Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 25531 708428 707497 2026-04-22T18:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media | name = Blu-ray Disc | logo = | image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]] | caption = | type = High-density [[optical disc]] | encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]] | capacity = 25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer), 50&nbsp;GB (dual layer) | read = 1x@36&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] & 2x@72&nbsp;Mbit/s | write = | standard = | owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] | use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games | extended from = | extended to = }} '''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]]. Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&nbsp;GB. Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release) |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Seán Byrne |date = 2007-02-23 |work = cdrfreaks.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}</ref> pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref> judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]]. Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]]. == Sajarah == {{Optical disc authoring}} [[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]] Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}</ref> === Asal === {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}</ref> The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html |title = Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |date= 2000-10-11 |work = cdrinfo.com }}</ref> Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html |title = Replacement for DVD unveiled |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Barry Fox |date= 2002-02-19 |work = newscientist.com }}</ref> and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com}}</ref> However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs. === Kompetisi jeung HD DVD === The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}</ref> However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070621131847/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-06-21 }}</ref> after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}</ref> Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}</ref> In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25" [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}</ref> ==== Attempts to avoid a format war ==== The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}</ref> A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.<ref name="stalemate">{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}</ref> An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}</ref> At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}</ref> At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.<ref name="DaggersDrawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards, Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}</ref> On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html|archivedate=2008-09-06}}</ref> Rumours surfaced that an "unnamed partner" had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.<ref name="stalemate"/><ref name="DaggersDrawn"/> At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}</ref> In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}</ref> However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}}</ref> === Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun === The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html |title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge |accessyear = 2007-10-17 |author = Martyn Williams |date= 2004-08-05 |work = pcworld.com }}</ref> In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}</ref> The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/ |title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Tony Smith |date= 2006-01-06 |work = theregister.co.uk }}</ref> AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}</ref> had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}</ref> At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan |accessdate=2007-10-17 |author= |date= 2006-03-31 |work= foxnews.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= Dan Costa |date= 2006-06-15 |work= pcmag.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}</ref> The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.<ref>[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]</ref> The first movies using dual layer discs (50&nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html | title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date = 2006-10-10 | last = Bracke | first = Peter M. | work = HighDefDigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}</ref> The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699. HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher=}}</ref> This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}</ref> and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}</ref> == Disc structure == === Laser and optics === Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a "blue" (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&nbsp;nm and 780&nbsp;nm respectively. The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "[[spatial resolution|spot size]]" on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.) === Hard-coating technology === Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary. [[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard. == Software standards == === Codecs === [[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques. The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed. The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.<ref>[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)</ref> For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> === Java software support === {{utama|BD-J}} At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard. === Kode wewengkon === [[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video | language = | accessdate = 2007-01-14 | year = 2006 }}</ref>]] Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices. {| class="wikitable" ! Region code !! Aréa<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control? | language = | accessdate = 2006-08-29 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }}</ref> |- |align="center" | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. |- |align="center" | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]]. |- |align="center" | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]]. |- |} This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are "ALL" region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe. === Digital rights management ('''DRM''') === The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].<ref name="dellbd-romprotection">{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}</ref> They have been at léast partially circumvented. '''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]]. Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}<span class="plainlinks"></span> '''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].<ref>http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html</ref> BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:<ref name="dellbd-romprotection"/> * examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. * verify that the player's keys have not been changed. * execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system. * transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it. If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases. The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website]. BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}</ref> The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}</ref> BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> '''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization. When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them. == Player profiles == The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}</ref> All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Féature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}</ref> ! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0) ! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1) ! BD-Live (Profile 2) |- | Built-in persistent memory | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB |- | Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}} | – | 256 MB | 1 GB |- | Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]]) | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}} | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | [[Virtual file system]] | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Internet connection capability | No | No | Mandatory |} {{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory. {{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by "Bonus View" as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.<ref name="BonusView">{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.<ref>[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]</ref> On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on "Bonus View" hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> == Backward compatibility == While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]]. == List of Blu-ray devices == <!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource: http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Device name ! Manufacturer ! Type of device ! Release date ! Approximate price |- | [[PlayStation 3]] | [[Sony]] | [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1) | [[November 11]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]399<ref name="PS3price">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}</ref>/499$ |- | [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]] | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player | 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]599 |- | DMP-BD30 | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1) | 2007 | [[United States dollar|US$]]500 |- | [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | [[December 4]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]1000 |- | BD-P1200 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[January 8]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]799 |- | BD-P1000 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[June 20th]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]450 |- | [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }} | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | |- | BD-P1400 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | BDP-LX70 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. ) |- | BDP-LX80 | Pioneer | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HP1 | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV1 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV10 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW15 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW20 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DMR-E700BD | [[Panasonic]] | Blu-ray/DVD Recorder | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW200 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BR100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback | accessdate = 2006-10-13 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}</ref> | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }} | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW800 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW900 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V7 | [[Sony]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V9 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T50 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-L70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-X90 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX] | [[VidaBox]] | [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | BH-100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[January 7]], [[2007]] | |- | BH-200 | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[October]], [[2007]] | |- | BD-UP5000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | [[VAIO]] AR Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | [[VAIO]] FZ Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2007 | |- | XPS M1710 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | December 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599 |- | XPS M1730 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | XPS M2010 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | Pavilion Desktop | [[Hewlett-Packard]] | [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive) | [[9 May]] [[2007]] | |- | TravelMate 8215WLMi<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray">{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> | [[Acer]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | ASUS Lamborghini VX2<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray"/> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | ASUS Lamborghini W2W<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&model=1834&l1=5&l2=22&l3=192&l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | BDC-2202 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | PC drive | [[May 2]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]299<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> |- | DH-401S<ref>{{cite web|url=about:blank | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive | accessdate = 2007-10-31 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LiteOn]] | PC drive | [[31 October]] [[2007]] | |- | BC-1205PT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive | accessdate = 2007-09-09 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[ASUS]] | PC drive | [[9 September]] [[2007]] | |- | BWU-100A | [[ASUS]] | Recordable PC drive | [[July 18]] [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]699 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> |- | DZ-BD7A<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]] | | |- | DZ-BD7HA<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA, Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder | | |- | Lite-On DH-4O1S<ref name="cheap-199-player">{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}</ref> | [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]] | Read Only PC Drive | | [[United States dollar|US$]]199<ref name="cheap-199-player"/> |- |} <!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --> Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> == Corporate support == {{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}} [[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]] Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/ | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format "Blu-ray Disc" Established | publisher=SONY Press Release | language = | date= February 19, 2002 | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]]. Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe. Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.<ref name="HDOutsideUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}</ref> Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.<ref>[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]</ref> It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]]. [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats. It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref> However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}</ref> including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important. Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs. They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.<ref>[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&ResLibraryID=20345&Category=1027 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }}</ref> Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about | title = About Netflix | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref>, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/ | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726</ref> While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format | accessdate = 2007-07-29 | year = 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}</ref> The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a "jaw-dropping" sum for the end cap displays.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&ctrack=5&cset=true | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion | accessdate = 2007-09-10 | year = 2007 }}</ref> On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format. Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD. Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}</ref> Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg) | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}</ref> In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007 }}</ref> However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&en=fe619b851abc0231&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007}}</ref> In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]</ref> == Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison == {{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}} {{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}} The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.<ref name="tripleApproved">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}</ref> It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943 | title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date= 2007-09-13 | last = Fulton III | first = Scott M. | work = BetaNews | language = English }}</ref> As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&nbsp;GB disc<ref name="bluraystats">[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]</ref> while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&nbsp;GB dual layer format.<ref>[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]</ref> In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).<ref name="DDplus_whitepaper">[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com</ref> Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]]. As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,<ref name="bluraystats"/> which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.<ref name="BDaudio_support">[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com</ref> As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with "repeat field flags"). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}} There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region. Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}</ref> However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> == Ongoing development == Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY | language = | accessdate = 2007-09-27 | year = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493 | title = Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback }}</ref> Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K). Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&nbsp;GB data layers.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement">{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&nbsp;GB CAPACITY | publisher = TDK | accessdate = 2006-11-27 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}</ref> Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656 | title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow | accessdate = 2007-04-24 | date= 2007-01-10 | last = Yam | first = Marcus | work = DailyTech | language = English }}</ref> [[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology | accessdate = 2006-05-30 | year = 2006 }}</ref> This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure. [[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]</ref> TDK has also produced a 200&nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement"/> == Variants == === BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc === BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&nbsp;Mbit/s. These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html | title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | format = HTML | work = | language = English }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}</ref> It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]] === AVCREC === AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD. === Blu-ray Disc recordable === {{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}} [[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]]. === HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs === Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced. == Tempo ogé == * [[List of Blu-ray Movies]] * [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] * [[Format war]] * [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA) * [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]] * [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals * [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries * [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]] === Tehnologi cakram alternatif === * [[HD DVD]] * [[AVCHD]] * [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD) * [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format * [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008 * [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs * [[PH-DVD]] * [[Protein-coated disc]] * [[Tapestry Media]] * [[Ultra Density Optical]] * [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]] * [[LS-R]] – a "layer selection" technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}} {{Portal|Blu-ray}} * [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association] * [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site] * [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA] * [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }} * [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology] * [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories] * [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS] * [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing] * [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }} by Hugh Bennett * [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD... * [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray] === Warta === * [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]]. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]]. * [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]]. * [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]]. * [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]]. * [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles] {{Home_video}} {{HighDefinitionMedia}} [[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]] [[Kategori:Platform Java]] [[Kategori:High-definition television]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]] [[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]] [[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]] [[Kategori:DVD]] [[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]] mqr9oqsh97l3s1skjkr8nn6jhxf1lz1 0 30999 708425 446674 2026-04-22T17:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Acido_acetico_struttura_modello.PNG|thumb|300px|Rumus wangun/struktur jeung modél 3D (bal jeung tongkat: bal bodas pikeun [[atom]] [[hidrogén]], bal beureum pikeun atom [[oksigén]], bal hawuk pikeun atom [[karbon]]) molekul asam asétat.]] '''Asam asétat''', CH₃COOH, ogé katelah '''asam étanoat''', nyaéta hiji [[asam organik]] nu méré rasa haseum jeung bau anu seukeut dina [[cuka]]. Dina bentukna anu murni tanpa cai (''asam asétat glasial''), ieu cairan teu warnaan téh nyerep cai ti sabudeureunana ([[higroskopi]]), bisa beku dina hawa 16.7&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] (62&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]) jadi bentuk [[kristal]]in. Ieu sanyawa kagolongkeun [[asam lemah]], ngalaman [[disosiasi (kimia)|disosiasi]] parsial dina [[cai]]. Asam asétat téh minangka [[asam karboksilat]] pangbasajanna, tapi penting minangka [[réagen]] di industri kimia, utamana pikeun ngahasilkeun [[poliétilén téréftalat]] nu dipaké pikeun nyieun botol inuman; [[selulosa asétat]], utamana pikeun [[film fotografik]]; jeung [[polivinil asétat]] pikeun [[pangrapet|elém]] [[kai]], serat sintétik, jeung kaén. Di [[industri pangan]], asam asétat [[nomer E|disandian]] E260 minangka [[régulator kaasaman]]. Konsumsi asam asétat sajagat kira 6,5&nbsp;juta [[ton]] per taun (Mt/a), nu 1,5&nbsp;Mt/a di antarana tina hasil daur ulang; sésana dijieun di [[pétrokimia]] atawa tina sumber-sumber [[biologi]]s. Asam asétat éncér nu dihasilkeun tina [[férméntasi]] alami disebutna [[cuka]]. == Kasalametan == [[Image:Hazard C.svg|right|thumb|100px|Lambang kasalametan]] Asam asétat pekat boga watek [[korosi]]f, ku kituna kudu ati-ati sabab bisa ngaduruk [[kulit]], ngaruksak [[panon]], sarta iritasi kana mémbran [[mukosa]]. Mun baranggawé, hadéna maké sarung leungeun tina [[karét nitril]]. Dina hawa rohangan leuwih ti 39&nbsp;°C (102&nbsp;°F), asam asétat pekat bisa kaduruk. Bahya ieu bahan kimia gumantung kana kadarna. Di handap ieu pituduh ti klasifikasi EU: <!-- EU Index no. 607-002-00-6 --> {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Konséntrasi]]<br />dumasar beurat ! Molaritas ! Klasifikasi ! [[Daptar fraseu-R|Fraseu-R]] |- | 10%–25% | 1.67–4.16&nbsp;mol/L | Iritan ('''Xi''') | {{R36/38}} |- | 25%–90% | 4.16–14.99&nbsp;mol/L | Korosif ('''C''') | {{R34}} |- | >90% | >14.99&nbsp;mol/L | Korosif ('''C''') Flamabel ('''F''') | {{R10}}, {{R35}} |- |} Larutan nu kadar asam asétatna leuwih ti 25% kudu diteundeun di kamar haseup, anapon anu éncér kawas dina cuka mah moal matak. Nalika disimpen, ieu larutan kudu dijauhkeun ti [[asam kromat]], [[étilén glikol]], [[asam nitrat]], [[asam perklorat]], [[permanganat]], [[peroksida]], jeung [[hidroksil]]. == Baca ogé == *[[Asam karboksilat]], sanyawaan nu ngandung gugus fungsi –COOH *[[Asam lemak]], asam karboksilat ranté lempeng *Anion [[asétat]], CH₃COO⁻, dina basa Inggris diwancah ''AcO⁻'' *[[Gugus asétil]], gugus CH₃-CO–, dina [[basa Inggris]] diwancah ''Ac'' *[[Koénzim A|Asétil-koénzim A]], pangakut asétil di jero sél *[[Natrium sitrat]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Acetic acid|Acetic acid}} * {{en}}{{ICSC|0363|03}} * {{en}}[http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/2.html National Pollutant Inventory - Acetic acid fact sheet] * {{en}}[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0002.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] * {{en}}[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/1603.pdf Method for sampling and analysis] * {{en}}[http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1] (US Permissible exposure limits) * {{en}}Mangpaat asam asétat dina [http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/chemname.asp?nameID=32786 Organic Syntheses] * {{en}}pH jeung titrasi asam asétat [http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html - freeware for data analysis, simulation and distribution diagram generation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126143238/http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html |date=2019-01-26 }} * {{en}}Calculation of [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/AntoineCalculation/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid vapor pressure], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR105DensityCalculation/DIPPR105CalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid liquid density], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/VogelCalculation/VogelCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid dynamic liquid viscosity], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR106SFTCalculation/DIPPR106SFTCalculationCGI.exe?component=Acetic+acid surface tension] of acetic acid ==Rujukan== *''[[:en:Acetic acid|Acetic acid]]'' {{pondok}} [[Category:Asétat]] [[Category:Asam karboksilat]] jqp6f625blyjswp8otk1ol5j51c1uix 0 33512 708429 677638 2026-04-22T19:11:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Cangkudu |image = Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia).jpg |image_caption = Daun jeung buah ''Morinda citrifolia'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Gentianales]] |familia = [[Rubiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Morinda]]'' |species = '''''M. citrifolia''''' |binomial = ''Morinda citrifolia'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} [[File:Morinda citrifolia Fruit.jpg|thumb|120px| Cangkudu atawa ''Morinda Citrifolia'']] '''Cangkudu''' atawa ''Morinda Citrifolia'' nyaéta ngaran [[tangkal]] perdu, buahna hampir sakeupeuleun [[leungeun]], loba benjolan saperti [[kudis]] <ref name="sumber1">[[Rosidi, Ajip]], spk.(2000) Ensiklopedi Sunda: Alam, Manusia dan Budaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya</ref>. Cangkudu kaasup jenis kopi-kopian<ref name="sumber4">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=5 Tanaman Obat Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002413/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=5 |date=2011-09-08 }}(Situs Diakses Ping 3 Oktober 2011)</ref>. Cangkudu bisa hirup di dataran landeuh/rendah nepi ka dina palebah 1500 méter tina beungeut cai laut<ref name="sumber4"/>. [[Tutuwuhan]] ieu miboga [[batang]] henteu badag teuing kira-kira luhur [[tangkal]] 3–8 m<ref name="sumber4"/>. Daunna nyusun pahareup-hareup, panjang [[daun]] 20–40&nbsp;cm sarta lébarna 7–15&nbsp;cm<ref name="sumber4"/>. Biasana di sisi pager atawa di juru tepas di padésaan<ref name="sumber1"/>. Tumbuh sorangan, lain dipelak ku jelema<ref name="sumber1"/>. Numutkeun para ahli, si ''Noni'' téh salian ti bisa mantuan nganormalkeun darah tinggi, bisa ogé keur nyageurkeun ''kencing manis'' ([[''Diabetes Mellitus'']]), nyegah jadina sél [[kanker]], ngalancarkeun ''pencernaan'', jrrd <ref name="sumber2">Manglé No. 1895</ref>.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref> ==Mangpaat Cangkudu== Sacara [[tradisional]], sakumna bagian [[tangkal]] cangkudu bisa dimangpaatkeun keur [[ubar]] <ref name="sumber3">[http://rumahkanker.com/pengobatan/komplementer/75-mengenal-manfaat-mengkudu-untuk-kanker Mengenal Manfaat Mengkudu Untuk Kanker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930044248/http://rumahkanker.com/pengobatan/komplementer/75-mengenal-manfaat-mengkudu-untuk-kanker |date=2010-09-30 }}(Situs Diakses Ping 3 Oktober 2011)</ref>. Akarna pikeun ngubaran [[kejang-kejang]] sarta [[tetanus]], nganormalkeun ''tekanan darah'', ubar [[harééng]], sarta '''''tonikum'''''<ref name="sumber3"/>. Kulit batang dipaké keur ubar [[malaria]], [[tonikum]], [[antiseptik]] dina [[tatu]], atawa ngempéskeun anu bareuh [[kulit]]<ref name="sumber3"/>. Daunna dipaké minangka ubar [[disentri]], [[kejang usus]], [[lieur]], utah-utah, sarta muriang<ref name="sumber3"/>. Jaman baheula [[daun]], [[akar]], sarta [[batang]] cangkudu memang leuwih loba dimangpaatkeun<ref name="sumber3"/>. Tapi ahir-ahir ieu buahna nu leuwih loba dimangpaatkeun keur ubar<ref name="sumber3"/>. Contona pikeun nungkulan [[hipertensi]], buah cangkudu nu asak dicokot caina, dicampur [[madu]], saterusna diinum unggal [[isuk-isuk]] saméméh mumuluk<ref name="sumber3"/>. Pikeun nungkulan panyakit [[konéng]], dua buah cangkudu dicokot caina, dicampur [[gula batu]], saterusna diinum (dipigawé saminggu dua kali nepi ka cageur)<ref name="sumber3"/>. Pikeun [[batuk]] sarta ateul di [[tikoro]], buah cangkudu nu asak didahar babarengan ku [[uyah]]. ==Kandungan Cangkudu== Tina hasil panalungtikan, buah cangkudu téh ngandung leuwih ti 60 zat anu mangpaat keur kasehatan urang<ref name="sumber2" />. [[Buah]] sarta [[daun]] cangkudu mangrupa bahan [[pangan]] nu miboga kandungan [[gizi]] lengkep<ref name="sumber3" />. Sajaba sagala rupa [[vitamin]], [[protein]], sarta [[mineral]], cangkudu ogé ngandung [[xeronine]] nu mangpaatna pikeun ngoméan sél-sél anu ruksak dina [[awak]]<ref name="sumber2" />, [[damnachantal]] nu mangrupa [[zat]] anu bisa nyegah jadina [[tumor]]<ref name="sumber2" />, [[proxeronine]], [[steroid alami]], [[alizarin]], [[lysin]], [[sodium]], [[asam kaprat]], [[asam kaprilat]], [[asam kaproat]], [[arginine]], [[antraquinone]], [[trace elements]], [[fenilalanin]], [[selenium]], [[magnesium]]<ref name="sumber3" />, [[metil asetil ester]], [[senyawa moridon]], [[senyawa soranjidiol]]<ref name="sumber 6">[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/lipi_pdii/mengkudu.htm MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia L.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917023254/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/lipi_pdii/mengkudu.htm |date=2011-09-17 }}(Situs Diakses Ping 3 Oktober 2011)</ref>, jeung réa deui. Di antara zat-zat gizi, kasebut aya zat antibakteri anu bisa maéhan ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Protens morganii]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Bacillus subtilis]], [[Escherichia coli]]'' (cukang lantaran diare), ''[[Salmonella montivideo]], [[S. scotmuelleri]], [[S. typhii]]'' (cukang lantaran tifus), ''[[Shigella dysenteriae]], [[S. flexnerii]], [[S. pradysenteriae]]'', sarta ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref name="sumber3"/>. [[Senyawa scopoletin]] anu loba aya dina cangkudu sajaba boga sipat antibakteri, antiradang sarta antialergi, ngaronjatkeun sistem kekebalan awak ([[imunomodulator]])<ref name="sumber3"/>, ogé bisa ngaronjatkeun fungsi [[kelenjar tiroid]] sarta kelenjar timus<ref name="sumber 5">[http://kesehatan.kompas.com/read/2010/07/20/11133019/Mengkudu..Si.Buruk.Rupa.Kaya.Manfaat. Mengkudu, Si Buruk Rupa Kaya Manfaat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225139/http://kesehatan.kompas.com/read/2010/07/20/11133019/Mengkudu..Si.Buruk.Rupa.Kaya.Manfaat. |date=2016-03-04 }}(Situs Diakses Ping 3 Oktober 2011)</ref>. Kadua kelenjar ieu miboga fungsi ngalawan [[infeksi]] sarta ngajaga kekebalan awak<ref name="sumber 5"/>. Turunna fungsi kelenjar ieu bisa nyieun awak gampang katerap [[panyakit]]<ref name="sumber 5"/>. Pamakéan cangkudu pikeun pengobatan kanker ahir-ahir ieu beuki populér kalayan beuki lobana panalungtikan ngeunaan mangpaat mengkudu pikeun kanker<ref name="sumber3"/>. ==Hasil Panalungtikan Ahli== Tim panalungtikan [[Universitas]] [[Hawaii]] anu dipingpin [[Annie Hirazumi]] manggihan yén jus cangkudu ngaronjatkeun gawé sistem kekebalan awak (utamana [[sél makrofag]] sarta [[limfosit]]) [[beurit]] bodas anu diinduksi jeung [[sél kanker paru Lewis]] bisa tahan hirup 50 poé leuwih<ref name="sumber3"/>. Padahal beurit anu henteu dibéré cangkudu ngan sanggup tahan hirup antara 9-12 [[poé]] waé<ref name="sumber3"/>. Annie ogé nalungtik yén jus cangkudu méré mangpaat pikeun nungkulan [[sarcoma]]<ref name="sumber3"/>. Tim panalungtikan [[Universitas]] [[Negeri]] [[Lousiana]], AS, anu dipingpin ku [[Conrad A. Hornick, Ph.D]] manggihan yén jus cangkudu dina kadar 10% bisa ngeureunkeun pembentukan [[pembuluh darah]] ([[anti angiogenesis]]) dina [[sél kanker payudara]] sarta ngarusak [[pembuluh darah kanker]] anu geus aya, ku kituna sél-sél kanker jadi paéh<ref name="sumber3"/>. [[Maria Gabriela Manuele]] saparakanca ngabuktikeun yén [[scopoletin]] bisa ngaktifkeun [[limfosit]] sakaligus maéhan [[sél kanker limfoma]]<ref name="sumber3"/>. ==Ngolah Cangkudu Pikeun Ubar== ===Ubar Hipertensi=== 2 buah cangkudu dipiceun sikina, parud; hiji bonténg, parud sarta peureut. Campurkeun cai bonténg ka ramuan cangkudu, béré gula aren sarta 2 gelas cai panas, saring. Diinum 3 kali sapoé<ref name="sumber 6"/>. ===Ubar Ngalancarkeun Kahampangan=== 2 buah cangkudu asak dikumbah, parud, béré sa sdm garam, peureut ku kaén. Pikeun diinum 3 kali sapoé<ref name="sumber 6"/>. ===Ubar Batuk=== 2 buah cangkudu asak dikumbah, parud, peureut, béré gula batu sarta saeutik cai perasan cai jeruk nipis. Inum 3 kali sapoé<ref name="sumber 6"/>. ===Ubar Diabetes=== Sawatara daun cangkudu dikumbah, kulub nepi ka asak. Dahar minangka lalap<ref name="sumber 6"/>. ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}}7. [http://www.mengerikan.com/manfaat-mengkudu-secara-ilmiah-bagi-kesehatan/ Manfaat Mengkudu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024422/http://www.mengerikan.com/manfaat-mengkudu-secara-ilmiah-bagi-kesehatan/ |date=2015-11-17 }} [[Kategori:Morinda]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] qra3xszto3marmg0flxhkp4pt5v96f1 0 35653 708416 490850 2026-04-22T14:28:48Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} '''Ijtihad''' asalna tina kecap ''ijtahada'' artina usaha bener-bener atawa ngaluarkeun sagala pangabisa.<ref name=sumber1>Tim Dosen Agama Islam UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA. 2009. Islam Tuntutan dan Pedoman Hidup. Bandung; Value Press Bandung. Kaca 56</ref> Ijtihad sacara istilah dihartikeun para ahli [[Ushul Fikih]], minangka usaha [[mujtahid]] (jelema anu berijtihad) kalayan sakabéh kaenyaan sarta kesanggupan pikeun meunangkeun katangtuan [[hukum]] hiji hal masalah kalayan ngagunakeun métodologi anu bener, ti kadua asal hukum [[Alquran]] sarta [[Assunnah]].<ref name=sumber1 /> Anu dijadikeun sarandéan dina ijtihad nyaéta [[hadis]] ngeunaan [[Muadz bin Jabal]] nalika diutus ku Nabi saw. pikeun jadi hakim di nagari [[Yaman]].<ref name=sumber1 /> [[Rasullullah]] nanya: "Kumaha manéh baris ngutuskeun perkara lamun disanghareupan ka manéh hiji pengaduan?" Manéhna némbalan: "Kuring baris ngutuskeun kalayan hukum anu kamuat di jero Kitabullah (Alquran)." Anjeunna nanya: "Lamun henteu di jero Kitabullah?" Manéhna némbalan: "Jeung Assunnah Rasulullah" Anjeunna nanya deui: "Lamun euweuh di jero Assunnah Rasulullah?" Manéhna némbalan: "Kuring baris usaha teguh ngagunakeun pikiran sarta teu eureun usaha."<ref name=sumber1 /> ==Wangun Ijtihad== *''Ijmak'', nyaéta kamupakatan para mujtahid dina hiji magsa kana [[Hukum Syara|hukum syara']] ngeunaan hiji perkara.<ref name=sumber2>Abdullah, S.Ag. & Helmi, Yusuf, S.Ag. Lembar Kerja Siswa SMA Untuk Kelas X Semester I Agama Islam. Depok; CV.Arya Duta. Kaca 35</ref> *''Qiyas'', nyaéta nyaruakeun hiji perkara anu euweuh nasna dina perkara séjén anu aya nasna lantaran ayana kasaruaan perkara kasebut.<ref name=sumber2 /> *''Istishab'', nyaéta neruskeun lumakuna hukum anu geus aya sarta anu geus ditetepkeun alatan ayana hiji [[dalil]], nepi ka aya dalil séjén anu ngarobah kalungguhan hukum kasebut.<ref name=sumber2 /> *''Maslahah murasalah'', nyaéta kemaslahatan (kahadéan) anu henteu disyariatkan ku syara' dina wangun hukum, sarta lamun dipigawé baris mawa kebaikan.<ref name=sumber2 /> *''Urf'', nyaéta kabiasaan atawa [[talari]] atawa adat anu dipigawé ku [[manusa]], boh dina wangun [[omongan]] boh gawéna. *''Saddu zara'i'', nyaéta ngahulag perkara-perkara anu zahirna subhat alatan manéhna muka jalan sarta jadi nu ngadorong ka gawéna anu nyata [[maksiat]].<ref name=sumber2 /> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] sug3tqjo1o19wxvl8nigc1dwub6pdvp 0 43426 708415 627071 2026-04-22T14:26:53Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ciri-ciri */ 708415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Mubah''' ([[Basa Arab]]: ????, "Mubaah"; "Bisa") nyaéta hiji status [[Hukum]] kana hiji [[aktivitas]] di [[dunya]] [[Islam]].<ref>[[www.kafemuslimah.com|Kafe Muslimah]]</ref> Kagiatan nu jadi status [[hukum]] mubah bisa keur dipigawé, malah leuwih condong kana disarankeun ([[paréntah]]), tapi euweuh [[jangji]] dina bentuk [[Kertajati]] dina bentuk [[ganjaran]] ka dinya.{{fact}} Mubah bsa dihartikeun ogé hiji [[perkara]] nu lamun dipigawé ku [[jalma]] [[Muslim]] [[mukallaf]] moal matak meunang [[dosa]] jeung teu [[diganjar]].{{fact}} Conto: [[dahar]] jeung [[nginum]], [[balanja]], [[heureuy]], [[ngalamun]], jeung sajabana.<ref>[http://www.organisasi.org/1970/01/pengertian-hukum-islam-syara-wajib-sunnah-makruh-mubah-haram.html Pengertian Hukum Islam (Syara')] </ref> ==Ciri-ciri== Mubah bisa kanyahoan dina tilu cara:<ref name=":0">[http://www.ahmadzain.com/read/ilmu/70/mubah-dan-alafwu/ Mubah dan Alwafu]</ref> 1. Aya nash tina [[Hukum Syara|syara]] 'nu nyebutkeun yén éta téh teu [[dosa]] lamun dipigawé. Saumpama dina [[Firman]] Allah:<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" /> وَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُم بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاء أَوْ أَكْنَنتُمْ فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ nu hartina : Jeung euweuh dosa kanggo Anjeun pikeun Djafar awewe jeung satir atawa nyumputkeun (kahayang pikeun nikah maranéhna) dina hate anjeun (Surat al-Baqarah: 231).<ref name=":0" /> 2. Teu disebutkeun dina [[syara]] '.<ref name=":0" /> Hal ieu nuduhkeun yén hiji hal anu mubah, dalilna mangrupa kaédah «al baroah al ashliyah« (tina asalna sagala hal anu [[halal]], saperti [[hukum]] ngarekam [[tilawah]] Al-Qur'an jeung [[pangajian]] maké recorder, USB, atawa handycam, [[dakwah]] via [[Internét]] jeung sajabana.<ref name=":0" /> 3. Aya nash nu nyebutkeun yén éta téh mubah atawa [[halal]].<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" /> أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ الصِّيَامِ الرَّفَثُ إِلَى نِسَآئِكُمْ هُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَّكُمْ وَأَنتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَّهُنَّ "Diijinkeun ka anjeun dina peuting dina bulan puasa dicampurkeun jeung istri anjeun; . maranéhanana garments jeung anjeun nu hiji pésta maranéhna "(Surat Al-Baqarah: 187)<ref name=":0" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] 6sm7fdes3otmzkanmni2wyqti86ffks 0 54456 708426 667018 2026-04-22T17:35:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorsport championship | name = Balap motor Grand Prix | logo = Moto Gp logo.svg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Logo resmi MotoGP | category = [[Balap motor]] | region = [[Internasional]] | inaugural2 = [[1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1949]] | section1 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya MotoGP | constructors = [[Aprilia]], [[Ducati]], [[Honda]], [[KTM]], [[Suzuki]], [[Yamaha]] | tyres = [[Michelin]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | constructor = [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] | current_season = Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017 }} | section2 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2 | constructors = [[Kalex]], [[Suter Racing Technology|Suter]], [[Speed Up]], [[Tech 3]], [[KTM]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]] | constructor = [[Kalex]] | current_season = 2017 Moto2 season }} | section3 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto3 | constructors = [[KTM]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]], [[Honda]], [[Peugeot Motorcycles|Peugeot]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Brad Binder]] | constructor = [[KTM]] | current_season = 2017 Moto3 season }} | website = {{URL|http://www.motogp.com}} }} [[File:MotoGP final race.jpg|thumb|Balap motor Grand Prix]] '''Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix''' mimiti diayakeun ku ''[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]] ''(FIM) taun 1949.<ref name="sajarah"/> Harita sacara tradisional geus dilaksanakeun sababaraha balapan di masing-masing acara pikeun sagala rupa kelas motor, dumasar kapasitas mesin, sarta kelas pikeun ''sidecars'' (motor gandéngan nu ditapelkeun digigir).<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas-kelas nu aya harita nyaéta 50 cc, 125 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, sarta 500 cc pikeun motor nu ditumpakan ku sorangan, sarta 350 cc jeung 500 cc pikeun motor ''sidecars''.<ref name="sajarah"/> Taun 1950-an sarta sapanjang taun 1960-an, motor mesin 4 Tak pinunjul di sakuliah kelas.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina panungtungan taun 1960-an, motor mesin 2 mimiti pinunjul di kelas-kelas leutik.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1970-an motor mesin 2 Tak bener-bener nyingkahkeun mesin-mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1979, [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngusahakeun mesin 4 Tak di kelas utama kalayan nurunkeun motor NR500, tapi proyék ieu gagal, sarta dina taun 1983 [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngahontal kameunangan kalayan motor 500 cc 2 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1983, kelas 350 cc pamustunganna dieureunkeun.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas 50 cc diganti ku kelas 80 cc dina taun 1984, antukna kelas nu mindeng didominasi ku purah balap ti [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Italia]] dieureunkeun taun 1990.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas ''sidecars'' ogé dieureunkeun tina kajuaraan dunya taun 1990-an, nu aya tinggal kelas 125 cc, 250 cc, sarta kelas 500 cc.<ref name="sajarah">{{cite news |title=Sejarah MotoGP |publisher=racemotogp.com |url=http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |accessdate=22 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718220727/http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> ==Pedaran== Motor Grand Prix nyaéta mesin balap nu dijieun husus sarta teu dijual pikeun dibeuli ku masyarakat umum sarta teu meunang dipaké di jalan umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ieu béda kalayan sababaraha kategori balap dumasar produksi, saperti [[Superbike World Championship|Superbike]] sarta [[Isle of Man TT Races]] nu ngaluarkeun motor vérsi modifikasi nu dijual atawa sadia pikeun umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kiwari kajuaraan dibagi kana tilu kelas : MotoGP, Moto2 sarta Moto3.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sakabéh kelas ngagunakeun mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2010 kelas 250cc diganti ku kelas Moto2 600&nbsp;cc mesin 4 tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> taun 2012 kelas 125cc diganti ku kelas Moto3 250cc mesin 4 tak kalayan wates beurat 65&nbsp;kg kalayan béngsin, sarta kapasitas mesin pikeun MotoGP dironjatkeun tina 800&nbsp;cc ka 1.000&nbsp;cc.<ref name="GradPrix">{{cite news|title=MotoGP|publisher=sportcentral.es|url=http://sportcentral.es/motogp|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031023302/http://sportcentral.es/motogp/ |date=2016-10-31 }}</ref> Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix [[FIM]] mimiti diorganisir ku ''[[''Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme''|Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]]'' taun 1949.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hak komérsial kiwari dipibanda ku [[Dorna Sports]], kalayan [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] minangka badan sanksi olahraga.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Tim-tim diwakilan ku ''International Road Racing Teams Association'' (IRTA) sarta produsén ku ''Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association'' (MSMA).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan sarta parobahan tetekon diputuskeun antara opat éntitas, kalayan [[Dorna Sports|Dorna]] ngalakukeun ngumpulkeun sora sacara ''[[tie-breaking]]''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina kasus modifikasi téknis, MSMA wenang sacara sapihak ngalakukeun atawa ngavéto parobahan kalayan sora buleud di antara para anggotanna.<ref name="organization">{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=MOTOGP: Dorna CEO Advocates Limits on Electronics in MotoGP |publisher=SPEEDTV.com |date=2007-12-21 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |accessdate=2008-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |archivedate=2008-05-06 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |date=2008-05-06 }}</ref> Kaopat éntitas ieu ngawangun Komisi Grand Prix.<ref name="GradPrix"/> [[File:2006YamahaYZR-M1-001.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Motor Yamaha YZR-M1 MotoGP (2006)]] Balap motor Grand Prix kelas utama geus robah sacara dramatis dina sababraha taun panungtung.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ti tengah-tengan taun 1970 nepi ka taun 2001, kelas utama balap motor Grand Prix ngarobah mesin 500 cc kalayan maksimal opat séher, teu paduli naha mesin éta [[two-stroke cycle|2-Tak]] atawa [[four-stroke cycle|4- Tak]].<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2002, parobahan tetekon diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan kasebut ngidinan produsén milih antara mesin 2-Tak 500 cc atawa mesin 4-Tak ti 990 cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pabrikan ogé diidinan pikeun ngagunakeun pilihan [[engine configuration|konfigurasi mesin]] maranéhna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sanajan waragad ngaronjat badag dina ngawangun mesin 4-Tak, lantaran kaleuwihan kapasitas 490cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mesin 4-Tak bisa gancang pinunjul ti saingan 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Akibatna, taun 2003 euweuh mesin 2-Tak dina balapan MotoGP.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kelas 125 cc jeung 250 cc masih maké mesin 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2007, kelas MotoGP kapasitas mesin maksimum dikurangan jadi 800 cc salila minimal lima taun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pikeun usum 2012 kapasitasna geus ngaronjat deu jadi 1.000 cc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/8409225.stm|title=MotoGP increases engine size to 1,000&nbsp;cc in 2012|date=10 January 2010|publisher=''[[BBC Sport]]''}}</ref> [[File:Motogp-kal.png|thumb|Usum MotoGP nu has]] Kalender balap taun 2008 ngawengku 18 rintakan di 15 nagara nu béda (Qatar, Spanyol nu ngayakeun tilu rintakan, Portugal, China, Prancis, Itali, Britania Raya, Walanda, Jérman, Amérika dua rintakan, Républik Céko, San Marino, Jepang, Australia sarta Malaysia).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Eksklusif pikeun kelas MotoGP, aya ogé rintakan Amérika di [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]] di [[Monterey, California]], pikeun kelas 800&nbsp;cc wungkul; ku sabab ''paddock'' teu cukup gedé pikeun dua kelas lianna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2008, MotoGP diayakeun di [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] nu munggaran dina jalur nu anyar disiapkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Katilu kelas kasebut dijadwalkeun balap tapi angin tarik sarta hujan antukna kelas 250 cc teu jadi balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan MotoGP di Indianapolis ngalawan arah jarum jam, kalayan "''snake pit''" kompléks ngaliwatan garis ''start-finish'' saancan ka péngkolan hiji jalur pondok sarta asup bagéan tengah sirkuit.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ''Grid'' ngawengku tilu kolom (Opat pikeun kelas 125&nbsp;cc sarta kelas 250&nbsp;cc) sarta bisa asup sakitar 20 urang purah balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Posisi ''grid'' diputuskeun dina urutan kualifikasi kacepatan, kalayan nu panggancangna di posisi [[Pole position|pole]] atwa posisi kahiji.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan lumangsung kira-kira 45 menit, setiap balapan mangrupa pagancang-gancang ti awal nepi ka ahir tanpa ngadu bahan beuleum atawa gilinding.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2005, tetekon bandéra pikeun MotoGP diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Saméméhna, lamun mimiti balapan garing terus turun hujan, patugas ngébérkeun bandéra beurem (balapan eureun) sarta diteruskeun atawa dibalikan deui maké gilinding husus baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ayeuna, nalika hujan turun, bandera bodas dikébérkeun, nandakeun yén purah balap bisa asup ''pit'' pikeun ngaganti motor nu béda gilindingna <ref>{{cite news |title=Barros Dominates Rain-Hit Contest in Portugal |publisher=world.honda.com|date=17 April 2005|url=http://world.honda.com/WGP/2005/02portugal/race/|accessdate=23 Juni 2017}}</ref> Sagédkngeun béda gilinding, motor cuaca baseuh mibanda rém rotor waja sarta ''[[brake pads]]'' nu béda tibatan rém karbon sarta pedal nu digunakeun dina motor 'garing'.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ku sabab rém karbon kudu kaayan panas supaya pungsina hadé, sedengkeun cai ngalantarankeun tiis.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Suspénsi ogé 'ngahipuan' rada naék ku sabab cuaca baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Nalika purah balap kacilakaan, patugas sirkuit ngébérkeun bandéra konéng, ngalarang ngaliwat ka daérah éta; bandéra konéng dikébérkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mun purah balap nu cilaka teu bisa diévakuasi kalayan salamet ti lintasan, balapan ditandaan kalayan bandéra beureum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aya dua jenis kacilakaan balap motor : [[lowsider|lowside]], kalayan purah balap awalna nuturkeun motorna (labuh bareng jeung motor), sarta nu leuwih bahaya [[highsider|highside]], kalayan purah balap nu ngacleng tina motor.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ngaronjatkeun ngagunakeun [[traction control system|kontrol traksi]] ngurangan kacilakaan ''highside''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hiji motor tingkat pangluhurna pikeun purah balap kira-kira méakeun waragad 3 nepi 3,5 juta dollar pikeun hiji usum balap.<ref>[http://www.sportbikes.net/forums/general-sportbikes/434433-idiots-guide-motogp-part-ii.html ''THE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO MOTOGP: How to increase costs and decrease speed (Part II)''] sportbikes.net Moto GP News 3 January 2006.</ref> Minangka alatan [[Global financial crisis of 2008–2009|krisi finansial 2008–2009]], MotoGP geus ngalaman parobahan dina usaha ngurangan waragad.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Di antarana ngurangan sési latihan poé Juma'ah, ngalarang suspénsi aktif, kontrol sarta rém karamik komposit, manjangkeun umur mesin, sarta ngurangan sési pangujian.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIM announce changes to 2009 regulations |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-02-18 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |accessdate=23 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908150013/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |date=2012-09-08 }}</ref> ==Purah balap== Purah balap nguriling dunya pikeun balapan dina séri Kajuaraan Dunya FIM taunan.<ref name = "purahbalap"/>   Kajuaraan ieu loba pamilonna ti [[Italia]] jeung [[Spanyol]], loba purah balap nu pinunjul ti nagara ieu di awal abad ka-21.<ref name = "purahbalap"/> Pikeun usum balapan taun 2011, 25 purah balap ti delapan nagara milu balap di kajuaraan kelas utama.<ref name = "purahbalap">{{cite web|title=MotoGP World Championships Upcoming Events of 2017|url=http://vipsuperbiker.com/motogp-world-championships-upcoming-events-of-2017/|publisher=vipsuperbiker.com|accessdate=26 Juni 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Juara=== Hadiah Kajuaraan Dunya dibikeun ka purah balap paling suksés dina hiji usum, saperti nu ditangtukeun ku sistim peunteun dumasar hasil Grand Prix.<ref name = "juara"/> Juara Dunya satiap kategori wajib pikeun milu upacara resmi FIM.<ref name = "juara">{{cite web|title=MotoGP Reglement 2016|url=http://www.motorsport-total.com/motorrad/MotoGP-Reglement-2016.pdf|publisher=motorsport-total.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Giacomo Agostini]] nyaéta juara paling suksés dina sajarah Grand Prix, kalayan 15 gelar (8 di kelas 500&nbsp;cc sarta 7 di kelas 350&nbsp;cc).<ref name = "Agostini">{{cite web|title=Giacomo Agostini|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316213403/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini |date=2015-03-16 }}</ref> [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]], nu meunang 12 tina 15 (80%) balapan 500&nbsp;cc di [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|Usum Balap motor Grand Prix 1997]] ogé pantes diajénan.<ref name = "Doohan">{{cite web|title=Mick Doohan|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025022347/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan |date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> [[Valentino Rossi]] mangrupa purah balap kontémporér nu paling suksés, geus meunang salapan gelar kaasup genep gelar Moto GP, di kelas 500&nbsp;cc, 250&nbsp;cc jeung 125&nbsp;cc.<ref>{{cite web|last=MotoGP|title=Valentino Rossi|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi|work=MotoGP Rider Profiles|publisher=Dorna Sports S.L.|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074112/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi |date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> Juara purah balap ayeuna ([[2016 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2016]]) nyaéta [[Marc Márquez]].<ref name = "Marquez">{{cite web|title=Marc Marquez|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014159/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2012-05-04 }}</ref> ==Sirkuit MotoGP== [[File:MotoGP world map.png|thumb|300px|Peta MotoGP. Nagara-nagara nu ditandaan kalayan kelir héjo jadi tuan rumah grand prix panungtung, maranéhna nu beureum geus jadi tuan rumah MotoGP mangsa kaliwat.]] Usum balap [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017|MotoGP 2017]] ngawengku 18 balapan di sirkuit di 15 nagara nu béda ([[Spanyol]] opat kali rintakan ngayakeun balapan).<ref name=prov2015>{{cite news|title=2015 provisional MotoGP™ calendar announced|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=26 September 2014|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008015819/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced |date=8 October 2014 }}</ref> *{{QAT}}, [[Doha]], [[Losail International Circuit]] *{{ARG}}, [[Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo]] *{{USA}}, [[Austin]], [[Circuit of the Americas]] *{{SPA}}, [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Circuito de Jerez]] *{{FRA}}, [[Le Mans]], [[Circuit Bugatti]] *{{ITA}}, [[Scarperia]], [[Mugello Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Montmelo]], [[Circuit de Catalunya]] *{{NLD}}, [[Assen]], [[TT Circuit Assen]] *{{GER}}, [[Chemnitz]], [[Sachsenring]] *{{AUT}}, [[Spielberg]], [[Red Bull Ring]] *{{CZE}}, [[Brno]], [[Masaryk Circuit]] *{{UK}}, [[Silverstone]], [[Silverstone Circuit]] *{{SMR}}, [[Rimini]], [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli]] *{{SPA}}, [[Alcañiz]], [[Ciudad del Motor de Aragón|Motorland Aragon]] *{{JPN}}, [[Motegi, Tochigi|Motegi]], [[Twin Ring Motegi]] *{{AUS}}, [[Phillip Island]], [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit]] *{{MAS}}, [[Sepang]], [[Sepang Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Valencia]], [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo]] ==Spésifikasi== ===Kelas MotoGP=== [[File:Casey Stoner 2011 Brno 1.jpg|thumb|[[Casey Stoner]] di MotoGP [[Brno]]]] <nowiki/>Kacepatan pangtarikna pikeun motor MotoGP dina kategori 125 cc nyaéta 249,76&nbsp;km / jam (155,19&nbsp;mph) ku Valentino Rossi taun 1996 pikeun Aprilia sarta kacepatan pangtarikna dina sajarah MotoGP nyaéta {{convert|361|km/h|abbr=on}}, ku Andréa Dovizioso, nalika pamansan di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Qatar 2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2015/QAT/MotoGP/RAC/AverageSpeed.pdf?v1_9b1c9216| title=Race Top Speed & Average|date=2015-03-29|work=MotoGP.com |accessdate=2014-06-02}}</ref> Tanggal 11 December, 2009, Komisi Grand Prix ngabéwarakeun yén kelas MotoGP baris dironjatkeun jadi mesin 1.000 cc mimiti usum 2012. Maksimum diwates nepi ka 1.000 cc, séher maksimum diwates nepi ka opat, sarta ''bore'' maksimum nepi ka {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name="1000again">{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/1/5275/Motorcycle-Article/MotoGP-Goes-Back-to-1,000&nbsp;cc-in-2012.aspx |title=MotoGP Goes Back to 1,000 cc in 2012 |publisher=Motorcycle-usa.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-27 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Carmelo Ezpeleta, Céo [[Dorna Sports]], nunjukkeun yén parobahan nu diproyéksikeun ditarima ku tim kalayan hadé.<ref>[http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes//P3/ " MOTOGP: Rossi Quickest As Sepang Test Concludes,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731152118/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes/P3 |date=2010-07-31 }} ''[[SPEEDtv.com]]'' (2010).</ref> Ti taun 2012, tim-tim nu teu asup salah sahiji produsén gedé bisa néangan status "''claiming rule team''" (CRT).<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT dimaksudkeun supaya tim independén bisa saingan kalayan waragad leuwih murah sarta nambah jumlah pamilon di MotoGP.<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT diuntungkeun tina paraturan nu kurang ketat ngunaan jumlah mesin nu bisa digunakeun dina hiji usum, sarta kalayan tunjangan bahan beuleum nu leuwih gedé salila balapan.<ref name = "CRT"/> Kalayan paraturan klaim, CRT satuju pikeun ngidinan nepi ka opat mesin per usum pikeun diklaim, sanggaeus balapan, ku salah sahiji tim produsén utama kalayan waragad masing-masing gedéna €20,000 kaasup persenéleng, atawa masing-masing €15,000 pikeun mesin wungkul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs|title=Corrado Cecchinelli talks CRT regulations|date=2011-05-03|work=MotoGP.com|accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114515/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs |date=2013-06-27 }}</ref> Ti usum taun 2014, kelas CRT diturunkeun demi spésifikasi "''Open Class''" - ngidinan tim ngagunakeun pakakas kontrol ECU sarta pikeun ngaronjatkeun daya saing maranéhna.<ref name = "CRT">[http://motomatters.com/news/2013/10/17/motogp_rules_update_crt_name_dropped_rep.html MotoGP Rules Update: 'CRT' Name Dropped, Replaced With 'Open'] Motomatters, 17 October 2013 Retrieved 2014-12-17</ref> ===Kelas Moto2=== Moto2 (dipikawanoh ogé kelas 600cc class) nyaéta kelas 600&nbsp;cc 4-Tak, [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Moto2 introduction|diluncurkeun taun 2010]] pikeun ngagantikeun kelas tradisional 250&nbsp;cc 2-Tak.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Mesin dipasok sacara éksklusif ku Honda,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html| title=Honda Moto2 Engines To Produce 125 BHP| publisher=motomatters.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164746/https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> gilinding ku [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] sarta éléktronik kawates sarta ngan dipasok ku produsén nu ditunjuk ku FIM kalayan waragad maksimum nu ditetepkeun gedéna 650 EUR. Rém cakram karbon dilarang, ngan cakram rém waja nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Sanajan kitu, euweuh watesan pikeun rangka.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Ti taun 2010 jeung saterusna, ngan mesin 600&nbsp;cc 4-T Moto2 nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600" >{{cite news | url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2008/december/dec1108-moto2-600cc-rules-unveiled/ | title=Moto2 600cc four-stroke rules unveiled | publisher =motorcyclenews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> ===Kelas Moto3=== Kelas 125&nbsp;cc diganti taun [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Class changes|2012]] ku kelad Moto3.<ref name = "motot3"/> Kelas ieu diwatesan pikeun mesin opat seher kapasitas 250 cc kalayan ''bore'' maksimum {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Beurat total minimum pikeun motor sarta purah balap nyaéta {{convert|152|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Purah balap kelas Moto3 teu meunang leuwih kolot ti 28 taun, atawa 25 taun pikeun purah balap anyar kontrak nu mimiti ngiluan sarta ''wild-cards''.<ref name = "motot3">{{cite web|url=https://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp|title=What is MotoGP|work=srm-sachsenring.de|accessdate=2014-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502034337/http://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp |date=2016-05-02 }}</ref> ===Spésifikasi mesin=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Spésifikasi !! MotoGP !! Moto2 !! Moto3 |- | {{rh}} | Pabrik || Rupa-rupa || [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] || Rupa-rupa |- | {{rh}} | Konfigurasi || 75.5°-90° [[V4 engine|V4]]/[[Inline-four engine|Sagaris-opat]] || sagaris-opat || [[Single-cylinder engine|sa-séher]] |- | {{rh}} | Kapasitas || {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|250|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Kombusi || colspan="3" | [[Four-stroke]] (ti taun 2012) |- | {{rh}} | Kelép || colspan="3" | [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]], opat-kelép per séher |- | {{rh}} | Bahan beuleum || Tanpa timbal 100 [[Octane rating|octane]] (euweuh kontrol) || colspan="2" | [[Total S.A.|Total]] tanpa timbal 98 [[Octane rating|octane]] (saprak 2016) |- | {{rh}} | Sistim bahan beuleum || colspan="3" | [[Fuel injection|Bahan beuleum injéksi]] |- | {{rh}} | Aspirasi || colspan="3" | [[Naturally aspirated engine|Natural aspiration]] |- | {{rh}} | tanaga || {{convert|240|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|140|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|55|bhp|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Rasio Tanaga-ka-beurat || 1.51&nbsp;bhp/kg || ~1&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes|title=Inside MotoGP™ · Bikes|last=Sports|first=Dorna|website=www.motogp.com|access-date=2016-04-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408201403/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes |date=2016-04-08 }}</ref> || ~0.6&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports"/> |- | {{rh}} | Palumasan || colspan="3" | [[Wet sump]] |- | {{rh}} | Wates Rev || colspan="2" | 17,500 - 18,000 rpm || 14,000 rpm |- | {{rh}} | Kacepatan || {{convert|361|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|231|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Paniis || colspan="3" | Kompa cai tunggal |- | {{rh}} | Busi || colspan="3" | [[NGK]] |- |} ===Beurat=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:450px;" |+ Beurat minimum - Kelas MotoGP |- !Jumlah séher !2002 minimum !2007 minimum !2010 minimum |- !2 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|137|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !3 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|140.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|142.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !4 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|148|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !5 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|155.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|157.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !6 |{{convert|155|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|163|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|165|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |} * Dina taun 2005, kapasitas [[fuel tank|téngki bahan beuleum]] dironjatkeun ti 20 léter ka 24 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Dina taun 2006, kapasitas tengki bahan beuleum dikurangan saeutik ti 24 léter ka 22 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Ti taun 2007 jeung saterusna, sarta pikeun jangka waktu minimal lima taun, FIM geus ngatur kelas MotoGP yén mesin 2-T geus teu diidinan.<ref name = "tengki"/> Kapasitas bahan beuleum maksimal jadi 21 léter.<ref name = "tengki" >{{cite news | url=http://www.bikesportnews.com/news/news-detail/motogp-fuel-limit-set-at-22-litres-for-2016| title=MotoGP fuel limit set at 22 litres for 2016 | publisher =bikesportnews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Ti taun 2007 ka taun 2011, mesin 4-Tak diwates nepi ka 800&nbsp;cc <ref name = "800cc" >{{cite news| url=http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp| title=MotoGP| publisher=sportrider.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727160148/http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp |date=2017-07-27 }}</ref> *Dina taun 2012 kapasitas mesin dironjatkeun jadi 1000cc<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP Basics|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190339/http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines |date=2013-02-02 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2013 minimum beurat dironjatkeun ka {{convert|160|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/176551/1/why-the-motogp-weight-limit-changed.html| title=How the MotoGP weight increase happened| publisher =crash.net|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2015 minimum beurat diturunkeun ka {{convert|158|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP™ software development freeze for mid-2015|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/09/14/motogp-software-development-freeze-for-mid-2015/165095}}</ref> ==Gilinding== Pikeun taun 2009, 2010 sarta 2011, panyadia gilinding Bridgestone ditunjuk ku FIM (kalayan Michelin teu nyadiaan gilinding pikeun MotoGP).<ref name = gilinding/> Bridgestone nyadiakeun pikeun sakabéh usum opat spesifikasi nu béda ti gilinding hareup, genep gilinding tukang, sarta hiji spésifikasi gilinding baseuh—kalayan tanpa spésifikasi kualifikasi.<ref name = gilinding/> Pikeun satiap rintakan Bridgestone disadiakeun ngan dua spésifikasi pikeun hareup jeung tukang.<ref name = gilinding/> Gilinding sacara acak dibagikeun ka purah balap pikeun ngajamin teu mihak ka salah sahiji purah balap.<ref name = gilinding >{{cite web |url=http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |title=Bridgestone: How MotoGP Spec Tyres Will Work |accessdate=30 Juni 2017 |date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=SuperbikePlanet.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |archivedate=February 7, 2009 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref> Jorge Lorenzo ngarojong tetekon mono gilinding.<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2009/December/dec2809-Jorge-Lorenzo-satisfied-with-single-tyre-rule/?R=EPI-120980 ''Jorge Lorenzo satisfied with single tyre rule''] motorcyclenews</ref> Dina panungtung usum taun 2015, Bridgestone  ngundurkeun diri minangka panyadia gilinding resmi ka MotoGP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/01/bridgestone-to-withdraw-from-motogp-after-the-2015-season/163974 | title = Bridgestone to withdraw from MotoGP™ after the 2015 season | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}}</ref> Nurutkeun tender formal, produsen gilinding Perancis [[Michelin]] jadi panyadia resmi pikeun usum 2016, sarta pangujian di Aragon dimimitian sanggeus ahir usum 2015.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/23/michelin-to-become-motogp-official-tyre-supplier/164181 | title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}}</ref> ==Sistim peunteun== {| class="wikitable" |+ Sistim peunteun kiwari <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points| title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier| accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709093528/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points |date=2017-07-09 }}</ref> ! Posisi ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 |- ! Peunteun | 25 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |} * ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.motogp.com}} Balap motor Grand Prix {{MotoGP}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{Grand Prix motorcycle racing}} {{Main world championships}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing}} [[Kategori:Balap motor Grand Prix]] [[Kategori:Fédération International Motorcycle]] 50xzgh7vsfbrour0cs0ekbw10yux6fl 0 62099 708439 634800 2026-04-23T03:35:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Planet |minorplanet = yes |width = 25em |bgcolour = |apsis = |name = 1998 FM5 |symbol = |image = |caption = |discovery = yes |discovery_ref = |discoverer =NEAT |discovery_site =566 |discovered = 1998/03/24 |designations = yes |mp_name = |alt_names = |mp_category = |orbit_ref = |epoch = |aphelion =3.521 |perihelion =1.017 |semimajor =2.269 |eccentricity =0.552 |period = |avg_speed = |inclination =11.5 |asc_node =176.9 |mean_anomaly =262.6 |arg_peri =311.6 |satellites = |physical_characteristics = yes |dimensions = |mass = |density = |surface_grav = |escape_velocity = |sidereal_day = |axial_tilt = |pole_ecliptic_lat = |pole_ecliptic_lon = |albedo = |temperatures= |temp_name1 = |mean_temp_1 = |max_temp_1 = |temp_name2 = |max_temp_2 = |spectral_type = |abs_magnitude =16.3 }} Ari 1998 FM5 mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Amor]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.552, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 16.3. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 366382. ==Bebentukan== Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].<ref>{{cite web | title=What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher=[[NASA]] | accessdate=19 Méi 2010 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate=9/9/2010 | deadurl=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210085625/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |date=2017-02-10 }}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_amors.html Daptar astéroid Amor] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. {{astéroid-pondok}} [[Kategori:Astéroid|100756]] [[Kategori:Astéroid Amor|100756]] fn6ivs6xu357g1628oy9sggxj50uhai 0 62846 708433 659577 2026-04-22T20:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorcycle rider | name = Dani Pedrosa | image= Dani Pedrosa 2011 Brno 1.jpg | caption = Pedrosa keur di [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Republik Czech 2011]] | nationality = {{flagicon|ESP}} Spanyol | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|09|29}} | birth_place = [[Sabadell]], Spanyol | Current team = [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | Bike number = 26 | website = [http://www.danipedrosa.com danipedrosa.com] | MotoGP Last season = 2016 | MotoGP Last position = 6th (155 pts) | MotoGP Active years = {{MGP|2006}}–kiwari | MotoGP Championships = 0 | MotoGP Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | MotoGP Race Starts = 186 | MotoGP Race Wins = 30 | MotoGP Podiums = 106 | MotoGP Poles = 29 | MotoGP Fastest laps = 43 | MotoGP Total Points = 2711 | 250 Active years = {{MGP|2004}}–{{MGP|2005}} | 250 Championships = 2 ({{MGP|2004}}, {{MGP|2005}}) | 250 Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | 250 Race Starts = 32 | 250 Race Wins = 15 | 250 Podiums = 24 | 250 Poles = 9 | 250 Fastest laps = 15 | 250 Total Points = 626 | 125 Active years = {{MGP|2001}}–{{MGP|2003}} | 125 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2003}}) | 125 Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | 125 Race Starts = 46 | 125 Race Wins = 8 | 125 Podiums = 17 | 125 Poles = 9 | 125 Fastest laps = 5 | 125 Total Points = 566 }} '''Daniel "Dani" Pedrosa Ramal''' (lahir 29 [[Séptémber]] 1985) nyaéta purah balab motor [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] urang [[Spanyol|Spayol]].<ref>{{ cite news| url =http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2082207/bio | title = Dani Pedrosa Biography | work=imdb.com | publisher=imdb.com | accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Pedrosa tumuwuh di hiji désa deukeut [[Sabadell]] nu disebut [[Castellar del Vallés]].<ref name = themoviedb/> Manéhna panggorana juara dunya balap motor [[List of 250cc/Moto2 Motorcycle World Champions|Grands Prix 250cc]].<ref name = themoviedb/> Pedrosa jangkungna {{convert|1.58|m|ftin|abbr=on}} sarta beurat {{convert|51|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name = themoviedb>{{ cite news| url =https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1087178-dani-pedrosa| title = Dani Pedrosa | work=themoviedb.org | publisher=themoviedb.org | accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Sanajan can kungsi juara dunya [[MotoGP]], Pedrosa geus dua belas kali meunang balapan noron dina usum ([[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2006]]–[[2017 MotoGP season|2017]]).<ref name = HRC/> Manéhna ogé geus nganggeuskeun kajuaraan sabagé ''runner-up'' dina tilu usum ({{MGP|2007}}, {{MGP|2010}} jeung {{MGP|2012}}).