Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1075 708590 703722 2026-04-26T09:57:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} '''Kaulinan''' nyaéta kagiatan rekréasi nu digawekeun ku saurang pamaen atawa leuwih, dina harti a) usaha pamaen keur meunangkeun kaulinan jeung b) sababaraha aturan ngeunaan naon anu bisa dipigawe ku pamaenna. Kaulinan dimaénkeun utamana keur karesep atawa kasenangan. Kaulinan téh sipatna global, hartina méh aya di unggal nagara di sakuliah [[dunya]]. Wangunna aya anu modéren aya ogé anu tradisional. Kaulinan bisa ogé saurang pamaen ulin nyorangan, tapi leuwih ilahar mangrupa kompetisi antara dua urang atawa leuwih. Lamun ngalakukeun hal anu di saluareun aturan, éta téh mangrupa palanggaran atawa kalicikan. [[Filsuf]] [[David Kelley]], dina karya populérna ''The Art of Reasoning'', ngadéfinisikeun konsép “kaulinan” minangka “hiji wangun rékréasi anu diwangun ku saperangkat aturan anu nangtukeun objék anu rék dihontal kalawan make cara-cara anu diijinan pikeun ngahontal éta.” Ieu ngawengku réa conto kaulinan, tapi teu cukup luyu kana kaulinan peperangan jeung olah raga anu sering dilakukeun lain keur hiburan tapi keur ngawangun kaparigelan pikeun dipaké deui engkéna. Dina ''Philosophical Investigation'', filsuf [[Ludwig Wittgensein]] boga sawangan yén konép “kaulinan” téh teu bsia dikandung ku définisi tunggal, tapi kaulinan téh kudu disawang minangka rangkay définisi anu boga “kamiripan kulawarga” nu hiji jeung nu séjénna. Sapanjang [[sajarah manusa]], kaulinan dipaké pikeun ngahibur diri sorangan jeung ogé pikeun jalma séjénna kalawan aya rupa-rupa variasi kaulinan. Réa widang téknis anu sering dilarapkeun pikeun diajar kaulinan téh, kaasup [[probabilitas]], [[statistik]], [[ékonomi]], [[étnomatématika]], jeung téori kaulinan. [[ethnomathematics]], and [[game theory]]. ==Kaulinan Budak Sunda== Pikeun [[urang Sunda]] ti baheula geus dipikawanoh [[kaulinan budak]] tradisional.Ieu kaulinan téh sumebar di wunggal wewengkon Sunda ([[Jawa Barat]] jeung [[Banten]]). Réréana kaulinan budak téh dilakukeun di kampung-kampung anu masih kénéh mibanda lahan anu lega. Sanajan kitu, sok kapanggih kénéh kaulinan anu dilakukeun di pakotaan. Sababraha kaulinan budak anu umum dipikawanoh téh di antarana [[pérépét jéngkol]], [[oray-orayan]], [[cingciripit]], [[kaléci]], [[béklen]], jeung [[galah asin]]. ==Rupa-rupa Kaulinan di Luar Nagri== * [[Alternate Reality Game]] * [[Board game]]s * [[Car game]]s * [[Card game]]s * [[Casino game]]s * [[List of traditional children's games|Children's games]] * [[Clapping game]]s * [[Computer game]]s or [[Dojin game]]s * [[Counting-out game]]s * [[Dice game]]s * [[Drinking game]]s * [[Educational game]]s * [[Game show]]s * [[Games of chance]] * [[Games of logic]] * [[Games of physical activity]] * [[Games of physical skill]] * [[Games of skill]] * [[Games of strategy]] * [[Simulation game|Games of status]] * [[Group-dynamic game]]s * [[Guessing game]]s * [[Internet game]]s * [[Letter game]]s * [[Mathematical game]]s * [[Online skill-based game]]s * [[Open gaming]] * [[Party game]]s * [[Pencil and paper game]]s * [[Play by mail game]]s * [[Political game]]s * [[Puzzle]]s * [[Quiz]] * [[Role-playing game]]s, [[MMORPG]]s * [[Singing game]]s * [[Spoken game]]s * [[String game]]s * [[Table-top game]]s * [[Tile-based game]]s * [[Traditional game]]s * [[Unclassified game]]s * [[Video game]]s * [[Word game]]s == See also == * [[List of game manufacturers]] * [[List of game topics]] * [[Game classification]] * [[Game semantics]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Play]] * [[Toy]] == External link == * [http://www.open-site.org/Games Open-Site Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726030000/http://open-site.org/Games |date=2004-07-26 }} - Encyclopedia of games and game information, including vidéo games and gambling * [http://www.mrxgame.com/ Free Flash Games]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Sample Games to support wikipedia. * [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/onyet-oyag.html Onyet Oyag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119092551/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/onyet-oyag.html |date=2012-01-19 }} Game tatakrama basa Sunda. * [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/aksara-ngalagena.html Ngalagena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119100634/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/aksara-ngalagena.html |date=2012-01-19 }} Game aksara Sunda. * [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/waditra.html Waditra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224041500/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2009/03/waditra.html |date=2012-02-24 }} Game tangganada waditra Sunda. * [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/facebook-basa-sunda.html Facebook Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117235941/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/facebook-basa-sunda.html |date=2012-01-17 }} Aplikasi basa Sunda pikeun Facebook. [[Kategori:Kaulinan]] [[Kategori:Hiburan]] pwhaq74jwg219yq02sxg6pgj5a0ikfp 0 3998 708578 698185 2026-04-26T05:36:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Gajah | image = Elephant_Kruger_2003.jpg | image_width = 300px | image_caption = Gajah Sabana Aprika, [[Aprika Kidul]]. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mamalia]] | ordo = [[Proboscidea]] | familia = '''Elephantidae''' | familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] jeung [[Spésiés]] | subdivision = * ''[[Loxodonta]]'' ** ''[[Loxodonta cyclotis]]'' ** ''[[Loxodonta africana]]'' * ''[[Elephas]]'' ** ''[[Elephas maximus]]'' ** ''[[Elephas recki]]'' [[extinction|†]] * ''[[Stegodon]]'' † * ''[[Mammuthus]]'' † }} '''Elephantidae''' (bangsa '''gajah''') téh [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[pachyderm]], hiji-hijina sésa kulawarga dina [[ordo]] [[Proboscidea]]. '''Elephantidae''' ngawengku tilu [[spésiés]] nu hirup kénéh: [[Gajah Sabana Aprika]] (''African Bush Elephant'') jeung [[Gajah Leuweung Aprika]] (''African Forest Elephant'') (nu duanana katelah Gajah Aprika) sarta [[Gajah Asia]] (tadina katelah Gajah India). Spésiés lianna geus tumpur/[[spésiés lastari|lastari]] dina panungtung [[yuga és]], nu anggeus kira 10.000 taun ka tukang.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref> Gajah téh [[mamalia]], sarta mangrupa sato darat [[sato raksasa|pangbadagna]] nu aya kénéh. Mangsa [[reuneuh]] gajah lilana 22 bulan, panglilana ti antara sato darat. Ménél (anak gajah) nu kakara borojol beuratna rata-rata 120 kg, bisa hirup nepi ka 70 taun. Gajah pangbadagna nu kungsi kacatet/karékam kungsi kapanggih di [[Angola]] taun 1974, gajah jalu nu beuratna [[1 E4 kg|12 ton]]. Nu pangleutikna, kira saukuran anak sapi atawa babi badag, kapanggih salaku [[fosil]] ti pulo [[Crete]], nu hirup kira 5000-3000 MM. Papanggihan di [[Cina]] nunjukkeun yén gajah téh ogé jadi mangsa [[manusa]] purba. ==Élmu sasatoan ''(Zoology)''== [[Image:Comparative_view_of_the_human_and_elephant_frame,_Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins,_1860.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Katempo barbandingan rorongkong manusia jeung gajah, kurang leuwih taun 1860.]] <!-- ===African Elephant=== {{main articles|[[African Bush Elephant]] and [[African Forest Elephant]]}} The mammals of the genus ''Loxodonta'', often known collectively as African elephants, are found in several regions throughout the continent, after which they are named. In recent years, ''Loxodonta'' has received the attention of the world because of its dwindling numbers. Today there are approximately 600,000 African elephants in the world. Some believe this represents a stable population and that measures to protect them are unnecessary. Others argue that while elephants are locally overabundant in certain areas, it is impossible to ignore the fact that the overall population has dropped by a staggering amount. As recently as [[1979]] there were an estimated 1.3 million African elephants. One decade later, only around 600,000 remain. This decline is attributed primarily to [[poaching]], or illegal hunting, and habitat loss. African elephants are distinguished from Asians in several ways. The most noticeable difference is the [[ear]]s. Africans' ears are much larger and are shaped like the continent of their origin. The African elephant is typically larger than the Asian and has a concave back. Both males and females have external tusks and are usually less hairy than their Asian cousins. Until the late 20th century, scientists recognized one species of African elephants, ''Loxodonta africana'', and two subspecies, or races, within the species. Recent [[DNA analysis]] has led scientists to reclassify the two races as distinct species. Today, ''Loxodonta africana'' refers specifically to the Savanna Elephant, the largest of all the elephants. In fact, it is the largest land animal in the world, standing up to 13 feet (4 meters) at the shoulder and weighing approximately 15,400 pounds (7,000 kilograms). The average male stands about 3m high at the shoulder and weighs about 5500kg - 6000 kg, female being much smaller. Most often, Savanna Elephants are found in open [[grassland]]s, [[marsh]]es, and lakeshores. They range over most of Africa [[Sub-Saharan Africa|south of the Sahara]] Desert. The other, less numerous species is the Forest Elephant, recently reclassified as ''Loxodonta cyclotis''. Compared with the Savanna Elephant, its ears are usually smaller and rounder, and its tusks are also thinner and straighter. The Forest Elephant can weigh up to 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) and stand about 10 feet (3 m) tall. Much less is known about these animals than their savanna cousins because environmental and political obstacles make them very difficult to study. Normally they inhabit the dense African rainforests of central and western Africa, though occasionally they do inhabit the edges of forests and overlap [[Territory (animal)|territories]] with bush elephants. ===Asian Elephant=== {{main|Asian elephant}} Today scientists estimate the world population of Asian elephants, or ''Elephas maximus'', to be approximately 40,000, less than one-tenth the number of African elephants. Perhaps the Asian elephants' decline has been less noticeable because it has been more gradual. The causes of this decline are much the same as that of the African. [[Image:Re-exposure of elephant - lahugala park1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Right|Elephant In Sri Lanka]] As with the ''Loxodonta'', there are distinct subspecies of ''Elephas maximus''. In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the African. It has smaller ears, shaped like the subcontinent of India, and typically only the males have large external tusks. An Asian elephant can also be distinguished by the large bulges of depigmentation on the skin. The first subspecies is the [[Sri Lankan elephant|Sri Lankan Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus maximus''). Found only on the island of Sri Lanka, a small country off the southeast coast of India, it is the largest of the Asians. There are an estimated total of only 3,000-4,500 members of this subspecies left today in the wild, although no accurate census has been carried out in the recent past. Large males can weigh upward to 12,000 pounds and stand over 11 feet tall. Sri Lankan males have very large cranial bulges, and both sexes have more areas of depigmentation than are found in the other Asians. Typically their ears, face, trunk, and belly have large concentrations of pink-speckled skin. There is an [[Orphanage]] for elephants in [[Pinnawala]] [[Sri Lanka]], which gives shelter to disabled, injured elephants. This program plays a large role in protecting the Sri Lankan Elephant from [[extinction]]. Another subspecies, the [[Indian elephant|mainland Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus indicus'') makes up the bulk of the Asian elephant population. Numbering approximately 36,000, these elephants are lighter gray in colour, with depigmentation only on the ears and trunk. Large males will ordinarily weigh only about 11,000 pounds but are as tall as the Sri Lankan. The mainland Asian can be found in 11 Asian countries, from India to Indonesia. It prefers forested areas and transitional zones, between forests and grasslands, where greater food variety is available. The smallest of all the elephants is the [[Sumatran elephant|Sumatran Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus sumatranus''). Population estimates for this group range from 33,000 to 53,000 individuals. It is very light gray and has less depigmentation than the other Asians, with pink spots only on the ears. Mature Sumatrans will usually only measure about 10 feet at the shoulder and weigh less than 9,000 pounds. An enormous animal nonetheless, it is considerably smaller than its other Asian (and African) cousins and exists only on the island of Sumatra, usually in forested regions and partially wooded habitats. ===Body characteristics=== ====Elephant Calves==== Elephant social life, in many ways, revolves around breeding and raising of the calves. A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen, at which time she will seek out the most ''fit'' male to mate with. (The word ''fitness'', in an evolutionary sense, means the animal best suited to survive in its environment and pass on its genes.) Females want to breed with the bigger, stronger, and, most importantly, older males. In this way, they are assuring that their offspring will have the best possible chance of survival. After a twenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother will give birth to a calf that will weigh about 250 lb and stand over 2½ feet tall. Elephants have a very long childhood. They are born with fewer survival instincts than many other animals. Instead, they must rely on their elders to teach them the things they need to know. The ability to pass on information and knowledge to their young has always been a major asset in the elephant's struggle to survive. Today, however, the pressures humans have put on the wild elephant populations, from poaching to habitat destruction, mean that the elderly often die at a younger age, leaving fewer teachers for the young. All members of the tightly knit female group participate in the care and protection of the young. Since everyone in the herd is related, there is never a shortage of baby-sitters. In fact, a new calf is usually the center of attention for all herd members. All the adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. The baby is born nearly blind and at first relies, almost completely, on its trunk to discover the world around it. ====Allomothers==== After the initial excitement dies down, the mother will usually select several full-time baby-sitters, or "allomothers", from her group. According to Cynthia Moss, a well-known researcher, these allomothers will help in all aspects of raising the calf. They walk with the young as the herd travels, helping the calves along if they fall or get stuck in the mud. The more allomothers a baby has, the more free time its mother has to feed herself. Providing a calf with nutritious milk means the mother has to eat more nutritious food herself. So, the more allomothers, the better the calf's chances of survival. ====Trunk==== [[Image:Lightmatter elephanttrunk.jpg|thumb|250px|An elephant can use its trunk for a variety of purposes. This one is wiping its eye.]] The proboscis, or trunk, is perhaps the elephant's most distinctive feature. It is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. The trunk is basically used to manipulate objects. To facilitate this, African elephants are equipped with two fingerlike projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asians have only one. According to biologists, the elephant's trunk is said to have over forty thousand individual muscles in it, making it sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip the branches off a tree. Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) are adapted with teeth for cutting and tearing off plant materials. However, except for the very young or infirm, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and then place it in their mouth. They will graze on grass or reach up into trees to grasp leaves, fruit, or entire branches. If the desired food item is too high up, the elephant will wrap its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply knock the tree down altogether. The trunk is also used for drinking. Elephants suck water up into the trunk (up to fifteen quarts [14.2 liters] at a time) and then blow it into their mouth. Elephants also inhale water to spray on their body during bathing. On top of this watery coating, the animal will then spray dirt and mud, which act as a protective sunscreen. This appendage also plays a key role in many social interactions. Familiar elephants will greet each other by entwining their trunks, much like a handshake. They also use them while play-wrestling, caressing during courtship, and for dominance displays - a raised trunk can be a warning or threat, while a lowered trunk can be a sign of submission. Elephants can defend themselves very well by flailing their trunk at unwanted intruders or by grasping and flinging them. An elephant also relies on its trunk for its highly developed sense of smell. Raising the trunk up in the air and swiveling it from side to side, like a periscope, it can determine the location of friends, enemies, and food sources. ====Tusks==== The [[tusk]]s of an elephant are upper [[incisor]]s that are continuously growing. An adult male's tusks will grow about seven inches a year. Tusks are indispensable to an elephant. They are used primarily to dig for water, salt, and roots; to debark trees, in order to get at the tasty pulp inside; and to move downed trees and branches when clearing a path. In addition, they are used for marking trees to establish territory and occasionally as weapons. Like humans who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked. The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally shorter and more rounded at the tip from wear. Both male and female African elephants have large, impressive tusks that can reach over ten feet in length and weigh over two hundred pounds. In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent altogether. Asian males can have tusks as long as the much larger Africans, but they are usually much slimmer and lighter (the heaviest recorded is only 86 pounds). The tusk of both species is mostly made of [[calcium]] and [[phosphate]]. As a piece of living tissue, it is relatively soft (compared with other minerals such as rock), and the tusk, also known as [[ivory]], is strongly favoured by artisans for its carvability. The desire for elephant ivory has been one of the major factors in the dramatic decline of the world's elephant population. ====Teeth==== Elephants' [[Tooth|teeth]] are very different from those of most other mammals. Over their lives they usually have 28 teeth. These are:- *The two upper second incisors: these are the [[tusk]]s. *The [[Deciduous teeth|milk precursors]] of the tusks. *12 [[premolar]]s, 3 in each side of each jaw. *12 [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]s, 3 in each side of each jaw. Unlike most mammals, which [[Tooth development|grow]] baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire life. After one year the tusks are permanent, but the other teeth are replaced five times in an elephant's life. The teeth do not emerge from the jaws vertically like with human teeth. Instead, they have a horizontal progression, like a conveyor belt. New teeth grow in at the back of the mouth, pushing older teeth toward the front, where they wear down with use and the remains fall out. When an elephant becomes very old, the last set of teeth is worn to stumps, and it must rely on softer foods to chew. Very elderly elephants often spend their last years exclusively in marshy areas where they can feed on soft wet grasses. Eventually, when the last teeth fall out, the elephant will be unable to eat and will die of starvation. However, as more habitat is destroyed, the elephants' living space becomes smaller and smaller; the elderly no longer have the opportunity to roam in search of more appropriate food and will, consequently, die of starvation at an earlier age. Tusks in the lower jaw are also second incisors. These grew out large in [[Dinotherium]] and some [[mastodon]]s, but in modern elephants they disappear early without [[teeth|erupting]]. ====Skin==== [[Image:Elephant mugshot.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] Another name for an elephant is pachyderm, which means "thick skin". An elephant's skin is extremely tough around most parts of its body and measures about 2.5 cm (1 in) thick. However, the skin around the mouth and inside of the ear is paper thin. Normally, the skin of an Asian is covered with more hair than its African counterpart. This is most noticeable in the young. Asian calves are usually covered with a thick coat of brownish red fuzz. As they get older, this hair darkens and becomes more sparse, but it will always remain on their heads and tails. The species of elephants are typically grayish in colour, but the Africans very often appear brown or reddish from wallowing in mud holes of coloured soil. Wallowing is actually a very important behaviour in elephant society. Not only is it important for socialization, but the mud acts as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from harsh ultraviolet radiation. Though tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, as well as from insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin would suffer serious damage. After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dirt on its body to help dry and bake on its new protective coat. As elephants are limited to smaller and smaller areas, there is less water available, and local herds will often come too close over the right to use these limited resources. Wallowing also aids the skin in regulating body temperatures. Elephants spend every day fighting an uphill battle to stay cool. They have a very difficult time releasing heat through the skin because, in proportion to their body size, they have very little of it. The ratio of an elephant's mass to the surface area of its skin is many times that of a human. Elephants have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose the soles of their feet, presumably in an effort to expose more skin to the air. Since wild elephants live in very hot climates, they must have other means of getting rid of excess heat. ====Ears==== [[Image:Anakotta1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|An [[Elephant Sanctuary]] at [[Punnathur kotta]], [[Kerala]], [[south India]].]] The large flapping ears of an elephant are also very important for temperature regulation. Elephant ears are made of a very thin layer of skin stretched over cartilage and a rich network of blood vessels. On hot days, elephants will flap their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze. This breeze cools the surface blood vessels, and then the cooler blood gets circulated to the rest of the animal's body. The hot blood entering the ears can be cooled as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit before returning to the body. Differences in the ear sizes of African and Asian elephants can be explained, in part, by their geographical distribution. Africans originated and stayed near the equator, where it is warmer. Therefore, they have bigger ears. Asians live farther north, in slightly cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears. The ears are also used in certain displays of aggression and during the males' mating period. If an elephant wants to intimidate a predator or rival, it will spread its ears out wide to make itself look more massive and imposing. During the breeding season, males give off an odor from a gland located behind their eyes. Joyce Poole, a well-known elephant researcher, has theorized that the males will fan their ears in an effort to help propel this "elephant cologne" great distances. Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 2 to 4 miles an hour (3 to 6 km/h) but they can reach 24 miles an hour (40 km/h) at full speed. ===Evolution=== Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, some scientists believe there is genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the [[Sirenia]]ns (sea cows) and the [[hyrax]]es. In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like [[snorkel]]s for breathing. Modern elephants have retained this ability and are known to swim in that manner for up to 6 hours and 50 km. In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the [[mammoth]]s, [[stegodon]]s and [[deinotherium|deinotheria]]. ===Varieties=== [[Image:Baby_elephants3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Female [[African]] Elephant with calf, in [[Kenya]].]] It has long been known that the [[Savannah Elephant|African]] and [[Asian Elephant|Asian]] elephants are separate species. African elephants tend to be larger than the Asian species (up to 4 m high and 7500 kg) and have bigger ears. Male and female African elephants have long tusks, while male and female Asian Elephants have shorter tusks, with tusks in females being almost non-existent. African elephants have a dipped back, smooth forehead and two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, as compared with the Asian species which have an arched back, two humps on the forehead and have only one "finger" at the tip of their trunks. There are two populations of African elephants, [[Savannah Elephant|Savannah]] and [[Forest Elephant|Forest]], and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called ''Loxodonta cyclotis'', and the Savannah (or Bush) population termed ''Loxodonta africana''. This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means where there were thought to be two small populations of a single endangered species, there may in fact be two separate species, each of which is even more severely endangered. There's also a potential danger in that if the forest elephant isn't explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might thus be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts. The Forest elephant and the Savannah elephant can hybridise successfully, though their preference for different terrains reduces the opportunities to hybridise. Many captive African elephants are probably generic African elephants as the recognition of separate species has occurred relatively recently. Although hybrids between different animal genera are usually impossible, in 1978 at [[Chester Zoo]], an Asian elephant cow gave birth to a hybrid calf sired by an African elephant bull (the old terms are used here as this pre-dates current classifications). The pair had mated several times, but pregnancy was believed to be impossible. "Motty", the resulting hybrid male calf, had an African elephant's cheek, ears (large with pointed lobes) and legs (longer and slimmer), but the toenail numbers, (5 front, 4 hind) and the single trunk finger of an Asian elephant. The wrinkled trunk was like an African elephant. The forehead was sloping with one dome and two smaller domes behind it. The body was African in type, but had an Asian-type centre hump and an African-type rear hump. Sadly the calf died of infection 12 days later. It is preserved as a mounted specimen at the British Natural History Museum, London. There are unconfirmed rumours of three other hybrid elephants born in zoos or circuses, all are said to have been deformed and did not survive. ===Diet=== [[Image:Elephanteating.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Female Asian Elephant eating.]] Elephants are [[herbivore]]s, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. Because elephants only digest 40% of what they eat, they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. An adult elephant can consume 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) of food a day. 