieu énérgi ramah lingkungan nyababkeun Pertamina Tower bakal jadi pencakar langit nu nét énérgina positip ku cara manfaatkeun desain [[fasad]] sangkan cahya bisa asup ka jero tapi tetep tiis, ku kitu ngurangkeun beban énérgi pikeun pancahyaan jeung panirisan rohangan. Salian éta, sistem [[HVAC]] jeung pancahyaan ogé dibuat éfisién.<ref name="Kibert"/> Bagéan pangluhurna ieu wangunan (luhurna 530 méter) dibuat kabuka pikeun nempatkeun [[turbin angin sumbu vértikal]]. Bagéan ieu didesain ngabentuk "corong angin" sangkan angin nu ngaliwatan turbin leuwih gancang tur énérgi nu bisa dibangkitkeun jadi leuwih gedé.<ref name="som">{{Cite web |url=https://www.som.com/projects/pertamina_energy_tower |title=Pertamina Energy Tower |publisher=[[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LPP |accessdate=10 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Di bagéan handap ieu wangunan, dipasang panél panon poé dina atap jalur pajalan kaki nu luasna 1.750 méter pasagi sangkan listrik bisa dibangkitkeun ti énérgi cahya panon poé.<ref name="Kibert"/> == Struktur == Sistem struktur Pertamina Tower disusun ku tilu subsistem struktur. Struktur dina bagéan tengah wangunan mangrupa [[beton bertulang]] nu boga sipat [[kauletan (fisika)|daktil]] sarta rangka momen [[baja]] di luarna. Rangka momen ieu disusun ku [[kolom]] jeung [[balok (struktur)|balok]] baja komposit. Dina tiap 30 lantéy, bagéan tengah jeung luar sistem struktur dihijikeun ku 3 lunjureun jeung beubeur baja. Hiji sistem nu lian nyaéta sistem gravitasi nu miboga peran pikeun nyalurkeun beban ka struktur tengah jeung kolom. Ieu sistem disusun ku [[pelat beton]] dina dék logam nu didukung ku balok baja komposit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Besjak |first1=Charles |last2=Biswas |first2=Preetam |last3=Petrov |first3=Georgi I. |last4=Streeter |first4=Matthew |last5=Devin |first5=Austin |title=Effects of Perimeter to Core Connectivity on Tall Building Behavior |journal=International Journal of High-Rise Buildings |publisher=[[Déwan Wangunan Luhur jeung Habitat Urban]] |year=2017 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1-9 |doi=10.21022/IJHRB.2017.6.1.1}}</ref> == Fasilitas == Lian ti fungsi utamana pikeun kantor nu nampung 20.000 pagawé jeung kagiatan komérsial, aya sababaraha fasilitas pandukung dina aréa Pertamina Tower di luar wangunanna, di antarana paviliun paméran jeung patunjukan seni, [[masjid]], sarta puseur [[pambangkit listrik]]. Ieu paviliun miboga auditorium nu ngamuat 2.000 korsi pikeun kagiatan kuliah jeung patunjukan seni. Lian ti éta, puseur pambangkit listrik miboga fungsi pikeun tempat ngabangkitkeun énérgi nu disuplai ka kasaluruhan kawasan ieu wangunan. Fasilitas-fasilitas ieu jeung wangunan utama dihubungkeun ku jalur lindung pajalan kaki nu bisa ngabangkitkan énérgi liwat [[sél fotovoltaik]] di luhurna.<ref name="som"/> == Panghargaan == Dina taun 2014, Pertamina Tower menangkeun Panghargaan Emas dina MIPIM Asia Awards katégori Best Futura Mega Project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.som.com/news/som_wins_top_mipim_asia_awards_for_2014 |title=SOM Wins Top MIPIM Asia Awards for 2014 |date=12 Pébruari 2014 |publisher=[[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] LPP |accessdate=11 Désémber 2019}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pencakar langit di Indonésia]] 0gy5nn2jq588n4a42suvq36tq1h44bu 0 100096 708359 706382 2026-04-22T01:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese actor}} {{Infobox person | name = Ken Watanabe | image = Ken Watanabe 2007 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Watanabe, 2007 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|10|21}} | birth_place = [[Hirokami, Niigata|Hirokami]], [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]], Jepang | occupation = Aktor | years_active = 1979-ayeuna | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Yumiko Watanabe|1983|2005|end=div.}} * {{marriage|[[Kaho Minami]]|2005|2018|end=div.}} }} | children = {{plainlist| * Dai Watanabe *[[Anne Watanabe]] }} }} {{nihongo|'''Ken Watanabe'''|渡辺 謙|Watanabe Ken|extra={{lahirmati|[[Koide, Niigata|Koide]], [[Niigata]], [[Jepang]]|21|10|1959}}}} mangrupikeun [[aktor]] nasional ti [[Jepang]] anu meunang nominasi Academy Awards. Anjeunna parantos damel di industri pilem ti saprak [[1984]]. == Tumbu luar == {{Commonscat|Ken Watanabe}} * {{imdb nama |id=0913822 |nama=Ken Watanabe}} * [http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-12-11-watanabe-ken_x.htm USA Today Interview] * [http://romanticmovies.about.com/cs/thelastsamurai/a/smkw120103.htm About.com Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20051018170257/http://romanticmovies.about.com/cs/thelastsamurai/a/smkw120103.htm |date=2005-10-18 }} * [http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0297380.htm Watanabe Ken's JMDb Listing (in Japanese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925191715/http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0297380.htm |date=2021-09-25 }} * [http://www.hogacentral.com/People_KW.html Ken Watanabe profile on ''Hoga Central''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620183715/http://www.hogacentral.com/People_KW.html |date=2006-06-20 }} {{lifetime|1959||Watanabe, Ken}} {{Biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktor Jepang]] 1kxdh2csiq207t4h4rrk0aapvz5ds73 0 102140 708344 675244 2026-04-21T15:02:53Z Ziv 33153 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg]] → File replacement: changing the name of a duplicate file ([[c:c:GR]]) 708344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Acacia farnesiana |status = G5 |status_system = TNC |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Robert Wight|Wight]] et [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]<ref name=IPNI1/> |range_map = Acacia-farnesiana-range-map.png | image = Starr 030202-0020 Acacia farnesiana.jpg | image_caption = Nagasari | image_width = 250px | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Eudicots]] | classis = [[ Rosids]] | ordo = [[ Fabales]] | familia = [[ Fabaceae]] | subfamilia = [[]] | genus = ''[[ Vachellia]]'' | species = ''''' V. farnesiana ''''' |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = |synonyms_ref = |synonyms = | binomial = '' Vachellia farnesiana '' | binomial_authority = [[Roxb.]] (1799)<ref>{{aut|Roxburgh, W.}} 1799. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9712#page/5/mode/1up ''Pl. Corom.'' '''2''': 7], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9712#page/42/mode/1up t. 113].</ref> }} '''Nagasari'''; ''Acacia farnesiana''; nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''fabaceae''.<ref name=”Aan”/> Tangkalna ngarungkun tur carucukan, loba kapanggih hirup ditegalan jeung [[taneuh]] anu teu kaurus. Utamana di [[Australia]], [[AS]], Kapuloan [[Pasifik]], [[Karibia]], ieu tutuwuhan digolongkeun kana gulma.<ref name=”Aan”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&source=bl&ots=hGPU38nyTo&sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=leucoxylon%20Buxifolium&f=false| title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| last =Karl Hasskarl| first =Justus | publisher =J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845|ISBN=|pages =80}} Disungsi 27 April 2021</ref> ==Habitat== Tangkal nagasari hirup di daérah anu perenahna nepika 1500 mdpl, kalawan suhu sabudeureun 5 ~ 40. Hujan dina satauna 150 - 4000.<ref name=Nagasari>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2236#toPictures| title = Acacia farnesiana (huisache)| date = 2021-04-25| accessdate = 2021-04-21| work =CAB International}}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== Nagasari mangrupa rungkun anu teu pati katempo jangkung, paling jangkung 2-7 méter dahanna laleutik. Dauna baruluan lemes kelirna hejo, tangkal rada keusrak kelirna coklat aya ogé semu kulawu. Cucukna panjang, seukeut, dahan henteu cucukan, kelirna wungu nepi ka kulawu, daun laleutik menyirip dua, mibanda ''kelenjar'' dina cupat daun, ''pinnae'' 2-8 pasang, sajajar 10-12 pasang, panjang 2-7 mm, rubak 0,75-1,75 mm. <ref name=Nagasari/> Kembang leutik, konéng, seungit, bijil mangsa usum tiis bijil culcel/sporadis tapi sabenerna ieu tutuwuhan kembangan sapanjang taun. Buahna ngawujud polong henteu beulah/meleték, panjang 4-7,5 cm, rubakna 1,5 cm, lemes jeung heuras, [[coklat]] kolot nepika semu hideung, teu buluan. Sikina coklat ''kastanye'', aya dina jero polongna anu disimbutan ku bahan kawas busa. Panjang 7-8 mm, rubak 5,5 mm, lemes, lonyod, kandel. <ref name=HEYNE /> ==Mangpaat Jeung Kagunaan== ''A. farnesiana'' mangrupa tutuwuhan sarwa guna, méh sakabéh bagéan tangkal ieu tutuwuhan bisa dimangpaatkeun. Minyak de ''ésensial floral'' tina ''A. farnesiana'' dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieur ubar seungit; permen karet gaganti pikeun geutah Arab. Kulit kai jeung tangkalna dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyelep kaén jeung samak; buah polong jeung daunna bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun parab ingon-ingon; sari pati tina kulit [[kai]], [[daun]], [[kembang]] jeung polong héjo digunakeun pikeun ubar tradisional. kaina bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[suluh]], tihang, gagang [[pakakas]], ogé bahan nyieun ''furnitur'' atawa parabot séjénna. Di [[India]]. Polong anu ngorana (héjo), lamun baheula dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieun Lém. Tutuwuhan ieu ogé bisa ngahaja dipelak pikeun nyingkahan [[bahaya]] érosi ogé ngajaga nitrogén dina taneuh. <ref name=HEYNE >{{Cite book | author = K. HEYNE | year = 1913| chapter = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | pages = 36 | editor = Fulconis, R. | title = TEVENS SYNTHETISCHE CATALOGUS DER VERZAMELINGEN VAN HET MUSEUM VOOR TECHNISCHE- EN HANDELSBOTANIE TE BUITENZORG | location = Newyork| publisher = Library new york botanical garden }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} {{Commonscat| Acacia farnesiana}} [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] fw6b07dvtiprpw3m6gjbghi2go1ul57 0 102271 708403 655244 2026-04-22T08:00:40Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Amaranthaceae | image = Amaranthus retroflexus full1.jpg | image_caption = ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | clade = [[Eudikotil]] | clade2 = [[Core eudikotil]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = '''Amaranthaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | subdivision_ranks = Sub-familia | subdivision = * [[Amaranthoideae]] * [[Chenopodioideae]] * [[Gomphrenoideae]] * [[Salicornioideae]] * sarta lianna... }} '''Amaranthaceae''' (babayeman) nyaéta salah sahiji familia tutuwuhan kembangan anu ngawengku rupa-rupa jenis [[bayem]] sarta barayana.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> Numutkeun ''[[Sistem klasifikasi APG II]]'', ieu familia diasupkeun kana ordo [[Caryophyllales]], klad '''core eudikotil''' (dikotil inti), nanging henteu kaasup kana dua golongan gedé, nyaéta '''[[Rosidae]]''' sarta '''[[Asteridae]]'''.<ref name="Par">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tZkwEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =Ensiklopedia Gulma Lahan Pesawahan| last =Paradisa | first =Anggi Indah Yuliana | publisher =Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat | location =Indonésia | year =2020| ISBN=9786236794197| pages =3}}</ref> Dina sistem modéren, golongan ieu ogé ngawengku anggota-anggota [[Chenopodiaceae]] ''sensu'' [[sistem Cronquist|Cronquist]]. Dina sistem APG II, Chenopodiaceae henteu deui dijadikeun takson mandiri, nanging dilebetkeun janten anak suku (subfamilia) '''Chenopodioideae''' di jeroeun familia Amaranthaceae.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri == Kagolongkeun kana tutuwuhan hérba anu umurna 1 tahun, tangkalna ajeg, jangkung 0,4-1 m, remen katempo dahanna loba sarta carucukan. Daun buleud [[endog]] ngawujud ''lanset'', panjang 5-8 cm, kalawan puhuna méncos ari tungtung daun rata. <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> Kembangna aya dina tukal, rapet, bijil handapeun kélék, anu luhurna ngumpul ngawujud kumpulan kembang. Wujudna bulir aya ogé anu nyagak puhuna. Bulir palebah tungtungna kalolobaan jaluna, henteu cucukan. <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> Tempat hirupna/Habitus loba katempo hirup di buruan imah, rungkun, kebon, jeung sisi jalan; 1-1.400 m. Mibanda 64 marga tur 850 jinis tutuwuhan. Anggota-anggotana anu remen dimangpaatkeun kayaning: [[bayem]] jeung [[bit daun]] (sayuran jeung sisikian), [[bit gula]] (tutuwuhan anu ngahasilkeun [[gula]]), [[kinoa]] (sabangsaning [[serealia]] semu), jeung [[jawér kotok]] (''Celosia cristata'') (tutuwuhan hias).<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> [[File:Nitrophila occidentalis 7.jpg|thumb|left|Kembang ''[[Nitrophila occidentalis]]'', [[Polycnemoideae]]]] [[File:Halothamnus Pollen 1.JPG|thumb|Siki tina ''[[Halothamnus glaucus]]'']] ===Buah jeung siki=== Dina narékahan atawa ngarintahkeu, ieu golongan tutuwuhan ngagunakeun [[siki]] jeung [[buah]], Siki ilaharna paburencay tina buahna. Sakapeung malahan bracteoles atanapi bracteoles tiasa janten diaspora. Langkung jarang buahna nyaéta ngurilingan [[Kapsul (buah) | kapsul]] atanapi [[berry (botani) | berry]]. Sikina horizontal atanapi vértikal sering ngagaduhan cangkang siki kandel. Embrio héjo atanapi bodas boh sacara spiral (sareng tanpa ''[[perisperm]]'') atanapi ''annular'' (jarang lempeng). <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> ==''Photosynthesis pathway''== Sanaos seuseueurna kulawarga nganggo anu langkung umum [[C3 carbon fixation| {{C3}} photosynthesis]] jalur, kurang leuwih 800 spésiés are [[C4 carbon fixation|{{C4}} plants]]. Asal-usul sababaraha photosintésis {{C4}} di Amaranthaceae dianggap réspon épolusiér pikeun turunnatingkat atmosfir {{CO2}}, ditambah ku kakirangan permanén dina kasadiaa cai ogé suhu anu luhur. Spésiés kalayan épisiénsi dina kabutuhan kana [[cai]], ngagaduhan kaunggulan selektif anu langkung saé sareng tiasa sumebar ka habitat garing.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Subfamily !! Genera |- | [[Amaranthoideae]] || ''[[Achyranthes]]'', ''[[Achyropsis]]'', ''[[Aerva]]'', ''[[Allmania]]'', ''[[Allmaniopsis]]'', ''[[Amaranthus]]'', ''[[Arthraerua]]'', ''[[Bosea (plant)|Bosea]]'', ''[[Calicorema]]'', ''[[Celosia]]'', ''[[Centema]]'', ''[[Centemopsis]]'', ''[[Centrostachys]]'', ''[[Chamissoa]]'', ''[[Charpentiera]]'', ''[[Chionothrix]]'', ''[[Cyathula]]'', ''[[Dasysphaera]]'', ''[[Deeringia]]'', ''[[Digera]]'', ''[[Eriostylos]]'', ''[[Henonia]]'', ''[[Herbstia (plant)|Herbstia]]'', ''[[Hermbstaedtia]]'', ''[[Indobanalia]]'', ''[[Kelita (plant)|Kelita]]'', ''[[Kyphocarpa]]'', ''[[Lagrezia]]'', ''[[Lecosia]]'', ''[[Leucosphaera]]'', ''[[Lopriorea]]'', ''[[Marcelliopsis]]'', ''[[Mechowia]]'', ''[[Nelsia]]'', ''[[Neocentema]]'', ''[[Nothosaerva]]'', ''[[Nototrichium]]'', ''[[Nyssanthes]]'', ''[[Omegandra]]'', ''[[Pandiaka]]'', ''[[Pleuropetalum]]'', ''[[Pleuropterantha]]'', ''[[Polyrhabda]]'', ''[[Pseudosericocoma]]'', ''[[Psilotrichopsis]]'', ''[[Psilotrichum]]'', ''[[Ptilotus]]'', ''[[Pupalia]]'', ''[[Rosifax]]'', ''[[Saltia (plant)|Saltia]]'', ''[[Sericocoma]]'', ''[[Sericocomopsis]]'', ''[[Sericorema]]'', ''[[Sericostachys]]'', ''[[Stilbanthus]]'', ''[[Trichuriella]]'', ''[[Volkensinia]], [[Wadithamnus]]'' |- | [[Gomphrenoideae]] || ''[[Alternanthera]]'', ''[[Blutaparon]]'', ''[[Froelichia]]'', ''[[Froelichiella]]'', ''[[Gomphrena]]'', ''[[Gossypianthus]]'', ''[[Guilleminea]]'', ''[[Hebanthe]]'', ''[[Hebanthodes]]'', ''[[Irenella]]'', ''[[Iresine]]'', ''[[Lithophila]]'', ''[[Pedersenia]]'', ''[[Pfaffia]]'', ''[[Pseudogomphrena]]'', ''[[Pseudoplantago]]'', ''[[Quaternella]]'', ''[[Tidestromia]]'', ''[[Woehleria]]'', ''[[Xerosiphon]]'' |- | [[Betoideae]] ||''[[Acroglochin]]'', ''[[Aphanisma]]'', ''[[Beta (plant)|Beta]]'', ''[[Hablitzia]]'', ''[[Oreobliton]]'', ''[[Patellifolia]]'' |- | [[Camphorosmoideae]] || ''[[Bassia]]'', ''[[Camphorosma]]'', ''[[Chenolea]]'', ''[[Didymanthus]]'', ''[[Dissocarpus]]'', ''[[Enchylaena]]'', ''[[Eokochia]]'', ''[[Eremophea]]'', ''[[Eriochiton]]'', ''[[Grubovia]]'', ''[[Maireana]]'', ''[[Malacocera]]'', ''[[Neobassia]]'', ''[[Neokochia]]'', ''[[Osteocarpum]]'', ''[[Roycea]]'', ''[[Sclerolaena]]'', ''[[Sedobassia]]'', ''[[Spirobassia]]'', ''[[Threlkeldia]]'' |- | [[Chenopodioideae]] || ''[[Archiatriplex]]'', ''[[Atriplex]]'', ''[[Axyris]]'', ''[[Baolia]]'', ''[[Blitum]]'', ''[[Ceratocarpus]]'', ''[[Chenopodiastrum]]'', ''[[Chenopodium]]'', ''[[Cycloloma]]'', ''[[Dysphania (plant)|Dysphania]]'', ''[[Exomis (plant)|Exomis]]'', ''[[Extriplex]]'', ''[[Grayia (plant)|Grayia]]'', ''[[Halimione]]'', ''[[Holmbergia]]'', ''[[Krascheninnikovia]]'', ''[[Lipandra]]'', ''[[Manochlamys]]'', ''[[Microgynoecium]]'', ''[[Micromonolepis]]'', ''[[Oxybasis]]'', ''[[Proatriplex]]'', ''[[Spinacia]]'', ''[[Stutzia]]'', ''[[Suckleya]]'', ''[[Teloxys]]'' |- | [[Corispermoideae]] || ''[[Agriophyllum]]'', ''[[Anthochlamys]]'', ''[[Corispermum]]'' |- | [[Polycnemoideae]] || ''[[Hemichroa (plant)|Hemichroa]]'', ''[[Nitrophila]]'', ''[[Polycnemum]]'', ''[[Surreya]]'' |- | [[Salicornioideae]] || ''[[Allenrolfea]]'', ''[[Arthrocnemum]]'', ''[[Halocnemum]]'', ''[[Halopeplis]]'', ''[[Halostachys]]'', ''[[Heterostachys]]'', ''[[Kalidium]]'', ''[[Microcnemum]]'', ''[[Salicornia]]'', ''[[Sarcocornia]]'', ''[[Tecticornia]]'' |- | [[Salsoloideae]] || ''[[Anabasis (plant)|Anabasis]]'', ''[[Arthrophytum]]'', ''[[Caroxylon]]'', ''[[Climacoptera (plant)|Climacoptera]]'', ''[[Cornulaca]]'', ''[[Cyathobasis]]'', ''[[Fredolia]]'', ''[[Girgensohnia]]'', ''[[Halarchon]]'', ''[[Halimocnemis]]'', ''[[Halocharis]]'', ''[[Halogeton]]'', ''[[Halothamnus]]'', ''[[Haloxylon]]'', ''[[Hammada (plant)|Hammada]]'', ''[[Horaninowia]]'', ''[[Iljinia]]'', ''[[Kali (plant)|Kali]]'', ''[[Kaviria]]'', ''[[Lagenantha]]'', ''[[Nanophyton]]'', ''[[Noaea]]'', ''[[Nucularia]]'', ''[[Ofaiston]]'', ''[[Petrosimonia]]'', ''[[Piptoptera]]'', ''[[Physandra]]'', ''[[Pyankovia]]'', ''[[Rhaphidophyton]]'', ''[[Salsola]]'', ''[[Sympegma]]'', ''[[Traganum]]'', ''[[Traganopsis]]'', ''[[Turania (plant)|Turania]]'', ''[[Xylosalsola]]'' |- | [[Suaedoideae]] || ''[[Bienertia]]'', ''[[Suaeda]]'' |} == Dicutat tina == * Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, 1949. ''Flora voor de Scholen in Indonesia''. Noordhoff - Kolff N.V; Batavia" {{reflist}} {{pondok }} {{commons|Amaranthaceae}} [[Kategori:Amaranthaceae]] [[Kategori:babayeman]] 2odb5haioofi1qp1kfzn8v440zx05x9 0 103304 708398 657179 2026-04-22T07:28:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Keruing Bunga.png|jmpl|150px|kiri|Keruing Bunga]] {{taxobox |name = ''Palahlar/Keruing Bunga'' |status = CR |status_system = iucn2.3 |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]] |ordo = [[Malvales]] |familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]] |genus = ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'' |species = '''''D. hasseltii''''' |binomial = ''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]] |}} [[Gambar:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.2414279 - Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume - Dipterocarpaceae - Plant type specimen.jpeg|jmpl|''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' Blume]] '''Palahlar''' (''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' Blume) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan ti golongan ''Dipterocarpaceae'' anu mangrupa penghasil kai utama di leuweung hujan tropis di [[Asia Tenggara]]. Aya kira-kira 70 spésiés tutuwuhan ieu di sakuliah dunya. Sebaranna ngawengku Semenanjung [[Thailand]], Dangkalan Sunda; [[Malaysia]] Tengah jeung Kalér; [[Sumatra]] (Simalur jeung Kapuloan Mentawai); [[Jawa Barat]], Kapuloan Sunda Kecil ([[Bali]]); Kalimantan Kidul jeung Wétan nepi ka tenggara [[Sabah]]; jeung [[Pilipina|Filipina]] kaasup