<ref name = HRC>{{cite news | url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/dani-pedrosa/ | title=Dani Pedrosa | work=hondaracingcorporation.com | publisher=hondaracingcorporation.com | accessdate=26 Méi 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Karir== Dicokot pikeun pindah ka Kajuaraan Dunya sanggeus pinunjul di [[Piala Activado Movistar]] taun 1999, nyaéta salah sahiji seri pikeun ngamekarkeur bakat pamuda di [[Spanyol]], Pedrosa pindah ka panggung dunya dina taun 2001.<ref name="DPCrash">{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/racer_bio/91/dani-pedrosa.html|title=Dani Pedrosa|work=crash.net|publisher=crash.net|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Manéhna meunang dua kali dina taun 2002, terus lima kali meunang di Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc taun 2003.<ref name = DPCrash /> ===125cc=== Pedrosa nyanghareupan taun katiluna di Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc kalayan katenangan jeung tekad, sakaligus tujuan ngahontal gelar juara.<ref name = HRC/> Salila usum ieu, manéhna mintonkeun saurang purah balap véteran —lain purah balap umur 18 taun—sarta manéhna meunang réputasi minangka salah sahiji pamuda purah balap ngora nu paling calakan dina olah raga balap motor.<ref name = HRC/> Manéhna jadi juara dunya 125cc di Malaysia, kalayan sésa balapan GP dua kali deui, sanggeus ngumpulkeun lima kameunangan sarta genep podium.<ref name = HRC/> Ngan saminggu ti harita, nasib sial tumiba,  manéhna garandapan kacilakaan parna mangsa sési latihan di GP Australia, nu ngabalukarkeun pigeulang sukuna potong duanana.<ref name = HRC/> ===250cc=== Dina taun 2004, sanggeus cageur ditangtayungan ku méntor sarta [[Alberto Puig]], purah balap kasebut mutuskeun pikeun pindah ka kelas 250cc. Ti mimiti, Dani nganggap minangka usum diajar sarta adaptasi kalayan kelas, henteu ambisi pikeun ngahontal gelar juara.<ref name = HRC/> Dani ngasaan meunang balapan mimiti di Afrika Kidul sanggeus ngadu jajatén jeung [[Randy De Puniet]], sarta ngarebut kajuaraan sanggeus Grand Prix Brasil, sarta bisa nahan nepi ka ahir usum.<ref name = HRC/> Di Australia, Pedrosa jadi juara dunya 250cc pangorana sapanjang sajarah.<ref name = HRC/> Hiji-hiji balapan di mana manéhna teu meunang podium nyaéta di Jerez (labuh keur hujan badag), Estoril jeung Phillip Island (anggeus di posisi kaopat).<ref name = HRC/> Kalayan leuwih loba pangalaman jeung kadéwasaan, Dani nyanghareupan usum kadua 250cc nu beurat.<ref name = HRC/> Pasaingan nu kudu disanghareupan, kondisi cuaca nu butut di awal usum sarta tatu tak-tak nu dirandapaan mangsa latihan di GP [[Jepang]] taun 2005 robah jadi taun nu werit pikeun purah balap [[Repsol Honda|Repsol]], tapi antukna, kaunggulan peunteun 51 geus cukup pikeun ngahontal mahkota GP katilukalina di GP Australia di Phillip Island.<ref name = HRC/> ===MotoGP=== [[File:Dani Pedrosa.JPG|thumb|Pedrosa [[Repsol YPF|Repsol]] [[Honda RC211V]] di [[2006 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia 2006]]]] ====2006==== Dina panampilan kaopatna di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]], tanggal 14 [[Méi]] 2006 balapan di [[Grand Prix China]], manéhna mimiti meunang balapan. <ref>{{cite news|title=2006 MotoGP Shanghai Results|work=motorcycle-usa.com|publisher=motorcycle-usa.com|date=2006-05-15|url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2006/05/article/2006-motogp-shanghai-results/|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kameunangan ieu jadi pameunang pangorana (sarua jeung [[Norick Abe]]) di kelas utama, di tukangeun [[Freddie Spencer]].<ref name="motoGP.com"/>{{cite news | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa | title=Dani Pedrosa | publisher=motogp.com | accessdate=29 Méi 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624100029/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa |date=2010-06-24 }}</ref> Manéhna meunang balapan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] kaduakalina di [[2006 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Donington Park]] sarta jadi calon kuat pikeun Juara [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref name="motoGP.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2006/GBR/MotoGP | title=Results Statistics 2006 GBR | publisher=motogp.com | accessdate=29 Méi 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614174922/http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2006/GBR/MotoGP |date=2017-06-14 }}</ref> ====2007==== [[File:DaniPedrosa.jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa mangsa keur mecak pre-season usum {{MGP|2007}}]] Pedrosa terus balapan kalayan Honda di tahun {{MGP|2007}} maké [[Honda RC212V]] 800 cc nu anyar.<ref name = RC212V/> Mesin mibanda masalah, sarta Pedrosa kasiap ku [[Olivier Jacque]] jeung [[Randy de Puniet]], tapi manémhna nganggeuskeun usum ieu di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] sarta di hareupeun [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref name = RC212V>{{cite news |last = Lostia|first = Michele|title = Honda admit mistakes with 800cc bike|publisher = Autosport.com|date = 10 Méi 2007|url = http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/58659|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|last2 = Freeman|first2 = Glenn}}</ref> Manéhna néken kontrak 2 tahun [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun taun 2008 jeung 2009.<ref>{{ cite news |last=Moody |first=Toby | url =http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/62588 | title = Pedrosa confirmed until 2009 | date = 21 Séptémber 2007 | work=Autosport}}</ref> ====2008==== Dina taun {{MGP|2008}}, masalah Pedrosa kalayan [[Honda RC212V|RC212V]] terus lumangsung nalikan manéhna ngalaman tatu dina pra usum sarta gagal dina pangujian pamekaran, tapi ngamimitian usum kalayan hadé kalayan ngahontal podium di babak mimiti.<ref>{{cite news|last = Noyes|first = Dennis|title = Looking Back on Jerez|publisher = SpeedTV.com|date = 1 April 2008|url = http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063629/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/|archive-date = 12 Méi 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063629/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/ |date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> Performa [[Michelin]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] nyirorot butut, antukna Pedrosa pindah ka [[Bridgestone]] di babak [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Noyes|first = Dennis|title = Michelin’s Last Stand (Part I)|publisher = SpeedTV.com|date = 26 Agustus 2008|url = http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829211201/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/|archive-date = 29 Agustus 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829211201/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/ |date=2008-08-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa switches to Bridgestone |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 Agustus 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/7590833.stm |accessdate=27 Méi 2009}}</ref> ====2009==== Pedrosa di posisi ka 11 di babak mimiti, tapi kaséhatanna cageur di babak saterusna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa top scorer since Motegi |publisher=Crash.net |date=27 Méi 2009 |url=http://www.crash.net/MotoGP/News/147469/1/pedrosa_top_scorer_since_motegi.html |accessdate=27 Méi 2009}}</ref> Di babak kalima Pedrosa kacilakaan keur latihan sarta labuh mangsa balapan, nu ngalantarakeun kacék 33 peunteun di tukangeun pamingpin kajuaraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scans confirm Pedrosa hip injury |publisher=Crash.net |date=1 Juni 2009 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/147772/1/scans_confirm_pedrosa_hip_injury.html |accessdate=1 Juni 2009}}</ref> ====2010==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|Pedrosadi [[Dutch TT 2010]]]] Pikeun taun 2010, Pedrosa balik deui maké nomer 26 -nomer nu dipaké mangsa mimiti balap di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] - ti nomer 2 dina taun 2008 sarta nomer 3 dina taun 2009. Pedrosa mutuskeun ieu pikeun nyumponan panggemarna nu ngusulkeun maké nomer 26.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dani Pedrosa (Honda) lucirá el '26' "para llegar a lo más alto"|language=Spanish|work=Europapress|publisher=Agencia Europa Press|date=13 March 2010|url=http://www.europapress.es/deportes/motociclismo-00311/noticia-motociclismo-dani-pedrosa-honda-lucira-26-llegar-mas-alto-20100313195712.html|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> ====2011==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2011 Estoril 2.jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Portugis]], di mana manéhna meunang mimiti dina usum ieu]] Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] kalayan ditambahan jadi tilu dina taun 2011, babarengan jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso]] sarta [[Casey Stoner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2010/Agustus/aug2010-pedrosa-close-to-new-honda-deal/|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|first=Matthew|last=Birt|title=Dani Pedrosa close to new Honda deal|date=20 Agustus 2010|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|quote=Pedrosa will partner Aussie Casey Stoner on a factory Honda RC212V machine next season for his sixth season with the Japanese factory.}}</ref> Pedrosa naék podium dina pambukaan tilu balapan usum ieu, nu puncakna dina kameunangan di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Portugal]] bulan Méi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race+report/168832/1/pedrosa_picks_his_moment_for_estoril_win.html|title=Pedrosa picks his moment for Estoril win|date=1 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref> Dina lap ka18 balapan di [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|France]], Pedrosa kalibet dina hiji insidén jeung [[Marco Simoncelli]] [[Gresini Racing]] mangsa tarung marebutkeun posisi kadua; [[Simoncelli]] nyiap Pedrosa di gurat luar asup ka ''Chemin aux Boeufs'', tapi motong di hareupeun Pedrosa sarta balukarna, Pedrosa ngagodér gilinding tukang Simoncelli nu antukna labuh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Casey-Stoner-wins-French-MotoGP-at-Le-Mans-while-Dani-Pedrosa-suffers-injury-021243016180640|first=Peter|last=Clifford|title=Superb Stoner wins in Le Mans|date=15 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[Red Bull]]|publisher=Red Bull GmbH}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20120911210427/http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Casey-Stoner-wins-French-MotoGP-at-Le-Mans-while-Dani-Pedrosa-suffers-injury-021243016180640 |date=2012-09-11 }}</ref> Simoncelli dihukum penalti motong jalan, sedengkeun Pedrosa potong tulang salangka,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/15052011/66/pedrosa-furious-unfair-incident.html|title=Pedrosa furious over 'unfair' incident|date=15 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[Yahoo!]] [[Eurosport]]|publisher=[[TF1 Group]]}}</ref> Pedrosa ngahontal kameunangan kaduana usum ieu di [[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], sanggeus ngamangpaatkeun kasalahan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] kalayan sésa salapan ''lap'' dina balapan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/14177052.stm|first=Tom|last=Rostance|title=Dani Pedrosa seals Sachsenring victory|date=17 Juli 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Pedrosa di posisi katilu di [[Laguna Seca]], nu saacanna posisi pole mimiti usum ieu di [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Céko]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/13/dani-pedrosa-pole-motogp-brno|title=Dani Pedrosa secures maiden pole of 2011 for Czech MotoGP at Brno|date=13 Agustus 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|agency=[[Press Association]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Jepang]], di mana paluang gelar di taun 2010 geus euweuh; sarta kacék hiji peunteun ti batur satimna [[Andrea Dovizioso]] pikeun posisi katilu di kajuaraan kasebut .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/15140998.stm|first=Tom|last=Rostance|title=Dani Pedrosa claims dramatic MotoGP win in Japan|date=2 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di hareupeun Pedrosa di [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Australia]] jeung [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], sedengkeun di [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] posisi ''pole'' Pedrosa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2011/Oktober/oct2211-sepang-pedrosa-storms-to-pole/|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|first=Liam|last=Marsden|title=Pedrosa storms to pole|date=22 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011}}</ref> dibolaykeun lantaran [[Simoncelli]] maot dina balapan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/15420069.stm |title=Marco Simoncelli dies after MotoGP crash in Sepang|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=23 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011}}</ref> ====2012==== Pedrosa tetep di [[Repsol Honda]] dina usum 2012, babarengan deui jeung [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/171962/1/dovizioso_denied_1000cc_honda_test.html|title=Dovizioso denied 1000cc Honda test|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=9 Agustus 2011|accessdate=8 Juli 2012|quote=During its official preview for this weekend's Czech Republic Grand Prix, Honda stated that Pedrosa and Stoner&nbsp;– who already have a contract in place for 2012&nbsp;– will be the only riders on the new bike at Brno.}}</ref> Manéhna meunang balapan usum kahijina di [[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], meunang di [[Sachsenring]] pikeun taun katilu kali noron.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18759889|title=Dani Pedrosa wins as Casey Stoner crashes out|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 Juli 2012|accessdate=8 Juli 2012|first=Tom|last=Rostance}}</ref> Di [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Italia]], geus dibéwarakeun yén Pedrosa geus néken kontrak dua tahun jeung tim [[Repsol Honda]] taun {{MGP|2013}} ka hareup, sarta baris babarengan jeung [[Marc Márquez]] juara Moto2 .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda|title=Dani Pedrosa and Marc Márquez to race together in Repsol Honda Team|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=15 Juli 2012|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201257/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda |date=2014-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18809540|title=Marc Marquez to join Dani Pedrosa at Repsol Honda|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=15 Juli 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Di [[Grand Prix Aragon]], Pedrosa nyumponan syarat kadua tapi butuh kameunangan, sanggeus nyiap [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di ''lap'' tujuh; Hasilna ngamungkinkeun Pedrosa pikeun nutup kajuaraan pikeun 33 peunteun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/19777078|title=Dani Pedrosa storms to win from Jorge Lorenzo in Aragon|first=Tom|last=Rostance|date=30 Séptémber 2012|accessdate=5 Oktober 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/sep/30/dani-pedrosa-aragon-grand-prix|title=Dani Pedrosa closes gap on Jorge Lorenzo with win in Aragon Grand Prix|date=30 Séptémber 2012|accessdate=5 Oktober 2012|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ====2013==== [[File:Dani pedrosa.JPG|thumb|Pedrosa di [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan 2013]]]] Pedrosa tetep di [[Repsol Honda]] usum {{MGP|2013}}, babarengan jeung [[Marc Márquez]], manéhna meunang balapan di [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/190780/1/motogp-jerez-pedrosa-wins-marquez-bumps-lorenzo.html|title= Pedrosa pulls clear for home Spanish glory|date=2013-05-05|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> [[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|France]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/191381/1/le-mans-pedrosa-wins-wet-and-wild-french-motogp.html|title=Pedrosa wins wet and wild French MotoGP|date=2013-05-19|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> sarta [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] tapi tinggaleun di [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Jérman]], lantaran tatu.<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/193503/1/dani-pedrosa-withdraws-from-german-motogp.html|title=German MotoGP: Dani Pedrosa withdraws from German MotoGP|date=2013-07-14|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> Manéhna gagal ogé di [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]] sanggeus pagodér jeung [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/196377/1/pics-pedrosa-highside-after-marquez-contact-sensor-failure.html|title=PICS: Pedrosa highside after Marquez contact, sensor failure|date=2013-09-30|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> ====2014==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa Cool Down (13897572994).jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa di [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Grand Prix Amérika 2014]]]] Kameunangan mimiti usum ieu di [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Republik Céko]], ngureunkeun kameunangan [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] nu noron 10 kali saprak awal usum .<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207742/1/special-feeling-to-beat-marquez-says-pedrosa.html|title=MotoGP Brno: 'Special feeling' to beat Marquez, says Pedrosa|date=2014-08-17|accessdate=21 Juli 2015}}</ref> ====2015==== Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun usum {{MGP|2015}}, sarta anggeus di posisi kagenep balapan bubuka di [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/217082/1/motogp-qatar-race-results.html|title= motoGP Qatar race results|date=29 Maret 2015|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Saterusna, teu milu balap di [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argéntina]] jeung [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218160/1/dani-pedrosa-delays-motogp-return.html|title=Dani Pedrosa delays MotoGP return|date=28 April 2015|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> sabab milih pikeun ngubaran (operasi) leungeunna nu tatu .<ref name="Aoyama">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/04/02/aoyama-to-replace-pedrosa-for-austin-argentina/173122|title=Aoyama to replace Pedrosa for Austin & Argentina|date=2 April 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Pedrosa meunang podium mimiti di [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/220052/1/better-and-better-pedrosa-vindicated-by-podium.html|title= MotoGP Catalunya: 'Better and better' Pedrosa vindicated by podium|date=14 Juni 2015|accessdate=14 Juni 2015}}</ref> Pedrosa ngahontal kameunangan munggaran di usum ieu &nbsp;– nu kalima puluh karirna, jadi purah balap kadalapan&nbsp;– dina kondisi garing di [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/11/peerless-pedrosa-takes-his-50th-gp-victory-at-motegi/186727|title=Peerless Pedrosa takes his 50th GP victory at Motegi|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=11 Oktober 2015|accessdate=11 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Pedrosa nambah kameunangan kadua di [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/25/pedrosa-wins-as-lorenzo-cuts-rossi-s-lead-to-7-points/188359|title=Pedrosa wins as Lorenzo cuts Rossi's lead to 7 points|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 Oktober 2015|accessdate=25 Oktober 2015}}</ref> ====2016==== Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun usum {{MGP|2016}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2014/Juli/jul0914-pedrosa-honda/|title=Pedrosa to remain with Repsol Honda until 2016|3=workmotorcyclenews.com|publisher=motorcyclenews.com|date=09 Juli 2014|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanajan hiji usum nu werit, manéhna bajoang maké gilinding [[Michelin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/14/pedrosa-the-8th-wonder-of-the-world-championship/210930|title=Pedrosa - the 8th wonder of the world|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Sep 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> sarta motor [[Honda RC213V|RC213V]], manéhna mampuh ngahontal kameunangan di satiap balapan sarta mampuh pikeun meunang balapan sahenteuna hiji balapan di masing-masing sabelas usum (2006-2016) yén manéhna geus kompetisi di kelas utama.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sportrider.com/motogp-crutchlow-dont-let-my-victory-fool-you|title=MotoGP: Crutchlow – Don’t let my victory fool you|work=SportRider|date=29 Agustus 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104123414/http://www.sportrider.com/motogp-crutchlow-dont-let-my-victory-fool-you |date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Pedrosa ngamimitian usum 2016 kalayan anggeus di pisisi kalima di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], sarta nempatan posisi lima badag purah balap ti tujuh rintakan balap di luar [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]] (tabrakan jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso]] nu ngalantarankeun teu anggeus balap).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/123705|title=Pedrosa apologises to Dovizioso for Austin MotoGP mistake|work=Autosport|date=10 Apr 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> Hiji kacilakaan parna mangsa latihan bébas ka 2 di [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] cukang lantaran eureunna Pedrosa, kalayan tulang salangka katuhu jeung tulang suku katuhu rengat,<ref name=surgery2016a>{{cite news|title=Pedrosa undergoes successful surgery in Barcelona|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=16 Oktober 2016 | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/15/pedrosa-undergoes-successful-surgery-in-barcelona/212900|accessdate=18 Oktober 2016}}</ref> sarta suku kénca<ref name=surgery2016b>{{cite news|title=Itching to get back to competing|work=Dani Pedrosa's Blog|publisher=Box Repsol|date=26 Oktober 2016|url=http://blogs.repsol.com/competition/dani_pedrosa/itching-to-get-back-to-competing/|accessdate=26 Oktober 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027125057/http://blogs.repsol.com/competition/dani_pedrosa/itching-to-get-back-to-competing/ |date=2016-10-27 }}</ref> nu ngabalukarkeun manéhna teu milu tilu balapan mangsa operasi badag ka 14 nambaan tatuna .<ref name=surgery2016c>{{cite news|title=Hayden to replace Pedrosa in Australia|work=Read Motorsport|publisher=Fresh Press Media|date=18 Oktober 2016|url=http://readmotorsport.com/2016/10/18/hayden-to-replace-pedrosa-in-australia/|accessdate=18 Oktober 2016}}</ref> Pedrosa dikontrak neruskeun balap pikeun tim [[Repsol Honda]] taun 2017 jung 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/16/hrc-renew-with-dani-pedrosa-until-end-of-2018/201021|title=HRC renew with Dani Pedrosa until end of 2018|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=16 Méi 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> ===Tatu=== Throughout his World Championship career Pedrosa has been plagued by injuries that has often prevented him from cléan séasons that would allow a shot at the title with a high injury per crash ratio compared to other top riders. * [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Itali 2009]] (MotoGP) Incomplete fracture of the gréater trochanter of the right femur. A fracture without displacement, an injury that requires absolute rest and tréatment with painkillers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Pedrosa es duda para Montmeló por su lesión|language = Spanish|publisher = As.com|date = 2 Juni 2009|url = http://www.as.com/motor/articulo/motociclismo-pedrosa-duda-montmelo-lesion/daimot/20090602dasdaimot_3/Tes|accessdate = 2 Juni 2009|last = Chércoles|first = Mela}}</ref> * 2009 Désémber (MotoGP) Underwent an operation to remove a screw from his left wrist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Repsol Honda return to action at Sepang|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=4 Pébruari 2010|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/repsol+honda+day2+at+sepang|accessdate=21 March 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915101535/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/repsol+honda+day2+at+sepang |date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> * [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jepang 2010]] (MotoGP) Four-fragment chip fracture of the left collarbone and a Grade 1 ankle sprain.<ref>{{cite news|title=Successful surgery for Dani Pedrosa|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=2 Oktober 2010|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Dani+Pedrosa+undergoes+surgery+in+Barcelona+after+Motegi+crash|accessdate=2 Oktober 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921112321/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Dani+Pedrosa+undergoes+surgery+in+Barcelona+after+Motegi+crash |date=2012-09-21 }}</ref> * [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Perancis 2011]] (MotoGP) Fractured right collarbone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Repsol Honda claim one-two, agony for Pedrosa|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=15 Méi 2011|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Repsol+Honda+riders+review+French+GP|accessdate=15 Méi 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926051839/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Repsol+Honda+riders+review+French+GP |date=2012-09-26 }}</ref> * [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jérman 2013]] (MotoGP) Small fracture of left collarbone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pedrosa not racing in German GP|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Juli 2013|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/pedrosa+unfit+for+sachsenring+race|accessdate=22 Juli 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018200242/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/pedrosa+unfit+for+sachsenring+race |date=2013-10-18 }}</ref> * [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Qatar 2015]] (MotoGP) Arm pump of right hand.<ref name="Aoyama"/> * [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jepang 2016]] (MotoGP) Fracture of right collarbone consisting of four fragments, requiring surgery (the 14th major surgery of his career <ref name=surgery2016c />). Subcapital fracture of the right fibula with no displacement, requiring only immobilization.<ref name=surgery2016a /> Fracture to the fourth metatarsal of the left foot.<ref name=surgery2016b /> ==Statistik karir== ===Balap kalayan usum=== {|class="wikitable" !Usum !Kelas !Motor !Tim !Nomer !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|''Pole'']] !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Posisi !Juara |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2001}} |rowspan=3| 125cc | [[Honda RS125]] |rowspan=5 | [[Honda Racing Corporation|Telefónica Movistar Honda]] | 26 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | Ka 8 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2002}} |rowspan=2| [[Honda RS125]] | 26 | 16 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 243 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2003}} | 26 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 223 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2004}} |rowspan=2| 250cc |rowspan=2| [[Honda RSW250]] | 26 | 16 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 317 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2005}} | 1 | 16 | 8 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 309 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2006}} |rowspan=12| MotoGP | [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan=12 | [[Repsol Honda]] | 26 | 17 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 215 | Ka 5 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2007}} |rowspan=5| [[Honda RC212V]] | 26 | 18 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 242 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2008}} | 2 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 249 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2009}} | 3 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 234 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2010}} | 26 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 245 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2011}} | 26 | 14 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 219 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2012}} |rowspan=6| [[Honda RC213V]] | 26 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 9 | 332 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2013}} | 26 | 17 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 300 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2014}} | 26 | 18 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 246 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2015}} | 26 | 15 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 206 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2016}} | 26 | 15 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 155 | Ka 6 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2017}} | 26 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 68* | Ka 2 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! Total | | | | | '''264''' | '''53''' | '''147''' | '''47''' | '''63''' | '''3903''' | | '''3''' |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Ususm keur lumangsung. ===Balap kalayan kelas=== {|class="wikitable" !Kelas !Usum !Ka 1 GP !Ka 1 Pod !Ka 1 Win !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|''Pole'']] !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Juara |- align="right" ! 125 cc | 2001–2003 | align="left" | [[2001 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Jepang 2001]] | align="left" | [[2001 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia 2001]] | align="left" | [[2002 Dutch TT|Walanda 2002]] | 46 | 8 | 17 | 9 | 5 | 566 | 1 |- align="right" ! 250 cc | 2004–2005 | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | 32 | 15 | 24 | 9 | 15 | 626 | 2 |- align="right" ! MotoGP | 2006–Kiwari | align="left" | [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol 2006]] | align="left" | [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol 2006]] | align="left" | [[2006 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|China 2006]] | 186 | 30 | 106 | 29 | 43 | 2711 | 0 |- align="right" ! Total ! 2001–Kiwari | | | | '''264''' | '''53''' | '''147''' | '''47''' | '''63''' | '''3903''' | '''3''' |} ===Balap kalayan taun === ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (Balap nu ditulis '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole''; balap nu ditulis ''déngdék'' nandakeun ''lap'' panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Taun ! Kelas ! Motor ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Posisi ! Peunteun |- !align="left"| [[2001 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2001]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>18</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]<br><small>13</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>17</small> |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>23</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2001 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>12</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>11</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2001 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2001 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2001 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> | | ! Ka 8 ! 100 |- !align="left"| [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2002 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2002 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2002 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2002 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2002 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2002 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2002 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2002 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]''<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2002 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''243''' |- !align="left"| [[2003 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2003]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2003 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2003 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2003 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2003 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2003 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''[[2003 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]'''''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2003 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]'''<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>1</small> | [[2003 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2003 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''223''' |- !align="left"| [[2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2004]] !align="left"| 250 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2004 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2004 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2004 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2004 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2004 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2004 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2004 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2004 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2004 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''317''' |- !align="left"| [[2005 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2005]] !align="left"| 250 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2005 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2005 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2005 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2005 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2005 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2005 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2005 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2005 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2005 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2005 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2005 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2005 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2005 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2005 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2005 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2005 Valencian Community Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''309''' |- !align="left"| [[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2006]] !align="left"| [[MotoGP]] !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]<br><small>14</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2006 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2006 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2006 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2006 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''[[2006 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2006 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>15</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2006 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>4</small> | ! Ka 5 ! 215 |- !align="left"| [[2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2007]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2007 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2007 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2007 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2007 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2007 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2007 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2007 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2007 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2007 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''242''' |- !align="left"| [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>Ret</small> | [[2008 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>15</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''249''' |- !align="left"| [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>11</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''''[[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>9</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br><small>1</small> | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''234''' |- !align="left"| [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''[[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2010 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2010 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | [[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''245''' |- !align="left"| [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''[[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> | [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| '''[[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br /><small>C</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>5</small> ! Ka 4 ! 219 |- !align="left"| [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2012 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2012 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''332''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2013}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''[[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''300''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2014}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>14</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>3</small> ! Ka 4 ! 246 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2015}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>6</small> | [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>16</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>9</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>3</small> ! Ka 4 ! 206 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2016}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>12</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>6</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>12</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>6</small> |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small></small> | [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small></small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> ! Ka 6 ! 155 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2017}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2017 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2017 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''''[[2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2017 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>3</small> |[[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] |[[2017 Dutch TT|NED]] |[[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] |[[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] |[[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] |[[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] |[[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |[[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] !style="background:#DFDFDF;"| Ka 2 !style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 68* |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{commons category|Daniel Pedrosa}} * {{official website|http://www.danipedrosa.com}} * [http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa Dani Pedrosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624100029/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa |date=2010-06-24 }}&nbsp;– Profile at the official MotoGP website {{Clear}} {{s-start}} {{succession box | | before = [[Manuel Poggiali]] | after = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|250cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years = 2004–2005 |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Arnaud Vincent]] | after = [[Andrea Dovizioso]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|125cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years = 2003 |}} {{s-end}} {{Repsol Honda}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{125 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{250 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pedrosa, Dani}} [[Kategori:Tukang balap MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara dunya 250cc]] [[Kategori:Juara dunya 125cc]] e0who3z6fjlg9k0nzo33jalw9a36zjl 0 70783 708436 634798 2026-04-22T23:03:29Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Planet |minorplanet = yes |width = 25em |bgcolour = |apsis = |name = (100004) 1983 VA |symbol = |image = |caption = |discovery = yes |discovery_ref = |discoverer =IRAS |discovery_site =500 |discovered = 1 Novémber 1983 |designations = yes |mp_name = |alt_names = |mp_category = |orbit_ref = |epoch = |aphelion =4413 |perihelion =0.781 |semimajor =2597 |eccentricity =0.699 |period = |avg_speed = |inclination =16.3 |asc_node =77.3 |mean_anomaly =3.4 |arg_peri =12.1 |satellites = |physical_characteristics = yes |dimensions = |mass = |density = |surface_grav = |escape_velocity = |sidereal_day = |axial_tilt = |pole_ecliptic_lat = |pole_ecliptic_lon = |albedo = |temperatures= |temp_name1 = |mean_temp_1 = |max_temp_1 = |temp_name2 = |max_temp_2 = |spectral_type = |abs_magnitude =16.4 }} Ari '''(100004) 1983 VA''' mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Apollo]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.699, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 16.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�296798. ==Bebentukan== Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].<ref>{{cite web | title = What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url = http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work = Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher = [[NASA]] | accessdate = 19 Méi 2010 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate = 9 Séptémber 2010 | deadurl = no }}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html Daptar astéroid Apollo] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. {{astéroid-pondok}} [[Kategori:Astéroid|100004]] [[Kategori:Astéroid Apollo|100004]] inygcxm5k4avbaj40yp8irq1x0lw81i 0 73935 708417 548435 2026-04-22T14:30:39Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qosor''' numut keun basa [[Saudi Arabia|Arab]] hartina ngaringkes. Sedengkeun pikeun [[Hukum Syara|hukum syara]] nyaéta ngaringkes [[solat]] [[Fardhu|fardlu]] anu opat [[roka’at]] jadi dua roka’at, anu tétép maca [[fatihah]] jeung surat tina [[Qur'an|Qur’an]]. ku kituna mung solat [[dhuhur]], [[asar]], jeung [[Solat Isa|isya]] anu bisa di qosor, sedengkeun [[Magrib|maghrib]] jeung [[Subuh (solat)|subuh]] teu bisa di qosor, sabab asar ngan tilu roka’at, subuh ngan dua roka’at. == Dalil Qosor == Salah sahiji dalilna nyaéta “Jeung nalika aranjeun iinditan di [[dunya]], mangka teu salah ngosor solat, lamun anjeun sieun ku jalma [[kafir]]” (QS: An-Nisa ayat 101). jeung hadits [[mutawattir]] anu diriwayat keun ku Anas bin Malik “saestuna [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw]] solat dhuhur di dayeuh [[Madinah]] opat roka’at (teu di qosor) jeung solat asar di [[Dzi-Hulaifah]] (Miqat [[haji]] urang Madinah) dua roka’at (di qosor)”.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fikih Ibadah|last=Abbas|first=Arfan|publisher=UIN Maliki|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=95}}</ref> == Referensi == [[Kategori:Islam]] e0804rgw4xj8hteyqwn5cl9ko90u95n 0 74680 708440 576967 2026-04-23T07:01:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''An-Nuur ألنُّوْرُ''' hartina Cahaya. [[Alloh]] hiji-hijina sumber cahaya rohaniah anu ngagerakeun sakabéh makhlukna ku [[firman]]Na. ku sabab kitu élmu-élmu pangaweruh, kurikulum jeung sistem pendidikan ogé tata nilai adat istiadat, jeung norma-norma anu dikembangkeun ku masarakat nu bakal mangaruhan prosés ngabentukna pola pikir jeung akhlak [[manusa]] pikeun dunya jeung ahérat. Jadi An-Nuur téh anu geus nunjukkeun jalan anu lempeng pikeun manusa ku jalan ngaléwatan [[Nabi]] jeung [[Rasul]]Na.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bersamadakwah.net/asmaul-husna/ |title=99 Asmaul Husna Arab, Latin, Arti, Keutamaan dan Khasiat |website=BersamaDakwah |language=id |accessdate=9 Pébruari 2019}}</ref> == Dalil == Sifat ieu aya dina QS. [[An-Nur]], ayat: 35.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Allah dalam Seri Axiomatika Ilmiah Ilahiah Asmaul Husna |last=Azzaino |first=Zuardin |publisher=Pustaka Al-Hidayah |year=1988 |location=Jakarta |pages=}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Asmaul Husna]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] [[Kategori:Surat dina Al-Qur'an]] 9rwuu1orraksrk8dilpukltl43spia5 708441 708440 2026-04-23T07:02:57Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''An-Nuur ألنُّوْرُ''' hartina Cahaya. [[Alloh]] hiji-hijina sumber cahaya rohaniah anu ngagerakeun sakabéh makhlukna ku [[firman]]Na. ku sabab kitu élmu-élmu pangaweruh, kurikulum jeung sistem pendidikan ogé tata nilai adat istiadat, jeung norma-norma anu dikembangkeun ku masarakat nu bakal mangaruhan prosés ngabentukna pola pikir jeung akhlak [[manusa]] pikeun dunya jeung ahérat. Jadi An-Nuur téh anu geus nunjukkeun jalan anu lempeng pikeun manusa ku jalan ngaléwatan [[Nabi]] jeung [[Rasul]]Na.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bersamadakwah.net/asmaul-husna/ |title=99 Asmaul Husna Arab, Latin, Arti, Keutamaan dan Khasiat |website=BersamaDakwah |language=id |accessdate=9 Pébruari 2019}}</ref> == Dalil == Sifat ieu aya dina QS. [[An-Nur]], ayat: 35.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Allah dalam Seri Axiomatika Ilmiah Ilahiah Asmaul Husna |last=Azzaino |first=Zuardin |publisher=Pustaka Al-Hidayah |year=1988 |location=Jakarta |pages=}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Asmaul Husna]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] [[Kategori:Surah dina Al-Qur'an 38fqj0puzh37ptk4zsqk288zg251027 0 77600 708427 559705 2026-04-22T18:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botol palastik''' nyaéta [[botol]] dijieun tina [[palastik]] nu padet naker. Botol palastik biasana mah dipaké wadah cairan kayaning cai, kainuman ringen, minyak motor, minyak goréng, ubar cair, sampo, susu, jeung mangsi. Ukuranna ti kawit botol sémpel yang leutik pisan nepi ka botol nu kawas guci badag. Wangun botol biasana loba nu dijieun panyekelanna langsung ngahiji jeung botolna, maksudna mah hambéh gampang nalika dicekelan atawa dijingjingna.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Birkby |first = David |date = May 2014 |title = PET bottle handle—N.A. success story |url = https://www.canadianpackaging.com/general/pet-bottle-handle-n-success-story-136251/ |journal = Canadian Packaging |volume = |issue = |pages = |doi = |access-date = 29 May 2018 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201234505/https://www.canadianpackaging.com/general/pet-bottle-handle-n-success-story-136251/ |date=1 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Widiyati | first =Khusnun | title =The Ease of Grasping to Evaluate Aesthetically Pleasing PET Bottle Design | journal = Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing | date =2013 | pages =849-861 | volume =7 | issue =5 | url =https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jamdsm/7/5/7_849/_pdf | isbn = | access-date =April 1, 2019 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Wawadahan]] [[Kategori:Botol]] cvhp0v0ljucdjrxjjl8abbqio4zuuvc 0 87755 708424 673827 2026-04-22T17:07:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zn reaction with HCl.JPG|thumb|Réaksi kimia [[séng]], sarupaning logam, sareng [[asam klorida]], sarupaning asam]] {{Asam-Basa}} '''Asam''' nyaéta [[molekul]] atawa [[ion]] nu bisa masihkeun [[proton]] (ion hidrogén H⁺), atawa, bisa ngawangun [[beungkeut kovalén]] liwat [[pasangan éléktron]] (mangrupa [[asam Lewis]]).<ref name="IUPAC_acid">{{Cite web |url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00071.html |title=IUPAC Gold Book - acid |publisher=[[IUPAC]] |accessdate=7 Juni 2019}}</ref> Katégori asam nu kahiji nyaéta nu masihan proton atawa [[Téori asam–basa Brønsted–Lowry|asam Brønsted]]. Dina kaadaan husus di [[leyuran ngandung cai]], pamasih proton ngawangun [[ion hidronium]] H₃O⁺ nu katelahna [[Réaksi asam-basa#Téori Arrhenius|asam Arrhenius]]. [[Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted|Brønsted]] sarta [[Thomas Martin Lowry|Lowry]] nyieun wangun umum téori Arrhenius nu ngasupkeun pangleyur nu sanés cai. Asam Brønsted atawa Arrhenius biasana ngandung atom hidrogén nu kabeungkeut jeung struktur kimia nu tetep aktip ngandung énérgi saatos ngalepaskeun H⁺. Asam Arrhenius dina pangleyur cai miboga sipat nu nyadiakeun harti praktis ti asam.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Petrucci |first1=R.H. |last2=Harwood |first2=R.S. |last3=Herring |first3=F.G. |title=General Chemistry |edition=8th |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=2002 |pages=146 |isbn=0-13-014329-4}}</ref> Asam dina pangleyur cai miboga rasa nu haseum, bisa ngubah [[litmus]] biru janten merah, jeung ngahasilkeun réaksi sareng [[basa]] sarta macam-macam logam (sapertos [[kalsium]]) nu ngawangun [[Uyah (kimia)|uyah]]. Kecap ''asam'' asalna ti [[basa Latin]] ''acidus/acēre'' nu hartina ''haseum''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acid |publisher=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary |title=acid |accessdate=7 Juni 2019}}</ref> Asam dina pangleyur cai miboga [[pH]] kirang ti 7, leyuran ieu disebut 'asam' ogé dina basa sapopoé (sapertos 'dileyurkeun dina asam'), tapi harti ketatna mah nu disebut asam téh nyaéta zat nu [[leyuran|leyurna]].<ref name="IUPAC_acid"/> Nilai pH nu leuwih alit hartina miboga kaasaman nu leuwih ageng sarta konséntrasi [[Hidron (kimia)|ion positif hidrogén]] nu leuwih ageng dina [[leyuran]]. Leyuran asam dina cai nu umum nyaéta [[asam klorida]] (larutan [[hidrogén klorida]] nu aya dina [[asam lambung]] sarta ngaaktipkeun [[énzim pencernaan]]), [[asam asétat]] (cuka nyaéta larutan dina cai nu éncér ti asam ieu), [[asam sulfat]] (digunakeun di [[baterai mobil]]), sarta [[asam sitrat]] (nu aya dina buah sitrus). Dumasar kana conto, asam (dina pandangan kahirupan sapopoé) wangunna bisa leyuran atawa zat murni, sarta bisa diturunkeun ti asam lain (dina pandangan ketat<ref name="IUPAC_acid"/>) nu padet, cair, atawa gas. [[Kakuatan asam|Asam kuat]] sarta sababaraha asam lemah kakonséntrasi sipatna [[sanyawa korosif|korosif]], kecuali [[karborana]] sareng [[asam borat]]. Katégori asam nu kadua nyaéta [[Asam jeung basa Lewis|asam Lewis]], nu ngawangun beungkeut kovalén ngagunakeun pasangan éléktron. Contona [[boron trifluorida]] (BF₃), atom boron miboga [[orbital atom|orbital]] kosong nu bisa ngawangun beungkeut kovalén ku cara ngabagikeun pasangan éléktron di atom nu basa, dina conto ieu nyaéta atom nitrogén di [[amonia]] (NH₃). [[Gilbert N. Lewis|Lewis]] nimbangkeun ieu salaku wangun umum ti harti asam Brønsted, jadina asam dihartikeun spésiés kimia nu narima pasangan éléktron sacara langsung ''atawa'' ku cara ngalepaskeun proton (H⁺) ka leyuran, nu salajengna narima pasangan éléktron. Namung, hidrogén klorida, asam asetat, sarta kaseueuran asam Brønsted-Lowry lainna teu bisa ngawangun beungkeut kovalén sareng pasangan éléktron, jadi teu kaasup kana asam Lewis.<ref name="Oxtoby8th">{{Cite book |last1=Oxtoby |first1=D. W |last2=Gillis |first2=H.P. |last3=Butler |first3=L. J. |year=2015 |title=Principles of Modern Chemistry |publisher=Brooks Cole |pages=617 |isbn=978-1305079113}}</ref> Sabalikna, seueur asam Lewis nu teu kaasup kana asam Arrhenius atawa Brønsted-Lowry. Dina términologi modérn, ''asam'' sacara implisit ngarujuk ka asam Brønsted, sanés asam Lewis, ku sabab ahli kimia hampir sok ngarujuk asam Lewis sacara éksplisit ku ''asam Lewis''.<ref name="Oxtoby8th" /> Aya ogé pembagian jenis asam janten asam kuat sareng asam lemah, pakait sareng kamampuan ngaburaikan ion hidrogen. Asam kuat gaduh nilai ''K_a'' anu gedé (nyaéta, kesetimbangan reaksi jauh ka katuhu). Salaku conto, nilai ''K_a'' pikeun asam klorida (HCl) nyaéta 10⁷. Asam kuat gaduh derajat ionisasi 1. Di kahirupan sapopoé darajat keasaman ([[pH]]) diukur pikeun aplikasi pengolahan cai, misalna cai minum, cai limbah, cai kolam, sareng sajabana. Alat pikeun ngukur darajat keasaman cai ngaran na [https://www.hargaphmeter.com/2019/10/ady-lab-harga-ph-meter-hanna-hi98107-portable-hidroponik-digital-air.html pH meter air]. Ieu di handap nyaéta daptar asam kuat: # Aqua regia (disebut ogé cai raja) campuran HCl sareng HNO₃ # HNO₃ # H₂SO₄ # Asam halida(kecuali HF) HI>HBr>HCl # Asam oksi halogen HXO₄>HXO₃>HXO₂>HXO == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu luar == * [http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html Curtipot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126143238/http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html |date=2019-01-26 }}: Diagram kasaimbangan asam-basa, ngitung [[pH]], sarta simulasi jeung analisis kurva [[titrasi]] – [[parangkat lunak gratis]] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Asam| ]] [[Kategori:Kimia asam–basa]] ctxlbz6oqnoegrpcwtlv6t8k1uq10ww 10 99070 708437 597485 2026-04-22T23:08:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Check temperatures/core2 |symbol={{{symbol|}}} |qid ={{{qid|}}} |pid ={{{pid|}}} |wd_value={{#if: {{wikidata|properties|{{{qid|}}}|{{{pid|}}}}} | {{#invoke:String|replace|source={{wikidata|properties|{{{qid|}}}|{{{pid|}}}}} |pattern=,|replace=|plain=true }} | 0 }} |wd_refs ={{wikidata|references|normal+|{{{qid|}}}|{{{pid|}}}}} |title ={{{title|}}} |Cin={{{Cin|0}}} |Kin={{{Kin|0}}} |Fin={{{Fin|0}}} |KfromC ={{convert|{{{Cin|0}}} |C|K|disp=number |comma=off }} |FfromC ={{convert|{{{Cin|0}}} |C|F|disp=number |comma=off }} |catsort={{{catsort|}}} |comment={{{comment|}}} |input ={{{input|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|1=Template:Check temperatures/doc}} </noinclude> 0pwaurj7a200kxn8vzu7jypszd0ria4 10 99071 708438 597486 2026-04-23T00:40:32Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Check temperatures/core3 |title={{{title|}}} |symbol={{{symbol|}}} |qid={{{qid|}}} |pid={{{pid|}}} |wd_value={{#if: {{{wd_value|}}} | {{#invoke:String|replace|source={{#invoke:String|replace|source={{{wd_value|}}} |pattern=degree Fahrenheit|replace=F|plain=true }} |pattern=degree Celsius|replace=C|plain=true}} | 0 }} |wd_refs={{{wd_refs|}}} |Cin={{{Cin|}}} |Kin={{{Kin|}}} |Fin={{{Fin|}}} |KfromC ={{{KfromC|}}} |FfromC ={{{FfromC|}}} |FdiffC ={{#expr: ({{{Fin|0}}}) - ({{{FfromC|0}}}) round 5}} |KdiffC ={{#expr: ({{{Kin|0}}}) - ({{{KfromC|0}}}) round 5}} |catsort={{{catsort|}}} |comment={{{comment|}}} |input ={{{input|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|1=Template:Check temperatures/doc}} </noinclude> dtktzqbhita74r8d2a1vahbrg15byt6 0 103377 708422 667155 2026-04-22T16:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agama Djawa Sunda''' atawa '''Sunda Wiwitan Madrais''' nyaéta salah sahiji aliran [[ageman]] nu aya di daérah [[Cigugur, Kuningan|Cigugur]], [[Kuningan, Kuningan|Kuningan]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref name=”Bon”/> Aliran ieu diadegkeun ku [[Pangeran Madrais]] nu mangrupakan salah sahiji katurunan ti [[Karaton Gebang Cirebon]]. Agama Djawa Sunda resmi diaku di kaping 6 Oktober 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofcirebon.id/2018/11/madrais-nabi-dari-cirebon-pendiri-agama.html|title=Madrais Nabi Dari Cirebon, Pendiri Agama Djawa Soenda (ADS)|website=Sejarah Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2022-04-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626121455/https://www.historyofcirebon.id/2018/11/madrais-nabi-dari-cirebon-pendiri-agama.html |date=2022-06-26 }}</ref> Ageman ieu diaku ku pamaréntah [[Walanda]] jeung kaasup kana ''[[adat rethc]]'' (hukum adat).<ref name=”Bon”>{{Cite book| url =https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/bZM7TBd4q_sC?hl=id&gbpv=1&pg=PA62&dq=madrais| title =Spanning a revolution: kisah Mohamad Bondan, eks-Digulis, dan pergerakan nasional Indonesia| last =Bondan| first =Molly | publisher =Yayasan Obor Indonesia| location =Jakarta| year =2008|ISBN=9789794616987|pages =62}} Disungsi18 Mei 2024</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Ageman]] [[Kategori:Kuningan, Kuningan]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] pekjf4nc7957xyqrydp42084pcqc99n 0 105085 708431 707499 2026-04-22T19:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708431 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background-color:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;" |+ style="font-size:1.25em; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | Curug Cilamaya |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;" | [[File:Air terjun Curug Cilamaya, Subang, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Éndahna Curug Cilamaya di wewengkon Subang.]] |- ! style="text-align:left; background-color:#e2e2e2;" | Perenah | [[Kabupatén Subang|Subang]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! style="text-align:left; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Aliran Walungan | Cilamaya |- ! style="text-align:left; background-color:#e2e2e2;" | Jangkungna | ''Data teu acan aya'' |- ! style="text-align:left; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Jinis Curug | Plunge / Terjun |- ! style="text-align:left; background-color:#e2e2e2;" | Nagara | [[Indonésia]] |} '''Walungan Cilamaya''' nyaéta walungan nu panjangna kira-kira 97 km di propinsi Jawa Barat ngawengku [[Kabupatén Karawang]], [[Kabupatén Subang]], jeung [[Kabupatén Purwakarta]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpnn.com/news/sungai-cilamaya-menghitam-dan-berbau-muslim-hafidz-gubernur-jabar-tidak-serius|title=}}</ref>. Walungan Cilamaya aya di belah wétan Karawang nu mangrupa wates kecamatan Karawang jeung Kabupatén Subang. Daérah wétan walungan cilamaya kaasup kana wewengkon Kabupatén Subang, anapon daérah kulon sungai cilamaya mangrupa bagéan ti wewengkon Kabupatén Karawang<ref>{{Cite journal|date=|title=|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1621021&val=11259&title=The%20Karawang%20Dutch%20Indies%20Waterworks%20in%20The%20Agriculture%20Context%20BANGUNAN-BANGUNAN%20AIR%20MASA%20HINDIA%20BELANDA%20DI%20WILAYAH%20KARAWANG%20DALAM%20KONTEKS%20PERTANIAN%20PADI|journal=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330103334/https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1621021&val=11259&title=The%20Karawang%20Dutch%20Indies%20Waterworks%20in%20The%20Agriculture%20Context%20BANGUNAN-BANGUNAN%20AIR%20MASA%20HINDIA%20BELANDA%20DI%20WILAYAH%20KARAWANG%20DALAM%20KONTEKS%20PERTANIAN%20PADI |date=2024-03-30 }}</ref>. Walungan Cilamaya ngalir ti kidul ka kalér jeung huluna di Gunung Sunda atawa Gunung Tangkuban Parahu sarta dialirkeun ka Laut Jawa. Mata air ieu walungan aya di Curug Cilamaya, Désa Parakaneuri, Kiarapedes, Kabupatén Purwakarta. == Géografis jeung Kaayaan Alam == Wewengkon Kacamatan Cilamaya Wétan kaasup kana dataran rendah, ngabogaan lamping kurang leuwih 5 nepi ka 10 derajat<ref>{{Cite journal|date=|title=|url=https://www.karawangkab.go.id/sites/default/files/pdf/Cilamaya%20Wetan.pdf|journal=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Kaayaan Alam Kacamatan Cilamaya Wétan mangrupa wewengkon anu masih kénéh rawan banjir nalika usum hujan jeung halodo nalika usum halodo. Daerah Aliran Sungai Cilamaya (DAS) legana 390,01 km2 ngawengku kabupatén Karawang, Purwakarta, Subang jeung sabagian wewengkon Kabupatén Bandung. Bagian hulu walungan ayana di wates propinsi Subang jeung Purwakarta, sarta muara walungan ayana di deukeut Cilamaya Wétan di propinsi Karawang. Anak sungai panggedéna di antarana [[Walungan Citarum|walungan Ciwaru]], [[walungan Cilandak]], [[Walungan Cibuni|walungan Cihuni]], [[walungan Cikeruh]], [[walungan Cijengkol]], [[walungan Cihalang,]] [[walungan Cijalu]], jeung [[walungan Cilemper]]. Kaayaan Walungan Cilamaya ayeuna kacida kotorna sarta dianggap salah sahiji kajahatan lingkungan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmoljabar.id/kejahatan-lingkungan-dprd-jabar-desak-pabrik-pencemar-sungai-cilamaya-ditindak-tegas|title=Kejahatan Lingkungan, DPRD Jabar Desak Pabrik Pencemar Sungai Cilamaya Ditindak Tegas|last=rmolnetwork|website=RMOLJABAR|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref>. Walungan Cilamaya mindeng hideung, buih jeung bau, utamana dina [[usum halodo]]. Ku polusi ieu, para peternak sareng patani di sapanjang Walungan Cimalaya sesah milarian sumber cai. Pencemaran lingkungan di sabudeureun walungan Cilamaya ogé beuki mangaruhan kana kahirupan masarakat. Masarakat curiga yén sababaraha industri sapanjang walungan ieu ngaluarkeun runtah industri ka walungan tanpa idin. Penanganan dugaan pencemaran lingkungan dihambat ku wewenang anu kawates sarta ayana wates administratif anu teu ngidinan harmonisasi penanganan pencemaran lingkungan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Ci_Lamaya|title=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401130616/https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Ci_Lamaya |date=2024-04-01 }}</ref>. == Ruwatan == Seniman anu jadi anggota Teater Jero ngalaksanakeun prosesi Tradisi Ruwatan Walungan Cilamaya di [[Bendungan Barugbug]], Jatisari, Karawang, Jawa Barat. Kagiatan ieu diayakeun ku Forum Daerah Walungan Cilamaya Berbunga (Fordas) minangka wujud rasa sukur jeung berkah anu dipaparinkeun ku Gusti Alloh kana cai anu ngalir ti walungan Cilamaya ngaliwatan Kabupaten Purwakarta, Subang jeung Karawang pikeun kahirupan masarakat<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jabar.antaranews.com/foto/315173/tradisi-ruwatan-sungai-cilamaya-di-karawang|title=}}</ref>. == Transportasi == Saméméhna aya jalur karéta api [[Cikampék, Karawang|Cikampek]]-Cilamaya anu nyambungkeun Stasion Cikampek jeung Stasion Cilamaya. Jalur ieu mangrupa jalur [[trem uap]], tapi ti saprak 1970 jalur ieu dinonaktipkeun ku [[Kereta Api Indonesia|PT. KAI]]. Ayeuna aya angkutan ka Cilamaya kalebet jalur Cilamaya-Cikampek jeung [[Ciasem, Subang|Ciasem]]-Cilamaya (via Blanakan), jeung titik akhir di pasar Cilamaya<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Cilamaya_Wetan,_Karawang|title=}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Kabudayaan == Watak Duryodana dina [[wayang kulit]] [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] gaya Cilamaya karya Ki Ardi, diciptakeun deui ku Ki Enang Sutria sarta didamel deui ku Arie Nugraha. Nurutkeun peta kabudayaan propinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] taun 2011, wewengkon Cilamaya (Cilamaya Wetan jeung Cilamaya Kulon) mangrupa wewengkon budaya jeung linguistik Cirebon, ku kituna kosa kecap basa Cirebon gampang kapanggih di wewengkon ieu. Salian ti sasaruaan basa daerah anu digunakeun, kasenian di ieu wewengkon ogé aya sasaruaan jeung anu aya di wewengkon Cirebon, saperti kasenian wayang kulit. Kasenian wayang kulit di ieu wewengkon mangrupa bagéan tina sumebarna kasenian wayang kulit anu mangrupa ragam has wayang kulit Cirebon. Di Cilamaya Kulon ogé aya warisan budaya anu mangrupa makam Bupati Karawang<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Cilamaya_Kulon,_Karawang|title=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401130619/https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Cilamaya_Kulon,_Karawang |date=2024-04-01 }}</ref>. == Référési == [[Kategori:Wikilatih UPI 2024]] [[Kategori:Alam]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] dx4l2xrd50fbxb6u4z3azxvmfngpf2a 0 106159 708418 707457 2026-04-22T14:38:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodestyle = width: 25em; font-size: 90%; | title = Syaréat Islam | title_style = background:#2E8B57; color:white; font-size: 125%; | label1 = Asal kecap | data1 = Basa Arab: ''Shari'ah'' (شريعة) | label2 = Hartos basa | data2 = Jalan lempeng / Sumber cai | label3 = Sumber utama | data3 = [[Al-Qur'an]] & [[Hadits]] | label4 = Ruang lingkup | data4 = [[Akidah]], [[Ibadah]], [[Muamalah]], [[Akhlak]] | label5 = Cabang hukum | data5 = [[Fikih]], [[Jinayah]], [[Munakahat]] }} '''Syaréat Islam''' (basa Arab: شريعة إسلامية ''syarī'ah islāmiyyah'') nyaéta sakabéh hukum sarta aturan [[Islam]] anu diturunkeun ku Allah SWT pikeun hamba-Na, anu ngawengku widang akidah, ibadah, akhlak, sarta muamalah.<ref>Maududi, Abul A'la. ''The Islamic Law and Constitution''. Islamic Publications.</ref> mangrupa hukum agama nu ngabentuk bagian tina tradisi Islam. Ieu asalna tina ajaran agama Islam sarta dumasar kana kitab suci Islam, utamana [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] jeung [[Hadis|hadits]].<ref> Al-Jurjani. ''Al-Ta'rifat'', Bab al-Syin. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Dina basa Arab, istilah ''"syarah"'' nuduhkeun hukum Allah SWT. anu teu bisa dirobah, sarta dibédakeun jeung fikih, anu ngarujuk kana interprétasi ilmiah manusa.<ref>Asy-Syathibi. ''Al-Muwafaqat fi Ushul al-Syari'ah''. Dar al-Ma'rifah.</ref> Sakumaha anu disebutkeun dina Al-Qur'an surat Al-Ahzab ayat 36, yén upama Allah (Islam) jeung rasul-Na geus mutuskeun hiji perkara, mangka umat Islam teu meunang nyokot kaputusan séjén. Ku sabab éta, sacara implisit bisa dipikaharti yén lamun aya hiji perkara anu Allah jeung rasul-Na can netepkeun katangtuanana, mangka umat Islam bisa nangtukeun sorangan ketetapanna. Pamahaman ieu didukung ku ayat dina surat Al-Maidah QS 5:101 nu nyebutkeun yén hal-hal anu henteu dijelaskeun katangtuanana geus dihampura ku Allah SWT. Ku kituna, perkara anu dihadapi ku umat Islam dina ngalakonan kahirupan ibadahna ka Allah bisa disederhanakeun jadi dua katégori, nyaéta perkara anu kaasup kana asas [[Hukum Syara|syara']] (''uṣūl al-fiqh'') jeung perkara anu kaasup kana furu' syara' (''furūʿ al-fiqh''). == Définisi == Sacara étimologis, kecap syari'ah hartina jalan anu ngabekas nalika ka cai, lantaran osok diliwatan. Tuluy hartina mekar jadi sumber cai anu sok dicokot ku jalma pikeun kabutuhan hirupna. Sacara istilah, syari'ah nyaeta naon waé anu geus digariskeun jeung ditangtukeun ku Allah dina agama minangka aturan kahirupan pikeun hamba-Na. Syari'ah dihartikeun salaku sagala rupa aturan anu asalna ti Allah, boh nu mangrupa hukum akidah, hukum anu sipatna praktik, atawa hukum akhlak. == Jinayah == Jinayah nyaéta hiji cabang élmu hukum Islam anu ngabahas ngeunaan kajahatan. Dina istilah anu leuwih populér, hukum jinayah disebut ogé hukum pidana Islam. Ruang lingkup hukum pidana Islam ieu ngawengku '''qisas''', '''hudud''', jeung '''takzir'''. === Qisas === Dasar tina prakték qisas nyaéta hukuman balas anu sarua jeung kajahatan anu geus dilakukeun ku palaku. Sacara tradisional, anggota suku tempat palaku kajahatan bakal diserenkeun ka kulawarga korban pikeun dihukum, satimpal jeung status sosial jalma anu dibunuh. Kasataraan sosial dina hukuman qisas hartina eksekusi kudu satimpal jeung korban, naha eta lalaki atawa awéwé, budak atawa jalma merdéka, elit atawa rakyat biasa. Contona, budak ngan bisa dihukum pikeun budak, awéwé pikeun awéwé. Dina Islam, timbul perdebatan ngeunaan naha saurang Muslim bisa dihukum pikeun non-Muslim. Ayat utama ngeunaan qisas aya dina Al-Qur’an surat Al-Baqarah ayat 178: ''"Wahai jalma-jalma anu iman! Diwajibkeun ka aranjeun pikeun ngalaksanakeun qisas ngeunaan jalma anu dibunuh. Jalma merdéka (dibales) ku jalma merdéka, hamba sahaya ku hamba sahaya, awéwé ku awéwé. Tapi upama aya hampura ti dulurna, mangka kudu dituturkeun kalayan hadé, sarta mayar diat (tebusan) ka kulawarga korban kalayan hadé (pula). Anu kitu téh mangrupa keringanan jeung rahmat ti Gusti. Barang saha anu ngalangkungan wates sanggeus éta, mangka anjeunna bakal meunang siksa nu nyeri."'' Qisas nyaéta hukuman balas anu sarua jeung kajahatan anu geus dilakukeun. Upamana palaku maéhan korban, mangka palaku wajib dihukum pati, kacuali kulawarga korban masihan hampura, teras palaku ukur diwajibkeun mayar diat (tebusan) salaku gantina hukuman. === '''Hudud''' === Hudud nyaéta hukuman anu geus ditangtukeun sacara jelas dina Al-Qur'an jeung hadits, boh dina bentuk sanksi anu beurat, sapertos hukuman pikeun zina, mabok, jeung murtad (kaluar ti Islam). === Takzir === Takzir nyaéta hukuman salian ti hudud, anu dipaké pikeun nyegah palaku tindak pidana supaya henteu ngalakukeun kajahatan deui, sarta ngahalangan ti lampah maksiat. Hukuman takzir bisa rupa-rupa dumasar kana kaputusan hakim jeung kaayaan nu aya. == Sumber Hukum Islam == Sumber hukum Islam mangrupikeun rujukan utama dina nangtukeun hukum-hukum Islam. Aya sababaraha sumber utama anu dijadikeun dasar dina syariat Islam, nyaéta Al-Qur’an, Hadis, jeung Ijtihad. === Al-Qur’an === Al-Qur’an nyaéta kitab suci umat Islam, mangrupa firman Allah SWT anu diturunkeun ka Nabi Muhammad SAW pikeun dijadikeun pituduh pikeun sakumna umat manusa nepi ka akhir zaman. Salian ti minangka sumber ajaran Islam, Al-Qur’an ogé disebut salaku sumber hukum Islam anu utama. Al-Qur’an mangrupikeun kitab suci terakhir tina runtuyan kitab-kitab suci anu diturunkeun saméméhna. Dina usaha pikeun ngartos eusi Al-Qur’an, parantos mekar rupa-rupa tafsir, tapi tetep henteu aya nu patukang-tonggong. === Hadis === Hadis nyaéta ucapan, lampah, jeung katangtuan Nabi Muhammad SAW anu dijadikeun sumber hukum Islam kadua sanggeus Al-Qur’an. Hadis dibagi kana sababaraha tingkatan keaslian, di antarana: * '''Sahih''' * '''Hasan''' * '''Daif''' (lemah) * '''Maudu’''' (palsu) * '''Matruk''' (ditinggalkeun) * '''Mungkar''' Hadis anu dijadikeun dasar hukum Islam nyaéta hadis '''sahih''' jeung '''hasan'''. Sedengkeun hadis '''daif''', numutkeun para ulama salaf, masih tiasa digunakeun pikeun '''fadilah amal''' (pangabisa amal), tapi henteu pikeun netepkeun hukum. Adapun hadis '''maudu’''' (palsu) jeung tingkatan di handapna wajib ditinggalkeun, sanajan masih perlu dipalajari dina widang élmu hadis. Bédana Al-Qur’an jeung hadis nyaéta: * '''Al-Qur’an''' mangrupa kitab suci anu eusina firman Allah SWT, hukumna pasti, sarta dijaga ti jaman Nabi nepi ka kiwari. * '''Hadis''' mangrupa kumpulan katerangan ngeunaan aturan pelaksanaan ibadah, akhlak, jeung ucapan Nabi Muhammad SAW, nu dijadikeun rujukan sanggeus Al-Qur’an. Sanajan aya bédana dina pamahaman para ulama ngeunaan dua sumber hukum ieu, tapi sadayana ditujukeun pikeun milari kabeneran demi kemaslahatan umat. === Ijtihad === Ijtihad nyaéta usaha para ulama pikeun nangtukeun hukum Islam dumasar kana Al-Qur’an jeung hadis. Ijtihad dilakukeun sanggeus Nabi Muhammad SAW wafat, sabab teu tiasa langsung naroskeun hukum ka anjeunna. Tapi, aya sababaraha perkara ibadah anu henteu tiasa diijtihadkeun. Rupa-rupa ijtihad di antarana: * '''Ijma’''' → kasapukan para ulama * '''Qiyas''' → nyamikeun hiji perkara jeung perkara séjén anu sarua sarta geus jelas hukumna * '''Maslahah mursalah''' → nangtukeun hukum pikeun kemaslahatan umat * '''’Urf''' → hukum anu dumasar kana kabiasaan masarakat === Struktur Syariat Islam === Dina ngalaksanakeun hukum Islam, aya dua kategori utama: ==== 1. Asas Syara’ (Ibadah Mahdhah) ==== Asas syara’ ('''uṣūl al-fiqh''') nyaéta perkara anu parantos jelas katangtukeun dina Al-Qur’an atawa hadis. Kedudukanana minangka pokok syari’at Islam, sarta hukum-hukumna ngawajibkeun sakabéh umat Islam. Aya kaayaan darurat anu nyababkeun umat Islam tiasa henteu ngalaksanakeun hukum Islam pikeun sawatara waktu, upamana dina kaayaan anu ngabahayakeun jiwa. Tapi, nalika kaayaan éta geus béak, umat Islam kudu balik deui ka hukum syariat anu berlaku. ==== 2. Furu’ Syara’ (Ghairu Mahdhah) ==== Furu’ syara’ ('''furūʿ al-fiqh''') nyaéta perkara anu teu jelas katangtukeun dina Al-Qur’an atawa hadis, janten perlu aya '''ijtihad''' pikeun nangtukeun hukumna. Kedudukanana minangka cabang syari’at Islam, sarta henteu ngawajibkeun sakumna umat Islam di sakabéh tempat, iwal lamun geus ditetepkeun ku '''Ulil Amri''' (pamaréntah) di hiji daérah. == Sipat Hukum Islam == Numutkeun Tahir Azhary, hukum Islam mibanda tilu sifat: # '''Bidimensional''' → hukum Islam boga unsur '''kemanusaan''' jeung '''ketuhanan'''. # '''Adil''' → adil lain ngan ukur tujuan, tapi sipat anu melekat dina hukum Islam. # '''Individu jeung masarakat''' → hukum Islam ngajaga keseimbangan antara hak individu jeung kahadean masarakat, dumasar kana wahyu Allah SWT. Hukum Islam ogé mibanda dua sipat utama: # '''Al-Tsabat (Stabil)''' → hukum-hukum Islam anu geus pasti jeung henteu robah. # '''Al-Tathawwur (Dinamis)''' → hukum Islam tiasa nyaluyukeun jeung kaayaan sosial tanpa ngarobah prinsip dasarna. == Konteks Sosial-Kemasyarakatan == Syariat Islam henteu ngan ukur ngatur masalah ibadah pribadi, tapi ogé norma sosial, kriminalitas, jeung sistem nagara. Syariat Islam nyanghareupan rupa-rupa kasus sosial, sapertos: * Kajahatan ('''jinayah''') * Minuman keras * Perzinaan * Pembunuhan * Sistem pemerintahan * Muamalah (bisnis syariah) Hukum Islam diperlukeun pikeun ngajaga tatanan sosial jeung moral masarakat, sangkan tetep saluyu jeung ajaran Islam. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Syaréat Islam]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] 6xpb7ax0zduxcnqjd9mgyrmlogdg9s3 10 107619 708475 702968 2026-04-23T10:43:15Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nathan Veritas mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Template rating]] ka [[Citakan:Citakan rating]] 702968 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}<!-- Escape empty required first unnamed parameter -->|{{#switch:{{Namespace detect|template=t|module=m|demospace={{{demospace|}}}|page={{{demopage|}}}}} |m |t = <!-- ***** IF IN MODULE OR TEMPLATE NAMESPACE ***** -->{{ombox | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = [[File:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | alpha | a = [[File:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|class=skin-invert|26x26px|link=|alt=]] | beta | b = [[File:Greek lc beta icon.svg|class=skin-invert|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | release | r | general | g | stable | protected | protect | p | semiprotected | semiprotect | semi = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | broken | br | unstable = [[File:Red x.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | deprecated | d | defunct = [[File:Historical.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }} | style = | textstyle = | text = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is rated as [[:Category:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}s in pre-alpha development|pre-alpha]]. 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Camilan ieu boga tékstur kenyal jeung rasa amis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://seaweednetwork.id/mengenal-dodol-rumput-laut-khas-lombok-begini-cara-membuatnya|title=Mengenal Dodol Rumput Laut Khas Lombok, Begini Cara Membuatnya!|website=seaweednetwork.id|language=en|accessdate=2025-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017045313/https://seaweednetwork.id/mengenal-dodol-rumput-laut-khas-lombok-begini-cara-membuatnya |date=2025-10-17 }}</ref> == Asal-usul == [[Gambar:Dodol rumput laut Lombok.jpg|jmpl|Dodol rumput laut has Lombok]] Dodol ieu asalna ti daérah basisir Lombok anu boga kasuburan rumput laut nu loba pisan. Dodol rumput laut teras jadi komoditas unggulan anu ngarojong ékonomi lokal. Dodol rumput laut, dijieunna tina rumput laut anu miboga kandungan pikeun bisa ngajadikeun patalian kandunganna leuwih kuat tur cocog pikeun dijieunna dodol.