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested. ===Social behavior=== Elephants live in a very structured social order. The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. The females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts. These groups are led by the eldest female, or matriarch. Adult males, on the other hand, live mostly solitary lives. The social circle of the female elephant does not end with the small family unit. In addition to encountering the local males that live on the fringes of one or more groups, the female's life also involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Most immediate family groups range from five to fifteen adults, as well as a number of immature males and females. When a group gets too big, a few of the elder daughters will break off and form their own small group. They remain very aware of which local herds are relatives and which are not. The life of the adult male is very different. As he gets older, he begins to spend more time at the edge of the herd, gradually going off on his own for hours or days at a time. Eventually, days become weeks, and somewhere around the age of fourteen, the mature male, or bull, sets out from his natal group for good. While males do live primarily solitary lives, they will occasionally form loose associations with other males. These groups are called bachelor herds. The males spend much more time than the females fighting for dominance with each other. Only the most dominant males will be permitted to breed with cycling females. The less dominant ones must wait their turn. It is usually the older bulls, forty to fifty years old, that do most of the breeding. The dominance battles between males can look very fierce, but typically they inflict very little injury. Most of the bouts are in the form of aggressive displays and bluffs. Ordinarily, the smaller, younger, and less confident animal will back off before any real damage can be done. However, during the breeding season, the battles can get extremely aggressive, and the occasional elephant is injured. During this season, known as [[musth]], a bull will fight with almost any other male it encounters, and it will spend most of its time hovering around the female herds, trying to find a receptive mate. ===Reproduction=== *Females (cows) reach sexual maturity at around 9-12 years of age and become pregnant for the first time, on average, around age 13. They can reproduce until ages 55-60. *Females give birth at intervals of about every 5 years. *An elephant's [[gestation]](pregnancy) period lasts about 22 months (630-660 days), the longest gestation period of any mammal, after which one calf typically is born. Twins are rare. *Labor ranges in length from 5 minutes to 60 hours. The average length of labor is 11 hours. *At birth, calves weigh around 90-115 kilograms (200-250 pounds), and they gain 1 kilogram (2-2.5 pounds) a day. *In the wild, the mother is accompanied by other adult females (aunts) that protect the young. *In the wild, baby elephants are raised and nurtured by the whole family group, practically from the moment they are born. ===Motherhood and calf rearing=== *The first sound a newborn calf usually makes is a sneezing or snorting sound to clear its [[nasal passages]] of [[fluids]]. (In the first few minutes after a captive birth, the keepers must monitor the calf closely for the first sound or movement. Whichever happens first, the mother typically responds to her new baby with surprise and excitement.) *With the help of its mother, a newborn calf usually struggles to its feet within 30 minutes of birth. For support, it will often lean on its mother's legs. *A newborn calf usually stands within one hour and is strong enough to follow its mother in a slow-moving herd within a few days. *Unlike most mammals, female elephants have a single pair of [[mammary glands]] located just behind the front legs. When born, a calf is about 3 feet (90 cm) high, just tall enough to reach its mother's nipples. *A calf suckles with its mouth, not its trunk, which has no [[muscle tone]]. To clear the way to its mouth so it can suckle, the calf will flop its trunk onto its forehead. *A newborn calf suckles for only a few minutes at a time but will suckle many times per day, consuming up to 11 litres (3 gallons) of milk in a single day. *A calf may nurse for up to 2 years of age or older. Complete [[weaning]] depends on the disposition of the mother, the amount of available milk, and the arrival of another calf. *Newborn calves learn primarily by observing adults, not from natural [[instinct]]. For example, a calf learns how to use its trunk by watching older elephants using their trunks. *It takes several months for a calf to control the use of its trunk. This can be observed as the calf trips over its trunk or as the trunk wiggles like a rubbery object when the calf shakes its head. ==Usefulness to the environment== Elephants' foraging activities help to maintain the areas in which they live:- *By pulling down trees to eat leaves, breaking branches, and pulling out roots they create clearings in which new young trees and other vegetation grow to provide future nutrition for elephants and other organisms. *Elephants make pathways through the environment that are used by other animals to access areas normally out of reach. The pathways have been used by several generations of elephants, and today people are converting many of them to paved roads. *During the dry season elephants use their tusks to dig into [[dry river beds]] to reach underground sources of water. These newly dug water holes may become the only source of [[water]] in the area. *Elephants are a species which many other organisms depend on. For example, [[termites]] eat elephant feces and often begin building termite mounds under piles of elephant feces. ==Threat of extinction== The threat to the African elephant presented by the ivory trade is unique to the species. Another threat to elephant's survival in general is the ongoing cultivation of their habitats with increasing risk of conflicts of interest with human cohabitants. Lacking the massive tusks of its African cousins, the Asian elephant's demise can be attributed mostly to loss of its habitat. As larger patches of forest disappear, the ecosystem is affected in profound ways. The trees are responsible for anchoring soil and absorbing water runoff. Floods and massive erosion are common results of deforestation. Elephants need massive tracts of land because, much like the slash-and-burn farmers, they are used to crashing through the forest, tearing down trees and shrubs for food and then cycling back later on, when the area has regrown. As forests are reduced to small pockets, elephants become part of the problem, quickly destroying all the vegetation in an area, eliminating all their resources. Larger, long-lived, slow-breeding animals, like the elephant, are more susceptible to overhunting than other animals. They cannot hide, and it takes many years for an elephant to grow and reproduce. An elephant needs an average of three hundred pounds of vegetation a day to survive. As large predators are hunted, the local small grazer populations (the elephant's food competitors) find themselves on the rise. The increased number of herbivores ravage the local trees, shrubs, and grasses. ===National Parks=== [[Image:Tanzanian_Elephant.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An elephant in the [[Ngorongoro|Ngorongoro creator]], [[Tanzania]]]] Africa's first official reserve eventually became one of the world's most famous and successful national parks. [[Kruger National Park]] in South Africa first became a reserve against great opposition in 1898 (then Sabi Reserve). It was deproclaimed and reproclaimed several times before it was renamed and granted national park status in 1926. It was to be the first of many. Of course, there were many problems in establishing these reserves. For example, elephants range through a wide tract of land with little regard for national borders. however, when most parks were created, the boundaries were drawn at the human-made borders of individual countries. Once a fence was erected, many animals found themselves cut off from their winter feeding grounds or spring breeding areas. Some animals died as a result, while some, like the elephants, just trampled through the fences. This did little to belie their image as a crop-raiding pest. The more often an elephant wandered off its reserve, the more trouble it got into, and the more chance it had of being shot by an angry farmer. When confined to small territories, elephants can inflict an enormous amount of damage to the local landscapes. Today there are still many problems associated with these parks and reserves, but there is now little question as to whether or not they are necessary. As scientists learn more about nature and the environment, it becomes very clear that these parks may be the elephant's last hope against the rapidly changing world around them. ==Humanity and Elephants== ===Harvest from the Wild=== [[Image:Wild elephant feces on a road.jpg|thumb|250px|Elephant dung on a road adjoining Minneriya-Giritale Nature Reserve, [[Sri Lanka]].]] The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930). Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait. [http://www.gaiabooks.co.uk/environment/elephants_tuskless.html] It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights. Without tusks, elephant behavior could change dramatically. [http://www.mail-archive.com/fact@tlk-lists.com/msg00030.html] ===Domestication and use=== [[Image:Elephant.pair.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Left to right - [[African]] Savannah Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'', born 1969, and [[Asian]] Elephant ''Elephas maximus'', born 1970, at an [[England|English]] [[zoo]].]] Elephants have been [[working animals]] used in various capacities by humans. Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in ancient India. However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of ''[[musth]]'' is dangerous and difficult to control. Therefore elephants used by humans have typically been female, war elephants being an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war. It is generally more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity (see also [[Elephant "Crushing"|elephant "crushing"]]). [[War elephant]]s were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the [[Persian empire]]. This use was adopted by [[Hellenistic]] armies after Alexander the Great experienced their worth against king [[Poros]], notably in the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] and [[Seleucid]] diadoch empires. The [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] general [[Hannibal]] took elephants across the [[Alps]] when he was fighting the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], but brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful; he probably used a now-extinct third African (sub)species, the North African (Forest) elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate. A large elephant in full charge could cause tremendous damage to infantry, and cavalry horses would be afraid of them (see [[Battle of Hydaspes]]). Throughout [[Siam]], [[India]], and most of South Asia elephants were used in the military for heavy labor, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to [[crushing by elephant|crush the condemned underfoot]]. [[Image:Elephant-tracks.jpg|thumb|right|top|250px|Elephant footprints (tire tracks for scale)]] Elephants have also been used as mounts for safari-type [[hunting]], especially Indian ''shikar'' (mainly on tigers), and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for [[transport]] and [[entertainment]], and are common to [[Circus (performing art)|circuses]] around the world. African elephants have long been reputed to not be domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian [[mahout]]s from [[Sri Lanka]] to Africa. In Botswana, [[Uttum Corea]] has been working with African elephants and has several young tame elephants near [[Gaborone]]. African elephants are more temperamental than Asian elephants, but are easier to train. Because of their more sensitive temperaments, they require different training methods than Asian elephants and must be trained from infancy hence Corea worked with orphaned elephants. African elephants are now being used for (photo) safaris. Corea's elephants are also used to entertain tourists and haul logs. It should be noted that elephants cannot jump. ===The Elephant Trap=== Another more effective method is practiced in the Indian Subcontinent which is far less physical and brutal, and more psychological. It is called the "elephant trap". The following is taken from a newsletter. "From when an elephant is a baby they tie him for certain periods with a rope to a tree. The young elephant tries his hardest to escape, he pulls and wriggles and jumps and crawls yet the rope just tightens and to the tree it remains tied. Learning that, the elephant doesn’t try to escape and accepts his confinement. A couple of years pass and the elephant is now an adult weighing several tons. Yet the trainer continues to tie the elephant to the tree with the same rope he’s always used, for the simple reason that the elephant has the concept in his mind that the rope is stronger than him. Abiding to this conditioning the elephant is trapped for life. To break free all the elephant has to do is erase that limiting thought for in fact he is free to go." ===Elephants in Culture=== ====Pop culture==== [[Image:KandyPerahara.