Palawan. [https://www.greeners.co/flora-fauna/pohon-palahlar-tanaman-langka-penghasil-kayu-berkualitas/] Di [[Indonésia]] aya rupa-rupa jenis palahlar sarta disebutna béda-béda di unggal daérah, contona ''langan'' ([[Acéh|Aceh]]), ''keruing bunga'' (Simalur), ''klalar, plalar, keruing gunung'' ([[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]), ''jati ora'' (Sumbawa), atawa temparau ([[Kalimantan]]). Hasil panalungtikan Istomo dkk ti Fakultas Kehutanan IPB nuduhkeun lolobana spésiés keruing asalna ti Kalimantan. Di pulo ieu saeutikna aya 41 jenis keruing. Sajaba ti éta, aya opat spésiés kapanggih di Pulo [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], nyaéta ''D. hasseltii'', ''D. gracilis'', ''D. retusus'', jeung ''D. littoralis'' nu ngan aya di Nusakambangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPriyadi1001.pdf|title=Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java}}</ref> Sacara umum, palahlar tumuwuh subur di sabudeureun leuweung primér nu luhurna 600 nepi ka 1.500 m dpl. Sanajan lolobana tumuwuh sumebar, sababaraha spésiés tangkal ieu kapanggih hirup di grup atawa di habitat unik, kayaning spésiés ''D. littoralis''. Spésiés ieu tumuwuh di leuweung primér kalawan taneuh subur. Lahanna biasana rada beueus jeung ayana di daérah lebak atawa léréng pasir. Kadang-kadang palahlar ogé aya di daérah kapur sakitar 600 méter di luhur permukaan laut. Palahlar tumuwuh dina kelompok, sarta rada hésé dibudidayakeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greeners.co/flora-fauna/pohon-palahlar-tanaman-langka-penghasil-kayu-berkualitas/|title=Pohon Palahlar, Tanaman Langka Penghasil Kayu Berkualitas|website=Greeners.Co|language=en|accessdate=2022-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Dipterocarpus (Keruing).jpg|jmpl|Palahlar / Keruing / ''Dipterocarpus'']] Dumasar morfologina, palalar téh ukuranana sedeng nepi ka gedé, tur bisa diidentifikasi tina pokona nu ngabogaan banir atawa akar-akar anu bijil ka luar kawas pungkal tangkal. Palahlar bisa nepi ka 50 méter jangkungna kalayan diaméter nepi ka 1,5 méter. Jangkungna kanopi bisa nepi ka 65 méter. Batangna lempeng tur buleud gilig kalayan gema ngahontal leuwih ti 150 nepi ka 260 séntiméter. Batang tangkal palahlar nangtung, méncos, sarta akarna rata. Kulit luar tangkal katingalina kawas sisik nu teu teratur, batangna coklat atawa coklat beureum. Daun palalar digolongkeun kana daun tunggal anu téksturna kaku (kawas kulit). Wangun daunna lonjong nepi ka rada lonjong, luhurna ngagurilap sareng handapna opak. Tangkal palahlar kembangna malai, sedengkeun buahna buleud. Bagian tina buah dilengkepan sababaraha jangjang; nyaéta dua jangjang badag jeung tilu jangjang leutik. Lamun urang tatu batang jeung dahan, palahlar bakal ngaluarkeun damar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/info/5241/keruing-gunung,-pohon-langka-yang-terancam-punah.html|title=Keruing Gunung, Pohon Langka yang Terancam Punah}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mangpaat == Palahlar digolongkeun kana bahan wangunan anu alus. Kai loba dipaké bahan konstruksi, lantai jeung bantalan. Kayu palahlar miboga kelas daya tahan II jeung kelas kakuatan II. Beurat jini kai sakitar 0,70, ku kituna digolongkeun kana kai sedeng-beurat. Lamun teu awétkeun, kai ieu kirang tahan kana pamakéan dina kontak jeung taneuh. Ku alatan éta, palahlar mindeng dipaké pikeun nyieun kusén, tihang jeung tangga. Tapi lamun diawétkeun, kualitas jeung kakuatan kai palahlar jadi kacida alusna, sabab bisa tahan nepi ka 20 taun pamakéan. Kai palahlar mindeng dipaké tihang listrik, pilar jeung bahan kapal. Résin atawa damar tina palahlar ogé alus pisan pikeun nutupan sela-sela parahu sangkan teu nembus cai. Di sagigireun kapaké dina séktor industri, palahar ogé mangpaat minangka tutuwuhan ubar. Kulit jeung daunna ngabogaan sipat antibakteri. Hanjakal, sanajan mangpaat pisan salaku komoditi jeung kaséhatan, budidaya palahlar teu ilahar di masarakat. Éta ngan ukur dilebetkeun salaku obyék observasi di kebon ékspérimén. IUCN Red List malah nempatkeun spésiés tutuwuhan ieu dina kategori ''Kritis'' atawa ''Endangered Species''. == Referensi == <references responsive="" /> {{Peserta WikiLatih|daring=Sunda|tgl=21 Pébwari 2022}} <references /> [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Dipterocarpaceae]] m1qswccpa4x6qhjim1jn0j6liwkx8re 708399 708398 2026-04-22T07:29:35Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = ''Palahlar/Keruing Bunga'' |status = CR |status_system = iucn2.3 |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]] |ordo = [[Malvales]] |familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]] |genus = ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'' |species = '''''D. hasseltii''''' |binomial = ''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]] |}} [[Gambar:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.2414279 - Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume - Dipterocarpaceae - Plant type specimen.jpeg|jmpl|''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' Blume]] '''Palahlar''' (''Dipterocarpus hasseltii'' Blume) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan ti golongan ''Dipterocarpaceae'' anu mangrupa penghasil kai utama di leuweung hujan tropis di [[Asia Tenggara]]. Aya kira-kira 70 spésiés tutuwuhan ieu di sakuliah dunya. Sebaranna ngawengku Semenanjung [[Thailand]], Dangkalan Sunda; [[Malaysia]] Tengah jeung Kalér; [[Sumatra]] (Simalur jeung Kapuloan Mentawai); [[Jawa Barat]], Kapuloan Sunda Kecil ([[Bali]]); Kalimantan Kidul jeung Wétan nepi ka tenggara [[Sabah]]; jeung [[Pilipina|Filipina]] kaasup Palawan. [https://www.greeners.co/flora-fauna/pohon-palahlar-tanaman-langka-penghasil-kayu-berkualitas/] Di [[Indonésia]] aya rupa-rupa jenis palahlar sarta disebutna béda-béda di unggal daérah, contona ''langan'' ([[Acéh|Aceh]]), ''keruing bunga'' (Simalur), ''klalar, plalar, keruing gunung'' ([[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]), ''jati ora'' (Sumbawa), atawa temparau ([[Kalimantan]]). Hasil panalungtikan Istomo dkk ti Fakultas Kehutanan IPB nuduhkeun lolobana spésiés keruing asalna ti Kalimantan. Di pulo ieu saeutikna aya 41 jenis keruing. Sajaba ti éta, aya opat spésiés kapanggih di Pulo [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], nyaéta ''D. hasseltii'', ''D. gracilis'', ''D. retusus'', jeung ''D. littoralis'' nu ngan aya di Nusakambangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPriyadi1001.pdf|title=Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java}}</ref> Sacara umum, palahlar tumuwuh subur di sabudeureun leuweung primér nu luhurna 600 nepi ka 1.500 m dpl. Sanajan lolobana tumuwuh sumebar, sababaraha spésiés tangkal ieu kapanggih hirup di grup atawa di habitat unik, kayaning spésiés ''D. littoralis''. Spésiés ieu tumuwuh di leuweung primér kalawan taneuh subur. Lahanna biasana rada beueus jeung ayana di daérah lebak atawa léréng pasir. Kadang-kadang palahlar ogé aya di daérah kapur sakitar 600 méter di luhur permukaan laut. Palahlar tumuwuh dina kelompok, sarta rada hésé dibudidayakeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greeners.co/flora-fauna/pohon-palahlar-tanaman-langka-penghasil-kayu-berkualitas/|title=Pohon Palahlar, Tanaman Langka Penghasil Kayu Berkualitas|website=Greeners.Co|language=en|accessdate=2022-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Dipterocarpus (Keruing).jpg|jmpl|Palahlar / Keruing / ''Dipterocarpus'']] Dumasar morfologina, palalar téh ukuranana sedeng nepi ka gedé, tur bisa diidentifikasi tina pokona nu ngabogaan banir atawa akar-akar anu bijil ka luar kawas pungkal tangkal. Palahlar bisa nepi ka 50 méter jangkungna kalayan diaméter nepi ka 1,5 méter. Jangkungna kanopi bisa nepi ka 65 méter. Batangna lempeng tur buleud gilig kalayan gema ngahontal leuwih ti 150 nepi ka 260 séntiméter. Batang tangkal palahlar nangtung, méncos, sarta akarna rata. Kulit luar tangkal katingalina kawas sisik nu teu teratur, batangna coklat atawa coklat beureum. Daun palalar digolongkeun kana daun tunggal anu téksturna kaku (kawas kulit). Wangun daunna lonjong nepi ka rada lonjong, luhurna ngagurilap sareng handapna opak. Tangkal palahlar kembangna malai, sedengkeun buahna buleud. Bagian tina buah dilengkepan sababaraha jangjang; nyaéta dua jangjang badag jeung tilu jangjang leutik. Lamun urang tatu batang jeung dahan, palahlar bakal ngaluarkeun damar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/info/5241/keruing-gunung,-pohon-langka-yang-terancam-punah.html|title=Keruing Gunung, Pohon Langka yang Terancam Punah}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mangpaat == Palahlar digolongkeun kana bahan wangunan anu alus. Kai loba dipaké bahan konstruksi, lantai jeung bantalan. Kayu palahlar miboga kelas daya tahan II jeung kelas kakuatan II. Beurat jini kai sakitar 0,70, ku kituna digolongkeun kana kai sedeng-beurat. Lamun teu awétkeun, kai ieu kirang tahan kana pamakéan dina kontak jeung taneuh. Ku alatan éta, palahlar mindeng dipaké pikeun nyieun kusén, tihang jeung tangga. Tapi lamun diawétkeun, kualitas jeung kakuatan kai palahlar jadi kacida alusna, sabab bisa tahan nepi ka 20 taun pamakéan. Kai palahlar mindeng dipaké tihang listrik, pilar jeung bahan kapal. Résin atawa damar tina palahlar ogé alus pisan pikeun nutupan sela-sela parahu sangkan teu nembus cai. Di sagigireun kapaké dina séktor industri, palahar ogé mangpaat minangka tutuwuhan ubar. Kulit jeung daunna ngabogaan sipat antibakteri. Hanjakal, sanajan mangpaat pisan salaku komoditi jeung kaséhatan, budidaya palahlar teu ilahar di masarakat. Éta ngan ukur dilebetkeun salaku obyék observasi di kebon ékspérimén. IUCN Red List malah nempatkeun spésiés tutuwuhan ieu dina kategori ''Kritis'' atawa ''Endangered Species''. == Referensi == <references responsive="" /> {{Peserta WikiLatih|daring=Sunda|tgl=21 Pébwari 2022}} <references /> [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Dipterocarpaceae]] 51dlloekwr2zmg48sciuz88nqcua4qc 0 103375 708400 704591 2026-04-22T07:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadewa Alibasa Koesoema Widajayaningrat''' (leuwih dipikawanoh kun ngaran Pangéran/Kiai Madrais, gumelar di Susukan, Ciawi Gebang, [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] taun 1822). Menurut catatan pamaréntah [[Walanda]] nyebutkeun bahwa gumelarna nyaéta 9 Mulud 1859. Pangéran Madrais mangrupa anak ti pasangan [[Nyi Radén Kastew]] jeung [[Pangeran Sutajaya Alibassa Kusumah]]. Pangéran Madrais mibanda anak nu ngaranna Pangéran Tedjabuana Alibassa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20170828073259-20-237682/intrik-keluarga-di-tanah-sengketa-sunda-wiwitan|title=Intrik Keluarga di Tanah Sengketa Sunda Wiwitan|last=Wiwoho|first=Bimo|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-04-16}}</ref> Pangéran Madrais mangrupa katurunan di [[Keraton Gebang]] Cirebon. Salian éta, mun ditarik jalur sisilahna, pangéran madrais nyambung ka salah sahiji [[wali songo]] anu nyebarkeun agama [[Islam]] di tanah [[Sunda|Pasundan]] nyaéta [[Sunan Gunung Jati]]. Sanajan manéhna ti keturunan nu nyebarkeun agama Islam di tanah Pasundan, pangéran Madrais malah nbogaan atawa nu ngadegkeun tina [[agama Djawa-Sunda.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofcirebon.id/2018/11/madrais-nabi-dari-cirebon-pendiri-agama.html|title=Madrais Nabi Dari Cirebon, Pendiri Agama Djawa Soenda (ADS)|website=Sejarah Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2022-04-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626121455/https://www.historyofcirebon.id/2018/11/madrais-nabi-dari-cirebon-pendiri-agama.html |date=2022-06-26 }}</ref> == Biografi == Pangéran Madrais mangrupa anak ti pasangan Nyi Radén Kastew jeung Pangéran Sutajaya Alibassa Kusumah. Sanajan lahir ti kaluarga anu kasohor, keluarga Keraton, Pangéran Madrais acan kungsi mendakan langsung kanu jadi bapana ku sabab Pangéran Sutajaya Alibassa geus [[Paéh|maot]] saacan manéhna [[babar]] ka alam [[dunya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/kisah-pangeran-madrais-pendiri-agama-sunda-wiwitan-di-masa-lampau.html|title=Kisah Pangeran Madrais, Pendiri Agama Sunda Wiwitan di Jawa Barat|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-04-16}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Ageman]] crp5lvlq79m24byibbixamoyda9nh8q 0 103841 708407 679142 2026-04-22T09:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Buche-Reundeu.jpg |image_caption = Reundeu katempona seger dina cai |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiosperma]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Acanthaceae]] |genus = ''[[Staurogyne elongata]]'' |species = |binomial = Staurogyne elongata |binomial_authority = |synonyms=Referensi: <ref name=fna>{{cite web|url=http://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/ALM/article/view/22#:~:text=Reundeu%20(Staurogyne%20longata)%20merupakan%20salah,mikroflora%20tertentu%20termasuk%20bakteri%20filosfer.|title=''Aktivitas Bakteri Filosfer daun Reundeu sebagai penghasil senyawa antimikrob potensial''|website=|access-date=26 Februari 2024}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913041632/http://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/ALM/article/view/22#:~:text=Reundeu%20(Staurogyne%20longata)%20merupakan%20salah,mikroflora%20tertentu%20termasuk%20bakteri%20filosfer. |date=2023-09-13 }}</ref>}} ''Reundeu'' (Staurogyne longata) nyaéta salasahiji tutuwuhan anu daunna bisa dikonsumsi pikeun lalab. Bagéan daun dipaké tempat hirup pikeun mikroflora tangtu, kaasup baktéri phyllosphere. meiexdqcq1t5vto60yfi1h90cc5209g 0 104295 708402 655297 2026-04-22T07:55:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihan kategori 708402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Kremah | regnum = [[Plantae]] | image = Alternanthera sessilis de PUCP.jpg | image_caption = Kembang sarta daun Kremah (''A. sessilis'') | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Amaranthaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Gomphrenoideae]] | genus = ''[[Alternanthera]]'' | species = '''''A. sessilis''''' | binomial = ''Alternanthera sessilis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Robert Brown (botanis)|R.Br.]] ex [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]] | synonyms = * ''Alternanthera nodiflora'' <small>[[Robert Brown (botanis)|R. Br.]]</small> * ''Alternanthera repens'' <small>[[Gmel.]]</small> * ''Gomphrena sessilis'' <small>[[L.]]</small> }} '''Jatinangor'''; tolod; ''Altenanthera sessilis'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga Amaranthaceae. Masih kénéh baraya ka [[bayem]] beureum (''Alternanthera amoena'' Voss.)<ref name=BayamMerah>{{cite web |title= Bayam Merah ''Alternanthera amoena'' Voss. |publisher=Plantamor |url= http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=74 |accessdate=18 Juni 2013}}</ref> anu pituin ti [[Amerika]].<ref name=”Par”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tZkwEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =Ensiklopedia Gulma Lahan PesawahanParadisaIndah Yuliana| last =ParadisaIndah Yuliana| first =Anggi| publisher =Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat | location =Indonesia | year =2020|ISBN=9786236794197|pages =3}} Disungsi21 April 2023</ref> ==Ngaran daérah== Jatinangor ngabogaan loba sebutan. Di Sumatra dipikawanoh salaku ''juruk demah'' ([[Bahasa Lampung|Lampung]]), ''omak'' ([[Bahasa Batak|Batak]]), ''daun keremak'', ''daun rusa'', jeung ''sayor udang'' ([[Bahasa Melayu|Melayu]]). Di [[Jawa]], dipiwanoh salaku ''bayem kremah'', ''kremek'', ''kremo'', ''matean'', ''keremi'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]). <ref name=vlsm/><ref name=Dharma/><ref name=Plantamor>{{cite web |title= Kremah ''Altenanthera sessilis'' (L.) R.Br. ex DC. |publisher=Plantamor |url= http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=75 |accessdate=18 Juni 2013}}</ref><ref name=Setijati>Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Djajasukma, Eddy; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak (1981). ''Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Sayur-Sayuran''. [[Jakarta]]: [[Lembaga Biologi Nasional|LBN]] - [[LIPI]] bekerja sama dengan [[Balai Pustaka]]. '''6''':62{{spaced ndash}}63. [[OCLC]] [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66307472 66307472].</ref> == Ciri mandiri == Jatinangor kasebut ''herba/semak'' [[batang|régang]] loba, Jangkung tangkalna bisa nepika ka 1 [[meter|m]].<ref name=Dharma/> Jatinangor bisa hirup ngarambat atawa nguyupuk luhureun taneuh. [[Akar]]na bodas-semucoklat, jinis tunggang. Panjang watangna bisa nepika ± 30&nbsp;cm. Wujud na buleud, ngarungkun, bubukuan, kelirna héjo semu konéng. [[Daun]]na majemuk, pasingareup-dingareup, puhu jeung tungtungna mencos, kelirna hejo panjang kurang leuwih 1–15&nbsp;cm, rubakna 5&nbsp;cm, baruluan [[bulu]] lemes. Tulang daun wujudna menyirip. [[Kembang]]na majemuk, leutik, wujudna ''bulir'', bijil tina kélék daun tungtung watang, gagangna ''silidris'' atawa buleud, kelirna bodas/ganola ieu tutuwuhan kembangan sapanjang taun. Buahna buleud tur hideung.<ref name=vlsm/><ref name=Setijati/> [[Berkas:Alternanthera sessilis.jpg|jmpl|Jatinangor]] Jatinangor sarimbag jeung bayem beureum loba dimangpaatkun pikeun tutuwuhan hias jeung ubar .<ref name="Dharma" /> ==Kagunaan== Enggoning masakan [[Nusantara]], ieu tutuwuhan remen dipaké salaku tambahan dina olahan : [[ulam]], [[pecel]], [[urab]], jeung réa-réa deui. Di [[Sunda|Tatar Pasundan]], ilahar ogé di lalab tapi saméméhna diléob heula ku [[cai]] panas.ref name="Dharma" /> Jatinangor ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran : peujit murilit, miceun waé, jeung ubar kompres nalika katerap panyakit panas.<ref name=”Par”/> Dumasar kana catetan Karel Heyne, bagian pucuk sarta daun Kremah anu ngora mindeng dimangpaatkeun pikeun lalaban atanapi campuran sayur sabab miboga tékstur anu hipu sarta rasa anu rada gurih.<ref name="heyne1913" /> Salian ti éta, dumasar kana data ti Depkes RI, Kremah miboga sipat farmakologis anu mangpaat pikeun nyehatkeun panon, ngalancarkeun saluran kiih (diurétik), sarta bisa dipaké salaku ubar raheut luar.<ref name="depkes2001">{{cite web |date=19 November 2001 |title=Alternanthera sessilis R.Br. |publisher=Departemen Kesehatan RI |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206203326/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku2/2-020.pdf |accessdate=22 April 2026}}</ref> ==Habitat== Jatinangor loba kapanggih hirup dilahan anu jemlek nepi ka baseuh, kayaning pasawahan, sisi susukan, hulu cai. Jatinangor gancang pisan dina ngarekahanna matak ngaganggu kana tutuwuhan séjén, alatan kitu ieu tutuwuhan digolongkeun salaku gulma. <ref name=”Par”/> Kremah mangrupa tutuwuhan asli (**pituin**) anu sumebar lega di sakuliah wewengkon tropis sarta subtropis di dunya (pantropis), mimiti ti Asia, Afrika, nepi ka Australia. Di Nusantara, tutuwuhan ieu parantos lami kapanggih sarta dianggap salaku bagian tina flora asli anu tumuwuh sacara liar.<ref name="blume1827">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=129}}</ref> Dumasar kana catetan Karel Heyne, ieu tutuwuhan téh geus jadi bagian tina kahirupan masarakat di Hindia Walanda, boh salaku gulma di tatanén boh salaku bahan ubar tradisional.<ref name="heyne1913">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/mode/1up |page=158}}</ref> Dina sual tempat hirupna, Kremah miboga daya tahan anu kacida kuatna nanging miboga karesep husus ka tempat-tempat anu jemlék (**lembab**). Habitat utamana nyaéta sisi solokan, galengan sawah, rawa-rawa, sarta sisi walungan leutik nepi ka wewengkon pagunungan kalayan katinggian sakitar 1.250 mdpl.