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/6095415/dodol-rumput-laut-warisan-rasa-manis-memikat-dari-pesisir-lombok|title=Dodol Rumput Laut, Warisan Rasa Manis Memikat dari Pesisir Lombok|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-10}}</ref> Warna dodol rumput laut béda-béda gumantung kana rasa nu digunakeun, misalna warna beureum pikeun rasa strawberry. Rupana anu warna-warni ngajadikeun ieu dodol pikaresepeun boh pikeun camilan boh pikeun dijadikeun oleh-oleh khas Lombok.<ref name=":1" /> Asal-usul dodol rumput laut patalina raket jeung loba-na hasil budidaya rumput laut di Lombok. Daérah basisir saperti Lombok Timur, Lombok Tengah, nepi ka Lombok Barat jadi sentra panghasil rumput laut anu alus kualitasna. Dina prosés ngolahna, rumput laut biasana digaringkeun heula, tuluy diolah jadi bubur kandel anu dicampur ku gula jeung bahan-bahan méré aroma. Adonan nu geus rengse teras dibungkus ku plastik maké wangun khas dodol.<ref name=":0" /> == Cara nyieun == Dodol rumput laut mangrupakeun produk olahan tradisional berbasis sumber daya laut anu ngagunakeun rumput laut jenis ''Eucheuma cottonii'' minangka bahan utama. Dina prosés ngolahna dipaké 500 gram rumput laut, ditambahan bahan séjén saperti: * Tipung ketan 100 gram * Cai 70 ml * Gula pasir 250 gram * Santan 200 ml * Vanili 1 séndok téh * Pewarna dahareun Tahapan produksi dimimitian ku nyiapkeun bahan baku, tuluy nyampur sakabéh bahan nepi ka ngabentuk adonan anu rata. Panambahan tepung ketan gunana pikeun ngaronjatkeun tékstur dodol sangkan henteu lembek, bari ngatur konsistensi elastisitas anu dipangaruhan ku kadar ''amilosa'' jeung ''amilopektin.'' Dina prosés nyampur ieu, kudu diperhatikeun kabersihan, contona maké sarung tangan sangkan henteu aya kontaminasi silang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://ntb.idntimes.com/food/recipe/cara-membuat-dodol-rumput-laut-khas-lombok-00-lm183-27xc44|title=Cara Membuat Dodol Rumput Laut Khas Lombok|last=Hyperlocal|first=IDN Times|website=IDN Times NTB|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-11}}</ref> Sanggeus adonan ngahiji sampurna, tahap salajengna nyaéta nyitakan ku maké loyang. Adonan disimpen dina cetakan, tuluy dipadetan sangkan ukuran jeung kandelna sarua. Sanggeus éta, adonan didinginkan dina suhu kamar kira-kira 30 menit. Tahap ieu penting pikeun méré kasempetan ka dodol sangkan ngaregep jeung gampang dipotong nurutkeun bentuk nu dipikahayang.<ref name=":2" /> [[Kategori:Makanan Lombok]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Mataram]] == Répérénsi == q6uvenzk9wix6m9togjhnq5vp763vqi 0 107729 708451 707116 2026-04-23T07:55:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708451 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; line-height:1.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ccffcc;" | Ibrahim<br /><small>[[Ibrahim|إبراهيم]]</small> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Ibrahim (Abraham)1.png|150px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jujuluk | [[Khalilullah]] (Kasih Allah), [[Abul Anbiya]] (Bapa para Nabi) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dibabarkeun | l.k. 1996 SM, [[Ur]], [[Mesopotamia]] (ayeuna [[Irak]]) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Pupus | l.k. 1821 SM (yuswa 175 taun), [[Hebron]], [[Paléstina]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Makam | Guha [[Makpéla]], [[Hebron]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ageman | [[Hanif]] ([[Islam]]) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Sepuh | [[Azar]] (atawa [[Terah]]) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Garwa | [[Sarah]], [[Hajar]], Keturah |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Putra | [[Ismail]], [[Ishaq]], sarta 6 putra sanésna ti Keturah |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Kaum | [[Babil|Babilonia]], urang [[Kanaan]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Tempat hirup | [[Irak]], [[Mesir]], [[Paléstina]], [[Mekah]] |} '''Ibrahim''' (Basa Arab: [[Ibrahim|إبراهيم]]) mangrupikeun tokoh puseur dina [[Agama Samawi]]. Anjeunna diaku ku umat [[Islam]], [[Kristen]], sarta [[Yahudi]] salaku salah sahiji nabi sarta bapa karuhun sakabéh umat anu percaya ka Gusti anu maha Tunggal. Dina tradisi Islam, Ibrahim disebut salaku ''Khalilullah'' (Kasih Allah) sarta kaasup kana golongan nabi [[Ulul Azmi]]. ==Riwayat sarta Silsilah== Numutkeun [[Al-Qur'an]], Ibrahim lahir di tengah masarakat anu nyembah kana berahala. Ramana namina [[Azar]] <ref>[[Surah Al-An'am]] ayat 74</ref>, sedengkeun dina [[Alkitab]] (Kitab Kajadian), ramana disebut [[Terah]] <ref>Kajadian 11:26</ref>. Ibrahim miboga dua putra utama anu ogé janten nabi: # [[[[Nabi Ismail|Ismail]]]]: Putra ti [[Hajar]], anu nurunkeun bangsa Arab sarta Nabi [[Muhammad]]. # [[[[Nabi Ishaq|Ishaq]]]]: Putra ti [[Sarah]], anu nurunkeun bangsa [[[[Bani Israil|Israil]]]] sarta nabi-nabi Bani Israil sapertos [[[[Nabi Musa|Musa]]]] sarta [[Isa]]. ==Perjuangan Tauhid== Ibrahim kasohor ku kawanina ngancurkeun berhala-berhala di kuil Raja [[Namrud]]. Kusabab éta lampahna, anjeunna ditéwak sarta dihukum kujalan diduruk hirup-hirup. Nanging, pangersana Gusti maparin mukjizat mangrupa tiisna seuneu anu dipaké ngaduruk: "Kami (Allah) ngadawuh: 'Hé seuneu, sing tiis anjeun sarta sing jadi kasalametan pikeun Ibrahim.'" <ref>[[Surah Al-Anbiya]] ayat 69</ref> ==Pangwangunan Ka'bah== Sajarah Islam nyatet yén Ibrahim sarta Ismail babarengan ngawangun deui [[Ka'bah]] di [[Mekah]] <ref>[[Surah Al-Baqarah]] ayat 127</ref>. Ieu tempat saterusna jadi kiblat umat Islam di sakuliah dunya sarta jadi puseur ibadah [[Haji]]. ==Nagajugjug ka Paléstina sarta Mesir== Kusabab kaayaan nagarana anu pinuh ku panyembahan berahala sarta fitnah ti Raja [[Namrud]], Ibrahim mutuskeun pikeun ''[[hijrah]]''. Anjeunna angkat babarengan jeung garwana, [[Sarah]], sarta alona, [[Lut]], nuju ka nagara [[Syam]] (ayeuna [[Paléstina]]). Dina hiji mangsa, Ibrahim sarta Sarah kungsi indit ka [[Mesir]]. Di dinya, anjeunna papanggih jeung pangawasa Mesir anu saterusna méré saurang hamba sahaya awéwé anu namina [[Hajar]] ka Sarah. Hajar saterusna jadi pamajikan kadua Ibrahim sarta ngalahirkeun putra kahiji, nyaéta [[Nabi Ismail|Ismail]] <ref>[[Ibnu Katsir]], Qashash al-Anbiya</ref>. ==Dodoja sarta Kajadian Kurban== Salah sahiji ujian anu paling beurat pikeun Ibrahim nyaéta nalika anjeunna meunang wahyu anu katarima ngaliwat ngimpi pikeun meuncit putra anu kacida dipikanyaahna, Ismail. Ieu kajadian mangrupikeun bukti tina kataatan Ibrahim anu taya tandingna ka Gusti. Nalika Ibrahim badé ngalaksanakeun paréntah kasebut, Ismail kalayan ikhlas narima pituduh ti Gusti. Nanging, nalika péso badé ngagérésęl posan neukteuk, Gusti ngagentos Ismail ku hiji domba anu badag <ref>[[Surah As-Saffat]]: 102-107</ref>. Kajadian ieu anu saterusna jadi asal-usul ibadah [[Idul Adha]] sarta [[Kurban]] pikeun umat [[Islam]] di sakuliah dunya. ==Wafatna Ibrahim== Nabi Ibrahim wafat dina yuswa anu sepuh pisan sarta dimakamkeun di [[Guha]] [[Makpéla]] (Al-Khalil/Hebron) anu aya di beulah [[Kulon]], Paléstina. Makamna nepi ka ayeuna jadi tempat anu kacida dihormatna ku sakumna anu ngagem [[Agama Samawi]] <ref>[[Alkitab]], Kajadian 25:7-10</ref>. ==Suhuf Ibrahim== Dina ajaran [[Islam]], Ibrahim diaku nampi wahyu ti Gusti anu mangrupa lambaran-lambaran suci anu disebut Suhuf. Wahyu ieu eusina mangrupa pituduh-pituduh tauhid sarta hikmah-hikmah pikeun umatna dina mangsa harita <ref>[[Surah Al-A'la]]: 18-19</ref>. Sanajan eusi lengkepna teu disebutkeun sacara jéntré dina [[Al-Qur'an]], ayana Suhuf ieu negaskeun posisi Ibrahim salaku rasul anu mawa risalah tinulis. ==Silsilah sarta Turunan== Ibrahim mindeng disebut salaku "Bapana para Nabi" (Abul Anbiya). Tina dua putra utamana, lahir garis katurunan anu mulya: * Garis [[Nabi Ishaq|Ishaq]]: Nurunkeun [[Nabi Ya'qub|Ya'qub]] (Israél), [[Nabi Yusuf|Yusuf]], [[Nabi Musa|Musa]], [[Nabi Daud|Dawud]], [[Nabi Sulaiman|Sulaiman]], nepi ka [[Nabi Isa]] as. *Garis [[Nabi Ismail|Ismail]]: Nurunkeun suku-suku Arab [[Adnani]], anu saterusna nurunkeun Nabi [[Muhammad]] saw. salaku nabi pamungkas. Kaitan ieu ngajadikeun Ibrahim janten titik puseur anu kacida pentingna dina hubungan antar-iman ''(interfaith)'' sarta sajarah peradaban duaduana <ref>[[Al-Baqarah]]: 130-135</ref>. Tempat-tempat Suci Pakait sareng Ibrahim Aya sababaraha tempat anu kacida sakralna anu dipatalikeun sareng lalampahan Ibrahim: # [[Mekah]]: Tempat anjeunna neundeun Hajar sareng Ismail, sarta tempat ngawangun [[Ka'bah]]. # [[Maqam Ibrahim]]: Urut tapak suku Ibrahim nalika ngawangun Ka'bah anu ayeuna aya di jero [[Masjidil Haram]]. # [[Hebron]] (Al-Khalil): Kota di [[Paléstina]] tempat makamna Ibrahim sarta kulawargana di jero Masjid Ibrahimi. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tempo Ogé== Référénsi Tambahan <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> 1. [[Al-Qur'an]] Al-Karim. 2. [[Alkitab]] (Kitab Kajadian/Genesis). 3. Ibnu Katsir. Qashash al-Anbiya (Kisah Para Nabi). 4. Lings, Martin. (2006). Muhammad: Kisah Hidup Berdasarkan Sumber Terdahulu. <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> 5. [[Surah As-Saffat]]: 102-107. 6. Armstrong, Karen. (1996). In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis. 7. Peters, F.E. (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> 8. [[Surah Al-A'la]] ayat 18-19. 9. Firestone, Reuven. (1990). Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis. 10. Glassé, Cyril. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. </div> [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Nabi Islam]] [[Katehori:Ulul Azmi]] 0hdvgxfd84hqwcne137960hd1twakbd 0 107780 708410 707097 2026-04-22T12:02:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708410 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#4682B4; color:white; padding:5px;" | Thawaf |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Kaaba 111.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Jamaah nuju ngalaksanakeun Thawaf ngurilingan [[Ka'bah]].'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ngaran Arab | طواف (''Ṭawāf'') |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Ngurilingan |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jumlah Puteran | 7 kali |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Titik Mimitian | [[Hajar Aswad]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Titik Pungkasan | [[Hajar Aswad]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Sarat Utama | [[Wudu]] (Suci tina hadats) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis Utama | [[Tawaf Ifadah]] (Rukun), [[Tawaf Qudum]], [[Tawaf Wada']] |} '''Thawaf''' nyaéta salah sahiji ritual utama dina [[haji|Ibadah Haji]] sarta [[umroh|Umrah]]. Ritual ieu mangrupikeun perlambang tina katundukan hamba ka Allah swt. sarta kamanunggalan umat [[Islam]] di sakuliah dunya.<ref>Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 45. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.</ref> === Sarat Thawaf === Dina ngalaksanakeun thawaf, aya sababaraha sarat anu kedah ditedunan ku jamaah, antawisna: * Suci tina [[hadats gedé]] sarta leutik (gaduh [[wudu]]).<ref>''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25, Hadits nomer 1606. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1606 sunnah.com/bukhari:1606].</ref> * Nutup [[aurat]]. * Ngamimitian ti juru [[Hajar Aswad]]. * Posisi [[Ka'bah]] kedah aya di palih kénca jalma anu thawaf. * Dilaksanakeun saloba tujuh kali kuriling kalayan yakin. === Jinis-jinis Thawaf === Aya sababaraha jinis thawaf dumasar kana tujuan sarta waktuna:<ref>Muh. Hadi Bashori, ''Mengenal Penanggalan Hijriyah'', (2013), kaca 58. ISBN 978-602-02-1323-1.</ref> #'''Thawaf Qudum:''' Thawaf "wilujeng sumping" anu dilakukeun nalika jamaah nembe dugi ka [[Mekah]]. #'''Thawaf Ifadhah:''' Thawaf anu mangrupikeun [[rukun haji]], dilaksanakeun saatos [[Wukuf]] di [[Arafah]]. #'''Thawaf Wada:''' Thawaf "paturay" anu dilakukeun sateuacan jamaah mulang ka nagara asalna.<ref>''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab ka-15, Hadits nomer 1327. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/muslim:1327 sunnah.com/muslim:1327].</ref># '''Thawaf Sunnah:''' Thawaf anu tiasa dilakukeun iraha waé salaku ibadah tambahan di [[Masjidil Haram]]. === Sunnah dina Thawaf === * '''Idh-thiba:''' Nganggo kaén [[ihram]] kalayan muka taktak palih katuhu (khusus pikeun pameget). * '''Ramal:''' Lumpat-lumpat leutik dina tilu puteran munggaran. * '''Istimlam:''' Ngusap atanapi nyium [[Hajar Aswad]], atanapi cekap ku isyarat leungeun upami kaayaan pinuh ku jalma.<ref>''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Hadits nomer 1873. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/abudawud:1873 sunnah.com/abudawud:1873].</ref> == Bacaan nalika Thawaf == Dina ritual [[Thawaf]], teu aya bacaan anu wajib (fardhu) di unggal puteranana, nanging aya sababaraha du'a sarta dzikir anu disunnahkeun dumasar kana hadits [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw.]]:<ref>Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (2013), kaca 50. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.</ref> === Nalika Ngamimitian Thawaf (Istilam) === Nalika aya di payuneun [[Hajar Aswad]] dina unggal awal puteran, disunnahkeun ngangkat leungeun bari maca: <blockquote> '''{{lang|ar|بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ}}'''<br/> ''Bismillāhi wallāhu akbar.''<br/> (Kalayan nyebat jenengan Allah, Allah Anu Maha Agung).<ref>''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25, Hadits nomer 1612. [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1612 sunnah.com/bukhari:1612]</ref> </blockquote> === Antara Rukun Yamani sareng Hajar Aswad === Nalika jamaah leumpang di antawis [[Rukun Yamani]] sarta [[Hajar Aswad]] (bagian tungtung unggal puteran), disunnahkeun maca du'a "Sapu Jagat": <blockquote> '''{{lang|ar|رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ}}''<br/> ''Rabbanā ātinā fid-dunyā ḥasanah, wa fil-ākhirati ḥasanah, wa qinā 'adhāban-nār.''<br/> (Duh Pangéran abdi sadaya, paparinan kasaéan di dunya sarta kasaéan di ahérat, sarta tebihkeun abdi sadaya tina siksa naraka).<ref>''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Hadits nomer 1892. [https://sunnah.com/abudawud:1892 sunnah.com/abudawud:1892]</ref> </blockquote> === Dzikir Umum === Salami muter, [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw.]] ngadawuh yén Thawaf téh sarua jeung [[solat|salat]], ngan urang meunang nyarita. Ku kituna, disunnahkeun loba maca dzikir: * '''[[Tasbih]]:''' {{lang|ar|سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ}} (''Subḥānallāh'') * '''[[Tahmid]]:''' {{lang|ar|الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ}} (''Alḥamdulillāh'') * '''[[Tahlil]]:''' {{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ}} (''Lā ilāha illallāh'') * '''[[Takbir]]:''' {{lang|ar|اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ}} (''Allāhu akbar'')<ref>''Sunan Ibnu Majah'', Hadits nomer 2957. [https://sunnah.com/ibnumajah:2957 sunnah.com/ibnumajah:2957]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tutumbu ka Luar == * [https://sunnah.com/ Sunnah.com] - Puseur pamilarian hadits digital tina kitab-kitab shahih. * [https://www.haramainsharifain.com/ Haramain Sharifain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007221745/http://www.haramainsharifain.com/ |date=2025-10-07 }} - Inpormasi resmi sarta berita panganyarna ngeunaan Masjidil Haram sarta Masjid Nabawi. * [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi] - Loka resmi pamaréntah Saudi ngeunaan palaksanaan ibadah haji. * [https://kemenag.go.id/ Kamentrian Agama Républik Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }} - Inpormasi ngeunaan palaksanaan haji pikeun jamaah ti Indonésia. == Kategori == [[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Mekah]] [[Kategori:Ritual]] [[Kategori:islam]] {{Ibadah Haji}} {{islam-pondok}} bu3gt7cbls30bfjn0sa5agzc5zm16zq 0 107883 708442 705899 2026-04-23T07:09:39Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Tata Cara Ibadah */ 708442 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;" | Jumrah Wustha |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:AL Jamarat 22.JPG|250px]]<br><small>Pilar Jumrah Wustha (tengah) di Mina</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jinis | [[Wajib Haji]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Lokasi | [[Mina]], Saudi Arabia |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Waktos | 11, 12, 13 Dzulhijjah |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jumlah Batu | 7 krikil per dinten |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Urutan | Kadua (Tengah) |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Rujukan Utama | HR. Muslim (1218) |} '''Jumrah Wustha''' (Basa Arab: الجمرة الوسطى) nyaéta pilar kadua atawa pilar tengah anu dibalédog ku jamaah haji dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].<ref name="Kemenag">Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.</ref> Sacara basa, ''Wustha'' hartosna "pertengahan" atanapi "tengah".<ref name="Kamus">Kamus Istilah Haji & Umrah.</ref> Ritual ieu dilaksanakeun saatos jamaah bérés ngalémpar [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta sateuacan nuju ka [[Jumrah Aqabah]].<ref name="Muslim">Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an == Malédog Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah ngalakukeun dzikir dina dinten-dinten anu parantos ditangtukeun.<ref name="Tafsir">Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat Al-Baqarah.</ref> Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <center style="font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;">'''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''</center> <blockquote>''"Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun (poé Tasyrik)..."'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Surat Al-Baqarah]]: 203).<ref name="Quran">QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 203.</ref></blockquote> Rasulullah SAW maparin conto yén unggal pilar jumrah, kalebet Jumrah Wustha, kedah dibalédog salaku bagian tina kasampurnaan ibadah haji.<ref name="Bukhari">Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.</ref> == Tata Cara Ibadah == Dina ngalaksanakeunana, jamaah haji kedah merhatoskeun sababaraha katangtuan dumasar kana sunnah Nabi:<ref name="Fiqh">As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.</ref> # '''Runtuyan:''' Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngan sah upami dilakukeun saatos malédog Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Muslim"/> Upami urutanna pahili, maka kedah dibalikan deui malédogna.<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédogkeun ku 7 siki krikil sacara silih turuy (hiji-hiji).<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Takbir:''' Disunnahkeun maca takbir (''Allahu Akbar'') dina unggal balédogan krikilna.<ref name="Bukhari"/> # '''Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Saatos bérés malédog Jumrah Wustha, jamaah disunnahkeun eureun sakedap, nyanghareup ka [[Kiblat]], sarta ngadu'a kalayan lami bari ngangkat panangan utamina néda dibersihkeun haté tina sipat égo atanapi asa aing.<ref name="Muslim"/> Hal ieu sami sareng anu dilakukeun saatos Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Ma'na Spiritual == Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngalambangkeun perlawanan anu terus-terusan ngalawan gogoda sétan.<ref name="Tafsir"/> Upami Jumrah Ula nyaéta simbol perlawanan munggaran utsmana kana sikep pamrih (lian ti Allah), Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun simbol kateguhan iman manusa nalika sétan nyobian ngagoda deui pikeun kadua kalina.<ref name="Sajarah">Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.</ref> Ieu ritual ngajarkeun urang sangkan tetep waspada sarta ulah galider tina sagala rupa gogoda nafsu hususna égo/asa aing kawas [[korun]].<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Ibadah Haji}} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Islam]] 3u10jgbdepf8wuivdahkxh0rcx4c1h7 708443 708442 2026-04-23T07:14:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ma'na Spiritual */ 708443 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;" | Jumrah Wustha |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:AL Jamarat 22.JPG|250px]]<br><small>Pilar Jumrah Wustha (tengah) di Mina</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jinis | [[Wajib Haji]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Lokasi | [[Mina]], Saudi Arabia |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Waktos | 11, 12, 13 Dzulhijjah |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jumlah Batu | 7 krikil per dinten |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Urutan | Kadua (Tengah) |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Rujukan Utama | HR. Muslim (1218) |} '''Jumrah Wustha''' (Basa Arab: الجمرة الوسطى) nyaéta pilar kadua atawa pilar tengah anu dibalédog ku jamaah haji dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].<ref name="Kemenag">Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.</ref> Sacara basa, ''Wustha'' hartosna "pertengahan" atanapi "tengah".<ref name="Kamus">Kamus Istilah Haji & Umrah.</ref> Ritual ieu dilaksanakeun saatos jamaah bérés ngalémpar [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta sateuacan nuju ka [[Jumrah Aqabah]].<ref name="Muslim">Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an == Malédog Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah ngalakukeun dzikir dina dinten-dinten anu parantos ditangtukeun.<ref name="Tafsir">Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat Al-Baqarah.</ref> Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <center style="font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;">'''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''</center> <blockquote>''"Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun (poé Tasyrik)..."'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Surat Al-Baqarah]]: 203).<ref name="Quran">QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 203.</ref></blockquote> Rasulullah SAW maparin conto yén unggal pilar jumrah, kalebet Jumrah Wustha, kedah dibalédog salaku bagian tina kasampurnaan ibadah haji.<ref name="Bukhari">Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.</ref> == Tata Cara Ibadah == Dina ngalaksanakeunana, jamaah haji kedah merhatoskeun sababaraha katangtuan dumasar kana sunnah Nabi:<ref name="Fiqh">As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.</ref> # '''Runtuyan:''' Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngan sah upami dilakukeun saatos malédog Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Muslim"/> Upami urutanna pahili, maka kedah dibalikan deui malédogna.<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédogkeun ku 7 siki krikil sacara silih turuy (hiji-hiji).<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Takbir:''' Disunnahkeun maca takbir (''Allahu Akbar'') dina unggal balédogan krikilna.<ref name="Bukhari"/> # '''Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Saatos bérés malédog Jumrah Wustha, jamaah disunnahkeun eureun sakedap, nyanghareup ka [[Kiblat]], sarta ngadu'a kalayan lami bari ngangkat panangan utamina néda dibersihkeun haté tina sipat égo atanapi asa aing.<ref name="Muslim"/> Hal ieu sami sareng anu dilakukeun saatos Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Ma'na Spiritual == Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngalambangkeun perlawanan anu terus-terusan ngalawan gogoda sétan.<ref name="Tafsir"/> Upami Jumrah Ula nyaéta simbol perlawanan munggaran utamana kana sikep pamrih (miharep lian ti Allah), Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun simbol kateguhan iman manusa nalika sétan nyobian ngagoda deui pikeun kadua kalina.<ref name="Sajarah">Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.</ref> Ieu ritual ngajarkeun urang sangkan tetep waspada sarta ulah galider tina sagala rupa gogoda nafsu hususna égo/asa aing kawas [[korun]].<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Ibadah Haji}} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Islam]] 7482cdrz8lyg10desl61ekv8sab2ebp 708445 708443 2026-04-23T07:47:13Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ma'na Spiritual */ 708445 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;" | Jumrah Wustha |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:AL Jamarat 22.JPG|250px]]<br><small>Pilar Jumrah Wustha (tengah) di Mina</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jinis | [[Wajib Haji]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Lokasi | [[Mina]], Saudi Arabia |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Waktos | 11, 12, 13 Dzulhijjah |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jumlah Batu | 7 krikil per dinten |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Urutan | Kadua (Tengah) |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Rujukan Utama | HR. Muslim (1218) |} '''Jumrah Wustha''' (Basa Arab: الجمرة الوسطى) nyaéta pilar kadua atawa pilar tengah anu dibalédog ku jamaah haji dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].<ref name="Kemenag">Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.</ref> Sacara basa, ''Wustha'' hartosna "pertengahan" atanapi "tengah".<ref name="Kamus">Kamus Istilah Haji & Umrah.</ref> Ritual ieu dilaksanakeun saatos jamaah bérés ngalémpar [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta sateuacan nuju ka [[Jumrah Aqabah]].<ref name="Muslim">Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an == Malédog Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah ngalakukeun dzikir dina dinten-dinten anu parantos ditangtukeun.<ref name="Tafsir">Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat Al-Baqarah.</ref> Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <center style="font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;">'''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''</center> <blockquote>''"Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun (poé Tasyrik)..."'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Surat Al-Baqarah]]: 203).<ref name="Quran">QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 203.</ref></blockquote> Rasulullah SAW maparin conto yén unggal pilar jumrah, kalebet Jumrah Wustha, kedah dibalédog salaku bagian tina kasampurnaan ibadah haji.<ref name="Bukhari">Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.</ref> == Tata Cara Ibadah == Dina ngalaksanakeunana, jamaah haji kedah merhatoskeun sababaraha katangtuan dumasar kana sunnah Nabi:<ref name="Fiqh">As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.</ref> # '''Runtuyan:''' Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngan sah upami dilakukeun saatos malédog Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Muslim"/> Upami urutanna pahili, maka kedah dibalikan deui malédogna.<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédogkeun ku 7 siki krikil sacara silih turuy (hiji-hiji).<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Takbir:''' Disunnahkeun maca takbir (''Allahu Akbar'') dina unggal balédogan krikilna.<ref name="Bukhari"/> # '''Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Saatos bérés malédog Jumrah Wustha, jamaah disunnahkeun eureun sakedap, nyanghareup ka [[Kiblat]], sarta ngadu'a kalayan lami bari ngangkat panangan utamina néda dibersihkeun haté tina sipat égo atanapi asa aing.<ref name="Muslim"/> Hal ieu sami sareng anu dilakukeun saatos Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Ma'na Spiritual == Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngalambangkeun perlawanan anu terus-terusan ngalawan gogoda sétan.<ref name="Tafsir"/> Upami Jumrah Ula nyaéta simbol perlawanan munggaran utamana kana sikep pamrih (miharep lian ti Allah), Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun simbol kateguhan iman manusa nalika sétan nyobian ngagoda deui pikeun kadua kalina.<ref name="Sajarah">Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.</ref> Ieu ritual ngajarkeun urang sangkan tetep waspada sarta ulah galider tina sagala rupa gogoda nafsu hususna égo/asa aing kawas [[[[Qorun|korun]]]].<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Ibadah Haji}} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Islam]] sb7szvdzf5pwrxf9g88ppqcat2afeg7 708446 708445 2026-04-23T07:48:10Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ma'na Spiritual */ 708446 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;" | Jumrah Wustha |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:AL Jamarat 22.JPG|250px]]<br><small>Pilar Jumrah Wustha (tengah) di Mina</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jinis | [[Wajib Haji]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Lokasi | [[Mina]], Saudi Arabia |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Waktos | 11, 12, 13 Dzulhijjah |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jumlah Batu | 7 krikil per dinten |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Urutan | Kadua (Tengah) |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Rujukan Utama | HR. Muslim (1218) |} '''Jumrah Wustha''' (Basa Arab: الجمرة الوسطى) nyaéta pilar kadua atawa pilar tengah anu dibalédog ku jamaah haji dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].<ref name="Kemenag">Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.</ref> Sacara basa, ''Wustha'' hartosna "pertengahan" atanapi "tengah".<ref name="Kamus">Kamus Istilah Haji & Umrah.</ref> Ritual ieu dilaksanakeun saatos jamaah bérés ngalémpar [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta sateuacan nuju ka [[Jumrah Aqabah]].<ref name="Muslim">Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an == Malédog Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah ngalakukeun dzikir dina dinten-dinten anu parantos ditangtukeun.<ref name="Tafsir">Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat Al-Baqarah.</ref> Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <center style="font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;">'''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''</center> <blockquote>''"Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun (poé Tasyrik)..."'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Surat Al-Baqarah]]: 203).<ref name="Quran">QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 203.</ref></blockquote> Rasulullah SAW maparin conto yén unggal pilar jumrah, kalebet Jumrah Wustha, kedah dibalédog salaku bagian tina kasampurnaan ibadah haji.<ref name="Bukhari">Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.</ref> == Tata Cara Ibadah == Dina ngalaksanakeunana, jamaah haji kedah merhatoskeun sababaraha katangtuan dumasar kana sunnah Nabi:<ref name="Fiqh">As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.</ref> # '''Runtuyan:''' Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngan sah upami dilakukeun saatos malédog Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Muslim"/> Upami urutanna pahili, maka kedah dibalikan deui malédogna.<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédogkeun ku 7 siki krikil sacara silih turuy (hiji-hiji).<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Takbir:''' Disunnahkeun maca takbir (''Allahu Akbar'') dina unggal balédogan krikilna.<ref name="Bukhari"/> # '''Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Saatos bérés malédog Jumrah Wustha, jamaah disunnahkeun eureun sakedap, nyanghareup ka [[Kiblat]], sarta ngadu'a kalayan lami bari ngangkat panangan utamina néda dibersihkeun haté tina sipat égo atanapi asa aing.<ref name="Muslim"/> Hal ieu sami sareng anu dilakukeun saatos Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Ma'na Spiritual == Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngalambangkeun perlawanan anu terus-terusan ngalawan gogoda sétan.<ref name="Tafsir"/> Upami Jumrah Ula nyaéta simbol perlawanan munggaran utamana kana sikep [[pamrih]] (miharep lian ti Allah), Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun simbol kateguhan iman manusa nalika sétan nyobian ngagoda deui pikeun kadua kalina.<ref name="Sajarah">Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.</ref> Ieu ritual ngajarkeun urang sangkan tetep waspada sarta ulah galider tina sagala rupa gogoda nafsu hususna égo/asa aing kawas [[[[Qorun|korun]]]].<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Ibadah Haji}} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Islam]] nqheptvoa8rkhkojcltdo3c3tizh4in 708449 708446 2026-04-23T07:52:50Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Ma'na Spiritual */ 708449 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;" | Jumrah Wustha |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[file:AL Jamarat 22.JPG|250px]]<br><small>Pilar Jumrah Wustha (tengah) di Mina</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jinis | [[Wajib Haji]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Lokasi | [[Mina]], Saudi Arabia |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Waktos | 11, 12, 13 Dzulhijjah |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Jumlah Batu | 7 krikil per dinten |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Urutan | Kadua (Tengah) |- ! style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee;" | Rujukan Utama | HR. Muslim (1218) |} '''Jumrah Wustha''' (Basa Arab: الجمرة الوسطى) nyaéta pilar kadua atawa pilar tengah anu dibalédog ku jamaah haji dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].<ref name="Kemenag">Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.</ref> Sacara basa, ''Wustha'' hartosna "pertengahan" atanapi "tengah".<ref name="Kamus">Kamus Istilah Haji & Umrah.</ref> Ritual ieu dilaksanakeun saatos jamaah bérés ngalémpar [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta sateuacan nuju ka [[Jumrah Aqabah]].<ref name="Muslim">Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.</ref> == Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an == Malédog Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah ngalakukeun dzikir dina dinten-dinten anu parantos ditangtukeun.<ref name="Tafsir">Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat Al-Baqarah.</ref> Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <center style="font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;">'''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''</center> <blockquote>''"Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun (poé Tasyrik)..."'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Surat Al-Baqarah]]: 203).<ref name="Quran">QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 203.</ref></blockquote> Rasulullah SAW maparin conto yén unggal pilar jumrah, kalebet Jumrah Wustha, kedah dibalédog salaku bagian tina kasampurnaan ibadah haji.<ref name="Bukhari">Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.</ref> == Tata Cara Ibadah == Dina ngalaksanakeunana, jamaah haji kedah merhatoskeun sababaraha katangtuan dumasar kana sunnah Nabi:<ref name="Fiqh">As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.</ref> # '''Runtuyan:''' Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngan sah upami dilakukeun saatos malédog Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Muslim"/> Upami urutanna pahili, maka kedah dibalikan deui malédogna.<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédogkeun ku 7 siki krikil sacara silih turuy (hiji-hiji).<ref name="Kemenag"/> # '''Takbir:''' Disunnahkeun maca takbir (''Allahu Akbar'') dina unggal balédogan krikilna.<ref name="Bukhari"/> # '''Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Saatos bérés malédog Jumrah Wustha, jamaah disunnahkeun eureun sakedap, nyanghareup ka [[Kiblat]], sarta ngadu'a kalayan lami bari ngangkat panangan utamina néda dibersihkeun haté tina sipat égo atanapi asa aing.<ref name="Muslim"/> Hal ieu sami sareng anu dilakukeun saatos Jumrah Ula.<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Ma'na Spiritual == Malédog Jumrah Wustha ngalambangkeun perlawanan anu terus-terusan ngalawan gogoda sétan.<ref name="Tafsir"/> Upami Jumrah Ula nyaéta simbol perlawanan munggaran utamana kana sikep [[[[Riya|pamrih]]]] (miharep lian ti Allah), Jumrah Wustha mangrupikeun simbol kateguhan iman manusa nalika sétan nyobian ngagoda deui pikeun kadua kalina.<ref name="Sajarah">Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.</ref> Ieu ritual ngajarkeun urang sangkan tetep waspada sarta ulah galider tina sagala rupa gogoda nafsu hususna égo/asa aing kawas [[[[Qorun|korun]]]].<ref name="Fiqh"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Ibadah Haji}} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Islam]] oc4aavyvoqfljblxmf4wu57ryf3elud 0 107963 708453 706366 2026-04-23T07:56:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708453 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin-left: 1em; clear: right;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #e3e3e3; padding: 0.4em;" | Nabi Musa as. |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em;" | [[File:The Prophet Musa (Moses In Islam).png|200px|Nabi Musa]]<br /><small>Nabi anu nampi mukjizat mangrupa iteuk sarta kitab Taurat.</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em; width: 35%;" | Gelar | style="padding: 0.2em;" | ''Kalimullah''<br />(Anu diajak nyarios ku Allah) |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | Nasab | style="padding: 0.2em;" | Musa bin Imran bin Qahath<br />bin Lewi bin [[Ya'qub]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | Tempat Dakwah | style="padding: 0.2em;" | [[Mesir]] sarta [[Semenanjung Sinai|Sina]] |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.2em;" | Kitab/Suhuf | style="padding: 0.2em;" | [[Taurat]] |} '''Musa''' ({{lang-ar|موسى}}) nyaéta Nabi sarta Rasul anu diutus ku Allah SWT pikeun nyalametkeun [[Bani Israil]] tina katindasan Fir'aun di nagri [[Mesir]]. Anjeunna kalebet salah sahiji nabi dina golongan ''Ulul Azmi'', nyaéta nabi-nabi anu miboga kateguhan sarta kasabaran anu kacida luar biasa dina nyanghareupan ujian. Nabi Musa mangrupikeun nabi anu paling seueur disebat namina dina [[Al-Qur'an]].<ref>Ibnu Katsir. (2015). ''Qashashul Anbiya''. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. ISBN: 9789795926115.</ref> == Silsilah sarta Nasab == Nabi Musa as. lahir ti pasangan Imran sarta Yukabad. Nasabna nyambung ka Lewi bin [[Ya'qub]] bin [[Ishaq]] bin [[Ibrahim]]. Anjeunna lahir dina mangsa pamingpin Mesir, Fir'aun, ngaluarkeun kawijakan [[genocide]] nyaéta maéhan unggal orok lalaki anu lahir ti golongan Bani Israil alatan sieun ku ramalan yén bakal aya lalaki anu ngaruntuhkeun kakawasaanana.<ref>Lings, M. (2006). ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources''. Inner Traditions. ISBN: 9781594771538.</ref> == Mukjizat sarta Risalah == Allah SWT maparin rupa-rupa mukjizat ka Nabi Musa pikeun ngalawan sihir sarta kasombongan Fir'aun. Ieu sababaraha mukjizat anu paling utama: * [[Iteuk]] janten [[oray]]: Iteuk Nabi Musa tiasa robah janten oray ageung anu ngahakan oray-oray tina tali sihir tukang sihir Fir'aun. * Leungeun anu bercahaya: Nalika Nabi Musa ngasupkeun leungeunna ka jero saku bajuna, leungeun éta kaluar kalayan cahaya anu kacida caangna. * Melah Laut Beureum: Nalika kasedek ku balad Fir'aun, Nabi Musa neunggeulkeun iteukna ka laut dugi ka laut éta meulah sarta janten jalan pikeun Bani Israil.<ref>Shihab, M. Q. (2002). ''Tafsir Al-Misbah''. Jakarta: Lentera Hati. ISBN: 9799023532.</ref> == Bahasan dina Al-Qur'an == Salah sahiji momen anu paling krusial nyaéta nalika Nabi Musa nampi wahyu langsung ti Allah di Gunung [[Sina]] (Tur Sina). Allah ngadawuh: <div dir="rtl" lang="ar" style="font-size: 2.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif; margin: 10px 0;">وَكَلَّمَ اللَّهُ مُوسَىٰ تَكْلِيمًا</div> : ''"Sarta Allah parantos nyarios ka Musa sacara langsung."'' (QS. An-Nisa: 164).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''. [https://quran.kemenag.go.id/ quran.kemenag.go.id]</ref> Nabi Musa ogé nampi kitab [[Taurat]] salaku ''guideline'' atanapi pituduh hirup pikeun [[Bani Israil]] dina ibadah sarta [[muamalah]]. == Bahasan dina Hadits Shahih == Rasulullah saw. maparin katerangan ngeunaan fisik sarta kautamaan Nabi Musa. Dina hadits ngeunaan [[Isra Mi'raj]], Rasulullah ngadawuh: <div dir="rtl" lang="ar" style="font-size: 2.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif; margin: 10px 0;">رَأَيْتُ مُوسَى فَإِذَا هُوَ رَجُلٌ ضَرْبٌ رَجِلٌ كَأَنَّهُ مِنْ رِجَالِ شَنُوءَةَ</div> : ''"Kuring ningal Musa, anjeunna téh lalaki anu dedeganna peryoga, rambutna rada [[rintit]], siga lalaki ti sélér Shanu'ah."'' (HR. Bukhari no. 3394).<ref>Sunnah.com. ''Bukhari 3394''. [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3394]</ref> Lian ti éta, dina hadits sanésna kasebatkeun yén Nabi Musa mangrupikeun nabi anu kacida (isinan) sarta salawasna nutup oratna ku cara anu rapih alatan rasa hormatna ka Allah SWT.<ref>Al-Jaza'iri, S. A. B. (2012). ''Minhajul Muslim''. Jakarta: Darul Haq. ISBN: 9789793407210.</ref> == Karakter sarta Sipat Utama == Nabi Musa dipikawanoh ku sipatna anu tegas, gagah, sarta miboga rasa kamanusaan anu luhur. Sanajan anjeunna dipikawanoh miboga watak anu rada [[ngulit bawang]] dina sababaraha lalakon (sapertos nalika neunggeul urang Qibthi), tapi saéstuna anjeunna mangrupikeun pamingpin anu kacida deudeuhna ka umatna. Gelar [[Kalimullah]] nembékeun tingkat kadukeutan anu luar biasa antara anjeunna sarta Allah SWT.<ref>Al-Qarni, A. (2005). ''La Tahzan''. International Islamic Publishing House. ISBN: 9789960850443.</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} == Tempo Ogé == * [[Nabi Harun]] * [[Taurat]] * [[Fir'aun]] * [[Bani Israil]] [[Kategori:Nabi Islam]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dina Al-Qur'an]] [[Kategori:Ulul Azmi]] hkrnpib699cyz86mvqop2qadwt807j6 0 107978 708419 706414 2026-04-22T14:40:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708419 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 15px;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.2em;" | Ringkesan Tawaf Ifadah |- ! style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: left;" | Jinis Ibadah | [[Rukun Haji]] |- ! style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: left;" | Waktos Utama | 10 [[Dzulhijjah]] |- ! style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: left;" | Hukum | Wajib (Haji teu sah upami kantun) |- ! style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: left;" | Hasilna | Tahallul Tsani (Akir) |- ! style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: left;" | Tempat | [[Masjidil Haram]], Mekah |} == Bubuka == '''Tawaf Ifadah''' (Basa Arab: [[طواف الإفاضة]]) mangrupikeun puncak tina rukun haji anu kacida krusialna. Ifadah sacara harfiah hartosna "ngaluyur" atanapi "ngocor", anu ngagambarkeun prosés mulangna jamaah haji tina kaayaan mabit di Mina sarta Muzdalifah ka [[Masjidil Haram]] pikeun ngalaksanakeun ritual utama. Tanpa Tawaf Ifadah, ibadah haji saurang muslim dianggap henteu sah sarta henteu tiasa digentos ku meuncit sato ([[Dam]]).{{sfn|Kemenag RI|2022}} == Hukum Syara == Kawajiban Tawaf Ifadah didasarkeun kana sumber utama [[Hukum Syara|hukum Islam]]: === Dalil Al-Qur'an === Dina surat Al-Hajj ayat 29, Allah SWT parantos ngadawuh: <blockquote> <center>'''...وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''</center><br/> "...jeung kudu maranéhna ngalaksanakeun tawaf di sabudeureun Baitul 'Atiq (Ka'bah)." (QS. Al-Hajj: 29) </blockquote> === Dalil Hadits === Rasulullah SAW negaskeun yén tawaf ieu mangrupikeun rukun anu teu kenging dikantunkeun, sakumaha dina riwayat nalika [[Safiyah binti Huyay]] haid: <blockquote> '''أَحَابِسَتُنَا هِيَ؟ قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنَّهَا قَدْ أَفَاضَتْ وَطَافَتْ بِالْبَيْتِ... قَالَ: فَلتَنْفِرْ إِذًا'''<br/> "Naha anjeunna (Safiyah) ngahalangan urang (miang)? Maranéhna (para sahabat) ngajawab: 'Anjeunna parantos Tawaf Ifadah'. Nabi ngadawuh: 'Upami kitu, mangga miang'." (HR. Bukhari no. 1733).{{sfn|Al-Bukhari|2020}} </blockquote> == Pituduh Waktos Palaksanaan == Waktos palaksanaan Tawaf Ifadah dimimitian saatos tengah wengi tanggal 10 [[Dzulhijjah]] (poé Idul Adha), khususna saatos jamaah mabit di Muzdalifah. Nanging, aya sawala ngeunaan waktos anu pangsaéna: * '''Waktos Afdol:''' Dilaksanakeun dina dinten Nahar (10 Dzulhijjah) saatos ngalung jumarah Aqabah sarta tahallul awal (nyukur rambut). * '''Waktos Jawaz:''' Diijinkeun salami sasih Dzulhijjah kénéh, nanging langkung gancang langkung saé supados enggal leupas tina larangan ihram.{{sfn|Shihab|2014}} == Tahallul Tsani == Tawaf Ifadah mangrupikeun sarat pikeun ngahontal '''Tahallul Tsani''' (tahallul akhir). Ieu mangrupikeun tingkatan di mana saurang jamaah parantos bebas tina sakabéh larangan ihram, kalebet hubungan suami-istri anu tadina diharamkeun salaku larangan pangberatna nalika ihram. Prosésna nyaéta: # Ngalung Jumarah Aqabah sarta cukur rambut (Tahallul Awal). # Ngalaksanakeun Tawaf Ifadah sarta Sa'i (Tahallul Tsani).{{sfn|Kemenag RI|2022}} == Panutup: Hikmah sareng Filosofi == Tawaf Ifadah miboga filosofi "Manunggal ka Gusti". Saatos manusa "nyepi" di padang Arafah pikeun muhasabah diri, manusa mulang ka Ka'bah salaku simbol puseur tauhid. Gerakan muter ngalawan arah jarum jam (lawan arah rotasi bumi) melambangkan yén manusa nuju ka asal muasalna, nyaéta Allah SWT, sarta siap ngajalankeun hirup kalayan manah anu bersih saatos dosa-dosana dihampura.{{sfn|Shihab|2014}} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Daptar Pustaka == * {{cite web | last = Kemenag RI | title = Manasik Haji Lengkap: Mengenal Rukun Haji | url = https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ | date = 2022 | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kemenag RI}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }} * {{cite book | last = Al-Bukhari | first = Muhammad bin Ismail | title = Shahih Al-Bukhari (Edisi Digital) | publisher = Al-Maktabah al-Shamela | year = 2020 | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Al-Bukhari}} }} * {{cite book | last = Shihab | first = M. Quraish | title = Haji dan Umrah: Bersama M. Quraish Shihab | publisher = Lentera Hati | year = 2014 | location = Jakarta | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Shihab}} }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Daptar Pustaka == * {{cite web | last = Kemenag RI | title = Manasik Haji Lengkap: Mengenal Rukun Haji | url = https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ | date = 2022 | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kemenag RI}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }} * {{cite book | last = Al-Bukhari | first = Muhammad bin Ismail | title = Shahih Al-Bukhari (Edisi Digital) | publisher = Al-Maktabah al-Shamela | year = 2020 | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Al-Bukhari}} }} * {{cite book | last = Shihab | first = M. Quraish | title = Haji dan Umrah: Bersama M. Quraish Shihab | publisher = Lentera Hati | year = 2014 | location = Jakarta | access-date = 11 Maret 2026 | ref = {{sfnRef|Shihab}} }} [[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]] [[Kategori:Rukun Haji]] [[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]] [[Kategori:Haji]] n4265mhf67188977qeaonq3qej86pbv 0 108033 708448 707066 2026-04-23T07:50:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708448 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:larger; background:#cedff2;" | '''Riya''' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Eye iris.jpg|200px|Ilustrasi Ikhlas salaku lawan tina Riya]]<br /><small>Ikhlas mangrupa lawan tina sipat Riya.</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Étimologi | Basa Arab: ''ra’a'' (رؤية) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hartosna | Ningali / Pamér amal |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Hukum | [[Haram]] ([[Syirik]] Khafi) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lawan kecap | [[Ikhlas]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Sumber hukum | [[Al-Qur'an]] & [[Hadist]] |} '''Riya'''; pamrih asalna tina kecap basa [[Arab]] ''ra’a'' (رؤية) anu hartosna "ningali". Sacara [[istilah]], riya hartosna ngalakukeun hiji amal [[ibadah]] atanapi kasaéan sanés karana [[Allah]], tapi hoyong katingal ku batur supados kénging pamuji.<ref>Al-Hafiz Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 11, hal. 336.</ref> == Filosofi Riya == Sacara [[filosofi]], riya téh mangrupa panyakit [[haté]] anu ngajadikeun manusa "ngahamba" kana pamuji batur. Manéhna leuwih mentingkeun ''citra'' (bungkus) batan hakikat (eusi), sahingga haténa moal kungsi merdéka.<ref>Ibnul Qayyim. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 2, hal. 80.</ref> Ibarat lebu dina luhureun batu datar, amal riya bakal leungit sapada harita nalika ditiup angin ujian.<ref>Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3, Bab Bahaya Riya.</ref> == Ciri-ciri Jalma Riya == Numutkeun [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]], aya tilu ciri utama jalma anu kakepuk ku sipat riya:<ref>Adz-Dzahabi. ''Al-Kaba'ir''. Hal. 120.</ref> * Sumanget ibadah upami aya nu ningali, tapi kedul upami nuju sorangan. * Nambihan amalna upami dipuji ku manusa, tapi ngirangan amalna upami dicawad ku batur. * Hoyong dipikaterang ku batur sagala kasaéan anu parantos dilakukeunana. == Bahaya Riya == Dina ajaran [[Islam]], riya téh kaasup kana ''Syirik Khafi'' (syirik anu samar). Bahayana nyaéta: # Bisa ngahapus ganjaran amal ibadah sahingga amalna jadi sia-sia.<ref>[[Al-Qur'an]], Surah Al-Baqarah: 264.</ref> # Ngajantenkeun haté teu tenang margi terus-terusan gumantung kana pangakuan manusa.<ref>Al-Qusyairi. ''Ar-Risalah al-Qusyairiyyah''. Hal. 150.</ref> # Di [[ahérat]], jalma anu riya bakal pangheulana dihisab sarta amanna diduruk ku seuneu naraka.<ref>[[Hadist]] Riwayat Muslim, No. 1905.</ref> == Bénten Riya sareng Sum'ah == * '''Riya''': Hoyong katingal ku panon (visual) dina nalika migawé ibadah.<ref>Imam An-Nawawi. ''Syarah Shahih Muslim''. Jilid 13, hal. 115.</ref> * '''Sum'ah''': Hoyong kadangu (audio) ku ceuli carita kahadéanana ku batur sanggeus ibadahna réngsé.<ref>Al-Munawi. ''Faidul Qadir''. Jilid 4, hal. 30.</ref> == Dalil Naqli == Dina Al-Qur'an, Allah SWT dawuh: <blockquote>"Maka kacilakaan pikeun jalma-jalma anu solat, (nyaéta) jalma-jalma anu lali tina solatna, jalma-jalma anu '''riya'''." (QS. Al-Ma'un: 4-6)</blockquote> == Panutup == Pikeun nyageurkeun panyakit riya, Rasulullah SAW ngajarkeun [[doa]]: <center>'''اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ أَنْ أُشْرِكَ بِكَ وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ، وَأَسْتَغْفِرُكَ لِمَا لَا أَعْلَمُ'''</center> ''"Allahumma inni a'udzubika an usyrika bika wa ana a'lamu, wa astaghfiruka lima laa a'lamu."''<ref>HR. Ahmad & Al-Bukhari dina Al-Adab Al-Mufrad.</ref> (Hartosna: "Ya Allah, abdi nyalindung ka Gusti tina nyaruakeun Gusti bari abdi terang, sarta abdi nyuhunkeun ampun tina perkara anu abdi teu terang.") == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Akhlak]] [[Kategori:Psikologi]] iacoj1xqqx9vdcf1i2lipaavuo239z9 0 108036 708413 707432 2026-04-22T14:22:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = width: 24em; font-size: 90%; | title = Fiqih | title_style = background:#99cc99; font-size: 125%; | image = [[File:ALFiqh.png|220px|center|Logo Fiqih]] | caption = Tulisan kaligrafi Al-Fiqh | label1 = Nami asli | data1 = الفقه (Al-Fiqh) | label2 = Jinis | data2 = [[Élmu Agama Islam]] ([[Hukum]]) | label3 = Fokus | data3 = Hukum amaliyah, [[ibadah]], [[muamalah]] | label4 = Sumber | data4 = [[Al-Qur'an]], [[Hadits]], [[Ijma]], [[Qiyas]] | label5 = Tokoh Utama | data5 = [[Imam Syafi'i]], [[Abu Hanifah|Imam Abu Hanifah]], [[Imam Maliki|Imam Malik]], [[Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal]] | label6 = Madzhab | data6 = [[Imam Syafi'i|Syafi'i]], [[Abu Hanifah|Hanafi]], [[Imam Maliki|Maliki]], [[Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal|Hanbali]] }} [[Fikih]] (Basa Arab: [[Fiqh|الفقه]]) mangrupa salah sahiji widang élmu dina kaislaman anu ngaguar ngeunaan [[Hukum Syara|hukum-hukum ''syara'']] anu sipatna amaliyah (praktis). Ieu élmu dicandak tina dalil-dalil anu rinci ''(tafshili)'' boh tina [[Al-Qur'an]] boh tina [[As-Sunnah]]. == Étimologi == Sacara basa, kecap ''fiqih'' asalna tina basa Arab ''faqiha-yafqahu-fiqhan'' (الفقه) anu hartosna paham atanapi ngartos sacara jero. Hal ieu sakumaha anu kaunggel dina pidawuh Gusti Allah SWT: <blockquote>''"Mangka naha maranéhna (kaum munafik) téh méh baé teu ngalarti (la yafqahun) kana omongan?"'' (QS. An-Nisa [4]: 78)</blockquote> Dina istilah syara', [[Imam Al-Ghazali]] dina kitab ''Al-Mustasfa'' nyebutkeun yén fiqih téh nyaéta élmu ngeunaan hukum-hukum syara' anu ditetepkeun pikeun laku lampah jalma [[mukallaf]]. == Définisi Istilah == Dina kitab ''Fathul Qarib'' (salah sahiji kitab primér madzhab Syafi'i), fiqih didefinisikeun salaku: <blockquote>''"Al-'ilmu bil-ahkam asy-syar'iyyah al-'amaliyyah al-muktasab min adillatiha at-tafshiliyyah."'' (Élmu ngeunaan hukum-hukum syara' anu patali jeung amal perbuatan anu dicandak tina dalil-dalil anu rinci).</blockquote> == Ruang Lingkup == Objék utama anu dibahas dina fiqih dibagi jadi sababaraha bagian utama: * [[Ibadah]]: Ngawengku susuci ([[taharah]]), [[solat]], [[zakat]], [[puasa]], jeung [[haji]]. * [[Muamalah]]: Aturan ékonomi papada manusa saperti jual beuli, séwa-nyéwa (ijarah), jeung jaminan (rahn). * [[Munakahat]]: Hukum kulawarga saperti nikah, talak, ruju', jeung [[warisan]] (faraid). * [[Jinayat]]: Hukum pidana Islam saperti qishash jeung hudud (hukuman). == Sumber Hukum (Adillat Al-Ahkam) == Aya opat sumber hukum utama anu jadi dadasar fiqih dumasar kana kasapukan mayoritas ulama (Jumhur): # [[Al-Qur'an]]: Kalam Allah anu janten sumber hukum anu pangluhurna. # [[Hadis|Al-Hadits]]: Sagala cariosan, amalan, jeung katetepan Nabi Muhammad SAW anu janten katangtosan hukum sanggeus Al-Qur'an. # [[Ijma]]: Kasapukan ''(konsensus)'' para [[mujtahid]] dina hiji mangsa sanggeus wafatna Rasulullah kana hiji hukum syara. # [[Qiyas]]: Ngaitkeun hukum hiji perkara anyar nu taya dalilna ka perkara séjén nu geus aya dalilna dumasar kana kasaruaan ''illat'' (alesan hukum). == Aliran atanapi Madzhab == Dina kamekaranana, aya opat madzhab fiqih utama anu paling kawentar tur diaku ku Ahlu Sunnah wal Jama'ah: * [[Madzhab Hanafi]]: Diadegkeun ku [[Abu Hanifah|Imam Abu Hanifah]]. * [[Madzhab Maliki]]: Diadegkeun ku [[Imam Maliki|Imam Malik bin Anas]]. * [[Madzhab Syafi'i]]: Diadegkeun ku [[Imam Syafi'i|Imam Muhammad bin Idris asy-Syafii]]. Ieu madzhab anu paling loba dianut ku masarakat Sunda jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. * [[Madzhab Hanbali]]: Diadegkeun ku [[Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal]]. == Hubungan Fiqih sareng Budaya Sunda == Fiqih geus nyerep jero kana kahirupan urang Sunda. Istilah-istilah saperti ''abdas'' (tina basa Pérsia 'ab-dast' pikeun wudu), ''janabah'', ''halal'', jeung ''haram'' geus jadi bagian tina kosakata basa Sunda sapopoé. Di pasantrén-pasantrén di Jawa Barat, kitab-kitab konéng (kitab fiqih klasik) saperti [[Safinah an-Naja]], [[Taqrib]], jeung ''Riyadhul Badi'ah'' jadi kurikulum wajib pikeun para santri ti mimiti tingkat dasar. == Rujukan == * Al-Qur'anul Karim. * Shahih Bukhari & Shahih Muslim. * Al-Ghazali. ''Al-Mustasfa min 'Ilmil Ushul''. * Al-Ghazi, Muhammad bin Qasim. ''Fathul Qarib al-Mujib''. [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Fiqih]] em4fii3qup2sud88lpux1vxyen5m29x 0 108151 708430 707608 2026-04-22T19:16:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Wérégan Kerdil | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712032/94315974 |title=Psaltria exilis |publisher=IUCN Red List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> | image = Psaltria exilis 1.jpg | image_caption = Psaltria exilis, manuk pangleutikna di Pulo Jawa anu miboga paruh pondok pisan. | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Aegithalidae]] | genus = ''[[Psaltria]]'' | species = '''''P. exilis''''' | binomial = ''Psaltria exilis'' | binomial_authority = [[Temminck]], 1836 }} '''Cerecet; Wérégan Kerdil'''; ''Psaltria exilis''; (ᮝᮦᮛᮦᮌᮔ᮪ ᮊᮨᮁᮓᮤᮜ᮪) atanapi dina basa Inggris dipikawanoh ku nami '''Pygmy Bushtit''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés manuk éndemik ti Pulo [[Jawa]], [[Indonésia]]. Ieu manuk téh unik pisan sabab mangrupakeun hiji-hijina anggota ti genus ''Psaltria'' sarta mangrupakeun manuk pangleutikna anu aya di Pulo Jawa.<ref name="Ebira">{{cite web |url=https://ebird.org/species/pygbus1 |title=Pygmy Bushtit |publisher=eBird |accessdate=2026-03-31 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nami Lokal (Vernakular) == Ieu manuk miboga sababaraha nami: * '''Basa Sunda:''' [[Wérégan kerdil]], [[manuk cilik]]. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' [[Wergan kerdil]], [[bushtit kerdil]]. * '''Basa Inggris:''' [[Pygmy Bushtit]], [[Pygmy Tit]].<ref name="IOC">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bushtits/ |title=Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers |publisher=IOC World Bird List |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Status Konservasi == Dumasar kana daptar beureum [[IUCN]], ''Psaltria exilis'' asup kana kategori '''Least Concern (LC)''' atanapi "Resiko Handap". Sanajan wilayah panyebaranna kawates (éndemik), populasina di leuweung-leuweung pagunungan masih kénéh kawilang aman.<ref name="IUCN" /> == Panyebaran == Wérégan kerdil mangrupakeun manuk éndemik anu ngan bisa kapanggih di pagunungan Pulo [[Jawa]], hususna di Jawa bagian kulon sarta tengah. Habitatna aya di leuweung-leuweung luhur (montane forest) sarta sub-pagunungan, ti mimiti luhurna 1.000 méter nepi ka 3.000 méter di luhur permukaan laut (mdpl).<ref name="Ebira" /> == Ciri Fisik == * '''Ukuran:''' Kacida leutikna, panjang awakna ngan kira-kira 8 nepi ka 8,5 cm, ngajadikeunana manuk pangleutikna di wilayahna. * '''Warna:''' Awak bagian luhur warnana [[kulawu]] coklat, sedengkeun bagian handapna leuwih caang semu bodas kulawu. * '''Paruh:''' Miboga paruh anu pondok pisan sarta kuat, warna hideung. * '''Panon:''' Iris panonna warnana bodas atanapi semu konéng caang, anu némbongkeun kontras jeung warna bulu sirahna.<ref name="IOC" /> == Baranahan == Wérégan kerdil dipikawanoh salaku manuk anu ''sosialis'' pisan sarta sering kapanggih hirup dina kelompok leutik. * '''Sayang:''' Maranéhna nyieun sayang anu bentukna kawas kantong leutik (''pouch-shaped'') anu ngagantung dina dahan tangkal anu luhur. Sayangna dijieun tina campuran lukut, jaring lancah, sarta serat tutuwuhan. * '''Endog:''' Biasana neundeun 2 nepi ka 3 endog warna bodas bersih. * '''Sipat:''' Ieu manuk sering néangan kadaharan bari luncat gancang dina pucuk tatangkalan (''canopy'') bareng jeung kelompokna.<ref name="Ebira" /> == Sipat jeung Kadaharan == Kadaharan utamana nyaéta [[gegeremet]] leutik sarta [[hileud]] anu aya dina sela-sela dangdaunan sarta dahan tatangkalan [[leuweung]]. Sangkan awakna tetep haneut dina suhu gunung anu tiis, maranéhna mindeng eunteup barengan (''huddling'') dina hiji dahan.<ref name="IOC" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Aegithalidae]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Indonésia]] [[Kategoti:Aves]] r5x0ubv78md9v48j211ag9u1mxo9dze 0 108191 708432 707705 2026-04-22T19:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cinénén gunung | image = Phyllergates cucullatus.jpg | image_caption = Manuk cacing gunung (''P. cucullatus'') némbongkeun sirahna anu semu coklat. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Cettiidae]] | genus = ''[[Phyllergates]]'' | species = '''''P. cucullatus''''' | binomial = ''Phyllergates cucullatus'' | binomial_authority = [[Temminck]], 1836 | color = #FFFFFF }} '''Cinénén gunung''' (''Phyllergates cucullatus''), anu ku masarakat Sunda sering disebut ogé '''Manuk cacing''', nyaéta salah sahiji jinis manuk leutik tina kulawarga [[Cettiidae]].<ref name="IUCNTailor">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714976/94434778 |title=Phyllergates cucullatus: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=IUCN |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> Ieu manuk hirupna loba di daérah pagunungan anu luhurna antara 1.000 dugi ka 2.500 méter di luhur beungeut laut (mdpl).<ref name="CornellTailor">{{cite web |url=https://ebird.org/species/moutai1 |title=Mountain Tailorbird - eBird |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |accessdate=2026-04-02 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == [[Nami Vérnakular]] == * '''Basa Sunda:''' Cinénén gunung, Manuk cacing. * '''Basa Indonésia:''' Cinenen gunung. * '''Basa Inggris:''' ''Mountain tailorbird''. == [[Morfologi]] == Cinénén gunung miboga ciri fisik anu has: * '''Warna:''' Bagian luhur sirahna (makuta) warna coklat semu beureum (''rufous''), tonggongna warna héjo zaitun, sarta bagian dadana warna bodas semu kulawu.<ref name="BirdLifeTailor">{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mountain-tailorbird-phyllergates-cucullatus |title=Mountain Tailorbird (Phyllergates cucullatus) |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> * '''Ukuran:''' Awakna leutik, panjangna kira-kira 10-12 cm. == [[Habitat]] sarta [[Paripolah]] == * '''[[Sayang]]:''' Spésiés ieu kawéntar ku kamampuhna nyieun sayang ku cara "ngaput" (''sewing'') daun anu masih hirup nganggo ramat lancah atanapi rambat tutuwuhan.<ref name="CornellTailor" /> * '''[[Kadaharan]]:''' Mangrupa sato [[Insektivora]] anu ngahakan rupa-rupa [[gegeremet]] leutik, [[oray]], sarta [[lancah]]. * '''[[Abringan]]:''' Sering katingal ngahiji dina [[Abringan Campuran]] (''mixed-species foraging flocks'') sareng manuk sanésna saperti [[Barabah]] atanapi [[Poksay]] nalika néangan hakaneun di leuweung pagunungan. == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Cettiidae]] [[Kategori:Manuk Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Manuk Pagunungan]] sk1ie2o4chh3g0n3xnogkf924hswiul 0 108199 708423 707723 2026-04-22T17:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Ara ararauna | image = Blue-and-yellow macaw at Bali Safari and Marine Park.jpg | image_caption = ''Ara ararauna'' di Bali Safari and Marine Park | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittacidae]] | genus = ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]'' | species = '''''A. ararauna''''' | binomial = ''Ara ararauna'' | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} '''Ara ararauna''' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] makau ti [[Amérika Kidul]] anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittacidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Carl Linnaeus dina taun 1758.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae''. Editio Decima. Holmiae.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk umumna disebut ku ngaran aslina nyaéta '''makau biru-konéng''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu kontras.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177661 ITIS Report: Ara ararauna].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''blue-and-yellow macaw'' atawa ''blue-and-gold macaw''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685539/131917290 IUCN Red List: Ara ararauna].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu mangrupa anggota ti génus ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]'', nyaéta kelompok makau badag anu boga jangjang sarta buntut anu panjang.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=51907 Taxonomy Browser: Ara ararauna].</ref> Dina dunya klasifikasi, manuk ieu dipikawanoh boga kacerdasan anu luhur sarta kamampuh sosialisasi anu kuat.<ref name="IOC"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara lega di wilayah neotropis, ti mimiti [[Panama]] di [[Amérika Tengah]] nepi ka [[Brasil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], sarta [[Péru]] di [[Amérika Kidul]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479344 Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Sanajan lain sato asli Indonésia, ieu manuk loba dipiara sarta dikembangbiakkeun di rupa-rupa taman safari jeung kebon binatang di [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung hujan tropis, wilayah rawa, sarta sabana kabuka anu deukeut ka cai.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal eunteup dina tatangkalan anu luhur pikeun nyingkahan prédator sarta néangan hakaneun.<ref name="NCBI"/> == Ciri fisik == Makau ieu boga ukuran awak anu badag, bisa nepi ka 80 séntiméter panjangna.<ref name="ITIS"/> Bagian luhur awakna warna biru caang, sedengkeun bagian handapna (dada jeung beuteung) warna konéng emas.<ref name="IOC"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat pisan, sanggup meulah kacang-kacangan anu teuas, sarta boga beungeut warna bodas kalawan garis-garis hideung leutik.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittacidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Aves]] 340ko7x4vzl52rkwxjiy93mkgg155ai 0 108346 708411 708307 2026-04-22T13:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = President Woodrow Wilson Harris & Ewing (3x4 cropped b).jpg | caption = Wilson in 1914 | order = 28th | office = President of the United States | vice_president = [[Thomas R. Marshall]] | term_start = March 4, 1913 | term_end = March 4, 1921 | predecessor = [[William Howard Taft]] | successor = [[Warren G. Harding]] | order1 = 34th | office1 = Governor of New Jersey | term_start1 = January 17, 1911 | term_end1 = March 1, 1913 | predecessor1 = [[John Franklin Fort]] | successor1 = [[James Fairman Fielder]] | order3 = 13th | office3 = President of Princeton University | term_start3 = October 25, 1902 | term_end3 = October 21, 1910 | predecessor3 = [[Francis Landey Patton]] | successor3 = [[John Grier Hibben]] | birth_name = Thomas Woodrow Wilson | birth_date = {{birth date|1856|12|28}} | birth_place = [[Staunton, Virginia]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1924|2|3|1856|12|28}} | death_place = Washington, D.C.,<!--Links not needed per MOS:OVERLINK--> U.S. | resting_place = [[Washington National Cathedral]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Ellen Axson Wilson|Ellen Axson]]|June 24, 1885|August 6, 1914|end=died}} * {{marriage|[[Edith Wilson|Edith Bolling]]|December 18, 1915}} }} | children = {{flatlist| * [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson|Margaret]] * [[Jessie Wilson Sayre|Jessie]] * [[Eleanor Wilson McAdoo|Eleanor]] }} | father = [[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * academic }} | education = {{plainlist| * [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey (later Princeton University)]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]]) * {{nowrap|[[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}} }} | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1919) | signature = Woodrow Wilson Signature 2.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | module = {{Infobox scientist | embed = yes | workplaces = Princeton University<br />Johns Hopkins University | field = [[Political science]] | thesis_title = Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics | thesis_url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231216211634if_/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/590be125ff7c502a07752a5b/t/62aa585097c42950b160b6a5/1655330908037/Wilson%2C+Thomas+Woodrow%2C+Congressional+Government.pdf | thesis_year = 1886 }} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Woodrow Wilson speaks on Democratic principles.ogg|title=Woodrow Wilson's voice|type=speech|description=On [[democratic principles]]<br />Recorded August 7, 1912}} }} '''Thomas Woodrow Wilson''' (28 Désémber 1856{{snd}}3 Pébruari 1924) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-28 anu ngajabat ti taun 1913 nepi ka 1921. Anjeunna mangrupa hiji-hijina présidén ti [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]] anu mingpin dina [[Éra Progrésif]], nyaéta mangsa nalika [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]] mahabu nguasaan korsi kaprésidénan sarta lembaga [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|législatif]]. Nalika nyepeng kalungguhan présidén, Wilson ngayakeun parobahan (réformasi) ékonomi anu kacida gedéna sarta mingpin Amérika Sarikat ngaliwatan [[Perang Dunya I]]. Anjeunna ogé mangrupa arsiték utama diadegkeunna [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta haluan kawijakan luar nagrina katelah ku istilah [[Wilsonianisme]]. Wilson gumelar di [[Staunton, Virginia]], sarta [[Woodrow Wilson#Mangsa budak|gedé]] di wewengkon [[Amérika Sarikat Kidul]] dina mangsa [[Perang Sipil Amérika]] jeung [[Éra Rékonstruksi]]. Saatos nampi gelar [[Doktor Filosopi]] (Ph.D.) dina widang sajarah sarta élmu politik ti [[Universitas Johns Hopkins]], Wilson ngajar di sababaraha paguron luhur sateuacan diangkat janten présidén [[Universitas Princeton]]. Di dinya, anjeunna muncul salaku juru bicara utama pikeun [[Progrésivisme dina pendidikan luhur|gerakan progrésif dina widang pendidikan luhur]]. Wilson dianggap salasahiji "bapa pangadeg" dina widang [[administrasi publik]] alatan tulisanana dina taun 1887 anu judulna ''[[The Study of Administration]]''. Wilson kungsi ngajabat janten [[Gubernur New Jersey]] ti taun 1911 nepi ka 1913. Dina mangsa harita, anjeunna luncat tina pangaruh para "boss" partéy sarta hasil ngagolgolkeun sababaraha réformasi [[Progrésivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrésif]]. Dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1912|pamilu taun 1912]], Wilson hasil ngéléhkeun présidén petahana ti Partéy Républik, [[William Howard Taft]], sarta calon ti pihak katilu anu ogé tilas présidén, [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. Ieu meunangna ngajadikeun anjeunna urang [[Urang Amérika Sarikat Kidul|Kidul]] munggaran anu hasil nempatan korsi kaprésidénan saprak [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1848|taun 1848]]. Dina taun munggaran janten présidén, Wilson méré wewenang pikeun lumangsungna [[Woodrow Wilson jeung ras|ségregasi ras]] sacara lega di lingkungan birokrasi féderal, sarta sikep anjeunna anu nolak [[Hak pilih awéwé di Amérika Sarikat|hak pilih awéwé]] ngondang rupa-rupa protés. Mangsa jabatan munggaranna sabagéan ageung dipaké pikeun ngagolgolkeun agenda domestikna anu progrésif, katelah ku sebutan [[The New Freedom|New Freedom]] (Kabébasan Anyar). Prioritas utamana nyaéta [[Undang-undang Panghasilan 1913]], anu jadi asal-muasal [[Pajeg panghasilan di Amérika Sarikat|pajeg panghasilan]] modéren, sarta [[Undang-undang Federal Reserve]], anu ngalahirkeun sistem bank sentral [[Federal Reserve]]. Nalika [[Pecahna Perang Dunya I|Perang Dunya I peupeus]] dina taun 1914, Amérika Sarikat nyatakeun nétralitasna nalika Wilson nyobian jadi cukang lantaran perdamaian antara [[Pihak Sekutu dina Perang Dunya I|Pihak Sekutu]] jeung [[Pihak Séntral]]. Wilson meunang deui kalayan sora anu ipis dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916|pamilu taun 1916]], ngéléhkeun calon ti Partéy Républik, [[Charles Evans Hughes]]. Dina April 1917, Wilson ménta Kongrés pikeun ngaluarkeun deklarasi perang ngalawan Jérman salaku réspon kana kawijakan perang kapal silem Jérman anu taya watesna, anu geus ngarempeun kapal-kapal dagang Amérika. Wilson museurkeun perhatianana kana widang diplomasi, kalayan ngaluarkeun ''[[Fourteen Points]]'' (Opat Belas Poin) anu ditarima ku Pihak Sekutu sarta Jérman salaku dadasar pikeun perdamaian sanggeus perang. Anjeunna miharep pamilu sela taun 1918 jadi ajang referéndum pikeun ngarojong kawijakanana, nanging sabalikna, Partéy Républik kalah hasil ngawasa Kongrés. Saatos [[Gencatan Sanjata 11 Nopémber 1918|meunangna Pihak Sekutu]] dina Nopémber 1918, Wilson sumping ka [[Konferénsi Perdamaian Paris (1919–1920)|Konferénsi Perdamaian Paris]]. Wilson hasil merjuangkeun diadegkeunna organisasi multinasional, nyaéta [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], anu diasupkeun kana [[Perjangjian Versailles]] anu ditandatanganan ku anjeunna. Nanging di nagarana sorangan, Wilson nolak [[Kaum Irreconcilables|kompromi]] ti Partéy Républik anu sabenerna bisa ngidinan Sénat pikeun ngasahkeun Perjangjian Versailles sarta gabung jeung Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Wilson sabenerna mibanda niat pikeun nyalonkeun deui dina période katilu, nanging anjeunna katarajang stroke dina Oktober 1919 anu ngabalukarkeun anjeunna lumpuh (incapacitated). Dina mangsa harita, pamajikan sarta dokter pribadina anu ngadalikeun Wilson, sahingga taya kawijakan penting anu dihasilkeun. Samentara éta, kawijakan-kawijakanana ngabalukarkeun urang Amérika turunan Jérman sarta Irlandia di Partéy Démokrat ngarasa teu dianggap, nepi ka tungtungna Partéy Républik meunang mutlak (landslide) dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920|pamilu taun 1920]]. Dina Pébruari 1924, anjeunna tilar dunya dina yuswa 67 taun. Nepi ka abad ka-21, para ahli sajarah loba anu nyawad (mengkritik) Wilson alatan anjeunna ngarojong [[Ségregasi ras di Amérika Sarikat|ségregasi ras]], sanajan kitu aranjeunna tetep [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|nempatkeun]] Wilson salaku présidén anu préstasi sarta ajénna di luhur rata-rata. Kaum [[Konsérvatisme di Amérika Sarikat|konsérvatif]] utamana nyawad anjeunna alatan ngalegaan pangaruh pamaréntah féderal, sedengkeun pihak séjénna mah muji Wilson alatan hasil ngaréngkédan kakawasaan korporasi-korporasi gedé sarta dianggap salaku tokoh anu ngadegkeun [[Liberalisme modéren di Amérika Sarikat|liberalisme modéren]]. == Mangsa budak sarta pendidikan == {{utama|Mangsa budak sarta karir akademik Woodrow Wilson}} [[File:Woodrow Wilson by Pach Bros c1875.jpg|thumb|Wilson, {{circa|1875}}|left]] {{Woodrow Wilson series}} Thomas Woodrow Wilson gumelar ti kulawarga turunan [[Urang Amérika turunan Skotlandia-Irlandia|Skotlandia-Irlandia]] sarta [[Urang Amérika turunan Skotlandia|Skotlandia]] di [[Staunton, Virginia]].<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 4</ref> Anjeunna mangrupa anak katilu ti opat duduluran, sarta putra lalaki munggaran ti pasangan [[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]] jeung Jessie Janet Woodrow. Aki sarta nini ti pihak bapakna hijrah ka Amérika Sarikat ti [[Strabane]], County Tyrone, Irlandia, dina taun 1807, sarta matuh di [[Steubenville, Ohio]]. Aki ti pihak bapakna, [[James Wilson (wartawan)|James Wilson]], ngédit surat kabar ''[[The Western Herald and Gazette]]'' anu ngarojong [[tarif]] sarta [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|anti-perbudakan]].<ref>Walworth (1958, vol. 1), p. 4</ref> Aki ti pihak indungna, Pendéta Thomas Woodrow, ngalih ti [[Paisley, Renfrewshire]], Skotlandia, ka [[Carlisle, Cumbria]], Inggris, sateuacan hijrah ka [[Chillicothe, Ohio]], dina ahir taun 1830-an.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 27–28</ref> Joseph patepang sareng Jessie nalika Jessie nuju sakola di akademi awéwé di Steubenville, sarta duanana nikah dina ping 7 Juni 1849. Teu lami saatos nikah, Joseph ditahbiskeun janten pastur [[Présbitérian]] sarta ditugaskeun ngawula di Staunton.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 28–29</ref> Putrana, Woodrow, gumelar di [[The Manse (Woodrow Wilson)|the Manse]], hiji imah di lingkungan Garéja Présbitérian munggaran Staunton tempat Joseph ngawula. Sateuacan yuswana genep dua taun, kulawargana ngalih ka Augusta, Georgia.<ref name="0'Toole 2018">{{cite book|title=The Moralist: Woodrow Wilson and the World He Made|last=O'Toole|first=Patricia|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7432-9809-4}}</ref> Pangéling-ngéling Wilson anu pangmunggaranna ngeunaan mangsa budakna nyaéta nalika anjeunna nuju ulin di buruan caket panto hareup imahna di Augusta dina yuswa tilu taun. Harita, anjeunna nguping saurang anu ngalangkung ngumumkeun kalayan rasa ijid yén [[Abraham Lincoln]] parantos [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1860|kapilih janten présidén]] sarta perang bakal geura peupeus.<ref name="0'Toole 2018" /><ref>Auchinloss (2000), ch. 1</ref> Wilson mangrupa salasahiji ti dua présidén Amérika Sarikat anu kungsi janten warga nagara [[Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika]]; Présidén séjénna nyaéta [[John Tyler]], anu ngajabat salaku [[Présidén John Tyler|présidén Amérika Sarikat ka-10]] ti taun 1841 nepi ka 1845. Rama Wilson mibanda jati diri sabagé urang [[Amérika Sarikat Kidul]] sarta mangrupa pangrojong satia Konfédérasi salila Perang Sipil Amérika.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 17</ref> Rama Wilson mangrupa salasahiji pangadeg [[Garéja Présbitérian di Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika]], anu saterusna diganti ngaranna janten [[Garéja Présbitérian di Amérika Sarikat]] (PCUS), saatos pipisahan ti Garéja Présbitérian kalér dina taun 1861. Ramana janten pandéta di [[First Presbyterian Church (Augusta, Georgia)|First Presbyterian Church]] di Augusta, sarta kulawargana cicing di dinya dugi ka taun 1870.