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Esala Perahera]] in [[Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka]]]] * [[Jumbo]], a [[Circus (performing art)|circus]] elephant, has entered the English language as a synonym for "large"; * [[Dumbo]], the flying elephant in [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] movie; *The French children's storybook character [[Babar the Elephant]] (an elephant king) created by [[Jean de Brunhoff]] and also an animated TV series; * ''[[The Elephant's Child]]'' is one of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[Just So Stories]]''; * The [[Thai Elephant Orchestra]], a musical instrument playing group of Elephants from the [[National Elephant Institute|Thai Elephant Conservation Center]] in [[Lampang]]; *[[Joseph Merrick]], a British man in [[Victorian England]], who suffered from substantial deformities, and was nicknamed "[[The Elephant Man]]" due to the nature and extent of his condition; *The fictional planet in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s ''[[Discworld]]'' novels consists of a [[Discworld (world)|flat disc-shaped world]] carried on the backs of four elephants who ride through space on a space turtle, [[Great A'Tuin]]. *In one episode of [[The Simpsons]], [[Bart Simpson]] wins a bad-tempered elephant in a [[radio]] [[competition]], which he names Stampy. The family eventually give up the elephant after it proves too expensive to feed. A common [[adage]] is that "Elephants never forget", and later scientific evidence seems to support they have good memories. American band [[the White Stripes]]' fourth album was entitled ''Elephant'', possibly because of lead singer Jack White's fondness of the animals' extreme sensitivity toward each other. The album was number 390 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "500 Best Albums of All Time". ====Religion==== * A [[White elephant (pachyderm)|white elephant]] is considered holy in [[Thailand]]. * [[Ganesh]], the [[Hindu]] god of wisdom, has an elephant's head. * [[Elephants used for festival, south India| Elephants used in a religious festival in South India.]] ====Politics and secular Symbolism==== *After Alexander's victory over the Indian king Poros, the captured war elephants became a symbol of imperial power, used as an emblem of the [[Seleucid]] diadoch empire, e.g. on coins. *The elephant, and the white elephant (also a religious symbol of Buddha) in particular, has often been used a symbol of royal power and prestige in Asia; occurring on the flag of the kingdom Laos (three visible, supporting an umbrella, another symbol of royal power) till it became a republic in 1975, and other Indochinese and Thai realms had also displayed one or more white elephants. *The elephant is also the symbol for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] of the United States, originating in an [[1874]] cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]] of ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' (Nast also originated the [[donkey]] as the symbol of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]); * See also the Danish royal [[Order of the Elephant]]. ===Elephant rage=== ====Musth==== Adult male elephants naturally enter the periodic state called "musth" (Hindi for madness), sometimes spelt "must" in English. It is characterised by very excited and/or aggressive behavior and a thick, tar-like liquid secretion that discharges through the temporal ducts from the temporal glands on the sides of the head. "Musth" is linked to sexual arousal or establishing dominance but this relationship is far from clear. A "Musth" elephant, wild or domesticated, is extremely dangerous to humans. Domesticated elephants in India are traditionally tied to a tree and denied food and water for several days. After that the musth passes. In [[zoos]] musth is often the cause of fatal accidents to elephant keepers. Zoos keeping adult male elephants need extremely strong and secure enclosures, which greatly complicates the attempts to breed elephants in zoos. Musth is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones - [[testosterone]] levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times. However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor is unknown: scientific investigation of musth is greatly hindered by the fact that even the most otherwise placid of elephants may actively try to kill any and all humans. Similarly, the tar-like secretion remains largely uncharacterised, due to the extreme difficulties of collecting a sample for analysis. Although it has often been speculated that musth is linked to [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], this is unlikely, because the female elephant's [[estrus]] cycle is not seasonally-linked. Furthermore, bulls in musth have often been known to attack female elephants, regardless of whether or not the females are in heat. [[Mahout]]s are often able to greatly shorten the duration of their elephants' musth: this is accomplished by tying the bull to two extremely strong trees, and keeping him on a starvation diet until the musth ends, typically after 5 to 7 days. It should be noted that, as mahouts work with Asian elephants, this technique has not been tried on African elephants. The word "musth" is from the [[Urdu]] ''mast'', which is from a [[Persian language|Persian]] root meaning 'intoxicated'. The [[Five (TV)|Channel 5]] [[British]] [[television]] program "The Dark Side of Elephants" (8pm 20 March 2006) stated that during musth:- *The swelling of the temporal glands presses on the elephant's [[eye]]s and causes the elephant severe pain like severe [[root abscess]] [[toothache]]. One elephant behaviour that tries to counteract this is digging the tusks in the ground. *The musth secretion, which naturally runs down into the elephant's mouth, is full of [[ketone]]s and [[aldehyde]]s and (to a person at least) tastes unbelievably foul. *As a result, musth behaviour is at least partly due to the elephant being driven mad by pain and distress. '''External links''':- *[http://www.upali.ch/musth_en.html A musth FAQ] *[[:de:Musth]]: the German wikipedia article on musth. ====Other causes==== At least a few elephants have been suspected to be drunk during their attacks. In December 1998, a herd of elephants overran a village in India. Although locals reported that nearby elephants had recently been observed drinking beer which rendered them "unpredictable", officials considered it the least likely explanation for the attack [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/241781.stm]. An attack on another Indian village occurred in October 1999, and again locals believed the reason was drunkenness, but the theory was not widely accepted [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/482001.stm]. Purportedly drunk elephants raided yet another Indian village again on December 2002 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2583891.stm]. ==Rogue elephant== '''Rogue elephant''' is a term for a lone, violently aggressive wild [[elephant]], separated from the rest of the herd. It is a direct translation of the [[Sinhala]] term ''hora aliya''. Its introduction to [[English language|English]] has been attributed by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] to Sir [[James Emerson Tennant]], but this usage may have been pre-dated by [[William Sirr]]. The term has since also been applied to human beings or institutions behaving in the same manner as such an elephant. The Republican Party symbol of an elephant has been played upon to label it a rogue elephant; the same label has been applied, for the same reasons, to [[George W Bush]] and [[Dick Cheney]]. [http://www.counterpunch.org/boyle0722.html e.g.: Francis Boyle, 'The Rogue Elephant', ''Counterpunch'', 22 July 2002] The term 'rogue' has been used in the same sense as in 'rogue elephant' in other contexts, ever since [[Geoffrey Household]]'s novel ''[[Rogue Male]]'' was published in [[1939]]; especially since it was made into a film starring [[Peter O'Toole]], [[John Standing]], [[Alastair Sim]] and [[Harold Pinter]] in [[1976]]. For example, '[[Rogue state]]'. ==See also== * [[Crushing by elephant]] * [[Dumbo]] * [[Dwarf elephant]] * [[Elephant's graveyard]] * [[Elephant (movie)]] * [[Elephant ear]] * [[Elephantiasis]] * [[Elephant in the corner]] * [[Elephant Sanctuary]] * [[Elephants of Kerala]] * [[History of elephants in Europe]] * [[List of fictional elephants]] * [[List of historical elephants]] * [[Mammal]] * [[Rogue elephant]] * [[Temple elephants]] * [[War elephant]] * [[White elephant]] * [[Year of the Elephant]]--> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Elephant|Elephant]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (11 Méi 2006). * [http://wikisource.org/wiki/The_Blindmen_and_the_Elephant The Blindmen and the Elephant] karya [[John Godfrey Saxe]] <!-- ==Footnotes== *{{Ref 1}} [http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/channel/blog/2005/05/elephant_rage.html External link to national geographics elephant rage episode of Explorer]--> == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Elephant}} * [http://www.awf.org/wildlives/71 Elephant: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation] * [http://www.eleaid.com EleAid - Asian elephant charity - facts, information and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134845/http://eleaid.com/ |date=2007-10-13 }} * [http://www.elephant.se Absolute elephant - general information] * [http://www.elephantvoices.org How elephants communicate] * [http://www.elephant-news.com Elephant News - latest headlines about elephants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207030957/http://www.elephant-news.com/ |date=2016-12-07 }} * [http://fohn.net/elephant-pictures-facts/ Elephant Pictures & Information] * Srilal Miththapala[https://web.archive.org/web/20010404041338/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8298 Sri Lankan Elephants] * Tim Radford, [http://www.education.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4244642-103690,00.html "The elephant time forgot"]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Guardian'' 2001-08-24, 1. Describes the discovery of the third species of elephant. * C. Johnson, [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s24742.htm "Elephant trunks were once snorkels"], ''News in Science'' 1999-05-11, * [http://fsweb.berry.edu/academic/hass/jhickman/george.html Photo of Pinnewella Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011185639/http://fsweb.berry.edu/academic/hass/jhickman/george.html |date=2007-10-11 }} * [http://seekmybowl.com/elephant.php Seek My Bowl on elephants as symbols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011132152/http://seekmybowl.com/elephant.php |date=2007-10-11 }} * [http://www.pepere.org/flash-game_1_x/the-elephant-game_7.html The elephant game]. * [http://www.elephantreintroduction.org Elephant Reintroduction Foundation],The foundation is dedicated to a management system for rehabilitation of captive elephants and habitat preparation to ensure successful long-term sustainability after their return to the wild. * [http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/proboscidea/african-elephant.htm#ec Animal info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028103343/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/proboscidea/african-elephant.htm#ec |date=2007-10-28 }} * Srilal Miththapala, [http:/www.geocities.com/RainForest/8298], Sri Lankan Elephants * [http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view_activity.cgi?activity_id=3819 List of easy-to-read articles about elephants] * [http://www.junglephotos.com/africa/afanimals/mammals/elephant.shtml Elephant photos and information] * [http://iucn.org/afesg/aed/ African Elephant Database - for current info on African elephant distribution and numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030032132/http://iucn.org/afesg/aed/ |date=2008-10-30 }} * [http://goplett.co.za/wiki/index.php/ Elephant Sanctuary Plettenberg Bay South Africa ] * [http://www.elephants.com/ Elephant Sanctuary, Howenwald, Tenn.] * [http://www.elephantkingdom.com/ Elephant Nature Park,Northern Thailand]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.elephantvolunteer.org Park's Volunteer Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613010500/http://www.elephantvolunteer.org/ |date=2006-06-13 }} * [http://www.wildanimalsonline.com/mammals/africanelephant.php African Elephant facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613010251/http://www.wildanimalsonline.com/mammals/africanelephant.php |date=2006-06-13 }} - Wild Animals Online encyclopedia--> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Elephantidae]] [[Kategori:Alam liar Aprika]] [[Kategori:Alam liar Asia]] ft7ot5y213yy115a5hkq3xhso7nesdj 0 4745 708583 672500 2026-04-26T06:49:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Indice_de_Percepción_de_corrupción_2019.jpg|thumb|550px|Peta indeks persepsi korupsi]] Saprak taun [[1995]], unggal taun [[Transparency International]] ngaluarkeun '''Indeks persepsi korupsi''' di runtuykeun dumasar kana "tingkat di mana korupsi bisa katempo diantara pejabat pamarentah jeung polikus."{{ref|2005FAQ}} Organisasi ieu ngartikeun [[political corruption|korupsi]] nyaéta "nyalahgunakeun wewenang keur kaperluan sorangan".{{ref|2005FAQ}} Dina taun [[2003]] puling ka 133 nagara; dina taun 2005 survey di 159 nagara. Skor pangluhurna hartina kurang (henteu) korupsi. Hasilna nembongkuen yén 7 tina unggal 10 nagara (sarta 9 tina 10 nagara berkembang) nu indeksna kurang ti 5 tina 10 poin. <!-- ==Methods and interpretation== TI claims that the CPI 2005 draws on "16 different polls and surveys from 10 independent institutions… The institutions who provided data for the CPI 2005 are: [[Columbia University]], [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], [[Freedom House]], [[Information International]], [[International Institute for Management Development]], [[Merchant International Group]], [[Political and Economic Risk Consultancy]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]], [[World Economic Forum]] and [[World Markets Research Centre]]." Early CPIs used public opinion surveys, but now only "experts" are used. TI requires at least three sources to be available in order to rank a country in the CPI. {{ref|2005FAQ}} TI writes in their FAQ on the CPI that "residents' viewpoints correlate well with those of experts abroad. In the past, the experts surveyed in the CPI sources were often business people from industrialised countries; the viewpoint of less developed countries was underrepresented. This has changed over time, giving increasingly voice to respondents from emerging market economies."{{ref|2005FAQ}} As this index is based on polls, the results are subjective and are less reliable for countries with fewer sources. Also, what is legally defined, or perceived, to be corruption differs between jurisdictions: a political donation legal in some jurisdiction may be illegal in another; a matter viewed as acceptable [[tipping]] in one country may be viewed as [[bribery]] in another. Thus the poll results must be understood quite specifically as measuring public perception rather than being an objective measure of corruption. Statistics like this are necessarily imprecise; statistics from different years are not necessarily comparable. The ICCR itself explains, "…year-to-year changes in a country's score result not only from a changing perception of a country's performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. Each year, some sources are not updated and must be dropped from the CPI, while new, reliable sources are added. With differing respondents and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country's score may also relate to the fact that different viewpoints have been collected and different questions been asked… [despite] anti-corruption reform… [or] recent exposure of corruption scandals… [i]t is often difficult to improve a CPI score over a short time period, such as one or two years. The CPI is based on data from the past three years (for more on this, see the question on the sources of data, below). This means that a change in perceptions of corruption would only emerge in the index over longer periods of time."