<ref name="heyne1913" /> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Alternanthera sessilis of salem.jpg File:Alternanthera sessilis 7448.JPG File:Alternanthera sessilis kz02.jpg File:Alternanthera sessilis.jpg </gallery> == Rujukan == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="vlsm">{{cite web |date=19 November 2001 |title=Alternanthera sessilis R.Br. |publisher=Departemen Kesehatan |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206203326/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku2/2-020.pdf |accessdate=18 Juni 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Dharma">Dharma, AP (1985). ''Indonesian Medicinal Plants [Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia]''. hal. 29–30. [[Jakarta]]: Balai Pustaka. ISBN 979-407-032-7.</ref> }} == Cutatan == {{reflist|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3534965}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori :Amaranthaceae]] {{Tumbuhan-stub}} {{pondok }} 5i81u9e8qgazx6j3rduecw0q3c7z4ns 0 104768 708360 674314 2026-04-22T03:20:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mackenyu<br>真剣佑 | image = SS 2023-09-20 at 10.20.26 AM.png | caption = Mackenyu (2023) | birth_name = Mackenyu Maeda | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|11|16}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]] | occupation = Aktor | yearsactive = 2005–ayeuna }} {{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Maeda'''|前田 真剣佑|Maeda Makken'yū|lahir Nopémber 16, 1996}}, katelah sacara profésional salaku {{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Arata'''<ref>{{cite web |title=新田真剣佑 TOP COAT |url=https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |website=TOP COAT (retrieved by Wayback Machine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107045115/https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>|新田 真剣佑|Arata Makken'yū||lead=yes}} atanapi ngan saukur '''Mackenyu''', nyaéta aktor Jepang. Anjeunna putra [[Sonny Chiba]] sareng Tamami Chiba. == Filmografi == === Pilem === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Taun ! scope="col" | Judul ! scope="col" | Karakter ! scope="col" | Catetan ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2015 | ''Tadaima'' | George | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|title=The Story &mdash; Tadaima|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=tadaimathemovie.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future]]'' | Eiji Tomari | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|title=劇場版 仮面ライダードライブ サプライズ・フューチャー|access-date=February 19, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Take a Chance'' | Masa | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|title=Take a Chance (2015)|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=Filmaffinity|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2016 | ''[[Chihayafuru Part 1]]'' | rowspan="2" | Arata Wataya | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Flaughy.jp%2F1440040230084120424 |title=''Mackenyu''}} laughy.jp Retrieved 2016-6-16 (Google translation)</ref> |- | ''[[Chihayafuru Part 2]]'' | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|title=ちはやふる 下の句|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115757/https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Night's Tightrope]]'' | Hikaru Makise | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|title=新田真剣佑 作品一覧|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115756/https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Nigakute Amai|Bittersweet]]'' | Atsushi Babazono | | style="text-align:center" | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2017 | ''Let's Go, Jets!'' | Kōsuke Yamashita | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|title=広瀬すず「チア☆ダン」に中条あやみや真剣佑出演、アメリカロケ敢行|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I]]'' | [[Okuyasu Nijimura]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|script-title=ja:山崎賢人、「ジョジョの奇妙な冒険」記者会見で山田孝之の髪型イジりにキレられず|access-date=2016-09-28|publisher=natalie|language=Japanese|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Peach Girl (film)|Peach Girl]]'' | Kazuya "Tōji" Tōjigamori | | style="text-align:center" | |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2018 | ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]'' | Cadet Ryoichi | | style="text-align:center" | |- | ''[[Chihayafuru Part 3]]'' | Arata Wataya | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|title=ちはやふる 結び|access-date=July 25, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Over Drive (film)|Over Drive]]'' | Naozumi Hiyama | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|title=OVER DRIVE|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Impossibility Defense'' | Asao Momose | | style="text-align:center" | |- | ''[[Code Blue (TV series)|Code Blue: The Movie]]'' | Akio Kishida | | style="text-align:center" | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2019 | ''12 Suicidal Teens'' | Shinjirō | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | |- | ''[[Tokyo Ghoul S]]'' | Sōta | | style="text-align:center" | |- | ''[[NiNoKuni]]'' | Haru (voice) | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|title=二ノ国|access-date=June 11, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127085609/https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2020 | ''[[Kaiji: Final Game]]'' | Minato Hirose | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|title=「カイジ」藤原竜也主演で9年ぶり映画化、福本伸行による完全オリジナルストーリー|access-date=May 31, 2019|work=Natalie|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Our 30-Minute Sessions'' | Aki Miyata | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|title=Our 30-Minute Sessions|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Asmik Ace|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343 |date=October 29, 2020 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō]]'' | Guest of VIP room | Cameo | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|title=新田真剣佑「とんかつDJアゲ太郎」に友情出演、北村匠海や伊藤健太郎と4年ぶり集結|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2021 | ''Brave: Gunjō Senki'' | Aoi Nishino | rowspan="2" | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|title=「群青戦記」新田真剣佑で実写映画化！高校生アスリートが戦国時代にタイムスリップ|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Master Plan (2021 film)|The Master Plan]]'' | Makoto | style="text-align:center" | <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|title=EXILE岩田剛典＆新田真剣佑、初共演でバディに「名も無き世界のエンドロール」映画化|access-date=June 16, 2020|work=Modelpress|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Final]]'' | [[Yukishiro Enishi]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|title=新田真剣佑が「るろうに剣心」で縁を演じる、大友啓史「眼差しの強さに惹かれた」|access-date=February 13, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2022 |- | ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Revenge of Scar'' | rowspan="2" | [[Scar (Fullmetal Alchemist)|Scar]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|title=実写『鋼の錬金術師』完結編が二部作で公開決定！新田真剣佑、内野聖陽、舘ひろしも新たに参加|access-date=May 2, 2022|work=Cinematoday|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004638/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Final Alchemy'' | | style="text-align:center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2023 | ''[[Knights of the Zodiac (film)|Knights of the Zodiac]]'' | [[Pegasus Seiya]] | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2021-09-21 |title=Mackenyu, Madison Iseman, Sean Bean, Famke Janssen to Star in Live-Action 'Knights of the Zodiac' Adaptation (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922005543/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |} ===Televisi=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Taun ! scope="col" | Judul ! scope="col" | Karakter ! scope="col" | Catetan ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | ''Yume wo Ataeru'' | Masaaki | [[Wowow]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|title=夢を与える|access-date=December 11, 2021|work=The Television|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211060024/https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2016 | ''Sakurasaku'' | Ippei | | rowspan="2" | Palaku utama |style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |title=サクラ咲く |work=TCエンタテインメント |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195738/https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''Tomorrow, I'll Surely Love You Again'' | Shouta | [[Fuji TV]] | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |title=明日もきっと君に恋をする |work=Socket Co., Ltd |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211193706/https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''Brass Dreams'' | Ren Kitora | [[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television|TBS]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |title=仰げば尊し |work=modelpress |language=ja |publisher=Net Native |date=3 Jun 2016 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211160205/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | ''Fugitive Boys'' | Ichihashi Tetsuto | [[Fuji TV]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reileen |date=2017-07-09 |title=Upcoming Summer JDramas 2017 |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160747/https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2018 | ''[[Todome no Kiss|Kiss that Kills]]'' | Takauji Namiki | [[Nippon TV|NTV]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|title=「トドメの接吻」新田真剣佑インタビュー"最難関"な役に向き合う 山崎賢人にキュンとした現場での姿とは？|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Model Press|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2019 | ''Two Homelands'' | Yu Amada | [[TV Tokyo]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|title=高良健吾×新田真剣佑、『二つの祖国』初共演対談 「考えるきっかけになれば」|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Oricon|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Our Dearest Sakura'' | Aoi Kijima | NTV | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |title=同期のサクラ｜日本テレビ |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja |access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024438/https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2020 | ''Remote de Korosareru'' | Nomura Yusaku | NTV | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=jadefrost |date=2020-07-25 |title=NTV Drama Special 2020 ~ Remote de Korosareru |url=https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=Jdrama Weblog |language=en |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160743/https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2021 | ''The End of the Tiny World: Half A Year Later'' | Makoto | dTV | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | |- | ''Ichikei's Crow: The Criminal Court Judges'' | Bunta Ishikura | [[Fuji TV]] | | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichikei's Crow - The Criminal Court Judges |url=https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=FUJI TELEVISION NETWORK, INC. |language=en-US |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413081442/https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2023–ayeuna | ''[[One Piece (2023 TV series)|One Piece]]'' | [[Roronoa Zoro]] | [[Netflix]] | Palaku utama | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix's One Piece Live-Action Cast Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=comicbook. |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109222601/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |} ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commonscat|Mackenyu}}. *[https://www.mackenfamily.jp mackenfamily.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070049/https://www.mackenfamily.jp/ |date=2023-10-30 }} *[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5018289/ Mackenyu - IMDb] *[https://www.instagram.com/mackenyu/ Mackenyu - Instagram] *[https://twitter.com/mackenyu1116 Mackenyu - Twitter] {{DEFAULTSORT:Arata, Mackenyu}} [[Kategori:Aktor]] b49ajyud9fovhja2jpju555wxk4ykle 0 105082 708352 705437 2026-04-21T22:43:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708352 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#8B4513; color:white; padding:5px;" | Julang Ngapak<br/>ᮏᮥᮜᮀ ᮍᮕᮊ᮪ |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julang Ngapak di Balai Kota Sukabumi.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Conto wangun hateup Julang Ngapak di Sukabumi.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Harti Nami | Manuk Julang nuju meberkeun jangjang |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Aksara Sunda | **ᮏᮥᮜᮀ ᮍᮕᮊ᮪** |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lokasi Umum | Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, Sukabumi, wewengkon adat |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Rujukan Digital | [https://archive.org/details/BukuArsitektur/1124_Rumah%20Etnik%20Modern%20di%20lahan%2060%20100m2/page/95/mode/1up Archive.org (Modern)]<br/>[https://archive.org/details/kelas-5-tema-1-bs-compressed/9_Sunda_BS_compressed/page/n36/mode/1up Archive.org (Buku Siswa)] |} '''Julang ngapak''' mangrupa salah sahiji wangun suhunan [[imah]] has [[Sunda]], dina [[basa Indonésia]] mah Julang Ngapak téh miboga harti [[manuk]] anu keur hiber ku jangjangna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042639/https://www.romadecade.org/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/#!|title=Rumah Adat Jawa Barat: Lengkap Gambar dan Penjelasan {{!}} RomaDecade|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Julang téh hartina manuk jeung ngapak téh hartina hiber ku jangjangna.<ref name=":0" /> Imah adat ieu téh diaranan Julang Ngapak sabab rarancang suhunan imahna mirip jeung manuk anu keur hiber.<ref name=":0" /> Suhunan anu wanguna téh lébar di unggal sisina, jeung diluhurna téh jiga hurup "V" anu antukna wanguna téh katémbong jiga manuk anu keur hiber.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://perpustakaan.id/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|title=7 Rumah Adat Jawa Barat serta Keunikan, Gambar, Penjelasan|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715002706/https://perpustakaan.id/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/ |date=2023-07-15 }}</ref> Ciri lian tina imah adat Julang Ngapak nyaéta dina suhunan anu pangluhurna aya cagak gunting atawa disebut capit hurang. Fungsi tina cagak gunting nyaéta salaku tarékah pikeun nyingkahan cai hujan asup ka imah. == Sebaran sarta Pamakéan == Imah anu boga suhunan Julang ngapak loba katingali di daérah [[Tasikmalaya]].<ref name=":1" /> Kampung-kampung adat saperti [[kampung Dukuh]], [[kampung Naga]], [[Kuningan]], [[Sukabumi]], jeung tempat-tempat liana nu aya di Jawa Barat.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401130439/http://anjjabar.go.id/rumah-tradisional|title=Rumah Tradisional {{!}} Anjungan Jawa BaratAnjungan Jawa Barat|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Salian ti éta imah Adat Julang ngapak ogé digunakeun di sababaraha wangunan kampus kawentar di Indonésia. Salah sahiji kampusna nyaéta kampus ITB ([[Institut Teknologi Bandung]]).<ref name=":1" /> Imah Julang ngapak sarua jeung imah-imah adat Sunda séjéna nyaéta wangun imahna panggung jeung aya kolong anu miboga fungsi pikeun nyingkahan banjir atawa gempa bumi, atawa bisa dipaké jang kandang sasatoan saperti embé, sapi, hayam, atawa bisa ogé dipaké jang nyimpen pakakas-pakakas paranti ka kebon atawa ka sawah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartatik|first=Hartatik|date=2016-11-07|title=EKSISTENSI RUMAH RUMAH ADAT BANJAR DALAM PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN|url=http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/nw/article/view/127|journal=Naditira Widya|language=id|volume=10|issue=2|pages=145–158|doi=10.24832/nw.v10i2.127|issn=2548-4125}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Filosofi == Masarakat Sunda hirup henteu leupas tina ajén-ajén filosofis, kitu ogé aspék arsitéktur, moal jauh tina ajén-ajén ieu.<ref name=":3" /> Ajén-ajén filosofis anu nyangkaruk dina wangunan imah adat Sunda nyaéta: 1. Imah Adat wangun panggung, miboga filosofi yén manusa téh henteu hirup diluhureun langit, henteu ogé hirup dihandapeunana tatapi aya ditengah-tengah, ku kituna manusa kudu hirup dina tengah-tengah anu dibuktikeun dina wangun imah panggung.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Julang-Ngapak-Filosofi-Sebuah-Bangunan|title=Julang Ngapak, Filosofi Sebuah Bangunan » Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> 2. Bumi mangrupa istilah anu dipaké dina basa Sunda nyaéta [[imah]] téa. Bumi nyaéta basa lemesna tina imah jeung bumi gé hartina [[dunya]]. Ieu hal némbongkeun yén imah téh lain saukur tempat cicing, jeung imah téh leuwih lega hartina tibatan tempat cicing jeung ngiuhan hungkul.<ref name=":3" /> == Papaés Suhunan == Dina bagian puncak (suhunan) Julang Ngapak, aya papaés has anu disebut '''Capit Gunting''' (ᮎᮕᮤᮒ᮪ ᮌᮥᮔ᮪ᮒᮤᮀ).<ref name="etnik" /> Sanajan sacara visual katémbong jiga hiasan, Capit Gunting miboga fungsi téknis sarta filosofis: * '''Fungsi Téknis:''' Mangrupa pameungkeut (pengikat) hateup ijuk atanapi kiray dina bagian suhunan supados teu gampil kabawa angin sarta nyegah cai hujan rembes (bocor) kana sela-sela sambungan hateup.<ref name="bs-sunda" /> * '''Fungsi Filosofis:''' Simbol kawaspadaan sarta kakuatan pameungkeut hirup masarakat Sunda. Sababaraha pihak sering nyaruakeun Capit Gunting sareng '''Capit Hurang''' (ᮎᮕᮤᮒ᮪ ᮠᮥᮛᮀ), nanging saenyana duanana bénten. Capit Hurang mah wangunna melengkung ka handap sarta ilaharna dipaké dina wangun suhunan [[Parahu Kumureb]].<ref name="deni" /> == Babagian Imah Julang Ngapak == Bahan-bahan anu dipaké pikeun nyieun imah Julang Ngapak nyaéta bahan-bahan ti alam jeung tradisional. Bahana nyaéta: 1. Suhunan Suhunan imah julang ngapak biasana dijieunna tina [[eurih]], [[injuk]] jeung daun [[Kirai|kiray]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moondoggiesmusic.com/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|title=7 Rumah Adat Jawa Barat : Nama, Gambar dan Penjelasannya|last=Saddoen|first=Arifin|website=TheMoonDoggies|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Injuk nyaéta serat hideung jeung teuas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekoruma.com/artikel/74334/apa-itu-atap-ijuk|title=Apa Itu Atap Ijuk? Yuk Lihat 5 Desain Bangunan dengan Atap Ijuk Ini|website=www.dekoruma.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Imah-imah anu suhunanna maké injuk idéntik jeung gaya arsitéktur kuno atawa tradisional sarta ngabogaan loba kaunggulan sorangan sarta bisa jadi tinimbangan dina dunya arsitéktur, ku kituna imah adat Julang Ngapak ogé milih daun kawung salaku bahan dasar hateupna. . Hateup tina daun injuk mangrupa bahan serat anu kuat, malah bisa tahan 80-100 taun sarta kuat ngalawan rinyuh, asam sarta miboga kapasitas nyerep anu alus naha nyerep cai atawa nyerep panas.<ref name=":4" /> Panutup hateupna dijieun tina daun [[tepus]] atawa [[kiray]] jeung injuk sarta ditalikeun maké tali awi kana rangka hateup di luhurna.<ref name=":2" /> 2. Karangka hateup Bahan anu dipaké pikeun rangka hateup imah julang ngapak nyaéta awi. Hateup wangunan imah julang ngapak boga rarancang anu lega dina unggal sisina. 3. Rojongan awi sirih opat == Tutumbu Kaluar == * {{en}} [https://www.gph.gov.sa/en-us/Pages/Home.aspx Loka resmi Presidensi Umum Urusan Dua Masjid Suci (GPH)]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Dokuméntasi resmi wangunan Ka'bah. * {{id}} [https://kemenag.go.id/ Kamenterian Agama Républik Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }} - Émbaran ngeunaan sajarah jeung manasik. * {{en}} [https://archive.org/details/kumpulan-kisah-biographi-sejarah-dalam-islam/Sedjarah%20Kabah%20dan%20Manasik%20Hadji%20by%20H.