<ref>White (1925), ch. 2</ref> Ti taun 1870 dugi ka 1874, Wilson cicing di [[Columbia, South Carolina]], tempat ramana janten profésor téologi di [[Columbia Theological Seminary]].<ref>Walworth (1958, vol. 1), ch. 4</ref> Dina taun 1873, Wilson janten anggota komunikan [[Columbia First Presbyterian Church]]; anjeunna tetep janten anggota di dinya saumur hirupna.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 23.</ref> Wilson sakola di [[Davidson College]] di [[Davidson, North Carolina]], dina taun ajaran 1873–74, nanging pindah janten mahasiswa taun kahiji ka College of New Jersey, anu ayeuna katelah [[Universitas Princeton]],<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 45–49</ref> tempat anjeunna neuleuman [[filsafat politik]] sarta [[sajarah]]. Di dinya anjeunna ngagabung jeung faternitas [[Phi Kappa Psi]], sarta aktif dina [[Whig literary and debating society|perkumpulan sastra jeung debat Whig]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 58–60, 64, 78</ref> Anjeunna ogé kapilih janten sékrétaris asosiasi [[Ménbal|maén bal]] sakola, présidén asosiasi [[Bisebal|bisbol]], sarta janten rédaktur pelaksana surat kabar mahasiswa.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 64–66</ref> Dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1876|pamilu présidén 1876]] anu lumangsung panas, Wilson ngarojong [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]] sarta calonna, [[Samuel J. Tilden]].<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 35.</ref> Saatos lulus ti Princeton dina taun 1879,<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 72–73</ref> Wilson neraskeun kuliah di [[Universitas Virginia School of Law]] di [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. Di dinya anjeunna kalibet dina [[Virginia Glee Club]] sarta ngajabat janten présidén [[Jefferson Literary and Debating Society]].<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 53.</ref> Masalah kaséhatan maksa Wilson pikeun kaluar ti sakola hukum, nanging anjeunna tetep diajar hukum sacara mandiri nalika cicing sareng sepuhna di [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 82–83</ref> Wilson tungtungna ditarima janten anggota [[Georgia bar|advokat Georgia]] sarta nyobi ngadegkeun [[Firma hukum|firma hukum]] di [[Atlanta]] dina taun 1882.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 84–86</ref> Sanajan anjeunna mikaresep sajarah hukum sarta yurisprudénsi substantif, anjeunna ijid (ngarasa teu resep) kana aspék prosédural sapopoé dina prakték hukum. Kirang ti sataun, Wilson ninggalkeun prakték hukumna pikeun neuleuman élmu politik sarta sajarah.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 58–59.</ref> Dina ahir taun 1883, Wilson daptar ka Universitas Johns Hopkins anu nembé diadegkeun di [[Baltimore]] pikeun nyandak studi doktoral dina widang sajarah, élmu politik, [[Basa Jérman|basa Jérman]], sarta widang séjénna.<ref>Pestritto (2005), 34.</ref><ref>Mulder (1978), pp. 71–72</ref> Wilson boga harepan janten profésor, kalayan nulis yén: "jabatan profésor nyaéta hiji-hijina tempat anu méré luang pikeun maca sarta migawé karya asli, hiji-hijina posisi literér anu boga panghasilan."<ref>Berg (2013), p. 92</ref> Wilson mépéskeun sabagian ageung waktosna di Universitas Johns Hopkins pikeun nulis ''Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics'', anu mangrupa mekarna tina runtuyan éséy nalika anjeunna neuleuman kumaha jalanna pamaréntah féderal.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 95–98</ref> Dina taun 1886, Wilson dilélér gelar Ph.D. dina widang sajarah sarta pamaréntahan ti Universitas Johns Hopkins,<ref>Pestritto (2005), p. 34</ref> anu ngajadikeun anjeunna hiji-hijina présidén dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat anu mibanda gelar Ph.D.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Woodrow Wilson |url=https://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/president-woodrow-wilson |website=The President Woodrow Wilson House |date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420151628/https://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/president-woodrow-wilson |url-status=live }}</ref> Dina awal taun 1885, [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] medarkeun buku Wilson anu judulna ''Congressional Government''. Ieu buku nampi réspon anu kacida hadéna, malah salasahiji kritikus nyebutkeun yén éta tulisan téh "tulisan kritis panghadéna ngeunaan [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|konstitusi Amérika]] anu kungsi aya saprak medalna tulisan [[Federalist Papers|'Federalist']]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Milne|first=David|year=2015|title=Worldmaking: The Art and Science of American Diplomacy|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UPe5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 79]|isbn=978-0-3747-1423-9}}</ref> == Kawin sarta kulawarga == [[Berkas:ELWilson.jpg|thumb|Dina Séptémber 1883, Wilson ngalamar calon pamajikanana, [[Ellen Axson Wilson]], putri saurang pandéta [[Présbitérian]] di [[Savannah, Georgia]].]] Dina taun 1883, Wilson patepang sarta murag asih ka [[Ellen Louise Axson]].<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 62–65.</ref> Anjeunna ngalamar Ellen dina Séptémber 1883; lamaranana ditarima, nanging duanana sapuk pikeun nunda pernikahan samentara Wilson nuju kuliah pascasarjana.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 89–92</ref> Axson mangrupa lulusan ti [[Art Students League of New York]], damel dina widang seni lukis potrét, sarta kungsi nampi medali pikeun salah sahiji karyana tina ajang [[Esposisi Univérsal (1878)]] di Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Wilson Biography |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009085710/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=28 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |website=National First Ladies' Library }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009085710/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=28 |date=2018-10-09 }}</ref> Ellen rido ngorbankeun karir senina demi nikah sareng Wilson dina taun 1885.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 71–73.</ref> Ellen ogé diajar [[Basa Jérman]] supados tiasa mantuan narjamahkeun publikasi élmu politik dina basa Jérman anu luyu sareng panalungtikan Woodrow.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 107</ref> Dina April 1886, putra munggaran maranéhanana, [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson|Margaret]], gumelar. Putra kadua maranéhanana, [[Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre|Jessie]], gumelar dina Agustus 1887.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 85.</ref> Putra katilu sarta anu pamungkas, [[Eleanor Wilson McAdoo|Eleanor]], gumelar dina Oktober 1889.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 112</ref> Dina taun 1913, Jessie nikah ka [[Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.]], anu saterusna janten [[Komisioner Luhur pikeun Filipina]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 317</ref> Dina taun 1914, putra katilu maranéhanana, Eleanor, nikah ka [[William Gibbs McAdoo]], [[Sékrétaris Perbendaharaan Amérika Sarikat]] dina mangsa pamaréntahan Woodrow Wilson anu saterusna janten [[Sénator AS ti California]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 328</ref> == Karir akademik == === Profésor === Ti taun 1885 dugi ka 1888, Wilson ngajar di [[Bryn Mawr College]], hiji [[Paguron luhur awéwé di Amérika Sarikat|paguron luhur awéwé]] anu nembé diadegkeun di [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]], di luar kota [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 98–100</ref> Wilson ngajar sajarah Yunani sarta Romawi kuna, sajarah Amérika, élmu politik, sarta widang séjénna. Dina mangsa harita, artikel jurnalna taun 1887 anu judulna [[The Study of Administration]] dipedalkeun dina ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafritz |first=Jay M. |title=Classics of Public Administration |last2=Hyde |first2=Albert C. |date=2015 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=978-1-305-63903-4 |edition=8th |location=Boston |publication-date=2017 |pages=35}}</ref> Éta artikel negaskeun yén administrasi publik kudu dianggap salaku widang studi mandiri, lain saukur sub-widang tina élmu politik. Administratur ogé kudu dipisahkeun nanging tetep tanggung jawab ka pamingpin politik, anu saterusna tanggung jawab ka rahayat. Ieu artikel dianggap kacida pentingna salaku dadasar dina widang administrasi publik, sarta Wilson dilélér salaku salasahiji bapa pangadeg éta widang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hood |first=Christopher |title=The art of the state: culture, rhetoric, and public management |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-829765-9 |edition=Reprinted |location=Oxford |pages=76}}</ref> Harita, ngan aya 42 mahasiswa di éta kampus, sarta méh kabéhanana dianggap pasif teuing numutkeun selerana. [[M. Carey Thomas]], dekan di dinya, mangrupa saurang féminis fanatik, sarta Wilson papaséan sareng anjeunna ngeunaan kontrak gawéna nepi ka jadi papaséan anu rongkah. Dina taun 1888, Wilson ninggalkeun Bryn Mawr College tanpa aya acara perpisahan.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 80–93.</ref> Wilson nampi tawaran janten dosén di [[Wesleyan University]], hiji kampus sarjana élit pikeun lalaki di [[Middletown, Connecticut]]. Anjeunna ngajar kuliah pascasarjana dina widang ékonomi politik sarta [[Sajarah Kulon]], ngalatih tim [[Ménbal Amérika|maén bal]] Wesleyan, sarta ngadegkeun tim debat.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 109–110</ref><ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 93–96.</ref> Dina Pébruari 1890, kalayan bantosan ti réngréngan sobatna, Wilson diangkat janten Ketua Jurusan Yurisprudénsi sarta Ékonomi Politik di College of New Jersey (ngaran harita pikeun Universitas Princeton), kalayan gaji $3.000 sataun ({{Inflation|US|3000|1890|fmt=eq}}).<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 104.</ref> Wilson gancang kawentar di Princeton salaku orator anu matak ngirut.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 117–118</ref> Dina taun 1896, [[Francis Landey Patton]] ngumumkeun yén College of New Jersey resmi diganti ngaranna janten Universitas Princeton; program ékspansi universitas anu ambisius marengan éta parobahan ngaran.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 128</ref> Dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1876|pamilu présidén 1896]], Wilson nolak calon Démokrat [[William Jennings Bryan]] sabab dianggap teuing ka kénca, sarta kalah ngarojong calon konsérvatif "[[Gold Democrat]]", [[John M. Palmer (pulitikus)|John M. Palmer]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 130</ref> Reputasi akademik Wilson terus nérékél sapanjang taun 1890-an, sarta anjeunna nolak sababaraha tawaran ti tempat séjén, kaasup ti Universitas Johns Hopkins sarta [[Universitas Virginia]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 132</ref> Di Universitas Princeton, Wilson medalkeun sababaraha karya sajarah sarta élmu politik sarta rutin nulis pikeun ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]''. Buku téksna, ''The State'', loba dipaké dina perkuliahan di Amérika dugi ka taun 1920-an.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 83, 101.</ref> Dina buku ''The State'', Wilson nulis yén pamaréntah boga hak anu sah pikeun ngamajukeun karaharjaan umum "ku cara nyaram pagawé budak, ngawaskeun kaayaan sanitasis pabrik, ngawatesan pagawéan awéwé dina widang anu ngabahayakeun kaséhatanana, ngayakeun tés resmi pikeun kamurnian atawa kualitas barang anu dijual, ngawatesan jam gawé dina widang nu tangtu, [sarta] ku saratus hiji deui watesan kana kakawasaan jalma-jalma anu teu boga haté sangkan teu ngéléhkeun jalma anu boga karunya dina dunya dagang atawa industri."<ref>Clements (1992) p. 9</ref> Anjeunna ogé nulis yén usaha amal kudu dipindahkeun tina ranah swasta sarta "dijantenkeun kawajiban hukum anu mutlak pikeun balaréa", hiji posisi anu, numutkeun sajarahwan Robert M. Saunders, némbongkeun yén Wilson "nuju neundeun dadasar pikeun nagara karaharjaan modéren."<ref>Saunders (1998), p. 13</ref> Buku katiluna, ''Division and Reunion'' (1893),<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 103.</ref> janten buku téks standar universitas pikeun ngajar sajarah AS pertengahan sarta ahir abad ka-19.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 121–122</ref> Wilson mibanda reputasi anu luhur salaku sajarahwan sarta janten anggota awal ti [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=American Academy of Arts and Letters|title=World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1919|date=February 19, 2024 |location=New York|publisher=The Press Publishing Co. (The New York World)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faBtNh34xREC&pg=PA216|page=216}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé kapilih janten anggota [[American Philosophical Society]] dina taun 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Woodrow+Wilson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=July 31, 2025 |website=search.amphilsoc.org |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223144531/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Woodrow+Wilson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=live }}</ref> === Présidén Universitas Princeton === {{Tempo ogé|Sajarah Universitas Princeton#Woodrow Wilson}} [[File:Woodrow Wilson 1902 cph.3b11773.jpg|thumb|Wilson dina taun 1902]] [[File:Princeton University Prospect.jpg|thumb|Salaku présidén Universitas Princeton, Wilson cicing di Prospect House di jero kampus universitas.]] Dina Juni 1902, para wali (trustees) Princeton naékkeun jabatan Profésor Wilson janten présidén universitas, ngagentos Patton anu dianggap ku para wali henteu éfisién dina ngajalankeun administrasi.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 110.</ref> Wilson mibanda cita-cita, sakumaha anu dicaritakeun ka para alumni, pikeun "ngarobah barudak anu haré-haré dina migawé pancén janten lalaki anu boga pamikiran." Anjeunna nyobi naékkeun standar pangonshoran (penerimaan) mahasiswa sarta ngagentos budaya "gentleman's C" (peunteun pas-pasan) ku diajar anu daria. Wilson ngadegkeun departemén-departemén akademik sarta sistem kurikulum inti pikeun nekenkeun kana pamekaran kaahlian. Mahasiswa kudu kumpul dina kelompok leutik anu diwangun ku genep urang di handapeun bingbingan asistén dosén anu katelah [[Preceptor dina pendidikan|preceptor]].<ref>Link (1947); Walworth (1958, vol. 1); Bragdon (1967).</ref> Pikeun ngabayaran ieu program-program anyar, Wilson ngayakeun kampanye pangumpulan dana anu ambisius sarta hasil, ngayakinkeun para alumni saperti [[Moses Taylor Pyne]] sarta filantropis saperti [[Andrew Carnegie]] pikeun nyumbang ka sakola.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 140–144</ref> Wilson ngangkat urang Yahudi sarta Katolik Roma munggaran janten tanaga pangajar (fakultas), sarta mantuan ngabébaskeun dewan tina dominasi kaum Présbitérian konsérvatif.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 155.</ref> Nanging, anjeunna ogé narékahan sangkan urang Amérika turunan Afrika (kulit hideung) teu tiasa asup ka éta sakola, padahal sakola-sakola [[Ivy League]] séjénna harita parantos nampi sajumlah leutik mahasiswa kulit hideung.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Kenneth|title=The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|issue=17|year=1997|pages=117–121|issn=1077-3711|doi=10.2307/2963252|jstor=2963252}}</ref> Profésor filsafat [[John Grier Hibben]] parantos wanoh ka Wilson saprak maranéhanana masih janten mahasiswa. Duanana janten sobat dalit. Malah, nalika Wilson janten présidén Princeton dina taun 1902, Hibben mangrupa panaséhat utamana. Nanging dina taun 1912, Hibben ngareureuwas Wilson ku cara mingpin gerakan nolak rencana réformasi anu dipikanyaah ku Wilson. Hubungan duanana peupeus sarta Wilson kawéléh (kéléh mutlak). Dina taun 1912, dua taun saatos Wilson ninggalkeun Princeton, Hibben janten présidén Princeton.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper, Jr. |first=John Milton |title=Woodrow Wilson: A Biography |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-307-27301-7 |location=Westminster |pages=70–102}}</ref> Usaha Wilson pikeun ngoméan Princeton ngajadikeun anjeunna kawentar di tingkat nasional, nanging hal ieu ogé mangaruhan kana kaséhatanana.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 151–153</ref> Dina taun 1906, Wilson hudang sarta mendakan panon kencana teu tiasa ningali, alatan ayana gumpalan getih sarta hiperténsi. Sawangan médis modéren nyebutkeun yén Wilson harita katarajang stroke; anjeunna saterusna didiagnosa katarajang [[panyatoan pembuluh darah]] (pengerasan arteri), sami sareng ramana. Anjeunna mimiti némbongkeun sipat ramana anu teu sabaran sarta teu boga toléransi, anu sakapeung ngabalukarkeun kasalahan dina nyandak kaputusan.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 156.</ref> Dina taun 1906, nalika nuju pakansi di [[Bermuda]], Wilson patepang sareng Mary Hulbert Peck, saurang inohong sosial. Numutkeun panulis biografi [[August Heckscher II]], sosobatan Wilson sareng Peck janten jejer sawala anu terus terang antara Wilson sareng pamajikanana, sanajan para sajarahwan Wilson can bisa mastikeun naha aya hubungan asih (affair) atawa henteu.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 174.</ref> Wilson ogé ngirim serat-serat anu kacida pribadina ka Mary Peck, anu saterusna dipaké ku musuh-musuh politikna pikeun nyerang anjeunna.<ref>Cooper (2009) pp. 99–101.</ref> Saatos ngarobah kurikulum Universitas Princeton sarta ngadegkeun sistem perceptorial, Wilson salajengna nyobian ngawatesan pangaruh élit sosial di Princeton ku cara ngabubarkeun [[Princeton University eating clubs|klub-klub dahar]] kelas luhur.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 154–155</ref> Anjeunna ngusulkeun sangkan mahasiswa dipindahkeun ka asrama-asrama (quadrangles), nanging rencana Wilson ieu nampi tantangan keras ti para alumni Princeton.<ref>Walworth (1958, vol. 1), p. 109</ref> Dina Oktober 1907, alatan kuatna panolakan alumni, dewan wali Princeton maréntahkeun Wilson sangkan narik deui rencanana. Di ahir masa jabatanna, Wilson papaséan sareng [[Andrew Fleming West]], dekan sakola pascasarjana Princeton, sarta sekutuna, tilas Présidén [[Grover Cleveland]], anu janten wali Princeton. Wilson hoyong ngahijikeun gedong sakola pascasarjana ka puseur kampus, nanging West leuwih milih lokasi anu rada jauh. Dina taun 1909, dewan Princeton nampi sumbangan pikeun sakola pascasarjana kalayan sarat lokasina kedah di luar kampus puseur.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 183.</ref> Wilson janten kuciwa (disenchanted) kana jabatanna salaku présidén Princeton alatan lobana panolakan kana usulan-usulanana, sarta anjeunna mimiti mikirkeun pikeun terjun ka dunya politik. Sateuacan [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1908]], Wilson méré isarat ka sababaraha tokoh pangaruh di Partéy Démokrat ngeunaan karepna asup kana bursa calon. Sanajan anjeunna teu boga harepan teuing, Wilson méré paréntah sangkan anjeunna ulah ditawaran janten calon wakil présidén. Para pangurus partéy harita nganggap ideu-idena jauh teuing tina kanyataan sarta ngan saukur implengan, nanging binih-binih kabetot parantos dipelak.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 176.</ref> Dina taun 1956, [[McGeorge Bundy]] ngagambarkeun kontribusi Wilson pikeun Princeton: "Wilson bener dina kayakinanana yén Princeton kudu leuwih ti saukur imah anu genah sarta merenah pikeun barudak ngora anu bageur; Princeton geus jadi leuwih ti kitu saprak mangsa anjeunna."<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 203.</ref> == Gubernur New Jersey (1911–1913) == {{Tempo ogé|Pamilu gubernur New Jersey 1910}} [[File:Woodrow Wilson, New Jersey Governor - 1911.jpg|thumb|Wilson salaku gubernur New Jersey dina taun 1911]] Dina Januari 1910, Wilson mimiti narik perhatian [[James Smith Jr.]] sarta [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey]], dua pamingpin [[Komite Nagara Démokrat New Jersey|Partéy Démokrat New Jersey]], salaku calon poténsial pikeun [[Pamilu gubernur New Jersey 1910|pamilu gubernur]] anu bakal datang.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 208.</ref> Saatos kéléh dina lima pamilu gubernur ka tukang, para pamingpin Démokrat New Jersey mutuskeun pikeun ngarojong Wilson, saurang calon anu can kauji sarta mahiwal (unconventional). Para pamingpin partéy yakin yén reputasi akademik Wilson ngajantenkeun anjeunna juru bicara anu idéal pikeun ngalawan [[trust (bisnis)|trust]] sarta korupsi, nanging maranéhanana ogé miharep yén kurangna pangalaman Wilson dina pamaréntahan bakal ngajantenkeun anjeunna gampang dipangaruhan.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 181–182</ref> Wilson sapuk nampi nominasi kasebut kalayan sarat yén éta pencalonan "datang ka kuring tanpa dipénta, sacara buleud (unanimous), sarta tanpa jangji ka sasaha ngeunaan nanaon."<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 192–193</ref> Dina konvénsi partéy tingkat nagara bagian, para [[political boss|boss politik]] ngerahkeun kakuatanana sarta hasil meunangkeun nominasi pikeun Wilson. Dina 20 Oktober, Wilson ngintunkeun surat pangunduran diri ka Universitas Princeton.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 194, 202–203</ref> Kampanye Wilson museur kana jangjina pikeun mandiri (independen) tina pangaruh para boss partéy. Anjeunna gancang ngarobah gaya "profésor"-na janten gaya pidato anu leuwih wanian sarta némbongkeun dirina salaku saurang [[Progrésivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrésif]] tulén.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 214.</ref> Sanajan Républikan William Howard Taft kungsi unggul di New Jersey dina [[Pamilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1908]] kalayan sora leuwih ti 82.000, Wilson hasil ngéléhkeun calon gubernur Républik [[Vivian M. Lewis]] kalayan sela leuwih ti 65.000 sora.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 215.</ref> Kaum Démokrat ogé hasil ngawasa [[Majelis Umum New Jersey]] dina [[Pamilu Amérika Sarikat 1910]], sanajan [[Sénat New Jersey]] tetep dicepeng ku Républik.<ref name="heckscher220"/> Saatos meunang pamilu, Wilson ngangkat [[Joseph Patrick Tumulty]] janten sékrétaris pribadina, hiji jabatan anu dicepeng sapanjang karir politik Wilson.<ref name="heckscher220">Heckscher (1991), p. 220.</ref> Wilson mimiti nyusun agenda réformasi, kalayan niat pikeun nyapékéun tungtutan tina [[Mesin politik|mesin partéyna]]. Smith ménta Wilson pikeun ngarojong anjeunna maju ka Sénat AS, nanging Wilson nolak sarta kalah ngarojong lawan Smith, [[James Edgar Martine]], anu parantos meunang dina primari Démokrat. Meunangna Martine dina pamilu Sénat mantuan Wilson nempatkeun dirina salaku kakuatan mandiri dina Partéy Démokrat New Jersey.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 216–217.</ref> Nalika Wilson mimiti ngajabat, New Jersey parantos kawentar ku korupsi publik; éta nagara bagian katelah "Indungna Trust" sabab ngidinan pausahaan-pausahaan saperti [[Standard Oil]] pikeun nyingkahan [[Undang-undang antitrust Amérika Sarikat|undang-undang antitrust]] ti nagara bagian séjén.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 189–190</ref> Wilson sarta sakutu-sekutuna gancang ngagolgolkeun rUU Geran, anu motong kakuatan para boss politik ku cara ngawajibkeun [[Pamilu primari|primari]] pikeun sakabéh jabatan anu dipilih sarta pajabat partéy. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaluarkeun undang-undang ngeunaan prakték korupsi anu ngawajibkeun sakabéh calon pikeun ngalaporkeun kauangan kampanye, ngawatesan pengeluaran kampanye, sarta nyaram sumbangan korporasi kana kampanye politik. Salian ti éta, Wilson ngarojong disahkeunna undang-undang [[kompénsasi pagawé]] pikeun mantuan kulawarga pagawé anu palastra atawa cilaka nalika digawé.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 225–227</ref> Alatan kasuksésanana ngagolgolkeun ieu undang-undang dina bulan-bulan munggaran janten gubernur, Wilson nampi pangakuan nasional sarta dukungan ti dua pihak (bipartisan) salaku saurang réformer sarta pamingpin gerakan Progrésif.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 216–217</ref> Kaum Républikan hasil ngawasa majelis nagara bagian dina awal taun 1912, sahingga Wilson mépéskeun lolobana sésa jabatanna pikeun méré véto kana rupa-rupa RUU.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 228–229</ref> Sanajan kitu, anjeunna tetep hasil ngagolgolkeun rupa-rupa undang-undang réformasi kaasup anu ngawatesan pagawé budak sarta awéwé, sarta ningkatkeun standar kaayaan gawé di pabrik.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 135</ref> Déwan Atikan Nagara Bagian anu anyar diadegkeun "kalayan wewenang pikeun ngayakeun pamariksaan sarta negakkeun standar, ngatur wewenang nginjeum ti distrik, sarta ngawajibkeun kelas husus pikeun mahasiswa anu mibanda kabutuhan husus."<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 134</ref> Sateuacan béres jabatanna, Wilson ngawaskeun diadegkeunna klinik huntu gratis sarta ngaluarkeun undang-undang jalma miskin anu "kompréhénsif sarta ilmiah". Profési perawat ogé distandarisasi, samentara tanaga gawé kontrak di sakabéh lembaga pamasyarakatan sarta panjara dihapus sarta undang-undang hukuman anu teu ditangtukeun (indeterminate sentence) disahkeun.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Apr 26, 1913 |title=WILSON LEGISLATION IN NEW JERSEY |journal=The Survey |publisher=Survey Associates |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=140 |hdl=2027/uc1.32106015659722?urlappend=%3Bseq=214 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106015659722?urlappend=%3Bseq=214%3Bownerid=9007199273643693-218}}</ref> Aya ogé hukum anu diwanohkeun pikeun maksa pausahaan kareta api "mayar pagawéna dua kali dina sabulan", sarta pangaturan jam gawé, kaséhatan, kasalametan, sarta yuswa jalma anu digawé di tempat dagang dilaksanakeun.<ref>{{cite book |title=Woodrow Wilson and New Jersey Made Over |first=Hester E. |last=Hosford |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1912 |page=88}}</ref> Sakedap sateuacan ninggalkeun jabatan, Wilson nandatanganan runtuyan undang-undang antitrust anu katelah "Seven Sisters", sarta undang-undang séjén anu nyabut wewenang milih [[Juri di Amérika Sarikat|juri]] tina tangan shériff lokal.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 257</ref> == Presidential election of 1912 == {{Main|1912 United States presidential election}} === Democratic nomination === {{Main|1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1912 Democratic National Convention}} Wilson became a prominent 1912 presidential contender immediately upon his election as [[Governor of New Jersey]] in 1910, and his clashes with state party bosses enhanced his reputation with the rising Progressive movement.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 140–141</ref> In addition to progressives, Wilson enjoyed the support of Princeton alumni such as [[Cyrus McCormick Jr.]] and Southerners such as [[Walter Hines Page]], who believed that Wilson's status as a transplanted Southerner gave him broad appeal.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 212–213</ref> [[Edward M. House]] from Texas was also instrumental in securing Wilson's bid for the presidency as campaign manager and became his Wilson's chief advisor when he became president, where Wilson offered him any cabinet position he wanted, except Secretary of State, but House declined.<ref>{{cite book|author=Godfrey Hodgson|title=Woodrow Wilson's right hand: the life of Colonel Edward M. House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jcL20ZS_KUC&pg=PA126|year=2006|publisher=Yale University Press|page=126|isbn=0300092695}}</ref> Though Wilson's shift to the left won the admiration of many, it also created enemies such as [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey]], a former Wilson supporter who had close ties to [[Wall Street]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 224–225</ref> In July 1911, Wilson brought [[William Gibbs McAdoo]] in to manage the campaign.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 238.</ref> Prior to the [[1912 Democratic National Convention]], Wilson made a special effort to win the approval of three-time Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, whose followers had largely dominated the Democratic Party since the [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 presidential election]].<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 141–142</ref> Speaker of the House [[Champ Clark]] of Missouri was viewed by many as the front-runner for the nomination, while House Majority Leader [[Oscar Underwood]] of Alabama also loomed as a challenger. Clark found support among the Bryan wing of the party, while Underwood appealed to the conservative [[Bourbon Democrat]]s, especially in the South.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 149–150</ref> In the [[1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Clark won several of the early contests, but Wilson finished strong with victories in Texas, the Northeast, and the Midwest.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 229–230</ref> On the first presidential ballot of the Democratic convention, Clark won a plurality of delegates; his support continued to grow after the New York [[Tammany Hall]] machine swung behind him on the tenth ballot.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 155–156</ref> Tammany's support backfired for Clark, as Bryan announced that he would not support any candidate that had Tammany's backing, and Clark began losing delegates on subsequent ballots.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 233</ref> Wilson gained the support of [[Roger Charles Sullivan]] and [[Thomas Taggart]] by promising the vice presidency to Governor [[Thomas R. Marshall]] of Indiana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Richard Allen |title=Roger C. Sullivan and the Triumph of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1908–1920 |date=2019-01-23 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7501-5 |chapter=Chapter 5, Roger Sullivan and the 1912 Democratic Convention}}</ref> and several Southern delegations shifted their support from Underwood to Wilson. Wilson finally won two-thirds of the vote on the convention's 46th ballot, and Marshall became Wilson's running mate.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 157–158</ref> == Pamilu umum == [[Berkas:ElectoralCollege1912.svg|thumb|Peta electoral college pamilu présidén 1912]] Dina pamilu umum taun 1912, Wilson adu hareupan jeung dua lawan utama: William Howard Taft, saurang petahana ti Républik, sarta tilas Présidén Républik [[Theodore Roosevelt]], anu maju tina jalur [[partéy katilu (Amérika Sarikat)|partéy katilu]] salaku calon ti [[Partéy Progrésif (Amérika Sarikat, 1912)|Partéy "Bull Moose"]]. Calon kaopat nyaéta [[Eugene V. Debs]] ti [[Partéy Sosialis Amérika]]. Roosevelt peupeus hubungan jeung partéy asalna nalika [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1912]] saatos Taft unggul tipis dina pencalonan deui. Beulahna Partéy Républik ieu méré harepan badag pikeun kaum Démokrat yén maranéhanana bisa meunangkeun korsi présidén pikeun munggaranana saprak [[Pamilu présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892|pamilu présidén 1892]].<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 154–155</ref> Roosevelt muncul salaku lawan utama Wilson. Wilson sarta Roosevelt silih serang salila kampanye sanajan duanana mibanda platform progrésif anu sarupa, nyaéta merlukeun campur tangan pamaréntah puseur.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 166–167, 174–175</ref> Wilson maréntahkeun pupuhu kauangan kampanyena, [[Henry Morgenthau, Sr.|Henry Morgenthau]], sangkan teu nampi sumbangan tina korporasi sarta leuwih ngutamakeun sumbangan leutik ti masarakat lega.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 254–255.</ref> Salila kampanye, Wilson negaskeun yén tugas pamaréntah nyaéta "ngatur kahirupan anu bakal nempatkeun unggal jalma dina posisi pikeun nungtut hak normalna salaku mahluk hirup."<ref>Cooper (1983), p. 184</ref> Kalayan bantosan ahli hukum [[Louis Brandeis]], anjeunna nyusun platform [[The New Freedom|Kabébasan Anyar]] (New Freedom), anu museur kana ngabubarkeun trust sarta nurunkeun tarif [[tarif dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat|pajak impor]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 239–242</ref> Brandeis sarta Wilson nolak usulan Roosevelt pikeun ngadegkeun [[birokrasi]] kuat anu boga tugas ngatur korporasi badag; maranéhanana leuwih milih ngabubarkeun korporasi badag kasebut sangkan tercipta kaayaan ékonomi anu adil pikeun sararéa.<ref>Ruiz (1989), pp. 169–171</ref> Wilson ngayakeun kampanye anu kacida sumangetna, ngulilingan nagara pikeun nepikeun rupa-rupa pidato.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 237–244</ref> Tungtungna, anjeunna meunangkeun 41,8 persén sora rahayat (popular vote) sarta 435 ti 531 [[Electoral College (Amérika Sarikat)|sora éléktoral]].<ref>Gould (2008), p. vii</ref> Roosevelt meunangkeun sabagian sésa sora éléktoral sarta 27,4 persén sora rahayat, salasahiji [[Daptar hasil partéy katilu dina pamilu Amérika Sarikat|pencapaian partéy katilu pangkuatna]] dina sajarah AS. Taft meunang 23,2 persén sora rahayat nanging ngan nampi 8 sora éléktoral, samentara Debs meunang 6 persén sora rahayat. Dina [[Pamilu Amérika Sarikat 1910|pamilu législatif]] anu bareng lumangsungna, Démokrat hasil ngawasa [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR]] sarta meunangkeun mayoritas di [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 173–174</ref> Kameunangan Wilson ngajantenkeun anjeunna urang Kidul munggaran anu meunang pamilu présidén saprak Perang Sipil, présidén Démokrat munggaran saprak Grover Cleveland pangsiun dina taun 1897,<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 154–155, 173–174</ref> sarta hiji-hijina présidén anu mibanda gelar Ph.D.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 8</ref> Saatos kapilih, Wilson ngirim télégrap ka [[William F. McCombs]], Pupuhu Komite Nasional Démokrat, anu isina: {{Blockquote|Hiji cita-cita mulya parantos unggul. Unggal urang Démokrat, unggal pejuang progrésif tulén ti pihak mana waé, ayeuna kudu ngerahkeun sakabéh kakuatan sarta sumanget pikeun ngawujudkeun harepan rahayat, negakkeun hak-hak rahayat, sangkan kaadilan sarta kamajuan bisa jalan babarengan.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Theodore_Roosevelt_and_the_Assassin/F3VBBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=theodore+roosevelt+and+the+assassin+Every+Democrat,+every+true+progressive&pg=PA220&printsec=frontcover Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912 By Gerard Helferich, 2013, P.220]</ref>}} == Masa jabatan Présidén (1913–1921) == {{Progressivism US|politicians}} {{Utama|Masa jabatan présidén Woodrow Wilson}} {{Pikeun lini masa|Lini masa masa jabatan présidén Woodrow Wilson}} [[Berkas:WILSON, WOODROW. WITH CABINET LCCN2016858384 (restored).jpg|thumb|Wilson sarta jajaran kabinétna dina taun 1916]] Saatos pamilu, Wilson milih William Jennings Bryan janten Sekretaris Nagara (Menteri Luar Negeri), sarta Bryan méré saran ngeunaan anggota kabinét Wilson séjénna.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 185</ref> William Gibbs McAdoo, saurang pangrojong satia Wilson anu nikah ka putra Wilson dina taun 1914, janten Sekretaris Perbendaharaan (Menteri Kauangan), sarta [[James Clark McReynolds]], anu parantos hasil ngagugat sababaraha kasus antitrust anu kawentar, kapilih janten Jaksa Agung.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 190–192</ref> Penerbit [[Josephus Daniels]], saurang loyalis partéy sarta tokoh panyokong supremasi kulit bodas ti North Carolina,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joseph Campbell |first=W. |date=1999 |title="One of the fine figures of American journalism": A Closer Look at Josephus Daniels of the Raleigh News and Observer |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08821127.1999.10739206 |journal=American Journalism |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=37–55 |doi=10.1080/08821127.1999.10739206 |issn=0882-1127|url-access=subscription }}</ref> kapilih janten Sekretaris Angkatan Laut, samentara pangacara ngora ti New York [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] janten Asistén Sekretaris Angkatan Laut.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 263–264</ref> Kapala staf ("sekretaris") Wilson nyaéta [[Joseph Patrick Tumulty]], anu boga peran salaku taméng politik sarta perantara jeung pihak pers.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 277.</ref> Panaséhat kabijakan luar negeri sarta sobat kapercayaan anu pangpentingna nyaéta "Kolonél" [[Edward M. House]]; Berg nulis yén, "dina hal aksés sarta pangaruh, [House] ngaleuwihan sakabéh anggota Kabinét Wilson."<ref>Berg (2013), p. 19</ref> === Agenda domestik New Freedom === [[Berkas:CONGRESS, U.S. OPENING MESSAGE, 63RD CONGRESS.jpg|thumb|Wilson nepikeun biantara [[Amanat Présidén (Amérika Sarikat)|State of the Union]] munggaranana dina taun 1913 di payuneun sidang gabungan [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Kongrés]], anu ngamimitian prakték modéren nepikeun biantara sacara langsung di payuneun sakabéh anggota Kongrés.]] Wilson ngawanohkeun hiji program léglislasi domestik anu kompréhénsif dina awal pamaréntahanana, hiji hal anu tacan kantos dilakukeun ku présidén mana waé sateuacanna.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 183–184</ref> Anjeunna ngumumkeun opat prioritas domestik utama: [[Gerakan konservasi|konservasi]] sumber daya alam, réformasi perbankan, pangurangan [[tarif dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat|tarif pajak impor]], sarta aksés anu leuwih gampang kana bahan baku pikeun para patani ku cara ngabubarkeun trust pertambangan di wilayah Kulon.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 186–187</ref> Wilson nepikeun ieu usulan dina April 1913 dina biantara di payuneun sidang gabungan Kongrés, ngajantenkeun anjeunna présidén munggaran saprak [[John Adams]] anu nepikeun biantara ka Kongrés sacara langsung.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 292–293</ref> Dua taun munggaran Wilson ngajabat lolobana museur kana agenda domestikna. Nanging, ku ayana masalah jeung Méksiko sarta pecahna Perang Dunya I dina taun 1914, urusan luar negeri beuki lila beuki ngadominasi masa jabatanna.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 212–213, 274</ref> ==== Léglislasi tarif sarta pajak ==== Kaum Démokrat parantos lami nganggep yén tarif anu luhur téh sarua jeung pajak anu teu adil pikeun konsumén, sahingga pangurangan tarif janten prioritas utama maranéhanana.<ref name="Clements3637"/> Wilson negaskeun yén sistem tarif luhur "mutuskeun urang tina bagian anu sakuduna dina padagangan dunya, ngarémpak prinsip perpajakan anu adil, sarta ngajantenkeun pamaréntah salaku pakakas anu gampang dipaké ku kapentingan swasta."<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=First Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson1.asp |website=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States : from George Washington 1789 to George Bush 1989}}</ref> Dina ahir Méi 1913, Pamingpin Mayoritas DPR [[Oscar Underwood]] parantos ngaluluskeun hiji RUU di DPR anu motong rata-rata tarif sagedé 10 persén sarta nerapkeun pajak kana panghasilan pribadi di luhur $4.000.<ref name=cooper216218/> RUU Underwood ieu mangrupa parobahan tarif pangbadagna ka handap saprak Perang Sipil. Ieu aturan sacara agrésif motong tarif pikeun bahan baku, barang anu dianggap "kabutuhan poko", sarta produk-produk domestik anu dihasilkeun ku trust, nanging tetep mertahankeun tarif anu luhur pikeun barang-barang méwah.<ref>Weisman (2002), p. 271</ref> Nanging, ngaluluskeun éta RUU tarif di Sénat mangrupa hiji tantangan. Sababaraha urang Démokrat ti Kidul sarta Kulon hoyong tetep aya panangtayungan (prontéksi) pikeun industri wol sarta gula di daérahna, sarta Démokrat mibanda mayoritas anu leuwih saeutik di luhur (Sénat).<ref name="Clements3637">Clements (1992), pp. 36–37</ref> Wilson ngayakeun pasamoan sacara intensif sareng para sénator Démokrat sarta nepikeun panyambat langsung ka rahayat ngaliwatan pers. Saatos sababaraha minggu pamariksaan sarta debat, Wilson sareng Sekretaris Nagara Bryan hasil ngahijikeun sora Démokrat di Sénat pikeun ngarojong éta RUU.<ref name="cooper216218" /> Sénat méré sora 44 banding 37 pikeun ngarojong RUU kasebut, kalayan ngan saurang Démokrat anu nolak sarta ngan saurang Républikan anu satuju. Wilson nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Pajak 1913]] (anu katelah Tarif Underwood) janten hukum dina 3 Oktober 1913.<ref name="cooper216218">Cooper (2009), pp. 216–218</ref> Ieu undang-undang ngurangan tarif sarta ngagentos kakirangan pendapatan nagara ku pajak panghasilan féderal sagedé hiji persén pikeun panghasilan di luhur $3.000, anu mangaruhan tilu persén pangeusi anu pangbeungharna.<ref>Weisman (2002), pp. 230–232, 278–282</ref> Kabijakan pamaréntahan Wilson mibanda dampak anu awét kana wangunan pendapatan pamaréntah, anu ayeuna utamana asalna tina perpajakan, lain tina tarif deui.<ref>Gould (2003), pp. 175–176</ref> ==== Sistem Federal Reserve ==== {{tempo ogé|Sajarah Sistem Federal Reserve}} [[Berkas:Federal Reserve Districts Map - Banks & Branches.png|thumb|Peta Distrik Federal Reserve kalayan bank-bank Federal Reserve (bunderan hideung), cabang Distrik (kotak hideung), sarta kantor puseur nasional Federal Reserve (warna beureum)]] Wilson teu ngantosan rengséna Undang-Undang Pajak 1913 sateuacan neraskeun kana agenda salajengna—perbankan. Nalika Wilson mimiti ngajabat, nagara-nagara sapertos Inggris sarta Jérman parantos ngadegkeun [[bank sentral]] anu dikelola ku pamaréntah, nanging Amérika Sarikat mah tacan mibanda bank séntral saprak [[Perang Bank]] dina taun 1830-an.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 219–220</ref> Saatos kajadian krisis kauangan nasional dina [[Panik 1907|taun 1907]], aya kasepakatan umum pikeun nyieun hiji sistem perbankan séntral anu bisa nyadiakeun mata uang anu leuwih fléksibel sarta koordinasi dina nyanghareupan panik kauangan. Wilson nyobian milari jalan tengah antara kaum progrésif sapertos Bryan sarta kaum Républikan konsérvatif sapertos [[Nelson Aldrich]], anu salaku pupuhu [[Komisi Monétér Nasional]], parantos ngusulkeun rencana bank séntral anu masih méré kakawasaan badag ka pihak swasta dina ngatur sistem monétér.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 40–42</ref> Wilson negaskeun yén sistem perbankan kedah "umum lain swasta, [sarta] kedah dipasrahkeun ka pamaréntah sorangan sangkan bank janten pakakas, lain dunungan, pikeun dunya bisnis."<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 316–317</ref> Kaum Démokrat nyusun rencana kompromi dimana bank-bank swasta bakal ngontrol dua belas [[Bank Federal Reserve]] régional, nanging kendali utama sistem kasebut dipasrahkeun ka hiji dewan pusat anu diusi ku jalma-jalma pilihan présidén. Wilson hasil ngayakinkeun kaum Démokrat sayap kénca yén ieu rencana anyar parantos luyu jeung paménta maranéhanana.<ref>Link (1954), pp. 43–53</ref> Di antara [[Kritik ka Federal Reserve|anu nolak]] ieu RUU téh nyaéta Anggota DPR AS [[Charles August Lindbergh]], anu boga pamikiran yén hal ieu bakal nyiptakeun "pamaréntah siluman" tina [[Kadaulatan monétér|kakuatan monétér]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=The Federal Reserve's Framers Would Be Shocked (Published 2013) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/business/the-federal-reserves-framers-would-be-shocked.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424211149/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/business/the-federal-reserves-framers-would-be-shocked.html |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en}}</ref> sarta museurkeun kontrol ékonomi ka "kelompok anu saukur milari kauntungan."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindbergh, Sr. |first=Charles A. |title=Lindbergh on the Federal Reserve |url=https://ia801007.us.archive.org/21/items/CharlesLindberghLindberghOnTheFederalReserve_201905/Charles%20Lindbergh%20-%20Lindbergh%20on%20the%20Federal%20Reserve.pdf}}</ref> Sénat méré sora 54–34 pikeun nyatujuan [[Undang-Undang Federal Reserve]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 42–44</ref> Sistem anyar ieu mimiti jalan dina taun 1915, sarta mibanda peran penting dina ngabiayaan usaha perang Sekutu sarta Amérika dina Perang Dunya I.<ref>Link (1956), pp. 199–240</ref> ==== Léglislasi antitrust ==== {{tempo ogé|Sajarah undang-undang antitrust Amérika Sarikat}} [[Berkas:Woodrow Wilson Priming the Prosperity Pump, 1914 political cartoon by Berryman.jpg|thumb|Kartun taun 1913 karya [[Clifford K. Berryman]] anu némbongkeun Wilson nuju "ngompa" ékonomi ku rupa-rupa undang-undang tarif, mata uang, sarta antitrust]] Saatos ngaluluskeun léglislasi penting pikeun nurunkeun tarif sarta ngoméan struktur perbankan, Wilson salajengna narékahan ayana undang-undang antitrust pikeun nguatkeun [[Undang-Undang Antitrust Sherman]] taun 1890.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 226–227</ref> Undang-Undang Sherman nyaram sakabéh "kontrak, kombinasi... atawa konspirasi, anu ngawatesan perdagangan", nanging tétéla teu mampuh nyegah munculna gabungan bisnis raksasa anu katelah [[Trust (bisnis)|trust]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 46–47</ref> Sahandapeun kelompok élit pangusaha, maranéhanana ngawasa dewan direksi bank-bank sarta pausahaan karéta api gedé, sarta ngagunakeun kakawasaanana pikeun nyegah ayana persaingan ti pausahaan anyar.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 326–327</ref> Kalayan pangrojong Wilson, Anggota DPR [[Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr.|Henry Clayton, Jr.]] ngasongkeun RUU anu bakal nyaram sababaraha prakték anti-persaingan saperti [[Diskriminasi harga|panyasuaian harga anu teu adil]], [[Tying (perdagangan)|prakték meungkeut (tying)]], [[perjangjian éksklusif]], sarta [[jabatan rangkap (interlocking directorates)]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 48–49</ref> Nalika Wilson sadar yén nyaram sakabéh prakték anti-persaingan ngaliwatan undang-undang téh hésé, anjeunna milih ngarojong léglislasi anu bakal ngadegkeun lembaga anyar, nyaéta [[Komisi Perdagangan Féderal]] (FTC). Ieu lembaga boga tugas pikeun nalungtik palanggaran antitrust sarta negakkeun hukum antitrust sacara mandiri tina Departemén Kaadilan. Kalayan dukungan ti dua partéy (bipartisan), Kongrés ngaluluskeun [[Undang-Undang Komisi Perdagangan Féderal 1914]], anu ngasupkeun ideu-ideu Wilson ngeunaan FTC.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 49–50</ref> Sabulan saatos nandatanganan éta undang-undang, Wilson ogé nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Antitrust Clayton 1914]], anu ngalengkepan Undang-Undang Sherman ku cara netepkeun sarta nyaram rupa-rupa prakték anti-persaingan.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 50–51</ref> ==== Buruh sarta pertanian ==== {{tempo ogé|Sajarah perburuhan di Amérika Sarikat}} [[Berkas:Presidentwoodrowwilson.jpeg|thumb|Potrét resmi présidén Wilson taun 1913]] Wilson mimitina boga pamikiran yén undang-undang ngeunaan pagawé budak (child labor) téh kamungkinan bakal dianggap inkonstitusional, nanging anjeunna ngarobah sawanganana dina taun 1916 kusabab pamilu parantos caket. Dina taun 1916, saatos kampanye gégékan ti [[Komite Pagawé Budak Nasional]] (NCLC) sarta Liga Konsumén Nasional, Kongrés ngaluluskeun [[Undang-Undang Keating–Owen]]. Ieu undang-undang nyaram pangiriman barang dina perdagangan antar-nagara bagian upami barang kasebut dijieun di pabrik anu ngagunakeun tanaga budak di handapeun umur anu ditangtukeun. Kaum Démokrat ti Kidul nolak, nanging henteu ngayakeun filibuster. Wilson nandatanganan ieu RUU dina detik-detik pamungkas alatan tekenan ti para pamingpin partéy anu negaskeun yén ieu ideu kacida populérna, utamana di kalangan pamilih awéwé anu nuju mekar. Wilson nyarios ka para anggota Kongrés Démokrat yén maranéhanana kudu ngaluluskeun ieu hukum sarta ogé hukum kompénsasi pagawé pikeun nyugemakeun gerakan progrésif nasional sarta pikeun meunangkeun pamilu 1916 ngalawan Partéy Républik anu parantos ngahiji deui. Ieu mangrupa undang-undang féderal munggaran ngeunaan pagawé budak. Nanging, [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]] ngabatalkeun ieu hukum dina kasus ''[[Hammer v. Dagenhart]]'' (1918). Kongrés saterusna ngaluarkeun hukum anu nerapkeun pajak ka bisnis anu maké tanaga budak, nanging éta ogé dibatalkeun ku Mahkamah Agung dina kasus ''[[Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.|Bailey v. Drexel Furniture]]'' (1923). Masalah pagawé budak nembé bener-bener réngsé dina taun 1930-an.<ref>{{cite book |first=Arthur S. |last=Link |title=Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917 |volume=5 |year=1965 |pages=56–59}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé nyatujuan udagan pikeun ngoméan kaayaan gawé anu beurat pikeun para pelaut sarta nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Pelaut]] LaFollette taun 1915.<ref>Clements, pp. 44, 81.</ref> Salila karir politikna, Wilson méré pancén ka anggota [[Fraternal Order of Eagles]] pikeun nalungtik undang-undang pénsiun kolot di luar nagri pikeun nangtukeun naha hukum saperti kitu bisa dilarapkeun di Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsFIAAAAIBAJ&dq=President+Wilson+commissioned+members+of+the+Fraternal+Order+of+Eagles+old+age+pension+laws&pg=PA5&article_id=1042,2085282|title=Women Voters Hear Talks By Two Speakers|newspaper=The Meriden Daily Journal|via=Google Books |date=Jan 7, 1936}}</ref> Pénsiun pikeun pagawé nagri sipil (PNS) anu digawé di pamaréntah féderal mimiti diwanohkeun dina taun terakhir Wilson ngajabat.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Johnson | first1=Ronald N. | last2=Libecap | first2=Gary D. | title=The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy | publisher=University of Chicago Press | publication-place=Chicago | date=2007-12-01 | isbn=978-0-226-40177-5 | page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Joa6AzdM96MC&dq=Federal+civil+service+pensions+1920&pg=PA91 }}</ref> Wilson nyambat Departemén Tanaga Gawé pikeun nengahkeun (mediasi) konflik antara buruh sarta manajémen. Dina taun 1914, Wilson ngintunkeun prajurit pikeun mantuan ngeureunkeun [[Perang Tambang Batubara Colorado]], salasahiji sengketa tanaga gawé anu pangmautna dina sajarah Amérika.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 332</ref> Dina taun 1916, anjeunna ngadorong Kongrés pikeun nerapkeun [[Dalapan jam gawé|dalapan jam gawé]] pikeun pagawé karéta api, anu hasil ngeureunkeun mogok gawé badag. Hal ieu disebut salaku "intervénsi anu pangwanianna dina urusan perburuhan anu kungsi dilakukeun ku présidén mana waé."<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 345–346.</ref> Wilson saenyana kurang satuju kana campur tangan pamaréntah anu kaleuleuwihi dina [[Undang-Undang Pinjaman Ladang Féderal]], anu ngadegkeun dua belas bank régional kalayan wewenang pikeun méré pinjaman bunga rendah ka para patani. Nanging, anjeunna peryogi sora ti para patani sangkan bisa salamet dina pamilu 1916 anu bakal datang, janten anjeunna tetep nandatanganan éta undang-undang.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 63–64</ref> ==== Wewengkon sarta imigrasi ==== {{tempo ogé|Sajarah imigrasi ka Amérika Sarikat}} Wilson ngagem kawijakan anu parantos lami dicepeng ku Partéy Démokrat, nyaéta nolak mibanda jajahan (koloni). Anjeunna ngusahakeun otonomi sacara bertahap sarta kamerdékaan pinuh pikeun [[Filipina]], anu parantos dikawasa ku AS saprak taun 1898. Neraskeun kawijakan ti para miheulaanna, Wilson ningkatkeun tata kelola pamaréntahan mandiri di éta kapuloan ku cara méré wewenang anu leuwih badag ka [[Urang Filipina]] pikeun ngatur Législatif Filipina. [[Undang-Undang Jones 1916]] negaskeun komitmen Amérika Sarikat pikeun méré kamerdékaan ka Filipina dina mangsa nu bakal datang, sarta méré otonomi leuwih lega kalayan diadegkeunna [[Sénat Filipina]] sarta [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Filipina]], anu masing-masing ngagantikeun [[Komisi Filipina]] anu dikelola ku urang Amérika sarta [[Majelis Filipina]] anu dikelola ku urang Filipina.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 249</ref> Dina taun 1916, Wilson [[Perjangjian Hindia Kulon Dénmark|meuli ku jalan perjangjian]] wilayah [[Hindia Kulon Dénmark]], anu saterusna diganti namina janten [[Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ambar|first=Saladin|url=https://millercenter.org/president/wilson/foreign-affairs|title=Woodrow Wilson: Foreign Affairs|website=Miller Center|publisher=University of Virginia|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> Imigrasi ti Éropa nyirorot kacida nalika Perang Dunya I dimimitian, sarta Wilson kurang merhatoskeun ieu pasualan salila masa jabatanna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allerfeldt|first=Saladin|year=2013|chapter=Wilson's Views on Immigration and Ethnicity|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first=Ross A.|title=A Companion to Woodrow Wilson|edition=1st hardcover|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|pages=152–172|doi=10.1002/9781118445693|isbn=978-1-4443-3737-2}}</ref> Nanging, anjeunna mibanda sawangan anu saé ka "imigran anyar" ti Éropa kidul sarta wétan. Wilson ogé dua kali méré véto kana undang-undang anu dikaluarkeun ku Kongrés anu tujuanna pikeun ngawatesan asupna para imigran, sanajan véto anu terakhir mah tungtungna dibatalkeun (overridden) ku Kongrés.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 252–253, 376–377</ref> ==== Ngangkat hakim ==== {{Utama|Calon Mahkamah Agung Woodrow Wilson}} {{Daptar utama|Daptar hakim féderal anu diangkat ku Woodrow Wilson}} Wilson nyalonkeun tilu urang pikeun [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]], anu sadayana disatujuan ku Sénat AS. Dina taun 1914, Wilson nyalonkeun jaksa agung anu nuju ngajabat, [[James Clark McReynolds]]. Sanajan mibanda kréndénsial salaku pajoang "trust buster" (pangbubar trust) anu kuat,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fox |first=John |title=James Clark McReynolds |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_mcreynolds.html |website=Capitalism and Conflict: Supreme Court History, Law, Power & Personality, Biographies of the Robes |date=December 2006 |publisher=Public Broadcasting System (PBS) |access-date=July 31, 2025 |archive-date=April 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424130119/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_mcreynolds.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424130119/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_mcreynolds.html |date=April 24, 2011 }}</ref> McReynolds malah janten tokoh utama blok konservatif di mahkamah dugi ka pangsiun dina taun 1941.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 273</ref> Numutkeun Berg, Wilson nganggap yén ngangkat McReynolds mangrupa salasahiji kasalahan pangbadagna salila anjeunna ngajabat.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 400</ref> Dina taun 1916, Wilson [[Pencalonan Mahkamah Agung Louis Brandeis|nyalonkeun Louis Brandeis ka Mahkamah Agung]], anu ngahudangkeun debat panas di Sénat alatan idéologi Brandeis anu progrésif sarta agamana; Brandeis mangrupa calon munggaran ti turunan [[Yahudi]] di Mahkamah Agung. Tungtungna, Wilson hasil ngayakinkeun Sénator Démokrat pikeun nyatujuan Brandeis, anu ngabakti di mahkamah dugi ka taun 1939. Sabalikna ti McReynolds, Brandeis janten salasahiji sora progrésif utama di mahkamah.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 330–332</ref> Nalika aya korsi kosong kadua dina taun 1916, Wilson ngangkat pangacara progrésif [[John Hessin Clarke]]. Clarke disatujuan ku Sénat sarta ngabakti di Mahkamah dugi ka pangsiun dina taun 1922.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 340, 586</ref> === Kawijakan luar negeri mangsa jabatan kahiji === {{utama|Kawijakan luar negeri pamaréntahan Woodrow Wilson}} ==== Amérika Latin ==== {{tempo ogé|Katerlibatan Amérika Sarikat dina Révolusi Méksiko|Perang Pisang}} [[Berkas:VillaUncleSamBerrymanCartoon.png|thumb|Kartun anu némbongkeun [[Uncle Sam]] asup ka [[Méksiko]] dina taun 1916 pikeun ngahukum Pancho Villa kalayan ucapan Uncle Sam, "I've had about enough of this" (Kuring geus cukup sabar ku kieu téh).]] Wilson narékahan pikeun ngajauh tina kawijakan luar negeri para miheulaanna anu dianggap imperialistik, sarta anjeunna nolak [[Diplomasi Dolar]] gaya Taft.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 289–290</ref> Sanajan kitu, anjeunna mindeng ngayakeun intervénsi di [[Amérika Latin]], kalayan nyarios dina taun 1913, "Kuring bakal ngajarkeun républik-républik di [[Amérika Kidul]] pikeun milih jalma-jalma anu bener."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horgan |first=Paul |title=Great River: the Rio Grande in North American History |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |year=1984 |location=Middletown, CT |page=913}}</ref> [[Perjangjian Bryan–Chamorro]] taun 1914 ngajantenkeun [[Nikaragua]] wilayah protéktorat sacara ''de facto'', sarta AS [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Nikaragua|nempatkeun prajurit]] di dinya salila Wilson ngajabat. Pamaréntahan Wilson ogé [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Républik Dominika (1916–24)|ngirim pasukan pikeun nempatan]] [[Républik Dominika]] sarta [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|ngayakeun intervénsi]] di [[Haiti]]. Salian ti éta, Wilson ogé méré ijin pikeun intervénsi militer di [[Kuba]], [[Panama]], sarta [[Honduras]].<ref>Herring (2008), pp. 388–390</ref> Wilson mimiti ngajabat nalika lumangsungna [[Révolusi Méksiko]], anu dimimitian taun 1911 saatos kaum liberal ngagulingkeun diktator militer [[Porfirio Díaz]]. Sakedap sateuacan Wilson ngajabat, kaum konservatif ngarebut deui kakawasaan ngaliwatan kudéta anu dipingpin ku [[Victoriano Huerta]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 96–97</ref> Wilson nolak légitimasi "pamaréntahan tukang jagal" (government of butchers) pimpinan Huerta sarta nungtut Méksiko ngayakeun pamilu anu démokratis.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1007454|title = Woodrow Wilson, Victoriano Huerta, and the Recognition Issue in Mexico|journal = The Americas|volume = 41|issue = 2|pages = 151–176|last1 = Henderson|first1 = Peter V. N.|year = 1984|doi = 10.2307/1007454| s2cid=147620955 }}</ref> Saatos Huerta nangkep personél Angkatan Laut AS anu teu kahaja badarat di zona terlarang deukeut kota palabuan [[Tampico]], Wilson [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Veracruz|ngirim Angkatan Laut pikeun nempatan]] kota [[Veracruz]], Méksiko. Intervénsi Amérika ieu meunangkeun réaksi keras ti sakabéh lapisan politik di Méksiko, anu tungtungna ngayakinkeun Wilson pikeun ngabatalkeun rencana perluasan militer. Nanging, intervénsi éta hasil ngajantenkeun Huerta kabur ti éta nagara.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 98–99</ref> Hiji kelompok anu dipingpin ku [[Venustiano Carranza]] hasil ngawasa sabagian badag Méksiko, sarta Wilson ngaku ka pamaréntahan Carranza dina Oktober 1915.<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 99–100">Clements (1992), pp. 99–100</ref> Carranza terus nyanghareupan rupa-rupa lawan di Méksiko, kaasup [[Pancho Villa]], anu sateuacanna ku Wilson disebut salaku "sajenis Robin Hood."<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 99–100"/> Dina awal taun 1916, Pancho Villa nyerang désa [[Columbus, New Mexico]], anu nyababkeun palastrana sarta tatu warga Amérika. Hal ieu ngahudangkeun amarah warga AS anu nungtut hukuman pikeun Villa. Wilson maréntahkeun Jenderal [[John J. Pershing]] sarta 4.000 pasukan pikeun nyebrang wates demi nangkep Villa. Dugi ka April, pasukan Pershing parantos hasil ngabubarkeun kelompok Villa, nanging Villa sorangan teu kacepeng sarta Pershing terus ngudag dugi ka jero wilayah Méksiko. Carranza saterusna balik ngalawan Amérika sarta nuduh yén éta téh invasi anu ngahina, anu méh waé ngabalukarkeun perang. Kaayaan mimiti tenang saatos Méksiko satuju ngaleupaskeun tahanan Amérika, sarta rundayan diplomasi dimimitian. Kusabab Wilson hoyong geuwat narik pasukan ti Méksiko alatan tegangan di Éropa, anjeunna maréntahkeun Pershing pikeun mundur. Pasukan Amérika terakhir ninggalkan Méksiko dina Pébruari 1917.<ref>Link (1964), 194–221, 280–318; Link (1965), 51–54, 328–339</ref> ==== Nétralitas dina Perang Dunya I ==== [[Berkas:The American War-Dog by Oscar Cesare 1916.jpg|thumb|Kartun Wilson sarta "Jingo", anjing perang Amérika, anu nyindekkeun kaum "jingo" (chauvinis) anu hayang pisan perang]] [[Perang Dunya I]] peupeus dina Juli 1914, nyanghareupkeun [[Kakuatan Séntral]] (Jérman, [[Austria-Hungaria]], [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], sarta saterusna [[Bulgaria]]) ngalawan [[Sakutu Perang Dunya I|Pasukan Sakutu]] (Britania, [[Prancis]], [[Rusia]], [[Sérbia]], sarta sababaraha nagara séjénna). Perang ragot dina kaayaan anu statis (stalemate) kalayan korban jiwa anu kacida loba di [[Front Kulon (Perang Dunya I)|Front Kulon]], Prancis. Duanana nolak tawaran Wilson sarta House pikeun nengahkeun (mediasi) sangkan konflik lekasan.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 123–124</ref> Ti mimiti 1914 dugi ka awal 1917, udagan utama kawijakan luar negeri Wilson nyaéta ngajaga Amérika Sarikat sangkan teu kalibet dina perang di Éropa sarta jadi calo perjangjian daméy.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 339.</ref> Anjeunna negaskeun yén sakabéh tindakan pamaréntah AS kudu nétral, kalayan nyebutkeun yén urang Amérika "kudu teu beurat sabeulah dina pamikiran boh dina tindakan, kudu nahan parasaan sarta nahan unggal transaksi anu bisa dianggap salaku condong ka salasahiji pihak anu nuju parébat."<ref>Link (1960), p. 66.</ref> Salaku kakuatan nétral, AS nungtut hakna pikeun dagang jeung dua pihak. Nanging, Angkatan Laut Karajaan Britania anu kuat nerapkeun [[Blokade Jérman (1914–1919)|blokade ka Jérman]]. Pikeun ngabungahkeun Washington, London satuju pikeun terus meuli sababaraha komoditas utama Amérika saperti kapas kalayan harga sateuacan perang. Upami aya kapal dagang Amérika anu kacepeng mawa barang terlarang (kontraband), Angkatan Laut Karajaan diparéntahkeun pikeun meuli sakabéh muatanana sarta ngaleupaskeun éta kapal.<ref>Lake, 1960.</ref> Wilson nampi ieu kaayaan sacara pasif.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 119–123</ref> Pikeun ngawaler blokade Britania, Jérman ngaluncurkeun [[Kampanye U-boat (Perang Dunya I)|kampanye kapal selam]] ngalawan kapal-kapal dagang di laut sakuriling Kapuloan Britania.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 124–125</ref> Dina awal 1915, Jérman nilemkeun tilu kapal Amérika; Wilson mibanda sawangan, dumasar kana bukti anu asup akal, yén éta kajadian téh teu dihaja, sarta urusan ganti rugi bisa ditunda dugi ka perang réngsé.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 362.</ref> Dina Méi 1915, kapal selam Jérman nembak torpédo ka kapal pesiar Britania [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']], anu nelasan 1.198 panumpang, kaasup 128 warga nagara Amérika.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 362</ref> Wilson ngawaler sacara publik ku nyebatkeun, "aya kaayaan dimana saurang lalaki ngarasa teuing agung (too proud) pikeun gelut. Aya kaayaan dimana hiji bangsa ngarasa bener pisan sahingga teu perlu ngayakinkeun batur ku kakuatan yén manéhna bener."<ref>Brands (2003), pp. 60–61</ref> Wilson nungtut pamaréntah Jérman "ngalakukeun léngkah saharita pikeun nyegah kacilakaan sarupa" saperti tilemna ''Lusitania''. Alatan hal ieu, Bryan, anu percaya yén Wilson leuwih milih ngabéla hak dagang Amérika batan nétralitas, mundur tina Kabinét.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 125–127</ref> Dina Maret 1916, [[SS Sussex|SS ''Sussex'']], hiji kapal féri Prancis anu teu mawa pakarang, ditorpédo di Selat Inggris sarta opat urang Amérika palastra. Wilson hasil nandeskeun jangji ti Jérman pikeun ngawatesan perang kapal selam luyu jeung aturan perang kapal pangawal (cruiser warfare), anu mangrupa kameunangan diplomatik badag.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 384–387</ref> Kaum intervénsionis, anu dipingpin ku Theodore Roosevelt, hoyong perang ngalawan Jérman sarta nyerang Wilson anu nolak ngawangun kakuatan angkatan darat. Saatos tilemna ''Lusitania'' sarta mundurna Bryan, Wilson sacara publik komit kana hal anu katelah "[[Gerakan Kasiapsiagaan|gerakan kasiapsiagaan]]" (preparedness movement), sarta mimiti nguatkeun angkatan darat sarta angkatan laut.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 128–129</ref> Dina Juni 1916, Kongrés ngaluluskeun [[Undang-Undang Pertahanan Nasional 1916]], anu ngadegkeun [[ROTC|Korps Pelatihan Perwira Cadangan]] sarta ngalegaan [[Garda Nasional Amérika Sarikat|Garda Nasional]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 394</ref> Saterusna dina taun éta, Kongrés ogé ngaluluskeun [[Undang-Undang Angkatan Laut 1916]] pikeun perluasan armada laut sacara badag.<ref>Link (1954), p. 179.</ref> === Pernikahan kadua === [[Berkas:Mr. and Mrs. Woodrow Wilson seated outdoors with their three daughters standing behind them-(left to right) Margaret, Eleanor, and Jessie, in Cornish, New Hampshire LCCN2013649731 (restored).jpg|thumb|Kulawarga Wilson dina taun 1912]] Kaséhatan Ellen Wilson nyirorot saatos salakina mimiti ngajabat, sarta dokter ngadiagnosa anjeunna kakeunaan [[Panyakit Bright]] dina Juli 1914.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 332–333</ref> Ellen tilar dunya dina 6 Agustus 1914.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 334–335</ref> Présidén Wilson kacida katarajangna ku éta musibah dugi ka kakeunaan déprési.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 333–335</ref> Dina 18 Maret 1915, Wilson patepang sareng [[Edith Bolling Galt]] dina hiji acara entéh di Gedong Bodas.<ref>Haskins (2016), p. 166</ref> Galt mangrupa saurang randa sarta pangusaha perhiasan anu asalna ogé ti Kidul. Saatos sababaraha kali patepang, Wilson murag asih ka anjeunna, sarta ngalamar dina Méi 1915. Galt mimitina nolak, nanging Wilson teu nyerah saterusna terus ngadeukeutan.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 348–350.</ref> Edith laun-laun nampi éta hubungan, sarta maranéhanana rasmian tunangan dina Séptémber 1915.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 361, 372–374</ref> Maranéhanana nikah dina 18 Désémber 1915. Woodrow Wilson nyusul [[John Tyler]] sarta Grover Cleveland salaku présidén anu nikah nalika nuju ngajabat.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 350, 356.</ref> === Pamilu présidén 1916 === {{Utama|Pamilu présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916}} [[Berkas:Woodrow Wilson, accepting Democratic nomination, 1916.JPG|thumb|Wilson nampi nominasi Partéy Démokrat pikeun présidén dina taun 1916]] [[Berkas:ElectoralCollege1916.svg|thumb|Peta electoral college 1916]] Wilson dicalonkeun deui dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1916]] tanpa lawan.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 405–406</ref> Pikeun narik pamilih progrésif, Wilson nyambat léglislasi anu nyadiakeun dalapan jam gawé sarta genep poé gawé dina saminggu, ukuran kaséhatan sarta kasalametan, larangan pagawé budak, sarta panangtayungan pikeun pagawé awéwé. Anjeunna ogé ngarojong upah minimum pikeun sakabéh pagawé féderal.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 335</ref> Kaum Démokrat ogé kampanye kalayan slogan "Anjeunna Ngajaga Urang tina Perang" (He Kept Us Out of War), sarta méré gorowok yén kameunangan Républikan hartosna perang jeung Jérman.<ref>Cooper (2009) pp. 341–342, 352</ref> Pikeun ngahijikeun deui sayap progrésif sarta konservatif, [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1916]] nyalonkeun hakim Mahkamah Agung [[Charles Evans Hughes]]; salaku saurang yurists, anjeunna parantos lami teu kalibet dina dunya politik saprak 1912. Sanajan Républikan nyerang kawijakan luar negeri Wilson, urusan domestik leuwih ngadominasi kampanye. Républikan ngalawan kawijakan New Freedom Wilson, utamana pangurangan tarif sarta pajak panghasilan anyar, ogé [[Undang-Undang Adamson]] anu ku maranéhanana disebut salaku "léglislasi kelas".<ref>Cooper (1990), pp. 248–249, 252–253</ref> Pamilu lumangsung kacida ketatna. Hughes unggul di wilayah Wétan, samentara Wilson unggul di Kidul sarta Kulon. Kaputusan ahir aya di California. Dina 10 Novémber, California mastikeun yén Wilson meunang di éta nagara bagian kalayan sela 3.806 sora, anu méré anjeunna mayoritas sora éléktoral. Sacara nasional, Wilson meunang 277 sora éléktoral sarta 49,2 persén sora rahayat, samentara Hughes meunang 254 sora éléktoral sarta 46,1 persén sora rahayat.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 415–416</ref> Wilson hasil meunang ku cara nyokot loba sora anu sateuacanna asup ka Roosevelt atawa Debs dina taun 1912.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1900319|title = Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916|journal = The Journal of American History|volume = 54|issue = 1|pages = 57–72|last1 = Leary|first1 = William M.|year = 1967|doi = 10.2307/1900319|author1-link=William M. Leary}}</ref> Anjeunna nyapu beres wilayah [[Solid South]] sarta meunang di ampir sakabéh nagara bagian Kulon. Kapilihna deui Wilson ngajantenkeun anjeunna urang Démokrat munggaran saprak [[Andrew Jackson]] (taun 1832) anu meunang dua masa jabatan berturut-turut. Démokrat ogé tetep ngawasa Kongrés.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 311–312</ref> ==== Amérika Sarikat lebet kana Perang Dunya I ==== {{Utama|Lebetna Amérika kana Perang Dunya I}} {{Tempo ogé|Amérika Sarikat dina Perang Dunya I|Kawijakan luar negeri pamaréntahan Woodrow Wilson}} Dina Januari 1917, [[Kakaisaran Jérman]] ngamimitian kawijakan anyar nyaéta [[perang kapal selam teu kawates]] ngalawan kapal-kapal di laut sakuriling Kapuloan Britania. Pamingpin Jérman terang yén ieu kawijakan kamungkinan badé ngahudang amarah AS dugi ka lebet kana perang, nanging maranéhanana miharep bisa ngéléhkeun Pasukan Sakutu sateuacan AS mampuh mobilisasi kakuatan sapinuhna.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 137–138</ref> Dina ahir Pébruari, publik AS nampi béja ngeunaan [[Télégraf Zimmermann]], hiji komunikasi diplomatik rusiah dimana Jérman nyoba ngayakinkeun Méksiko pikeun ngagabung perang ngalawan Amérika Sarikat.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 138–139</ref> Saatos runtuyan serangan ka kapal-kapal Amérika, Wilson ngayakeun rapat Kabinét dina 20 Maret; sakabéh anggota Kabinét satuju yén parantos waktosna Amérika Sarikat lebet kana perang.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 139–140</ref> Para anggota Kabinét percaya yén Jérman nuju ngayakeun perang komérsial ngalawan Amérika Sarikat, sarta AS kedah ngawaler ku deklarasi perang resmi.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 430–432</ref> Dina 2 April 1917, Wilson nepikeun biantara di payuneun [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Kongrés AS]], ménta deklarasi perang ngalawan Jérman. Anjeunna nyebatkeun yén Jérman nuju ngayakeun "tindakan anu taya lian ti perang ngalawan pamaréntah sarta rahayat Amérika Sarikat." Anjeunna ménta ayana wajib militer (draft) pikeun ningkatkeun jumlah pasukan, naékeun pajak pikeun waragad militér, méré pinjaman ka pamaréntah Sakutu, sarta ningkatkeun produksi industri jeung tatanén.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 140–141</ref> Anjeunna nandeskeun, "urang teu mibanda udagan pribadi. Urang teu hayang nalukkeun, teu hayang ngawasa... teu ménta kompensasi materi pikeun pangurbanan anu bakal urang pasrahkeun sacara rido. Urang ngan saukur salasahiji pajoang pikeun hak-hak umat manusa. Urang bakal ngarasa sugema nalika éta hak-hak parantos aman sakumaha amanna kapercayaan sarta kabébasan bangsa-bangsa."<ref>Berg (2013), p. 437</ref> [[Déklarasi perang ku Amérika Sarikat]] [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Jérman 1917|ngalawan Jérman]] ditarima ku Kongrés kalayan sora mayoritas mutlak ti dua partéy dina 6 April 1917.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 439</ref> Amérika Sarikat saterusna ogé [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Austria-Hungaria|nyatakeun perang]] ngalawan Austria-Hungaria dina Désémber 1917.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 462–463</ref> Kalayan asupna AS kana kancah perang, Wilson sarta Sekretaris Perang [[Newton D. Baker]] ngalaksanakeun perluasan angkatan darat, kalayan udagan ngabentuk 300.000 anggota [[Angkatan Darat Régulér (Amérika Sarikat)|Angkatan Darat Régulér]], 440.000 anggota [[Garda Nasional Amérika Sarikat|Garda Nasional]], sarta 500.000 pasukan wajib militer anu katelah "[[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat (1917–1919)|Angkatan Darat Nasional]]". Sanajan aya sababaraha panolakan kana wajib militer (konkripsi) sarta pangiriman prajurit ka luar nagri, mayoritas badag di dua kamar Kongrés satuju nerapkeun wajib militer ngaliwatan [[Undang-Undang Layanan Sélektif 1917]]. Pikeun nyegah ayana karusuhan wajib militer saperti jaman Perang Sipil, ieu undang-undang ngadegkeun dewan wajib militer lokal anu boga tugas nangtukeun saha waé anu kudu mangkat perang. Dugi ka ahir perang, ampir 3 juta jalma parantos asup wajib militer.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 143–146</ref> Angkatan laut ogé ngalaman kamekaran anu kacida badag, sarta angka kaleungitan kapal Sakutu nyirorot pisan alatan kontribusi AS sarta nerapkeun [[Konvoy dina Perang Dunya I|sistem konvoy]] anu anyar.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 147–149</ref> ==== Opat Belas Poin ==== {{Utama|Opat Belas Poin}} Wilson narékahan pikeun ngadegkeun "katengtreman babarengan anu kaorganisir" pikeun nyegah konflik di mangsa nu bakal datang. Dina ieu udagan, anjeunna ditolak lain waé ku Kakuatan Séntral, nanging ogé ku nagara-nagara Sakutu séjénna, anu dina rupa-rupa tingkatan, hayang meunangkeun konsési sarta nerapkeun perjangjian daméy anu boga sipat ngahukum (punitive) ka Kakuatan Séntral.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 164–165</ref> Dina 8 Januari 1918, Wilson nepikeun biantara anu katelah Opat Belas Poin, dimana anjeunna nétélakeun udagan perang jangka panjang pamaréntahanna. Wilson nyambat diadegkeunna asosiasi bangsa-bangsa pikeun ngajamin kamerdékaan sarta integritas wilayah sakabéh nagara—nu saterusna janten [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]].<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 471.</ref> Poin séjénna kaasup pangosongan wilayah anu diokupasi, pangadegan nagara [[Polandia]] anu merdéka, sarta [[hak nangtukeun nasib sorangan]] (self-determination) pikeun bangsa-bangsa di handapeun kakuasaan Austria-Hungaria sarta Kasultanan Utsmaniyah.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 469–471</ref> ==== Jalanna perang ==== {{Utama|Perang Dunya I}} Di handapeun paréntah Jenderal Pershing, [[Pasukan Ékspédisi Amérika]] mimiti anjog ka Prancis dina pertengahan taun 1917.<ref>Clements (1992), p. 144</ref> Wilson sarta Pershing nolak usulan Britania jeung Prancis sangkan prajurit Amérika dihijikeun kana unit Sakutu anu parantos aya. Ieu hal méré Amérika kabébasan pikeun nindak, nanging merlukeun pangadegan organisasi sarta jalur suplai anu anyar.<ref>Clements (1992), p. 150</ref> Rusia kaluar tina kancah perang saatos nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Brest-Litovsk]] dina Maret 1918, anu ngamungkinkeun Jérman mindahkeun pasukanana ti [[Front Wétan (Perang Dunya I)|Front Wétan]].<ref name="clements149151">Clements (1992), pp. 149–151</ref> Kalayan harepan bisa nembus garis pertahanan Sakutu sateuacan pasukan Amérika sumping sapinuhna, Jérman ngaluncurkeun [[Serangan Musim Semi Jérman|Serangan Musim Semi]] di [[Front Kulon (Perang Dunya I)|Front Kulon]]. Duanana nandangan korban ratusan rébu jiwa nalika Jérman hasil nyered mundur Britania jeung Prancis, nanging Jérman teu hasil ngarebut ibu kota Prancis, [[Paris]].<ref>Berg (2013), p. 474</ref> Dina ahir taun 1917 ngan aya 175.000 prajurit Amérika di Éropa, nanging dina pertengahan 1918, saloba 10.000 urang Amérika anjog ka Éropa unggal poéna.