{{ref|imprecise}} --> == Daptar sacara numerik == {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Nagara atawa Wilayah !colspan="2"|2001 Survey !colspan="2"|2002 Survey !colspan="2"|2003 Survey !colspan="2"|2005 Survey |- !style="width: 2.5em"|Index !style="width: 4em"|Rank !style="width: 2.5em"|Index !style="width: 4em"|Rank !style="width: 2.5em"|Index !style="width: 4em"|Rank !style="width: 2.5em"|Index !style="width: 4em"|Rank |- |[[Iceland]]||style="text-align: center"|9.2||style="text-align: right"|4/91||style="text-align: center"|9.4||style="text-align: right"|4/102||style="text-align: center"|9.6||style="text-align: right"|2/133||style="text-align: center"|9.7||style="text-align: right"|1/159 |- |[[Finland]]||style="text-align: center"|9.9||style="text-align: right"|1/91||style="text-align: center"|9.7||style="text-align: right"|1/102||style="text-align: center"|9.7||style="text-align: right"|1/133||style="text-align: center"|9.6||style="text-align: right"|2/159 |- |[[New Zealand]]||style="text-align: center"|9.4||style="text-align: right"|3/91||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|2/102||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|3/133||style="text-align: center"|9.6||style="text-align: right"|2/159 |- |[[Denmark]]||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|2/91||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|2/102||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|3/133||style="text-align: center"|9.5||style="text-align: right"|4/159 |- |[[Singapore]]||style="text-align: center"|9.2||style="text-align: right"|4/91||style="text-align: center"|9.3||style="text-align: right"|5/102||style="text-align: center"|9.4||style="text-align: right"|5/133||style="text-align: center"|9.4||style="text-align: right"|5/159 |- |[[Sweden]]||style="text-align: center"|9.0||style="text-align: right"|6/91||style="text-align: center"|9.3||style="text-align: right"|5/102||style="text-align: center"|9.3||style="text-align: right"|6/133||style="text-align: center"|9.2||style="text-align: right"|6/159 |- |[[Switzerland]]||style="text-align: center"|8.4||style="text-align: right"|12/91||style="text-align: center"|8.5||style="text-align: right"|12/102||style="text-align: center"|8.8||style="text-align: right"|8/133||style="text-align: center"|9.1||style="text-align: right"|7/159 |- |[[Norway]]||style="text-align: center"|8.6||style="text-align: right"|10/91||style="text-align: center"|8.5||style="text-align: right"|12/102||style="text-align: center"|8.8||style="text-align: right"|8/133||style="text-align: center"|8.9||style="text-align: right"|8/159 |- |[[Australia]]||style="text-align: center"|8.5||style="text-align: right"|11/91||style="text-align: center"|8.6||style="text-align: right"|11/102||style="text-align: center"|8.8||style="text-align: right"|8/133||style="text-align: center"|8.8||style="text-align: right"|9/159 |- |[[Austria]]||style="text-align: center"|7.8||style="text-align: right"|15/91||style="text-align: center"|7.8||style="text-align: right"|15/102||style="text-align: center"|8.0||style="text-align: right"|14/133||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|10/159 |- |[[Netherlands]]||style="text-align: center"|8.8||style="text-align: right"|8/91||style="text-align: center"|9.0||style="text-align: right"|7/102||style="text-align: center"|8.9||style="text-align: right"|7/133||style="text-align: center"|8.6||style="text-align: right"|11/159 |- |[[United Kingdom]]||style="text-align: center"|8.3||style="text-align: right"|13/91||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|10/102||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|11/133||style="text-align: center"|8.6||style="text-align: right"|11/159 |- |[[Luxembourg]]||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|9/91||style="text-align: center"|9.0||style="text-align: right"|7/102||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|11/133||style="text-align: center"|8.5||style="text-align: right"|13/159 |- |[[Canada]]||style="text-align: center"|8.9||style="text-align: right"|7/91||style="text-align: center"|9.0||style="text-align: right"|7/102||style="text-align: center"|8.7||style="text-align: right"|11/133||style="text-align: center"|8.4||style="text-align: right"|14/159 |- |[[Hong Kong]]||style="text-align: center"|7.9||style="text-align: right"|14/91||style="text-align: center"|8.2||style="text-align: right"|14/102||style="text-align: center"|8.0||style="text-align: right"|14/133||style="text-align: center"|8.3||style="text-align: right"|15/159 |- |[[Germany]]||style="text-align: center"|7.4||style="text-align: right"|20/91||style="text-align: center"|7.3||style="text-align: right"|18/102||style="text-align: center"|7.7||style="text-align: right"|16/133||style="text-align: center"|8.2||style="text-align: right"|16/159 |- |[[United States]]||style="text-align: center"|7.6||style="text-align: right"|16/91||style="text-align: center"|7.7||style="text-align: right"|16/102||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|18/133||style="text-align: center"|7.6||style="text-align: right"|17/159 |- |[[France]]||style="text-align: center"|6.7||style="text-align: right"|23/91||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|25/102||style="text-align: center"|6.9||style="text-align: right"|23/133||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|18/159 |- |[[Belgium]]||style="text-align: center"|6.6||style="text-align: right"|24/91||style="text-align: center"|7.1||style="text-align: right"|20/102||style="text-align: center"|7.6||style="text-align: right"|17/133||style="text-align: center"|7.4||style="text-align: right"|19/159 |- |[[Ireland]]||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|18/91||style="text-align: center"|6.9||style="text-align: right"|23/102||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|18/133||style="text-align: center"|7.4||style="text-align: right"|19/159 |- |[[Chile]]||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|18/91||style="text-align: center"|7.5||style="text-align: right"|17/102||style="text-align: center"|7.4||style="text-align: right"|20/133||style="text-align: center"|7.3||style="text-align: right"|21/159 |- |[[Jepang]]||style="text-align: center"|7.1||style="text-align: right"|21/91||style="text-align: center"|7.1||style="text-align: right"|20/102||style="text-align: center"|7.0||style="text-align: right"|21/133||style="text-align: center"|7.3||style="text-align: right"|21/159 |- |[[Spain]]||style="text-align: center"|7.0||style="text-align: right"|22/91||style="text-align: center"|7.1||style="text-align: right"|20/102||style="text-align: center"|6.9||style="text-align: right"|23/133||style="text-align: center"|7.0||style="text-align: right"|23/159 |- |[[Barbados]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|6.9||style="text-align: right"|24/159 |- |[[Malta]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|6.6||style="text-align: right"|25/159 |- |[[Portugal]]||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|25/91||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|25/102||style="text-align: center"|6.6||style="text-align: right"|25/133||style="text-align: center"|6.5||style="text-align: right"|26/159 |- |[[Estonia]]||style="text-align: center"|5.6||style="text-align: right"|28/91||style="text-align: center"|5.6||style="text-align: right"|29/102||style="text-align: center"|5.5||style="text-align: right"|33/133||style="text-align: center"|6.4||style="text-align: right"|27/159 |- |[[Israel]]||style="text-align: center"|7.6||style="text-align: right"|16/91||style="text-align: center"|7.3||style="text-align: right"|18/102||style="text-align: center"|7.0||style="text-align: right"|21/133||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|28/159 |- |[[Oman]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|26/133||style="text-align: center"|6.3||style="text-align: right"|28/159 |- |[[United Arab Emirates]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|5.2||style="text-align: right"|37/133||style="text-align: center"|6.2||style="text-align: right"|30/159 |- |[[Slovenia]]||style="text-align: center"|5.2||style="text-align: right"|34/91||style="text-align: center"|6.0||style="text-align: right"|27/102||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|29/133||style="text-align: center"|6.1||style="text-align: right"|31/159 |- |[[Botswana]]||style="text-align: center"|6.0||style="text-align: right"|26/91||style="text-align: center"|6.4||style="text-align: right"|24/102||style="text-align: center"|5.7||style="text-align: right"|30/133||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|32/159 |- |[[Republic of China|Rep. of China]] ([[Free Area of the Republic of China|Taiwan]])||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|27/91||style="text-align: center"|5.6||style="text-align: right"|29/102||style="text-align: center"|5.7||style="text-align: right"|30/133||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|32/159 |- |[[Qatar]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|5.6||style="text-align: right"|32/133||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|32/159 |- |[[Uruguay]]||style="text-align: center"|5.1||style="text-align: right"|35/91||style="text-align: center"|5.1||style="text-align: right"|32/102||style="text-align: center"|5.5||style="text-align: right"|33/133||style="text-align: center"|5.9||style="text-align: right"|32/159 |- |[[Bahrain]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|6.1||style="text-align: right"|27/133||style="text-align: center"|5.8||style="text-align: right"|36/159 |- |[[Cyprus]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|6.1||style="text-align: right"|27/133||style="text-align: center"|5.7||style="text-align: right"|37/159 |- |[[Jordan]]||style="text-align: center"|4.9||style="text-align: right"|37/91||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/102||style="text-align: center"|4.6||style="text-align: right"|43/133||style="text-align: center"|5.7||style="text-align: right"|37/159 |- |[[Malaysia]]||style="text-align: center"|5.0||style="text-align: right"|36/91||style="text-align: center"|4.9||style="text-align: right"|33/102||style="text-align: center"|5.2||style="text-align: right"|37/133||style="text-align: center"|5.1||style="text-align: right"|39/159 |- |[[Italy]]||style="text-align: center"|5.5||style="text-align: right"|29/91||style="text-align: center"|5.2||style="text-align: right"|31/102||style="text-align: center"|5.3||style="text-align: right"|35/133||style="text-align: center"|5.0||style="text-align: right"|40/159 |- |[[Hungary]]||style="text-align: center"|5.3||style="text-align: right"|31/91||style="text-align: center"|4.9||style="text-align: right"|33/102||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|40/133||style="text-align: center"|5.0||style="text-align: right"|40/159 |- |[[South Korea]]||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|42/91||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/102||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|50/133||style="text-align: center"|5.0||style="text-align: right"|40/159 |- |[[Tunisia]]||style="text-align: center"|5.3||style="text-align: right"|31/91||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|36/102||style="text-align: center"|4.9||style="text-align: right"|39/133||style="text-align: center"|4.9||style="text-align: right"|43/159 |- |[[Lithuania]]||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|38/91||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|36/102||style="text-align: center"|4.7||style="text-align: right"|41/133||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|44/159 |- |[[Kuwait]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|5.3||style="text-align: right"|35/133||style="text-align: center"|4.7||style="text-align: right"|45/159 |- |[[South Africa]]||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|38/91||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|36/102||style="text-align: center"|4.4||style="text-align: right"|48/133||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|46/159 |- |[[Namibia]]||style="text-align: center"|5.4||style="text-align: right"|30/91||style="text-align: center"|5.7||style="text-align: right"|28/102||style="text-align: center"|4.7||style="text-align: right"|41/133||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|47/159 |- |[[Greece]]||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|42/91||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|44/102||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|50/133||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|47/159 |- |[[Czech Republic]]||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|47/91||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|52/102||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|54/133||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|47/159 |- |[[Slovakia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|59/133||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|47/159 |- |[[Mauritius]]||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/91||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/102||style="text-align: center"|4.4||style="text-align: right"|48/133||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|51/159 |- |[[Costa Rica]]||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/91||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|40/102||style="text-align: center"|4.3||style="text-align: right"|50/133||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|51/159 |- |[[Latvia]]||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|59/91||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|52/102||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|57/133||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|51/159 |- |[[El Salvador]]||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|54/91||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|62/102||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|59/133||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|51/159 |- |[[Bulgaria]]||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|47/91||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|45/102||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|54/133||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|55/159 |- |[[Colombia]]||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|50/91||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|57/102||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|59/133||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|55/159 |- |[[Fiji]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|55/159 |- |[[Seychelles]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|55/159 |- |[[Cuba]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.6||style="text-align: right"|43/133||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|59/159 |- |[[Thailand]]||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|61/91||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|64/102||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|59/159 |- |[[Trinidad and Tobago]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.6||style="text-align: right"|43/133||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|59/159 |- |[[Belize]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|46/133||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|62/159 |- |[[Brazil]]||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|46/91||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|45/102||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|54/133||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|62/159 |- |[[Jamaica]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|45/102||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|57/133||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|64/159 |- |[[Ghana]]||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|59/91||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|50/102||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|65/159 |- |[[Mexico]]||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|51/91||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|57/102||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|64/133||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|65/159 |- |[[Panama]]||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|51/91||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|67/102||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|66/133||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|65/159 |- |[[Peru]]||style="text-align: center"|4.1||style="text-align: right"|44/91||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|45/102||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|59/133||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|65/159 |- |[[Turkey]]||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|54/91||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|64/102||style="text-align: center"|3.1||style="text-align: right"|77/133||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|65/159 |- |[[Burkina Faso]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Croatia]]||style="text-align: center"|3.9||style="text-align: right"|47/91||style="text-align: center"|3.8||style="text-align: right"|51/102||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|59/133||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Egypt]]||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|54/91||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|62/102||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Lesotho]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Poland]]||style="text-align: center"|4.1||style="text-align: right"|44/91||style="text-align: center"|4.0||style="text-align: right"|45/102||style="text-align: center"|3.6||style="text-align: right"|64/133||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Saudi Arabia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.5||style="text-align: right"|46/133||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Syria]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|66/133||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|70/159 |- |[[Laos]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|77/159 |- |[[People's Republic of China|PRC]] ([[Mainland China]])||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|57/91||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|59/102||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|66/133||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|78/159 |- |[[Morocco]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|52/102||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|78/159 |- |[[Senegal]]||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|65/91||style="text-align: center"|3.1||style="text-align: right"|66/102||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|76/133||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|78/159 |- |[[Sri Lanka]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.7||style="text-align: right"|52/102||style="text-align: center"|3.4||style="text-align: right"|66/133||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|78/159 |- |[[Suriname]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|78/159 |- |[[Lebanon]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|78/133||style="text-align: center"|3.1||style="text-align: right"|83/159 |- |[[Rwanda]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.1||style="text-align: right"|83/159 |- |[[Dominican Republic]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|85/159 |- |[[Mongolia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|85/159 |- |[[Romania]]||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|69/91||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|77/102||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|83/133||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|85/159 |- |[[Armenia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|78/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Benin]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.3||style="text-align: right"|70/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Gabon]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[India]]||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|83/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Iran]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|78/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Mali]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|78/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Moldavia]]||style="text-align: center"|3.1||style="text-align: right"|63/91||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|93/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Tanzania]]||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|82/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|88/159 |- |[[Algeria]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|88/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Argentina]]||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|57/91||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|70/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Madagascar]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.7||style="text-align: right"|98/102||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|88/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Malawi]]||style="text-align: center"|3.2||style="text-align: right"|61/91||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|68/102||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|83/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Mozambique]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|86/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Serbia and Montenegro]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|97/159 |- |[[Gambia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|103/159 |- |[[Makédonia Kalér]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|103/159 |- |[[Swaziland]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|103/159 |- |[[Yemen]]||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|65/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|88/133||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|103/159 |- |[[Belarus]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|4.8||style="text-align: right"|36/102||style="text-align: center"|4.2||style="text-align: right"|53/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Eritrea]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Honduras]]||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Kazakstan]]||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/91||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|88/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Nicaragua]]||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|77/91||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|81/102||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|88/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Palestinian Authority|Palestine]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.0||style="text-align: right"|78/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Ukraine]]||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|83/91||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|85/102||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Vietnam]]||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|75/91||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|85/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Zambia]]||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|75/91||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|77/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Zimbabwe]]||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|65/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|107/159 |- |[[Afghanistan]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Bolivia]]||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|84/91||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|89/102||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Ecuador]]||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|79/91||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|89/102||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|113/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Guatemala]]||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|65/91||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|81/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Guyana]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Libya]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|118/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Nepal]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Philippines]]||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|65/91||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|77/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Uganda]]||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|88/91||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|93/102||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|113/133||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|117/159 |- |[[Albania]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|81/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|126/159 |- |[[Niger]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|126/159 |- |[[Russia]]||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|79/91||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/102||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|86/133||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|126/159 |- |[[Sierra Leone]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|113/133||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|126/159 |- |[[Burundi]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Cambodia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Republic of the Congo|Rep. of the Congo]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|113/133||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|85/102||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|124/133||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Kirghizstan]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|118/133||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Papua New Guinea]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|118/133||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Venezuela]]||style="text-align: center"|2.8||style="text-align: right"|69/91||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|81/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|130/159 |- |[[Azerbaijan]]||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|84/91||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|95/102||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|124/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Cameroon]]||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|84/91||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|89/102||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|124/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Ethiopia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|3.5||style="text-align: right"|59/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Indonesia]]||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|88/91||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|96/102||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|122/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Iraq]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|113/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Liberia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Uzbekistan]]||style="text-align: center"|2.7||style="text-align: right"|71/91||style="text-align: center"|2.9||style="text-align: right"|68/102||style="text-align: center"|2.4||style="text-align: right"|100/133||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|137/159 |- |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Dem. Rep. of the Congo]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Kenya]]||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|84/91||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|96/102||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|122/133||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Pakistan]]||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|79/91||style="text-align: center"|2.6||style="text-align: right"|77/102||style="text-align: center"|2.5||style="text-align: right"|92/133||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Paraguay]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.7||style="text-align: right"|98/102||style="text-align: center"|1.6||style="text-align: right"|129/133||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Somalia]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Sudan]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.3||style="text-align: right"|106/133||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Tajikistan]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|124/133||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|144/159 |- |[[Angola]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.7||style="text-align: right"|98/102||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|124/133||style="text-align: center"|2.0||style="text-align: right"|151/159 |- |[[Côte d'Ivoire]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.1||style="text-align: right"|118/133||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|152/159 |- |[[Equatorial Guinea]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|152/159 |- |[[Nigeria]]||style="text-align: center"|1.0||style="text-align: right"|90/91||style="text-align: center"|1.6||style="text-align: right"|101/102||style="text-align: center"|1.4||style="text-align: right"|132/133||style="text-align: center"|1.9||style="text-align: right"|152/159 |- |[[Haiti]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|2.2||style="text-align: right"|89/102||style="text-align: center"|1.5||style="text-align: right"|131/133||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|155/159 |- |[[Myanmar]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.6||style="text-align: right"|129/133||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|155/159 |- |[[Turkmenistan]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.8||style="text-align: right"|155/159 |- |[[Bangladesh]]||style="text-align: center"|0.4||style="text-align: right"|91/91||style="text-align: center"|1.2||style="text-align: right"|102/102||style="text-align: center"|1.3||style="text-align: right"|133/133||style="text-align: center"|1.7||style="text-align: right"|158/159 |- |[[Chad]]||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|–||style="text-align: center"|1.7||style="text-align: right"|158/159 |} == Rujukan == * The table and a small amount of text came from the [[:es:Índice de percepción de corrupción|corresponding article]] in the Spanish-language wikipedia. * {{note|imprecise}} [http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_2004_faq.html ICCR FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124084843/https://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_2004_faq.html |date=2022-11-24 }}, accessed 4 July 2005. * {{note|2005FAQ}} [http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005_faq.en.html Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (retrieved 22 Nov 2005) == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.icgg.org/corruption..html Internet Center for Corruption Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814061928/http://www.icgg.org/corruption..html |date=2022-08-14 }} * [http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_2004.html Transparency International 2004 Corruption Perceptions Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006184939/https://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_2004.html |date=2022-10-06 }} * [http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005_infocus.html#cpi Transparency International 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621135820/http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005_infocus.html#cpi |date=2007-06-21 }} * [http://www.institutionalreform.org Survey instrument to measure disaggregated corruption indicators] {{Lists of countries}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Basilat]] [[Kategori:Daptar nagara|Korupsi]] [[Kategori:Indéks]] 86dosfh3xo97jh8px6j0kurxz8ellc4 0 28492 708576 674681 2026-04-26T04:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ceiling-smoke-alarm.JPG|thumb|200px|Detéktor haseup nu ditapelkeun dina lalangit imah]] '''Detéktor haseup''' atawa '''alarm haseup''' nyaéta alat nu bisa mikawanoh/ngadetéksi [[haseup]] sarta sacara otomatis ngahurungkeun [[alarm]] salaku totondén ayana bahya [[seuneu|kahuruan]]. Detéktor haseup nu dipasang di imah biasana boga bentuk kawas kéler tina plastik nu diaméterna kira 15&nbsp;cm sarta kandelna 2,5&nbsp;cm. ku sabab haseup mah ngelun ka luhur, ieu alat galibna dipasang dina lalangit atawa dina pinding deukeut lalangit di patengahan imah atawa kamar anu jauh ti dapur. Detéktor haseup biasana ditanagaan ku [[batré]], tapi aya ogé anu disambungkeun ka sumber listrik AC. Nu dicolokkeun langsung kana sumber AC biasana dibatréan ogé, salaku cadangan bisi listrikna pareum. <!-- Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection ([[photoelectric]]) or by physical process ([[ionization]]), but some of them use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Smoke detectors may operate alone, may be interconnected to cause all detectors in an area to sound an alarm if one is triggered, or may be integrated into a [[fire alarm]] or [[security system]]. Smoke detectors with flashing lights are available for people who are [[deaf]] or [[hearing impaired]], although recent research suggests that their waking effectiveness is poor (see below). A smoke detector cannot detect [[carbon monoxide]] to prevent [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], unless it has an integrated [[carbon monoxide detector]]. These are also available as a separate detector. Most companies that manufacture smoke detectors also manufacture carbon monoxide detectors. The smoke detector is one of three items of fire safety apparatus that are recommended for homes and that can be installed by the consumer. The second is a [[fire extinguisher]], and the third is a fire blanket, a section of fire retardant cloth, normally 1&nbsp;m² (3&nbsp;ft x 3&nbsp;ft), that can be applied to a small fire to smother it. == History == The first automatic electric fire alarm was invented in 1890 by [[Francis Robbins Upton]] and Fernando J. Dibble, (US patent no. 436,961). Upton was an associate of Thomas Edison, although there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this project. It is a widely spread misinformation that the first electric fire alarm was patented in 1902 by [[George Andrew Darby]] of [[Birmingham]], [[England]], as this falls 10 years after the real first fire alarm was invented. There is a fun (and seemingly unconfirmable) anecdote regarding Darby's device. Apparently it indicated an increased temperature by closing an [[electrical circuit]] to sound an [[alarm]] if the temperature rose above the safe limit. The contact was made by bridging a gap with a [[Conductor (material)|conductor]], or allowing one plate to fall on another. The connection of the two plates was caused simply by a block of butter which melted as the temperature rose. While home smoke detectors were available during most of the 1960s, the price of these devices was rather high. Before that, alarms were so expensive that only major businesses and theaters could afford them. The first truly affordable home smoke detectors were invented by Duane D. Pearsall in 1967, featuring individual battery powered units that could be easily installed and replaced. Although commonly attributed to NASA, smoke detectors were not invented as a result of the space program, though a variant with adjustable sensitivity was developed for [[Skylab]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinfaq.htm |title=Scientific and technical information FAQ |NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> == Optical detector == [[Image:OpticalSmokeDetector.png|thumb|250px|Optical Smoke Detector<br />1: optical chamber<br /> 2: cover<br />3: case moulding <br />4: photodiode (detector)<br />5: infrared LED]] An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it includes a light source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a [[photodiode]] or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is [[scattering|scattered]] by the smoke particles, directing it the sensor and thus triggering the alarm. Also seen in large rooms, such as a gymnasium or an auditorium, are devices to detect a projected beam. A unit on the wall sends out a beam, which is either received by a receiver or reflected back via a mirror. When the beam is less visible to the "eye" of the sensor, it sends an alarm signal to the [[fire alarm control panel]]. Optical smoke detectors are quick in detecting slow-burning, smoky fires. They are less sensitive to false alarms from steam generated in the kitchen or bathroom than are ionization smoke alarms. == Ionization detector == [[Image:smokealarm.JPG|left|thumb|191px|Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the piezoelectric sounder that produces the alarm sound.]] This type of detector is cheaper than the optical detector; however, it is sometimes rejected for environmental reasons. It can detect particles of smoke that are too small to be visible. It includes less than a milligram of radioactive [[Americium|americium 241]] (²⁴¹Am). The radiation passes through an [[ionization chamber]], an air-filled space between two [[electrode]]s, and permits a small, constant [[Electric current|current]] between the electrodes. Any smoke that enters the chamber absorbs the alpha particles, which reduces the ionization and interrupts this current, setting off the alarm. ²⁴¹Am, an [[Alpha decay|alpha emitter]], has a [[half-life]] of 432.2 years. This means that it does not have to be replaced during the useful life of the detector, and also makes it safer for people at home, as it is less radioactive. Alpha radiation, as opposed to [[Beta decay|beta]] and [[Gamma ray|gamma]], is used for two additional reasons: Alpha particles have high ionization, so sufficient air particles will be ionized for the current to exist, and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will be stopped by the plastic of the smoke detector and/or the air, reducing the risk of harm to people. == Air-sampling detector == An air-sampling smoke detector, sometimes called a VESDA® system, is capable of detecting microscopic particles of smoke. Most air-sampling detectors are aspirating smoke detectors, which work by actively drawing air through a network of small-bore pipes laid out above or below a ceiling in parallel runs covering a protected area. Small holes drilled into each pipe form a matrix of holes (sampling points), providing an even distribution across the pipe network. Air samples are drawn past a sensitive optical device, often a solid-state laser, tuned to detect the extremely small particles of combustion. Air-sampling detectors may be used to trigger an automatic fire response, such as a gaseous fire suppression system, in high-value or mission-critical areas, such as archives or computer server rooms. Air-sampling smoke detection systems are classed as High Sensitivity Smoke Detectors (HSSDs) and provide multiple levels of alarm threshold, such as Alert, Action, Fire 1 and Fire 2. Thresholds may be set at levels across a very wide range of smoke levels. This allows early notification of a developing fire, allowing intervention before a fire has developed beyond the smoldering stage, thereby increasing the time available for evacuation and possibly enabling emergency firefighters to arrive earlier and minimize fire damage. Fire thresholds can be set to notify local or municipal emergency responders and ultimately to discharge fire suppression systems. == Alarms and alerts == A second function of the detector is to alert persons at risk. Several methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by [[Underwriters Laboratories]].<ref> Underwriters Laboratories 217: Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, UL 1971: Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired, UL 268: Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Signaling Systems </ref> Alerting methods include: * Audible tones ** usually around 3200 Hz due to component constraints (Audio advancements for persons with hearing impairments have been made; see [[#External_links|External links]]) ** 85 [[decibel|dB]][[A-weighting|A]] at 10 feet * Spoken voice alert * Visual [[strobe light]]s ** 110 [[candela]] output * Tactile stimulation, e.g., bed or pillow shaker (No standards exist as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices.) While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions, the deaf and hard of hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high risk groups such as the elderly, those with hearing loss and those who are intoxicated. Between 2005 and 2007, research sponsored by the NFPA has focused on understanding the cause of a higher number of deaths seen in such high risk groups. Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse. Research findings suggest that a low frequency (520 Hz) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high risk individuals.<ref>[http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/alrt/lnl.htm Hearing Loss Web discusses current low frequency alarms for hard of hearing.]</ref> == Reliability and service life == In 2004, [[NIST]] issued a comprehensive report entitled [http://smokealarm.nist.gov/ Performance of Home Smoke Alarms&nbsp;&mdash; Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings]. The report concludes, among other things, that ''"smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires"'', and ''"consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms, and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms"''. The National Fire Protection Agency strongly recommand the replacement of home smoke alarms every 10 years.] Smoke alarms become less reliable with time, primarily due to aging of their electronic components, making them susceptible to nuisance false alarms. In ionization type alarms, decay of the ²⁴¹Am radioactive source is a negligible factor, as its half-life is far greater than the expected useful life of the alarm unit. == Cleaning and False Alarms == Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build up of dust or other objects such as flies, particularly on optical type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean ionisation and optical detectors externally and internally. However, on commercial ionisation detectors it is not recommended for a lay person to clean internally.