%20Aboebakar/page/30/mode/1up Digitalisasi Buku Sedjarah Kabah ku H. Aboebakar] dina Archive.org. == Referensi == [[Kategori:Wikilatih UPI 2024]] [[Kategori:Imah Adat]] [[Kategori:Adat Sunda]] [[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Arsitektur Sunda]] pa2ox081cicnht0mkfq7d3n7gml54vt 0 106244 708377 676693 2026-04-22T06:01:11Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Cengal pasir | image = Hopea odorata-pohon-A2613.jpg | image_caption = Cengal pasir di Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda Bandung | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malvales]] | familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]] | genus = ''[[Hopea]]'' | species = '''''H. odorata''''' | binomial = ''Hopea odorata'' | binomial_authority = Roxb. | synonyms = }} [[Gambar:Hopea odorata-batang-A2613.jpg|jmpl|Kulit batang cengal pasir|kiri]] '''Cengal pasir''' (''Hopea odorata'' Roxb.) nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. Ieu spésiés pituin ti [[Bangladesh]] nepi ka [[Semenanjung Malaya]] sarta tumuwuh di bioma tropis baseuh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hopea odorata Roxb. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320965-1|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en|access-date=2024-11-30}}</ref> == Ciri mandiri == Ieu tangkal biasana jangkungna 25-30 méter, ngan sakapeung bisa nepi ka 40 méter. [[Daun|Daunna]] héjo tuluy (''evergreen'') sarta tajukna ngawangun saperti jucung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/9/2959|title=NParks {{!}} Hopea odorata|website=www.nparks.gov.sg|accessdate=2025-02-16}}</ref> Daunna boga filotaksis ''alternate'', bentukna ''oblong'' nepi ka ''ovate-lanceolate'', sisina datar, panjangna 7-14 cm sarta lébarna 3-7 méter. Permukaanna leucir, ranggeuyna 1,5-2 cm, sarta aya ''domatia'' dina kélék ranggeuy daun.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan-A2613]] [[Kategori:Dipterocarpaceae]] 6dbfo6csyp3uhstjkaunjon2h0yb5bo 0 106252 708372 676712 2026-04-22T05:57:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihan kategori 708372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | color = red | name = Pinus Kepulauan Canary | image = Pinus canariensis-pohon-Lany pirna.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''Pinus canariensis'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Pinaceae]] | genus = ''[[Pinus]]'' | species = '''''Pinus canariensis''''' | binomial = ''Pinus canariensis'' | binomial_authority = [[Ashmole and Ashmole 1989, Richardson and Rundel 1998]] }} '''''Pinus canariensis''''' atawa '''Pinus kepuloan canary''' nyaéta salah sahiji tangkal pinus anu asalna tina kulawarga ''(Pinaceae)'', asli ti Kepuloan Canary, Spanyol, mangrupa tutuwuhan éndemik ti Pulo Canary. Tangkal ieu hirup di daérah pagunungan dina élévasi 1,200-2,200 m.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Philip Thomas (IUCN SSC Conifer Specialist Group)|date=2015-09-18|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pinus canariensis|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39603/84061236|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> Salah sahiji tangkalna aya di Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur. [[Gambar:Pinus canariensis-batang-Lany pirna.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Tangkal pinus ''Pinus canariensis'' koléksi Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur.]] == Ciri mandiri == ''Pinus canariensis'' miboga ciri-ciri tangkal jangkungna ngahontal nepi ka 40-60 m. Kulit batangna kandel, miboga sisik anu rekah, warnana miboga pola beureum-coklat jeung krém. Cabang tina tangkal ieu lolobana uninodal, tapi aya ogé anu multinodal dina tangkal anu ngora. Ukuran daunna bisa nepi ka 15-30 cm, warnana héjo cerah atawa héjo kakonéngan, lébarna kurang leuwih 1 mm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_canariensis.php|title=Pinus canariensis (Pino canario, Canary Island pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database|website=www.conifers.org|accessdate=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan-Lany pirna]] [[Kategori:Pinaceae]] me2o2nv6fagdw09ur059bxlexxv7bvy 0 106253 708375 676711 2026-04-22T05:58:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihan kategori 708375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Taxobox | color = red | name = Pinus Kalédonia Baru | image = Araucaria columnaris-pohon-Lany pirna.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''Araucaria columnaris'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Araucariaceae]] | genus = ''[[Araucaria]]'' | species = '''''Araucaria columnaris''''' | binomial = ''Araucaria columnaris'' | binomial_authority = [[(J.R.Forst.) Hook. 1852]] }} '''''Araucaria columnaris''''' atawa '''Pinus Kalédonia Baru''' nyaéta salah sahiji tangkal anu asalna tina kulawarga ''(Pinaceae)'', asli ti Kalédonia Baru, mangrupa tutuwuhan éndemik ti Kalédonia Baru. Tangkal ieu hirup di daérah pasisir dina élévasi 1-100 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42196/67772814|title=Cook's Pine "Araucaria columnaris"}}</ref> Salah sahiji tangkalna aya di Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur. [[Gambar:Araucaria columnaris-batang-Lany pirna.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Tangkal '''''Araucaria columnaris''''' koléksi Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur.]] == Ciri mandiri == ''Araucaria columnaris'' miboga ciri-ciri tangkal jangkungna ngahontal nepi ka 60 m. Kulit batangna bening, warnana kulawu ngalupas siga kertas. Tuluy rantingna ngabentuk siga tali, miboga diaméter 9-10 mm. Bentuk daunna robah ti ngora nepi ka kolot, lamun daun ngora bentukna siga jarum (''imbricate''), lansét ukuran 4-7 × 2-3 mm, puncakna melengkung. Lamun daun anu kolot bentukna siga sisik (''imbricate''), ségitiga, ukuran 5-7 × 3-5 mm, puncakna sarua melengkung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucaria_columnaris.php|title=Araucaria columnaris (coral reef araucaria) description|website=www.conifers.org|accessdate=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan-Lany pirna]] [[Kategori:Pinaceae]] cop4z09fc10d13z5dsb7druwhpvxxcc 0 107668 708351 706380 2026-04-21T22:22:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:James Peace at home in Wiesbaden4.jpg|jmpl|396x396px|James Peace at home in Wiesbaden]] '''Kenneth James Peace''' dibabarkeun di Paisley, [[28 Séptémber]] [[1963]]. Anjeunna mangrupikeun saurang komposer, pianis konsér, sareng seniman visual asal [[Skotlandia]]. == Biografi == '''James Peace''' dibabarkeun di Paisley, Skotlandia, dina tanggal 28 Séptémber 1963. Anjeunna nyéépkeun sabagian ageung waktos alitna di Helensburgh, hiji résor sisi laut di beulah kulon Skotlandia.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (Koran German), 10 Pébrurari 2011] </ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier  (Koran Jerman), 24 Maret 2012</ref><ref name=":2">[https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Désémber 2022]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kulawargina ngawengku seueur seniman (contona John McGhie), sareng anjeunna ogé masih kénéh wargi Felix Burns, saurang komposer [[musik]] dansa anu kasohor dina paruh kahiji [[abad ka-20]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (Koran Jerman), 1992, édisi 254, kaca 2</ref> Anjeunna nampi atikan [[piano]] ti yuswa dalapan dalapan taun sareng pidangan publik  munggaranna lumangsung dina yuswa opat belas taun, mawakeun musik karya Scott Joplin.<ref name=":2" /> Dina yuswa genep belas taun, anjeunna katampi di Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (ayeuna disebat Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) salaku mahasiswa ''full-time'' anu pangngorana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (Majalah Jerman). 17 Maret 2001, kaca 5</ref> Dina taun 1983, anjeunna lulus ti Universitas Glasgow kalayan gelar B.A. dina widang pangajaran piano. Taun salajengna, anjeunna nampi diploma dina widang pidangan musik (''music performance'') saatos maénkeun Piano Concerto No.1 karya Mendelssohn sareng orkéstra RSAMD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Saatos ngaréngsékeun atikan formalna, anjeunna damél salaku pianis sareng linggih di Edinburgh ti taun 1988 dugi ka 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (Majala Jerman). Januari 2001, kaca 5</ref> [[Gambar:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|pus|jmpl|340x340px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] James Peace linggih di Bad Nauheim, [[Jérman]] ([[basa Jérman]]: Bundesrepublik Deutschland), ti taun 1991 dugi ka 2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (Koran Jerman), 12 Décémber, 1992, kaca 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (Majalah New York). Édisi 2002/2003 (39). Kaca 1 - 5</ref> Ti taun 1998, anjeunna neuleuman tango, ngahasilkeun CD Tango escocés (Tango Skotlandia) anu mangrupa komposisi piano nu kainspirasi ku tango karyana nyalira.<ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":7">[https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":8">[https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés''] </ref> Dina taun 2002, anjeunna janten anggota kahormatan Victoria College of Music.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (Majalah Walanda). Séptémber 2002, kaca 26</ref> Dina taun anu sami, anjeunna ngalaksanakeun tur konsér solo di Jérman kalér dina bulan Séptémber/Oktober sareng ka Wétan Jauh dina bulan Nopémber, midangkeun Tango XVII karyana pikeun mimiti di [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Buletin, 8 Oktober 2002</ref><ref>[https://www.scmp.com/article/393890/james-peace "James Peace". 南華早報 (Koran Hong Kong). 9 Oktober 2002]</ref> Dina taun-taun salajengna, pidanganana langkung dipuseurkeun di [[Éropa]]. Anjeunna parantos midangkeun tango karyana di sababaraha ibu kota, diantawisna: [[Amsterdam]], Athéna,<ref>Program konserna ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. Aténa, 27 April 2016</ref> [[Bérlin]],<ref>Tangodanza (Aleman a Magasina). Édisi nomer 1/2002 - 9</ref> Brussels, [[Hélsinki]],<ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Finlandia, 2014)</ref> Lisbon,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Portugal, 2016)</ref> [[London]], [[Madrid]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Spaniul ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> Oslo,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114526/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. Oslo, 16 Oktober 2004]</ref> Réykjavík<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (Koran Islandia). 14 Oktober 2004]</ref> jeung Wina.<ref>Program konserna (Wina). 23 Januari 2005</ref> Dina taun 2008, anjeunna janten anggota kahormatan London College of Music salaku pangakuan kana jasana kana musik tango.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"] </ref> Saatos sakedap di Edinburgh, anjeunna mulih deui ka Jérman dina bulan [[Pébruari]] 2010 kanggo linggih di Wiesbaden.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Hal ieu nyababkeun impuls kréatif anyar, sareng anjeunna ngadamel pilem-pilem pondok tina sababaraha komposisi karyana nyalira. Pilem dokuméntér ''James Peace in Wiesbaden'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji karyana dina genre ieu.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> [[Gambar:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|kiri|jmpl|212x212px|Tango Milonga op. 26 no. 3]] [[Gambar:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|kiri|jmpl|212x212px|Tango XVIII ku James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] == Pangajén sareng Penghargaan == [[Gambar:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|jmpl|354x354px|Halaman hareup, Eternal Song Op.32 ku James Peace (skor ulikan)]]●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetiti Agnes Millar''. Glasgow, 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetisi Dunbartonshire EIS''. Glasgow, 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetisi Sibelius Essay''. Glasgow, 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●     Diploma Kahormatan, ''Kompetisi TIM''. [[Roma]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Diploma Kahormatan, IBLA Foundation. [[New York (nagara bagéan)|New York]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Medali Pangéling-ngéling (Kelas Hiji), International Piano Duo Association. [[Tokyo]], 2002<ref>[http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokio. Daptar para juara, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> ●      Medali emas, Académie Internationale de Lutèce. [[Paris]], 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Karya Utama == ●      The Waterfall ''(Curug)''<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Brosur konsér 12/19 Séptémber 2021</ref> ●      Idylls ''(Idilis)'' ●      Lento Lacrimoso ''(Cimata nu geus disingkahan)'' ●      Forgotten Leaves ''(Daun anu hilap)'' ●      Oboe Sonata ''(Sonata pikeun oboe sareng piano)'' ●      Ballade ''(Balada)'' ●      Ceremonial March No.1 ''(Pawai Upcara nomer 1)'' ●      Ceremonial March No.2 ''(Pawai Upcara nomer 2)'' ●      Autumn Gold ''(Warna emas usum gugur)''<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (Koran Jerman). 4 Juni, 1994</ref> ●      Eternal Song ''(Lagu kahirupan langgeng)''<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']</ref> ●      "Kanggo Géorgia" (basa Géorgia: ''საქართველოსთვის'') Lirik: Tamari Chikvaidze, Zurabi Chikvaidze James Peace ●      24 Tango (pikeun piano solo)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango", 22 Maret 2024]</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tangos op.33, Peace, K. James'']</ref> == Tumbu kaluar == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - ''youtube''] <ref name=":13">[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, Agustus 2023] </ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - ''youtube''] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - ''youtube''] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1963]] [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[Kategori:Musik]] 9ngx8dtns7uotbc67tbtqjb1untkfyj 0 107794 708362 705455 2026-04-22T03:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708362 wikitext text/x-wiki Cuplikan kode {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#daa520; color:white; padding:5px;" | Meezab-e-Rahmah<br/>ᮙᮤᮐᮘ᮪ ᮃᮁ-ᮛᮂᮙᮂ |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Kaaba.png|250px]]<br/>''Meezab-e-Rahmah, talang emas anu perenahna di luhur Hijir Ismail (no 3).'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ngaran Arab | {{lang|ar|ميزاب الرحمة}} (''Mīzāb ar-Rahmah'') |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ngaran Sunda | **Talang Emas** (ᮒᮜᮀ ᮈᮙᮞ᮪) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lokasi | Hateup [[Ka'bah]] sisi kalér |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Bahan | Emas murni |} '''Meezab-e-Rahmah''' (ᮙᮤᮐᮘ᮪ ᮃᮁ-ᮛᮂᮙᮂ; Arab: {{lang|ar|ميزاب الرحمة}}) atanapi sering disebut '''Talang Emas''' (ᮒᮜᮀ ᮈᮙᮞ᮪) nyaéta hiji saluran cai anu perenahna di palebah luhur hateup [[Ka'bah]] sisi kalér. Ieu talang gunana pikeun ngocorkeun cai hujan tina hateup Ka'bah supados lungsur ka arah [[Hijir Ismail]].<ref name="zuhairi">Zuhairi Misrawi, ''Ka'bah: Rahasia Kiblat Dunia'', (Jakarta: Kompas, 2009), kaca 163. ISBN 978-979-709-436-2. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9dZEb7IOS-wC&pg=PA163 URL Digital via Google Books], diaksés 4 Pébruari 2026.</ref> == Sajarah == Talang ieu mimiti aya nalika kaum [[Quraisy]] ngoméan wangunan Ka'bah. Sapanjang sajarahna, Meezab-e-Rahmah parantos sababaraha kali diganti bahan sarta bentukna: * Dina jaman Kacalifahan, mimitina dijieun tina [[pérak]] sarta [[kai]], nanging teras dilapisan ku [[emas]]. * Wangunan anu aya ayeuna mangrupikeun sumbangan ti [[Sultan Abdul Majid Khan]] (Sultan [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]]) dina taun 1859, anu teras dioméan deui sacara jero dina jaman [[Raja Fahd bin Abdulaziz]] (Karajaan [[Arab Saudi]]) dina taun 1996.<ref name="aboebakar">H. Aboebakar, ''Sedjarah Kabah dan Manasik Hadji'', (via Archive.org), kaca 30. [https://archive.org/details/kumpulan-kisah-biographi-sejarah-dalam-islam/Sedjarah%20Kabah%20dan%20Manasik%20Hadji%20by%20H.%20Aboebakar/page/30/mode/1up URL Digital], diaksés 4 Pébruari 2026.</ref> == Konstruksi sarta Ukuran == Meezab-e-Rahmah dijieun tina [[emas]] murni kalayan ukuran panjang sakitar 258 cm, rubak 25 cm, sarta jangkungna 21 cm. Bagian sisi-sisina dipapaésan ku ukiran kaligrafi nu éndah.<ref name="syarbini">Amirulloh Syarbini, ''13 Misteri Di Kota Mekkah'', (Jakarta: Quanta/Gramedia, 2013), kaca 53. ISBN 978-602-021-396-5. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=et3NDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 URL Digital via Google Books], diaksés 4 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Di handapeun talang ieu aya bagian anu disebut ''pancuran rahmat'', dimana cai hujan anu turun tina talang langsung ka jero [[Hijir Ismail]], hiji tempat anu diyakini mustajab pikeun ngadu'a. == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu Kaluar == * {{en}} [https://www.gph.gov.sa/en-us/Pages/Home.aspx Loka resmi Presidensi Umum Urusan Dua Masjid Suci (GPH)]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Dokuméntasi resmi wangunan Ka'bah. * {{id}} [https://kemenag.go.id/ Kamenterian Agama Républik Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }} - Émbaran ngeunaan sajarah jeung manasik. * {{en}} [https://archive.org/details/kumpulan-kisah-biographi-sejarah-dalam-islam/Sedjarah%20Kabah%20dan%20Manasik%20Hadji%20by%20H.%20Aboebakar/page/30/mode/1up Digitalisasi Buku Sedjarah Kabah ku H. Aboebakar] dina Archive.org. [[Kategori:Masjidil Haram]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Islam]] [[Kategori:Ka'bah]] tszoegil1xrv39oy8q2f126cqwiftlv 0 108115 708364 707429 2026-04-22T04:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 25em; font-size: 90%; | title = Munakahat | title_style = background:#2e8b57; color:white; font-size: 125%; | label1 = Widang | data1 = [[Fikih]] (Hukum Islam) | label2 = Sumber utama | data2 = [[Al-Qur'an]], [[Hadits]], [[Ijma]] | label3 = Ruang lingkup | data3 = Nikah, Talak, Ruju, Iddah | label4 = Tujuan utama | data4 = Ngawangun kulawarga [[Sakinah]] }} '''Munakahat''' nyaéta salah sahiji bab utama dina élmu '''[[fikih]]''' anu ngatur ngeunaan hukum-hukum [[nikah]] sarta sagala rupi pasualan kulawarga dina Islam. Sacara filosofis, munakahat sanés mung sakadar kontrak sipil, nanging mangrupikeun ''[[Mitsaqan Ghalidza]]'' (perjangjian anu kacida kuatna) pikeun ngajaga kahormatan manusa sarta ngawangun peradaban anu dumasar kana asih sarta katengtreman.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Marriage in Islamic Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1124 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dasar Hukum == ===Rukun sarta Sarat Nikah === Ayana wali sarta saksi némbongkeun yén nikah téh mangrupikeun urusan sosial sarta tanggung jawab kulawarga ageung, sanés mung urusan pribadi. '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' <blockquote>وَأَنكِحُوا۟ ٱلْأَيَـٰمَىٰ مِنكُمْ وَٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِكُمْ وَإِمَآئِكُمْ</blockquote> <blockquote>"Sarta nikahkeun hidep sakabéh ka jalma-jalma anu léngoh di antara hidep..." ([[Surah An-Nur|QS. An-Nur]]: 32).<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah An-Nur - 32 |url=https://quran.com/24/32 |website=Quran.com |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref></blockquote> ===Mahar (Mas Kawin) === Mahar mangrupikeun lambang kasadiaan lalaki pikeun méré panyalindungan sarta nafkah, sakaligus panghormatan ka pihak awéwé. Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' <blockquote>وَءَاتُوا۟ ٱلنِّسَآءَ صَدُقَـٰتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةً</blockquote> <blockquote>"Pasrahkeun mahar ka awéwé (anu arandika nikah) salaku pamasihan kalayan pinuh karidhaan." ([[Surah An-Nisa'|QS. An-Nisa]]: 4).