<ref name="clements149151"/> Saatos pasukan Amérika ngagabung dina campuh, Sakutu hasil ngéléhkeun Jérman dina [[Patempuran Belleau Wood]] sarta [[Patempuran Château-Thierry (1918)]]. Ti mimiti Agustus, Sakutu ngaluncurkeun [[Serangan Saratus Poé]], anu hasil nyered mundur pasukan Jérman anu tos lungsé.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 479–481</ref> Samentara éta, pamingpin Prancis jeung Britania ngayakinkeun Wilson pikeun ngirim sababaraha rébu prajurit Amérika guna ngagabung dina [[Intervénsi Sakutu dina Perang Sipil Rusia|intervénsi Sakutu]] di Rusia, anu nuju ditarajang [[Perang Sipil Rusia]] antara komunis [[Bolshevik]] ngalawan [[Gerakan Bodas]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 498–500</ref> Dina ahir Séptémber 1918, pamingpin Jérman tos teu percaya deui yén maranéhanana bisa meunangkeun perang, sarta Kaisar [[Wilhelm II, Kaisar Jérman|Wilhelm II]] ngangkat pamaréntahan anyar anu dipingpin ku [[Pangéran Maximilian ti Baden]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 165–166</ref> Baden geuwat ménta gencatan senjata ka Wilson, kalayan ngajantenkeun Opat Belas Poin salaku dadasar sumerahna Jérman.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 503</ref> [[Edward M. House|House]] hasil nanggung kasepakatan gencatan senjata ti Prancis jeung Britania, nanging saatos ngancem yén Amérika bakal ngayakeun gencatan senjata sapihak tanpa maranéhanana.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 479–488.</ref> Jérman sarta Pasukan Sakutu mungkas campuh ku nandatanganan [[Gencatan Senjata 11 Novémber 1918]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 511–512</ref> Austria-Hungaria parantos nandatanganan [[Gencatan Senjata Villa Giusti]] dalapan poé sateuacanna, samentara Kasultanan Utsmaniyah parantos nandatanganan [[Gencatan Senjata Mudros]] dina bulan Oktober. Dina ahir perang, 116.000 anggota militer Amérika palastra, sarta 200.000 séjénna tatu.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 20</ref> ==== Urusan jero nagri (Home front) ==== {{Utama|Urusan jero nagri Amérika Sarikat salila Perang Dunya I}} [[Berkas:FoodWillWinTheGreatWarNOLA.jpg|thumb|Hiji spanduk anu unina, "Food will win the war—don't waste it" (Kadaharan bakal meunangkeun perang—ulah dihambur-hambur), di payuneun balé kota [[New Orleans]] dina Oktober 1918]] [[Berkas:Women workers in ordnance shops, Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, Nicetown, Pennsylvania. Hand chipping with pneumati - NARA - 530774.jpg|thumb|Pagawé awéwé di bengkel sanjata di [[Pennsylvania]], taun 1918]] Kalayan asupna Amérika kana Perang Dunya I dina April 1917, Wilson janten présidén dina mangsa perang. [[Déwan Industri Perang]], anu dipingpin ku [[Bernard Baruch]], diadegkeun pikeun nangtukeun kawijakan sarta udagan manufaktur perang AS. Calon présidén di mangsa hareup, [[Herbert Hoover]], mingpin [[Administrasi Kadaharan Amérika Sarikat]]; [[Administrasi Bahan Bakar Féderal]], anu dijalankeun ku [[Harry Augustus Garfield]], ngenalkeun [[Waktu usum panas|daylight saving time]] sarta ngatur jatah suplai bahan bakar; William McAdoo tanggung jawab dina urusan obligasi perang; sarta [[Vance C. McCormick]] mingpin Déwan Perdagangan Perang. Tokoh-tokoh ieu, anu sacara koléktif katelah salaku "kabinét perang", ngayakeun rapat mingguan sareng Wilson.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 469.</ref> Kusabab Wilson kacida fokusna kana kawijakan luar negeri, anjeunna méré wewenang anu lega pikeun urusan jero nagri ka para bawahanana.<ref>Cooper (1990), pp. 296–297</ref> Dina mangsa perang, anggaran féderal naék drastis tina $1 miliar dina [[taun fiskal]] 1916 janten $19 miliar dina taun fiskal 1919.<ref name="clements156157"/> Salian ti waragad pikeun kaperluan militérna sorangan, Wall Street (1914–1916) sarta Departemén Kauangan (1917–1918) méré pinjaman badag ka nagara-nagara Sakutu pikeun ngabiayaan perang Britania jeung Prancis.<ref>Cooper (1990), pp. 276, 319</ref> Pikeun nyegah inflasi luhur sapertos anu lumangsung dina Perang Sipil, pamaréntahan Wilson naékeun pajak salila perang.<ref>Weisman (2002), pp. 320</ref> [[Undang-Undang Pendapatan Perang 1917]] sarta [[Undang-Undang Pendapatan 1918]] naékeun tarif pajak pangluhurna janten 77 persén, ningkatkeun jumlah warga Amérika anu mayar pajak panghasilan sacara signifikan, sarta nerapkeun [[pajak kauntungan leuwih]] pikeun bisnis sarta individu.<ref>Weisman (2002), pp. 325–329, 345</ref> Sanajan kitu, AS tetep kedah nginjeum artos dina jumlah anu badag. Sekretaris Kauangan McAdoo ngaluarkeun obligasi perang kalayan bunga rendah, sarta pikeun narik minat investor, bunga obligasi éta dibébaskeun tina pajak. Obligasi ieu kacida populérna dugi ka loba investor anu nginjeum duit demi bisa meuli leuwih loba obligasi. Hal ieu, ditambah ku tekenan mangsa perang séjénna, ngabalukarkeun naékna inflasi, sanajan inflasi ieu sabagian bisa diimbangan ku naékna upah sarta kauntungan bisnis.<ref name="clements156157">Clements (1992), pp. 156–157</ref> Pikeun ngawangun opini publik, dina taun 1917 Wilson ngadegkeun kantor propaganda modéren munggaran, nyaéta [[Komite Informasi Publik]] (CPI) anu dipingpin ku [[George Creel]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 449–450</ref> Wilson nyambat para pamilih dina [[Pamilu sela Amérika Sarikat 1918]] pikeun milih Démokrat salaku bentuk dukungan kana kawijakanana. Nanging, Républikan hasil narik sora urang [[Jérman-Amérika]] anu ngarasa kasingkir sarta tungtungna ngawasa Kongrés.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livermore |first=Seward W. |date=1948 |title=The Sectional Issue in the 1918 Congressional Elections |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=29–60 |doi=10.2307/1895138 |jstor=1895138}}</ref> Wilson nolak gawé bareng atawa kompromi jeung pamingpin anyar di DPR sarta Sénat—Sénator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] janten musuh buyutna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Edward B. |date=1989 |title=Some International Implications of the 1918 Roosevelt-Lodge Campaign Against Wilson and a Democratic Congress |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=141–157 |jstor=40574571}}</ref> Dina Novémber 1919, Jaksa Agung Wilson, [[A. Mitchell Palmer]], mimiti nargétkeun kelompok anarkis, anggota [[Pagawé Industri Dunya]] (IWW), sarta kelompok anti-perang séjénna dina aksi anu katelah [[Palmer Raids]]. Rébuan jalma ditéwak kalayan tuduhan ngasud kekerasan, spionase, atawa sedisi (hasutan ngalawan nagara). Dina mangsa éta, kaayaan fisik Wilson parantos sakarat (incapacitated) sarta anjeunna henteu dibéjaan ngeunaan naon anu nuju lumangsung.<ref>Cooper (2008), pp. 201, 209</ref> ==== Konférénsi Daméy Paris ==== {{Utama|Balukar tina Perang Dunya I|Konférénsi Daméy Paris (1919–1920)}} [[Berkas:Big four.jpg|thumb|Kaum "Big Four" dina [[Konférénsi Daméy Paris]] ping 27 Méi 1919, saatos réngséna [[Perang Dunya I]] kalayan Wilson nangtung gigireun [[Georges Clemenceau]] di palebah katuhu]] [[Berkas:Review of reviews and world's work (1890) (14586729460).jpg|thumb|Lobana rahayat Itali di [[Milan]] kumpul pikeun ngabagéakeun Wilson.]] Saatos nandatanganan gencatan senjata, Wilson angkat ka Éropa pikeun mingpin délégasi Amérika dina Konférénsi Daméy Paris, anu ngajantenkeun anjeunna présidén munggaran anu nuju ngajabat anu nganjang ka Éropa.<ref>Heckscher (1991), p. 458.</ref> Sanajan ayeuna kaum Républikan ngawasa Kongrés, Wilson nyisihkeun maranéhanana. Sénat Républikan sarta sawatara Sénat Démokrat humandeuar alatan kurangna wakil maranéhanana dina délégasi. Délégasi éta diwangun ku Wilson, Kolonél House,{{efn|House sarta Wilson peunggas silaturahmi nalika Konférénsi Daméy Paris, sarta House teu mibanda peran deui dina pamaréntahan saatos Juni 1919.<ref name="Berg 2013, pp. 570–572, 601">Berg (2013), pp. 570–572, 601</ref>}} Sekretaris Nagara [[Robert Lansing]], Jenderal [[Tasker H. Bliss]], sarta diplomat [[Henry White (diplomat)|Henry White]], anu mangrupa hiji-hijina urang Républikan, éta ogé lain partisan anu aktip.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 516–518</ref> Salian ti balik dua minggu ka Amérika Sarikat, Wilson netep di Éropa salila genep bulan, dimana anjeunna fokus kana ngahontal perjangjian daméy pikeun mungkas perang sacara resmi. Wilson, Perdana Menteri Britania [[David Lloyd George]], Perdana Menteri Prancis [[Georges Clemenceau]], sarta Perdana Menteri Itali [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] ngawangun kelompok "[[Big Four (Perang Dunya I)|Big Four]]", pamingpin Sakutu anu mibanda pangaruh pangbadagna dina Konférénsi Daméy Paris.<ref>Herring (2008), pp. 417–420</ref> Wilson kungsi teu damang nalika konférénsi lumangsung, sarta sawatara ahli yakin yén [[Flu Spanyol]] mangrupa sababna.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Peter|date=October 2, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-covid.html|title=Trump Tests Positive for the Coronavirus|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> Béda jeung pamingpin Sakutu séjénna, Wilson teu narékahan pikeun meunangkeun wilayah anyar atawa ganti rugi materi ti Kakuatan Séntral. Udagan utama anjeunna nyaéta pangadegan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, anu ku anjeunna dianggap salaku "batu konci tina sakabéh program".<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 533–535</ref> Wilson nyalira anu mingpin komite anu nyusun [[Kovenan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]].<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 177–178</ref> Kovenan éta nandeskeun para anggota pikeun ngahormatan [[kabébasan agaman]], méré kaadilan ka minoritas ras, sarta ngabéréskeun parébat sacara daméy ngaliwatan organisasi saperti [[Mahkamah Internasional Permanén]]. Pasal X tina Kovenan Liga merlukeun sakabéh nagara pikeun ngabéla anggota Liga tina agrési luar.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 538–539</ref> Jepang ngusulkeun sangkan konférénsi ngarojong [[Usulan Kasaruaan Ras]]; Wilson salaku pupuhu nolak éta usulan ku cara nyebutkeun yén sanajan usulan éta disatujuan ku mayoritas, aya panolakan kuat anu nyata (sanajan teu aya sora anu sacara resmi nolak) sarta dina urusan ieu, sora kudu buleud (unanimous). Délégasi Jepang hoyong transkrip nunjukkeun yén mayoritas sora saenyana mah parantos satuju kana amandemén éta.<ref>{{cite book|first=Naoko|last=Shimazu|year=1998|title=Japan, Race, and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=154 ff}}</ref> Kovenan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa saterusna diasupkeun kana [[Perjangjian Versailles]], anu mungkas perang jeung Jérman, sarta kana perjangjian daméy séjénna.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 180–185</ref> Salian ti Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, udagan utama Wilson séjénna nyaéta sangkan hak nangtukeun nasib sorangan (self-determination) janten dadasar utama dina nangtukeun wates-wates internasional anyar.<ref name="Berg 2013, pp. 534, 563">Berg (2013), pp. 534, 563</ref> Nanging, demi ngawujudkeun Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, Wilson kapaksa ngalah dina sababaraha poin ka kakuatan séjén. Jérman diwajibkeun masrahkeun wilayahna sacara permanén, mayar ganti rugi perang (reparasi), nyerahkeun sakabéh koloni di luar nagri, sarta nampi [[okupasi militér Sakutu di Rhineland]]. Tambahanana, aya [[Pasal 231 Perjangjian Versailles|klausa]] anu sacara husus nyebutkeun yén Jérman tanggung jawab kana peupeusna perang. Wilson satuju ngantepkeun nagara-nagara Sakutu Éropa sarta Jepang pikeun ngalegaan kakawasaanana ku cara ngadegkeun koloni ''de facto'' di Wétan Tengah, Afrika, sarta Asia tina uras-uras Kakaisaran Jérman sarta Utsmaniyah; wilayah-wilayah ieu dibéré landihan "[[Mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]]". Jepang anu meunangkeun kapentingan Jérman di [[Semenanjung Shandong]], Cina, janten kacida [[Masalah Shandong|teu populérna]], sabab hal ieu mungkusan jangji Wilson ngeunaan pamaréntahan mandiri. Harepan Wilson pikeun hak nangtukeun nasib sorangan mibanda sawatara kameunangan nalika konférénsi ngaku sababaraha nagara anyar di Éropa Wétan, kaasup [[Prinsipait Albania|Albania]], [[Républik Cékoslowakia Kahiji|Cékoslowakia]], [[Républik Polandia Kadua|Polandia]], sarta [[Karajaan Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Berg 2013, pp. 534, 563"/><ref>Herring (2008), pp. 421–423</ref> Negosiasi réngsé dina Méi 1919, dimana harita pamingpin anyar [[Jérman Républikan]] ningal éta perjangjian pikeun munggaranana. Sawatara pamingpin Jérman milih nolak éta perdamaian alatan syarat-syaratna anu kacida beuratna, nanging tungtungna Jérman nandatanganan perjangjian éta dina 28 Juni 1919.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 185–186</ref> Wilson teu mampuh ngayakinkeun kakuatan Sakutu séjénna, utamana Prancis, pikeun ngurangan "paitna" hukuman ka Kakuatan Séntral anu éléh. Alatan usahana pikeun nyiptakeun katengtreman dunya anu langgeng, Wilson dilélér pangajén [[Pangajén Nobél Widang Padaméian]] taun 1919.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glass|first=Andrew|date=December 10, 2012|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/12/woodrow-wilson-nobel-peace-prize-dec-10-1920-084809|title=Woodrow Wilson receives Nobel Peace Price, Dec. 10, 1920|work=Politico}}</ref> ==== Debat ratifikasi sarta kasoran ==== [[Berkas:President Woodrow Wilson - NH 18.jpeg|thumb|Wilson mulang ti [[Konférénsi Daméy Versailles]] nunggang [[USS George Washington|USS ''George Washington'']], nalika kapal éta nuju ka [[Palabuhan New York]] dina 8 Juli 1919; [[Majelis Nasional Weimar]] di Jérman sacara resmi ngaratifikasi éta perjangjian poé saterusna ku sora 209 lawan 116.<ref>{{cite book|author=Koppel S. Pinson|title=Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization|year=1964|page=397 f}}</ref>]] Ratifikasi Perjangjian Versailles merlukeun pangrojong dua per tilu sora Sénat, hiji hal anu kacida héséna sabab kaum Républikan mibanda mayoritas tipis di Sénat saatos [[Pamilu AS 1918]].<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 190–191">Clements (1992), pp. 190–191</ref> Kaum Républikan ngarasa ambek alatan Wilson teu daék sawala ngeunaan perang atawa balukarna sareng maranéhanana, nepi ka muncak janten campuh partisan anu kacida panasna di Sénat. Sénator Républikan [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] ngarojong vérsi perjangjian anu merlukeun Wilson pikeun kompromi. Wilson nolak.<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 190–191"/> Sawatara urang Républikan, kaasup manten Présidén Taft sarta manten Sekretaris Nagara [[Elihu Root]], sabenerna mah milih ratifikasi perjangjian kalayan sababaraha parobahan, sarta pangrojong publik maranéhanana méré harepan pikeun Wilson sangkan éta perjangjian bisa ditarima.<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 190–191"/> Debat ngeunaan perjangjian ieu museur kana sawala ngeunaan peran Amérika dina komunitas dunya di mangsa saatos perang, sarta para sénator kabagi janten tilu kelompok utama. Kelompok munggaran, diwangun ku kalolobaan urang Démokrat, satuju kana éta perjangjian.<ref name="Clements (1992), pp. 190–191"/> Opat belas sénator, kalolobaanana urang Républikan, katelah kelompok "[[irreconcilables]]" (anu teu bisa dirukunkeun) sabab maranéhanana sacara mutlak nolak AS asup ka Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Sababaraha urang di antarana nolak perjangjian alatan dianggap gagal nekenkeun dékolonisasi sarta pangaributan pakarang (disarmament), samentara nu séjénna sieun masrahkeun kabébasan nindak Amérika ka organisasi internasional.<ref name="herring427430">Herring (2008), pp. 427–430</ref> Kelompok sésana, katelah "reservationists" (nu mibanda catetan), nampi ide Liga Bangsa-Bangsa nanging ménta rupa-rupa parobahan pikeun mastikeun panangtayungan kedaulatan Amérika sarta hak Kongrés pikeun mutuskeun mangkat perang.<ref name="herring427430"/> Pasal X tina Kovenan Liga, anu narékahan nyiptakeun sistem [[kaamanan koléktif]] ku cara ngawajibkeun anggota Liga pikeun silih jaga tina agrési luar, dianggap bakal maksa AS pikeun aub dina perang naon waé anu diputuskeun ku Liga.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 652–653</ref> Wilson tetep nolak pikeun kompromi, sabagian alatan anjeunna hariwang kudu muka deui negosiasi jeung nagara-nagara séjén anu parantos nandatanganan perjangjian.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 191–192, 200</ref> Nalika Lodge méh hasil ngawangun dua per tilu mayoritas pikeun ngaratifikasi Perjangjian kalayan sapuluh catetan (reservasi), Wilson kalah maksa para pangrojongna pikeun milih "Nay" (Nolak) dina 19 Maret 1920, anu tungtungna nutup éta pasualan. Cooper nyebutkeun yén "ampir sakabéh pangrojong Liga" satuju jeung Lodge, nanging usaha maranéhanana "gagal ngan saukur kusabab Wilson sacara sadar nolak sakabéh reservasi anu diajukeun di Sénat."<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=John Milton Jr.|year=2001|title=Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations|page=283}}</ref> [[Thomas A. Bailey]] nyebut tindakan Wilson ieu salaku "puncak tina tindakan nelasan anak sorangan" (infanticide).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Thomas A.|year=1945|title=Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal|page=277}}</ref> Anjeunna nambahan: "Éta perjangjian ditelasan di imah babaturanana, lain di imah musuhna. Dina analisis pamungkas, sanés aturan dua per tilu, atawa kelompok 'irreconcilables', atawa Lodge, nanging Wilson sarta para pangiringna anu nurut baé anu parantos méré tancaban pati."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ambrosius|first=Lloyd E.|date=1987|title=Woodrow Wilson's Health and the Treaty Fight, 1919–1920|journal=The International History Review}}</ref> ==== Ambrukna kaséhatan ==== Pikeun ngahudang pangrojong publik kana ratifikasi, Wilson ngayakeun tur biantara ka nagara-nagara bagian Kulon, nanging anjeunna kapaksa mulang ka Gedong Bodas dina ahir Séptémber alatan masalah kaséhatan.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 619, 628–638</ref> Dina 2 Oktober 1919, Wilson kakeunaan stroke anu parna, anu ngabalukarkeun awak bagian kencana lumpuh, sarta paningalna ngan kantun sabagian dina panon katuhu.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 615–622.</ref> Anjeunna ngan bisa ngagolér di ranjang salila sababaraha minggu sarta papisah ti sing saha waé iwal ti pamajaganna, dokterna nyaéta [[Cary Grayson]], sarta ahli saraf konsultan [[Francis Xavier Dercum]].<ref>Aminoff & Daroff (2014), pp. 983–986</ref> Bert E. Park, saurang ahli bedah saraf anu mariksa catetan médis Wilson saatos anjeunna tilar dunya, nyerat yén panyakit Wilson mangaruhan kapribadianana dina rupa-rupa cara, ngajantenkeun anjeunna gampang kakeunaan "gangguan émosi, kontrol impuls anu lemah, sarta gangguan dina nyandak kaputusan."<ref>Clements (1992), p. 198</ref> Alatan hoyong mantuan présidén sangkan jagjag deui, Tumulty, Grayson, sarta Ibu Nagara nangtukeun dokumén naon waé anu tiasa dibaca ku présidén sarta saha waé anu meunang komunikasi sareng anjeunna. Alatan pangaruhna anu kacida gedéna dina pamaréntahan, sababaraha pihak nyebut Edith Wilson salaku "présidén awéwé munggaran di Amérika Sarikat."<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 643–644, 648–650</ref> Link nyatakeun yén dina Novémber 1919, "pamulihan Wilson ngan saukur sabagian. Pikiranna kawilang masih tétéla, nanging fisikna tos lungse, sarta éta panyakit parantos ngancurkeun émosina sarta ngaparah sipat-sipat pribadina anu kurang saé."<ref>Link (1979), p. 121</ref> Salila ahir taun 1919, jalma-jalma kapercayaan Wilson nyumputkeun parnana kaayaan kaséhatan anjeunna.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 659–661, 668–669</ref> Dugi ka Pébruari 1920, kaayaan présidén anu sabenerna mimiti kanyahoan ku publik. Loba anu ngarasa cangcaya kana kamampuh Wilson pikeun mingpin présidén nalika perjuangan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa nuju muncak, sarta masalah domestik sapertos aksi mogok gawé, pangangguran, inflasi, sarta ancaman Komunisme nuju ragot. Dina pertengahan Maret 1920, Lodge sarta kaum Républikan ngawangun koalisi sareng urang Démokrat anu pro-perjangjian pikeun ngaratifikasi perjangjian kalayan catetan (reservasi), nanging Wilson nolak kompromi ieu sarta cukup loba urang Démokrat anu nurut kana paréntahna pikeun ngéléhkeun ratifikasi éta.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 544, 557–560</ref> Taya saurang ogé jalma deukeut Wilson anu kersa mastikeun, sakumaha anu diwajibkeun ku Konstitusi, ngeunaan "kateumampuhna dina ngalaksanakeun wewenang sarta tugas jabatan kasebut."<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 555</ref> Sanajan sababaraha anggota Kongrés ngadorong Wakil Présidén Marshall pikeun nyokot alih jabatan présidén, Marshall teu kungsi nyoba pikeun ngaganti Wilson.<ref>United States Senate, "Thomas R. Marshall"</ref> Mangsa kateumampuh Wilson anu kacida lila nalika ngajabat présidén ieu méh taya tandingna dina sajarah; tina présidén-présidén sateuacanna, ngan [[James Garfield]] anu kantos aya dina kaayaan sarupa, nanging Garfield masih kénéh mibanda kontrol méntal anu leuwih hadé sarta teu nyanghareupan loba masalah anu kacida gentingna.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 535</ref> ==== Démobilisasi ==== Nalika perang lekasan, Pamaréntahan Wilson ngabubarkeun dewan-dewan mangsa perang sarta lembaga-lembaga régulasi.<ref>Kennedy (2004), pp. 249–250</ref> Prosés démobilisasi lumangsung pabaliut sarta sakapeung diwarnaan ku kekerasan; opat juta prajurit dipulangkeun ka imahna kalayan mawa saeutik artos sarta fasilitas anu minim. Dina taun 1919, aksi mogok gawé di industri-industri badag peupeus, anu ngaganggu ékonomi nagara.<ref>Levy & Fisher (1994), p. 494</ref> Nagara ogé ngalaman kaributan saterusna nalika runtuyan karusuhan ras peupeus dina usum panas 1919 anu katelah [[Red Summer 1919|Red Summer]] (Usum Panas Beureum).<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 609–610, 626</ref> Dina taun 1920, ékonomi nyirorot kana [[Déprési 1920–21|déprési ékonomi anu parna]], pangangguran naék janten 12 persén, sarta harga produk tatanén turun drastis.<ref>Clements (1992), pp. 207, 217–218</ref> ==== Ambrukna kaséhatan ==== Pikeun ngahudang pangrojong publik kana ratifikasi, Wilson ngayakeun tur biantara ka nagara-nagara bagian Kulon, nanging anjeunna kapaksa mulang ka Gedong Bodas dina ahir Séptémber alatan masalah kaséhatan.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 619, 628–638</ref> Dina 2 Oktober 1919, Wilson kakeunaan stroke anu parna, anu ngabalukarkeun awak bagian kencana lumpuh, sarta paningalna ngan kantun sabagian dina panon katuhu.<ref>Heckscher (1991), pp. 615–622.</ref> Anjeunna ngan bisa ngagolér di ranjang salila sababaraha minggu sarta papisah ti sing saha waé iwal ti pamajaganna, dokterna nyaéta [[Cary Grayson]], sarta ahli saraf konsultan [[Francis Xavier Dercum]].<ref>Aminoff & Daroff (2014), pp. 983–986</ref> ==== Red Scare sarta Palmer Raids ==== [[Berkas:June 3 1919 Newspapers of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings.png|thumb|Judul berita dina koran ping 3 Juni 1919, ngeunaan [[Pengeboman anarkis Amérika Sarikat 1919|kajadian bom]]]] Nyusul [[Révolusi Bolshevik]] di [[Rusia]] sarta usaha révolusi sarupa di [[Jérman]] jeung [[Hungaria]], loba urang Amérika anu sieun ku kamungkinan ayana térorisme di Amérika Sarikat. Kasieun ieu beuki parna alatan [[Pengeboman anarkis Amérika Sarikat 1919|kajadian bom]] dina April 1919 nalika kaum anarkis ngirimkeun 38 bom ngaliwatan surat ka tokoh-tokoh penting Amérika; saurang palastra nanging kalolobaan pakét hasil ditéwak. Salapan bom surat séjénna dikirimkeun dina bulan Juni, anu nyababkeun sababaraha urang tatu.<ref>Avrich (1991), pp. 140–153</ref> Kasieun anyar ieu, ditambah ku sumanget patriotik nasional, ngahudangkeun "[[Red Scare Munggaran]]" dina taun 1919. Jaksa Agung Palmer, ti mimiti Novémber 1919 dugi ka Januari 1920, ngaluncurkeun aksi [[Palmer Raids]] pikeun nindes organisasi-organisasi radikal. Leuwih ti 10.000 jalma ditéwak sarta 556 urang asing didéportasi, kaasup [[Emma Goldman]].<ref>Coben (1963), pp. 217–245</ref> Tindakan Palmer ieu meunang palawanan tina pangadilan sarta sawatara pajabat senior administrasi. Taya saurang ogé anu ngalaporkeun ka Wilson ngeunaan naon anu nuju dipidamel ku Palmer.<ref>Cooper (1990), p. 329</ref> Saterusna dina taun 1920, [[Pengeboman Wall Street]] dina 16 Séptémber nelasan 40 urang sarta nyababkeun ratusan tatu, janten serangan téroris pangmautna dina sajarah Amérika nepi ka mangsa éta. Kaum anarkis ngaku tanggung jawab sarta jangji bakal ngayakeun kekerasan deui; maranéhanana teu hasil ditéwak.<ref>Gage (2009), pp. 179–182</ref> ==== Prohibisi sarta hak pilih awéwé ==== [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|Prohibisi]] (larangan inuman keras) mekar salaku gerakan réformasi anu teu kabendung salila Perang Dunya I, nanging [[Kapérésidénan Woodrow Wilson|administrasi Wilson]] ngan saukur mibanda peran leutik.<ref>Timberlake (2013).</ref> [[Amandemén Kadalapan Belas Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén Kadalapan Belas]] lulus di Kongrés sarta diratifikasi ku nagara-nagara bagian dina taun 1919. Dina Oktober 1919, Wilson ngavéto [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], nyaéta aturan pikeun ngajalankeun Prohibisi, nanging véto anjeunna dibatalkeun (overridden) ku Kongrés.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 648</ref> Wilson asalna nolak [[Hak pilih awéwé di Amérika Sarikat|hak pilih awéwé]] dina taun 1911 sabab anjeunna percaya yén kaum awéwé kurang mibanda pangalaman publik pikeun janten pamilih anu saé. Bukti nyata ngeunaan kumaha pamilih awéwé nindak di nagara-nagara bagian Kulon ngarobah pamikiranana, sarta anjeunna mimiti ngarasa yén awéwé saenyana mah bisa janten pamilih anu hadé. Anjeunna teu nyarios sacara publik ngeunaan ieu pasualan, iwal ti ngan saukur niron posisi Partéy Démokrat yén hak pilih mangrupa urusan nagara bagian, utamana alatan palawanan kuat ti warga kulit bodas di bagian Kidul (South) ka hak pilih warga kulit hideung.<ref>Steinson (2013), pp. 343–365</ref> Dina biantara taun 1918 di payuneun Kongrés, Wilson pikeun munggaranana ngarojong hak milih nasional: "Urang parantos ngajantenkeun kaum awéwé salaku mitra dina ieu perang.... Naha urang bakal ngantep maranéhanana ngan saukur janten mitra dina sangsara, pangorbanan, sarta kasusah, nanging sanés mitra dina hak sarta kaistiméwaan?"<ref>Wilson Center (2013).</ref> DPR ngaluluskeun amandemén konstitusi pikeun hak pilih awéwé di sakuliah nagara, nanging kapegat di Sénat. Wilson terus neken Sénat sangkan milih éta amandemén, nyebatkeun yén ratifikasina kacida pentingna pikeun meunangkeun perang.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 492–494</ref> Sénat tungtungna nyatujuan dina Juni 1919, sarta jumlah nagara bagian anu diperlukeun ngaratifikasi [[Amandemén Kasalapan Belas Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén Kasalapan Belas]] dina Agustus 1920.<ref>Clements (1992), p. 159</ref> ==== Pamilu 1920 ==== {{Utama|Pamilu présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}} [[Berkas:ElectoralCollege1920.svg|thumb|Nomine présidén [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] [[Warren G. Harding]] ngéléhkeun nomine Démokrat James Cox dina [[Pamilu présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920]].]] Sanajan kaayaan fisikna teu mampuh alatan panyakit, Wilson saenyana mah masih hoyong nyalonkeun deui pikeun période katilu. Nalika [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1920]] sacara kuat ngarojong kabijakan-kabijakan Wilson, para pamingpin Démokrat nolak anjeunna, sarta kalah milih masangkeun Gubernur [[James M. Cox]] sareng Asistén Sekretaris Angkatan Laut Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 565–569.</ref> Kaum Républikan museurkeun kampanyena kana palawanan ka kabijakan Wilson, kalayan Sénator Warren G. Harding ngajangjikeun "[[return to normalcy]]" (mulang ka kaayaan normal). Wilson kalolobaanana cicing baé salila kampanye, sanajan anjeunna ngarojong Cox sarta terus ngajak AS sangkan asup janten anggota Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Harding meunang mutlak dina éta pamilu, kalayan mibanda leuwih ti 60% sora rahayat sarta meunang di unggal nagara bagian [[Solid South|di luar wewengkon Kidul]].<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 569–572.</ref> Wilson papanggih sareng Harding pikeun nginum entéh dina poé terakhirna ngajabat, 3 Maret 1921. Alatan kaséhatanana, Wilson teu tiasa ngahadiran [[Inaugurasi Warren G. Harding|pelantikan Harding]].<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 700–701.</ref> Dina 10 Désémber 1920, Wilson dilélér Pangajén Nobél Widang Padaméian taun 1919 "alatan péranna salaku pangadeg Liga Bangsa-Bangsa".<ref>Nobel Prize Institute, "The Nobel Peace Prize 1919"</ref> Wilson janten présidén Amérika Sarikat kadua anu nuju ngajabat saatos Theodore Roosevelt anu janten [[Daptar pamingpin nagara anu meunang Nobél|Penerima Nobél Padaméian]].<ref>History.com, "Woodrow Wilson awarded Nobel Peace Prize"</ref> == Pasca-kapérésidénan sarta tilar dunya (1921–1924) == [[Berkas:Wilson funeral, 2-6-24 LOC npcc.10360.jpg|thumb|Iring-iringan pamakaman manten présidén Woodrow Wilson dugi ka Katedral Nasional Washington]] [[Berkas:Woodrow Wilson tomb 2.jpg|thumb|Pamakaman pamungkas Woodrow Wilson di Katedral Nasional Washington]] Saatos réngsé période kaduana dina taun 1921, Wilson sareng pamajaganna pindah ti [[Gedong Bodas]] ka hiji imah kota (townhouse) di bagian [[Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District|Kalorama]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 697–704</ref> Anjeunna tetep nuturkeun kamekaran pulitik nalika Présidén Harding sarta Kongrés Républik nolak janten anggota Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, neukteuk pajeg, sarta naékkeun tarif.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 713</ref> Dina taun 1921, Wilson muka prakték hukum sareng manten sekretaris nagara [[Bainbridge Colby]]. Wilson sumping dina poé munggaran nanging teu kungsi deui balik deui, sarta éta prakték hukum téh ditutup dina ahir taun 1922. Wilson nyoba nyerat, sarta anjeunna ngahasilkeun sababaraha éséy pondok saatos usaha anu kacida beuratna; tulisan-tulisan éta "nandaan panutup anu sedih pikeun karir sastra anu sateuacanna kacida agungna."<ref>Cooper 2009, p. 585.</ref> Anjeunna nolak nyerat mémoar, nanging sering papanggih sareng [[Ray Stannard Baker]], anu nyerat biografi Wilson tilu jilid anu dipedar dina taun 1922.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 698, 706, 718</ref> Dina Agustus 1923, Wilson ngahadiran pamakaman panerusna, Warren Harding.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 581–590</ref> Dina 10 Novémber 1923, Wilson méré biantara nasional terakhirna, ngaliwatan radio dina poé [[Armistice Day]] (Poé Gencatan Senjata) ti perpustakaan imahna.<ref>NPS.gov, "Woodrow Wilson's last address"</ref> ==== Tilar dunya ==== Kaséhatan Wilson teu nunjukkeun kamajuan anu hartosna saatos lungsur ti jabatan,<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 711, 728</ref> malah beuki nyirorot dina Januari 1924. Anjeunna tilar dunya dina 3 Pébruari 1924, dina yuswa 67 taun. Présidén sarta Ibu Nagara harita, [[Calvin Coolidge|Calvin]] jeung [[Grace Coolidge]], sumping ka pamakamanana, kitu ogé mantan Ibu Nagara [[Florence Harding]]. Mantan Ibu Nagara [[Helen Herron Taft]] ngawakilan salakina, Ketua Mahkamah Agung sarta mantan présidén [[William Howard Taft]], anu nuju teu damang dugi ka teu tiasa sumping. Di antara 2.000 tamu anu diondang, aya 11 sénator, loba anggota DPR (House of Representatives), sarta sababaraha pajabat luhur ti luar nagri.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 735–738</ref> Wilson dimakamkeun di [[Katedral Nasional Washington]], janten hiji-hijina présidén anu tempat peristirahatan terakhirna aya di jero ibukota nagara.<ref>Whitcomb (2002), p. 262</ref> == Hubungan ras == {{Utama|Woodrow Wilson sarta masalah ras}} [[Berkas:Wilson-quote-in-birth-of-a-nation.jpg|thumb|alt="Warga kulit bodas kageuing ku insting pikeun mertahankeun diri ... dugi ka ahirna lahir Ku Klux Klan anu hébat, hiji kakaisaran sajati di Kidul, pikeun nangtayungan nagri Kidul."|Kutipan tina buku ''History of the American People'' karya Woodrow Wilson sakumaha anu dipidangkeun dina film ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'']] Wilson lahir sarta digedékeun di wewengkon Kidul (South) ku kolot anu kacida ngadukungna kana ayana perbudakan sarta [[Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika|Konfédérasi]]. Sacara akademis, Wilson dianggap salaku apologis (pembéla) perbudakan sarta kelompok [[Redeemers]], sarta salasahiji promotor utama mitos [[Lost Cause]] (Panyabab anu Leungit).<ref>Benbow (2010), pp. 509–533</ref> Wilson mangrupa urang Kidul munggaran anu kapilih janten présidén saatos [[Pamilu présidén Amérika Sarikat 1848|Zachary Taylor dina 1848]], sarta hiji-hijina mantan warga Konfédérasi. Kameunangan Wilson dirayakeun ku para pangrojong [[Ségregasi ras di Amérika Sarikat|ségregasi di wewengkon Kidul]]. Nalika di Universitas Princeton, Wilson sacara aktif nyegah mahasiswa turunan Afrika-Amérika (kulit hideung) sangkan teu bisa asup kuliah.<ref>O'Reilly (1997), pp. 117–121</ref> Sababaraha ahli sajarah nyorot rupa-rupa conto kawijakan Wilson anu sacara terang-terangan rasialis sarta kaputusanana pikeun neundeun jalma-jalma anu pro-ségregasi dina Kabinétna.<ref>Foner (2006)</ref><ref>Turner-Sadler (2009), p. 100</ref> Ahli séjénna nyebutkeun yén Wilson ngabéla ségregasi salaku "kawijakan anu rasional sarta ilmiah" dina sawala pribadi, sarta ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku jalma anu "resep ngalalakonkeun heureuy 'darky' (heureuy rasial) ngeunaan warga kulit hideung Amérika."<ref>Feagin (2006), p. 162</ref> Salila masa kapérésidénan Wilson, film karya [[D. W. Griffith]] anu pro-[[Ku Klux Klan]], nyaéta ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' (1915), janten film munggaran anu dipidangkeun di [[Gedong Bodas]].<ref>Stokes (2007), p. 111.</ref> Sanajan mimitina mah anjeunna teu pati kritis kana éta film, Wilson tungtungna ngajaga jarak saatos meunang protés ti publik sarta ngaluarkeun pernyataan anu ngutuk pesen dina éta film, bari nolak yén anjeunna parantos terang eusina sateuacan diputer.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 349–350.</ref> ==== Ségregasi birokrasi féderal ==== Dina taun 1910-an, warga [[Afrika-Amérika]] parantos ampir sagemblengna taya kasempetan pikeun kapilih dina jabatan publik. Meunangkeun jabatan éksekutif ngaliwatan pajabat luhur (appointment) dina birokrasi féderal biasana janten hiji-hijina pilihan pikeun para inohong Afrika-Amérika. Numutkeun Berg, Wilson sabenerna mah terus nunjuk warga Afrika-Amérika pikeun posisi-posisi anu sacara tradisi sok dieusi ku warga kulit hideung, sanajan kudu nyanghareupan palawanan ti loba sénator wewengkon Kidul. [[Oswald Garrison Villard]], anu saterusna janten lawan politikna, mimitina mah nyangka yén Wilson sanés jalma anu fanatik (bigot) sarta ngarojong kamajuan warga kulit hideung, nanging anjeunna ngarasa hanjelu ku palawanan urang Kidul di Sénat anu tungtungna méré pangaruh ka Wilson.<ref>Berg (2013), pp. 307–311.</ref> Dina sawala sareng Wilson, wartawan John Palmer Gavit nyindekkeun yén nangtang pandangan urang Kidul "pastina bakal micu konflik anu bakal ngeureunkeun sakabéh program législatif sacara total."<ref name="Jacobs & Milkins 2017">Jacobs & Milkis (2017), pp. 193–217.</ref> Ti saprak réngséna jaman Rekonstruksi, boh Partéy Démokrat boh Républik mikawanoh yén aya sababaraha jabatan anu sacara unofisial "disadiakeun" pikeun warga Afrika-Amérika anu mibanda kualifikasi. Wilson nunjuk total salapan urang Afrika-Amérika pikeun posisi penting dina birokrasi féderal, dimana dalapan urang di antarana mangrupa jalma-jalma ti jaman Républik sateuacanna. Salaku babandingan, William Howard Taft kungsi nampa amukan ti urang Républik alatan anjeunna ngan saukur nunjuk 31 pajabat kulit hideung, angka panghandapna pikeun présidén ti Partéy Républik. Saatos ngajabat, Wilson mecat ampir kabéh iwal ti dua urang tina 17 pangawas kulit hideung dina birokrasi féderal anu sateuacanna ditunjuk ku Taft.<ref>George Mason University, "Missed Manners: Wilson Lectures a Black Leader"</ref> Ti saprak taun 1863, misi diplomatik AS ka Haiti sarta Santo Domingo ampir sok dipingpin ku diplomat Afrika-Amérika tanpa ningal ti partéy mana présidénna; Wilson mungkas éta tradisi anu parantos lumangsung satengah abad kasebut, nanging anjeunna terus nunjuk diplomat kulit hideung, sapertos [[George Washington Buckner]] sarta [[Joseph L. Johnson]], pikeun mingpin misi ka [[Libéria]].<ref>Lovett & Coffee (1984), pp. 4–8</ref> Ti saprak ahir Rekonstruksi, birokrasi féderal mangrupa hiji-hijina jalan karir dimana warga Afrika-Amérika bisa ngalaman sakedik kasaruaan hak, sarta janten pondasi utama pikeun tumuwuhna kelas menengah warga kulit hideung.<ref>USPS, "African-American Postal Workers in the 20th Century"</ref> ==== Ségregasi birokrasi féderal ==== Pamaréntahan Wilson ningkatkeun kawijakan rékrutmen anu diskriminatif sarta ségregasi di kantor-kantor pamaréntahan anu parantos dimimitian dina mangsa Theodore Roosevelt sarta dituluykeun ku Taft.<ref>Meier & Rudwick (1967), pp. 178–184</ref> Dina bulan munggaran Wilson ngajabat, Diréktur Jéndral Pos [[Albert S. Burleson]] ngadesek présidén sangkan ngadegkeun kantor-kantor pamaréntahan anu papisah dumasar ras.<ref name="wolgemuth">Wolgemuth (1959), pp. 158–173</ref> Wilson teu narima usulan Burleson sacara sagemblengna, nanging anjeunna méré kawenangan ka para menteri kabinét pikeun ngatur ségregasi di departeménna masing-masing.<ref>Berg (2013), p. 307</ref> Dina ahir taun 1913, loba departemén, kaasup Angkatan Laut, Departemén Kauangan, sarta Kantor Pos, parantos mibanda tempat gawé, jamban, sarta kantin anu dipisahkeun.<ref name="wolgemuth"/> Loba lembaga nagara ngagunakeun ségregasi salaku alesan pikeun nerapkeun kawijakan "khusus kulit bodas", kalayan alesan yén maranéhanana teu mibanda fasilitas pikeun pagawé kulit hideung. Dina kaayaan kieu, warga Afrika-Amérika anu parantos didamel sateuacan pamaréntahan Wilson dipaksa pangsiun dini, dipindahkeun, atawa langsung dipecat.<ref>Lewis (1993), p. 332</ref> Atas saran Sénator Oklahoma [[Thomas Gore]], Wilson nunjuk Adam E. Patterson, saurang Démokrat kulit hideung ti Oklahoma, pikeun jabatan [[Register of the Treasury]] dina Juli 1913; nanging Patterson narik diri saatos meunang palawanan ti sénator Démokrat urang Kidul sapertos [[James K. Vardaman]] sarta [[Benjamin Tillman]]. Wilson saterusna kalah nunjuk [[Gabe E. Parker]], anu mibanda turunan campuran Éropa sarta [[Choctaw]], sarta saatos éta anjeunna teu kantos deui nunjuk warga kulit hideung pikeun jabatan féderal.<ref name="Jacobs & Milkins 2017"/><ref>Yellin (2013), pp. 81–112</ref> Diskriminasi ras dina rékrutmen féderal beuki parna nalika saatos taun 1914, Komisi Layanan Sipil AS ngayakeun aturan anyar anu ngawajibkeun unggal pelamar gawé pikeun ngalampirkeun poto pribadi. Alesan resmina mah nyaéta pikeun nyegah penipuan; nanging saenyana mah ngan aya 14 kasus penipuan identitas anu kapanggih dina taun sateuacanna.<ref>Glenn (1957), p. 91</ref> Salaku wilayah féderal, Washington, D.C. parantos lila janten tempat anu méré kasempetan gawé leuwih jembar sarta kurang diskriminasi pikeun warga Afrika-Amérika. Nanging dina taun 1919, para véteran kulit hideung anu mulang ka D.C. kaget nalika mendakan aturan [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] parantos lumaku; loba anu teu tiasa deui balik kana padamelan lami maranéhanana atawa malah teu meunang asup ka gedong tempat maranéhanana kungsi didamel alatan warna kulit. [[Booker T. Washington]] ngagambarkeun kaayaan ieu: "Kuring tacan kantos ningal warga kulit hideung sakitu pundungna sarta pait haténa sapertos dina mangsa ayeuna."<ref>Politico (2015), "How Woodrow Wilson Stoked the First Urban Race Riot"</ref> ==== Afrika-Amérika dina pasukan pakarang ==== {{Utama|Ségregasi ras dina Pasukan Pakarang Amérika Sarikat}} [[Berkas:King, Stoddard WW1 draft card.jpg|thumb|Kartu pendaftaran wajib militer Perang Dunya I. Bagian handap kencana tiasa diteukteuk pikeun nandaan lalaki turunan Afrika sangkan ségregasi militér tetep kajaga.]] Sanajan ségregasi parantos aya di Angkatan Darat sateuacan Wilson, tingkat kapeurihna ningkat kacida dina mangsa pamaréntahanana. Dina période munggaran Wilson, Angkatan Darat sarta Angkatan Laut nolak ngangkat perwira anyar tina warga kulit hideung.<ref>Lewis, p. 332</ref> Perwira kulit hideung anu parantos ngajabat ngalaman diskriminasi anu beuki parna sarta sering dipaksa kaluar atawa dipecat kalayan alesan anu teu tétéla.<ref>James (2013), pp. 49–51</ref> Saatos AS asup kana Perang Dunya I, Departemén Perang ngayakeun wajib militer ka ratusan rébu warga kulit hideung, sarta para pamilon wajib militer éta dibayar sarua tanpa ningal ras. Pangangkatan perwira Afrika-Amérika dimimitian deui, nanging unit-unitna tetep dipisahkeun (ségregasi) sarta ampir kabéh unit husus kulit hideung dipingpin ku perwira kulit bodas.<ref>Cooke (1999)</ref> Béda sareng Angkatan Darat, Angkatan Laut AS saenyana mah teu kantos sacara resmi nerapkeun ségregasi. Nanging, saatos Wilson nunjuk [[Josephus Daniels]] janten [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]], sistem Jim Crow langsung dilarapkeun; kapal, fasilitas latihan, jamban, sarta kantin kabéhanana janten dipisahkeun.<ref name="wolgemuth"/> Nalika Daniels méré loba kasempetan pikeun pelaut kulit bodas sangkan naék pangkat, para pelaut Afrika-Amérika kalah diturunkeun darajatna janten ngan saukur pagawé dapur sarta kabersihan, malah sering dititah janten palayan pikeun perwira kulit bodas.<ref>Foner (1974), p. 124</ref> === Réspons kana kekerasan rasial === [[Berkas:East St Louis Massacre cartoon, Morris.jpg|thumb|Kartun pulitik taun 1917 anu dipedar dina ''[[New York Evening Mail]]'' ngeunaan [[Karusuhan East St. Louis]] 1917 kalayan téks: "Pa Présidén, naha henteu jantenkeun Amérika aman pikeun démokrasi?"]] Pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan tanaga gawé industri, [[Migrasi Gedé (Afrika-Amérika)|Migrasi Gedé]] warga Afrika-Amérika kaluar ti wewengkon Kidul ningkat drastis dina taun 1917 sarta 1918. Ieu migrasi janten cukang lantaran [[Kekerasan rasial massal di Amérika Sarikat|karusuhan ras]], kaasup [[Karusuhan East St. Louis]] taun 1917. Pikeun ngaréspons éta karusuhan, nanging saatos meunang protés keras ti publik, Wilson naros ka Jaksa Agung [[Thomas Watt Gregory]] naha pamaréntah féderal tiasa pipilueun pikeun "nahan tindakan nista ieu". Atas saran Gregory, Wilson milih pikeun teu nyandak tindakan langsung pikeun nangani éta karusuhan.<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 407–408</ref> Dina taun 1918, Wilson tungtungna nyarita sacara kabuka pikeun nangtang [[pancaka (lynching) di Amérika Sarikat]], kalayan nyebutkeun: "Kuring nyarita kalayan tétéla yén unggal urang Amérika anu milu dina tindakan mob (massa) atawa méré dukungan dina wangun naon baé lain putra sajati tina ieu démokrasi anu hébat, nanging janten panghianatna... [sarta] ngérakeun nagara ku hianat kana standar hukum sarta hak-hakna."<ref>Cooper (2009), pp. 409–410</ref> Dina taun 1919, [[Red Summer of 1919|rangkaian karusuhan ras séjénna]] lumangsung di [[Karusuhan Ras Chicago 1919|Chicago]], [[Karusuhan Ras Omaha 1919|Omaha]], sarta dua lusin kota gedé séjénna di wewengkon Kalér. Ahli sajarah ngira-ngira leuwih ti 250 warga Afrika-Amérika nemasing pati.<ref>PBS, "Hundreds of black deaths during 1919's Red Summer are being remembered"</ref> Pamaréntah féderal tetep teu pipilueun, sakumaha anu parantos lumangsung sateuacanana.<ref>Rucker & Upton (2007), p. 310</ref> == Warisan == === Reputasi sajarah === [[Berkas:US-$100000-GC-1934-Fr-2413.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sertifikat emas taun 1934 saharga $100.000 anu mintonkeun gambar Wilson]] Wilson sacara umum [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|dipeunteun ku para ahli sajarah sarta élmuwan pulitik]] salaku présidén anu mibanda préstasi di luhur rata-rata.<ref name="jschuessler1"/> Dina pandangan sababaraha ahli sajarah, Wilson, leuwih ti para pangheulana, parantos nyandak léngkah-léngkah pikeun nyiptakeun pamaréntah féderal anu kuat pikeun nangtayungan rahayat biasa tina kakuatan korporasi gedé anu kaleuleuwihi.<ref>Politico (2015), "What Woodrow Wilson Did For Black America"</ref> Anjeunna sacara umum dianggap salaku tokoh konci dina ngadegkeun [[liberalisme Amérika modern]], sarta mibanda pangaruh kuat ka présidén-présidén ka hareupna sapertos [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] sarta [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="jschuessler1"/> Cooper boga pamanggih yén dina hal pangaruh sarta ambisi, ngan saukur [[New Deal]] sarta [[Great Society]] anu tiasa nyalip préstasi domestik mangsa kapérésidénan Wilson.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 213</ref> Loba préstasi Wilson, kaasup Federal Reserve (Bank Sentral), Federal Trade Commission (Komisi Perdagangan), pajeg panghasilan, sarta hukum tanaga gawé, terus mangaruhan Amérika Sarikat lila saatos Wilson tilar dunya.<ref name="jschuessler1"/> Loba kaum [[Konservatisme di Amérika Sarikat|konservatif]] anu nyerang Wilson alatan péranna dina ngalegaan kakawasaan pamaréntah féderal.<ref>The New Yorker (2009)</ref> Dina taun 2018, kolumnis konservatif George Will nyerat dina ''The Washington Post'' yén Theodore Roosevelt sarta Wilson mangrupa "karuhun tina sistem [[imperial presidency]] (kapérésidénan imperial) jaman ayeuna".<ref>The Washington Post (2018)</ref> Kawijakan luar nagri Wilson, anu katelah salaku [[Wilsonianisme]], ogé méré pangaruh anu jero kana [[kawijakan luar nagri Amérika]], sarta Liga Bangsa-Bangsa karya Wilson mangaruhan lahirna [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB)]].<ref name="jschuessler1"/> Saladin Ambar nyerat yén Wilson mangrupa "negarawan munggaran di tingkat dunya anu nyarita lain ngan saukur ngalawan [[imperialisme]] Éropa, nanging ogé ngalawan wangun anyar dominasi ékonomi anu sakapeung disebut salaku 'imperialisme informal'."<ref name="millerlegacy"/> [[Berkas:Woodrow Wilson postage stamp issues.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.7|Kantor Pos AS ngaluarkeun perangko pikeun ngahormatan Wilson: 17 sén (1925), 1 dollar (1938), sarta 7 sén (1956)]] Sanajan mibanda loba préstasi salila ngajabat, Wilson nampa kritik keras alatan catetanana ngeunaan hubungan ras sarta kabébasan sipil, intervensina di Amérika Latin, sarta kagagalanana dina ngasahkeun Perjangjian Versailles.<ref name="millerlegacy"/> Sanajan anjeunna boga akar budaya Kidul sarta catetan rasis di Princeton, Wilson janten urang Démokrat munggaran anu nampa rojongan lega tina komunitas Afrika-Amérika dina pamilu présidén.<ref>O'Reilly (1997), pp. 117–121</ref> Nanging, para pangrojong Afrika-Amérika Wilson, anu loba meuntas garis partéy pikeun milih anjeunna dina taun 1912, ngarasa kacida kuciwana ku pamaréntahan Wilson, utamana kaputusanana pikeun nerapkeun aturan Jim Crow (ségregasi) dina birokrasi féderal.<ref name="wolgemuth"/> == Kawijakan ékonomi: New Freedom == Saatos dilantik, Wilson langsung ngajalankeun agenda "**New Freedom**" pikeun ngarombak tilu pilar utama ékonomi: tarif, perbankan, sarta kakuatan korporasi (trust). === Undang-Undang Underwood sarta Pajeg Panghasilan === Pikeun nurunkeun harga barang pikeun rahayat, Wilson ngadesek Kongrés sangkan ngaluluskeun [[Undang-Undang Underwood]] dina taun 1913, anu nurunkeun tarif impor sacara drastis pikeun munggaranana ti saprak Perang Sadulur. Pikeun ngagentos kakirangan pendapatan nagara alatan turunna tarif, anjeunna nerapkeun pajeg panghasilan féderal (graduated income tax) dumasar kana [[Amandemén Kagenep Belas Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén Kagenep Belas]]. === Sistim Federal Reserve === Salasahiji warisan Wilson anu paling pangaruh nyaéta pangadegan [[Federal Reserve]] (Bank Sentral AS) ngaliwatan Undang-Undang Federal Reserve 1913. Ieu sistim diciptakeun pikeun nyadiakeun mata uang anu fléksibel sarta méré stabilitas kana sistim kauangan nasional, sangkan kakuatan bank-bank badé di Wall Street bisa dikontrol ku pamaréntah féderal. === Federal Trade Commission (FTC) === Pikeun ngajaga persaingan usaha anu adil, Wilson ngadegkeun [[Federal Trade Commission]] dina taun 1914. Tugasna nyaéta pikeun nalungtik sarta ngeureunkeun prakték bisnis anu teu jujur sarta nyegah tumuwuhna monopoli anu ngarugikeun padagang leutik sarta konsumen. === Budaya popular === Dina taun 1944, [[20th Century Fox]] ngaluarkeun film ''[[Wilson (film 1944)|Wilson]]'', hiji [[biopic]] ngeunaan Wilson anu dibéntangan ku [[Alexander Knox]] sarta diarahkeun ku sutradara [[Henry King (sutradara)|Henry King]]. Ieu film dianggap mintonkeun sosok Wilson sacara "idéalistik". Film ieu mangrupa proyék pribadi sarta karesep ti présidén studio sakaligus produser [[Darryl F. Zanuck]], anu kacida mikahéman sosok Wilson. Ieu film nampa pamuji ti para kritikus film sarta para pangrojong Wilson,<ref>Manny, Farner (14 Agustus 1944). ''The New Republic''.</ref> sarta hasil meunang sapuluh nominasi [[Piala Oscar|Academy Awards]], dimana [[Academy Awards ka-17|lima di antarana hasil dimeunangkeun]].<ref name="Erickson 1944">Erickson (2013). "Wilson (1944) – Review Summary"</ref> Sanajan populér di kalangan elit, film ''Wilson'' gagal pisan di bioskop (box-office bomb), nepi ka ngabalukarkeun karugian ampir $2 juta pikeun studio.<ref>Variety (20 Maret 1946). "'You Can Sell Almost Anything But Politics or Religion Via Pix' – Zanuck"</ref> Kagagalan film ieu disebut mibanda pangaruh anu jero sarta lila ka Zanuck, sarta nepi ka ayeuna tacan aya deui studio gedé anu nyoba nyieun film dumasar kana lalakon hirup Wilson.<ref name="Erickson 1944"/> == Karya == * [https://archive.org/details/congressionalgov00wilsiala/ ''Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics.''] Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1885. * [https://archive.org/details/stateelementshi06wilsgoog ''The State: Elements of Historical and Practical Politics.''] Boston: D.C. Heath, 1889. * [https://archive.org/details/divisionandreun00wilsgoog ''Division and Reunion, 1829–1889.''] New York, London, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893. * [https://archive.org/details/cu31924032634960 ''An Old Master and Other Political Essays.''] New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893. * [https://archive.org/details/cu31924014329274 ''Mere Literature and Other Essays.''] Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896. * [https://archive.org/details/cu31924032749149 ''George Washington.''] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897. * ''[[A History of the American People (Séri lima jilid)|A History of the American People]].'' Dina lima jilid. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1901–02. * [https://archive.org/details/constitutionalgo0000wils_h2r1/ ''Constitutional Government in the United States.''] New York: Columbia University Press, 1908. * [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029052558 ''The Free Life: A Baccalaureate Address.''] New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1908. * [https://archive.org/details/newfreedomacall01halegoog/ ''The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Energies of a Generous People.''] New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1913. —Pidato-pidato. * [https://archive.org/details/roadawayfromrevo00wils/ ''The Road Away from Revolution.''] Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1923. * ''The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson.'' Ray Stannard Baker sarta William E. Dodd (éd.) Dina genep jilid. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1925–27. * ''Study of public administration'' (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1955). * ''A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson.'' John Wells Davidson (éd.) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1956. * ''The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.'' Arthur S. Link (éd.) Dina 69 jilid. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967–1994. & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-9809-4}} * {{cite book |last=Pestritto|first=Ronald J. |title=Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism |date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1517-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ruiz |first1=George W. |title=The Ideological Convergence of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=1989 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=159–177 |jstor=40574572}} * {{cite book|last1=Saunders|first1=Robert M.|title=In Search of Woodrow Wilson: Beliefs and Behavior|isbn=978-0-313-30520-7|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press}} * {{cite book |last=Stokes |first= Melvyn |title=D. W. Griffith's ''The Birth of a Nation: A History of "The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time"'' | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-19-533679-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Walworth |first=Arthur |title=Woodrow Wilson, Volume I, Volume II |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1958 |oclc=1031728326 |url=https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilson00walw }} * {{cite book |last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |title=The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson – The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation |date=2002 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85068-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/greattaxwars00weis }} * {{cite book |last=White|first=William Allen|title=Woodrow Wilson – The Man, His Times and His Task|isbn=978-1-4067-7685-0|publisher=Read Books|date=2007|orig-year=1925}} * {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Woodrow |url=https://archive.org/stream/congressionalgov00wilsiala#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Congressional Government, A Study in American Politics |year=1885 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |via=Internet Archive |oclc=504641398 }} * Wright, Esmond. "The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson: A Re-Assessment. Part 1: Woodrow Wilson and the First World War" ''History Today''. (Mar 1960) 10#3 pp.&nbsp;149–157. ** Wright, Esmond. "The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson: A Re-Assessment. Part 2: Wilson and the Dream of Reason" ''History Today'' (Apr 1960) 19#4 pp.&nbsp;223–231. {{refend}} == Bacaan salajengna == {{Daptar utama|Bibliografi Woodrow Wilson}} === Pikeun pelajar === * Archer, Jules. ''World citizen: Woodrow Wilson'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/worldcitizenwood00arch/page/n9/mode/2up online], pikeun tingkat sakola menengah atas. * Frith, Margaret. ''Who was Woodrow Wilson?'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/whowaswoodrowwil0000frit online], pikeun tingkat sakola menengah pertama. === Historiografi === Bagean ieu ngawengku analisis ngeunaan kumaha para ahli sajarah meunteun Wilson sarta warisanana tina rupa-rupa jihat pandang: * Ambrosius, Lloyd. ''Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and his legacy in American foreign relations'' (Springer, 2002). * [[John M. Cooper (sajarahwan)|Cooper, John Milton]], ed. ''Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008). * {{cite journal|last1=Janis |first1=Mark Weston |title=How Wilsonian Was Woodrow Wilson? |journal=Dartmouth Law Journal |year=2007 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–15}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/0145-2096.00247|title=Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and American National Security |year=2001 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Ross A. |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=25 |pages=1–31}} * {{cite journal|jstor=27551193|title=History, Health and Herons: The Historiography of Woodrow Wilson's Personality and Decision-Making |last1=Saunders |first1=Robert M. |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |year=1994 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=57–77}} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1177/106591297703000203|title=Woodrow Wilson as 'Corporate-Liberal': Toward a Reconsideration of Left Revisionist Historiography |year=1977 |last1=Seltzer |first1=Alan L. |journal=Western Political Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=183–212}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sister project links|wikt=Wilson|commons=Woodrow Wilson|b=no|n=no|q=Woodrow Wilson|s=Author:Thomas Woodrow Wilson|v=no}} ;Resmi * [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/about-woodrow-wilson Ngeunaan Woodrow Wilson – Wilson Center] * [http://www.woodrowwilson.org/ Perpustakaan Presidén & Muséum Woodrow Wilson] ;Koléksi digital * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/woodrow-wilson}} * {{Gutenberg author|id=1689|name=Woodrow Wilson}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Woodrow Wilson}} * {{Librivox author|id=2417}} ;Séjénna * {{nobelprize}} {{Woodrow Wilson|state=collapsed}} {{Navboxes |title=Jabatan sarta pangajén |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Francis Landey Patton]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Universitas Princeton]]|years=1902–1910}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Aikman Stewart]]<br />''acting'' (pj)}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Frank S. Katzenbach]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Calon [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] pikeun [[Gubernur New Jersey]]|years=[[Pamilihan gubernur New Jersey 1910|1910]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Fairman Fielder]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Jennings Bryan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar calon présidén Partéy Démokrat Amérika Sarikat|Calon présidén]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] pikeun Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1912|1912]], [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916|1916]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[James M. Cox]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Franklin Fort]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar gubernur New Jersey|Gubernur New Jersey]]|years=1911–1913}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Fairman Fielder]]<br />''acting'' (pj)}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Howard Taft]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1913–1921}} {{s-aft|after=[[Warren G. Harding]]}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[Komite Internasional Palang Merah]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Penerima Hadiah Nobél Padaméian|years=1919}} {{s-aft|after=[[Léon Bourgeois]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Giulio Gatti-Casazza]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar sampul majalah Time (1920-an)|Sampul majalah ''Time'']]|years=12 Nopémber 1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[Erich Ludendorff]]}} {{s-end}} }} [[Kategori:Présiden Amérika]] fn9jglhn4oykgzrl9pcnghx3yzqabjc 0 108356 708412 708406 2026-04-22T14:06:45Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sarat Utama Status Mukalaf */ 708412 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Mukalaf (مُكَلَّف) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Mukalafat-al-Rasool.jpg|center|250px|Visualisasi dakwah sarta taklif.]] |- | Harti || Jalma anu nanggung kawajiban hukum |- | Asal Basa || Arab (''Isim Maf'ul'') |- | Dasar Hukum || Al-Qur'an & Hadits |- | Sarat Utama || Balég, Berakal, Sampéy Dakwah |- | Widang || [[Fikih]], [[Ushul Fiqh]] |} '''Mukalaf''' nyaéta salasahiji konsép séntral dina hukum Islam (''fiqh'') anu nangtukeun status kamanusaan saurang jalma di payuneun hukum Allah (Syara'). Ieu istilah mangrupa titik awal dimana saurang hamba mimiti nanggung tanggung jawab hukum sacara pinuh sarta sagala rupa amalna bakal dipertanggungjawabkeun di ahérat.<ref name="gazali">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi == Sacara étimologi, kecap '''Mukalaf''' (مُكَلَّف) mangrupa ''[[isim maf'ul]]'' tina kecap ''kallafa'' (كَلَّفَ) anu miboga harti "ngabeungbeuratan" atanapi "méré kawajiban". Akar kecapna nyaéta ''al-kulfah'' (الكُلْفَةُ) anu sacara harfiah hartosna kasusah atanapi beban anu meryogikeun tanaga pikeun ngalaksanakeunana.<ref name="jurjani">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Dina kontéks syara', mukalaf hartosna jalma anu parantos dibéré beban kawajiban (taklif) pikeun ngajalankeun paréntah agama sarta ngajauhan sagala rupa larangan-Na.<ref name="jurjani" /> == Al-Qur'an == Prinsip dasar taklif didasarkeun kana sifat kaadilan Allah Swt., nyaéta yén Anjeunna moal méré beban ka hamba-Na saluareun wates kamampuhna. Hal ieu sakumaha anu kaunggel dina firman-Na: > "لَا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا" > ''"Allah henteu ngabeungbeuratan ka hiji jalma, iwal saluyu jeung kamampuhna..."'' (QS. Al-Baqarah: 286).<ref name="quran">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> Ayat ieu janten dadasar yén status mukalaf téh miboga hubungan raket sareng kadar inteléktualitas sarta fisik saurang hamba. Nalika kamampuh éta leungit (sapertos kaleungitan akal), mangka status taklifna ogé janten ruksak atanapi gugur.<ref name="syatibi">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> == Hadits == Watesan saha baé anu disebut mukalaf dijéntrékeun ku Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad saw. dina hadits: > **رُفِعَ الْقَلَمُ عَنْ ثَلَاثَةٍ: عَنِ النَّائِمِ حَتَّى يَسْتَيْقِظَ، وَعَنِ الصَّبِيِّ حَتَّى يَحْتَلِمَ، وَعَنِ الْمَجْنُونِ حَتَّى يُفِيقَ** > ''"Diangkat péna (henteu dicatet dosa/pahala) tina tilu golongan: tina jalma anu nuju saré nepi ka manéhna hudang, tina budak leutik nepi ka manéhna balég, sarta tina jalma anu owah (gélo) nepi ka manéhna cageur."'' (HR. Abu Dawud no. 4403).<ref name="hadits">Sulaeman bin al-Asy'ats (Abu Dawud). ''Sunan Abi Dawud''.</ref> == Sarat Utama Status Mukalaf == Dina kitab-kitab ''Ushul Fiqh'' primér, saurang jalma disebut mukalaf upami parantos nyumponan tilu sarat utama: # '''Balég (الْبُلُوغ):''' Sacara biologis parantos sawawa (sapertos ihtilam atanapi haid).<ref name="fiqh">An-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> # '''Berakal (الْعَقْل):''' Miboga kasadaran pinuh sarta henteu nuju kaleungitan akal sapertos gélo atanapi kapiuhan/pingsan.<ref name="fiqh" /> # '''Sampéy Dakwah (بُلُوغُ الدَّعْوَة):''' Parantos terang sarta nampi ajaran Islam sacara leres sarta jéntré.<ref name="fiqh" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] m331olvnzftnjj241qecmhyjzstw2ha 0 108357 708414 708409 2026-04-22T14:25:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708414 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Ushul Fiqh (أصول الفقه) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:ALFiqh.png|center|250px|Manusksrip kaélmuan Islam salaku dadasar Ushul Fiqh.]] |- | '''Harti''' || Tatapakan atanapi dadasar hukum fikih |- | '''Asal Basa''' || Arab (''Mudhaf - Mudhaf Ilaih'') |- | '''Sumber Utama''' || Al-Qur'an, Hadits, Ijma, Qiyas |- | Tokoh Utama || Imam Asy-Syafi'i (Nu nyusun munggaran) |- | '''Widang''' || Metodologi Hukum Islam |} '''Ushul Fiqh''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮅᮞᮥᮜ᮪ ᮖᮤᮊᮤᮂ) nyaéta salah sahiji disiplin élmu kaislaman anu ngabahas ngeunaan katangtuan-katangtuan, métode, sarta dadasar anu dipaké ku para [[Mujtahid]] pikeun ngaluarkeun (''[[istinbath]]'') [[Hukum Syara|hukum syara']] tina dalil-dalil anu rincik (''[[tafshili]]'').<ref name="zuhaili">Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. ''Al-Wajiz fi Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Fikr.</ref> Upami fikih mangrupa hasil hukumna, mangka Ushul Fiqh mah mangrupa "pabrik" atanapi métode cara nyieun éta hukum.<ref name="gazali2">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi sarta Hartos Harfiah == Sacara basa, Ushul Fiqh diwangun ku dua kecap: '''Ushul''' (أصول) anu mangrupa jamak tina ''ashl'' (أصل) hartosna pondasi atanapi dadasar; sarta '''Fiqh''' (فقه) anu hartosna paham atanapi pangarti anu jero.<ref name="jurjani2">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Janten, sacara harfiah, Ushul Fiqh nyaéta dadasar-dadasar anu di luhureunana diwangun élmu fikih.<ref name="jurjani2" /> == Makna Filosofis == Dina jihat filosofis, Ushul Fiqh mangrupa bukti yén hukum Islam téh miboga ''logika'' sarta ''métodologi'' anu disiplin. Ieu élmu ngajaga supados manusa henteu napsirkeun wahyu dumasar kana hawa napsu nyalira.<ref name="syatibi2">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> Hakékat filosofisna ngawengku: * ''Maqashid al-Syari'ah (مقاصد الشريعة):'' Mastikeun yén hukum anu dilarapkeun saluyu sareng tujuan Gusti pikeun kamaslahatan hamba. * ''Ijtihad (اجتهad):'' Ngamungkinkeun hukum Islam tetep dinamis ngajawab pasualan jaman ayeuna ngaliwatan métode ''Qiyas'' (''analogi''). == Dalil sarta Sumber Hukum == Ushul Fiqh nangtukeun hierarki sumber hukum dumasar kana dalil [[naqli]] sarta [[aqli]]: # '''Al-Qur'an:''' Sumber hukum utama sakumaha firman Allah dina surat [[An-Nahl]] ayat 89: <br />''"...تِبْيَانًا لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ..."'' (tegesna: "...pikeun ngajéntrékeun sagala perkara...").<ref name="quran2">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> # '''As-Sunnah (Hadits):''' Penjelasan tina Al-Qur'an sakumaha dawuhan Nabi: <br />''"تَرَكْتُ فِيكُمْ أَمْرَيْنِ لَنْ تَضِلُّوا مَا تَمَسَّكْتُمْ بِهِمَا: كِتَابَ اللهِ وَسُنَّةَ نَبِيِّهِ"'' <br />(hartosna: "Kuring ninggalkeun dua perkara, anjeun moal sasar salila nyekel deleg kana duanana: Kitabullah jeung Sunnah Nabi-Na.").<ref name="hadits2">Malik bin Anas. ''Al-Muwatta''.</ref> # '''Ijma (إجماع):''' Kasapukan para ulama mujtahid. # '''Qiyas (قياس):''' Analogi hukum dumasar kana sasaruaan alesan (''illat''). == Obyék Bahasan Utama == Aya opat rukun utama anu ditalungtik dina Ushul Fiqh: * '''[[Al-Hakim]] (الحاكم):''' Nu méré hukum (Gusti Allah). * '''[[Al-Hukmu]] (الحكم):''' Hukum éta sorangan (Wajib, Sunnah, jsb). * '''[[Al-Mahkum Fih]] (المحكوم فيه):''' Perkara anu dibéré hukum. * '''[[Al-Mahkum 'Alaih]] (المحكوم عليه):''' Jalma anu nanggung hukum (nu disebut '''[[Mukalaf]]''').<ref name="zuhaili" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] oglbcmbk3beat6gxs9piqg0n3oidufz 708421 708414 2026-04-22T15:19:49Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708421 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Ushul Fiqh (أصول الفقه) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Usul al-Fiqh calligraphy.svg|center|250px|Manusksrip kaélmuan Islam salaku dadasar Ushul Fiqh.]] |- | '''Harti''' || Tatapakan atanapi dadasar hukum fikih |- | '''Asal Basa''' || Arab (''Mudhaf - Mudhaf Ilaih'') |- | '''Sumber Utama''' || Al-Qur'an, Hadits, Ijma, Qiyas |- | Tokoh Utama || Imam Asy-Syafi'i (Nu nyusun munggaran) |- | '''Widang''' || Metodologi Hukum Islam |} '''Ushul Fiqh''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮅᮞᮥᮜ᮪ ᮖᮤᮊᮤᮂ) nyaéta salah sahiji disiplin élmu kaislaman anu ngabahas ngeunaan katangtuan-katangtuan, métode, sarta dadasar anu dipaké ku para [[Mujtahid]] pikeun ngaluarkeun (''[[istinbath]]'') [[Hukum Syara|hukum syara']] tina dalil-dalil anu rincik (''[[tafshili]]'').<ref name="zuhaili">Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. ''Al-Wajiz fi Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Fikr.</ref> Upami fikih mangrupa hasil hukumna, mangka Ushul Fiqh mah mangrupa "pabrik" atanapi métode cara nyieun éta hukum.<ref name="gazali2">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> == Étimologi sarta Hartos Harfiah == Sacara basa, Ushul Fiqh diwangun ku dua kecap: '''Ushul''' (أصول) anu mangrupa jamak tina ''ashl'' (أصل) hartosna pondasi atanapi dadasar; sarta '''Fiqh''' (فقه) anu hartosna paham atanapi pangarti anu jero.<ref name="jurjani2">Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.</ref> Janten, sacara harfiah, Ushul Fiqh nyaéta dadasar-dadasar anu di luhureunana diwangun élmu fikih.<ref name="jurjani2" /> == Makna Filosofis == Dina jihat filosofis, Ushul Fiqh mangrupa bukti yén hukum Islam téh miboga ''logika'' sarta ''métodologi'' anu disiplin. Ieu élmu ngajaga supados manusa henteu napsirkeun wahyu dumasar kana hawa napsu nyalira.<ref name="syatibi2">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''. Dar Ibn Affan.</ref> Hakékat filosofisna ngawengku: * ''Maqashid al-Syari'ah (مقاصد الشريعة):'' Mastikeun yén hukum anu dilarapkeun saluyu sareng tujuan Gusti pikeun kamaslahatan hamba. * ''Ijtihad (اجتهad):'' Ngamungkinkeun hukum Islam tetep dinamis ngajawab pasualan jaman ayeuna ngaliwatan métode ''Qiyas'' (''analogi''). == Dalil sarta Sumber Hukum == Ushul Fiqh nangtukeun hierarki sumber hukum dumasar kana dalil [[naqli]] sarta [[aqli]]: # '''Al-Qur'an:''' Sumber hukum utama sakumaha firman Allah dina surat [[An-Nahl]] ayat 89: <br />''"...تِبْيَانًا لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ..."'' (tegesna: "...pikeun ngajéntrékeun sagala perkara...").<ref name="quran2">Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya''.</ref> # '''As-Sunnah (Hadits):''' Penjelasan tina Al-Qur'an sakumaha dawuhan Nabi: <br />''"تَرَكْتُ فِيكُمْ أَمْرَيْنِ لَنْ تَضِلُّوا مَا تَمَسَّكْتُمْ بِهِمَا: كِتَابَ اللهِ وَسُنَّةَ نَبِيِّهِ"'' <br />(hartosna: "Kuring ninggalkeun dua perkara, anjeun moal sasar salila nyekel deleg kana duanana: Kitabullah jeung Sunnah Nabi-Na.").<ref name="hadits2">Malik bin Anas. ''Al-Muwatta''.</ref> # '''Ijma (إجماع):''' Kasapukan para ulama mujtahid. # '''Qiyas (قياس):''' Analogi hukum dumasar kana sasaruaan alesan (''illat''). == Obyék Bahasan Utama == Aya opat rukun utama anu ditalungtik dina Ushul Fiqh: * '''[[Al-Hakim]] (الحاكم):''' Nu méré hukum (Gusti Allah). * '''[[Al-Hukmu]] (الحكم):''' Hukum éta sorangan (Wajib, Sunnah, jsb). * '''[[Al-Mahkum Fih]] (المحكوم فيه):''' Perkara anu dibéré hukum. * '''[[Al-Mahkum 'Alaih]] (المحكوم عليه):''' Jalma anu nanggung hukum (nu disebut '''[[Mukalaf]]''').<ref name="zuhaili" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] 2dd1sgzez09x0dmbtop1kv1jk63ig3z 0 108358 708420 2026-04-22T15:00:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708420 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; font-size:1.2em;" | Hukum Syara' (الحكم الشرعي) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Islamic_law_manuscript.jpg|center|250px|Ilustrasi naskah hukum Islam salaku dadasar aturan mukalaf.]] |- | Wangenan || Titah Allah nu patali jeung amal perbuatan mukalaf. |- | Babagian Utama || Hukum Taklifi & Hukum Wadh'i |- | Sumber || Al-Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas |- | Widang || [[Ushul Fiqh]] |} '''Hukum Syara'''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮠᮥᮊᮥᮙ᮪ ᮞᮡᮛᮠ᮪) nyaéta titah atanapi ''khitab'' ti Gusti Allah anu aya patalina jeung sakabéh amal perbuatan jalma anu parantos [[Mukalaf]], boh mangrupa paménta pikeun migawé, ninggalkeun, atanapi méré kabébasan milih.<ref name="zuhaili">Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. ''Al-Wajiz fi Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Fikr.</ref> Dina élmu [[Ushul Fiqh]], hukum syara' mangrupa instrumén utama pikeun maham aturan hukum kaislaman sacara sistematis.<ref name="khallaf">Khallaf, Abdul Wahhab. ''Ilmu Ushul al-Fiqh''. Dar al-Kuwaitiyyah.</ref> == Bédana Hukum Syara' jeung Syaréat == Sanaos sering dianggap sami, dina jihat kaélmuan ushul fiqh, duanana miboga béda cakupan: * '''Syaréat Islam:''' Cakupanana langkung jembar, ngawengku widang akidah (kayakinan), akhlak (moral), sarta hukum. Syaréat sipatna mutlak sarta asalna langsung tina wahyu. * '''Hukum Syara':''' Husus ngabahas ngeunaan aturan praktis amal perbuatan manusa (fikih). Ieu mangrupa diménsi legalitas tina syaréat anu di jerona tiasa aya ijtihad para ulama.<ref name="zuhaili" /> == Hukum Taklifi (الحُكْمُ التَّكْلِيْفِيُّ) == Hukum Taklifi nyaéta hukum anu eusina mangrupa kawajiban pikeun hamba Allah. Nurutkeun mayoritas ulama (Jumhur), hukum taklifi dibagi jadi lima bagian:<ref name="gazali">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. ''Al-Mustashfa min 'Ilm al-Ushul''.</ref> # '''[[Wajib]] (الواجِبُ):''' Perkara anu kudu dipigawé; dipigawé meunang pahala, ditinggalkeun meunang dosa. # '''[[Mandub]] (المَنْدُوْبُ):''' Perkara anu dianjurkeun (sunnah); dipigawé meunang pahala, ditinggalkeun teu dosa. # '''[[Mubah]] (المُبَاحُ):''' Perkara anu dibébaskeun pikeun milih; teu aya pahala atanapi dosa. # '''[[Makruh]] (المَكْرُوْهُ):''' Perkara anu dianjurkeun pikeun ditinggalkeun. # '''[[Haram]] (الحَرَامُ):''' Perkara anu dilarang pisan; dipigawé meunang dosa, ditinggalkeun meunang pahala. == Hukum Wadh'i (الحُكْمُ الوَضْعِيُّ) == Hukum Wadh'i nyaéta katangtuan anu ngajadikeun hiji hal salaku patokan jalan atanapi henteuna hiji hukum taklifi.<ref name="syatibi">Asy-Syatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa. ''Al-Muwafaqat''.</ref> * '''Sabab (السَّبَبُ):''' Pananda ayana hukum (contona: waktu [[Magrib|maghrib]] jadi sabab wajibna sholat). * '''Sarat (الشَّرْطُ):''' Hal anu kudu kacumponan sangkan hukum sah (contona: [[Wudu|wudu]]). * '''Mani' (المَانِعُ):''' Pahalang hukum (contona: haid ngahalangan wajibna [[Solat|sholat]]). * '''Sah & Bathil:''' Ukuran naha hiji amal parantos luyu sareng aturan syara' atanapi henteu. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ushul Fiqh]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Islam]] 8wn8t2ah6fph6fkhuyh9dscu68elhbu 14 108359 708435 2026-04-22T22:45:21Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Pandéglang|Bojong]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan désa atanapi kalurahan anu aya di Kacamatan [[Bojong, Pandéglang|Bojong]], Kabupatén [[Pandéglang]], Propinsi [[Banten]], Indonésia. == Subkategori == Kategori ieu ngan mibanda subkategori di handap. * [[Kategori:Désa di Bojong, Pandéglang]] == Artikel dina kategori "Bojong, Pandéglang" == Eusi kategori ieu aya {{PLURAL:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Bojong, Pandéglang}}|1 halama... 708435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Pandéglang|Bojong]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan désa atanapi kalurahan anu aya di Kacamatan [[Bojong, Pandéglang|Bojong]], Kabupatén [[Pandéglang]], Propinsi [[Banten]], Indonésia. == Subkategori == Kategori ieu ngan mibanda subkategori di handap. * [[Kategori:Désa di Bojong, Pandéglang]] == Artikel dina kategori "Bojong, Pandéglang" == Eusi kategori ieu aya {{PLURAL:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Bojong, Pandéglang}}|1 halaman|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Bojong, Pandéglang}} halaman}}, tina jumlah sakabéh {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Bojong, Pandéglang}}. 0tin4thjo4f5r6srxk1zjj4safzovgg 10 108360 708444 2026-04-23T07:37:31Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar <includeonly>{{Infobox | bodyclass = infobox-user-script | bodystyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | border: 2px ridge #CAE1FF; 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&nbsp; ({{Time ago|{{#time:H:i j F Y|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP:{{{mainsource|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}|min_magnitude=days}})}}} | label8 = Browsers | data8 = {{{browsers|}}} | label9 = Skins | data9 = {{{skins|}}} | label10 = Source{{#if:{{{beta|}}}|<hr />Beta}} | data10 = {{{source| {{#if:{{{mainsource|}}}| [[{{{mainsource|}}}]] | [[{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}]] }} }}}{{#if:{{{beta|}}}|<hr />{{{beta}}}}} | label11 = [[GitHub]] repository | data11 = {{#ifeq:{{{github|}}}|||{{GitHub|{{{github}}}|link=hidden}}}} | label12 = Repository | data12 = {{#if:{{{repository|}}}|[{{{repository}}} {{{repository-name|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{#invoke:URLutil|getHost|{{{repository}}}}}|^www%.|||false}}}}}]}} }}{{#switch:{{{categorize|{{{cat|}}}}}}|never|no=|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|2|4=[[Category:Wikipedia scripts|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox Wikipedia user script]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | styled | bodystyle | install-target | name | logo | logosize | logoupright | logoalt | logo-caption | screenshot | screenshotsize | screenshotupright | screenshotalt | screenshot-caption | desc | author | maintainer | status | released | version | updated | browsers | skins | source | mainsource | beta | GitHub | github | repository | repository-name | categorize | cat }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE AND INTERWIKIS TO Wikidata --></noinclude> 85046w8qetwo8mm60cbn17eg57wnxv1 708485 708444 2026-04-23T11:26:57Z Nathan Veritas 36321 708485 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Infobox | bodyclass = infobox-user-script | bodystyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | border: 2px ridge #CAE1FF; width: 30em; padding-bottom: 0px; | <!-- nothing --> }} {{{bodystyle|}}} | title = {{#if:{{{mainsource|}}}|<span class="userscript-install-data" data-mainsource="{{{mainsource|}}}" data-install-target="{{{install-target|common.js}}}">}}{{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | [[Wikipedia:User scripts|User script]] | {{{name|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{mainsource|}}}|</span>}} | above = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | {{{name|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}} | <!-- nothing --> }} | titlestyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | font-size: 0.95em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px | <!-- nothing --> }} | abovestyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | background:#83C5DA; color:inherit; padding: 3px 0px | <!-- nothing --> }} | labelstyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | background:#DFEFFF; color:inherit; padding: 0px 7px; vertical-align: middle | <!-- nothing --> }} | datastyle = {{#if: {{Yesno|{{{styled|}}}}} | padding: 5px 5px; | <!-- nothing --> }} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logosize|}}}|upright={{{logoupright|}}}|alt={{{logoalt|}}}}} | caption = {{{logo-caption|}}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{screenshot|}}}|size={{{screenshotsize|}}}|upright={{{screenshotupright|}}}|alt={{{screenshotalt|}}}}} | caption2 = {{{screenshot-caption|}}} | label1 = Description | data1 = {{{desc|}}} | label2 = Author{{pluralize from text|{{{author|}}}|plural=s}} | data2 = {{{author|}}} | label3 = Maintainer{{pluralize from text|{{{maintainer|}}}|plural=s}} | data3 = {{{maintainer|}}} | label4 = Status | data4 = {{{status|}}} | label5 = First released | data5 = {{{released|}}} | label6 = Version | data6 = {{{version|}}} | label7 = Updated | data7 = {{{updated|{{#time:F j, Y|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP:{{{mainsource|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; ({{Time ago|{{#time:H:i j F Y|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP:{{{mainsource|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}}|min_magnitude=days}})}}} | label8 = Browsers | data8 = {{{browsers|}}} | label9 = Skins | data9 = {{{skins|}}} | label10 = Source{{#if:{{{beta|}}}|<hr />Beta}} | data10 = {{{source| {{#if:{{{mainsource|}}}| [[{{{mainsource|}}}]] | [[{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.js|{{Linkless exists|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}.css|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}]] }} }}}{{#if:{{{beta|}}}|<hr />{{{beta}}}}} | label11 = [[GitHub]] repository | data11 = {{#ifeq:{{{github|}}}|||{{GitHub|{{{github}}}|link=hidden}}}} | label12 = Repository | data12 = {{#if:{{{repository|}}}|[{{{repository}}} {{{repository-name|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{#invoke:URLutil|getHost|{{{repository}}}}}|^www%.|||false}}}}}]}} }}{{#switch:{{{categorize|{{{cat|}}}}}}|never|no=|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|2|4=[[Kategori:Wikipedia Skrip|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|}}|preview=Page using [[Citakan:Citakan:Skrip pengguna Wikipedia Info]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | styled | bodystyle | install-target | name | logo | logosize | logoupright | logoalt | logo-caption | screenshot | screenshotsize | screenshotupright | screenshotalt | screenshot-caption | desc | author | maintainer | status | released | version | updated | browsers | skins | source | mainsource | beta | GitHub | github | repository | repository-name | categorize | cat }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE AND INTERWIKIS TO Wikidata --></noinclude> azfkjiqwy4ad7uqwhqf5gmvndni58t7 10 108361 708447 2026-04-23T07:50:45Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 708447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5nexvs5r4t8tuu02q5qosvc3kb0b4n9 828 108362 708450 2026-04-23T07:52:58Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') -- function to determine whether "sub" occurs in "s" local function plainFind(s, sub) return mw.ustring.find(s, sub, 1, true) end -- function to count the number of times "pattern" (a regex) occurs in "s" local function countMatches(s, pattern) local _, count = mw.ustring.gsub(s, pattern, '') return count end local singular = 1 local likelyPlural = 2 local plural =... 708450 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') -- function to determine whether "sub" occurs in "s" local function plainFind(s, sub) return mw.ustring.find(s, sub, 1, true) end -- function to count the number of times "pattern" (a regex) occurs in "s" local function countMatches(s, pattern) local _, count = mw.ustring.gsub(s, pattern, '') return count end local singular = 1 local likelyPlural = 2 local plural = 3 -- Determine whether a string is singular or plural (i.e., it represents one -- item or many) -- Arguments: -- origArgs[1]: string to process -- origArgs.no_comma: if false, use commas to detect plural (default false) -- origArgs.parse_links: if false, treat wikilinks as opaque singular objects (default false) -- origArgs.any_comma: if true, allow any comma to cause likely plural, including ones between digits (default false) -- origArgs.no_and: if false, use existence of "and" to detect plural (default false) -- origArgs.parse_number: if true, parse number in argument: if 1, singular; if >1, plural (default false) -- Returns: -- singular, likelyPlural, or plural (see constants above), or nil for completely unknown function p._main(origArgs) origArgs = type(origArgs) == 'table' and origArgs or {} local args = {} -- canonicalize boolean arguments for key, default in pairs({no_comma=false,parse_links=false,any_comma=false, no_and=false,parse_number=false}) do if origArgs[key] == nil then args[key] = default else args[key] = yesNo(origArgs[key],default) end end local checkComma = not args.no_comma local checkAnd = not args.no_and local rewriteLinks = not args.parse_links local anyComma = args.any_comma local parseNumber = args.parse_number local s = origArgs[1] -- the input string if not s then return nil -- empty input returns nil end s = tostring(s) s = mw.text.decode(s,true) --- replace HTML entities (to avoid spurious semicolons) if plainFind(s,'data-plural="0"') then -- magic data string to return true return singular end if plainFind(s,'data-plural="1"') then -- magic data string to return false return plural end -- count number of list items local numListItems = countMatches(s,'<%s*li') -- if exactly one, then singular, if more than one, then plural if numListItems == 1 then return singular end if numListItems > 1 then return plural end -- if "list of" occurs inside of wlink, then it's plural if mw.ustring.find(s:lower(), '%[%[[^%]]*list of[^%]]+%]%]') then return plural end if parseNumber then local m = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(s,"^%s*(%d+)")) if m then return m > 1 and plural or singular end end -- fix for trailing br tags passed through [[template:marriage]] s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '<%s*br[^>]*>%s*(</div>)', '%1') -- replace all wikilinks with fixed string if rewriteLinks then s = mw.ustring.gsub(s,'%b[]','WIKILINK') end -- Five conditions: any one of them can make the string a likely plural or plural local hasBreak = mw.ustring.find(s,'<%s*br') -- For the last 4, evaluate on string stripped of wikimarkup local getPlain = require('Module:Text').Text().getPlain s = getPlain(s) local hasBullets = countMatches(s,'%*+') > 1 local multipleQids = mw.ustring.find(s,'Q%d+[%p%s]+Q%d+') -- has multiple QIDs in a row if hasBullets or multipleQids then return plural end local commaPattern = anyComma and '[,;]' or '%D[,;]%D' -- semi-colon similar to comma local hasComma = checkComma and mw.ustring.find(s, commaPattern) local hasAnd = checkAnd and (mw.ustring.find(s,'[,%s]and%s') or mw.ustring.find(s,'&',1,true)) if hasBreak or hasComma or hasAnd then return likelyPlural end return singular end function p._pluralize(args) args = type(args) == 'table' and args or {} local singularForm = args[3] or args.singular or "" local pluralForm = args[4] or args.plural or "" local likelyForm = args.likely or pluralForm local link = args[5] or args.link if link then link = tostring(link) singularForm = '[['..link..'|'..singularForm..']]' pluralForm = '[['..link..'|'..pluralForm..']]' likelyForm = '[['..link..'|'..likelyForm..']]' end if args[2] then return pluralForm end local detect = p._main(args) if detect == nil then return "" -- return blank on complete failure end if detect == singular then return singularForm elseif detect == likelyPlural then return likelyForm else return pluralForm end end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) -- For template, return 1 if singular, blank if plural or empty local result = p._main(args) if result == nil then return 1 end return result == singular and 1 or "" end function p.pluralize(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p._pluralize(args) end return p ks2mlneszbgw2vr1nl2rhac5ypdp5y2 708452 708450 2026-04-23T07:56:32Z Nathan Veritas 36321 708452 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs = require('Modul:Arguments').getArgs local yesNo = require('Modul:Yesno') -- function to determine whether "sub" occurs in "s" local function plainFind(s, sub) return mw.ustring.find(s, sub, 1, true) end -- function to count the number of times "pattern" (a regex) occurs in "s" local function countMatches(s, pattern) local _, count = mw.ustring.gsub(s, pattern, '') return count end local singular = 1 local likelyPlural = 2 local plural = 3 -- Determine whether a string is singular or plural (i.e., it represents one -- item or many) -- Arguments: -- origArgs[1]: string to process -- origArgs.no_comma: if false, use commas to detect plural (default false) -- origArgs.parse_links: if false, treat wikilinks as opaque singular objects (default false) -- origArgs.any_comma: if true, allow any comma to cause likely plural, including ones between digits (default false) -- origArgs.no_and: if false, use existence of "and" to detect plural (default false) -- origArgs.parse_number: if true, parse number in argument: if 1, singular; if >1, plural (default false) -- Returns: -- singular, likelyPlural, or plural (see constants above), or nil for completely unknown function p._main(origArgs) origArgs = type(origArgs) == 'table' and origArgs or {} local args = {} -- canonicalize boolean arguments for key, default in pairs({no_comma=false,parse_links=false,any_comma=false, no_and=false,parse_number=false}) do if origArgs[key] == nil then args[key] = default else args[key] = yesNo(origArgs[key],default) end end local checkComma = not args.no_comma local checkAnd = not args.no_and local rewriteLinks = not args.parse_links local anyComma = args.any_comma local parseNumber = args.parse_number local s = origArgs[1] -- the input string if not s then return nil -- empty input returns nil end s = tostring(s) s = mw.text.decode(s,true) --- replace HTML entities (to avoid spurious semicolons) if plainFind(s,'data-plural="0"') then -- magic data string to return true return singular end if plainFind(s,'data-plural="1"') then -- magic data string to return false return plural end -- count number of list items local numListItems = countMatches(s,'<%s*li') -- if exactly one, then singular, if more than one, then plural if numListItems == 1 then return singular end if numListItems > 1 then return plural end -- if "list of" occurs inside of wlink, then it's plural if mw.ustring.find(s:lower(), '%[%[[^%]]*list of[^%]]+%]%]') then return plural end if parseNumber then local m = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(s,"^%s*(%d+)")) if m then return m > 1 and plural or singular end end -- fix for trailing br tags passed through [[template:marriage]] s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '<%s*br[^>]*>%s*(</div>)', '%1') -- replace all wikilinks with fixed string if rewriteLinks then s = mw.ustring.gsub(s,'%b[]','WIKILINK') end -- Five conditions: any one of them can make the string a likely plural or plural local hasBreak = mw.ustring.find(s,'<%s*br') -- For the last 4, evaluate on string stripped of wikimarkup local getPlain = require('Modul:Text').Text().getPlain s = getPlain(s) local hasBullets = countMatches(s,'%*+') > 1 local multipleQids = mw.ustring.find(s,'Q%d+[%p%s]+Q%d+') -- has multiple QIDs in a row if hasBullets or multipleQids then return plural end local commaPattern = anyComma and '[,;]' or '%D[,;]%D' -- semi-colon similar to comma local hasComma = checkComma and mw.ustring.find(s, commaPattern) local hasAnd = checkAnd and (mw.ustring.find(s,'[,%s]and%s') or mw.ustring.find(s,'&',1,true)) if hasBreak or hasComma or hasAnd then return likelyPlural end return singular end function p._pluralize(args) args = type(args) == 'table' and args or {} local singularForm = args[3] or args.singular or "" local pluralForm = args[4] or args.plural or "" local likelyForm = args.likely or pluralForm local link = args[5] or args.link if link then link = tostring(link) singularForm = '[['..link..'|'..singularForm..']]' pluralForm = '[['..link..'|'..pluralForm..']]' likelyForm = '[['..link..'|'..likelyForm..']]' end if args[2] then return pluralForm end local detect = p._main(args) if detect == nil then return "" -- return blank on complete failure end if detect == singular then return singularForm elseif detect == likelyPlural then return likelyForm else return pluralForm end end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) -- For template, return 1 if singular, blank if plural or empty local result = p._main(args) if result == nil then return 1 end return result == singular and 1 or "" end function p.pluralize(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p._pluralize(args) end return p 9v8j0p14ogrk2pk8ql8ori05kr4vrtw 10 108363 708454 2026-04-23T08:12:22Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Modul:Detect singular}} {{Tlb|Pluralize from text}} dipaké pikeun ngadeteksi naha hiji nilai téks mangrupa daptar jamak (plural) atawa henteu. Tujuan utamana nyaéta pikeun parameter infobox, dimana label bisa robah tina bentuk tunggal jadi jamak. Contona, lamun hiji infobox maké parameter {{para|nickname}}, label bisa robah tina <code>Nickname</code> jadi <code>Nicknames</code> lamun nilaina leuwih ti hiji. Kaluaran (outp... 708454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Lua|Modul:Detect singular}} {{Tlb|Pluralize from text}} dipaké pikeun ngadeteksi naha hiji nilai téks mangrupa daptar jamak (plural) atawa henteu. Tujuan utamana nyaéta pikeun parameter infobox, dimana label bisa robah tina bentuk tunggal jadi jamak. Contona, lamun hiji infobox maké parameter {{para|nickname}}, label bisa robah tina <code>Nickname</code> jadi <code>Nicknames</code> lamun nilaina leuwih ti hiji. Kaluaran (output) tina témplat bisa dipaksa ku nambahkeun {{tl|force singular}} atawa {{tl|force plural}} dina parameter umum. == Pamakéan == * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|{{Var|text}}|singular{{=}}{{Var|singular output}}|likely{{=}}{{Var|likely plural output}}|plural{{=}}{{Var|plural output}}|link{{=}}{{Var|wikilink}}}} * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|{{Var|text}}|{{Var|plural argument}}|{{Var|singular output}}|{{Var|plural output}}|{{Var|wikilink}}}} ==Parameters== Aya lima parameter ngaranna anu ngatur jamak (plural): * {{para|no_comma}} – Sacara baku, [[comma]] (atawa [[semicolon]]) bakal ngajadikeun téks dianggap jamak. Lamun diset {{para|no_comma|1}}, paripolah ieu bakal dipareuman. * {{para|any_comma}} – Sacara baku, koma (atawa semikolon) anu caket jeung angka dianggap tunggal. Lamun diset {{para|any_comma|1}}, paripolah ieu bakal dipareuman. * {{para|no_and}} – Sacara baku, kecap "and" ngajadikeun hiji string jadi jamak. Lamun diset {{para|no_and|1}}, paripolah ieu bakal dipareuman. * {para|parse_links}} – Sacara baku, Wikilink dianggap teu bisa diparse (tunggal). Lamun diset {{para|parse_links|1}}, parser bakal bisa maca eusina jeung nangtukeun naha string éta jadi jamak. * {{para|parse_number}} – Lamun diset {{para|parse_number|1}}, angka bulat kahiji dina string bakal nangtukeun naha éta jamak atawa henteu. Parameter tambahan: * {{para|likely}} – Témplat bakal nangtukeun naha hiji string téh “kamungkinan jamak” (likely plural) atawa jamak lengkep. Argumén {{para|likely}} bakal dipaké salaku hasil lamun témplat nangtukeun yén string ngan saukur “kamungkinan jamak”. Lamun {{para|likely}} teu disadiakeun, “kamungkinan jamak” jeung jamak lengkep bakal dianggap sarua. * {{para|link}} – Lamun aya Wikilink anu disadiakeun, nilai anu dihasilkeun bakal ngagunakeun éta minangka tumbu (link), sarta output-na bakal jadi téks tampilan tina tumbu éta. ==TemplateData== {{Format TemplateData|1=<templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Generic parameter", "description": "Value of the wikitext parameter with unknown plurality", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "{{{language|}}}" }, "2": { "label": "Plural argument", "description": "value of the wikitext parameter known to be plural", "type": "string", "example": "{{{languages|}}}" }, "3": { "label": "Singular output", "description": "Label for the parameter if the value is singular", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "singular" ], "example": "Language" }, "4": { "label": "Plural output", "description": "Label for the parameter if the value is plural", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "plural" ], "example": "Languages" }, "5": { "label": "Wikilink", "description": "Page to link to in the label", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "link" ], "example": "Language" }, "no_comma": { "label": "Turn off comma processing", "description": "By default, commas and semicolons indicate plurals. Setting to \"yes\" turns this off.", "type": "boolean", "required": false, "default": "No" }, "any_comma": { "label": "Any comma is plural", "description": "By default, commas and semicolons that are adjacent to digits are singular. Setting to \"yes\" turns this behavior off.", "type": "boolean", "required": false, "default": "No" }, "no_and": { "label": "\"And\" is not plural", "description": "By default, \"and\" causes a string to be plural. Setting to \"yes\" turns this behavior off.", "type": "boolean", "required": false, "default": "No" }, "parse_links": { "label": "Parse wikilinks", "description": "By default, Wikilinks are considered to be unparseable (singular) objects. Setting to \"yes\" will allow the parser to read the contents of the Wikilinks and determine whether that makes the string plural.", "type": "boolean", "required": false, "default": "No" }, "parse_number": { "label": "Parse numbers", "description": "Setting to \"yes\" will cause the first integer in the string to determine plurality.", "type": "boolean", "required": false, "default": "No" }, "likely": { "label": "Likely output", "description": "Output when input is likely, but not certain, to be plural", "type": "string", "required": false } }, "description": "Helper template to adjust infobox field labels based on whether value is plural or not", "paramOrder": [ "1", "2", "3", "likely", "4", "5", "no_comma", "any_comma", "no_and", "parse_links", "parse_number" ] } </templatedata> }} ==Conto== * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|Chicagoan|singular{{=}}singular|plural{{=}}plural|_show_result=yes}} * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|761 and 345|singular{{=}}singular|plural{{=}}plural|_show_result=yes}} * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|1{{=}}|2{{=}}761/345|singular{{=}}singular|plural{{=}}plural|_show_result=yes}} * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|Chicagoan|singular{{=}}Demonym|plural{{=}}Demonyms|link{{=}}Demonym|_show_result=yes}} * {{tlx|Pluralize from text|761 and 345|singular{{=}}Area Code|plural{{=}}Area Codes|link{{=}}Area code|_show_result=yes}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line --> [[Kategori:Templat pemformatan dan fungsi khusus teks]] }}</includeonly> 51eoeltnqy8up5p623vlx8376dfa43n 828 108364 708455 2026-04-23T08:16:11Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local yesNo = require("Modul:Yesno") local Text = { serial = "2024-09-21", suite = "Text" } --[=[ Text utilities ]=] local function fiatQuote( apply, alien, advance ) -- Quote text -- Parameter: -- apply -- string, with text -- alien -- string, with language code -- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2 local r = apply and tostring(apply) or "" alien = alien or "en" advance = tonumber(advance) or 0 loca... 708455 Scribunto text/plain local yesNo = require("Modul:Yesno") local Text = { serial = "2024-09-21", suite = "Text" } --[=[ Text utilities ]=] local function fiatQuote( apply, alien, advance ) -- Quote text -- Parameter: -- apply -- string, with text -- alien -- string, with language code -- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2 local r = apply and tostring(apply) or "" alien = alien or "en" advance = tonumber(advance) or 0 local suite local data = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data') local QuoteLang = data.QuoteLang local QuoteType = data.QuoteType local slang = alien:match( "^(%l+)-" ) suite = QuoteLang[alien] or slang and QuoteLang[slang] or QuoteLang["en"] if suite then local quotes = QuoteType[ suite ] if quotes then local space if quotes[ 3 ] then space = "&#160;" else space = "" end quotes = quotes[ advance ] if quotes then r = mw.ustring.format( "%s%s%s%s%s", mw.ustring.char( quotes[ 1 ] ), space, apply, space, mw.ustring.char( quotes[ 2 ] ) ) end else mw.log( "fiatQuote() " .. suite ) end end return r end -- fiatQuote() Text.char = function ( apply, again, accept ) -- Create string from codepoints -- Parameter: -- apply -- table (sequence) with numerical codepoints, or nil -- again -- number of repetitions, or nil -- accept -- true, if no error messages to be appended -- Returns: string local r = "" apply = type(apply) == "table" and apply or {} again = math.floor(tonumber(again) or 1) if again < 1 then return "" end local bad = { } local codes = { } for _, v in ipairs( apply ) do local n = tonumber(v) if not n or (n < 32 and n ~= 9 and n ~= 10) then table.insert(bad, tostring(v)) else table.insert(codes, math.floor(n)) end end if #bad > 0 then if not accept then r = tostring( mw.html.create( "span" ) :addClass( "error" ) :wikitext( "bad codepoints: " .. table.concat( bad, " " )) ) end return r end if #codes > 0 then r = mw.ustring.char( unpack( codes ) ) if again > 1 then r = r:rep(again) end end return r end -- Text.char() local function trimAndFormat(args, fmt) local result = {} if type(args) ~= 'table' then args = {args} end for _, v in ipairs(args) do v = mw.text.trim(tostring(v)) if v ~= "" then table.insert(result,fmt and mw.ustring.format(fmt, v) or v) end end return result end Text.concatParams = function ( args, apply, adapt ) -- Concat list items into one string -- Parameter: -- args -- table (sequence) with numKey=string -- apply -- string (optional); separator (default: "|") -- adapt -- string (optional); format including "%s" -- Returns: string local collect = { } return table.concat(trimAndFormat(args,adapt), apply or "|") end -- Text.concatParams() Text.containsCJK = function ( s ) -- Is any CJK code within? -- Parameter: -- s -- string -- Returns: true, if CJK detected s = s and tostring(s) or "" local patternCJK = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data').PatternCJK return mw.ustring.find( s, patternCJK ) ~= nil end -- Text.containsCJK() Text.removeDelimited = function (s, prefix, suffix) -- Remove all text in s delimited by prefix and suffix (inclusive) -- Arguments: -- s = string to process -- prefix = initial delimiter -- suffix = ending delimiter -- Returns: stripped string s = s and tostring(s) or "" prefix = prefix and tostring(prefix) or "" suffix = suffix and tostring(suffix) or "" local prefixLen = mw.ustring.len(prefix) local suffixLen = mw.ustring.len(suffix) if prefixLen == 0 or suffixLen == 0 then return s end local i = s:find(prefix, 1, true) local r = s local j while i do j = r:find(suffix, i + prefixLen) if j then r = r:sub(1, i - 1)..r:sub(j+suffixLen) else r = r:sub(1, i - 1) end i = r:find(prefix, 1, true) end return r end Text.getPlain = function ( adjust ) -- Remove wikisyntax from string, except templates -- Parameter: -- adjust -- string -- Returns: string local r = Text.removeDelimited(adjust,"<!--","-->") r = r:gsub( "(</?%l[^>]*>)", "" ) :gsub( "'''", "" ) :gsub( "''", "" ) :gsub( "&nbsp;", " " ) return r end -- Text.getPlain() Text.isLatinRange = function (s) -- Are characters expected to be latin or symbols within latin texts? -- Arguments: -- s = string to analyze -- Returns: true, if valid for latin only s = s and tostring(s) or "" --- ensure input is always string local PatternLatin = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data').PatternLatin return mw.ustring.match(s, PatternLatin) ~= nil end -- Text.isLatinRange() Text.isQuote = function ( s ) -- Is this character any quotation mark? -- Parameter: -- s = single character to analyze -- Returns: true, if s is quotation mark s = s and tostring(s) or "" if s == "" then return false end local SeekQuote = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data').SeekQuote return mw.ustring.find( SeekQuote, s, 1, true ) ~= nil end -- Text.isQuote() Text.listToText = function ( args, adapt ) -- Format list items similar to mw.text.listToText() -- Parameter: -- args -- table (sequence) with numKey=string -- adapt -- string (optional); format including "%s" -- Returns: string return mw.text.listToText(trimAndFormat(args, adapt)) end -- Text.listToText() Text.quote = function ( apply, alien, advance ) -- Quote text -- Parameter: -- apply -- string, with text -- alien -- string, with language code, or nil -- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2, or nil -- Returns: quoted string apply = apply and tostring(apply) or "" local mode, slang if type( alien ) == "string" then slang = mw.text.trim( alien ):lower() else slang = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().pageLanguage if not slang then -- TODO FIXME: Introduction expected 2017-04 slang = mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode() end end if advance == 2 then mode = 2 else mode = 1 end return fiatQuote( mw.text.trim( apply ), slang, mode ) end -- Text.quote() Text.quoteUnquoted = function ( apply, alien, advance ) -- Quote text, if not yet quoted and not empty -- Parameter: -- apply -- string, with text -- alien -- string, with language code, or nil -- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2, or nil -- Returns: string; possibly quoted local r = mw.text.trim( apply and tostring(apply) or "" ) local s = mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, 1 ) if s ~= "" and not Text.isQuote( s, advance ) then s = mw.ustring.sub( r, -1, 1 ) if not Text.isQuote( s ) then r = Text.quote( r, alien, advance ) end end return r end -- Text.quoteUnquoted() Text.removeDiacritics = function ( adjust ) -- Remove all diacritics -- Parameter: -- adjust -- string -- Returns: string; all latin letters should be ASCII -- or basic greek or cyrillic or symbols etc. local cleanup, decomposed local PatternCombined = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data').PatternCombined decomposed = mw.ustring.toNFD( adjust and tostring(adjust) or "" ) cleanup = mw.ustring.gsub( decomposed, PatternCombined, "" ) return mw.ustring.toNFC( cleanup ) end -- Text.removeDiacritics() Text.sentenceTerminated = function ( analyse ) -- Is string terminated by dot, question or exclamation mark? -- Quotation, link termination and so on granted -- Parameter: -- analyse -- string -- Returns: true, if sentence terminated local r local PatternTerminated = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data').PatternTerminated if mw.ustring.find( analyse, PatternTerminated ) then r = true else r = false end return r end -- Text.sentenceTerminated() Text.ucfirstAll = function ( adjust) -- Capitalize all words -- Arguments: -- adjust = string to adjust -- Returns: string with all first letters in upper case adjust = adjust and tostring(adjust) or "" local r = mw.text.decode(adjust,true) local i = 1 local c, j, m m = (r ~= adjust) r = " "..r while i do i = mw.ustring.find( r, "%W%l", i ) if i then j = i + 1 c = mw.ustring.upper( mw.ustring.sub( r, j, j ) ) r = string.format( "%s%s%s", mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, i ), c, mw.ustring.sub( r, i + 2 ) ) i = j end end -- while i r = r:sub( 2 ) if m then r = mw.text.encode(r) end return r end -- Text.ucfirstAll() Text.uprightNonlatin = function ( adjust ) -- Ensure non-italics for non-latin text parts -- One single greek letter might be granted -- Precondition: -- adjust -- string -- Returns: string with non-latin parts enclosed in <span> local r local data = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data') local PatternLatin = data.PatternLatin local RangesLatin = data.RangesLatin local NumLatinRanges = data.NumLatinRanges if mw.ustring.match( adjust, PatternLatin ) then -- latin only, horizontal dashes, quotes r = adjust else local c local j = false local k = 1 local m = false local n = mw.ustring.len( adjust ) local span = "%s%s<span dir='auto' style='font-style:normal'>%s</span>" local flat = function ( a ) -- isLatin local range -- NumLatinRanges has to be precomputed because # does not work from loadData for i = 1, NumLatinRanges do range = RangesLatin[ i ] if a >= range[ 1 ] and a <= range[ 2 ] then return true end end -- for i end -- flat() local focus = function ( a ) -- char is not ambivalent local r = ( a > 64 ) if r then r = ( a < 8192 or a > 8212 ) else r = ( a == 38 or a == 60 ) -- '&' '<' end return r end -- focus() local form = function ( a ) return string.format( span, r, mw.ustring.sub( adjust, k, j - 1 ), mw.ustring.sub( adjust, j, a ) ) end -- form() r = "" for i = 1, n do c = mw.ustring.codepoint( adjust, i, i ) if focus( c ) then if flat( c ) then if j then if m then if i == m then -- single greek letter. j = false end m = false end if j then local nx = i - 1 local s = "" for ix = nx, 1, -1 do c = mw.ustring.sub( adjust, ix, ix ) if c == " " or c == "(" then nx = nx - 1 s = c .. s else break -- for ix end end -- for ix r = form( nx ) .. s j = false k = i end end elseif not j then j = i if c >= 880 and c <= 1023 then -- single greek letter? m = i + 1 else m = false end end elseif m then m = m + 1 end end -- for i if j and ( not m or m < n ) then r = form( n ) else r = r .. mw.ustring.sub( adjust, k ) end end return r end -- Text.uprightNonlatin() Text.test = function ( about ) local r if about == "quote" then data = mw.loadData('Modul:Text/data') r = { } r.QuoteLang = data.QuoteLang r.QuoteType = data.QuoteType end return r end -- Text.test() -- Non Unicode-aware version of mw.text.split and mw.text.gsplit -- based on [[phab:diffusion/ELUA/browse/master/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.text.lua]] -- These run up to 60 times faster than the Unicode-aware versions Text.split = function ( text, pattern, plain ) local ret = {} for m in Text.gsplit( text, pattern, plain ) do ret[#ret+1] = m end return ret end Text.gsplit = function ( text, pattern, plain ) local s, l = 1, string.len( text ) return function () if s then local e, n = string.find( text, pattern, s, plain ) local ret if not e then ret = string.sub( text, s ) s = nil elseif n < e then -- Empty separator! ret = string.sub( text, s, e ) if e < l then s = e + 1 else s = nil end else ret = e > s and string.sub( text, s, e - 1 ) or '' s = n + 1 end return ret end end, nil, nil end -- Export local p = { } for _, func in ipairs({'containsCJK','isLatinRange','isQuote','sentenceTerminated'}) do p[func] = function (frame) return Text[func]( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) and "1" or "" end end for _, func in ipairs({'getPlain','removeDiacritics','ucfirstAll','uprightNonlatin'}) do p[func] = function (frame) return Text[func]( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) end end function p.char( frame ) local params = frame:getParent().args local story = params[ 1 ] local codes, lenient, multiple if not story then params = frame.args story = params[ 1 ] end if story then local items = mw.text.split( mw.text.trim(story), "%s+" ) if #items > 0 then local j lenient = (yesNo(params.errors) == false) codes = { } multiple = tonumber( params[ "*" ] ) for _, v in ipairs( items ) do j = tonumber((v:sub( 1, 1 ) == "x" and "0" or "") .. v) table.insert( codes, j or v ) end end end return Text.char( codes, multiple, lenient ) end function p.concatParams( frame ) local args local template = frame.args.template if type( template ) == "string" then template = mw.text.trim( template ) template = ( template == "1" ) end if template then args = frame:getParent().args else args = frame.args end return Text.concatParams( args, frame.args.separator, frame.args.format ) end function p.listToFormat(frame) local lists = {} local pformat = frame.args["format"] local sep = frame.args["sep"] or ";" -- Parameter parsen: Listen for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do local knum = tonumber(k) if knum then lists[knum] = v end end -- Listen splitten local maxListLen = 0 for i = 1, #lists do lists[i] = mw.text.split(lists[i], sep) if #lists[i] > maxListLen then maxListLen = #lists[i] end end -- Ergebnisstring generieren local result = "" local result_line = "" for i = 1, maxListLen do result_line = pformat for j = 1, #lists do result_line = mw.ustring.gsub(result_line, "%%s", lists[j][i], 1) end result = result .. result_line end return result end function p.listToText( frame ) local args local template = frame.args.template if type( template ) == "string" then template = mw.text.trim( template ) template = ( template == "1" ) end if template then args = frame:getParent().args else args = frame.args end return Text.listToText( args, frame.args.format ) end function p.quote( frame ) local slang = frame.args[2] if type( slang ) == "string" then slang = mw.text.trim( slang ) if slang == "" then slang = false end end return Text.quote( frame.args[ 1 ] or "", slang, tonumber( frame.args[3] ) ) end function p.quoteUnquoted( frame ) local slang = frame.args[2] if type( slang ) == "string" then slang = mw.text.trim( slang ) if slang == "" then slang = false end end return Text.quoteUnquoted( frame.args[ 1 ] or "", slang, tonumber( frame.args[3] ) ) end function p.zip(frame) local lists = {} local seps = {} local defaultsep = frame.args["sep"] or "" local innersep = frame.args["isep"] or "" local outersep = frame.args["osep"] or "" -- Parameter parsen for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do local knum = tonumber(k) if knum then lists[knum] = v else if string.sub(k, 1, 3) == "sep" then local sepnum = tonumber(string.sub(k, 4)) if sepnum then seps[sepnum] = v end end end end -- sofern keine expliziten Separatoren angegeben sind, den Standardseparator verwenden for i = 1, math.max(#seps, #lists) do if not seps[i] then seps[i] = defaultsep end end -- Listen splitten local maxListLen = 0 for i = 1, #lists do lists[i] = mw.text.split(lists[i], seps[i]) if #lists[i] > maxListLen then maxListLen = #lists[i] end end local result = "" for i = 1, maxListLen do if i ~= 1 then result = result .. outersep end for j = 1, #lists do if j ~= 1 then result = result .. innersep end result = result .. (lists[j][i] or "") end end return result end function p.split(frame) local text = frame.args.text or frame.args[1] or '' local pattern = frame.args.pattern or frame.args[2] or '' local plain = yesNo(frame.args.plain or frame.args[3]) local index = tonumber(frame.args.index) or tonumber(frame.args[4]) or 1 local a = Text.split(text, pattern, plain) if index < 0 then index = #a + index + 1 end return a[index] end function p.failsafe() return Text.serial end p.Text = function () return Text end -- p.Text return p hj0ujhnye9vb8jgml6hj5reaxruotpe 10 108365 708456 2026-04-23T08:18:10Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{yesno-yes|{{{header}}}}}|yes|{{TemplateData header}} }}{{#invoke:Format TemplateData| f |classNoNumTOC=nonumtoc |cssParams=border:#B3B7FF 1px solid;|docpageCreate=%s/doc |docpageDetect=/doc$ |msgDescMiss=Missing description |cat=Templates with TemplateData errors}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 708456 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{yesno-yes|{{{header}}}}}|yes|{{TemplateData header}} }}{{#invoke:Format TemplateData| f |classNoNumTOC=nonumtoc |cssParams=border:#B3B7FF 1px solid;|docpageCreate=%s/doc |docpageDetect=/doc$ |msgDescMiss=Missing description |cat=Templates with TemplateData errors}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> in0weol9sija4upagvbgx1pbjtrzw7q 10 108366 708457 2026-04-23T08:27:50Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{Lua|Modul:Format TemplateData}} == Pamakéan == Tambahkeun {{Tag|templatedata|o}} saperti biasa, tuluy bungkus ku panggero ka témplat ieu salaku hiji-hijina parameter (unnamed/positional), sapertos {{Template link general|code=on|nolink=on|Format TemplateData|2=1={{Tag|templatedata|p}}}}. == Conto hasil == {{TemplateData header}} {{Tmbox|type=notice|text=Sagala anu aya di handapeun kotak ieu mangrupakeun hasil ''tina témplat ieu'', sarua jeun... 708457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Lua|Modul:Format TemplateData}} == Pamakéan == Tambahkeun {{Tag|templatedata|o}} saperti biasa, tuluy bungkus ku panggero ka témplat ieu salaku hiji-hijina parameter (unnamed/positional), sapertos {{Template link general|code=on|nolink=on|Format TemplateData|2=1={{Tag|templatedata|p}}}}. == Conto hasil == {{TemplateData header}} {{Tmbox|type=notice|text=Sagala anu aya di handapeun kotak ieu mangrupakeun hasil ''tina témplat ieu'', sarua jeung anu bisa dipigawé ku dokuméntasi témplat séjén; baca [{{canonicalurl:Templat:Format TemplateData/doc|action=edit}} kode sumber subkaca dokuméntasi], sarta buka bagian TemplateData mentah pikeun ningali kumaha cara gawéna.}} {{Format TemplateData|header=0|1=<templatedata>{ "description": "Témplat ieu dipaké pikeun nampilkeun [[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] kalayan rapih dina kaca dokuméntasi, nyumputkeun informasi anu teu perlu saperti "Default: empty", sarta ngamungkinkeun nilaina miboga pormat sorangan. Émut yén pamaké VisualEditor '''moal ningali''' pormat ieu; penting pikeun nguji TemplateData anyar dina VisualEditor supaya tetep kaharti tanpa pormat tambahan. (Pikeun rinci ngeunaan sagala pormat anu aya, tingali kaca témplatna.) Lamun teu dipareuman sacara husus ku parameter <code>|header=false</code>, témplat {{[[Template:TemplateData header|TemplateData header]]}} bakal otomatis dipintonkeun saméméh tabel ieu.", "format": "block", "params": { "1": { "label": "TemplateData information", "description": "If the JSON parameter is not specified, this will be processed to extract the JSON. This option allows you to use the GUI TemplateData Editor, with the tradeoff of being a bit wonkier than when supplying just the actual JSON object inside them directly to the <code>|JSON=</code> parameter.", "default": "See {{{JSON}}}, directly below", "type": "string" }, "JSON": { "label": "JSON TemplateData object", "description": "Kode anu biasana dibungkus ku tag [[Wikipedia:TemplateData|<templatedata>]] (teu kaasup tag <templatedata>-na sorangan). Tumbu (link) jeung pormat téks dasar biasana bakal jalan dina tabel anu dipintonkeun; tingali kaca témplat ieu pikeun rinci lengkep. Anjeun kudu maké [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|entitas HTML]] pikeun karakter husus, saperti <code><></code> (ditulis jadi <code>&lt;</code> jeung <code>&gt;</code>). <noexport><h4>Pilihan pormat</h4> :; Wikilink : Ieu bisa ditulis saperti biasa. Ngan bakal jadi tumbu dina tabel; dina VisualEditor, ngan judul link anu bakal katingali (salaku téks biasa). :; Tumbu luar : Ku ngan nambahkeun URL, éta bakal bisa diklik dina tabel sarta katingali dina VisualEditor. Lamun URL ditulis salaku [https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia], éta bakal mucunghul jadi [https://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] dina tabel jeung https://en.wikipedia.org/ dina VisualEditor. :; Entitas HTML : Anjeun bisa nulis <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&amp;</code>, <code>&quot;</code>, <code>&nbsp;</code> jeung entitas XML atawa HTML séjén anu sah. :; Tag HTML : Ieu bisa dipaké, tapi moal katingali dina VisualEditor. :; Tag noexport : Eusi anu dibungkus ku tag <noexport>…</noexport> ngan bakal katingali dina tabel jeung moal mucunghul dina VisualEditor, jadi mangpaat pikeun panjelasan rinci ngeunaan parameter atawa eusi séjén anu peryogi pormat husus. Karakter garis anyar (newline) bakal tetep diaku. :; Témplat : Ieu bisa ditransklusikeun, tapi kudu ati-ati sabab hasil parsing-na bisa ngajadikeun data JSON jadi teu valid.</noexport>" "type": "string", "default": "If neither {{{1}}} nor {{{JSON}}} is given, the page's source code is scanned for a <templatedata> tag.", "suggested": true }, "TOC": { "label": "Show table of contents", "description": "When defined with a [[Truth_value#Computing|truthy]] Boolean value, a table of contents for the whole page is inserted between the template description and the parameter table.", "type": "boolean", "default": "0", "suggestedvalues": [ "1", "on", "true", "y", "yes" ] }, "header": { "label": "Hide TemplateData header", "description": "Lamun dihartikeun ku nilai Boolean [[Truth_value#Computing|falsey]] (saperti <code>no</code>, <code>off</code>, jsb.), ieu bakal nyumputkeun tampilan témplat {{[[Template:TemplateData header|TemplateData header]]}} di luhur tabel, tapi ieu umumna henteu dianjurkeun." "type": "boolean", "default": "1", "suggestedvalues": [ "0", "false", "n", "no", "off" ] }, "lazy": { "label": "Suspend TemplateData output", "description": "Lamun dihartikeun ku nilai naon waé anu henteu null iwal ti <code>0</code>, sagala output TemplateData anu sabenerna bakal dipareuman. Ieu bisa dipaké dina kaayaan husus, misalna lamun aya sababaraha instansi témplat ieu dina hiji kaca tapi ngan hiji anu kudu aktif. Pikeun ngajelaskeun, ieu hartina témplat ieu ''moal'' kaharti ku VisualEditor." "type": "boolean", "default": "0", "suggestedvalues": [ "1", "on", "true", "y", "yes" ] } } }</templatedata>}} == Kategori pangropéa == * {{Category link with count|Templat dengan kesalahan TemplateData}} – témplat ieu nambihan kategori ieu kana kaca dokuméntasi témplat anu miboga kode TemplateData anu teu leres (malformed). == Tingali ogé == * {{Template link general|Crude TemplateData}} * {{Template link general|Template parameter usage}} * {{Template link general|TemplateData}} * {{Template link general|TemplateData header}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- Please place category links below this line, and interwiki links at Wikidata. Thank you! --> [[Kategori:TemplateData]] }}</includeonly> ji7p764stesnuxwtshe1x5i9vfh26tp 828 108367 708458 2026-04-23T08:29:58Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local TemplateData = { item = 46997995, serial = "2025-02-07", suite = "TemplateData" } local Failsafe = TemplateData local Config = { -- Multiple option names mapped into unique internal fields. basicCnf = { catProblem = "strange", classMultiColumns = "selMultClm", classNoNumTOC = "suppressTOCnum", classTable = "classTable", cssParWrap = "cssTabWrap", cssParams = "cssTable", docpageCreate = "suffix", docpageDetect = "subpage",... 708458 Scribunto text/plain local TemplateData = { item = 46997995, serial = "2025-02-07", suite = "TemplateData" } local Failsafe = TemplateData local Config = { -- Multiple option names mapped into unique internal fields. basicCnf = { catProblem = "strange", classMultiColumns = "selMultClm", classNoNumTOC = "suppressTOCnum", classTable = "classTable", cssParWrap = "cssTabWrap", cssParams = "cssTable", docpageCreate = "suffix", docpageDetect = "subpage", helpAliases = "supportAliases", helpBoolean = "support4boolean", helpContent = "support4content", helpDate = "support4date", helpDefault = "support4default", helpFile = "support4wiki-file-name", helpFormat = "supportFormat", helpLine = "support4line", helpNumber = "support4number", helpPage = "support4wiki-page-name", helpString = "support4string", helpTemplate = "support4wiki-template-name", helpURL = "support4url", helpUser = "support4wiki-user-name", msgDescMiss = "solo", tStylesMultiColumns = "stylesMultClm", tStylesTOCnum = "stylesTOCnum" }, classTable = { "wikitable" }, -- Classes for params table cssTable = false, -- Styles for params table cssTabWrap = false, -- Styles for params table wrapper debug = false, debugmultilang = "#c0c0c0", jsonDebug = "json-code-lint", -- Class for jsonDebug tool loudly = false, -- Show exported element, etc. solo = false, -- Complaint on missing description strange = false, -- Title of maintenance category subpage = false, -- Pattern to identify subpage suffix = false, -- Subpage creation scheme suppressTOCnum = false -- Class for TOC number suppression } local Data = { div = false, -- <div class="mw-templatedata-doc-wrap"> got = false, -- table, initial templatedata object heirs = false, -- table, params that are inherited jump = false, -- source position at end of "params" less = false, -- main description missing lasting = false, -- old syntax encountered lazy = false, -- doc mode; do not generate effective <templatedata> leading = false, -- show TOC -- low = false, -- 1= mode order = false, -- parameter sequence params = false, -- table, exported parameters scream = false, -- error messages sibling = false, -- TOC juxtaposed slang = nil, -- project/user language code slim = false, -- JSON reduced to plain source = false, -- JSON input strip = false, -- <templatedata> evaluation tag = false, -- table, exported root element title = false, -- page tree = false -- table, rewritten templatedata object } local Permit = { builder = { after = "block", align = "block", block = "block", compressed = "block", dense = "block", grouped = "inline", half = "inline", indent = "block", inline = "inline", last = "block", lead = "block", newlines = "*", spaced = "inline" }, colors = { bg = "var(--background-color-base, #fff)", deprecated = "#ffcbcb", fg = "var(--color-base, #000)", optional = "#eaecf0", required = "#eaf3ff", suggested = "#fff", tableheadbg = "var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #b3b7ff)" }, params = { aliases = "table", autovalue = "string", default = "string table I18N nowiki", deprecated = "boolean string I18N", description = "string table I18N", example = "string table I18N nowiki", inherits = "string", label = "string table I18N", required = "boolean", style = "string table", suggested = "boolean", suggestedvalues = "string table number boolean", type = "string" }, root = { description = "string table I18N", format = "string", maps = "table", paramOrder = "table", params = "table", sets = "table" }, search = "[{,]%%s*(['\"])%s%%1%%s*:%%s*%%{", types = { boolean = true, content = true, date = true, line = true, number = true, string = true, unknown = true, url = true, ["string/line"] = "line", ["string/wiki-page-name"] = "wiki-page-name", ["string/wiki-user-name"] = "wiki-user-name", ["unbalanced-wikitext"] = true, ["wiki-file-name"] = true, ["wiki-page-name"] = true, ["wiki-template-name"] = true, ["wiki-user-name"] = true } } local function Fault(alert) -- Memorize error message. -- Parameter: -- alert -- string, error message if Data.scream then Data.scream = string.format("%s *** %s", Data.scream, alert) else Data.scream = alert end end -- Fault() local function Fetch(ask, allow) -- Fetch module. -- Parameter: -- ask -- string, with name -- "/global" -- "JSONutil" -- "Multilingual" -- "Text" -- "WLink" -- allow -- true: no error if unavailable -- Returns table of module -- Error: Module not available local sign = ask local r, stem if sign:sub(1, 1) == "/" then sign = TemplateData.frame:getTitle() .. sign else stem = sign sign = "Module:" .. stem end if TemplateData.extern then r = TemplateData.extern[sign] else TemplateData.extern = {} end if not r then local lucky, g = pcall(require, sign) if type(g) == "table" then if stem and type(g[stem]) == "function" then r = g[stem]() else r = g end TemplateData.extern[sign] = r elseif not allow then error(string.format("Fetch(%s) %s", sign, g), 0) end end return r end -- Fetch() local function Foreign() -- Guess human language, returns slang or not. if type(Data.slang) == "nil" then local Multilingual = Fetch("Multilingual", true) if Multilingual and type(Multilingual.userLangCode) == "function" then Data.slang = Multilingual.userLangCode() else Data.slang = mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode():lower() end end if Data.slang and mw.ustring.codepoint(Data.slang, 1, 1) > 122 then Data.slang = false end return Data.slang end -- Foreign() local function facet(ask, at) -- Find physical position of parameter definition in JSON. -- Parameter: -- ask -- string, parameter name -- at -- number, physical position within definition -- Returns number or nil. local seek = string.format(Permit.search, ask:gsub("%%", "%%%%"):gsub("([%-.()+*?^$%[%]])", "%%%1")) local i, k, r, slice, source if not Data.jump then Data.jump = Data.source:find("params", 2) if Data.jump then Data.jump = Data.jump + 7 else Data.jump = 1 end end i, k = Data.source:find(seek, at + Data.jump) while i and not r do source = Data.source:sub(k + 1) slice = source:match('^%s*"([^"]+)"s*:') if not slice then slice = source:match("^%s*'([^']+)'%s*:") end if (slice and Permit.params[slice]) or source:match("^%s*%}") then r = k else i, k = Data.source:find(seek, k) end end -- while i return r end -- facet() local function facilities(apply) -- Retrieve details of suggestedvalues. -- Parameter: -- apply -- table, with plain or enhanced values -- .suggestedvalues -- table|string|number, or more -- Returns -- 1 -- table, with suggestedvalues -- 2 -- table, with CSS map, or not -- 3 -- string, with class, or not -- 4 -- string, with templatestyles, or not local elements = apply.suggestedvalues local s = type(elements) local r1, r2, r3, r4 if s == "table" then local values = elements.values if type(values) == "table" then r1 = values if type(elements.scroll) == "string" then r2 = r2 or {} r2.height = apply.scroll r2.overflow = "auto" end if type(elements.minwidth) == "string" then local s = type(elements.maxcolumns) r2 = r2 or {} r2["column-width"] = elements.minwidth if s == "string" or s == "number" then s = tostring(elements.maxcolumns) r2["column-count"] = s end if type(Config.selMultClm) == "string" then r3 = Config.selMultClm end if type(Config.stylesMultClm) == "string" then local src = Config.stylesMultClm .. "/styles.css" r4 = TemplateData.frame:extensionTag("templatestyles", nil, { src = src }) end end elseif elements and elements ~= "" then r1 = elements end elseif s == "string" then s = mw.text.trim(about) if s ~= "" then r1 = {} table.insert(r1, { code = s }) end elseif s == "number" then r1 = {} table.insert(r1, { code = tostring(elements) }) end return r1, r2, r3, r4 end -- facilities() local function factory(adapt) -- Retrieve localized text from system message. -- Parameter: -- adapt -- string, message ID after "templatedata-" -- Returns string, with localized text local o = mw.message.new("templatedata-" .. adapt) if Foreign() then o:inLanguage(Data.slang) end return o:plain() end -- factory() local function faculty(adjust) -- Test template argument for Boolean. -- adjust -- string or nil -- Returns boolean. local s = type(adjust) local r if s == "string" then r = mw.text.trim(adjust) r = (r ~= "" and r ~= "0") elseif s == "boolean" then r = adjust else r = false end return r end -- faculty() local function failures() -- Retrieve error collection and category, returns string. local r if Data.scream then local e = mw.html.create("span"):addClass("error"):wikitext(Data.scream) r = tostring(e) mw.addWarning("'''TemplateData'''<br />" .. Data.scream) if Config.strange then r = string.format("%s[[category:%s]]", r, Config.strange) end else r = "" end return r end -- failures() local function fair(adjust) -- Reduce text to one line of plain text, or noexport wikitext blocks. -- adjust -- string -- Returns string with adjusted text. local f = function(a) return a:gsub("%s*\n%s*", " "):gsub("%s%s+", " ") end local tags = { { start = "<noexport>", stop = "</noexport>", }, { start = "<exportonly>", stop = "</exportonly>", l = false, }, } local r = adjust local i, j, k, s, tag for m = 1, 2 do tag = tags[m] if r:find(tag.start, 1, true) then s = r r = "" i = 1 tag.l = true j, k = s:find(tag.start, i, true) while j do if j > 1 then r = r .. f(s:sub(i, j - 1)) end i = k + 1 j, k = s:find(tag.stop, i, true) if j then if m == 1 then r = r .. s:sub(i, j - 1) end i = k + 1 j, k = s:find(tag.start, i, true) else Fault("missing " .. tag.stop) end end -- while j r = r .. s:sub(i) elseif m == 1 then r = f(r) end end -- for m if tags[2].l then r = r:gsub("<exportonly>.*</exportonly>", "") end return r end -- fair() local function fancy(advance, alert) -- Present JSON source. -- Parameter: -- advance -- true, for nice -- alert -- true, for visible -- Returns string. local r if Data.source then local support = Config.jsonDebug local css if advance then css = { height = "6em", resize = "vertical", } r = { [1] = "syntaxhighlight", [2] = Data.source, lang = "json", style = table.concat(css, ";"), } if alert then r.class(support) end r = TemplateData.frame:callParserFunction("#tag", r) else css = { ["font-size"] = "0.77em", ["line-height"] = "1.35", } if alert then css.resize = "vertical" else css.display = "none" end r = mw.html.create("pre"):addClass(support):css(css):wikitext(mw.text.encode(Data.source)) r = tostring(r) end r = "\n" .. r else r = "" end return r end -- fancy() local function faraway(alternatives) -- Retrieve best language version from multilingual text. -- Parameter: -- alternatives -- table, to be evaluated -- Returns -- 1 -- string, with best match -- 2 -- table of other versions, if any local n = 0 local variants = {} local r1, r2 for k, v in pairs(alternatives) do if type(v) == "string" then v = mw.text.trim(v) if v ~= "" and type(k) == "string" then k = k:lower() variants[k] = v n = n + 1 end end end -- for k, v if n > 0 then local Multilingual = Fetch("Multilingual", true) if Multilingual and type(Multilingual.i18n) == "function" then local show, slang = Multilingual.i18n(variants) if show then r1 = show variants[slang] = nil r2 = variants end end if not r1 then Foreign() for k, v in pairs(variants) do if n == 1 then r1 = v elseif Data.slang == k then variants[k] = nil r1 = v r2 = variants end end -- for k, v end if r2 and Multilingual then for k, v in pairs(r2) do if v and not Multilingual.isLang(k, true) then Fault(string.format("%s <code>lang=%s</code>", "Invalid", k)) end end -- for k, v end end return r1, r2 end -- faraway() local function fashioned(about, asked, assign) -- Create description head. -- Parameter: -- about -- table, supposed to contain description -- asked -- true, if mandatory description -- assign -- <block>, if to be equipped -- Returns <block> with head, or nil. local para = assign or mw.html.create("div") local plus, r if about and about.description then if type(about.description) == "string" then para:wikitext(about.description) else para:wikitext(about.description[1]) plus = mw.html.create("ul") plus:css("text-align", "left") for k, v in pairs(about.description[2]) do plus:node( mw.html .create("li") :node(mw.html.create("code"):wikitext(k)) :node(mw.html.create("br")) :wikitext(fair(v)) ) end -- for k, v if Config.loudly then plus = mw.html .create("div") :css("background-color", Config.debugmultilang) :css("color", "inherit") :node(plus) else plus:addClass("templatedata-maintain"):css("display", "none") end end elseif Config.solo and asked then para:addClass("error"):wikitext(Config.solo) Data.less = true else para = false end if para then if plus then r = mw.html.create("div"):node(para):node(plus) else r = para end end return r end -- fashioned() local function fatten(access) -- Create table row for subheadline. -- Parameter: -- access -- string, with name -- Returns <tr>. local param = Data.tree.params[access] local sub, sort = access:match("(=+)%s*(%S.*)$") local headline = mw.html.create(string.format("h%d", #sub)) local r = mw.html.create("tr") local td = mw.html.create("td"):attr("colspan", "5"):attr("data-sort-value", "!" .. sort) local s if param.style then s = type(param.style) if s == "table" then td:css(param.style) elseif s == "string" then td:cssText(param.style) end end s = fashioned(param, false, headline) if s then headline = s else headline:wikitext(sort) end td:node(headline) r:node(td) return r end -- fatten() local function fathers() -- Merge parameters with inherited values. local n = 0 local p = Data.params local t = Data.tree.params local p2, t2 for k, v in pairs(Data.heirs) do n = n + 1 end -- for k, v for i = 1, n do if Data.heirs then for k, v in pairs(Data.heirs) do if v and not Data.heirs[v] then n = n - 1 t[k].inherits = nil Data.heirs[k] = nil p2 = {} t2 = {} if p[v] then for k2, v2 in pairs(p[v]) do p2[k2] = v2 end -- for k2, v2 if p[k] then for k2, v2 in pairs(p[k]) do if type(v2) ~= "nil" then p2[k2] = v2 end end -- for k2, v2 end p[k] = p2 for k2, v2 in pairs(t[v]) do t2[k2] = v2 end -- for k2, v2 for k2, v2 in pairs(t[k]) do if type(v2) ~= "nil" then t2[k2] = v2 end end -- for k2, v2 t[k] = t2 else Fault("No params[] inherits " .. v) end end end -- for k, v end end -- i = 1, n if n > 0 then local s for k, v in pairs(Data.heirs) do if v then if s then s = string.format("%s &#124; %s", s, k) else s = "Circular inherits: " .. k end end end -- for k, v Fault(s) end end -- fathers() local function favorize() -- Local customization issues. local boole = { ["font-size"] = "1.25em" } local l, cx = pcall(mw.loadData, TemplateData.frame:getTitle() .. "/config") local scripting, style TemplateData.ltr = not mw.language.getContentLanguage():isRTL() if TemplateData.ltr then scripting = "left" else scripting = "right" end boole["margin-" .. scripting] = "3em" Permit.boole = { [false] = { css = boole, lead = true, show = "&#x2610;", }, [true] = { css = boole, lead = true, show = "&#x2611;", }, } Permit.css = {} for k, v in pairs(Permit.colors) do if k == "tableheadbg" then k = "tablehead" end if k == "fg" then style = "color" else style = "background-color" end Permit.css[k] = {} Permit.css[k][style] = v end -- for k, v if type(cx) == "table" then local c, s if type(cx.permit) == "table" then if type(cx.permit.boole) == "table" then if type(cx.permit.boole[true]) == "table" then Permit.boole[false] = cx.permit.boole[false] end if type(cx.permit.boole[true]) == "table" then Permit.boole[true] = cx.permit.boole[true] end end if type(cx.permit.css) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(cx.permit.css) do if type(v) == "table" then Permit.css[k] = v end end -- for k, v end end for k, v in pairs(Config.basicCnf) do s = type(cx[k]) if s == "string" or s == "table" then Config[v] = cx[k] end end -- for k, v end if type(Config.subpage) ~= "string" or type(Config.suffix) ~= "string" then local got = mw.message.new("templatedata-doc-subpage") local suffix if got:isDisabled() then suffix = "doc" else suffix = got:plain() end if type(Config.subpage) ~= "string" then Config.subpage = string.format("/%s$", suffix) end if type(Config.suffix) ~= "string" then Config.suffix = string.format("%%s/%s", suffix) end end end -- favorize() local function feasible(all, at, about) -- Deal with suggestedvalues within parameter. -- Parameter: -- all -- parameter details -- .default -- .type -- at -- string, with parameter name -- about -- suggestedvalues -- table, -- value and possibly description -- table may have elements: -- .code -- mandatory -- .label -- table|string -- .support -- table|string -- .icon -- string -- .class -- table|string -- .css -- table -- .style -- string -- .less -- true: suppress code -- Returns -- 1: mw.html object <ul> -- 2: sequence table with values, or nil local h = {} local e, r1, r2, s, v if #about > 0 then for i = 1, #about do e = about[i] s = type(e) if s == "table" then if type(e.code) == "string" then s = mw.text.trim(e.code) if s == "" then e = nil else e.code = s end else e = nil s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d] %s", at, "suggestedvalues", i, "MISSING 'code:'") end elseif s == "string" then s = mw.text.trim(e) if s == "" then e = nil s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d] EMPTY", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) else e = { code = s } end elseif s == "number" then e = { code = tostring(e) } else s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d] INVALID", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) e = false end if e then v = v or {} table.insert(v, e) if h[e.code] then s = string.format("params.%s.%s REPEATED %s", at, "suggestedvalues", e.code) Fault(s) else h[e.code] = true end end end -- for i else Fault(string.format("params.%s.suggestedvalues %s", at, "NOT AN ARRAY")) end if v then local code, d, k, less, story, swift, t, u r1 = mw.html.create("ul") r2 = {} for i = 1, #v do u = mw.html.create("li") e = v[i] table.insert(r2, e.code) story = false less = (e.less == true) if not less then swift = e.code if e.support then local scream, support s = type(e.support) if s == "string" then support = e.support elseif s == "table" then support = faraway(e.support) else scream = "INVALID" end if support then s = mw.text.trim(support) if s == "" then scream = "EMPTY" elseif s:find("[%[%]|%<%>]") then scream = "BAD PAGE" else support = s end end if scream then s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].support %s", at, "suggestedvalues", i, scream) Fault(s) else swift = string.format("[[:%s|%s]]", support, swift) end end if all.type:sub(1, 5) == "wiki-" and swift == e.code then local rooms = { file = 6, temp = 10, user = 2, } local ns = rooms[all.type:sub(6, 9)] or 0 t = mw.title.makeTitle(ns, swift) if t and t.exists then swift = string.format("[[:%s|%s]]", t.prefixedText, swift) end end if e.code == all.default then k = 800 else k = 300 end code = mw.html.create("code"):css("font-weight", tostring(k)):css("white-space", "nowrap"):wikitext(swift) u:node(code) end if e.class then s = type(e.class) if s == "string" then u:addClass(e.class) elseif s == "table" then for k, s in pairs(e.class) do u:addClass(s) end -- for k, s else s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].class INVALID", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) end end if e.css then if type(e.css) == "table" then u:css(e.css) else s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].css INVALID", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) end end if e.style then if type(e.style) == "string" then u:cssText(e.style) else s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].style INVALID", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) end end if all.type == "wiki-file-name" and not e.icon then e.icon = e.code end if e.label then s = type(e.label) if s == "string" then s = mw.text.trim(e.label) if s == "" then s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].label %s", at, "suggestedvalues", i, "EMPTY") Fault(s) else story = s end elseif s == "table" then story = faraway(e.label) else s = string.format("params.%s.%s[%d].label INVALID", at, "suggestedvalues", i) Fault(s) end end s = false if type(e.icon) == "string" then t = mw.title.makeTitle(6, e.icon) if t and t.file.exists then local g = mw.html.create("span") s = string.format("[[%s|16px]]", t.prefixedText) g:attr("role", "presentation"):wikitext(s) s = tostring(g) end end if not s and not less and e.label then s = mw.ustring.char(0x2013) end if s then d = mw.html.create("span"):wikitext(s) if TemplateData.ltr then if not less then d:css("margin-left", "0.5em") end if story then d:css("margin-right", "0.5em") end else if not less then d:css("margin-right", "0.5em") end if story then d:css("margin-left", "0.5em") end end u:node(d) end if story then u:wikitext(story) end r1:newline():node(u) end -- for i end if not r1 and v ~= false then Fault(string.format("params.%s.suggestedvalues INVALID", at)) r1 = mw.html.create("code"):addClass("error"):wikitext("INVALID") end return r1, r2 end -- feasible() local function feat() -- Check and store parameter sequence. if Data.source then local i = 0 local s for k, v in pairs(Data.tree.params) do if i == 0 then Data.order = {} i = 1 s = k else i = 2 break -- for k, v end end -- for k, v if i > 1 then local pointers = {} local points = {} local given = {} for k, v in pairs(Data.tree.params) do i = facet(k, 1) if type(v) == "table" then if type(v.label) == "string" then s = mw.text.trim(v.label) if s == "" then s = k end else s = k end if given[s] then if given[s] == 1 then local scream = "Parameter label '%s' detected multiple times" Fault(string.format(scream, s)) given[s] = 2 end else given[s] = 1 end end if i then table.insert(points, i) pointers[i] = k i = facet(k, i) if i then s = "Parameter '%s' detected twice" Fault(string.format(s, k)) end else s = "Parameter '%s' not detected" Fault(string.format(s, k)) end end -- for k, v table.sort(points) for i = 1, #points do table.insert(Data.order, pointers[points[i]]) end -- i = 1, #points elseif s then table.insert(Data.order, s) end end end -- feat() local function feature(access) -- Create table row for parameter, check and display violations. -- Parameter: -- access -- string, with name -- Returns <tr>. local mode, s, status local fine = function(a) s = mw.text.trim(a) return a == s and a ~= "" and not a:find("%|=\n") and not a:find("%s%s") end local begin = mw.html.create("td") local code = mw.html.create("code") local desc = mw.html.create("td") local eager = mw.html.create("td") local legal = true local param = Data.tree.params[access] local ranking = { "required", "suggested", "optional", "deprecated" } local r = mw.html.create("tr") local styles = "mw-templatedata-doc-param-" local sort, typed for k, v in pairs(param) do if v == "" then param[k] = false end end -- for k, v -- label sort = param.label or access if sort:match("^%d+$") then begin:attr("data-sort-value", string.format("%05d", tonumber(sort))) end begin:css("font-weight", "700"):wikitext(sort) -- name and aliases code:css("font-size", "0.92em"):css("white-space", "nowrap"):wikitext(access) if not fine(access) then code:addClass("error") Fault(string.format("Bad ID params.<code>%s</code>", access)) legal = false begin:attr("data-sort-value", " " .. sort) end code = mw.html.create("td"):addClass(styles .. "name"):node(code) if access:match("^%d+$") then code:attr("data-sort-value", string.format("%05d", tonumber(access))) end if type(param.aliases) == "table" then local lapsus, syn for k, v in pairs(param.aliases) do code:tag("br") if type(v) == "string" then if not fine(v) then lapsus = true code:node(mw.html.create("span"):addClass("error"):css("font-style", "italic"):wikitext("string")) :wikitext(s) else if Config.supportAliases then s = string.format("[[%s|%s]]", Config.supportAliases, mw.text.nowiki(s)) end syn = mw.html.create("span"):addClass(styles .. "alias"):css("white-space", "nowrap"):wikitext(s) code:node(syn) end else lapsus = true code:node(mw.html.create("code"):addClass("error"):wikitext(type(v))) end end -- for k, v if lapsus then s = string.format("params.<code>%s</code>.aliases", access) Fault(factory("invalid-value"):gsub("$1", s)) legal = false end end -- description etc. s = fashioned(param) if s then desc:node(s) end if param.style then s = type(param.style) if s == "table" then desc:css(param.style) elseif s == "string" then desc:cssText(param.style) end end if param.suggestedvalues or param.default or param.example or param.autovalue then local details = { "suggestedvalues", "default", "example", "autovalue", } local dl = mw.html.create("dl") local dd, section, show for i = 1, #details do s = details[i] show = param[s] if show then dd = mw.html.create("dd") section = factory("doc-param-" .. s) if s == "default" and Config.support4default then section = string.format("[[%s|%s]]", Config.support4default, mw.text.nowiki(section)) end if param.type == "boolean" and (show == "0" or show == "1") then local boole = Permit.boole[(show == "1")] if boole.lead == true then dd:node(mw.html.create("code"):wikitext(show)):wikitext(" ") end if type(boole.show) == "string" then local v = mw.html.create("span"):attr("aria-hidden", "true"):wikitext(boole.show) if boole.css then v:css(boole.css) end dd:node(v) end if type(boole.suffix) == "string" then dd:wikitext(boole.suffix) end if boole.lead == false then dd:wikitext(" "):node(mw.html.create("code"):wikitext(show)) end elseif s == "suggestedvalues" then local v, css, class, ts = facilities(param) if v then local ul ul, v = feasible(param, access, v) if v then dd:newline():node(ul) if css then dd:css(css) if class then dd:addClass(class) end if ts then dd:newline() dd:node(ts) end end Data.params[access].suggestedvalues = v end end else dd:wikitext(show) end dl:node(mw.html.create("dt"):wikitext(section)):node(dd) end end -- i = 1, #details desc:node(dl) end -- type if type(param.type) == "string" then param.type = mw.text.trim(param.type) if param.type == "" then param.type = false end end if param.type then s = Permit.types[param.type] typed = mw.html.create("td"):addClass(styles .. "type") if s then if s == "string" then Data.params[access].type = s typed:wikitext(factory("doc-param-type-" .. s)):tag("br") typed:node(mw.html.create("span"):addClass("error"):wikitext(param.type)) Data.lasting = true else local support = Config["support4" .. param.type] s = factory("doc-param-type-" .. param.type) if support then s = string.format("[[%s|%s]]", support, s) end typed:wikitext(s) end else Data.params[access].type = "unknown" typed:addClass("error"):wikitext("INVALID") s = string.format("params.<code>%s</code>.type", access) Fault(factory("invalid-value"):gsub("$1", s)) legal = false end else typed = mw.html.create("td"):wikitext(factory("doc-param-type-unknown")) Data.params[access].type = "unknown" if param.default then Data.params[access].default = nil Fault("Default value requires <code>type</code>") legal = false end end typed:addClass("navigation-not-searchable") -- status if param.required then mode = 1 if param.autovalue then Fault(string.format("autovalued <code>%s</code> required", access)) legal = false end if param.default then Fault(string.format("Defaulted <code>%s</code> required", access)) legal = false end if param.deprecated then Fault(string.format("Required deprecated <code>%s</code>", access)) legal = false end elseif param.deprecated then mode = 4 elseif param.suggested then mode = 2 else mode = 3 end status = ranking[mode] ranking = factory("doc-param-status-" .. status) if mode == 1 or mode == 4 then ranking = mw.html.create("span"):css("font-weight", "700"):wikitext(ranking) if type(param.deprecated) == "string" then ranking:tag("br") ranking:wikitext(param.deprecated) end if param.suggested and mode == 4 then s = string.format("Suggesting deprecated <code>%s</code>", access) Fault(s) legal = false end end eager :attr("data-sort-value", tostring(mode)) :node(ranking) :addClass(string.format("%sstatus-%s %s", styles, status, "navigation-not-searchable")) -- <tr> r:attr("id", "templatedata:" .. mw.uri.anchorEncode(access)) :css(Permit.css[status]) :addClass(styles .. status) :node(begin) :node(code) :node(desc) :node(typed) :node(eager) :newline() if not legal then r:css("border", "3px solid #f00") end return r end -- feature() local function features() -- Create <table> for parameters. -- Returns <table>, or nil. local r if Data.tree and Data.tree.params then local tbl = mw.html.create("table") local tr = mw.html.create("tr") feat() if Data.order and #Data.order > 1 then tbl:addClass("sortable") end if type(Config.classTable) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(Config.classTable) do tbl:addClass(v) end -- for k, v end if type(Config.cssTable) == "table" then tbl:css(Config.cssTable) end tr:addClass("navigation-not-searchable") :node( mw.html.create("th"):attr("colspan", "2"):css(Permit.css.tablehead):wikitext(factory("doc-param-name")) ) :node(mw.html.create("th"):css(Permit.css.tablehead):wikitext(factory("doc-param-desc"))) :node(mw.html.create("th"):css(Permit.css.tablehead):wikitext(factory("doc-param-type"))) :node(mw.html.create("th"):css(Permit.css.tablehead):wikitext(factory("doc-param-status"))) tbl :newline() -- :node( mw.html.create( "thead" ) :node(tr) -- ) :newline() if Data.order then local leave, s for i = 1, #Data.order do s = Data.order[i] if s:sub(1, 1) == "=" then leave = true tbl:node(fatten(s)) Data.order[i] = false elseif s:match("[=|]") then Fault(string.format("Bad param <code>%s</code>", s)) else tbl:node(feature(s)) end end -- for i = 1, #Data.order if leave then for i = #Data.order, 1, -1 do if not Data.order[i] then table.remove(Data.order, i) end end -- for i = #Data.order, 1, -1 end Data.tag.paramOrder = Data.order end if Config.cssTabWrap or Data.scroll then r = mw.html.create("div") if type(Config.cssTabWrap) == "table" then r:css(Config.cssTabWrap) elseif type(Config.cssTabWrap) == "string" then -- deprecated r:cssText(Config.cssTabWrap) end if Data.scroll then r:css("height", Data.scroll):css("overflow", "auto") end r:node(tbl) else r = tbl end end return r end -- features() local function fellow(any, assigned, at) -- Check sets[] parameter and issue error message, if necessary. -- Parameter: -- any -- should be number -- assigned -- parameter name -- at -- number, of set local s if type(any) ~= "number" then s = "<code>sets[%d].params[%s]</code>??" Fault(string.format(s, at, mw.text.nowiki(tostring(any)))) elseif type(assigned) == "string" then if not Data.got.params[assigned] then s = "<code>sets[%d].params %s</code> is undefined" Fault(string.format(s, at, assigned)) end else s = "<code>sets[%d].params[%d] = %s</code>??" Fault(string.format(s, k, type(assigned))) end end -- fellow() local function fellows() -- Check sets[] and issue error message, if necessary. local s if type(Data.got.sets) == "table" then if type(Data.got.params) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(Data.got.sets) do if type(k) == "number" then if type(v) == "table" then for ek, ev in pairs(v) do if ek == "label" then s = type(ev) if s ~= "string" and s ~= "table" then s = "<code>sets[%d].label</code>??" Fault(string.format(s, k)) end elseif ek == "params" and type(ev) == "table" then for pk, pv in pairs(ev) do fellow(pk, pv, k) end -- for pk, pv else ek = mw.text.nowiki(tostring(ek)) s = "<code>sets[%d][%s]</code>??" Fault(string.format(s, k, ek)) end end -- for ek, ev else k = mw.text.nowiki(tostring(k)) v = mw.text.nowiki(tostring(v)) s = string.format("<code>sets[%s][%s]</code>??", k, v) Fault(s) end else k = mw.text.nowiki(tostring(k)) s = string.format("<code>sets[%s]</code> ?????", k) Fault(s) end end -- for k, v else s = "<code>params</code> required for <code>sets</code>" Fault(s) end else s = "<code>sets</code> needs to be of <code>object</code> type" Fault(s) end end -- fellows() local function finalize(advance) -- Wrap presentation into frame. -- Parameter: -- advance -- true, for nice -- Returns string. local r, lapsus if Data.div then r = tostring(Data.div) elseif Data.strip then r = Data.strip else lapsus = true r = "" end r = r .. failures() if Data.source then local live = (advance or lapsus) if not live then live = TemplateData.frame:preprocess("{{REVISIONID}}") live = (live == "") end if live then r = r .. fancy(advance, lapsus) end end return r end -- finalize() local function find() -- Find JSON data within page source (title). -- Returns string, or nil. local s = Data.title:getContent() local i, j = s:find("<templatedata>", 1, true) local r if i then local k = s:find("</templatedata>", j, true) if k then r = mw.text.trim(s:sub(j + 1, k - 1)) end end return r end -- find() local function flat(adjust) -- Remove formatting from text string for VisualEditor. -- Parameter: -- arglist -- string, to be stripped, or nil -- Returns string, or nil. local r if adjust then r = adjust:gsub("\n", " ") if r:find("<noexport>", 1, true) then r = r:gsub("<noexport>.