<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah An-Nisa - 4 |url=https://quran.com/4/4 |website=Quran.com |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref></blockquote> === Hak sarta Kawajiban Kulawarga === Hubungan salaki-pamajikan dumasar kana prinsip ''Mu'asyarah bil Ma'ruf'' (gaul kalayan saé). Salaki janten pamingpin (qawwam) pikeun ngaping, sanés pikeun sarakah. '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' <blockquote>ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلُ ٱللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ مِنْ أَمْوَٰلِهِمْ</blockquote> <blockquote>"Lalaki téh pamingpin pikeun awéwé, kulantaran Allah parantos méré kalebihan sabagéan maranéhna ti sabagéan séjénna..." (QS. An-Nisa: 34).<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah An-Nisa - 34 |url=https://quran.com/4/34 |website=Quran.com |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref></blockquote> === Talak sarta Iddah === Islam masihan lolongkrang papasangan pikeun nyingkahan ''madharat'' (bahaya), nanging talak mangrupikeun pilihan pamungkas saatos tarekah ruju gagal. Iddah mangrupikeun mangsa ''cooling down'' sateuacan leres-leres papisah.'''Hadits:''' <blockquote>أَبْغَضُ الْحَلَالِ إِلَى اللَّهِ الطَّلَاقُ</blockquote> <blockquote>"Perkara halal anu paling dipikangéwa ku Allah nyaéta talak." (HR. Abu Dawud).<ref>As-Sijistani, Abu Dawud. ''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Kitab al-Talaq.</ref></blockquote> == Tutumbu ka Luar == * [https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=846 Kitab Al-Umm karya Imam Syafi'i (Digital)] - Rujukan utama fikih munakahat. * [https://islamqa.info/en/categories/topics/10/marriage Penjelasan Nikah dina Islam - Islamqa.info] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Munakahat]] [[Kategori:Islam di Tatar Sunda]] r3hniaai2r49yfjygdwgb8iqwjth04r 0 108128 708363 707474 2026-04-22T04:30:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 25em; font-size: 90%; | title = Muhasabah | title_style = background:#556B2F; color:white; font-size: 125%; | label1 = Asal kecap | data1 = Basa Arab: ''Hasiba'' (حاسب) | label2 = Hartos basa | data2 = Itungan / Mawas Diri | label3 = Tujuan | data3 = Ngoméan diri (''Ishlah al-Nafs'') | label4 = Pasangan | data4 = [[Muraqabah]] & [[Mujahadah]] }} '''Muhasabah''' (basa Arab: محاسبة) nyaéta hiji konsép dina ajaran [[Islam]] anu ngarujuk kana usaha saurang hamba pikeun nalungtik sarta nimbang sakabéh amal lampah, ucapan, sarta niat anu parantos dilakukeun.<ref>Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumiddin'', Kitab al-Muraqabah wa al-Muhasabah. Dar al-Minhaj.</ref> Tujuan utamana nyaéta pikeun mikanyaho kakurangan diri (''uyub al-nafs'') supados tiasa dioméan sateuacan dongkapna dinten itungan (Hisab) di ahérat.<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim. ''Madarij al-Salikin'', Bab al-Muhasabah. Dar al-Kutub al-Arabiyah.</ref> == Étimologi == Sacara basa (étimologi), kecap '''muhasabah''' asalna tina akar kecap basa Arab ''hasiba - yahasibu - hisaban'' (حاسب - يحاسب - حسابا) anu hartosna ngitung atanapi ngira-ngira.<ref>Al-Jurjani. ''Al-Ta'rifat'', Bab al-Ha'. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Dina pamakéan sapopoé, kecap ieu mekar hartosna janten mawas diri atanapi [[introspéksi]], nyaéta prosés ngitung kauntungan (pahala) sarta karugian (dosa) anu parantos dipidamel ku diri sorangan.<ref>Raghib al-Isfahani. ''Mu'jam Mufradat Alfadz al-Qur'an''. Dar al-Qalam.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Urgensi == Paréntah pikeun muhasabah parantos ditétélakeun ku Allah SWT dina Al-Qur'an: <blockquote>يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَلْتَنظُرْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ لِغَدٍ ۖ</blockquote> <blockquote>"Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Pék [[takwa]] ka Allah sarta kedah satiap diri nengetan (nalungtik) naon anu parantos dipidamel pikeun dinten éjang (ahérat)..." (QS. Al-Hasyr: 18).<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Al-Hashr - 18 |url=https://quran.com/59/18 |website=Quran.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}</ref></blockquote> Sajaba ti éta, Sahabat [[Umar bin Khattab|Umar bin Khattab r.a.]] kantos ngadawuh: <blockquote>حَاسِبُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تُحَاسَبُوا، وَزِنُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تُوزَنُوا</blockquote> <blockquote>"Pék itung (muhasabah) diri hidep sateuacan hidep diitung (hisab ku Allah), sarta timbang amalan hidep sateuacan amalan éta ditimbang (di ahérat)."<ref>Tirmidzi. ''Sunan al-Tirmidzi'', Kitab Shifat al-Qiyamah.</ref></blockquote> == Filosofi Muhasabah == Dina jihat falsafah Islam, muhasabah miboga harti anu luhung salaku pakakas pikeun ngahontal kasampurnaan iman:<ref>Al-Hujwiri. ''Kasyf al-Mahjub'', Bab al-Muhasabah. Dar al-Kutub.</ref> * '''Eunteung Ruhani:''' Muhasabah mangrupikeun prosés ningal "beungeut batin" sorangan. Tanpa muhasabah, manusa bakal [[lolong]] kana kakuranganana sarta moal tiasa ngoméan diri (''ishlah'').<ref>Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumiddin'', Kitab al-Muraqabah.</ref> * '''Manajemén Umur:''' Ngibaratkeun hirup sapertos modal padagang. Muhasabah nyaéta cara pikeun mastikeun yén umur (modal) henteu béak ku karugian (dosa), nanging ngahasilkeun kauntungan (amal soléh).<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim. ''Madarij al-Salikin''.</ref> * '''Pangadilan Diri:''' Muhasabah nyaéta bentuk nyingkurkeun diri tina sipat takabur. Jalma anu sering nyempad dirina sorangan hakékatna nuju nuju kana katenangan batin (''[[Mutmainnah|nafs al-muthmainnah]]'').<ref>Ibn Ata'illah al-Iskandari. ''Al-Hikam''. Dar al-Ma'arif.</ref> == Tahapan Muhasabah == Dina kitab-kitab tasawuf primer, muhasabah dibagi janten sababaraha tingkatan:<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim. ''Ighatsah al-Lahfan fi Mashayid al-Shaytan''. Dar al-Ma'arif.</ref> # '''Muhasabah sateuacan Amal:''' Nalungtik niat, naha hiji padamelan téh leres-leres karana Allah (''Ikhlas'') atanapi karana hayang dipuji (''[[Riya]]''). # '''Muhasabah nalika Amal:''' Ngajagi haté supados tetep husyu' sarta saluyu sareng [[Syaréat Islam|syaréat]] nalika nuju midamel hiji perkara. # '''Muhasabah saatos Amal:''' Nalungtik hasil amalan; upami saé mangka [[syukur]], upami kirang mangka [[istighfar]] sarta ngajangji bakal ngoméan.<ref>Al-Qushayri. ''Al-Risalah al-Qushayriyyah'', Bab al-Muhasabah. Dar al-Ma'arif.</ref> == Tutumbu ka Luar == * [https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=102 Kitab Ihya Ulumiddin - Imam Al-Ghazali (Digital)] * [https://sunnah.com/tirmidzi/38/19 Hadits ngeunaan Muhasabah (Sunan al-Tirmidzi)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tasawuf]] [[Kategori:Etika Islam]] [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Islam]] dour79kbsyugfd6fpye22pb0utz2pt6 0 108139 708390 708277 2026-04-22T06:46:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Malayan Pit Viper | image = Calloselasma rhodostoma, Malayan pit viper - Kaeng Krachan District, Phetchaburi (33670021633).jpg | image_caption = Calloselasma rhodostoma di Distrik Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Serpentes]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = '''''Calloselasma''''' | genus_authority = [[Kuhl]], 1824 | species = '''''C. rhodostoma''''' | binomial = ''Calloselasma rhodostoma'' | binomial_authority = (Kuhl, 1824) }} '''Oray taneuh; Calloselasma rhodostoma''' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Malayan Pit Viper''') nyaéta spésiés oray [[peurah]] tina ''subfamili'' [[Crotalinae]] (pit viper). Ieu oray mangrupakeun hiji-hijina anggota tina genus monotipe ''Calloselasma''.<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Calloselasma&species=rhodostoma |title=Calloselasma rhodostoma (KUHL, 1824) |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami daerah gumantung kana wilayahna: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray taneuh]] atanapi [[Oray lemah]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular tanah]], [[ular tutul]], atanapi [[ular picung]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Olo]] atanapi [[Ular bangka laut]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Malayan Pit Viper]]. * '''Basa Thailand:''' [[Ngu kap-pa]] (งูกะปะ).<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000030 |title=Calloselasma rhodostoma |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray loba kapanggih di wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku nagara [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Semenanjung Malaya]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di Pulo [[Jawa]] jeung [[Madura]]). Salah sahiji dokuméntasi anu kacatet nyaéta di Distrik [[Kaeng Krachan]], Propinsi [[Phetchaburi]], Thailand.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Malayan Pit Viper - Calloselasma rhodostoma |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == ''Calloselasma rhodostoma'' gaduh awak anu kawilang pondok tur montok. Ciri utamana nyaéta: * '''Corak:''' Gaduh gambar segitiga coklat poék anu cékas dina tonggongna pikeun [[kamuflase]]. * '''Sirah:''' Bentuk sirahna segitiga seukeut (lance-shaped), jelas misah ti bagian beuheungna, sarta gaduh liang sénsor panas (''loreal pit'').<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/malayan_pit_viper.htm |title=Malayan Pit Viper |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2024-03-21 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Biologi jeung Habitat == Oray taneuh resep cicing di [[leuweung]] [[awi]], [[perkebunan]], atawa leuweung [[basisir]] anu seueur dangdaunan garing. Bénten sareng kalolobaan kulawarga [[Viperidae]] séjén, ''C. rhodostoma'' mah kaasup sato [[ovipar]] (ngendog).<ref name="RepDB" /> Sipatna ''pasif''/cicingeun tapi agrésif upami kaciwit atanapi kagareuwahkeun teuing ku jalma. == Peurah (Venom) == [[File:Viper Tanah, Cibunar, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, 07082013.jpg|left|200px|jempol|Viper_Tanah,_Cibunar,_Taman_Nasional_Ujung_Kulon,_07082013]] Peurah oray taneuh miboga sipat ''hemotoxic'' jeung ''procoagulant'' anu bisa nyababkeun [[bareuh]] parah, tilar dunya jaringan (négrosis), sarta gangguan pambekuan getih. Di [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Thailand]], oray ieu mangrupakeun salah sahiji panyabab utama kasus kapacok oray ''(snakebite)'" anu merlukeun bantuan médis ''serius''.<ref name="WHO" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] 07b4uatqu6e9ocf62itk5xmr3iyq3yd 0 108140 708389 707589 2026-04-22T06:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray séndok (Kobra Jawa) | image = Naja sputatrix 381362309.jpg | image_caption = Naja sputatrix (Kobra Jawa), spésiés éndemik di Indonésia. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Serpentes]] | familia = [[Elapidae]] | genus = ''[[Naja]]'' | species = '''''N. sputatrix''''' | binomial = ''Naja sputatrix'' | binomial_authority = [[Friedrich Boie|F. Boie]], 1827 | synonyms = * ''Naja tripudians'' var. ''sputatrix'' <small>F. Boie, 1827</small> * ''Naja naja sputatrix'' <small>Stejneger, 1907</small> }} '''Oray séndok; Naja sputatrix''' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Kobra Jawa''' atawa '''Javan Spitting Cobra''') nyaéta spésiés oray [[peurah]]an tina kulawarga [[Elapidae]] anu kapanggih sacara éndemik di sababaraha pulo di [[Indonésia]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Naja&species=sputatrix |title=Naja sputatrix |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami gumantung kana daérahna: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray kobra]], [[oray lulut]], atanapi [[oray bueuk]] (sabab tiasa mekarkeun beuheungna). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular kobra Jawa]], [[ular sendok]]. * '''Basa Jawa:''' [[Ulo mbeled]], [[ulo king]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Javan Spitting Cobra]].<ref name="WHO_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000109 |title=Naja sputatrix |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Panyebaran == ''Naja sputatrix'' mangrupakeun sato asli Indonésia. Wewengkon panyebaranna ngawengku pulo [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Komodo]], [[Flores]], [[Lomblen]], sarta [[Alor]]. Ieu oray tiasa hirup dina rupa-rupa habitat, ti mimiti leuweung [[tropis]], [[sawah]], dugi ka sabudeureun padumukan jalma.<ref name="IUCN_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192188/2052441 |title=Javan Spitting Cobra |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Ukuran:''' Panjang awakna rata-rata antara 1.3 méter dugi ka 1.5 méter. * '''Warna:''' Variasi warnana gumantung kana umur jeung lokasi; aya nu warnana hideung meles (hususna di Jawa Barat), coklat, atanapi semu konéng (di Jawa Timur jeung Nusa Tenggara). * '''Kamampuh:''' Ciri khasna nyaéta tiasa mekarkeun tulang rusuk dina beuheungna janten bentuk "sendok" (''hood'') sarta miboga kamampuh nyemburkeun peurah (''spitting'') upami ngarasa kaancam.<ref name="EcologyAsia_Naja">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/javan_spitting_cobra.htm |title=Javan Spitting Cobra |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Peurah (Venom) == Peurah ''Naja sputatrix'' ngandung campuran [[neurotoxin]], [[cytotoxin]], sarta [[cardiotoxin]]. Peurah anu disebrotkeun tujuanna pikeun ditémbakkeun kana panon lawan anu tiasa nyababkeun lolong (buta) samentara atanapi permanén upami teu geuwat dikumbah. Upami kapacok, peurahna tiasa mangaruhan sistem saraf sareng pernapasan.<ref name="WHO_Naja" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Elapidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Indonésia]] 432lfxh9zm3e4xkro2serc0vbcgxn0z 0 108141 708385 707590 2026-04-22T06:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Jukut Wétan | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192243/2060374 |title=Natrix natrix |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Natrix natrix persa3.jpg | image_caption = Natrix natrix persa, némbongkeun ciri khas dua gurat konéng dina tonggongna. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Natrix]]'' | species = ''[[Natrix natrix|N. natrix]]'' | subspecies = '''''N. n. persa''''' | trinomial = ''Natrix natrix persa'' | trinomial_authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814) | synonyms = * ''Coluber persa'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small> * ''Natrix natrix persa'' <small>Mertens, 1947</small> }} '''ORAY sawah; '''''Natrix natrix persa'' (dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Jukut Wétan''' atanapi '''Eastern Grass Snake''') nyaéta salah sahiji subspésiés tina oray sawah (''Natrix natrix'') anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Natrix&species=natrix |title=Natrix natrix |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal == Di dunya internasional, oray ieu miboga sababaraha ngaran: * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Eastern Grass Snake]], [[Dotted Grass Snake]]. * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray sawah]] (ngaran umum pikeun genus Natrix/Rhabdophis). * '''Basa Jerman:''' [[Ringelnatter]]. == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], spésiés ''Natrix natrix'' sacara umum kaasup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Basajan" (henteu kaancam punah). Sanajan kitu, di sababaraha wilayah Éropa, populasi subspésiés ieu mimiti dikontrol lantaran ruksakna habitat lahan baseuh (wetlands).<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Subspésiés ''persa'' utamana sumebar di wewengkon [[Balkan]], [[Yunani]], [[Turki]], dugi ka [[Iran]] bagian kalér. Oray ieu resep cicing di tempat anu deukeut ka cai, saperti sisi [[situ]], [[walungan]], atanapi [[rawa]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/malayan_pit_viper.htm |title=Grass Snake Ecology |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ciri Fisik == Oray ieu miboga ciri anu mandiri dibandingkeun jeung subspésiés ''Natrix natrix'' séjénna: * '''Gurat:''' Miboga dua gurat (strip) warna bodas atanapi konéng anu ngujur sapanjang tonggongna ''(dorsolateral stripes)''. * '''Warna:''' Warna dasarna rupa-rupa, ti mimiti kulawu, semu héjo, dugi ka coklat poék. * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh nepi ka 1 méter langkung, kalayan bikangna biasana leuwih badag batan jaluna. == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Ieu oray henteu miboga peurah sarta jarang pisan nyogot manusa. Upami ngarasa kaancam, manéhna sok "papaéhan" (thanatosis) atanapi ngaluarkeun bau anu kacida hanyirna tina kloaka. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[amfibi]] saperti [[bangkong]], sarta sakapeung [[lauk]] leutik.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Éropa]] d2apa02tef3w2g9cwphtl925hum6iw9 0 108142 708384 708288 2026-04-22T06:15:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Gadung Kayu | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184067/1747352 |title=Boiga cynodon |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Boiga cynodon.jpg | image_caption = Boiga cynodon, némbongkeun sirahna anu badag sarta panon anu boga pupil nangtung. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Colubridae]] | genus = ''[[Boiga]]'' | species = '''''B. cynodon''''' | binomial = ''Boiga cynodon'' | binomial_authority = ([[Boie]], 1827) | synonyms = * ''Dipsas cynodon'' <small>H. Boie, 1827</small> * ''Pappophis latifasciatus'' <small>Günther, 1862</small> * ''Boiga cynodon'' <small>Stejneger, 1907</small> }} '''Oray sanca manuk;''' ''Boiga cynodon'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Gadung Kayu''' atawa '''Dog-toothed Cat Snake''') nyaéta spésiés oray tina kulawarga [[Colubridae]] anu hirupna lolobana dina tangkal ([[arboreal]]).<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Boiga&species=cynodon |title=Boiga cynodon |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray gadung kayu]], [[oray cingcin]] (sakapeung pahili). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular gadung coklat]], [[ular taring anjing]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Dog-toothed Cat Snake]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/dog-toothed_cat_snake.htm |title=Dog-toothed Cat Snake |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Boiga cynodon'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Populasi oray ieu dianggap masih stabil sarta sumebar lega di wewengkon Asia Tenggara.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray loba kapanggih di nagara-nagara [[Asia Tenggara]] saperti [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Filipina]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (ngawengku [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung kapuloan [[Riau]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Huntu:''' Miboga huntu hareup anu panjang pisan dina caréham luhur jeung handap (nu matak dingaranan ''dog-toothed''), gunana pikeun nyekel mangsa anu buluan saperti [[manuk]]. * '''Panon:''' Gaduh panon anu badag kalayan pupil/hihideunganon nangtung (vérikal), ciri khas sato [[nokturnal]] (aktif ti peuting). * '''Ukuran:''' Awakna ramping pisan tapi bisa tumuwuh panjang nepi ka 2.5 dugi ka 2.8 méter. * '''Warna:''' Biasana warnana coklat muda atanapi semu konéng kalayan corak belang coklat poék sapanjang awakna.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Peurah == Sanajan asup kana kulawarga Colubridae, ''Boiga cynodon'' miboga peurah saeutik (''mildly venomous'') anu sipatna opisthoglypha (sihungna aya di tukang). Peurahna henteu dianggap bahaya pikeun manusa déwasa, tapi bisa nyababkeun bareuh saeutik. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[manuk]], endog manuk, sarta [[kadal]] leutik.<ref name="WHO_Boiga">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000135 |title=Boiga genus |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Colubridae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Arboreal]] 7p2297n9tndssp52x9us9js2o2ehxz1 0 108143 708376 707592 2026-04-22T05:59:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sanca India | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/199175/2566271 |title=Python molurus |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> | image = Python molure 13.JPG | image_caption = Python molurus némbongkeun pola motifna anu khas sarta sirah anu badag. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Pythonidae]] | genus = ''[[Python (genus)|Python]]'' | species = '''''P. molurus''''' | binomial = ''Python molurus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Linnaeus]], 1758) | synonyms = * ''Coluber molurus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * ''Python tigris'' <small>Daudin, 1803</small> * ''Python molurus'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> }} '''Oray sanca'''; ''Python molurus'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Sanca India''' atawa '''Indian Rock Python''') nyaéta spésiés oray badag anu henteu miboga peurah ([[non-venomous]]) tina kulawarga [[Pythonidae]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Python&species=molurus |title=Python molurus |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-30}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami di antarana: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray sanca]], [[sanca India]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Sanca India]], [[piton India]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Indian Rock Python]], [[Black-tailed Python]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/indian-python.htm |title=Indian Rock Python |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-30 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Python molurus'' asup kana kategori '''Near Threatened (NT)''' atanapi "Hampir Kaancam". Lian ti éta, spésiés ieu ogé didaptarkeun dina '''CITES Appendix I''', anu hartosna aya larangan ketat dina perdagangan internasionalna lantaran populasina anu beuki ngurangan.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Ieu oray sumebar di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] sarta sabagian [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku nagara [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], sarta bagian kalér [[Myanmar]]. Sanca India resep cicing di habitat anu deukeut ka cai, saperti [[rawa]], leuweung [[tropis]], sarta tegala jukut anu hieum.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Ukuran:''' Bisa tumuwuh panjang rata-rata 3 méter, tapi aya ogé anu kacatet nepi ka 6 méter kalayan beurat awak anu kacida badagna. * '''Warna:''' Warna dasarna semu konéng atanapi kulawu kalayan corak kotak-kotak coklat poék anu henteu rata sapanjang awakna. * '''Sirah:''' Miboga bentuk sirah segitiga sarta gaduh sénsor panas (''heat-sensing pits'') dina biwir luhurna pikeun ngadetéksi mangsa dina kaayaan poék.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Sanca India téh sato anu gerakna laun tapi kacida kuatna. Manéhna maéhan mangsana ku cara meulit (''constriction'') nepi ka mangsana teu bisa ngambekan. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[mamalia]] leutik dugi ka sedeng, [[manuk]], sarta [[reptilia]] séjénna.<ref name="RepDB" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pythonidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia]] rmlze6i3gf042eh3rq495bku54q82yd 0 108148 708366 708030 2026-04-22T05:47:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Oray Bangka Laut | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176499/1490212 |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> | image = Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg | image_caption = Trimeresurus albolabris (bikang) di Taman Nasional Kaeng Krachan, Thailand. Némbongkeun biwir bodas anu janten ciri khasna. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | familia = [[Viperidae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]] | genus = ''[[Trimeresurus]]'' | species = '''''T. albolabris''''' | binomial = ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' | binomial_authority = [[Gray]], 1842 | synonyms = * ''Trimesurus albolabris'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> * ''Lachesis albolabris'' <small>Boulenger, 1896</small> * ''Cryptelytrops albolabris'' <small>Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004</small> }} '''Oray bungka; ''' ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' (atanapi dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Oray Bangka Laut''' atawa '''White-lipped Pit Viper''') nyaéta spésiés oray peurah tina kulawarga [[Viperidae]]. Ieu oray téh mindeng kapanggih di sabudeureun kebon sarta tatangkalan, hususna di wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref name="RepDB">{{cite web |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Trimeresurus&species=albolabris |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=The Reptile Database |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu oray miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Oray bangka laut]], [[oray héjo]] (ngaran umum pikeun sababaraha jenis Trimeresurus). * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Ular bangkai laut]], [[ular hijau bibir putih]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[White-lipped Pit Viper]], [[White-lipped Tree Viper]].<ref name="EcologyAsia">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/white-lipped_pit_viper.htm |title=White-lipped Pit Viper |publisher=Ecology Asia |accessdate=2026-03-31 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Trimeresurus albolabris'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan kitu, oray ieu mindeng dipaéhan ku manusa sabab dianggap kacida bahayana upami asup ka padumukan.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Oray bangka laut sumebar di wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] dugi ka [[Asia Tenggara]], ngawengku [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Tiongkok]] bagian kidul, [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Kamboja]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna di [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], sarta [[Madura]]).<ref name="RepDB" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Warna:''' Awakna warnana héjo caang (dorsal), sedengkeun bagian beuteungna (ventral) warnana konéng atanapi bodas semu héjo. * '''Sirah:''' Miboga sirah anu bentukna segitiga (ciri khas viper) sarta aya garis bodas ipis dina bagian biwir luhurna (nu matak dingaranan ''white-lipped''). * '''Buntut:''' Bagian tungtung buntutna warnana coklat atanapi semu beureum, anu fungsina pikeun maming mangsa (''caudal luring''). * '''Panon:''' Pupilna nangtung (vértikal) sarta miboga liang sénsor panas (''loreal pit'') di antara panon jeung liang irung.<ref name="EcologyAsia" /> == Sipat jeung Peurah == Ieu oray miboga peurah anu sipatna '''hemotoksin''' (nyerang sistem saluran getih). Sogotanana bisa nyababkeun bareuh anu kacida, nyeri hébat, sarta karuksakan jaringan (nukrosis). Upami teu gancang ditanganan sacara médis, bisa fatal mangaruhan organ internal. Oray bangka laut téh sato [[nokturnal]] sarta resep cicing dina dahan tatangkalan anu teu jauh teuing tina taneuh.<ref name="WHO_Trimeresurus">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/bloodproducts/snakeantivenoms/database/SearchDetail.aspx?ID=S_0000139 |title=Trimeresurus albolabris |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Viperidae]] [[Kategori:Oray]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Crotalinae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sato arboreal]] [[Kategori:Oray peurah luhur]] [[Kategori:Oray héjo]] ihmj48tdtrds4lpu1hz6j80s5y8rj5e 0 108348 708345 2026-04-21T15:20:12Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Ki Bima | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Sundacarpus-amarus-SF23327-05.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Daun sarta siki Ki Bima | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Podocarpaceae]] | genus = [[Sundacarpus]] | species = '''''S. amarus''''' | binomial = ''Sundacarpus amarus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Blume]]) [[C.N.Page]] | synonyms = * ''Podocarpus amara'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Prumnopitys amara'' <small>(Blume) de Laub.</small> }} '''Ki Bima''' (''Sundacarpus amarus'') mangrupa hiji-hijina spésiés tina génus ''Sundacarpus'', anggota kulawarga [[Podocarpaceae]]. Ieu tatangkalan mangrupa jenis konifér (tutuwuhan siki kabuka) anu asalna ti wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]] dugi ka [[Australia]].<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> == Ngaran Lokal (Vérnakular) == Dina basa Sunda, ieu tutuwuhan téh miboga rupa-rupa sebutan dumasar kana fase tumuwuhna. Nalika geus sawawa, umumna disebut '''Ki Bima''', '''Ki Lilin''', atanapi '''Ki Mérak'''. Ari nalika masih kénéh mangrupa bibit (ngora), ieu tangkal téh katelahna '''Ki Pait'''. Dina basa séjén, ieu tangkal disebut ogé ''Bima'', ''Radin'', atawa ''Tadji'' (Jawa), sarta ''Black Pine'' (Inggris).<ref name="heyne" /> == Riwayat Taksonomi == Sajarah klasifikasi ieu tutuwuhan parantos ngalaman sababaraha kali parobahan. Mimiti ditalungtik ku [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] (1827) salaku ''Podocarpus amara'', teras dipindahkeun ku David de Laubenfels (1978) ka génus ''Prumnopitys''. Anu pamungkas, dumasar kana panalungtikan [[C.N. Page]] dina taun 1989, ieu spésiés dipisahkeun kana génus sorangan nyaéta ''Sundacarpus'' kusabab miboga struktur daun sarta siki anu béda pisan tina anggota ''Prumnopitys'' lianna. == Habitat == Ki Bima biasana hirup di leuweung hujan tropis pagunungan, kalayan luhurna antara 600 nepi ka 2.000 méter di luhur beungeut laut (mdpl). Ieu tangkal mikabutuh taneuh anu jemlék sarta drainaséna saé. Sebaranana ngalangkungan pulo [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], dugi ka [[Papua]] sarta [[Australia]] kalér. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == Dumasar kana catetan [[Karel Heyne]], Ki Bima miboga sababaraha mangpaat: * Bahan Wangunan: Kaina miboga kualitas anu saé, téksturna lemes, sarta gampang dipigawé. Baheula sering dianggo pikeun papan imah sarta parabot rumah tangga. * Ubar Tradisional:Bagian tangkalna anu rasa pait sok dianggo salaku ubar tradisional dina kabudayaan lokal tinangtu. * Status Konservasi: Sanajan kaina sering diala, spésiés ieu masih dikatégorikeun aman (Least Concern) ku IUCN margi sebaran géografisna anu lega. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Podocarpaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Kai]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] 0h71cs6m4ib4h9jo5qyat2kn8f3h3vx 0 108349 708353 2026-04-21T22:46:58Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Pinophyta (Konifér) | image = Conifer cone1.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Runjung (cone), organ réproduksi utama dina Pinophyta. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = '''Pinophyta''' | subdivision_ranks = Ordo | subdivision = * [[Pinales]] * [[Cordaitales]] † * [[Vojnovskyales]] † * [[Voltziales]] † }} '''Pinophyta''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮕᮤᮔᮧᮕᮤᮒ), atanapi anu langkung katelah ku nami '''Konifér''' (ᮊᮧᮔᮤᮖᮦᮁ), mangrupa salah sahiji divisio tina tutuwuhan siki kabuka ([[Gymnospermae]]). Ciri utamana nyaéta miboga organ réproduksi mangrupa [[runjung]] (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) sarta daunna anu lolobana mangrupa jarum atanapi sisit.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/conifer |title=Conifer: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Tutuwuhan dina kelompok Pinophyta umumna mangrupa tatangkalan anu miboga kai (''woody plants''). Ieu sababaraha ciri mandirina: * Siki Kabuka: Sikina henteu kabungkus ku bungbuahan (ovarium), nanging napel dina sisit runjung. * Daun Jarum: Kaseueuran miboga daun anu heureut kawas jarum (sapertos pinus) atanapi kawas sisit (sapertos cemara). * Résin: Lolobana ngahasilkeun geutah résin (ᮌᮩᮒᮂ ᮛᮦᮞᮤᮔ᮪) anu seungit sarta mangpaat pikeun nahan serangan hama. == Habitat sarta Pituin == ### Asal-usul (Pituin) Kelompok Pinophyta mangrupa kelompok tutuwuhan purba anu parantos aya ti jaman [[Karbon]] (sakitar 300 juta taun ka tukang). Sanajan ayeuna didominasi ku spésiés ti belahan bumi kalér (Éropa, Amérika Kalér, sarta Asia), sababaraha kulawarga sapertos [[Podocarpaceae]] sarta [[Araucariaceae]] mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) ti belahan bumi kidul, kaasup wilayah [[Nusantara]]. ==Habitat== Pinophyta miboga daya tahan anu kuat dina rupa-rupa habitat: * Wewengkon Tiis: Lolobana konifér hirup di wewengkon iklim sedeng sarta kutub (taiga). * Pagunungan Tropis: Di wewengkon tropis sapertos [[Jawa]] sarta [[Papua]], ieu tutuwuhan biasana hirup di wilayah pagunungan (ᮕᮌᮥᮔᮥᮍᮔ᮪) anu luhur (600–3.000 mdpl). == Klasifikasi == Panalungtikan ngeunaan ieu divisio parantos lami dimumulé ku para ahli botani, kaasup [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] dina bukuna ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae'' (1827).<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> == Guna jeung Mangpaat == Dumasar kana catetan [[Karel Heyne]], kelompok tutuwuhan Pinophyta miboga ajén ékonomi (ᮃᮏᮦᮔ᮪ ᮆᮊᮧᮔᮧᮙᮤ) anu kacida gedéna: * Kai:Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan, pulp kertas, sarta jati imah. * Résin sarta Turpentin: Diolah tina geutah pinus pikeun kaperluan industri cet sarta vernis.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pinophyta]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] m16yto9rzzewbvmrt251jlnxelgbysy 0 108350 708354 2026-04-21T23:04:16Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Gymnospermae (Tutuwuhan Siki Kabuka) | image = Gymnospermae.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Rupa-rupa conto tutuwuhan Gymnospermae. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clavis = '''Gymnospermae''' | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * [[Pinophyta]] (Konifér) * [[Cycadophyta]] (Paku Haji) * [[Ginkgophyta]] (Ginkgo) * [[Gnetophyta]] (Melinjo/Tangkil) }} '''Gymnospermae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮌᮤᮙ᮪ᮔᮧᮞ᮪ᮕᮦᮁᮙae), asalna tina basa Yunani ''gymnos'' (kauléb/kabuka) sarta ''sperma'' (siki), nyaéta kelompok tutuwuhan siki anu miboga ciri mandiri nyaéta sikina henteu kabungkus ku daging buah (ovarium).<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/gymnosperm |title=Gymnosperm: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Tutuwuhan Gymnospermae miboga sababaraha ciri ilmiah anu ngabédakeunana jeung Angiospermae (tutuwuhan siki katutup): * Siki "Bulistir": Siki napel sacara langsung dina [[sisit]] ''runjung'' (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) atanapi struktur sapertos kembang anu kabuka. * Sistim Akar: Umumna miboga akar tunggang (ᮃᮊᮁ ᮒᮥᮀᮍᮀ). * Jaringan Pembuluh: Miboga ''xilem'' sarta ''floem'', nanging dina xilemna tacan aya sél panganteur (''vessel elements''), iwal ti dina kelompok Gnetophyta (tangkil). == Klasifikasi sarta Pituin == Dina dunya botani Nusantara, Gymnospermae mangrupa kelompok anu penting pisan. [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] (1827) nyatet rupa-rupa jenis ieu dina buku ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae''.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> Kelompok ieu kabagi janten opat divisio utama anu masih hirup: 1. **[[Pinophyta]]**: Kelompok panglobana, sapertos [[Pinus]] sarta [[Ki Bima]]. 2. **[[Cycadophyta]]**: Tutuwuhan anu mirip palem, contona [[Paku Haji]]. 3. **[[Gnetophyta]]**: Contona [[Tangkil]] (Melinjo) anu mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) Asia Tenggara. 4. **[[Ginkgophyta]]**: Ukur miboga hiji spésiés anu masih hirup, nyaéta ''Ginkgo biloba''. == Habitat == Gymnospermae miboga daya tahan hirup anu kacida luhurna. Aranjeunna tiasa hirup di wilayah tiis (sapertos Pinus di pagunungan) dugi ka wilayah tropis anu jemlék. Di [[Jawa Kulon]], tutuwuhan ieu seueur kapanggih di leuweung-leuweung pagunungan luhur. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == [[Karel Heyne]] nyatet rupa-rupa mangpaat Gymnospermae pikeun kahirupan masarakat di Hindia Walanda:<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> * Kadaharan: Sikina (sapertos tangkil/melinjo) tiasa didahar atanapi diolah janten [[emping]]. * Industri: Geutah pinus diolah janten gondorukem sarta turpentin. * Kai: Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan sarta pulp kertas. * Ubar: Sababaraha jenisna miboga kandungan kimiawi anu mangpaat pikeun ubar tradisional. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gymnospermae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] ctfuhlvz97ig09sh33t90l8kl1rlrev 708355 708354 2026-04-21T23:05:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Klasifikasi sarta Pituin */ 708355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Gymnospermae (Tutuwuhan Siki Kabuka) | image = Gymnospermae.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Rupa-rupa conto tutuwuhan Gymnospermae. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clavis = '''Gymnospermae''' | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * [[Pinophyta]] (Konifér) * [[Cycadophyta]] (Paku Haji) * [[Ginkgophyta]] (Ginkgo) * [[Gnetophyta]] (Melinjo/Tangkil) }} '''Gymnospermae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮌᮤᮙ᮪ᮔᮧᮞ᮪ᮕᮦᮁᮙae), asalna tina basa Yunani ''gymnos'' (kauléb/kabuka) sarta ''sperma'' (siki), nyaéta kelompok tutuwuhan siki anu miboga ciri mandiri nyaéta sikina henteu kabungkus ku daging buah (ovarium).<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/gymnosperm |title=Gymnosperm: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Tutuwuhan Gymnospermae miboga sababaraha ciri ilmiah anu ngabédakeunana jeung Angiospermae (tutuwuhan siki katutup): * Siki "Bulistir": Siki napel sacara langsung dina [[sisit]] ''runjung'' (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) atanapi struktur sapertos kembang anu kabuka. * Sistim Akar: Umumna miboga akar tunggang (ᮃᮊᮁ ᮒᮥᮀᮍᮀ). * Jaringan Pembuluh: Miboga ''xilem'' sarta ''floem'', nanging dina xilemna tacan aya sél panganteur (''vessel elements''), iwal ti dina kelompok Gnetophyta (tangkil). == Klasifikasi sarta Pituin == Dina dunya botani Nusantara, Gymnospermae mangrupa kelompok anu penting pisan. [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] (1827) nyatet rupa-rupa jenis ieu dina buku ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae''.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> Kelompok ieu kabagi janten opat divisio utama anu masih hirup: # [[Pinophyta]]: Kelompok panglobana, sapertos [[Pinus]] sarta [[Ki Bima]]. # [[Cycadophyta]]: Tutuwuhan anu mirip palem, contona [[Paku Haji]]. # [[Gnetophyta]]: Contona [[Tangkil]] (Melinjo) anu mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) Asia Tenggara. # [[Ginkgophyta]]: Ukur miboga hiji spésiés anu masih hirup, nyaéta ''Ginkgo biloba''. == Habitat == Gymnospermae miboga daya tahan hirup anu kacida luhurna. Aranjeunna tiasa hirup di wilayah tiis (sapertos Pinus di pagunungan) dugi ka wilayah tropis anu jemlék. Di [[Jawa Kulon]], tutuwuhan ieu seueur kapanggih di leuweung-leuweung pagunungan luhur. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == [[Karel Heyne]] nyatet rupa-rupa mangpaat Gymnospermae pikeun kahirupan masarakat di Hindia Walanda:<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> * Kadaharan: Sikina (sapertos tangkil/melinjo) tiasa didahar atanapi diolah janten [[emping]]. * Industri: Geutah pinus diolah janten gondorukem sarta turpentin. * Kai: Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan sarta pulp kertas. * Ubar: Sababaraha jenisna miboga kandungan kimiawi anu mangpaat pikeun ubar tradisional. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gymnospermae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 8ev2aw82kp4cvznf44w1auxi0kwzisz 708356 708355 2026-04-21T23:07:43Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Klasifikasi sarta Pituin */ 708356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Gymnospermae (Tutuwuhan Siki Kabuka) | image = Gymnospermae.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Rupa-rupa conto tutuwuhan Gymnospermae. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clavis = '''Gymnospermae''' | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * [[Pinophyta]] (Konifér) * [[Cycadophyta]] (Paku Haji) * [[Ginkgophyta]] (Ginkgo) * [[Gnetophyta]] (Melinjo/Tangkil) }} '''Gymnospermae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮌᮤᮙ᮪ᮔᮧᮞ᮪ᮕᮦᮁᮙae), asalna tina basa Yunani ''gymnos'' (kauléb/kabuka) sarta ''sperma'' (siki), nyaéta kelompok tutuwuhan siki anu miboga ciri mandiri nyaéta sikina henteu kabungkus ku daging buah (ovarium).<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/gymnosperm |title=Gymnosperm: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Tutuwuhan Gymnospermae miboga sababaraha ciri ilmiah anu ngabédakeunana jeung Angiospermae (tutuwuhan siki katutup): * Siki "Bulistir": Siki napel sacara langsung dina [[sisit]] ''runjung'' (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) atanapi struktur sapertos kembang anu kabuka. * Sistim Akar: Umumna miboga akar tunggang (ᮃᮊᮁ ᮒᮥᮀᮍᮀ). * Jaringan Pembuluh: Miboga ''xilem'' sarta ''floem'', nanging dina xilemna tacan aya sél panganteur (''vessel elements''), iwal ti dina kelompok Gnetophyta (tangkil). == Klasifikasi sarta Pituin == Dina dunya botani Nusantara, Gymnospermae mangrupa kelompok anu penting pisan. [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] (1827) nyatet rupa-rupa jenis ieu dina buku ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae''.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> Kelompok ieu kabagi janten opat divisio utama anu masih hirup: # [[Pinophyta]]: Kelompok panglobana, sapertos [[Pinus]] sarta [[Ki Bima]]. # [[Cycadophyta]]: Tutuwuhan anu mirip palem, contona [[Paku haji|Paku Haji]]. # [[Gnetophyta]]: Contona [[Tangkil]] (Melinjo) anu mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) Asia Tenggara. # [[Ginkgophyta]]: Ukur miboga hiji spésiés anu masih hirup, nyaéta ''Ginkgo biloba''. == Habitat == Gymnospermae miboga daya tahan hirup anu kacida luhurna. Aranjeunna tiasa hirup di wilayah tiis (sapertos Pinus di pagunungan) dugi ka wilayah tropis anu jemlék. Di [[Jawa Kulon]], tutuwuhan ieu seueur kapanggih di leuweung-leuweung pagunungan luhur. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == [[Karel Heyne]] nyatet rupa-rupa mangpaat Gymnospermae pikeun kahirupan masarakat di Hindia Walanda:<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> * Kadaharan: Sikina (sapertos tangkil/melinjo) tiasa didahar atanapi diolah janten [[emping]]. * Industri: Geutah pinus diolah janten gondorukem sarta turpentin. * Kai: Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan sarta pulp kertas. * Ubar: Sababaraha jenisna miboga kandungan kimiawi anu mangpaat pikeun ubar tradisional. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gymnospermae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 9g9h10q348ngmiesqfrlx36yae7hw8u 708357 708356 2026-04-21T23:09:07Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Klasifikasi sarta Pituin */ 708357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Gymnospermae (Tutuwuhan Siki Kabuka) | image = Gymnospermae.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Rupa-rupa conto tutuwuhan Gymnospermae. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clavis = '''Gymnospermae''' | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * [[Pinophyta]] (Konifér) * [[Cycadophyta]] (Paku Haji) * [[Ginkgophyta]] (Ginkgo) * [[Gnetophyta]] (Melinjo/Tangkil) }} '''Gymnospermae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮌᮤᮙ᮪ᮔᮧᮞ᮪ᮕᮦᮁᮙae), asalna tina basa Yunani ''gymnos'' (kauléb/kabuka) sarta ''sperma'' (siki), nyaéta kelompok tutuwuhan siki anu miboga ciri mandiri nyaéta sikina henteu kabungkus ku daging buah (ovarium).<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/gymnosperm |title=Gymnosperm: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Tutuwuhan Gymnospermae miboga sababaraha ciri ilmiah anu ngabédakeunana jeung Angiospermae (tutuwuhan siki katutup): * Siki "Bulistir": Siki napel sacara langsung dina [[sisit]] ''runjung'' (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) atanapi struktur sapertos kembang anu kabuka. * Sistim Akar: Umumna miboga akar tunggang (ᮃᮊᮁ ᮒᮥᮀᮍᮀ). * Jaringan Pembuluh: Miboga ''xilem'' sarta ''floem'', nanging dina xilemna tacan aya sél panganteur (''vessel elements''), iwal ti dina kelompok Gnetophyta (tangkil). == Klasifikasi sarta Pituin == Dina dunya botani Nusantara, Gymnospermae mangrupa kelompok anu penting pisan. [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] (1827) nyatet rupa-rupa jenis ieu dina buku ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae''.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> Kelompok ieu kabagi janten opat divisio utama anu masih hirup: # [[Pinophyta]]: Kelompok panglobana, sapertos [[Pinus]] sarta [[Ki bima|Ki Bima]]. # [[Cycadophyta]]: Tutuwuhan anu mirip palem, contona [[Paku haji|Paku Haji]]. # [[Gnetophyta]]: Contona [[Tangkil]] (Melinjo) anu mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) Asia Tenggara. # [[Ginkgophyta]]: Ukur miboga hiji spésiés anu masih hirup, nyaéta ''Ginkgo biloba''. == Habitat == Gymnospermae miboga daya tahan hirup anu kacida luhurna. Aranjeunna tiasa hirup di wilayah tiis (sapertos Pinus di pagunungan) dugi ka wilayah tropis anu jemlék. Di [[Jawa Kulon]], tutuwuhan ieu seueur kapanggih di leuweung-leuweung pagunungan luhur. == Guna jeung Mangpaat == [[Karel Heyne]] nyatet rupa-rupa mangpaat Gymnospermae pikeun kahirupan masarakat di Hindia Walanda:<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> * Kadaharan: Sikina (sapertos tangkil/melinjo) tiasa didahar atanapi diolah janten [[emping]]. * Industri: Geutah pinus diolah janten gondorukem sarta turpentin. * Kai: Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan sarta pulp kertas. * Ubar: Sababaraha jenisna miboga kandungan kimiawi anu mangpaat pikeun ubar tradisional. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gymnospermae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] exf9a5vbb00gfyszxc5p9j1fp0itmak 0 108351 708368 2026-04-22T05:51:46Z Sofi Solihah 22609 Nyieun kaca anyar Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung mateng.[1] Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. 708368 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung mateng.[1] Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. 7ytxyuaqn24pkdwj3gp320e7kq7re73 708369 708368 2026-04-22T05:51:59Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708369 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung mateng. Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. 7hyvpr3yumgk70aiqrmrw4re0cck0p7 708373 708369 2026-04-22T05:57:33Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708373 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké. Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. fd91nqqok3btlw5ja5gre1w9w6fs983 708374 708373 2026-04-22T05:57:54Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708374 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké. Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == ng60w60i1mgqtgfjuiu21wttn0600mt 708378 708374 2026-04-22T06:03:42Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708378 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/gastronomy/ayam-tuturuga/|title=Ayam Tuturuga: Kuliner Manado dengan Kuah Santan Gurih|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == iq29ukel0w6o9xm86lpzbpwkss8xix5 708379 708378 2026-04-22T06:06:17Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ayam Tuturuga 3.jpg|jmpl|Hayam tuturuga has Manado]] Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/gastronomy/ayam-tuturuga/|title=Ayam Tuturuga: Kuliner Manado dengan Kuah Santan Gurih|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == am2ksmjaw0qcmeeg15y5lgdnq3os3xj 708380 708379 2026-04-22T06:07:20Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ayam Tuturuga 3.jpg|jmpl|Hayam tuturuga has Manado]] Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/gastronomy/ayam-tuturuga/|title=Ayam Tuturuga: Kuliner Manado dengan Kuah Santan Gurih|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus_Manado]] o8a3bdeaz8ah1zokx4ek3l63s8wp8gv 708382 708380 2026-04-22T06:13:36Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ayam Tuturuga 3.jpg|jmpl|Hayam tuturuga has Manado]] Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa Portugis tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah, Maluku, jeung Papua. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/gastronomy/ayam-tuturuga/|title=Ayam Tuturuga: Kuliner Manado dengan Kuah Santan Gurih|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus_Manado]] 9ymien8yop1cen113c5gsf17vevdy5d 708383 708382 2026-04-22T06:14:14Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ayam Tuturuga 3.jpg|jmpl|Hayam tuturuga has Manado]] Ayam tuturuga atawa ceuk urang Sunda mah hayam tuturuga téh salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti Minahasa, [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Ieu hidangan dijieun tina daging hayam anu diasak ku bumbu dasar konéng jeung santan nepi ka asak lemes jeung asak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2023/11/20/080200975/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-minahasa-pakai-bumbu-kuning-dan-santan?page=all|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Minahasa, Pakai Bumbu Kuning dan Santan|last=Aisyah|first=Yuharrani|date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Dina tampilanana, ayam tuturuga rada mirip jeung opor hayam, nepi ka sok disebut ogé minangka opor khas Manado dina konteks kuliner lokal. Istilah tuturuga asalna nuduhkeun kana masakan tradisional Minahasa anu baheulana maké daging penyu salaku bahan utama. Kecap tuturuga asalna tina basa Manado anu hartina penyu, jeung diduga mangrupa serapan tina basa [[Portugal|Portugis]] tartaruga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kompas.com/food/read/2024/08/26/100300475/resep-ayam-tuturuga-khas-sulawesi-hidangan-kaya-rasa|title=Resep Ayam Tuturuga Khas Sulawesi, Hidangan Kaya Rasa|last=Erin Mentari|first=Alma|date=2024-08-26|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Sacara sajarah, masakan tuturuga nu maké daging penyu kungsi dipikawanoh di sababaraha wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan, saperti Sulawesi Utara, [[Sulawesi Tengah]], [[Maluku]], jeung [[Papua]]. Pamakéan daging penyu dina kuliner ieu tuluy eureun sanggeus penyu ditetepkeun minangka satwa nu dilindungi ku Pamaréntah Indonésia. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ngalarang sagala bentuk panangkapan, pamakéan, jeung perdagangan penyu jeung produk turunanna. Sanggeus aya larangan éta, masarakat ngaganti bahan utama masakan tuturuga ku daging séjén, sarta daging hayam jadi anu pang ilaharna dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/gastronomy/ayam-tuturuga/|title=Ayam Tuturuga: Kuliner Manado dengan Kuah Santan Gurih|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Dina prakna kiwari, ayam tuturuga disajikeun teu maké daging penyu jeung dipikawanoh minangka hidangan nu bahan utamana hayam. Kadaharan ieu biasana disuguhkeun dina acara-acara husus, saperti kumpul kulawarga atawa upacara adat Minahasa, kaasup acara pangucapan syukur. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus_Manado]] hvgi29jpi8ijcjh9oinz9ls3n5gcoxo 14 108352 708381 2026-04-22T06:10:10Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Dipterocarpaceae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮓᮤᮕ᮪ᮒᮦᮛᮧᮊᮁᮕᮞᮦᮃᮇ) mangrupa salah sahiji familia tatangkalan anu pangpentingna di leuweung hujan tropis [[Asia Tenggara]]. Nami kulawarga ieu asalna tina basa Yunani, ''di'' (dua), ''pteron'' (jangjang), sarta ''karpos'' (buah), anu hartosna "buah anu miboga dua jangjang".<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Dipterocarpaceae |title=Dipterocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=... 708381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dipterocarpaceae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮓᮤᮕ᮪ᮒᮦᮛᮧᮊᮁᮕᮞᮦᮃᮇ) mangrupa salah sahiji familia tatangkalan anu pangpentingna di leuweung hujan tropis [[Asia Tenggara]]. Nami kulawarga ieu asalna tina basa Yunani, ''di'' (dua), ''pteron'' (jangjang), sarta ''karpos'' (buah), anu hartosna "buah anu miboga dua jangjang".<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Dipterocarpaceae |title=Dipterocarpaceae: Plant Family |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Ringkesan == Ieu kulawarga tatangkalan téh mangrupa sumber utama kai pertukangan kualitas luhur di Indonésia. Sababaraha ciri sarta mangpaatna dumasar kana rujukan ilmiah: * **Sajarah Botani:** Loba spésiésna anu munggaran ditalungtik sarta didaptarkeun ku [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] dina abad ka-19.<ref name="blume">{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}</ref> * **Ékonomi:** [[Karel Heyne]] nyatet yén ieu kulawarga ngahasilkeun kai komersial anu panglobana diala, sapertos kayu meranti, keruing, sarta kapur. Salian ti kaina, ieu tatangkalan ogé ngahasilkeun [[damar]] (résin) anu miboga ajén jual luhur.<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}</ref> * **Ékologi:** Tatangkalan Dipterocarpaceae mindeng janten "raja leuweung" (emergent trees) anu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 70-80 méter, janten tihang utama ékosistem leuweung hujan. == Subkategori == Kategori ieu ngawengku sababaraha génus utama, di antarana: * ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'' (Keruing) * ''[[Shorea]]'' (Meranti) * ''[[Hopea]]'' (Meni) * ''[[Dryobalanops]]'' (Kapur) [[Kategori:Malvales]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 6vgqi7t6207o5egcltssz1rvmpi84sn 0 108353 708386 2026-04-22T06:38:36Z Sofi Solihah 22609 Nyieun kaca anyar Cakalang santang téh mangrupakeun kadaharan has Manado anu miboga rasa khas Nusantara. Kadaharan ieu dijieun tina lauk cakalang jeung kuah santan anu miboga ambeu nu has.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Ikan-Cakalang-Kuah-Santan-Manado-Sulawesi-Utara|title=Ikan Cakalang Kuah Santan - Manado - Sulawesi Utara » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Biasana dihaturkeun babarengan jeung sangu haneut, tuluy ditambahan ku r... 708386 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang santang téh mangrupakeun kadaharan has Manado anu miboga rasa khas Nusantara. Kadaharan ieu dijieun tina lauk cakalang jeung kuah santan anu miboga ambeu nu has.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Ikan-Cakalang-Kuah-Santan-Manado-Sulawesi-Utara|title=Ikan Cakalang Kuah Santan - Manado - Sulawesi Utara » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Biasana dihaturkeun babarengan jeung sangu haneut, tuluy ditambahan ku rupa-rupa lalawuhan séjén saperti kerupuk, tempe goréng, atawa tahu goréng, anu ngajadikeun sajian ieu leuwih ngeunah tur ngeunah pisan didahar. Lauk cakalang dipikawanoh miboga daging anu padet, rada serat, sarta loba ngandung protéin. Salian ti éta, sanajan diasak ku rupa-rupa cara, rasa na tetep ngeunah tur gurih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.distributorikanlaut.com/blog/perbedaan-antara-ikan-cakalang--tuna--dan-tongkol:-jangan-salah-pilih|title=Perbedaan Ikan Cakalang, Tuna, dan Tongkol: Jangan Salah Pilih Lagi!|website=www.distributorikanlaut.com|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ku sabab kitu, loba masarakat lokal anu ngamangpaatkeun lauk ieu minangka bahan utama dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, saperti cakalang fufu, mie cakalang, abon, jeung sajabana.<ref name=":0" /> Kadaharan ieu gampang kapanggih di rupa-rupa tempat di Sulawesi Kalér, lantaran bahan dasar anu dipakéna gampang kénéh dipanggihan. Sanajan kitu, masarakat Manado leuwih kasohor minangka anu resep kana kadaharan pedas. Ku kituna, loba pisan kadaharan khas Manado anu ngagunakeun cabé dina jumlah anu loba. Mimiti ti cabé anu dicampur kana bumbu halus, tuluy ditambahan deui ku dabu-dabu, nepi ka cabé anu masih utuh ogé sok diasupkeun kana sajianana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/artikel/berkenalan-lebih-jauh-dengan-ikan-cakalang-28|title=Berkenalan Lebih Jauh dengan Ikan Cakalang {{!}} Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan Dan Perikanan|website=distankan.bulelengkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Rujukan == 2qxekbl5peuvy04wbi55g7d8b7yeemd 708387 708386 2026-04-22T06:40:43Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cakalang santang 1.jpg|jmpl|Cakalang santang has Manado]] Cakalang santang téh mangrupakeun kadaharan has Manado anu miboga rasa khas Nusantara. Kadaharan ieu dijieun tina lauk cakalang jeung kuah santan anu miboga ambeu nu has.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Ikan-Cakalang-Kuah-Santan-Manado-Sulawesi-Utara|title=Ikan Cakalang Kuah Santan - Manado - Sulawesi Utara » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Biasana dihaturkeun babarengan jeung sangu haneut, tuluy ditambahan ku rupa-rupa lalawuhan séjén saperti kerupuk, tempe goréng, atawa tahu goréng, anu ngajadikeun sajian ieu leuwih ngeunah tur ngeunah pisan didahar. Lauk cakalang dipikawanoh miboga daging anu padet, rada serat, sarta loba ngandung protéin. Salian ti éta, sanajan diasak ku rupa-rupa cara, rasa na tetep ngeunah tur gurih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.distributorikanlaut.com/blog/perbedaan-antara-ikan-cakalang--tuna--dan-tongkol:-jangan-salah-pilih|title=Perbedaan Ikan Cakalang, Tuna, dan Tongkol: Jangan Salah Pilih Lagi!|website=www.distributorikanlaut.com|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ku sabab kitu, loba masarakat lokal anu ngamangpaatkeun lauk ieu minangka bahan utama dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, saperti cakalang fufu, mie cakalang, abon, jeung sajabana.<ref name=":0" /> Kadaharan ieu gampang kapanggih di rupa-rupa tempat di Sulawesi Kalér, lantaran bahan dasar anu dipakéna gampang kénéh dipanggihan. Sanajan kitu, masarakat Manado leuwih kasohor minangka anu resep kana kadaharan pedas. Ku kituna, loba pisan kadaharan khas Manado anu ngagunakeun cabé dina jumlah anu loba. Mimiti ti cabé anu dicampur kana bumbu halus, tuluy ditambahan deui ku dabu-dabu, nepi ka cabé anu masih utuh ogé sok diasupkeun kana sajianana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/artikel/berkenalan-lebih-jauh-dengan-ikan-cakalang-28|title=Berkenalan Lebih Jauh dengan Ikan Cakalang {{!}} Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan Dan Perikanan|website=distankan.bulelengkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Rujukan == tkymdaj3x3y3svops3yd82vmcjrbiau 708388 708387 2026-04-22T06:43:56Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cakalang santang 1.jpg|jmpl|Cakalang santang has Manado]] Cakalang santang téh mangrupakeun kadaharan has Manado anu miboga rasa khas Nusantara. Kadaharan ieu dijieun tina lauk cakalang jeung kuah santan anu miboga ambeu nu has.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Ikan-Cakalang-Kuah-Santan-Manado-Sulawesi-Utara|title=Ikan Cakalang Kuah Santan - Manado - Sulawesi Utara » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Biasana dihaturkeun babarengan jeung sangu haneut, tuluy ditambahan ku rupa-rupa lalawuhan séjén saperti kerupuk, tempe goréng, atawa tahu goréng, anu ngajadikeun sajian ieu leuwih ngeunah tur ngeunah pisan didahar. Lauk cakalang dipikawanoh miboga daging anu padet, rada serat, sarta loba ngandung protéin. Salian ti éta, sanajan diasak ku rupa-rupa cara, rasa na tetep ngeunah tur gurih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.distributorikanlaut.com/blog/perbedaan-antara-ikan-cakalang--tuna--dan-tongkol:-jangan-salah-pilih|title=Perbedaan Ikan Cakalang, Tuna, dan Tongkol: Jangan Salah Pilih Lagi!