*</noexport>", "") end if r:find("<exportonly>", 1, true) then r = r:gsub("</?exportonly>", "") end if r:find("''", 1, true) then r = r:gsub("'''", ""):gsub("''", "") end if r:find("<", 1, true) then local Text = Fetch("Text") r = r:gsub("<br */?>", "\r\n"):gsub("²", "&sup2;"):gsub("³", "&sup3;") r = Text.getPlain(r) end if r:find("[", 1, true) then local WLink = Fetch("WLink") if WLink.isBracketedURL(r) then r = r:gsub("%[([hf]tt?ps?://%S+) [^%]]+%]", "%1") end r = WLink.getPlain(r) end if r:find("&", 1, true) then r = mw.text.decode(r) if r:find("&shy;", 1, true) then r = r:gsub("&shy;", "") end end end return r end -- flat() local function flush() -- JSON encode narrowed input; obey unnamed (numerical) parameters. -- Returns <templatedata> JSON string. local r if Data.tag then r = mw.text.jsonEncode(Data.tag):gsub("%}$", ",") else r = "{" end r = r .. '\n"params":{' if Data.order then local sep = "" local s for i = 1, #Data.order do s = Data.order[i] r = string.format("%s%s\n%s:%s", r, sep, mw.text.jsonEncode(s), mw.text.jsonEncode(Data.params[s])) sep = ",\n" end -- for i = 1, #Data.order end r = r .. "\n}\n}" return r end -- flush() local function focus(access) -- Check components; focus multilingual description, build trees. -- Parameter: -- access -- string, name of parameter, nil for root local f = function(a, at) local r if at then r = string.format("<code>params.%s</code>", at) else r = "''root''" end if a then r = string.format("%s<code>.%s</code>", r, a) end return r end local parent if access then parent = Data.got.params[access] else parent = Data.got end if type(parent) == "table" then local elem, permit, s, scope, slot, tag, target if access then permit = Permit.params if type(access) == "number" then slot = tostring(access) else slot = access end else permit = Permit.root end for k, v in pairs(parent) do scope = permit[k] if scope then s = type(v) if s == "string" and k ~= "format" then v = mw.text.trim(v) end if scope:find(s, 1, true) then if scope:find("I18N", 1, true) then if s == "string" then elem = fair(v) elseif s == "table" then local translated v, translated = faraway(v) if v then if translated and k == "description" then elem = { [1] = fair(v), [2] = translated, } else elem = fair(v) end else elem = false end end if type(v) == "string" then if k == "deprecated" then if v == "1" then v = true elseif v == "0" then v = false end elem = v elseif scope:find("nowiki", 1, true) then elem = mw.text.nowiki(v) elem = elem:gsub("&#13;" .. string.char(10), "<br>") v = v:gsub(string.char(13), "") else v = flat(v) end elseif s == "boolean" then if scope:find("boolean", 1, true) then elem = v else s = "Type <code>boolean</code> bad for " .. f(k, slot) Fault(s) end end else if k == "params" and not access then v = nil elem = nil elseif k == "format" and not access then elem = mw.text.decode(v) v = nil elseif k == "inherits" then elem = v if not Data.heirs then Data.heirs = {} end Data.heirs[slot] = v v = nil elseif k == "style" then elem = v v = nil elseif s == "string" then v = mw.text.nowiki(v) elem = v else elem = v end end if type(elem) ~= "nil" then if not target then if access then if not Data.tree.params then Data.tree.params = {} end Data.tree.params[slot] = {} target = Data.tree.params[slot] else Data.tree = {} target = Data.tree end end target[k] = elem elem = false end if type(v) ~= "nil" then if not tag then if access then if type(v) == "string" and v.sub(1, 1) == "=" then v = nil else if not Data.params then Data.params = {} end Data.params[slot] = {} tag = Data.params[slot] end else Data.tag = {} tag = Data.tag end end if type(v) ~= "nil" and k ~= "suggestedvalues" then tag[k] = v end end else s = string.format("Type <code>%s</code> bad for %s", scope, f(k, slot)) Fault(s) end else Fault("Unknown component " .. f(k, slot)) end end -- for k, v if not access and Data.got.sets then fellows() end else Fault(f() .. " needs to be of <code>object</code> type") end end -- focus() local function format() -- Build formatted element. -- Returns <inline>. local source = Data.tree.format:lower() local r, s if source == "inline" or source == "block" then r = mw.html.create("i"):wikitext(source) else local code if source:find("|", 1, true) then local scan = "^[\n ]*%{%{[\n _]*|[\n _]*=[\n _]*%}%}[\n ]*$" if source:match(scan) then code = source:gsub("\n", "N") else s = mw.text.nowiki(source):gsub("\n", "&#92;n") s = tostring(mw.html.create("code"):wikitext(s)) Fault("Invalid format " .. s) source = false end else local words = mw.text.split(source, "%s+") local show, start, support, unknown for i = 1, #words do s = words[i] if i == 1 then start = s end support = Permit.builder[s] if support == start or support == "*" then Permit.builder[s] = true elseif s:match("^[1-9]%d?") and Permit.builder.align then Permit.builder.align = tonumber(s) else if unknown then unknown = string.format("%s %s", unknown, s) else unknown = s end end end -- i = 1, #words if unknown then s = tostring(mw.html.create("code"):css("white-space", "nowrap"):wikitext(s)) Fault("Unknown/misplaced format keyword " .. s) source = false start = false end if start == "inline" then if Permit.builder.half == true then show = "inline half" code = "{{_ |_=_}}" elseif Permit.builder.grouped == true then show = "inline grouped" code = "{{_ | _=_}}" elseif Permit.builder.spaced == true then show = "inline spaced" code = "{{_ | _ = _ }}" end if Permit.builder.newlines == true then show = show or "inline" code = code or "{{_|_=_}}" show = show .. " newlines" code = string.format("N%sN", code) end elseif start == "block" then local space = "" -- amid "|" and name local spaced = " " -- preceding "=" local spacer = " " -- following "=" local suffix = "N" -- closing "}}" on new line show = "block" if Permit.builder.indent == true then start = " " show = "block indent" else start = "" end if Permit.builder.compressed == true then spaced = "" spacer = "" show = show .. " compressed" if Permit.builder.last == true then show = show .. " last" else suffix = "" end else if Permit.builder.lead == true then show = show .. " lead" space = " " end if type(Permit.builder.align) ~= "string" then local n s = " align" if Permit.builder.align == true then n = 0 if type(Data.got) == "table" and type(Data.got.params) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(Data.got.params) do if type(v) == "table" and not v.deprecated and type(k) == "string" then k = mw.ustring.len(k) if k > n then n = k end end end -- for k, v end else n = Permit.builder.align if type(n) == "number" and n > 1 then s = string.format("%s %d", s, n) else n = 0 -- How come? end end if n > 1 then spaced = string.rep("_", n - 1) .. " " end show = show .. s elseif Permit.builder.after == true then spaced = "" show = show .. " after" elseif Permit.builder.dense == true then spaced = "" spacer = "" show = show .. " dense" end if Permit.builder.last == true then suffix = spacer show = show .. " last" end end code = string.format("N{{_N%s|%s_%s=%s_%s}}N", start, space, spaced, spacer, suffix) if show == "block" then show = "block newlines" end end if show then r = mw.html.create("span"):wikitext(show) end end if code then source = code:gsub("N", "\n") code = mw.text.nowiki(code):gsub("N", "&#92;n") code = mw.html.create("code"):css("margin-left", "1em"):css("margin-right", "1em"):wikitext(code) if r then r = mw.html.create("span"):node(r):node(code) else r = code end end end if source and Data.tag then Data.tag.format = source end return r end -- format() local function formatter() -- Build presented documentation. -- Returns <div>. local r = mw.html.create("div") local x = fashioned(Data.tree, true, r) local s if x then r = x end if Data.leading then local toc = mw.html.create("div") local shift if Config.suppressTOCnum then toc:addClass(Config.suppressTOCnum) if type(Config.stylesTOCnum) == "string" then local src = Config.stylesTOCnum .. "/styles.css" s = TemplateData.frame:extensionTag("templatestyles", nil, { src = src }) r:newline():node(s) end end toc:addClass("navigation-not-searchable"):css("margin-top", "0.5em"):wikitext("__TOC__") if Data.sibling then local block = mw.html.create("div") if TemplateData.ltr then shift = "right" else shift = "left" end block:css("float", shift):wikitext(Data.sibling) r:newline():node(block):newline() end r:newline():node(toc):newline() if shift then r:node(mw.html.create("div"):css("clear", shift)):newline() end end s = features() if s then if Data.leading then r:node(mw.html.create("h" .. Config.nested):wikitext(factory("doc-params"))):newline() end r:node(s) end if Data.shared then local global = mw.html.create("div"):attr("id", "templatedata-global") local shift if TemplateData.ltr then shift = "right" else shift = "left" end global:css("float", shift):wikitext(string.format("[[%s|%s]]", Data.shared, "Global")) r:newline():node(global) end if Data.tree and Data.tree.format then local e = format() if e then local show = "Format" if Config.supportFormat then show = string.format("[[%s|%s]]", Config.supportFormat, show) end r:node(mw.html.create("p"):addClass("navigation-not-searchable"):wikitext(show .. ": "):node(e)) end end return r end -- formatter() local function free() -- Remove JSON comment lines. if Data.source:find("//", 1, true) then Data.source:gsub("([{,\"'])(%s*\n%s*//.*\n%s*)([{},\"'])", "%1%3") end end -- free() local function full() -- Build survey table from JSON data, append invisible <templatedata>. Data.div = mw.html.create("div"):addClass("mw-templatedata-doc-wrap") if Permit.css.bg then Data.div:css(Permit.css.bg) end if Permit.css.fg then Data.div:css(Permit.css.fg) end focus() if Data.tag then if type(Data.got.params) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(Data.got.params) do focus(k) end -- for k, v if Data.heirs then fathers() end end end Data.div:node(formatter()) if not Data.lazy then Data.slim = flush() if TemplateData.frame then local div = mw.html.create("div") local tdata = { [1] = "templatedata", [2] = Data.slim, } Data.strip = TemplateData.frame:callParserFunction("#tag", tdata) div:wikitext(Data.strip) if Config.loudly then Data.div:node(mw.html.create("hr"):css({ height = "7ex" })) else div:css("display", "none") end Data.div:node(div) end end if Data.lasting then Fault("deprecated type syntax") end if Data.less then Fault(Config.solo) end end -- full() local function furnish(adapt, arglist) -- Analyze transclusion. -- Parameter: -- adapt -- table, #invoke parameters -- arglist -- table, template parameters -- Returns string. local source favorize() -- deprecated: for k, v in pairs(Config.basicCnf) do if adapt[k] and adapt[k] ~= "" then Config[v] = adapt[k] end end -- for k, v if arglist.heading and arglist.heading:match("^[3-6]$") then Config.nested = arglist.heading else Config.nested = "2" end Config.loudly = faculty(arglist.debug or adapt.debug) Data.lazy = faculty(arglist.lazy) and not Config.loudly Data.leading = faculty(arglist.TOC) if Data.leading and arglist.TOCsibling then Data.sibling = mw.text.trim(arglist.TOCsibling) end if arglist.lang then Data.slang = arglist.lang:lower() elseif adapt.lang then Data.slang = adapt.lang:lower() end if arglist.JSON then source = arglist.JSON elseif arglist.Global then source = TemplateData.getGlobalJSON(arglist.Global, arglist.Local) elseif arglist[1] then local s = mw.text.trim(arglist[1]) local start = s:sub(1, 1) if start == "<" then Data.strip = s elseif start == "{" then source = s elseif mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, 8) == mw.ustring.char(127, 39, 34, 96, 85, 78, 73, 81) then Data.strip = s end end if type(arglist.vertical) == "string" and arglist.vertical:match("^%d*%.?%d+[emprx]+$") then Data.scroll = arglist.vertical end if not source then Data.title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() source = find() if not source and not Data.title.text:match(Config.subpage) then local s = string.format(Config.suffix, Data.title.prefixedText) Data.title = mw.title.new(s) if Data.title.exists then source = find() end end end if not Data.lazy then if not Data.title then Data.title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end Data.lazy = Data.title.text:match(Config.subpage) end if type(source) == "string" then TemplateData.getPlainJSON(source) end return finalize(faculty(arglist.source)) end -- furnish() Failsafe.failsafe = function(atleast) -- Retrieve versioning and check for compliance. -- Precondition: -- atleast -- string, with required version -- or wikidata|item|~|@ or false -- Postcondition: -- Returns string -- with queried version/item, also if problem -- false -- if appropriate -- 2024-03-01 local since = atleast local last = (since == "~") local linked = (since == "@") local link = (since == "item") local r if last or link or linked or since == "wikidata" then local item = Failsafe.item since = false if type(item) == "number" and item > 0 then local suited = string.format("Q%d", item) if link then r = suited else local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(suited) if type(entity) == "table" then local seek = Failsafe.serialProperty or "P348" local vsn = entity:formatPropertyValues(seek) if type(vsn) == "table" and type(vsn.value) == "string" and vsn.value ~= "" then if last and vsn.value == Failsafe.serial then r = false elseif linked then if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText == mw.wikibase.getSitelink(suited) then r = false else r = suited end else r = vsn.value end end end end elseif link then r = false end end if type(r) == "nil" then if not since or since <= Failsafe.serial then r = Failsafe.serial else r = false end end return r end -- Failsafe.failsafe() TemplateData.getGlobalJSON = function(access, adapt) -- Retrieve TemplateData from a global repository (JSON). -- Parameter: -- access -- string, with page specifier (on WikiMedia Commons) -- adapt -- JSON string or table with local overrides -- Returns true, if succeeded. local plugin = Fetch("/global") local r if type(plugin) == "table" and type(plugin.fetch) == "function" then local s, got = plugin.fetch(access, adapt) if got then Data.got = got Data.order = got.paramOrder Data.shared = s r = true full() else Fault(s) end end return r end -- TemplateData.getGlobalJSON() TemplateData.getPlainJSON = function(adapt) -- Reduce enhanced JSON data to plain text localized JSON. -- Parameter: -- adapt -- string, with enhanced JSON -- Returns string, or not. if type(adapt) == "string" then local JSONutil = Fetch("JSONutil", true) Data.source = adapt free() if JSONutil then local Multilingual = Fetch("Multilingual", true) local f if Multilingual then f = Multilingual.i18n end Data.got = JSONutil.fetch(Data.source, true, f) else local lucky lucky, Data.got = pcall(mw.text.jsonDecode, Data.source) end if type(Data.got) == "table" then full() elseif not Data.strip then local scream = type(Data.got) if scream == "string" then scream = Data.got else scream = "Data.got: " .. scream end Fault("fatal JSON error: " .. scream) end end return Data.slim end -- TemplateData.getPlainJSON() TemplateData.test = function(adapt, arglist) TemplateData.frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() return furnish(adapt, arglist) end -- TemplateData.test() -- Export. local p = {} p.f = function(frame) -- Template call. local lucky, r TemplateData.frame = frame lucky, r = pcall(furnish, frame.args, frame:getParent().args) if not lucky then Fault("INTERNAL: " .. r) r = failures() end return r end -- p.f p.failsafe = function(frame) -- Versioning interface. local s = type(frame) local since if s == "table" then since = frame.args[1] elseif s == "string" then since = frame end if since then since = mw.text.trim(since) if since == "" then since = false end end return Failsafe.failsafe(since) or "" end -- p.failsafe p.TemplateData = function() -- Module interface. return TemplateData end setmetatable(p, { __call = function(func, ...) setmetatable(p, nil) return Failsafe end, }) return p gq8e9ue777rz14xixllqvc778bxk2t4 828 108368 708459 2026-04-23T08:51:18Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{Lua|Modul:Format TemplateData/config|Modul:Format TemplateData/global|Modul:JSONutil|Modul:Multilingual|Modul:Text|Modul:WLink}} <code>Modul:Format TemplateData</code> nyaéta modul bantu pikeun dokuméntasi témplat anu ngagunakeun TemplateData; fungsi utamana pikeun ningkatkeun tampilan dina kaca dokuméntasi témplat. __TOC__ == Pamakéan == Ayeuna modul ieu utamana dipaké pikeun hiji témplat: : {{Template link general|bold=on|plaincode=o... 708459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Lua|Modul:Format TemplateData/config|Modul:Format TemplateData/global|Modul:JSONutil|Modul:Multilingual|Modul:Text|Modul:WLink}} <code>Modul:Format TemplateData</code> nyaéta modul bantu pikeun dokuméntasi témplat anu ngagunakeun TemplateData; fungsi utamana pikeun ningkatkeun tampilan dina kaca dokuméntasi témplat. __TOC__ == Pamakéan == Ayeuna modul ieu utamana dipaké pikeun hiji témplat: : {{Template link general|bold=on|plaincode=on|Format TemplateData}} == Alesan == === {{Anchor|improveMW}}Ningkatkeun kaca dokuméntasi témplat – kakurangan dina MediaWiki === Pikeun nampilkeun dokuméntasi témplat dina VisualEditor, aya kasapukan pikeun ngaleungitkeun sakabéh markup jeung tumbu anu bisa diklik, sangkan tooltip bisa dipaké dina sagala lingkungan. Ieu sabenerna cukup merenah, sanajan tooltip anu ngandung markup jeung tumbu geus lila didukung ku HTML, sarta JavaScript ogé geus aya nalika VisualEditor dipaké. * Ku sabab éta, tampilan dina dokuméntasi témplat ogé henteu meunang ngandung tumbu aktif atawa markup. * Hal ieu nyababkeun loba kaca dokuméntasi kudu miboga dua tabel parameter anu misah: hiji versi téks polos pikeun VisualEditor, jeung hiji deui versi anu leuwih lengkep (kalawan tumbu, markup, daptar, jeung tabel). Kaayaan ieu dianggap kurang merenah. ==== {{Anchor|enhancedJSON}}Tampilan anu leuwih hadé ==== Salian sintaks basajan anu didukung ku MediaWiki jeung dipintonkeun dina VisualEditor, aya sababaraha fitur anu bisa ditambahkeun kana kode JSON dina dokuméntasi témplat. Fitur ieu mangaruhan kana unsur anu kaasup kana ''InterfaceText'', utamana dina bagian déskripsi. '''Wikilink''' (format internal) * Ngagunakeun tanda kurung siku ganda ([[ ]]) saperti biasa. * Dina VisualEditor, ngan judul tumbu anu katingali. '''Tumbu luar''' ([[URL]] format) * URL anu ditulis langsung bakal jadi tumbu dina tabel, tapi dina VisualEditor bakal katingali minangka téks biasa. * Lamun URL dibungkus ku tanda kurung siku tunggal, dina tabel bakal katingali normal, sedengkeun dina VisualEditor ngan URL-na wungkul. '''Apostrof''' <code>'</code> pikeun miring jeung kandel * Bisa dipaké pikeun nekenkeun tulisan dina dokuméntasi, tapi teu katingali dina VisualEditor. '''Éntitas HTML''' * Bisa maké <code>&amp;lt; &amp;gt; &amp;amp; &amp;quot; &amp;nbsp;</code> sarta rupa-rupa éntitas séjén. '''Tag HTML''' * Tag HTML bakal dipiceun dina VisualEditor, tapi tetep jalan dina tampilan biasa. * Disarankeun maké <code>'</code> pikeun atribut supaya henteu bentrok jeung sintaks JSON. '''Tag noexport''' ({{Tag|noexport|p}}) * Eusi di jerona moal dikirim ka VisualEditor. * Cocog pikeun panjelasan anu leuwih jero. * Struktur baris dina kode sumber tetep dijaga. '''Témplat''' * Témplat bisa diasupkeun kana JSON, tapi kudu ati-ati sabab hasilna bisa ngaganggu struktur JSON. '''Fitur tambahan''' * Baris dina tabel diwarnaan nurutkeun statusna (required, suggested, optional, deprecated). * Urutan dumasar kana tingkat pentingna, lain alfabet. * Unggal parameter bisa dijadikeun jangkar: <code>#templatedata:nami-parameter</code>. * Label anu leungit bakal ditandaan minangka kasalahan. * Kategori pangropéa bakal ditambah lamun aya kasalahan. * Lamun teu aya parameter, unsur <code>params:{}</code> teu diperlukeun. ==== Ngaleungitkeun kakurangan ==== Aya dua hal anu dianggap jadi masalah: # Sanajan teu aya parameter, header tabel tetep dipintonkeun. #* Hal ieu kungsi dibahas dina {{Phab|126150}}, tapi teu dironjatkeun. #* Ieu jadi salah sahiji alesan dikembangkeunna modul ieu dina taun 2016. # Sanajan teu aya nilai default atawa AutoValue, daptar panjang tetep dipintonkeun pikeun unggal parameter. #* {{Phab|T125333}} / {{Phab|T137443}} / {{Phab|T160254}} / {{Phab|T52512}} #* MediaWiki teu méré solusi anu nyugemakeun dina ieu hal. Sacara umum, MediaWiki leuwih museur kana tampilan TemplateData dina VisualEditor tibatan kabutuhan dokuméntasi pikeun pangembang. == Alur kerja umum == * Nyoba maca objek JSON tina parameter témplat. * Lamun gagal, bakal néangan unsur <code>&lt;templatedata></code> dina kode sumber kaca ayeuna atawa kaca dokuméntasina. * Tina éta data, dihasilkeun dua wangun: ** Versi JSON polos (tanpa markup). ** Struktur HTML pikeun tampilan anu leuwih lengkep. * Hasil ahir nyaéta dokuméntasi anu katingali, dituturkeun ku unsur <code>&lt;templatedata></code> anu disumputkeun pikeun kaperluan ékspor. == {{Anchor|template}}Fungsi pikeun témplat == === Rincian === ; {{Anchor|f}}f : Dipaké pikeun ningkatkeun tampilan TemplateData; digunakeun dina [[Template:Format TemplateData]]. : ''Parameter (opsional):'' ::; 1 ::: String JSON atawa objek <code>&lt;templatedata></code> ::; JSON ::: String JSON (ngagantikeun parameter 1) ::; TOC ::: <code>1</code> – nambahkeun daptar eusi ::; lang ::: Kode basa nurutkeun [[ISO 639]] ::; lazy ::: <code>1</code> – ngan pikeun tampilan, henteu ngahasilkeun data aktif ::; debug ::: Modeu pamekar ::; source ::: <code>1</code> – nembongkeun kode JSON hasil ahir == {{Anchor|Lua}}Fungsi pikeun modul Lua (API) == Sababaraha fungsi bisa dipaké ku modul séjén: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local lucky, TemplateData = pcall( require, "Modul:Format TemplateData" ) if type( TemplateData ) == "table" then TemplateData = TemplateData.TemplateData() else return "<span class='error'>" .. TemplateData .. "</span>" end </syntaxhighlight> == {{Anchor|config}}Konfigurasi == Modul lokal [[Modul:Format TemplateData/config]] bisa dipaké pikeun nyaluyukeun kabutuhan lokal. * catProblem – judul kategori pangropéa lamun aya kasalahan * classNoNumTOC – kelas pikeun daptar eusi (misalna <code>nonumtoc</code>) * classTable – kelas pikeun tabel (misalna <code>{ "wikitable" }</code>) * cssParams – aturan CSS pikeun parameter * cssParWrap – aturan CSS pikeun sakabéh tabel * docpageCreate – pola pikeun nyieun subkaca dokuméntasi * docpageDetect – pola pikeun ngadeteksi subkaca dokuméntasi * msgDescMiss – pesen lamun déskripsi teu aya iqmv1pth5af18pbiddrnl5x64j3tjy9 828 108369 708460 2026-04-23T08:53:09Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar --[=[ Konfigurasi pikeun [[Modul:Format TemplateData]] dina enwiki Dipaké ku mw.loadData() ]=] local Serial = "2026-01-25" return { -- Kategori pangropéa lamun aya kasalahan TemplateData catProblem = "Templates with TemplateData errors", -- Kelas tampilan classMultiColumns = "column-multiple", classNoNumTOC = "nonumtoc", classTable = { "wikitable", "templatedata-params" }, -- CSS pikeun bungkus parameter cssParWrap = { ["margin-left"... 708460 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ Konfigurasi pikeun [[Modul:Format TemplateData]] dina enwiki Dipaké ku mw.loadData() ]=] local Serial = "2026-01-25" return { -- Kategori pangropéa lamun aya kasalahan TemplateData catProblem = "Templates with TemplateData errors", -- Kelas tampilan classMultiColumns = "column-multiple", classNoNumTOC = "nonumtoc", classTable = { "wikitable", "templatedata-params" }, -- CSS pikeun bungkus parameter cssParWrap = { ["margin-left"] = "-1em", ["margin-right"] = "-1em" }, -- CSS pikeun tabel parameter cssParams = { ["border"] = "thin solid var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #b3b7ff)", ["margin-left"] = "auto", ["margin-right"] = "auto" }, -- Pola kaca dokuméntasi docpageCreate = "%s/doc", docpageDetect = "/doc$", -- Vérsi failsafe failsafe = Serial, -- Tumbu bantuan TemplateData helpAliases = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#aliases", helpBoolean = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#boolean", helpContent = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#Content", helpDate = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#date", helpDefault = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#default", helpFile = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#wiki-file-name", helpFormat = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#format", helpLine = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#line", helpNumber = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#number", helpPage = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#wiki-page-name", helpString = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#string", helpTemplate = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#wiki-template-name", helpURL = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#url", helpUser = "mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData#wiki-user-name", -- Pesen lamun deskripsi teu aya msgDescMiss = "teu aya <code>description</code>", -- Aturan tampilan parameter permit = { boole = { [true] = { css = { ["color"] = "var(--color-content-added, #050)", ["font-weight"] = "700" }, lead = false, show = "True" }, [false] = { css = { ["color"] = "var(--color-content-removed, #610)", ["font-weight"] = "700" }, lead = false, show = "False" } }, css = { bg = {}, deprecated = { ["background-color"] = "var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #fdd)", ["border-left"] = "3px dotted var(--color-error, red)", ["color"] = "var(--color-base, #000)" }, optional = { ["border-left"] = "3px solid #ccc", ["color"] = "var(--color-base, #000)" }, required = { ["border-left"] = "3px solid #000", ["color"] = "var(--color-base, #000)" }, suggested = { ["border-left"] = "3px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #888)", ["color"] = "var(--color-base, #000)" }, tableheadbg = { ["background-color"] = "var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #b3b7ff)", ["color"] = "var(--color-base, #000)" } } }, -- Vérsi serial serial = Serial, -- Gaya tambahan tStylesMultiColumns = "column-multiple", tStylesTOCnum = "TOC nonum" } ec4rvepn686mntt3lqn1pfvjz1u1965 828 108370 708461 2026-04-23T08:54:45Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local Export = { item = 51435481, serial = "2020-08-01", subpages = "TemplateData", suffix = "tab", suite = "TemplateDataGlobal" } --[=[ Retrieve TemplateData from Commons:Data (or other global source). require() Inspired by [[de:User:Yurik]]. ]=] local Failsafe = Export local failsafe = function(atleast) -- Retrieve versioning and check for compliance. -- Precondition: -- atleast -- string, with required version -- or "wik... 708461 Scribunto text/plain local Export = { item = 51435481, serial = "2020-08-01", subpages = "TemplateData", suffix = "tab", suite = "TemplateDataGlobal" } --[=[ Retrieve TemplateData from Commons:Data (or other global source). require() Inspired by [[de:User:Yurik]]. ]=] local Failsafe = Export local failsafe = function(atleast) -- Retrieve versioning and check for compliance. -- Precondition: -- atleast -- string, with required version -- or "wikidata" or "~" or "@" or false -- Postcondition: -- Returns string -- with queried version/item, also if problem -- false -- if appropriate local last = (atleast == "~") local link = (atleast == "@") local since = atleast local r if last or link or since == "wikidata" then local item = Failsafe.item since = false if type(item) == "number" and item > 0 then local suited = string.format("Q%d", item) local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(suited) if type(entity) == "table" then local seek = Failsafe.serialProperty or "P348" local vsn = entity:formatPropertyValues(seek) if type(vsn) == "table" and type(vsn.value) == "string" and vsn.value ~= "" then if last and vsn.value == Failsafe.serial then r = false elseif link then if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText == mw.wikibase.getSitelink(suited) then r = false else r = suited end else r = vsn.value end end end end end if type(r) == "nil" then if not since or since <= Failsafe.serial then r = Failsafe.serial else r = false end end return r end -- failsafe() local function fair(already, adapt, append) -- Merge local definitions into global base. -- Parameter: -- already -- global item -- adapt -- local override item -- append -- append to sequence table -- Returns merged item local r if already and adapt then if type(already) == "table" and type(adapt) == "table" then r = already if append then for i = 1, #adapt do table.insert(r, adapt[i]) end -- for i else for k, v in pairs(adapt) do r[k] = v end -- for k, v end else r = adapt end else r = already or adapt end return r end -- fair() local function feed(apply) -- Retrieve override from JSON code. -- Parameter: -- apply -- string, with JSON -- Returns string, with error message, or table local lucky, r = pcall(mw.text.jsonDecode, apply) if not lucky then r = "fatal JSON error in LOCAL override" end return r end -- feed() local function find(access) -- Fetch data from page. -- Parameter: -- access -- string, with core page name -- Returns -- 1. string, with prefixed page name -- 2. table with JSON data, or error message local storage = access local lucky, r if Export.suffix and not storage:find(".", 2, true) then local k = -1 - #Export.suffix if storage:sub(k) ~= "." .. Export.suffix then storage = string.format("%s.%s", storage, Export.suffix) end end if Export.subpages and not storage:find("/", 1, true) then storage = string.format("%s/%s", Export.subpages, storage) end lucky, r = pcall(mw.ext.data.get, storage, "_") storage = "Data:" .. storage if mw.site.siteName ~= "Wikimedia Commons" then storage = "commons:" .. storage end if type(r) ~= "table" and type(r) ~= "string" then r = "INVALID" end return storage, r end -- find() local function flat(apply) -- Convert tabular data into TemplateData. -- Parameter: -- apply -- table, with tabular data -- Returns string, with error message, or table, with TemplateData local r, scream local function failed(at, alert) if scream then scream = string.format("%s * #%d: %s", scream, at, alert) else scream = add end end -- failed() if type(apply.schema) == "table" and type(apply.schema.fields) == "table" and type(apply.data) == "table" then local order = {} local entry, got, params, parOrder, s, sign, td, v for k, v in pairs(apply.schema.fields) do if type(v) == "table" then table.insert(order, v.name) end end -- for k, v for i = 1, #apply.data do entry = apply.data[i] if type(entry) == "table" then got = {} sign = false for j = 1, #entry do s = order[j] v = entry[j] if type(v) == "string" then v = mw.text.trim(v) if v == "" then v = false end end if v then if s == "name" then sign = v elseif s == "aliases" then if type(v) == "string" then got.aliases = mw.text.split(v, "%s*|%s*") else failed(i, "aliases not a string") end else got[s] = v end end end -- for j if sign == "|" then if td then failed(i, "root repeated") else td = {description = got.description} if type(got.type) == "string" then td.format = got.type:gsub("N", "\n") end end elseif sign then if params then if params[sign] then failed(i, "name repeated: " .. sign) end else params = {} parOrder = {} end params[sign] = got table.insert(parOrder, sign) else failed(i, "missing name") end else failed(i, "invalid component") end end -- for i r = td or {} r.params = params r.paramOrder = parOrder else r = "bad tabular structure" end return scream or r or "EMPTY" end -- flat() local function flush(assembly, avoid) -- Remove element from sequence table. -- Parameter: -- assembly -- sequence table -- avoid -- element for i = 1, #assembly do if assembly[i] == avoid then table.remove(assembly, i) break -- for i end end -- for i end -- flush() local function fold(already, adapt) -- Merge local parameter definitions into global base. -- Parameter: -- already -- table, with global data -- adapt -- sequence table, with local params overrides -- Returns string, with error message, or table, with TemplateData local order = {} local params = {} local r = already local entry, override, s r.params = r.params or {} r.paramOrder = r.paramOrder or {} for i = 1, #adapt do override = adapt[i] if type(override) ~= "table" then r = string.format("No object at LOCAL params[%d]", i) break -- for i elseif type(override.global) == "string" then s = override.global entry = r.params[s] if type(entry) == "table" then flush(r.paramOrder, s) if type(override["local"]) == "string" then s = override["local"] override["local"] = nil elseif override["local"] == false then entry = nil end if entry then override.global = nil for k, v in pairs(override) do entry[k] = fair(entry[k], override[k], (k == "aliases")) end -- for k, v table.insert(order, s) end params[s] = entry else r = string.format("No GLOBAL params %s for LOCAL [%d]", s, i) break -- for i end elseif type(override["local"]) == "string" then s = override["local"] override["local"] = nil params[s] = override table.insert(order, s) else r = string.format("No name for LOCAL params[%d]", i) break -- for i end end -- for i if type(r) == "table" then for i = 1, #r.paramOrder do s = r.paramOrder[i] params[s] = r.params[s] table.insert(order, s) end -- for i r.params = params r.paramOrder = order end return r end -- fold() local function fork(already, adapt) -- Merge local definitions into global base. -- Parameter: -- already -- table, with global data -- adapt -- table, with local overrides -- Returns string, with error message, or table, with TemplateData local root = {"description", "format", "maps", "sets", "style"} local r = already for k, v in pairs(root) do if adapt[v] then r[v] = fair(r[v], adapt[v]) end end -- for k, v if type(adapt.params) == "table" then r = fold(r, adapt.params) end return r end -- fork() local function furnish(apply, at, adapt) -- Convert external data into TemplateData. -- Parameter: -- apply -- table, with external data -- at -- string, with page name -- adapt -- JSON string or table or not, with local overrides -- Returns string, with error message, or table, with TemplateData local r if at:sub(-4) == ".tab" then r = flat(apply) else r = "Unknown page format: " .. at end if adapt and type(r) == "table" then local override = adapt if type(adapt) == "string" then override = feed(adapt) if type(override) == "string" then r = override end end if type(override) == "table" then r = fork(r, override) end end return r end -- furnish() Export.failsafe = function(frame) -- Versioning interface. local s = type(frame) local since if s == "table" then since = frame.args[1] elseif s == "string" then since = frame end if since then since = mw.text.trim(since) if since == "" then since = false end end return failsafe(since) or "" end -- Export.failsafe() Export.fetch = function(access, adapt) -- Fetch data from site. -- Parameter: -- access -- string, with page specification -- adapt -- JSON string or table or not, with local overrides -- Returns -- 1. string, with error message or prefixed page name -- 2. table with TemplateData, or not local storage, t = find(access) local s if type(t) == "table" then t = furnish(t, storage, adapt) if type(t) ~= "table" then s = t end else s = t end if type(t) ~= "table" then storage = string.format("[[%s]]", storage) if s then storage = string.format("%s * %s", storage, s) end t = false end return storage, t end -- Export.fetch() return Export 9xih3teg4ngek2mmmeo439peiwk3vq3 828 108371 708462 2026-04-23T08:55:30Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local Multilingual = { suite = "Multilingual", serial = "2020-12-10", item = 47541920, globals = { ISO15924 = 71584769, WLink = 19363224 } } --[=[ Utilities for multilingual texts and ISO 639 (BCP47) issues etc. * fair() * fallback() * findCode() * fix() * format() * getBase() * getLang() * getName() * i18n() * int() * isLang() * isLangWiki(... 708462 Scribunto text/plain local Multilingual = { suite = "Multilingual", serial = "2020-12-10", item = 47541920, globals = { ISO15924 = 71584769, WLink = 19363224 } } --[=[ Utilities for multilingual texts and ISO 639 (BCP47) issues etc. * fair() * fallback() * findCode() * fix() * format() * getBase() * getLang() * getName() * i18n() * int() * isLang() * isLangWiki() * isMinusculable() * isRTL() * message() * sitelink() * tabData() * userLang() * userLangCode() * wikibase() * failsafe() loadData: Multilingual/config Multilingual/names ]=] local Failsafe = Multilingual local GlobalMod = Multilingual local GlobalData = Multilingual local User = { sniffer = "showpreview" } Multilingual.globals.Multilingual = Multilingual.item Multilingual.exotic = { simple = true, no = true } Multilingual.prefer = { cs = true, de = true, en = true, es = true, fr = true, it = true, nl = true, pt = true, ru = true, sv = true } local foreignModule = function ( access, advanced, append, alt, alert ) -- Fetch global module -- Precondition: -- access -- string, with name of base module -- advanced -- true, for require(); else mw.loadData() -- append -- string, with subpage part, if any; or false -- alt -- number, of wikidata item of root; or false -- alert -- true, for throwing error on data problem -- Postcondition: -- Returns whatever, probably table -- 2020-01-01 local storage = access local finer = function () if append then storage = string.format( "%s/%s", storage, append ) end end local fun, lucky, r, suited if advanced then fun = require else fun = mw.loadData end GlobalMod.globalModules = GlobalMod.globalModules or { } suited = GlobalMod.globalModules[ access ] if not suited then finer() lucky, r = pcall( fun, "Module:" .. storage ) end if not lucky then if not suited and type( alt ) == "number" and alt > 0 then suited = string.format( "Q%d", alt ) suited = mw.wikibase.getSitelink( suited ) GlobalMod.globalModules[ access ] = suited or true end if type( suited ) == "string" then storage = suited finer() lucky, r = pcall( fun, storage ) end if not lucky and alert then error( "Missing or invalid page: " .. storage ) end end return r end -- foreignModule() local fetchData = function ( access ) -- Retrieve translated keyword from commons:Data:****.tab -- Precondition: -- access -- string, with page identification on Commons -- Returns table, with data, or string, with error message -- 2019-12-05 local storage = access local r if type( storage ) == "string" then local s storage = mw.text.trim( storage ) s = storage:lower() if s:sub( 1, 2 ) == "c:" then storage = mw.text.trim( storage:sub( 3 ) ) s = storage:lower() elseif s:sub( 1, 8 ) == "commons:" then storage = mw.text.trim( storage:sub( 9 ) ) s = storage:lower() end if s:sub( 1, 5 ) == "data:" then storage = mw.text.trim( storage:sub( 6 ) ) s = storage:lower() end if s == "" or s == ".tab" then storage = false elseif s:sub( -4 ) == ".tab" then storage = storage:sub( 1, -5 ) .. ".tab" else storage = storage .. ".tab" end end if type( storage ) == "string" then local data if type( GlobalData.TabDATA ) ~= "table" then GlobalData.TabDATA = { } end data = GlobalData.TabDATA[ storage ] if data then r = data else local lucky lucky, data = pcall( mw.ext.data.get, storage, "_" ) if type( data ) == "table" then data = data.data if type( data ) == "table" then GlobalData.TabDATA[ storage ] = data else r = string.format( "%s [[%s%s]]", "INVALID Data:*.tab", "commons:Data:", storage ) end else r = "BAD PAGE Data:*.tab &#8211; commons:" .. storage end if r then GlobalData.TabDATA[ storage ] = r data = false else r = data end end else r = "BAD PAGE commons:Data:*.tab" end return r end -- fetchData() local favorites = function () -- Provide fallback codes -- Postcondition: -- Returns table with sequence of preferred languages -- * ahead elements -- * user (not yet accessible) -- * page content language (not yet accessible) -- * page name subpage -- * project -- * en local r = Multilingual.polyglott if not r then local self = mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode():lower() local sub = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText local f = function ( add ) local s = add for i = 1, #r do if r[ i ] == s then s = false break -- for i end end -- for i if s then table.insert( r, s ) end end r = { } if sub:find( "/", 2, true ) then sub = sub:match( "/(%l%l%l?)$" ) if sub then table.insert( r, sub ) end elseif sub:find( "^%l%l%l?%-?%a?%a?%a?%a?$" ) and mw.language.isSupportedLanguage( sub ) then table.insert( r, sub ) end f( self ) f( "en" ) Multilingual.polyglott = r end return r end -- favorites() local feasible = function ( ask, accept ) -- Is ask to be supported by application? -- Precondition: -- ask -- lowercase code -- accept -- sequence table, with offered lowercase codes -- Postcondition: -- nil, or true local r for i = 1, #accept do if accept[ i ] == ask then r = true break -- for i end end -- for i return r end -- feasible() local fetch = function ( access, append ) -- Attach config or library module -- Precondition: -- access -- module title -- append -- string, with subpage part of this; or false -- Postcondition: -- Returns: table, with library, or false local got, sign if append then sign = string.format( "%s/%s", access, append ) else sign = access end if type( Multilingual.ext ) ~= "table" then Multilingual.ext = { } end got = Multilingual.ext[ sign ] if not got and got ~= false then local global = Multilingual.globals[ access ] local lib = ( not append or append == "config" ) got = foreignModule( access, lib, append, global ) if type( got ) == "table" then if lib then local startup = got[ access ] if type( startup ) == "function" then got = startup() end end else got = false end Multilingual.ext[ sign ] = got end return got end -- fetch() local fetchISO639 = function ( access ) -- Retrieve table from commons:Data:ISO639/***.tab -- Precondition: -- access -- string, with subpage identification -- Postcondition: -- Returns table, with data, even empty local r if type( Multilingual.iso639 ) ~= "table" then Multilingual.iso639 = { } end r = Multilingual.iso639[ access ] if type( r ) == "nil" then local raw = fetchData( "ISO639/" .. access ) if type( raw ) == "table" then local t r = { } for i = 1, #raw do t = raw[ i ] if type( t ) == "table" and type( t[ 1 ] ) == "string" and type( t[ 2 ] ) == "string" then r[ t[ 1 ] ] = t[ 2 ] else break -- for i end end -- for i else r = false end Multilingual.iso639[ access ] = r end return r or { } end -- fetchISO639() local fill = function ( access, alien, frame ) -- Expand language name template -- Precondition: -- access -- string, with language code -- alien -- language code for which to be generated -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns string local template = Multilingual.tmplLang local r if type( template ) ~= "table" then local cnf = fetch( "Multilingual", "config" ) if cnf then template = cnf.tmplLang end end if type( template ) == "table" then local source = template.title local f, lucky, s Multilingual.tmplLang = template if type( source ) ~= "string" and type( template.namePat ) == "string" and template.namePat:find( "%s", 1, true ) then source = string.format( template.namePat, access ) end if type( source ) == "string" then if not Multilingual.frame then if frame then Multilingual.frame = frame else Multilingual.frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() end end f = function ( a ) return Multilingual.frame:expandTemplate{ title = a } end lucky, s = pcall( f, source ) if lucky then r = s end end end return r end -- fill() local find = function ( ask, alien ) -- Derive language code from name -- Precondition: -- ask -- language name, downcased -- alien -- language code of ask -- Postcondition: -- nil, or string local codes = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames( alien, "all" ) local r for k, v in pairs( codes ) do if mw.ustring.lower( v ) == ask then r = k break -- for k, v end end -- for k, v if not r then r = Multilingual.fair( ask ) end return r end -- find() local fold = function ( frame ) -- Merge template and #invoke arglist -- Precondition: -- frame -- template frame -- Postcondition: -- table, with combined arglist local r = { } local f = function ( apply ) if type( apply ) == "table" and type( apply.args ) == "table" then for k, v in pairs( apply.args ) do v = mw.text.trim( v ) if v ~= "" then r[ tostring( k ) ] = v end end -- for k, v end end -- f() f( frame:getParent() ) f( frame ) return r end -- fold() User.favorize = function ( accept, frame ) -- Guess user language -- Precondition: -- accept -- sequence table, with offered ISO 639 etc. codes -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with best code, or nil if not ( User.self or User.langs ) then if not User.trials then User.tell = mw.message.new( User.sniffer ) if User.tell:exists() then User.trials = { } if not Multilingual.frame then if frame then Multilingual.frame = frame else Multilingual.frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() end end User.sin = Multilingual.frame:callParserFunction( "int", User.sniffer ) else User.langs = true end end if User.sin then local order = { } local post = { } local three = { } local unfold = { } local s, sin for i = 1, #accept do s = accept[ i ] if not User.trials[ s ] then if #s > 2 then if s:find( "-", 3, true ) then table.insert( unfold, s ) else table.insert( three, s ) end else if Multilingual.prefer[ s ] then table.insert( order, s ) else table.insert( post, s ) end end end end -- for i for i = 1, #post do table.insert( order, post[ i ] ) end -- for i for i = 1, #three do table.insert( order, three[ i ] ) end -- for i for i = 1, #unfold do table.insert( order, unfold[ i ] ) end -- for i for i = 1, #order do s = order[ i ] sin = User.tell:inLanguage( s ):plain() if sin == User.sin then User.self = s break -- for i else User.trials[ s ] = true end end -- for i end end return User.self end -- User.favorize() Multilingual.fair = function ( ask ) -- Format language specification according to RFC 5646 etc. -- Precondition: -- ask -- string or table, as created by .getLang() -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false local s = type( ask ) local q, r if s == "table" then q = ask elseif s == "string" then q = Multilingual.getLang( ask ) end if q and q.legal and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag( q.base ) then r = q.base if q.n > 1 then local order = { "extlang", "script", "region", "other", "extension" } for i = 1, #order do s = q[ order[ i ] ] if s then r = string.format( "%s-%s", r, s ) end end -- for i end end return r or false end -- Multilingual.fair() Multilingual.fallback = function ( able, another ) -- Is another language suitable as replacement? -- Precondition: -- able -- language version specifier to be supported -- another -- language specifier of a possible replacement, -- or not to retrieve a fallback table -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean, or table with fallback codes local r if type( able ) == "string" and #able > 0 then if type( another ) == "string" and #another > 0 then if able == another then r = true else local s = Multilingual.getBase( able ) if s == another then r = true else local others = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( s ) r = feasible( another, others ) end end else local s = Multilingual.getBase( able ) if s then r = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( s ) if r[ 1 ] == "en" then local d = fetchISO639( "fallback" ) if type( d ) == "table" and type( d[ s ] ) == "string" then r = mw.text.split( d[ s ], "|" ) table.insert( r, "en" ) end end end end end return r or false end -- Multilingual.fallback() Multilingual.findCode = function ( ask ) -- Retrieve code of local (current project or English) language name -- Precondition: -- ask -- string, with presumable language name -- A code itself will be identified, too. -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false local seek = mw.text.trim( ask ) local r = false if #seek > 1 then if seek:find( "[", 1, true ) then local wlink = fetch( "WLink" ) if wlink and type( wlink.getPlain ) == "function" then seek = wlink.getPlain( seek ) end end seek = mw.ustring.lower( seek ) if Multilingual.isLang( seek ) then r = Multilingual.fair( seek ) else local collection = favorites() for i = 1, #collection do r = find( seek, collection[ i ] ) if r then break -- for i end end -- for i end end return r end -- Multilingual.findCode() Multilingual.fix = function ( attempt ) -- Fix frequently mistaken language code -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable language code -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with correction, or false if no problem known local r = fetchISO639( "correction" )[ attempt:lower() ] return r or false end -- Multilingual.fix() Multilingual.format = function ( apply, alien, alter, active, alert, frame, assembly, adjacent, ahead ) -- Format one or more languages -- Precondition: -- apply -- string with language list or item -- alien -- language of the answer -- -- nil, false, "*": native -- -- "!": current project -- -- "#": code, downcased, space separated -- -- "-": code, mixcase, space separated -- -- any valid code -- alter -- capitalize, if "c"; downcase all, if "d" -- capitalize first item only, if "f" -- downcase every first word only, if "m" -- active -- link items, if true -- alert -- string with category title in case of error -- frame -- if available -- assembly -- string with split pattern, if list expected -- adjacent -- string with list separator, else assembly -- ahead -- string to prepend first element, if any -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false if apply empty local r = false if apply then local slang if assembly then local bucket = mw.text.split( apply, assembly ) local shift = alter local separator if adjacent then separator = adjacent elseif alien == "#" or alien == "-" then separator = " " else separator = assembly end for k, v in pairs( bucket ) do slang = Multilingual.format( v, alien, shift, active, alert ) if slang then if r then r = string.format( "%s%s%s", r, separator, slang ) else r = slang if shift == "f" then shift = "d" end end end end -- for k, v if r and ahead then r = ahead .. r end else local single = mw.text.trim( apply ) if single == "" then r = false else local lapsus, slot slang = Multilingual.findCode( single ) if slang then if alien == "-" then r = slang elseif alien == "#" then r = slang:lower() else r = Multilingual.getName( slang, alien ) if active then slot = fill( slang, false, frame ) if slot then local wlink = fetch( "WLink" ) if wlink and type( wlink.getTarget ) == "function" then slot = wlink.getTarget( slot ) end else lapsus = alert end end end else r = single if active then local title = mw.title.makeTitle( 0, single ) if title.exists then slot = single end end lapsus = alert end if not r then r = single elseif alter == "c" or alter == "f" then r = mw.ustring.upper( mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, 1 ) ) .. mw.ustring.sub( r, 2 ) elseif alter == "d" then if Multilingual.isMinusculable( slang, r ) then r = mw.ustring.lower( r ) end elseif alter == "m" then if Multilingual.isMinusculable( slang, r ) then r = mw.ustring.lower( mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, 1 ) ) .. mw.ustring.sub( r, 2 ) end end if slot then if r == slot then r = string.format( "[[%s]]", r ) else r = string.format( "[[%s|%s]]", slot, r ) end end if lapsus and alert then r = string.format( "%s[[Category:%s]]", r, alert ) end end end end return r end -- Multilingual.format() Multilingual.getBase = function ( ask ) -- Retrieve base language from possibly combined ISO language code -- Precondition: -- ask -- language code -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false local r if ask then local slang = ask:match( "^%s*(%a%a%a?)-?%a*%s*$" ) if slang then r = slang:lower() else r = false end else r = false end return r end -- Multilingual.getBase() Multilingual.getLang = function ( ask ) -- Retrieve components of a RFC 5646 language code -- Precondition: -- ask -- language code with subtags -- Postcondition: -- Returns table with formatted subtags -- .base -- .region -- .script -- .suggest -- .year -- .extension -- .other -- .n local tags = mw.text.split( ask, "-" ) local s = tags[ 1 ] local r if s:match( "^%a%a%a?$" ) then r = { base = s:lower(), legal = true, n = #tags } for i = 2, r.n do s = tags[ i ] if #s == 2 then if r.region or not s:match( "%a%a" ) then r.legal = false else r.region = s:upper() end elseif #s == 4 then if s:match( "%a%a%a%a" ) then r.legal = ( not r.script ) r.script = s:sub( 1, 1 ):upper() .. s:sub( 2 ):lower() elseif s:match( "20%d%d" ) or s:match( "1%d%d%d" ) then r.legal = ( not r.year ) r.year = s else r.legal = false end elseif #s == 3 then if r.extlang or not s:match( "%a%a%a" ) then r.legal = false else r.extlang = s:lower() end elseif #s == 1 then s = s:lower() if s:match( "[tux]" ) then r.extension = s for k = i + 1, r.n do s = tags[ k ] if s:match( "^%w+$" ) then r.extension = string.format( "%s-%s", r.extension, s ) else r.legal = false end end -- for k else r.legal = false end break -- for i else r.legal = ( not r.other ) and s:match( "%a%a%a" ) r.other = s:lower() end if not r.legal then break -- for i end end -- for i if r.legal then r.suggest = Multilingual.fix( r.base ) if r.suggest then r.legal = false end end else r = { legal = false } end if not r.legal then local cnf = fetch( "Multilingual", "config" ) if cnf and type( cnf.scream ) == "string" then r.scream = cnf.scream end end return r end -- Multilingual.getLang() Multilingual.getName = function ( ask, alien ) -- Which name is assigned to this language code? -- Precondition: -- ask -- language code -- alien -- language of the answer -- -- nil, false, "*": native -- -- "!": current project -- -- any valid code -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false local r if ask then local slang = alien local tLang if slang then if slang == "*" then slang = Multilingual.fair( ask ) elseif slang == "!" then slang = favorites()[ 1 ] else slang = Multilingual.fair( slang ) end else slang = Multilingual.fair( ask ) end if not slang then slang = ask or "?????" end slang = slang:lower() tLang = fetch( "Multilingual", "names" ) if tLang then tLang = tLang[ slang ] if tLang then r = tLang[ ask ] end end if not r then if not Multilingual.ext.tMW then Multilingual.ext.tMW = { } end tLang = Multilingual.ext.tMW[ slang ] if tLang == nil then tLang = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames( slang ) if tLang then Multilingual.ext.tMW[ slang ] = tLang else Multilingual.ext.tMW[ slang ] = false end end if tLang then r = tLang[ ask ] end end if not r then r = mw.language.fetchLanguageName( ask:lower(), slang ) if r == "" then r = false end end else r = false end return r end -- Multilingual.getName() Multilingual.i18n = function ( available, alt, frame ) -- Select translatable message -- Precondition: -- available -- table, with mapping language code ./. text -- alt -- string|nil|false, with fallback text -- frame -- frame, if available -- Returns -- 1. string|nil|false, with selected message -- 2. string|nil|false, with language code local r1, r2 if type( available ) == "table" then local codes = { } local trsl = { } local slang for k, v in pairs( available ) do if type( k ) == "string" and type( v ) == "string" then slang = mw.text.trim( k:lower() ) table.insert( codes, slang ) trsl[ slang ] = v end end -- for k, v slang = Multilingual.userLang( codes, frame ) if slang and trsl[ slang ] then r1 = mw.text.trim( trsl[ slang ] ) if r1 == "" then r1 = false else r2 = slang end end end if not r1 and type( alt ) == "string" then r1 = mw.text.trim( alt ) if r1 == "" then r1 = false end end return r1, r2 end -- Multilingual.i18n() Multilingual.int = function ( access, alien, apply ) -- Translated system message -- Precondition: -- access -- message ID -- alien -- language code -- apply -- nil, or sequence table with parameters $1, $2, ... -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, or false local o = mw.message.new( access ) local r if o:exists() then if type( alien ) == "string" then o:inLanguage( alien:lower() ) end if type( apply ) == "table" then o:params( apply ) end r = o:plain() end return r or false end -- Multilingual.int() Multilingual.isLang = function ( ask, additional ) -- Could this be an ISO language code? -- Precondition: -- ask -- language code -- additional -- true, if Wiki codes like "simple" permitted -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r, s if additional then s = ask else s = Multilingual.getBase( ask ) end if s then r = mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag( s ) if r then r = not Multilingual.fix( s ) elseif additional then r = Multilingual.exotic[ s ] or false end else r = false end return r end -- Multilingual.isLang() Multilingual.isLangWiki = function ( ask ) -- Could this be a Wiki language version? -- Precondition: -- ask -- language version specifier -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r local s = Multilingual.getBase( ask ) if s then r = mw.language.isSupportedLanguage( s ) or Multilingual.exotic[ ask ] else r = false end return r end -- Multilingual.isLangWiki() Multilingual.isMinusculable = function ( ask, assigned ) -- Could this language name become downcased? -- Precondition: -- ask -- language code, or nil -- assigned -- language name, or nil -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = true if ask then local cnf = fetch( "Multilingual", "config" ) if cnf then local s = string.format( " %s ", ask:lower() ) if type( cnf.stopMinusculization ) == "string" and cnf.stopMinusculization:find( s, 1, true ) then r = false end if r and assigned and type( cnf.seekMinusculization ) == "string" and cnf.seekMinusculization:find( s, 1, true ) and type( cnf.scanMinusculization ) == "string" then local scan = assigned:gsub( "[%(%)]", " " ) .. " " if not scan:find( cnf.scanMinusculization ) then r = false end end end end return r end -- Multilingual.isMinusculable() Multilingual.isRTL = function ( ask ) -- Check whether language is written right-to-left -- Precondition: -- ask -- string, with language (or script) code -- Returns true, if right-to-left local r Multilingual.rtl = Multilingual.rtl or { } r = Multilingual.rtl[ ask ] if type( r ) ~= "boolean" then local bib = fetch( "ISO15924" ) if type( bib ) == "table" and type( bib.isRTL ) == "function" then r = bib.isRTL( ask ) else r = mw.language.new( ask ):isRTL() end Multilingual.rtl[ ask ] = r end return r end -- Multilingual.isRTL() Multilingual.message = function ( arglist, frame ) -- Show text in best match of user language like system message -- Precondition: -- arglist -- template arguments -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with appropriate text local r if type( arglist ) == "table" then local t = { } local m, p, save for k, v in pairs( arglist ) do if type( k ) == "string" and type( v ) == "string" then v = mw.text.trim( v ) if v ~= "" then if k:match( "^%l%l" ) then t[ k ] = v elseif k:match( "^%$%d$" ) and k ~= "$0" then p = p or { } k = tonumber( k:match( "^%$(%d)$" ) ) p[ k ] = v if not m or k > m then m = k end end end end end -- for k, v if type( arglist[ "-" ] ) == "string" then save = arglist[ arglist[ "-" ] ] end r = Multilingual.i18n( t, save, frame ) if p and r and r:find( "$", 1, true ) then t = { } for i = 1, m do t[ i ] = p[ i ] or "" end -- for i r = mw.message.newRawMessage( r, t ):plain() end end return r or "" end -- Multilingual.message() Multilingual.sitelink = function ( all, frame ) -- Make link at local or other site with optimal linktext translation -- Precondition: -- all -- string or table or number, item ID or entity -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with any helpful internal link, or plain text local s = type( all ) local object, r if s == "table" then object = all elseif s == "string" then object = mw.wikibase.getEntity( all ) elseif s == "number" then object = mw.wikibase.getEntity( string.format( "Q%d", all ) ) end if type( object ) == "table" then local collection = object.sitelinks local entry s = false if type( collection ) == "table" then Multilingual.site = Multilingual.site or mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() entry = collection[ Multilingual.site ] if entry then s = ":" .. entry.title elseif collection.enwiki then s = "w:en:" .. collection.enwiki.title end end r = Multilingual.wikibase( object, "labels", frame ) if s then if s == ":" .. r then r = string.format( "[[%s]]", s ) else r = string.format( "[[%s|%s]]", s, r ) end end end return r or "" end -- Multilingual.sitelink() Multilingual.tabData = function ( access, at, alt, frame ) -- Retrieve translated keyword from commons:Data:****.tab -- Precondition: -- access -- string, with page identification on Commons -- at -- string, with keyword -- alt -- string|nil|false, with fallback text -- frame -- frame, if available -- Returns -- 1. string|nil|false, with selected message -- 2. language code, or "error" local data = fetchData( access ) local r1, r2 if type( data ) == "table" then if type( at ) == "string" then local seek = mw.text.trim( at ) if seek == "" then r1 = "EMPTY Multilingual.tabData key" else local e, poly for i = 1, #data do e = data[ i ] if type( e ) == "table" then if e[ 1 ] == seek then if type( e[ 2 ] ) == "table" then poly = e[ 2 ] else r1 = "INVALID Multilingual.tabData bad #" .. tostring( i ) end break -- for i end else break -- for i end end -- for i if poly then data = poly else r1 = "UNKNOWN Multilingual.tabData key: " .. seek end end else r1 = "INVALID Multilingual.tabData key" end else r1 = data end if r1 then r2 = "error" elseif data then r1, r2 = Multilingual.i18n( data, alt, frame ) r2 = r2 or "error" end return r1, r2 end -- Multilingual.tabData() Multilingual.userLang = function ( accept, frame ) -- Try to support user language by application -- Precondition: -- accept -- string or table -- space separated list of available ISO 639 codes -- Default: project language, or English -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with appropriate code local s = type( accept ) local codes, r, slang if s == "string" then codes = mw.text.split( accept:lower(), "%s+" ) elseif s == "table" then codes = { } for i = 1, #accept do s = accept[ i ] if type( s ) == "string" and s ~= "" then table.insert( codes, s:lower() ) end end -- for i end slang = User.favorize( codes, frame ) if slang then if feasible( slang, codes ) then r = slang elseif slang:find( "-", 1, true ) then slang = Multilingual.getBase( slang ) if feasible( slang, codes ) then r = slang end end if not r then local others = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( slang ) for i = 1, #others do slang = others[ i ] if feasible( slang, codes ) then r = slang break -- for i end end -- for i end end if not r then local back = favorites() for i = 1, #back do slang = back[ i ] if feasible( slang, codes ) then r = slang break -- for i end end -- for i if not r and codes[ 1 ] then r = codes[ 1 ] end end return r or favorites()[ 1 ] end -- Multilingual.userLang() Multilingual.userLangCode = function () -- Guess a user language code -- Postcondition: -- Returns code of current best guess return User.self or favorites()[ 1 ] end -- Multilingual.userLangCode() Multilingual.wikibase = function ( all, about, attempt, frame ) -- Optimal translation of wikibase component -- Precondition: -- all -- string or table, object ID or entity -- about -- boolean, true "descriptions" or false "labels" -- attempt -- string or not, code of preferred language -- frame -- frame, if available -- Postcondition: -- Returns -- 1. string, with selected message -- 2. string, with language code, or not local s = type( all ) local object, r, r2 if s == "table" then object = all elseif s == "string" then object = mw.wikibase.getEntity( all ) end if type( object ) == "table" then if about and about ~= "labels" then s = "descriptions" else s = "labels" end object = object[ s ] if type( object ) == "table" then if object[ attempt ] then r = object[ attempt ].value r2 = attempt else local poly for k, v in pairs( object ) do poly = poly or { } poly[ k ] = v.value end -- for k, v if poly then r, r2 = Multilingual.i18n( poly, nil, frame ) end end end end return r or "", r2 end -- Multilingual.wikibase() Failsafe.failsafe = function ( atleast ) -- Retrieve versioning and check for compliance -- Precondition: -- atleast -- string, with required version -- or wikidata|item|~|@ or false -- Postcondition: -- Returns string -- with queried version/item, also if problem -- false -- if appropriate -- 2020-08-17 local since = atleast local last = ( since == "~" ) local linked = ( since == "@" ) local link = ( since == "item" ) local r if last or link or linked or since == "wikidata" then local item = Failsafe.item since = false if type( item ) == "number" and item > 0 then local suited = string.format( "Q%d", item ) if link then r = suited else local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity( suited ) if type( entity ) == "table" then local seek = Failsafe.serialProperty or "P348" local vsn = entity:formatPropertyValues( seek ) if type( vsn ) == "table" and type( vsn.value ) == "string" and vsn.value ~= "" then if last and vsn.value == Failsafe.serial then r = false elseif linked then if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText == mw.wikibase.getSitelink( suited ) then r = false else r = suited end else r = vsn.value end end end end end end if type( r ) == "nil" then if not since or since <= Failsafe.serial then r = Failsafe.serial else r = false end end return r end -- Failsafe.failsafe() -- Export local p = { } p.fair = function ( frame ) -- Format language code -- 1 -- language code local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) return Multilingual.fair( s ) or "" end -- p.fair p.fallback = function ( frame ) -- Is another language suitable as replacement? -- 1 -- language version specifier to be supported -- 2 -- language specifier of a possible replacement local s1 = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) local s2 = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 2 ] or "" ) local r = Multilingual.fallback( s1, s2 ) if type( r ) == "table" then r = r[ 1 ] else r = r and "1" or "" end return r end -- p.fallback p.findCode = function ( frame ) -- Retrieve language code from language name -- 1 -- name in current project language local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) return Multilingual.findCode( s ) or "" end -- p.findCode p.fix = function ( frame ) local r = frame.args[ 1 ] if r then r = Multilingual.fix( mw.text.trim( r ) ) end return r or "" end -- p.fix p.format = function ( frame ) -- Format one or more languages -- 1 -- language list or item -- slang -- language of the answer, if not native -- * -- native -- ! -- current project -- any valid code -- shift -- capitalize, if "c"; downcase, if "d" -- capitalize first item only, if "f" -- link -- 1 -- link items -- scream -- category title in case of error -- split -- split pattern, if list expected -- separator -- list separator, else split -- start -- prepend first element, if any local r local link if frame.args.link == "1" then link = true end r = Multilingual.format( frame.args[ 1 ], frame.args.slang, frame.args.shift, link, frame.args.scream, frame, frame.args.split, frame.args.separator, frame.args.start ) return r or "" end -- p.format p.getBase = function ( frame ) -- Retrieve base language from possibly combined ISO language code -- 1 -- code local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) return Multilingual.getBase( s ) or "" end -- p.getBase p.getName = function ( frame ) -- Retrieve language name from ISO language code -- 1 -- code -- 2 -- language to be used for the answer, if not native -- ! -- current project -- * -- native -- any valid code local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) local slang = frame.args[ 2 ] local r Multilingual.frame = frame if slang then slang = mw.text.trim( slang ) end r = Multilingual.getName( s, slang ) return r or "" end -- p.getName p.int = function ( frame ) -- Translated system message -- 1 -- message ID -- lang -- language code -- $1, $2, ... -- parameters local sysMsg = frame.args[ 1 ] local r if sysMsg then sysMsg = mw.text.trim( sysMsg ) if sysMsg ~= "" then local n = 0 local slang = frame.args.lang local i, params, s if slang == "" then slang = false end for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do if type( k ) == "string" then s = k:match( "^%$(%d+)$" ) if s then i = tonumber( s ) if i > n then n = i end end end end -- for k, v if n > 0 then local s params = { } for i = 1, n do s = frame.args[ "$" .. tostring( i ) ] or "" table.insert( params, s ) end -- for i end r = Multilingual.int( sysMsg, slang, params ) end end return r or "" end -- p.int p.isLang = function ( frame ) -- Could this be an ISO language code? -- 1 -- code local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) local lucky, r = pcall( Multilingual.isLang, s ) return r and "1" or "" end -- p.isLang p.isLangWiki = function ( frame ) -- Could this be a Wiki language version? -- 1 -- code -- Returns non-empty, if possibly language version local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) local lucky, r = pcall( Multilingual.isLangWiki, s ) return r and "1" or "" end -- p.isLangWiki p.isRTL = function ( frame ) -- Check whether language is written right-to-left -- 1 -- string, with language code -- Returns non-empty, if right-to-left local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) return Multilingual.isRTL( s ) and "1" or "" end -- p.isRTL() p.message = function ( frame ) -- Translation of text element return Multilingual.message( fold( frame ), frame ) end -- p.message p.sitelink = function ( frame ) -- Make link at local or other site with optimal linktext translation -- 1 -- item ID local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) local r if s:match( "^%d+$") then r = tonumber( s ) elseif s:match( "^Q%d+$") then r = s end if r then r = Multilingual.sitelink( r, frame ) end return r or s end -- p.sitelink p.tabData = function ( frame ) -- Retrieve best message text from Commons Data -- 1 -- page identification on Commons -- 2 -- keyword -- alt -- fallback text local suite = frame.args[ 1 ] local seek = frame.args[ 2 ] local salt = frame.args.alt local r = Multilingual.tabData( suite, seek, salt, frame ) return r end -- p.tabData p.userLang = function ( frame ) -- Which language does the current user prefer? -- 1 -- space separated list of available ISO 639 codes local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) return Multilingual.userLang( s, frame ) end -- p.userLang p.wikibase = function ( frame ) -- Optimal translation of wikibase component -- 1 -- object ID -- 2 -- 1 for "descriptions", 0 for "labels". -- or either "descriptions" or "labels" local r local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) if s ~= "" then local s2 = mw.text.trim( frame.args[ 2 ] or "0" ) local slang = mw.text.trim( frame.args.lang or "" ) local large = ( s2 ~= "" and s2 ~= "0" ) if slang == "" then slang = false end r = Multilingual.wikibase( s, large, slang, frame ) end return r or "" end -- p.wikibase p.failsafe = function ( frame ) -- Versioning interface local s = type( frame ) local since if s == "table" then since = frame.args[ 1 ] elseif s == "string" then since = frame end if since then since = mw.text.trim( since ) if since == "" then since = false end end return Failsafe.failsafe( since ) or "" end -- p.failsafe() p.Multilingual = function () return Multilingual end -- p.Multilingual return p d1zm42sep4ytfi0dl3dok26gecqprzg 828 108372 708463 2026-04-23T08:57:29Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar '''<code>Multilingual</code>''' – modul anu nyadiakeun fungsi pikeun ngatur basa, kode basa, jeung ngaran basa. == Fungsi pikeun témplat == Sadayana fungsi biasana merlukeun hiji parameter tanpa ngaran (<code>1</code>) salaku data utama, sarta kadang aya parameter tambahan (opsional). Spasi di awal jeung ahir bakal dipaliré. Hurup gedé/leutik dina kode basa (saperti <code>en-US</code>) teu mangaruhan; hasilna bakal jadi hurup leutik. Nilai balik (return) bakal koson... 708463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<code>Multilingual</code>''' – modul anu nyadiakeun fungsi pikeun ngatur basa, kode basa, jeung ngaran basa. == Fungsi pikeun témplat == Sadayana fungsi biasana merlukeun hiji parameter tanpa ngaran (<code>1</code>) salaku data utama, sarta kadang aya parameter tambahan (opsional). Spasi di awal jeung ahir bakal dipaliré. Hurup gedé/leutik dina kode basa (saperti <code>en-US</code>) teu mangaruhan; hasilna bakal jadi hurup leutik. Nilai balik (return) bakal kosong (“”) lamun parameter teu nyumponan sarat. Lamun hasil aya atawa kaayaan luyu, bakal aya sahanteuna hiji karakter katingali. Hasil teu dimimitian atawa ditungtungan ku spasi. ; fair : Ngarapihkeun kode basa nurutkeun RFC 5646 sarta mariksa validitasna. :* ''Hasil:'' kosong lamun teu valid. ; findCode : Manggihan kode tina ngaran basa dina basa lokal (proyék ayeuna). : Kode anu geus aya ogé bisa dikenali. ; format : Ngarapihkeun hiji atawa sababaraha basa. :* <code>1</code> – daptar basa atawa hiji item :* <code>slang</code> – basa pikeun hasil ** <code>*</code> – basa asli ''(standar)'' ** <code>!</code> – basa proyék ayeuna ** kode basa séjén anu valid :* <code>shift</code> – aturan hurup ** <code>c</code> – sadayana hurup gedé di awal ** <code>d</code> – sadayana hurup leutik ** <code>f</code> – ngan item kahiji anu dimimitian ku hurup gedé ** <code>m</code> – hurup kahiji unggal kecap dijieun leutik :* <code>link=1</code> – ngajadikeun item jadi tumbu :* <code>scream</code> – judul kategori lamun aya kasalahan :* <code>split</code> – pola pamisah lamun input daptar (conto: <code>,</code>) :* <code>separator</code> – pamisah hasil (standar nuturkeun <code>split</code>) :* <code>start</code> – nambahkeun unsur di awal daptar ; getBase : Nyokot basa dasar tina kode basa gabungan. ; getName : Manggihan ngaran tina hiji kode basa. :* <code>2</code> – basa pikeun hasil ** <code>*</code> – dina basa éta sorangan ''(standar)'' ** <code>!</code> – dina basa proyék ** kode basa séjén anu valid ; isLang : Mariksa naha éta kode basa ISO. :* kosong lamun henteu ; isLangWiki : Mariksa naha éta kode basa Wikipédia. :* kosong lamun henteu ; kannDeutsch : Mariksa naha pamaké bisa ngarti basa Jérman. :* kosong lamun henteu ; userLang : Nangtukeun basa pamaké sacara otomatis. :* <code>1</code> – daptar kode basa ISO dipisah ku spasi :* ''Hasil:'' ** Lamun basa pamaké teu aya dina daptar, dipaké unsur kahiji ** Lamun basa varian (misalna <code>en-US</code>), bakal dicoba basa dasarna (<code>en</code>) ** Lamun teu aya anu cocog, dipaké basa proyék (<code>{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}</code>) atawa <code>en</code> ; failsafe : ID vérsi: <code>{{#invoke:Multilingual|failsafe}}</code> : Parameter opsional <code>1</code> – vérsi minimum :: Hasil kosong lamun teu nyumponan sarat === Conto === Aya kaca uji coba di: * [[Wikipedia:Lua/Modul/Multilingual/Test]] == Fungsi pikeun modul Lua (API) == Sadaya fungsi di luhur bisa dipaké ku modul séjén: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local lucky, Multilingual = pcall( require, "Modul:Multilingual" ) if type( Multilingual ) == "table" then Multilingual = Multilingual.Multilingual() else return "<span class='error'>" .. Multilingual .. "</span>" end </syntaxhighlight> Fungsi anu sayaga: ; Multilingual.fair( ask ) ; Multilingual.findCode( ask ) ; Multilingual.format( apply, alien, alter, active, alert, frame, assembly, adjacent ) ; Multilingual.getBase( ask ) ; Multilingual.getLang( ask ) : Ngabagi kode basa jadi bagian: ::* <code>.base</code> – basa dasar ::* <code>.region</code> – nagara ::* <code>.script</code> – sistem tulisan ::* <code>.year</code> – taun ::* <code>.extension</code> – ekstensi ::* <code>.other</code> – bagian séjén ::* <code>.legal</code> – valid atawa henteu ::* <code>.n</code> – jumlah bagian ; Multilingual.getName( ask, alien ) ; Multilingual.isLang( ask ) ; Multilingual.isLangWiki( ask ) ; Multilingual.kannDeutsch( ask ) ; Multilingual.userLang( accept, frame ) ; Multilingual.failsafe( atleast ) Lamun hasil suksés: * Fungsi <code>get*</code> mulangkeun string * Fungsi <code>is*</code> mulangkeun <code>true</code> Lamun gagal: <code>false</code> == Panggunaan == Perpustakaan umum; bisa dipaké dina rupa-rupa kaayaan. == Kagantungan == * [[Modul:WLink|WLink]] * [[Modul:Multilingual/config|/config]] (opsional) tl994penainhhw5f05wrbo6r59o0x9x 828 108373 708464 2026-04-23T09:00:10Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar local WLink = { suite = "WLink", serial = "2016-10-05" }; --[=[ ansiPercent() formatURL() getArticleBase() getBaseTitle() getEscapedTitle() getExtension() getFile() getFragment() getLanguage() getNamespace() getPlain() getProject() getTarget() getTargetPage() getTitle() getWeblink() isBracketedLink() isBracketedURL() isCategorization() isExternalLink() isInterlanguage() isInterwiki() isMedia() isTitledLink() isValidLink() isWikilink() wikilink() failsafe()... 708464 Scribunto text/plain local WLink = { suite = "WLink", serial = "2016-10-05" }; --[=[ ansiPercent() formatURL() getArticleBase() getBaseTitle() getEscapedTitle() getExtension() getFile() getFragment() getLanguage() getNamespace() getPlain() getProject() getTarget() getTargetPage() getTitle() getWeblink() isBracketedLink() isBracketedURL() isCategorization() isExternalLink() isInterlanguage() isInterwiki() isMedia() isTitledLink() isValidLink() isWikilink() wikilink() failsafe() ]=] -- local globals local URLutil = false; local utilURL = function () -- Attach URLutil library module -- Postcondition: -- Returns table, with URLutil library -- Throws error, if not available if not URLutil then local lucky, util = pcall( require, "Module:URLutil" ); if lucky then if type( util ) == "table" then URLutil = util.URLutil(); end util = "library URLutil invalid"; end if type( URLutil ) ~= "table" then error( util, 0 ); end end return URLutil; end -- utilURL() local contentExtlink = function ( attempt ) -- Retrieve span of external link between brackets -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link -- the first char is expected to be "[" -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, number, number -- string including whitespace -- number with index of relevant "[" -- number with index after relevant "]" -- false if nothing found local r1 = false; local r2 = false; local r3 = attempt:find( "]", 2, true ); if r3 then local s = attempt:sub( 2, r3 - 1 ); local i = s:find( "[", 1, true ); if i then r1 = s:sub( i + 1 ); r2 = i; else r1 = s; r2 = 1; end else r3 = false; end return r1, r2, r3; end -- contentExtlink() local contentWikilink = function ( attempt ) -- Retrieve span of wikilink between brackets -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link -- the first two chars are expected to be "[[" -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, number, number -- string including whitespace -- number with index of relevant "[[" -- number with index after relevant "]]" -- false if nothing found local r1 = false; local r2 = false; local r3 = attempt:find( "]]", 3, true ); if r3 then local s = attempt:sub( 3, r3 - 1 ); local i = s:find( "[[", 1, true ); if i then r1 = s:sub( i + 2 ); r2 = i; else r1 = s; r2 = 1; end end return r1, r2, r3; end -- contentWikilink() local extractExtlink = function ( attempt ) -- Retrieve external link -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link -- the first char is expected to be "[" -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, string -- first with target and title -- second result false if not titled -- false if nothing found local r1 = false; local r2 = false; local s = contentExtlink( attempt ); if s then local i = s:find( "%s", 1 ); if i then r1 = s:sub( 1, i - 1 ); r2 = mw.text.trim( s:sub( i + 1 ) ); if r2 == "" then r2 = false; end else r1 = s; end if r1 then r1 = mw.text.trim( r1 ); if r1 == "" or not utilURL().isResourceURL( r1 ) then r1 = false; end end if not r1 then r2 = false; end end return r1, r2; end -- extractExtlink() local extractWikilink = function ( attempt ) -- Retrieve wikilink -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link -- the first two chars are expected to be "[[" -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, string -- first with target -- second result title, or false if not piped -- false if nothing found local r1 = false; local r2 = false; local s = contentWikilink( attempt ); if s then local i = s:find( "|", 1, true ); if i then r1 = s:sub( 1, i - 1 ); r2 = s:sub( i + 1 ); else r1 = s; end r1 = mw.text.trim( r1 ); if r1 == "" then r1 = false; else r1 = r1:gsub( "_", " " ) :gsub( "&nbsp;", " " ) :gsub( "&thinsp;", " " ) :gsub( "&#160;", " " ) :gsub( "&#8239;", " " ) :gsub( " +", " " ); r1 = mw.text.decode( r1 ); end end return r1, r2; end -- extractWikilink() local prefix = function ( ask, ahead ) -- Interprete prefix of language or project type -- Precondition: -- ask -- string, with presumable prefix -- ahead -- true, if first segment -- Postcondition: -- Returns string,string or nil -- first string one of "lead", "lang", "project" -- second string is formatted value -- type is one of "lead", "lang", "project" -- nil if nothing found local r1, r2; local prefixes = { b = true, c = "commons", d = true, commons = true, m = "meta", mediawiki = "mw", mw = true, meta = true, n = true, q = true, s = true, simple = false, v = true, voy = true, w = true, wikibooks = "b", wikidata = "d", wikinews = "n", wikipedia = "w", wikiquote = "q", wikisource = "s", wikiversity = "v", wikivoyage = "voy", wikt = true, wiktionary = "wikt" }; local s = mw.text.trim( ask ); if s == "" then if ahead then r1 = "lead"; r2 = true; end else local p; s = s:lower(); p = prefixes[ s ]; if p == true then r1 = "project"; r2 = s; elseif p then r1 = "project"; r2 = p; elseif p == false then r1 = "lang"; r2 = s; elseif s:match( "^%l%l%l?$" ) and mw.language.isSupportedLanguage( s ) then r1 = "lang"; r2 = s; end end return r1, r2; end -- prefix() local target = function ( attempt, lonely ) -- Retrieve first target (wikilink or URL), or entire string -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- lonely -- remove fragment, if true -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, number -- string, with detected link target, or entire -- number, with number of brackets, if found, or 2 local r1, r2 = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if not r1 then r1 = mw.text.trim( attempt ); r2 = 2; end if lonely then local i = r1:find( "#", 1, true ); if i == 1 then r1 = ""; elseif i then r1 = r1:sub( 1, i - 1 ); end end return r1, r2; end -- target() function WLink.ansiPercent( attempt, alter ) -- Convert string by ANSI encoding rather than UTF-8 encoding -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable ANSI characters -- alter -- string or nil, to use for spaces instead of %20 -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, encoded local k, s; local r = attempt; if alter then r = r:gsub( " ", alter ); end for i = mw.ustring.len( r ), 1, -1 do k = mw.ustring.codepoint( r, i, i ); if k <= 32 or k > 126 then if k > 255 then s = mw.ustring.sub( r, i, i ); if k > 2047 then s = string.format( "%%%2X%%%2X%%%2X", s:byte( 1, 1 ), s:byte( 2, 2 ), s:byte( 3, 3 ) ); else s = string.format( "%%%2X%%%2X", s:byte( 1, 1 ), s:byte( 2, 2 ) ); end else s = string.format( "%%%2X", k ); end r = string.format( "%s%s%s", mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, i - 1 ), s, mw.ustring.sub( r, i + 1 ) ); end end -- for --i r = mw.ustring.gsub(r, '^%*', '%%2A') return r; end -- WLink.ansiPercent() function WLink.formatURL( adjust ) -- Create bracketed link, if not yet -- Precondition: -- adjust -- string, with URL or domain/path or bracketed link -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with bracketed link -- false on invalid format local r; if type( adjust ) == "string" then if WLink.isBracketedLink( adjust ) then r = adjust; else local url = mw.text.trim( adjust ); local host; utilURL(); host = URLutil.getHost( adjust ); if not host then url = "http://" .. adjust; host = URLutil.getHost( url ); end if host then local path = URLutil.getRelativePath( url ); local show; if path == "/" then if not url:match( "/$" ) then url = url .. "/"; end show = host; else local i = path:find( "#" ); if i then path = path:sub( 1, i - 1 ); end show = host .. path; end r = string.format( "[%s %s]", url, show ); else r = adjust; end end else r = false; end return r; end -- WLink.formatURL() function WLink.getArticleBase( attempt ) -- Retrieve generic article title, no fragment nor brackets -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink or page title -- current page title, if missing -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with identified lemma, or all -- false on invalid format local r; if attempt then local m; r, m = target( attempt, true ); if m ~= 2 then r = false; end else r = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text; end if r then local sub = r:match( "^(.*%S) *%(.+%)$" ); if sub then r = sub; end end return r; end -- WLink.getArticleBase() function WLink.getBaseTitle( attempt ) -- Retrieve last segment in subpage, no fragment -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink or page title -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with identified segment, or all local r; local s, m = target( attempt, true ); if m == 2 then local sub = s:match( "/([^/]+)$" ); if sub then r = sub; else r = s; end else r = false; end return r; end -- WLink.getBaseTitle() function WLink.getEscapedTitle( attempt ) -- Retrieve escaped link title -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link title -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with suitable link title local s = mw.text.trim( attempt ); return s:gsub( "\n", " " ) :gsub( "%[", "&#91;" ) :gsub( "%]", "&#93;" ) :gsub( "|", "&#124;" ); end -- WLink.getEscapedTitle() function WLink.getExtension( attempt ) -- Retrieve media extension -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink (media link) or page title -- if URL, PDF may be detected -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with detected downcased media type -- false if no extension found local r = false; local s, m = target( attempt ); if m == 2 then s = s:match( "%.(%a+)$" ); if s then r = s:lower(); end elseif s:upper():match( "[%./](PDF)%W?" ) then r = "pdf"; end return r; end -- WLink.getExtension() function WLink.getFile( attempt ) -- Retrieve media page identifier -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink (media link) or page title -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with detected file title -- no namespace nor project -- false if no file found local r = false; local s, m = target( attempt ); if m == 2 then local slow = ":" .. s:lower(); local find = function ( a ) local seek = string.format( ":%s:().+%%.%%a+$", a:lower() ); local join = slow:find( seek ); local ret; if join then ret = s:sub( join + #a + 1 ); end return ret; end; r = find( "file" ); if not r then local trsl = mw.site.namespaces[6]; r = find( trsl.name ); if not r then trsl = trsl.aliases; for k, v in pairs( trsl ) do r = find( v ); if r then break; -- for k, v end end -- for k, v end end end return r; end -- WLink.getFile() function WLink.getFragment( attempt ) -- Retrieve fragment -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable fragment -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with detected fragment -- false if no address found local r = false; local s, m = target( attempt ); if s then local i = s:find( "#", 1, true ); if i then if i > 1 then s = s:sub( i - 1 ); i = 2; end if s:find( "&#", 1, true ) then s = mw.text.decode( s ); i = s:find( "#", 1, true ); if not i then s = ""; i = 0; end end s = s:sub( i + 1 ); r = mw.text.trim( s ); if r == "" then r = false; elseif m == 2 then r = r:gsub( "%.(%x%x)", "%%%1" ) :gsub( "_", " " ); r = mw.uri.decode( r, "PATH" ); end end end return r; end -- WLink.getFragment() function WLink.getLanguage( attempt ) -- Retrieve language project identifier -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink or page title -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with detected downcased language identifier -- false if no project language found local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and w.lang then r = w.lang; end end return r; end -- WLink.getLanguage() function WLink.getNamespace( attempt ) -- Retrieve namespace number -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink or page title -- Postcondition: -- Returns number, of detected namespace -- false if no namespace found local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and not w.lang and not w.project and w.ns then r = w.ns; end end return r; end -- WLink.getNamespace() function WLink.getPlain( attempt ) -- Retrieve text with all links replaced by link titles -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikitext -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with modified wikitext without links local r = attempt; local i = 1; local j, k, n, lean, s, shift, space, suffix; while ( true ) do j = r:find( "[", i, true ); if j then suffix = r:sub( j ); i = j + 1; lean = ( r:byte( i, i ) == 91 ); if lean then s, k, n = contentWikilink( suffix ); else s, k, n = contentExtlink( suffix ); end if s then if k > 1 then n = n - k; i = j + k; j = i - 1; suffix = r:sub( j ); end if lean then s, shift = extractWikilink( suffix ); if s then space = s:match( "^([^:]+):" ); if space then space = mw.site.namespaces[ space ]; if space then space = space.id; end end if space == 6 or space == 14 then shift = ""; elseif not shift then shift = s; end else s = ""; shift = ""; end else s, shift = extractExtlink( suffix ); if not s then s = ""; end if not shift then shift = ""; end i = i - 1; end if j > 1 then s = r:sub( 1, j - 1 ); else s = ""; end r = string.format( "%s%s%s", s, shift, r:sub( n + i ) ); i = i + #shift; else break; -- while true end else break; -- while true end end -- while true return r; end -- WLink.getPlain() function WLink.getProject( attempt ) -- Retrieve wikifarm project identifier -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with wikilink or page title -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with detected downcased project identifier -- false if no project identifier found local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and w.project then r = w.project; end end return r; end -- WLink.getProject() function WLink.getTarget( attempt ) -- Retrieve first target (wikilink or URL) -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, number -- string, with first detected link target -- number, with number of brackets, if found -- false if nothing found local r1 = false; local r2 = false; local i = attempt:find( "[", 1, true ); if i then local m; r1 = attempt:sub( i ); if r1:byte( 2, 2 ) == 91 then m = 2; r1 = extractWikilink( r1 ); else m = 1; r1 = extractExtlink( r1 ); end if r1 then r2 = m; end else r1 = attempt:match( "%A?([hf]t?tps?://%S+)%s?" ); if r1 then if utilURL().isResourceURL( r1 ) then r2 = 0; else r1 = false; end else r1 = false; end end return r1, r2; end -- WLink.getTarget() function WLink.getTargetPage( attempt ) -- Retrieve first target page (page name or URL of page) -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with first detected linked page -- false if nothing found local r1, r2 = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if r1 then local i = r1:find( "#", 1, true ); if i then if i == 1 then r1 = false; else r1 = mw.text.trim( r1:sub( 1, i - 1 ) ); end end end return r1, r2; end -- WLink.getTargetPage() function WLink.getTitle( attempt ) -- Retrieve first link title (wikilink or URL), or wikilink target -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with first detected link target -- false if nothing found local r = false; local i = attempt:find( "[", 1, true ); if i then local s1, s2; r = attempt:sub( i ); if r:byte( 2, 2 ) == 91 then s1, s2 = extractWikilink( r ); if s2 then r = s2; else r = s1; end else s1, r = extractExtlink( r ); end end return r; end -- WLink.getTitle() function WLink.getWeblink( attempt, anURLutil ) -- Retrieve bracketed link from resource URL -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with URL, or something different -- anURLutil -- library module object, or nil -- Postcondition: -- Returns string, with first detected link target -- false if nothing found local second = ".ac.co.go.gv.or."; local r; if type( anURLutil ) == "table" then URLutil = anURLutil; else utilURL(); end if URLutil.isResourceURL( attempt ) then local site = URLutil.getAuthority( attempt ); local show; if #attempt == #site then site = site .. "/"; end show = URLutil.getTop3domain( "//" .. site ); if show then local scan = "[%./](%a+)(%.%l%l%.)(%a+)$"; local search = "." .. show; local s1, s2, s3 = search:match( scan ); if s2 then if not second:find( s2, 1, true ) then show = string.format( "%s.%s", s2, s3 ); end else show = false; end end if not show then show = URLutil.getTop2domain( "//" .. site ); if not show then show = URLutil.getHost( "//" .. site ); end end r = string.format( "[%s %s]", attempt, show ); else r = attempt; end return r; end -- WLink.getWeblink() function WLink.isBracketedLink( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a bracketed link? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local i = attempt:find( "[", 1, true ); if i then local s = attempt:sub( i ); if s:byte( 2, 2 ) == 91 then s = extractWikilink( s ); else s = extractExtlink( s ); end if s then r = true; end end return r; end -- WLink.isBracketedLink() function WLink.isBracketedURL( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a bracketed URL? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local s, r = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); return ( r == 1 ); end -- WLink.isBracketedURL() function WLink.isCategorization( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a categorization? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and w.ns == 14 and not ( w.lead or w.lang or w.project ) and w.title ~= "" then r = true; end end return r; end -- WLink.isCategorization() function WLink.isExternalLink( attempt ) -- Does attempt match an external link? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local s, r = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if r then r = ( r < 2 ); end return r; end -- WLink.isExternalLink() function WLink.isInterlanguage( attempt ) -- Does attempt match an interlanguage link? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and w.lang and not w.project and not w.lead and w.title ~= "" then r = true; end end return r; end -- WLink.isInterlanguage() function WLink.isInterwiki( attempt ) -- Does attempt match an interwiki link within wikifarm? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and ( w.lang or w.project ) and w.title ~= "" then r = true; end end return r; end -- WLink.isInterwiki() function WLink.isMedia( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a media translusion? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if m == 2 then local w = WLink.wikilink( s ); if w and w.ns == 6 and not ( w.lead or w.lang or w.project ) and w.title ~= "" and WLink.getExtension( w.title ) then r = true; end end return r; end -- WLink.isMedia() function WLink.isTitledLink( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a titled link? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local r = false; local i = attempt:find( "[", 1, true ); if i then local c, n; local s = attempt:sub( i ); if s:byte( 2, 2 ) == 91 then n = s:find( "%]%]", 5 ); c = "|"; else n = s:find( "%]", 8 ); c = "%s%S"; end if n then local m = s:find( c, 2 ); if m and m + 1 < n and WLink.getTarget( attempt ) then r = true; end end end return r; end -- WLink.isTitledLink() function WLink.isValidLink( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a link? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local s, r = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); if r then r = true; end return r; end -- WLink.isValidLink() function WLink.isWikilink( attempt ) -- Does attempt match a wikilink? -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link somewhere -- Postcondition: -- Returns boolean local s, m = WLink.getTarget( attempt ); return ( m == 2 ); end -- WLink.isWikilink() function WLink.wikilink( attempt ) -- Retrieve wikilink components -- Precondition: -- attempt -- string, with presumable link -- expected to be enclosed in "[[" "]]" -- else wikilink -- Postcondition: -- Returns table or false -- table of assignments with { type, value} -- type is one of "lead", -- "project", "lang", -- "ns", "space", "title" -- false if nothing found local s = contentWikilink( attempt ); local got, n, r; if not s then s = attempt; end i = s:find( "|", 1, true ); if i then s = s:sub( 1, i - 1 ); end got = mw.text.split( s, ":" ); n = table.maxn( got ); if n == 1 then r = { title = mw.text.trim( s ) }; else local j, k, o, v; r = { title = "" }; if n > 4 then k = 4; else k = n - 1; end j = k; for i = 1, j do s = mw.text.trim( got[ i ] ); if s ~= "" then o = mw.site.namespaces[ mw.text.trim( got[ i ] ) ]; if o then r.ns = o.id; r.space = o.name; k = i + 1; j = i - 1; break; -- for i end end end -- for i for i = 1, j do o, v = prefix( got[ i ], ( i == 1 ) ); if o then if r[ o ] then k = i; break; -- for i else r[ o ] = v; end else k = i; break; -- for i end end -- for i for i = k, n do r.title = r.title .. got[ i ]; if i < n then r.title = r.title .. ":"; end end -- for i end if r.lead and ( r.project or not r.title or ( not r.lang and r.ns ~= 6 and r.ns ~= 14 ) ) then r.lead = false; end return r; end -- WLink.wikilink() function WLink.failsafe( assert ) -- Retrieve versioning and check for compliance -- Precondition: -- assert -- string, with required version, or false -- Postcondition: -- Returns string with appropriate version, or false local r; if assert and assert > WLink.serial then r = false; else r = WLink.serial; end return r end -- WLink.failsafe() local function Template( frame, action, leave, lone ) -- Run actual code from template transclusion -- Precondition: -- frame -- object -- action -- string, with function name -- leave -- true: keep whitespace around -- lone -- true: permit call without parameters -- Postcondition: -- Return string; might be error message local lucky = true; local s = false; local r = false; local space; for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do if k == 1 then if leave then s = v; else s = mw.text.trim( v ); end elseif action == "ansiPercent" and k == "space" then if v ~= "" then space = v; end elseif k ~= "template" then lucky = false; if r then r = r .. "|"; else r = "Unknown parameter: "; end r = string.format( "%s%s=", r, k ); end end -- for k, v if lucky then if s or lone then lucky, r = pcall( WLink[ action ], s, space ); else r = "Parameter missing"; lucky = false; end end if lucky then if type( r ) == "boolean" then if r then r = "1"; else r = ""; end end else r = string.format( "<span class=\"error\">%s</span>", r ); end return r; end -- Template() -- Export local p = { }; p.ansiPercent = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "ansiPercent" ); end p.formatURL = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "formatURL" ); end p.getArticleBase = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getArticleBase", false, true ); end p.getBaseTitle = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getBaseTitle" ); end p.getEscapedTitle = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getEscapedTitle" ); end p.getExtension = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getExtension" ); end p.getFile = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getFile" ); end p.getFragment = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getFragment" ); end p.getInterwiki = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getInterwiki" ); end p.getLanguage = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getLanguage" ); end p.getNamespace = function ( frame ) return tostring( Template( frame, "getNamespace" ) ); end p.getPlain = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getPlain" ); end p.getProject = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getProject" ); end p.getTarget = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getTarget" ); end p.getTargetPage = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getTargetPage" ); end p.getTitle = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getTitle" ); end p.getWeblink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "getWeblink" ); end p.isBracketedLink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isBracketedLink" ); end p.isBracketedURL = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isBracketedURL" ); end p.isCategorization = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isCategorization" ); end p.isExternalLink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isExternalLink" ); end p.isInterlanguage = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isInterlanguage" ); end p.isInterwiki = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isInterwiki" ); end p.isMedia = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isMedia" ); end p.isTitledLink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isTitledLink" ); end p.isValidLink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isValidLink" ); end p.isWeblink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isWeblink" ); end p.isWikilink = function ( frame ) return Template( frame, "isWikilink" ); end p.failsafe = function ( frame ) local since = frame.args[ 1 ]; if since then since = mw.text.trim( since ); if since == "" then since = false; end end return WLink.failsafe( since ) or ""; end p.WLink = function () return WLink; end return p; khcam6fvoqmge78bt0ettgz26jbcp1w 828 108374 708465 2026-04-23T09:02:44Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{High-use}} {{Modul rating|rilis}} <!-- Mangga tambahkeun kategori di handap kaca ieu, sarta interwiki di Wikidata --> '''<code>WLink</code>''' – modul anu nyadiakeun fungsi pikeun ngolah string anu patali jeung wikilink jeung tumbu éksternal ([[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]). Modul ieu diimpor tina [[:de:Module:WLink]]. == Panggunaan == Sadayana fungsi merlukeun hiji parameter tanpa ngaran. Spasi di awal jeung ahir bakal dipaliré. HTML entity teu ngaganggu sintak... 708465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} {{Modul rating|rilis}} <!-- Mangga tambahkeun kategori di handap kaca ieu, sarta interwiki di Wikidata --> '''<code>WLink</code>''' – modul anu nyadiakeun fungsi pikeun ngolah string anu patali jeung wikilink jeung tumbu éksternal ([[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]). Modul ieu diimpor tina [[:de:Module:WLink]]. == Panggunaan == Sadayana fungsi merlukeun hiji parameter tanpa ngaran. Spasi di awal jeung ahir bakal dipaliré. HTML entity teu ngaganggu sintaksis sarta bisa direngsekeun lamun perlu. Parameter bisa ngandung tumbu (wikilink atawa URL) anu bakal diprosés lamun cocog. Nilai balik (return) bakal kosong (“”) lamun parameter teu nyumponan sarat. Lamun aya hasil atawa kaayaan luyu, bakal aya sahanteuna hiji karakter katingali. Hasil teu dimimitian atawa ditungtungan ku spasi. ; ansiPercent : Ngarobah string kana encoding ANSI (lain UTF-8). : Dipaké pikeun server heubeul. : Parameter opsional <code>space</code>: :* <code>+</code> – umum pikeun query :* <code>_</code> – gaya wiki :* standar: <code>%20</code> ; formatURL : Ngawangun tumbu bracket lamun can aya. :* <nowiki>[http://example.org/about Homepage]</nowiki> → sarua :* <nowiki>http://example.org/about</nowiki> → <nowiki>[http://example.org/about example.org/about]</nowiki> :* example.org → <nowiki>[http://example.org/ example.org]</nowiki> ; getArticleBase : Nyokot judul kaca dasar (tanpa fragmen atawa kurung). : Lamun teu aya parameter, maké judul kaca ayeuna. ; getBaseTitle : Nyokot bagian panungtung tina subkaca. ; getExtension : Nyokot ekstensi file (hurup leutik, tanpa titik). ; getFile : Nyokot identifier kaca média. ; getFragment : Nyokot fragmen sanggeus <code>#</code> (teu di-decode). ; <s>getLanguage</s> : Nyokot kode basa. ; <s>getNamespace</s> : Nyokot nomer namespace. ; getPlain : Nyokot téks tanpa tumbu (diganti ku judulna). ; <s>getProject</s> : Nyokot identifier proyék. ; getTarget : Nyokot target munggaran (wikilink atawa URL). ; getTargetPage : Nyokot target kaca munggaran. : Sarua jeung ''getTarget'' lamun teu aya fragmen. ; getTitle : Nyokot judul tumbu munggaran. ; isBracketedLink : Mariksa naha éta tumbu maké kurung. ; isBracketedURL : Mariksa naha éta URL maké kurung. ; isCategorization : Mariksa naha éta kategori. ; isExternalLink : Mariksa naha éta tumbu éksternal. ; isInterlanguage : Mariksa naha éta tumbu antar basa. ; isInterwiki : Mariksa naha éta interwiki. ; isMedia : Mariksa naha éta transklusi média. ; isTitledLink : Mariksa naha éta tumbu boga judul. ; isValidLink : Mariksa naha éta tumbu valid. ; isWeblink : Mariksa naha éta tumbu wéb. ; isWikilink : Mariksa naha éta wikilink. ; failsafe : ID vérsi: <code>{{#invoke:WLink|failsafe}}</code> : Parameter opsional <code>1</code> – vérsi minimum :: Hasil kosong lamun teu nyumponan sarat === Conto === Aya kaca uji coba: * [[:de:Wikipedia:Lua/Modul/WLink/Test]] == Fungsi pikeun modul Lua (API) == {{anchor|Lua}} Sadaya fungsi di luhur bisa dipaké ku modul séjén: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local lucky, WLink = pcall( require, "Module:WLink" ) if type( WLink ) == "table" then WLink = WLink.WLink() else return "<span class=\"error\">" .. WLink .. "</span>" end </syntaxhighlight> Fungsi anu sayaga: * WLink.ansiPercent(story, space) * WLink.formatURL() * WLink.getArticleBase() * WLink.getBaseTitle() * WLink.getExtension() * WLink.getFile() * WLink.getFragment() *: <code>false</code> lamun teu aya; kosong lamun fragmen kosong *: hasil teu ngawengku <code>#</code> * WLink.getLanguage() * WLink.getNamespace() * WLink.getPlain() * WLink.getProject() * WLink.getTarget() * WLink.getTargetPage() * WLink.getTitle() * WLink.isBracketedLink() * WLink.isBracketedURL() * WLink.isCategorization() * WLink.isExternalLink() * WLink.isInterlanguage() * WLink.isInterwiki() * WLink.isMedia() * WLink.isTitledLink() * WLink.isValidLink() * WLink.isWeblink() * WLink.isWikilink() * WLink.wikilink() *: Ngabalikeun ''table'' lamun wikilink valid, lamun henteu <code>false</code> *: Komponén anu mungkin: *:* <code>lead</code> – aya tanda <code>:</code> *:* <code>project</code> – proyék interwiki *:* <code>lang</code> – kode basa *:* <code>ns</code> – nomer namespace *:* <code>space</code> – ngaran namespace *:* <code>title</code> – judul kaca * WLink.failsafe(atleast) *:# ''atleast'' – vérsi minimum (opsional) *: balikkeun ''string'' atawa <code>false</code> Lamun hasil suksés: * Fungsi <code>get*</code> mulangkeun string * Fungsi <code>is*</code> mulangkeun <code>true</code> Lamun gagal: <code>false</code> 7moruftdrud8x88ebkw2gh995ejlcvv 10 108375 708466 2026-04-23T09:09:06Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar <includeonly> {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#switch:{{Namespace detect|template=t|modul=m|demospace={{{demospace|}}}|page={{{demopage|}}}}} | m | t = {{ombox | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = [[Gambar:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | alpha | a = [[Gambar:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|class=skin-invert|26x26px|link=|alt=]] | beta | b... 708466 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#switch:{{Namespace detect|template=t|modul=m|demospace={{{demospace|}}}|page={{{demopage|}}}}} | m | t = {{ombox | type = notice | image = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = [[Gambar:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | alpha | a = [[Gambar:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|class=skin-invert|26x26px|link=|alt=]] | beta | b = [[Gambar:Greek lc beta icon.svg|class=skin-invert|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | release | r | general | g | stable | protected | protect | p | semiprotected | semiprotect | semi = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | broken | br | unstable = [[Gambar:Red x.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | deprecated | d | defunct = [[Gambar:Historical.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }} | text = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is in '''pre-alpha''' stage. It is still incomplete and may change at any time. Avoid using it in [[Wikipedia:Article namespace|articles]]. | alpha | a = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is in '''alpha''' stage. It can be used in limited cases and feedback is welcome. | beta | b = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is in '''beta''' stage. It is mostly stable but should still be used with caution. | release | r | general | g | stable | protected | protect | p | semiprotected | semiprotect | semi = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is '''ready for general use'''. It is stable and can be widely used. | broken | br | unstable = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is '''unstable'''. It may have errors or missing dependencies. | deprecated | d | defunct = This [[Wikipedia:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}|{{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}]] is '''deprecated'''.{{#if:{{{replaced|}}}| Please use [[{{{replaced}}}]] instead.}}{{#if:{{{message|}}}| {{{message}}}}} | #default = {{error|Invalid rating parameter in {{para|1}}.}} [[Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters|{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] }} }} {{#if:{{{demopage|}}}{{{demospace|}}}|| {{#switch: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | doc | sandbox = | {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | | {{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | pre-alpha | prealpha | pa | experimental = [[Kategori:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}s in pre-alpha development|{{PAGENAME}}]] | alpha | a = [[Kategori:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}s in alpha|{{PAGENAME}}]] | beta | b = [[Kategori:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}s in beta|{{PAGENAME}}]] | release | r | general | g | stable = [[Kategori:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}s for general use|{{PAGENAME}}]] | deprecated | d | defunct = [[Kategori:Deprecated {{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}s|{{PAGENAME}}]] | broken | br | unstable = [[Kategori:Unstable {{lc:{{NAMESPACE:{{{demopage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}}}s|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} }} }} | #default = {{if preview|1={{error|Template ini hanya boleh digunakan di namespace Template atau Modul.}}}} [[Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace]] }} | {{If preview|1={{error|Parameter 1 kosong pada Template rating.}}}} [[Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters|{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] }} </includeonly> <noinclude> {{template rating/sandbox|release|nocat=true|demospace=template|demopage=template:template rating|demolevel=edit}} {{mbox|text=This is a demonstration template.}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> ihdlf3qqvhehjhw4llvrc6ot36zrter 708482 708466 2026-04-23T11:03:46Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Citakan rating]] 708482 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Citakan:Citakan rating]] 12zrpqdqfwzwsbm58jrosffeglg4jap 10 108376 708467 2026-04-23T09:15:46Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Templat:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{template rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{template redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wi... 708467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Templat:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{template rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{template redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Template rating|rating|nocat=true}} </syntaxhighlight> Témplat ieu bakal otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina namespace ''Template'' atawa ''Modul'', sarta nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Lamun kaca ogé diproteksi, témplat bakal otomatis nembongkeun status perlindungan. Anjeun bisa nambahkeun alesan ku parameter {{para|reason}} (kudu kalimat lengkep, lain kecap pondok). Pikeun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc), perlindungan bisa diatur ku: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline> {{Template rating|rating|reason=...|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> Lamun dipaké di luar namespace Template atawa Modul, bakal nembongkeun pesen kasalahan sarta diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''template'': * {{tlc|Templat rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|release}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|protected}} (deprecated, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''modul'': * {{tlc|Templat rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|release}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|deprecated}} Sadayana nilai henteu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik. == Conto == {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Conto modul anu diproteksi === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|release|reason=template|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Template rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=modul|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status template atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb.)", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status template atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": ["pre-alpha","alpha","beta","release","broken","deprecated"] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Pangaganti", "description": "Lamun deprecated, eusian ku modul/témplat pangganti.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman béwara proteksi", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan proteksi", "type": "string" }, "doc-reason": { "aliases": ["2"], "label": "Alesan proteksi /doc", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": ["edit","move","autoreview"] }, "doc-action": { "aliases": ["3"], "label": "Aksi /doc", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori pelacakan == Otomatis nambah kana kategori (iwal lamun {{para|nocat|true}}): * {{clc|Templates in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Templates in alpha}} * {{clc|Templates in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina kaca /doc jeung /sandbox. === Kategori kasalahan === * {{clc|Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Template namespace templates|Rating]] [[Kategori:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> tlirf26i9s0gjfklbam2vud8d41um5d 708469 708467 2026-04-23T09:26:25Z Nathan Veritas 36321 708469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{Citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{Citakan redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating|nocat=true}} </syntaxhighlight> Témplat ieu bakal otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina namespace ''Citakan'' atawa ''Modul'', sarta nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Lamun kaca ogé diproteksi, témplat bakal otomatis nembongkeun status perlindungan. Anjeun bisa nambahkeun alesan ku parameter {{para|reason}} (kudu kalimat lengkep, lain kecap pondok). Pikeun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc), perlindungan bisa diatur ku: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline> {{Citakan rating|rating|reason=...|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> Lamun dipaké di luar namespace Citakan atawa Modul, bakal nembongkeun pesen kasalahan sarta diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''Citakan'': * {{tlc|Templat rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|release}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|protected}} (deprecated, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''modul'': * {{tlc|Templat rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|release}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Templat rating|deprecated}} Sadayana nilai henteu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik. == Conto == {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Conto modul anu diproteksi === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|release|reason=citakan|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=modul|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status Citakan atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb.)", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status Citakan atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": ["pre-alpha","alpha","beta","release","broken","deprecated"] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Pangaganti", "description": "Lamun deprecated, eusian ku modul/témplat pangganti.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman béwara proteksi", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan proteksi", "type": "string" }, "doc-reason": { "aliases": ["2"], "label": "Alesan proteksi /doc", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": ["edit","move","autoreview"] }, "doc-action": { "aliases": ["3"], "label": "Aksi /doc", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori pelacakan == Otomatis nambah kana kategori (iwal lamun {{para|nocat|true}}): * {{clc|Citakan in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Citakan in alpha}} * {{clc|Citakan in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina kaca /doc jeung /sandbox. === Kategori kasalahan === * {{clc|Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Citakan namespace Citakan|Rating]] [[Kategori:Citakan that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> q65k3g4czprcccwqs7hb5mem0ekzypc 708470 708469 2026-04-23T09:29:10Z Nathan Veritas 36321 /* Nilai rating */ 708470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{Citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{Citakan redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating|nocat=true}} </syntaxhighlight> Témplat ieu bakal otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina namespace ''Citakan'' atawa ''Modul'', sarta nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Lamun kaca ogé diproteksi, témplat bakal otomatis nembongkeun status perlindungan. Anjeun bisa nambahkeun alesan ku parameter {{para|reason}} (kudu kalimat lengkep, lain kecap pondok). Pikeun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc), perlindungan bisa diatur ku: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline> {{Citakan rating|rating|reason=...|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> Lamun dipaké di luar namespace Citakan atawa Modul, bakal nembongkeun pesen kasalahan sarta diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''Citakan'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|protected}} (deprecated, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''modul'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|deprecated}} Sadayana nilai henteu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik. == Conto == {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Conto modul anu diproteksi === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|release|reason=citakan|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=modul|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status Citakan atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb.)", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status Citakan atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": ["pre-alpha","alpha","beta","release","broken","deprecated"] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Pangaganti", "description": "Lamun deprecated, eusian ku modul/témplat pangganti.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman béwara proteksi", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan proteksi", "type": "string" }, "doc-reason": { "aliases": ["2"], "label": "Alesan proteksi /doc", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": ["edit","move","autoreview"] }, "doc-action": { "aliases": ["3"], "label": "Aksi /doc", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori pelacakan == Otomatis nambah kana kategori (iwal lamun {{para|nocat|true}}): * {{clc|Citakan in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Citakan in alpha}} * {{clc|Citakan in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina kaca /doc jeung /sandbox. === Kategori kasalahan === * {{clc|Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Citakan namespace Citakan|Rating]] [[Kategori:Citakan that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> 2mxta9ue4bl8wo6kjvcf4nwbvm1ojk5 708474 708470 2026-04-23T10:38:46Z Nathan Veritas 36321 /* Panggunaan */ 708474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{Citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{Citakan redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating|nocat=true}} </syntaxhighlight> Témplat ieu bakal otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina namespace ''Citakan'' atawa ''Modul'', sarta nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Lamun kaca ogé diproteksi, témplat bakal otomatis nembongkeun status perlindungan. Anjeun bisa nambahkeun alesan ku parameter {{para|reason}} (kudu kalimat lengkep, lain kecap pondok). Pikeun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc), perlindungan bisa diatur ku: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline> {{Citakan rating|rating|reason=...|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> Lamun dipaké di luar namespace Citakan atawa Modul, bakal nembongkeun pesen kasalahan sarta diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''Citakan'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|protected}} (deprecated, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''modul'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|deprecated}} Sadayana nilai henteu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik. == Conto == {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Templat rating{{\bakpasir}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakanrating{{\bakpasir}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Conto modul anu diproteksi === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|release|reason=citakan|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=modul|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status Citakan atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb.)", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status Citakan atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": ["pre-alpha","alpha","beta","release","broken","deprecated"] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Pangaganti", "description": "Lamun deprecated, eusian ku modul/témplat pangganti.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman béwara proteksi", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan proteksi", "type": "string" }, "doc-reason": { "aliases": ["2"], "label": "Alesan proteksi /doc", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": ["edit","move","autoreview"] }, "doc-action": { "aliases": ["3"], "label": "Aksi /doc", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori pelacakan == Otomatis nambah kana kategori (iwal lamun {{para|nocat|true}}): * {{clc|Citakan in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Citakan in alpha}} * {{clc|Citakan in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina kaca /doc jeung /sandbox. === Kategori kasalahan === * {{clc|Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Citakan namespace Citakan|Rating]] [[Kategori:Citakan that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> swifbqqrc4zqcj69totra0o8ua0kacq 708477 708474 2026-04-23T10:43:40Z Nathan Veritas 36321 708477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ayeuna geus digabungkeun kana témplat ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{Citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{Citakan redirect|Modul rating}} {{lua|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:Effective protection level}} == Panggunaan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating}} </syntaxhighlight> Tanpa kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|rating|nocat=true}} </syntaxhighlight> Témplat ieu bakal otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina namespace ''Template'' atawa ''Modul'', sarta nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Lamun kaca ogé diproteksi, témplat bakal otomatis nembongkeun status perlindungan. Anjeun bisa nambahkeun alesan ku parameter {{para|reason}} (kudu kalimat lengkep, lain kecap pondok). Pikeun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc), perlindungan bisa diatur ku: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline> {{Citakan rating|rating|reason=...|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> Lamun dipaké di luar namespace Template atawa Modul, bakal nembongkeun pesen kasalahan sarta diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''Citakan'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|protected}} (deprecated, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''modul'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|deprecated}} Sadayana nilai henteu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik. == Conto == {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\bakpasir}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Conto modul anu diproteksi === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Templat rating|release|reason=template|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Template rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=modul|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status template atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb.)", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status template atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": ["pre-alpha","alpha","beta","release","broken","deprecated"] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Pangaganti", "description": "Lamun deprecated, eusian ku modul/témplat pangganti.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman béwara proteksi", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan proteksi", "type": "string" }, "doc-reason": { "aliases": ["2"], "label": "Alesan proteksi /doc", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": ["edit","move","autoreview"] }, "doc-action": { "aliases": ["3"], "label": "Aksi /doc", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori pelacakan == Otomatis nambah kana kategori (iwal lamun {{para|nocat|true}}): * {{clc|Templates in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Templates in alpha}} * {{clc|Templates in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina kaca /doc jeung /sandbox. === Kategori kasalahan === * {{clc|Category:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Template namespace templates|Rating]] [[Kategori:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> k560pkeoymvi79ytuufnhi5imjs9pn7 708483 708477 2026-04-23T11:04:38Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Citakan rating/doc]] 708483 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Citakan:Citakan rating/doc]] a4uu8y5a0g2rb57yqet56cxp9aucsjr 0 108377 708468 2026-04-23T09:20:00Z Hasnanf 28942 Nyieun kaca anyar Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga Kabupatén Pati, Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati Sadéwo ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdesaan dan Perkotaan (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati Sadéwo kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref... 708468 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga Kabupatén Pati, Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati Sadéwo ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdesaan dan Perkotaan (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati Sadéwo kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rangkuman-hasil-demo-pati-13-agustus-respons-bupati-hfNR|title=Rangkuman Hasil Demo Pati 13 Agustus & Respons Bupati Sudewo|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Teu eureun dina poé éta, 25 Agustus 2025, Aliansi Masyarakat Pati ngagelar unjuk rasa jilid dua anu mawa tuntutan sarua jeung saacanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/aliansi-masyarakat-pati-akan-gelar-demo-jilid-ii-25-agustus-2025-hfYz|title=Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Akan Gelar Demo Jilid II 25 Agustus 2025|last=Friana|first=Hendra|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == dqowwr5jym5hvger5lhubz2qyt5l3np 708471 708468 2026-04-23T09:48:28Z Hasnanf 28942 708471 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga Kabupatén Pati, Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati Sudéwo ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati Sudéwo kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rangkuman-hasil-demo-pati-13-agustus-respons-bupati-hfNR|title=Rangkuman Hasil Demo Pati 13 Agustus & Respons Bupati Sudewo|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Tungtung tina unjuk rasa ieu nyaéta DPRD Kabupatén Pati satuju pikeun ngagunakeun hak angkét DPRD sakaligus ngabentuk panitia husus jang pamakzulan Bupati Sudéwo. Sanajan kitu, Bupati Sudéwo teu daék mundur jang ngaleupaskeun jabatanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250814065346-12-1262238/fakta-fakta-demo-besar-warga-pati-desak-bupati-sudewo-lengser|title=Fakta-fakta Demo Besar Warga Pati Desak Bupati Sudewo Lengser|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Teu eureun dina poé éta, 25 Agustus 2025, Aliansi Masyarakat Pati ngagelar unjuk rasa jilid dua anu mawa tuntutan sarua jeung saacanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/aliansi-masyarakat-pati-akan-gelar-demo-jilid-ii-25-agustus-2025-hfYz|title=Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Akan Gelar Demo Jilid II 25 Agustus 2025|last=Friana|first=Hendra|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Kronologi == Dimimitian ku Bupati Sudéwo anu karék ngajabat ngaluarkeun kabijakan yén Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan (PBB-P2) bakal ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, warga Pati ngarasa teu dilibatkeun jeung kabebanan dina prosés kaputusan ieu dijieun. Warga Pati tuluy ngorganisir manéh dina Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Bersatu salaku bentuk protés teu satuju pikeun ieu kabijakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/08/14/060500/kronologi-lengkap-demo-panas-di-pati-dari-pbb-250-persen-berujung-bupati-sudewo-tolak-mundur|title=Kronologi Lengkap Demo Panas di Pati: Dari PBB 250 Persen, Berujung Bupati Sudewo Tolak Mundur|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == 5sirwnttfeotuhvz74p98n7y5tczpfw 10 108378 708472 2026-04-23T10:32:26Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar <includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main|template=yes|redirect=yes}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 708472 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main|template=yes|redirect=yes}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> rlspkp5wnkjc5ccy5twdlm4zzrtlbql 10 108379 708473 2026-04-23T10:37:57Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Distinguish|Citakan:Redirect template}} {{tlr|Citakan redirects}}{{tsh|tlr}} {{lua|Module:Shortcut}} Témplat ieu mangrupa [[Wikipedia:Templat pembungkus|wrapper]] anu ngajadikeun {{tl|Citakan shortcut}} nembongkeun istilah '''"redirect"''' tibatan '''"shortcut"'''. == Panggunaan == Dipaké pikeun nembongkeun hij... 708473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Distinguish|Citakan:Redirect template}} {{tlr|Citakan redirects}}{{tsh|tlr}} {{lua|Module:Shortcut}} Témplat ieu mangrupa [[Wikipedia:Templat pembungkus|wrapper]] anu ngajadikeun {{tl|Citakan shortcut}} nembongkeun istilah '''"redirect"''' tibatan '''"shortcut"'''. == Panggunaan == Dipaké pikeun nembongkeun hiji atawa leuwih alias (redirect) tina hiji témplat. == TemplateData == {{Format TemplateData|<templatedata> { "description": "Nembongkeun hiji atawa leuwih redirect (alias) pikeun hiji template.", "format": "inline", "params": { "target": { "label": "Target", "description": "Nangtukeun naha parameter <code>redirect=no</code> teu ditambahkeun.", "default": "0", "type": "boolean" }, "float": { "label": "Float", "description": "Nilai CSS <code>float</code>.", "default": "right", "suggestedvalues": ["left","right"], "type": "string" }, "clear": { "label": "Clear", "description": "Nilai CSS <code>clear</code>.", "suggestedvalues": ["left","right","both"], "type": "string" }, "category": { "label": "Kategori", "description": "Nangtukeun naha kaca diasupkeun kana kategori kasalahan lamun teu aya alias atawa <code>msg</code>.", "default": "1", "type": "boolean" }, "msg": { "label": "Pesen", "description": "Pesen tambahan (tanpa pranala) sanggeus daptar redirect.", "type": "content" }, "pre": { "label": "Prefiks baku", "description": "Prefiks baku pikeun sakabéh shortcut.", "example": "subst:", "type": "string" }, "pre1": {"label": "Prefiks 1","type": "string"}, "1": {"label": "Redirect 1","required": true,"type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre2": {"label": "Prefiks 2","type": "string"}, "2": {"label": "Redirect 2","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre3": {"label": "Prefiks 3","type": "string"}, "3": {"label": "Redirect 3","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre4": {"label": "Prefiks 4","type": "string"}, "4": {"label": "Redirect 4","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre5": {"label": "Prefiks 5","type": "string"}, "5": {"label": "Redirect 5","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre6": {"label": "Prefiks 6","type": "string"}, "6": {"label": "Redirect 6","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre7": {"label": "Prefiks 7","type": "string"}, "7": {"label": "Redirect 7","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre8": {"label": "Prefiks 8","type": "string"}, "8": {"label": "Redirect 8","type": "wiki-template-name"}, "pre9": {"label": "Prefiks 9","type": "string"}, "9": {"label": "Redirect 9","type": "wiki-template-name"} } } </templatedata>}} == Tingali ogé == {{Shortcut templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| <!-- Kategori --> [[Kategori:Templat disambiguasi dan pengalihan]] [[Kategori:Documentasi Citakan]] }}</includeonly> q1v5px95vwy7vmdkbif8logvxkhxl2k 10 108380 708476 2026-04-23T10:43:16Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nathan Veritas mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Template rating]] ka [[Citakan:Citakan rating]] 708476 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Citakan rating]] 0ka78i8iftym47939jcdibjf9zmsu88 10 108381 708479 2026-04-23T10:51:10Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ieu geus dihijikeun kana citakan ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{citakan redirect|Module rating}} {{lua|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Effective protection level}} <!-- Mangga pasang kategori di handap kaca ieu, interwiki di Wikidata --> == Pamakéan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Citakan rating|ra... 708479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ieu geus dihijikeun kana citakan ieu.}} {{high-use}} {{citakan rating|general<noinclude>|suppress-pp=true</noinclude>}} {{citakan redirect|Module rating}} {{lua|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Effective protection level}} <!-- Mangga pasang kategori di handap kaca ieu, interwiki di Wikidata --> == Pamakéan == Pamakéan dasar: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Citakan rating|rating}}</syntaxhighlight> Tanpa nambahkeun kategori: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Citakan rating|rating|nocat=true}}</syntaxhighlight> Citakan ieu sacara otomatis ngadeteksi naha dipaké dina rohangan ngaran ''Template'' atawa ''Module'', lajeng nembongkeun béwara anu saluyu. Citakan ogé bisa ngadeteksi lamun template atawa modulna diproteksi tina panyuntingan. Dina hal ieu, pesen panyalindungan bakal ditampilkeun sacara otomatis. Alesan panyalindungan bisa ditambahkeun ku parameter {{para|reason}}, sarta kudu ditulis lengkep (lain ngan hiji kecap). Lamun subkaca dokumentasi (/doc) ogé diproteksi, {{tl|Protection padlock}} bisa ditambahkeun sacara manual ku ngagunakeun parameter {{para|doc-reason}} jeung {{para|doc-action}}. Nilai {{para|doc-action}} kudu salah sahiji: {{pval|edit}} (standar), {{pval|move}}, atawa {{pval|autoreview}}. Lamun {{tlc|Template rating}} dipaké di luar rohangan ngaran ''Template'' atawa ''Module'', bakal muncul pesen kasalahan sarta kaca bakal diasupkeun kana [[:Kategori:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace]]. === Nilai rating === Pikeun ''template'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|protected}} (geus teu dianjurkeun, tapi masih didukung) Pikeun ''module'': * {{tlc|Citakan rating|pre-alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|alpha}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|beta}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|release}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|broken}} * {{tlc|Citakan rating|deprecated}} Sadaya nilai parameter teu ngabédakeun hurup gedé/leutik (''case-insensitive''). Citakan moal nambahkeun kategori lamun {{para|nocat}} diatur jadi {{pval|true}}. == Conto == {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|pre-alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|alpha|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|beta|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|release|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|broken|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|deprecated|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} === Modul kalayan panyalindungan === Panyalindungan biasana dideteksi otomatis. Conto tampilan dina [[Module:String]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Citakan rating|release|reason=template|action=edit}} </syntaxhighlight> {{Citakan rating{{\sandbox}}|release|demospace=module|demopage=Modul:String|demolevel=edit|suppress-pp=true|nocat=true}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Dipaké pikeun nandaan status hiji template atawa modul (pre-alpha, alpha, beta, release, jsb).", "params": { "1": { "label": "Rating", "description": "Tingkat status template atawa modul.", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "pre-alpha", "alpha", "beta", "release", "broken", "deprecated" ] }, "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Nganonaktipkeun kategori.", "type": "boolean", "default": "false" }, "replaced": { "label": "Gantina (lamun deprecated)", "description": "Modul pangganti lamun geus deprecated.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "message": { "label": "Pesen tambahan", "description": "Pesen tambahan lamun deprecated.", "type": "content" }, "suppress-pp": { "label": "Pareuman panyalindungan", "description": "Teu nembongkeun citakan panyalindungan.", "type": "string" }, "reason": { "label": "Alesan panyalindungan", "description": "Alesan naha kaca diproteksi.", "type": "string" }, "action": { "label": "Aksi dibatesan", "description": "Aksi anu dibatesan (edit, move, autoreview).", "type": "string" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> == Kategori tracking == Citakan ieu otomatis nambahkeun kaca kana kategori (lamun {{para|nocat}} teu diaktipkeun): * {{clc|Citakan in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Citakan in alpha}} * {{clc|Citakan in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in pre-alpha development}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in alpha}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules in beta}} * {{clc|Kategori:Modules for general use}} Kategori henteu ditambahkeun dina subkaca /doc jeung /sandbox. Kasus kasalahan: * {{clc|Kategori:Pages using template rating template with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Kategori:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[KategoriTemplate namespace templates|Rating]] [[Kategori:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> c6elqj2rj5zdkvqt0frselp7mqex40f 10 108382 708480 2026-04-23T10:55:38Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{#switch:{{Namespace detect|template=t|modul=m|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}} |t|m = {{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{{demopage|<noinclude>Module:String</noinclude><includeonly><!-- Checks protection level, if demopage doesn't define a pagename then uses the base pagename depending if /doc or /sandbox, or not: -->{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}<!-- check subpage name -->|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}<!-- if /doc... 708480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{Namespace detect|template=t|modul=m|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}} |t|m = {{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{{demopage|<noinclude>Module:String</noinclude><includeonly><!-- Checks protection level, if demopage doesn't define a pagename then uses the base pagename depending if /doc or /sandbox, or not: -->{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}<!-- check subpage name -->|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}<!-- if /doc or /sandbox then give base pagename -->|#default={{FULLPAGENAME}}<!-- if not /doc or /sandbox give full pagename -->}}</includeonly>}}}}}<!-- -->|*|user=<!-- If not protected page: do nothing. -->|#default={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}|doc|<!-- Do not show protection level of the module or template on the /doc page, use the second and optionally third parameter if the /doc page is also protected where 2= is the reason and 3= or action= is the action -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{Pp|1={{{2}}}|action={{{3|{{{action|}}}}}}}}}}|{{ombox<!-- else, add this ombox: --> | type = protection | image = [[File:{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|1={{{demopage|<noinclude>Module:String</noinclude><!-- Checks protection level, if demopage doesn't define a pagename then uses the base pagename depending if /doc or /sandbox, or not: --><includeonly>{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}<!-- check subpage name -->|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}<!-- if /doc or /sandbox then give base pagename -->|#default={{FULLPAGENAME}}<!-- if not /doc or /sandbox give full pagename -->}}</includeonly>}}}}}<!-- If autoconfirmed/extendedconfirmed/templateeditor or sysop then show the appropriate image: -->|autoconfirmed=Semi|extendedconfirmed=Extended|accountcreator|templateeditor=Template|sysop=Full}}-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]] | text = This {{Namespace detect|template=template|modul=modul|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}} is [[:Kategori:Wikipedia perlindungan {{Namespace detect|citakan=citakan|module=modules|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}}|subject to page protection]]{{#if:{{{reason|}}}|{{space}}{{{reason|}}}|. It is a [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|highly visible {{Namespace detect|template=template|modul=modul|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>modul</noinclude>}}}}}]] in use by a very large number of pages, or is [[Wikipedia:Substitution|substituted]] very frequently. Because vandalism or mistakes would affect many pages, and even trivial editing might cause substantial load on the servers, it is [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected]] from editing.}} }} }} }} |#default=<!-- If not template or module namespace, do nothing. --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> lb2bdnrc6qjmdpld3fy3fy6ee8hwmbm 10 108383 708481 2026-04-23T10:56:43Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating/protected]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ieu geus dihijikeun kana citakan ieu.}} == Pamakéan == Dipaké ku {{tl|Citakan rating}}. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Pasang kategori di handap garis ieu --> }}</includeonly> 708481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[Citakan:Modul rating/protected]]" dialihkeun ka dieu. Ieu geus dihijikeun kana citakan ieu.}} == Pamakéan == Dipaké ku {{tl|Citakan rating}}. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Pasang kategori di handap garis ieu --> }}</includeonly> 8fg45gbcr4lsnd7vgvgzs5aq51wceee 10 108384 708484 2026-04-23T11:24:55Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Mangga pasang kategori di handap kaca ieu, interwiki di Wikidata --> {{Lua|Modul:Infobox|Modul:InfoboxImage|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:URLutil|Modul:String|noprotcat=1}} == Pamakéan == Infobox ieu dimaksudkeun pikeun dipaké dina kaca déskripsi atawa dokuméntasi skrip pamaké. {{Parameter names example | styled | bodystyle | install-target | name | logo | logosize | logoupright | logoalt | screenshot | screenshotsize | scre... 708484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Mangga pasang kategori di handap kaca ieu, interwiki di Wikidata --> {{Lua|Modul:Infobox|Modul:InfoboxImage|Modul:Check for unknown parameters|Modul:URLutil|Modul:String|noprotcat=1}} == Pamakéan == Infobox ieu dimaksudkeun pikeun dipaké dina kaca déskripsi atawa dokuméntasi skrip pamaké. {{Parameter names example | styled | bodystyle | install-target | name | logo | logosize | logoupright | logoalt | screenshot | screenshotsize | screenshotupright | screenshotalt | screenshot-caption | desc | author | maintainer | status | released | version | updated | browsers | skins | source | mainsource | GitHub | github | repository | repository-name | categorize | cat }} == Conto == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width:500px"> {{skrip pengguna Wikipedia Info | name = MyScript | desc = Ngalakukeun hiji hal anu mangpaat | author = [[User:Username|Username]] | updated = {{start date and age|2013|03|03}} | status = Stabil | released = {{start date and age|2008|07|07}} | version = 2.1.0 | source = [[User:Username/Example.js]] | skins = Vector | browsers = [[Firefox]], [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] | logo = [[File:Wikimedia-logo.svg|50px]] | screenshot = [[File:Floater script screenshot.png|300px]] | screenshot-caption = Tampilan MyScript }} </syntaxhighlight> * Tambahkeun <code>|styled = yes</code> pikeun tampilan warna alternatif: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width:500px"> {{skrip pengguna Wikipedia Info | name = MyScript | desc = Ngalakukeun hiji hal anu mangpaat | author = [[User:Username|Username]] | updated = {{start date and age|2013|03|03}} | status = Stabil | released = {{start date and age|2008|07|07}} | version = 2.1.0 | source = [[User:Username/Example.js]] | skins = Vector | browsers = [[Firefox]], [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] | logo = [[File:Wikimedia-logo.svg|50px]] | screenshot = [[File:Floater script screenshot.png|300px]] | screenshot-caption = Tampilan MyScript | styled = yes }} </syntaxhighlight> == Parameter == * '''name''': Ngaran skrip. Bawaanana maké judul kaca. * '''desc''': Pedaran pondok ngeunaan fungsi skrip. * '''author''': Ngaran pamaké anu nyieun skrip. * '''released''': Tanggal mimiti dirilis. * '''updated''': Tanggal apdet terakhir (disarankeun maké {{tl|start date and age}}). * '''status''': Status pangembangan (misalna: alpha, beta, release, stabil, jsb). * '''source''': Kaca kode sumber. * '''skins''': [[WP:SKIN|Skin]] anu didukung. * '''browsers''': Peramban anu didukung. * '''github''': Repository dina GitHub (maké {{tlx|github}}). * '''repository''': URL repository luar (salain GitHub). * '''repository-name''': Ngaran tampilan pikeun tautan repository. * '''logo''': Gambar logo. * '''logoupright''': Skala ukuran logo (tingali Module:InfoboxImage). * '''logosize''': Ukuran logo dina piksel. * '''screenshot''': Gambar tangkapan layar. * '''screenshotupright''': Skala ukuran screenshot. * '''screenshotsize''': Ukuran screenshot dina piksel. * '''screenshot-caption''': Katerangan screenshot. * '''styled''': Eusian <code>yes</code> pikeun tampilan warna alternatif. * '''categorize''': Eusian <code>no</code> pikeun henteu nambahkeun kategori. === Parameter tambahan === * '''mainsource''': File utama pikeun instalasi skrip. * '''install-target''': Kaca target instalasi (standarna <code>common.js</code>). == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Infobox pikeun kaca déskripsi atawa dokuméntasi skrip pamaké.", "params": { "name": { "label": "Ngaran", "type": "string" }, "desc": { "label": "Pedaran", "type": "string" }, "author": { "label": "Pangarang", "type": "wiki-user-name" }, "status": { "label": "Status", "type": "string" }, "version": { "label": "Versi", "type": "string" }, "source": { "label": "Sumber", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "repository": { "label": "Repository", "type": "url" } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> {{Wikipedia:Pengguna Skrip/Navbox}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Kategori di handap garis ieu --> [[Kategori:Skrip Wikipedia|*]] }}</includeonly> e6foyjj96civ5l02z9x1le7z3cxgarw 2 108385 708486 2026-04-23T11:39:16Z Nathan Veritas 36321 Nyieun kaca anyar {{skrip pengguna Wikipedia Info | name = Vista | desc = Ngalakukeun hiji hal anu mangpaat | author = [[Pamaké:Nathan Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] | updated = (7+ UTC) {{start date and age|2026|4|23}} | status = [[File:(en) Stable icon info.gif|75px|link=]] | released = (7+ U... 708486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{skrip pengguna Wikipedia Info | name = Vista | desc = Ngalakukeun hiji hal anu mangpaat | author = [[Pamaké:Nathan Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] | updated = (7+ UTC) {{start date and age|2026|4|23}} | status = [[File:(en) Stable icon info.gif|75px|link=]] | released = (7+ UTC) {{start date and age|2026|4|23}} | version = 6.1.1.1.1 | source = [[:m:User:Nathan Veritas/Install/Vista.js|Vista.js]] | skins = Semua kulit | browsers = | logo = | screenshot = [[Gambar:Screenshot Vista Tools (Online Status) of Testwiki.jpg|300px]] | screenshot-caption = Hiji tangkapan layar tina uji coba alat Vista anu dipaké pikeun nembongkeun status pamaké sarta riwayat akun kalayan leuwih écés. | styled = yes }} '''Vista''' nyaéta alat anu ngabantu anjeun ningali riwayat pamaké wiki. Kalayan Vista, anjeun bisa mariksa naha pamaké keur online atawa offline, naha kantos diblokir, sarta iraha akun éta dijieun. == Pasang == Tempelkeun kode ieu dina [[Special:MyPage/common.js|common.js]] di wiki lokal anjeun, atawa dina [[m:Special:MyPage/global.js|global.js]] di Meta supaya bisa dipaké di sakabéh wiki: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> // [[File:Nathan_Veritas_Vista.js]] mw.loader.load('https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nathan_Veritas/Instal/Vista.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); </syntaxhighlight> == Galeri == <gallery> File:Screenshot Vista Tools (Online Status) of Testwiki.jpg|Gambar ieu nunjukkeun yén pamaké keur online. Riwayat akun bisa ditempo ku cara ngarahkeun kursor ka ikon biru “'''Online'''”. File:Screenshot Vista Tools (Offline Status) of Testwiki.jpg|Gambar ieu nunjukkeun yén pamaké keur offline. Riwayat akun bisa ditempo ku cara ngarahkeun kursor ka ikon oranyeu “'''Offline'''”. File:Screenshot Vista Tools (Long time inactive Status) of Testwiki.jpg|Gambar ieu nunjukkeun yén pamaké geus lila teu aktif. Riwayat akun bisa ditempo ku cara ngarahkeun kursor ka ikon beureum “'''Long time inactive'''”. </gallery> == Catetan == # Alat/skrip ieu bisa dipasang ku saha waé, teu kudu admin. Fungsina ngan pikeun mariksa status online/offline, riwayat blokir, jeung tanggal dijieunna akun. # Alat ieu geus diuji dina testwiki sarta dibagikeun salaku alat bantu pikeun ningali transparansi akun pamaké. # Lamun aya masalah, mangga wartosan di [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nathan_Veritas/Install/Vista&action=edit&section=new kaca obrolan]. == Tanggapan == Lamun anjeun manggihan kasalahan, boga saran, atawa hayang ngalaporkeun bug, mangga tinggalkeun pesen di [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nathan_Veritas/Install/Vista&action=edit&section=new kaca obrolan alat]. == Tempo ogé == * Pamaké:Nathan Veritas/Instal/Tools – daptar alat jeung skrip séjén. rwb4xsuugga7sbsd1n7dkkhdzbqprqj