|website=www.distributorikanlaut.com|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Ku sabab kitu, loba masarakat lokal anu ngamangpaatkeun lauk ieu minangka bahan utama dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, saperti cakalang fufu, mie cakalang, abon, jeung sajabana.<ref name=":0" /> Kadaharan ieu gampang kapanggih di rupa-rupa tempat di Sulawesi Kalér, lantaran bahan dasar anu dipakéna gampang kénéh dipanggihan. Sanajan kitu, masarakat Manado leuwih kasohor minangka anu resep kana kadaharan pedas. Ku kituna, loba pisan kadaharan khas Manado anu ngagunakeun cabé dina jumlah anu loba. Mimiti ti cabé anu dicampur kana bumbu halus, tuluy ditambahan deui ku dabu-dabu, nepi ka cabé anu masih utuh ogé sok diasupkeun kana sajianana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://distankan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/artikel/berkenalan-lebih-jauh-dengan-ikan-cakalang-28|title=Berkenalan Lebih Jauh dengan Ikan Cakalang {{!}} Dinas Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan Dan Perikanan|website=distankan.bulelengkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus_Manado]] a52y4tok46amf016zwnzdo3lh4zo9ud 0 108354 708391 2026-04-22T06:46:15Z Sofi Solihah 22609 Nyieun kaca anyar Cakalang sous téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Kalér, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina sao... 708391 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang sous téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Kalér, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina saos atawa sambel. Prosés nyieun cakalang sous téh kawilang basajan sarta ilaharna ngawengku dua léngkah utama. Mimiti, lauk cakalang fufu digoréng, tuluy dicampur jeung sambel has anu rasana pedas tur seger. Kadaharan ieu biasana dihaturkeun minangka lalawuhan pikeun sangu. Cakalang sous geus kacida dipikawanohna sarta sumebar di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sanajan asalna ti Minahasa, kadaharan ieu ogé loba kapanggih di Kota Manado sarta disayagikeun di ampir unggal imah dahar atawa warung dahar minangka salah sahiji pilihan lalawuhan pikeun konsumsi sapopoé. k2mmih2v72u7yi6r9xgh3nb4v3nwpd7 708392 708391 2026-04-22T06:46:29Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708392 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang sous téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Kalér, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina saos atawa sambel. Prosés nyieun cakalang sous téh kawilang basajan sarta ilaharna ngawengku dua léngkah utama. Mimiti, lauk cakalang fufu digoréng, tuluy dicampur jeung sambel has anu rasana pedas tur seger. Kadaharan ieu biasana dihaturkeun minangka lalawuhan pikeun sangu. Cakalang sous geus kacida dipikawanohna sarta sumebar di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sanajan asalna ti Minahasa, kadaharan ieu ogé loba kapanggih di Kota Manado sarta disayagikeun di ampir unggal imah dahar atawa warung dahar minangka salah sahiji pilihan lalawuhan pikeun konsumsi sapopoé. == Rujukan == hdc4594iiy3jnxdeli9s0a32xefmtob 708393 708392 2026-04-22T06:47:01Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708393 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang sous téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Utara, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina saos atawa sambel. Prosés nyieun cakalang sous téh kawilang basajan sarta ilaharna ngawengku dua léngkah utama. Mimiti, lauk cakalang fufu digoréng, tuluy dicampur jeung sambel has anu rasana pedas tur seger. Kadaharan ieu biasana dihaturkeun minangka lalawuhan pikeun sangu. Cakalang sous geus kacida dipikawanohna sarta sumebar di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sanajan asalna ti Minahasa, kadaharan ieu ogé loba kapanggih di Kota Manado sarta disayagikeun di ampir unggal imah dahar atawa warung dahar minangka salah sahiji pilihan lalawuhan pikeun konsumsi sapopoé. == Rujukan == rcvtby7kprdbn8dojvvwvo64p3xukhm 708395 708393 2026-04-22T07:00:25Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708395 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang sous<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rri.co.id/manado/kuliner/1720102/kelezatan-ikan-cakalang-fufu-goreng-sous|title=Kelezatan Ikan Cakalang Fufu Goreng Sous|last=Esther Sompotan|first=Hanny|date=2025-07-24}}</ref> téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Utara, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina saos atawa sambel. Prosés nyieun cakalang sous téh kawilang basajan sarta ilaharna ngawengku dua léngkah utama. Mimiti, lauk cakalang fufu digoréng, tuluy dicampur jeung sambel has anu rasana pedas tur seger. Kadaharan ieu biasana dihaturkeun minangka lalawuhan pikeun sangu. Cakalang sous geus kacida dipikawanohna sarta sumebar di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sanajan asalna ti Minahasa, kadaharan ieu ogé loba kapanggih di Kota Manado sarta disayagikeun di ampir unggal imah dahar atawa warung dahar minangka salah sahiji pilihan lalawuhan pikeun konsumsi sapopoé. == Rujukan == 4opheayim8clxqpoe8r2f6q7ibogm1d 708396 708395 2026-04-22T07:01:26Z Sofi Solihah 22609 708396 wikitext text/x-wiki Cakalang sous<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rri.co.id/manado/kuliner/1720102/kelezatan-ikan-cakalang-fufu-goreng-sous|title=Kelezatan Ikan Cakalang Fufu Goreng Sous|last=Esther Sompotan|first=Hanny|date=2025-07-24}}</ref> téh mangrupakeun salah sahiji olahan kadaharan has Minahasa, [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Kadaharan ieu ngagunakeun cakalang fufu (nyaéta lauk cakalang anu diasak ku cara diasap) minangka bahan utamana. Pamakéan istilah “sous” dina ngaran kadaharan ieu aya patalina jeung pangaruh sajarah kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi Utara, anu ogé ngenalkeun rupa-rupa kecap serapan kana basa jeung tradisi kuliner di dinya, kecap “sous” asalna tina basa Walanda anu hartina saos atawa sambel. Prosés nyieun cakalang sous téh kawilang basajan sarta ilaharna ngawengku dua léngkah utama. Mimiti, lauk cakalang fufu digoréng, tuluy dicampur jeung sambel has anu rasana pedas tur seger. Kadaharan ieu biasana dihaturkeun minangka lalawuhan pikeun sangu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trac.astra.co.id/blog/travel/kuliner-cakalang-fufu-olahan-ikan-asap-khas-sulawesi-utara/283|title=Kuliner Cakalang Fufu, Olahan Ikan Asap Khas Sulawesi Utara|website=www.trac.astra.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-22}}</ref> Cakalang sous geus kacida dipikawanohna sarta sumebar di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Sanajan asalna ti Minahasa, kadaharan ieu ogé loba kapanggih di Kota Manado sarta disayagikeun di ampir unggal imah dahar atawa warung dahar minangka salah sahiji pilihan lalawuhan pikeun konsumsi sapopoé. == Rujukan == m3g234agfchwdkpsygbz9mu3bl18uob 14 108355 708404 2026-04-22T08:02:53Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar '''[[Amaranthaceae]]''' (babayeman) '''Amaranthaceae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮃᮙᮛᮔ᮪ᮒ᮪ᮠᮞᮦᮃᮇ) mangrupa salah sahiji familia tutuwuhan kembangan anu ngawengku rupa-rupa jenis [[bayem]] sarta barayana. Numutkeun sistem klasifikasi APG, kulawarga ieu diasupkeun kana ordo [[Caryophyllales]].<ref name="Christenhusz2016">{{cite journal |author=Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual in... 708404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Amaranthaceae]]''' (babayeman) '''Amaranthaceae''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮃᮙᮛᮔ᮪ᮒ᮪ᮠᮞᮦᮃᮇ) mangrupa salah sahiji familia tutuwuhan kembangan anu ngawengku rupa-rupa jenis [[bayem]] sarta barayana. Numutkeun sistem klasifikasi APG, kulawarga ieu diasupkeun kana ordo [[Caryophyllales]].<ref name="Christenhusz2016">{{cite journal |author=Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=201–217}}</ref> == Ringkesan == Familia ieu penting pisan dina widang ékonomi sarta ékologi: * **Tutuwuhan Ubar sarta Pangan:** Ngawengku jenis-jenis anu bisa didahar sapertos bayem (''[[Amaranthus]]''), bit (''[[Beta vulgaris]]''), sarta tutuwuhan ubar sapertos kremah (''[[Alternanthera sessilis]]'').<ref name="heyne">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co |location=Batavia |page=158}}</ref> * **Klasifikasi Modéren:** Dina sistem APG, kulawarga [[Chenopodiaceae]] ayeuna parantos dilebetkeun kana Amaranthaceae janten anak suku (subfamilia) Chenopodioideae. == Subkategori == Kategori ieu ngawengku sababaraha génus utama, di antarana: * ''[[Amaranthus]]'' (Bayem) * ''[[Alternanthera]]'' (Kremah) * ''[[Celosia]]'' (Jawér kotok) * ''[[Gomphrena]]'' (Kembang kancing) [[Kategori:Caryophyllales]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] htokce0ggrni6br3b2m8zpt31vqhs7h 0 108356 708406 2026-04-22T09:00:14Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708406 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Mukalaf (مُكَلَّف) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Mukalafat-al-Rasool.jpg|center|250px|Visualisasi dakwah sarta taklif.]] |- | Harti || Jalma anu nanggung kawajiban hukum |- | Asal Basa || Arab (''Isim Maf'ul'') |- | Dasar Hukum || Al-Qur'an & Hadits |- | Sarat Utama || Balég, Berakal, Sampéy Dakwah |- | Widang || [[Fikih]], [[Ushul Fiqh]] |} '''Mukalaf''' nyaéta salasahiji konsép séntral dina hukum Islam (''fiqh'') anu nangtukeun status kamanusaan saurang jalma di payuneun hukum Allah (Syara'). Ieu istilah mangrupa titik awal dimana saurang hamba mimiti nanggung tanggung jawab hukum sacara pinuh sarta sagala rupa amalna bakal dipertanggungjawabkeun di ahérat.<ref name="gazali">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi == Sacara étimologi, kecap '''Mukalaf''' (مُكَلَّف) mangrupa ''[[isim maf'ul]]'' tina kecap ''kallafa'' (كَلَّفَ) anu miboga harti "ngabeungbeuratan" atanapi "méré kawajiban". Akar kecapna nyaéta ''al-kulfah'' (الكُلْفَةُ) anu sacara harfiah hartosna kasusah atanapi beban anu meryogikeun tanaga pikeun ngalaksanakeunana.<ref name="jurjani">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Dina kontéks syara', mukalaf hartosna jalma anu parantos dibéré beban kawajiban (taklif) pikeun ngajalankeun paréntah agama sarta ngajauhan sagala rupa larangan-Na.<ref name="jurjani" /> == Al-Qur'an == Prinsip dasar taklif didasarkeun kana sifat kaadilan Allah Swt., nyaéta yén Anjeunna moal méré beban ka hamba-Na saluareun wates kamampuhna. Hal ieu sakumaha anu kaunggel dina firman-Na: > "لَا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا" > ''"Allah henteu ngabeungbeuratan ka hiji jalma, iwal saluyu jeung kamampuhna..."'' (QS. Al-Baqarah: 286).<ref name="quran">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> Ayat ieu janten dadasar yén status mukalaf téh miboga hubungan raket sareng kadar inteléktualitas sarta fisik saurang hamba. Nalika kamampuh éta leungit (sapertos kaleungitan akal), mangka status taklifna ogé janten ruksak atanapi gugur.<ref name="syatibi">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> == Hadits == Watesan saha baé anu disebut mukalaf dijéntrékeun ku Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad saw. dina hadits: > **رُفِعَ الْقَلَمُ عَنْ ثَلَاثَةٍ: عَنِ النَّائِمِ حَتَّى يَسْتَيْقِظَ، وَعَنِ الصَّبِيِّ حَتَّى يَحْتَلِمَ، وَعَنِ الْمَجْنُونِ حَتَّى يُفِيقَ** > ''"Diangkat péna (henteu dicatet dosa/pahala) tina tilu golongan: tina jalma anu nuju saré nepi ka manéhna hudang, tina budak leutik nepi ka manéhna balég, sarta tina jalma anu owah (gélo) nepi ka manéhna cageur."'' (HR. Abu Dawud no. 4403).<ref name="hadits">Sulaeman bin al-Asy'ats (Abu Dawud). ''Sunan Abi Dawud''.</ref> == Sarat Utama Status Mukalaf == Dina kitab-kitab ''Ushul Fiqh'' primér, saurang jalma disebut mukalaf upami parantos nyumponan tilu sarat utama: # '''Balég (الْبُلُوغ):''' Sacara biologis parantos sawawa (sapertos ihtilam atanapi haid).<ref name="fiqh">An-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> # '''Berakal (الْعَقْل):''' Miboga kasadaran pinuh sarta henteu nuju kaleungitan akal sapertos gélo atanapi pingsan.<ref name="fiqh" /> # '''Sampéy Dakwah (بُلُوغُ الدَّعْوَة):''' Parantos terang sarta nampi ajaran Islam sacara leres sarta jéntré.<ref name="fiqh" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] dl85w4s9dtypj6ivhyf12ui7munsc26 0 108357 708408 2026-04-22T09:52:29Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708408 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Ushul Fiqh (أصول الفقه) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:ALFiqh.png|center|250px|Manusksrip kaélmuan Islam salaku dadasar Ushul Fiqh.]] |- | '''Harti''' || Tatapakan atanapi dadasar hukum fikih |- | '''Asal Basa''' || Arab (''Mudhaf - Mudhaf Ilaih'') |- | '''Sumber Utama''' || Al-Qur'an, Hadits, Ijma, Qiyas |- | Tokoh Utama || Imam Asy-Syafi'i (Nu nyusun munggaran) |- | '''Widang''' || Metodologi Hukum Islam |} '''Ushul Fiqh''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮅᮞᮥᮜ᮪ ᮖᮤᮊᮤᮂ) nyaéta salah sahiji disiplin élmu kaislaman anu ngabahas ngeunaan katangtuan-katangtuan, métode, sarta dadasar anu dipaké ku para [[Mujtahid]] pikeun ngaluarkeun (''[[istinbath]]'') hukum syara' tina dalil-dalil anu rincik (''[[tafshili]]'').<ref name="zuhaili">Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. ''Al-Wajiz fi Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Fikr.</ref> Upami fikih mangrupa hasil hukumna, mangka Ushul Fiqh mah mangrupa "pabrik" atanapi métode cara nyieun éta hukum.<ref name="gazali2">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi sarta Hartos Harfiah == Sacara basa, Ushul Fiqh diwangun ku dua kecap: '''Ushul''' (أصول) anu mangrupa jamak tina ''ashl'' (أصل) hartosna pondasi atanapi dadasar; sarta '''Fiqh''' (فقه) anu hartosna paham atanapi pangarti anu jero.<ref name="jurjani2">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Janten, sacara harfiah, Ushul Fiqh nyaéta dadasar-dadasar anu di luhureunana diwangun élmu fikih.<ref name="jurjani2" /> == Makna Filosofis == Dina jihat filosofis, Ushul Fiqh mangrupa bukti yén hukum Islam téh miboga ''logika'' sarta ''métodologi'' anu disiplin. Ieu élmu ngajaga supados manusa henteu napsirkeun wahyu dumasar kana hawa napsu nyalira.<ref name="syatibi2">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> Hakékat filosofisna ngawengku: * ''Maqashid al-Syari'ah (مقاصد الشريعة):'' Mastikeun yén hukum anu dilarapkeun saluyu sareng tujuan Gusti pikeun kamaslahatan hamba. * ''Ijtihad (اجتهad):'' Ngamungkinkeun hukum Islam tetep dinamis ngajawab pasualan jaman ayeuna ngaliwatan métode ''Qiyas'' (''analogi''). == Dalil sarta Sumber Hukum == Ushul Fiqh nangtukeun hierarki sumber hukum dumasar kana dalil [[naqli]] sarta [[aqli]]: # '''Al-Qur'an:''' Sumber hukum utama sakumaha firman Allah dina surat [[An-Nahl]] ayat 89: <br />''"...تِبْيَانًا لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ..."'' (tegesna: "...pikeun ngajéntrékeun sagala perkara...").<ref name="quran2">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> # '''As-Sunnah (Hadits):''' Penjelasan tina Al-Qur'an sakumaha dawuhan Nabi: <br />''"تَرَكْتُ فِيكُمْ أَمْرَيْنِ لَنْ تَضِلُّوا مَا تَمَسَّكْتُمْ بِهِمَا: كِتَابَ اللهِ وَسُنَّةَ نَبِيِّهِ"'' <br />(hartosna: "Kuring ninggalkeun dua perkara, anjeun moal sasar salila nyekel deleg kana duanana: Kitabullah jeung Sunnah Nabi-Na.").<ref name="hadits2">Malik bin Anas. ''Al-Muwatta''.</ref> # '''Ijma (إجماع):''' Kasapukan para ulama mujtahid. # '''Qiyas (قياس):''' Analogi hukum dumasar kana sasaruaan alesan (''illat''). == Obyék Bahasan Utama == Aya opat rukun utama anu ditalungtik dina Ushul Fiqh: * '''Al-Hakim (الحاكم):''' Nu méré hukum (Gusti Allah). * '''Al-Hukmu (الحكم):''' Hukum éta sorangan (Wajib, Sunnah, jsb). * '''Al-Mahkum Fih (المحكوم فيه):''' Perkara anu dibéré hukum. * '''Al-Mahkum 'Alaih (المحكوم عليه):''' Jalma anu nanggung hukum (nu disebut '''[[Mukalaf]]''').<ref name="zuhaili" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] 3z5wqfjietaykooonul883zahj2r2x0 708409 708408 2026-04-22T09:53:37Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Obyék Bahasan Utama */ 708409 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Ushul Fiqh (أصول الفقه) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:ALFiqh.png|center|250px|Manusksrip kaélmuan Islam salaku dadasar Ushul Fiqh.]] |- | '''Harti''' || Tatapakan atanapi dadasar hukum fikih |- | '''Asal Basa''' || Arab (''Mudhaf - Mudhaf Ilaih'') |- | '''Sumber Utama''' || Al-Qur'an, Hadits, Ijma, Qiyas |- | Tokoh Utama || Imam Asy-Syafi'i (Nu nyusun munggaran) |- | '''Widang''' || Metodologi Hukum Islam |} '''Ushul Fiqh''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮅᮞᮥᮜ᮪ ᮖᮤᮊᮤᮂ) nyaéta salah sahiji disiplin élmu kaislaman anu ngabahas ngeunaan katangtuan-katangtuan, métode, sarta dadasar anu dipaké ku para [[Mujtahid]] pikeun ngaluarkeun (''[[istinbath]]'') hukum syara' tina dalil-dalil anu rincik (''[[tafshili]]'').<ref name="zuhaili">Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. ''Al-Wajiz fi Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Fikr.</ref> Upami fikih mangrupa hasil hukumna, mangka Ushul Fiqh mah mangrupa "pabrik" atanapi métode cara nyieun éta hukum.<ref name="gazali2">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi sarta Hartos Harfiah == Sacara basa, Ushul Fiqh diwangun ku dua kecap: '''Ushul''' (أصول) anu mangrupa jamak tina ''ashl'' (أصل) hartosna pondasi atanapi dadasar; sarta '''Fiqh''' (فقه) anu hartosna paham atanapi pangarti anu jero.<ref name="jurjani2">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Janten, sacara harfiah, Ushul Fiqh nyaéta dadasar-dadasar anu di luhureunana diwangun élmu fikih.<ref name="jurjani2" /> == Makna Filosofis == Dina jihat filosofis, Ushul Fiqh mangrupa bukti yén hukum Islam téh miboga ''logika'' sarta ''métodologi'' anu disiplin. Ieu élmu ngajaga supados manusa henteu napsirkeun wahyu dumasar kana hawa napsu nyalira.<ref name="syatibi2">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> Hakékat filosofisna ngawengku: * ''Maqashid al-Syari'ah (مقاصد الشريعة):'' Mastikeun yén hukum anu dilarapkeun saluyu sareng tujuan Gusti pikeun kamaslahatan hamba. * ''Ijtihad (اجتهad):'' Ngamungkinkeun hukum Islam tetep dinamis ngajawab pasualan jaman ayeuna ngaliwatan métode ''Qiyas'' (''analogi''). == Dalil sarta Sumber Hukum == Ushul Fiqh nangtukeun hierarki sumber hukum dumasar kana dalil [[naqli]] sarta [[aqli]]: # '''Al-Qur'an:''' Sumber hukum utama sakumaha firman Allah dina surat [[An-Nahl]] ayat 89: <br />''"...تِبْيَانًا لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ..."'' (tegesna: "...pikeun ngajéntrékeun sagala perkara...").<ref name="quran2">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> # '''As-Sunnah (Hadits):''' Penjelasan tina Al-Qur'an sakumaha dawuhan Nabi: <br />''"تَرَكْتُ فِيكُمْ أَمْرَيْنِ لَنْ تَضِلُّوا مَا تَمَسَّكْتُمْ بِهِمَا: كِتَابَ اللهِ وَسُنَّةَ نَبِيِّهِ"'' <br />(hartosna: "Kuring ninggalkeun dua perkara, anjeun moal sasar salila nyekel deleg kana duanana: Kitabullah jeung Sunnah Nabi-Na.").<ref name="hadits2">Malik bin Anas. ''Al-Muwatta''.</ref> # '''Ijma (إجماع):''' Kasapukan para ulama mujtahid. # '''Qiyas (قياس):''' Analogi hukum dumasar kana sasaruaan alesan (''illat''). == Obyék Bahasan Utama == Aya opat rukun utama anu ditalungtik dina Ushul Fiqh: * '''[[Al-Hakim]] (الحاكم):''' Nu méré hukum (Gusti Allah). * '''[[Al-Hukmu]] (الحكم):''' Hukum éta sorangan (Wajib, Sunnah, jsb). * '''[[Al-Mahkum Fih]] (المحكوم فيه):''' Perkara anu dibéré hukum. * '''[[Al-Mahkum 'Alaih]] (المحكوم عليه):''' Jalma anu nanggung hukum (nu disebut '''[[Mukalaf]]''').<ref name="zuhaili" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] n6uxwna716whj4mb876rt5amup9vur3