<ref>[http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/shop/cleaning-smoke-detectors-and-smoke-alarms-a-25.html "Cleaning Smoke Detectors and Smoke Alarms"]</ref> == Batteries == Most residential smoke detectors run on 9-volt alkaline or carbon-zinc batteries. When these batteries run down, the smoke detector becomes inactive. Most smoke detectors will signal a low-battery condition. The alarm may chirp at intervals if the battery is low, though if there is more than one unit within earshot, it can be hard to locate. It is common, however, for houses to have smoke detectors with dead batteries. As a result, public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly. In Australia, for example, it is advertised that all smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on the first day of April every year. In regions using [[daylight saving time]], these campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday. Some detectors are also being sold with a [[lithium battery]] that can run for about 7 to 10 years, though this might actually make it less likely for people to change batteries, since their replacement is needed so infrequently. By that time, the whole detector may need to be replaced. Though relatively expensive, user-replaceable 9-volt lithium batteries are also available. They should only be used in a fairly new detector. Smoke detectors with missing batteries are also a concern. As a result, many detectors sold today are designed to provide a visual indication of a missing battery. One popular brand of smoke detector will not allow the user to close the battery door until a battery has been placed in the alarm; another contains a spring-loaded protrusion obstructing the attachment holes when the battery is missing, preventing reattachment to the wall or ceiling and making a missing battery situation immediately obvious. Some local governments do not permit the installation of smoke detectors with removable batteries. In new construction, most [[building codes]] today require smoke detectors to be wired to the electrical mains of buildings. Many of these units also include a battery backup to ensure operation during a power outage. Rechargeable batteries should ''never'' be used in battery powered smoke detectors, since common [[NiMH]] and [[NiCd]] rechargeable batteries have a high [[self-discharge]] rate. This is true even though they may provide much more power than alkaline batteries if used soon after charging, such as in a portable stereo. Also, a problem particularly prevalent in older technology rechargeable batteries is a rapid voltage drop at the end of their useful charge. This is of concern in devices such as smoke detectors, since the battery may transition from "charged" to "dead" so quickly that the low-battery warning period from the detector is either so brief as to go unnoticed, or may not occur at all. The American [[National Fire Protection Association]], through its fire protection program, urges homeowners to replace smoke detector batteries with a new alkaline battery every six months, for example when changing clocks for daylight saving time, and to replace the entire smoke detector after ten years of use. The used battery will probably still have the majority of its charge, and can be reused in less critical applications, such as a backup for a digital alarm clock. == Testing == Virtually all modern smoke alarm units come equipped with a "test" button. Alternatively, artificial smoke can be purchased, which also tests the detection mechanism itself. One simple way to test a smoke alarm is to light and extinguish a [[match]], then wave it beneath the detector. The smoke detector should be sensitive enough to trip its alarm if a small amount of smoke enters it. Waving a lit match underneath the detector to test it is not recommended, as it could set the smoke alarm and the rest of the house on fire. Smokers may blow cigarette smoke into the detector, but the tars in the cigarette smoke deposited on the detector may make it less effective. == Installation and placement == [[Image:SmokeAlarmPlacement.jpg|thumb|Place smoke detectors where they will do the most good.]] In the [[United States]], most [[state]] and [[local]] [[laws]] regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in Article 72 of [[National Fire Protection Association|NFPA]] fire code. Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. Homeowners with questions or concerns regarding smoke detector placement may contact their local [[fire marshal]] or [[building inspector]] for assistance. However, some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world. For example, [[Canada]] and [[Australia]] require a building to have a working smoke detector on every level. The [[United States]] requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access. In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. All smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the [[electrical wiring]], be interconnected and have a [[battery backup]]. In addition, smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every [[bedroom]], depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in [[stairway]]s, main [[hallway]]s and [[garage (house)|garages]]. Wired units with a third "interconnect" wire allow a dozen or more detectors to be connected, so that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the chances that occupants will be alerted, even if they are behind closed doors or if the alarm is triggered one or two floors removed from their location. Wired interconnection may only be practical for use in new construction, especially if the wire needs to be routed in areas that are inaccessible without cutting open walls and ceilings. As of the mid-2000s, development has begun on wirelessly networking smoke alarms, using technologies such as [[ZigBee]], which will allow interconnected alarms to be easily retrofitted in a building without costly wire installations. Detectors on the [[ceiling]] should be placed several inches away from any wall. If the ceiling is not flat, the detector should be placed at or near the highest point. If the highest point is a small recess, then the detector should be placed at the next highest level. Detectors placed on a wall should be several inches, but no more than a foot (30 cm), from the top. Detectors should not be placed on a wall if the ceiling has a deep recess, if the ceiling slopes steeply or for a long distance. Detectors should be several horizontal feet away from a heating or cooling register, window, corner, the edge of a [[ceiling fan]]'s sweep and doors to a [[kitchen]] or [[bathroom]]. They should be placed as far away as possible from combustion sources, like [[heating oil|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]]-fired [[furnace]]s, [[space heater]]s, [[clothes dryer]]s and [[water heater]]s, without compromising coverage or safety. Smoke detectors in a basement should be placed at the bottom of the stairs and an additional detector should be placed in or near any sleeping areas in the basement. It is recommended, and sometimes required, that smoke detectors not be placed in kitchens because the small amounts of smoke and [[particulate]]s generated while [[cooking]] can set them off. Detectors designed for use near a kitchen may have a silencing button to cancel accidental triggering. Detectors should not be placed in a bathroom or near a bathroom door because moisture may cause [[false alarm]]s or damage the detector. False alarms reduce the effectiveness of smoke detectors in preventing harm and property damage because people soon begin to assume that the alarm is false. [[Heat detector]]s, which sound an alarm when the [[temperature]] reaches a certain point and/or when it climbs more rapidly than a certain rate, can be used in kitchens, garages and areas with combustion sources that would otherwise generate nuisance alarms. In the UK the placement of detectors are similar however the installation of smoke alarms in new builds need to comply to the British Standards BS5839 pt6. BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 recommends that a new-build property consisting of no more than 3 floors (less than 200sqm per floor)) should be fitted with a Grade D, LD2 system Building Regulations in England,Wales & Scotland recommend that BS 5839: Pt.6 should be followed, but as a minimum a Grade D, LD3 system should be installed. Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D, LD2 system to be installed, with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen, this standard also requires all detectors to have a main supply and a battery back up. --> == Rujukan == <references/> * ''Risk Analysis of Residential Fire Detector Performance''. J. Applied Fire Sci. Jun. 2007 Vol. 6 (2). * National Fire Protection Code, Article 72 *[http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/shop/smoke-alarm-a-22.html Domestic Alarm FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829211736/http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/shop/smoke-alarm-a-22.html |date=2008-08-29 }} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Smoke detector}} *[http://www.uic.com.au/nip35.htm Smoke detectors and americium] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020911070229/http%3A//www%2Euic%2Ecom%2Eau/nip35%2Ehtm |date=2002-09-11 }} *[http://science.howstuffworks.com/smoke2.htm How stuff works&nbsp;&mdash; ionization-type smoke detectors] *[http://www.essortment.com/home/doityourselfc_shtt.htm Common smoke detector problems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906195711/http://www.essortment.com/home/doityourselfc_shtt.htm |date=2008-09-06 }} *[http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/alrt/lnl.htm Hearing Loss Web discusses current low frequency alarms for hard of hearing.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907184338/http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/alrt/lnl.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} *[http://www.hearingloss.org/advocacy/pressrelease080207.asp Alarm concern from the Hearing Loss Association of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051359/http://www.hearingloss.org/advocacy/pressrelease080207.asp |date=2007-09-27 }} *[http://www.alarmspecs.com Comparison of smoke detector specifications] *[http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-07-30/feature1/index.html Where there's Smoke there's not always fire&nbsp;&mdash; An Inside look at Smoke Detectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224210235/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-07-30/feature1/index.html |date=2010-12-24 }} *[http://www.sourcesecurity.com/news/articles/co-58-ga-co-2248-ga.2115.html Importance of smoke detection systems for early detection of tunnel fires] {{pondok}} [[ja:自動火災報知設備#感知器]] sf338ro2tbopifipaw88v2npsdfv79l 0 33840 708591 674713 2026-04-26T10:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Coffee Beans.jpg |image_caption = Siki kopi nu geus disangray |regnum = [[Plantae]] |ordo = [[Gentianales]] |familia = [[Rubiaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Ixoroideae]] |tribus = [[Coffeeae]] |genus = '''''Coffea''''' |subdivision_ranks = Species |type_species = ''[[Coffea arabica]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/13442 |title=Genus Coffea |work=Taxonomy |publisher=UniProt |accessdate=2010-05-13}}</ref> |}} [[Gambar:RoastedCoffeeBeans.JPG|thumb|200px|Siki Kopi]] [[Gambar:YosriKopi.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Kopi''' mangrupa tangkal nu asalna ti Daksi di [[buana Afrika]].<ref name="kamus1">[[Danadibrata,R.A]].2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat Buku Utama</ref> [[Siki]] kopi nu geus ditipungkeun sok ditinyuh ku cai ngagolak keur inumeun.<ref name="kamus1"/> == Sajarah Kopi == Awal ayana kopi dina taun [[500]] masehi dimimitian ku [[domba]] anu henteu ngahaja ngadahar pepelakan liar sarupa buah [[céri]]<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Saputra, Eka (2008) '''''KOPI''''', ''Dari Sejarah, Efek Bagi Kesehatan Tubuh dan Gaya Hidup'' Panembahan Yogyakarta: Harmoni</ref>. Sanggeus ngadahar daun sarta sikina, kalakuan domba éta jadi anéh<ref name="sumber1"/>. Nyaksian hal éta, nu ngangonna ogé ngasaan pepelakan anu didahar ku domba téa<ref name="sumber1"/>. Hasilna, manéhna ngarasakeun sensasi anu saterusna kasebarluaskeun<ref name="sumber1"/>. Carita séjén anu mekar ngeunaan panimuan kopi, nyaéta ti saurang syékh [[Arab]] anu nyalametkeun dirina tina kalaparan kalayan nyieun sop tina siki céri anu aya dina semak belukar<ref name="sumber1"/>. Ti kira-kira [[abad ka-5]] sarta [[abad ka-6]] kasebut, carita panimuan kopi mekar<ref name="sumber1"/>. Khaldi dipikanyaho saterusna papanggih jeung saurang rahib ngaranna Chadély atawa Scyadly, dicaritakeun kajadian anu dialaman dirina sarta embéna, ogé ka rahib kasebut, ditembrakkeun sarupaning siki céri anu didahar<ref name="sumber1"/>. Rahib kasebut ogé saterusna hayang ngarasakeun pangaruh anu diceritakeun Khaldi<ref name="sumber1"/>. Biji-bijian anu ditarimana dilemeskeun sarta dicampur jeung [[cai]] panas<ref name="sumber1"/>. Éta sajarah inuman kopi mimiti<ref name="sumber1"/> ==Jenis Kopi== Numutkeun daérahna, nyaéta: === Kopi Arabika === Asalna ti [[Moka]], Tanah[[Arab]].<ref name="kamus1"/> Rasana kurang pait, lamun di ékspor ku urang sok disebut kopi jawa.<ref name="kamus1"/> === Kopi Liberia === Asal ti [[Liberia]],ogé rasana kurang pait.<ref name="kamus1"/> === Kopi Robusta === Asalna ti [[Kongo]].<ref name="kamus1"/> Rasana pait, jeung najan nginumna saéutik, akibatna sok hésé saré. Tangkal kopi robusta leubeut buahna.<ref name="kamus1"/> == Tingali ogé == * [[Entéh]] * [[Matte]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}3. [https://huongvicafe.com/ Huongvicafe]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{pondok}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Afrika]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] [[Kategori:Inuman]] [[Kategori:Coffea]] p39ih6s7ikzabc1pafqntb6srt50ooj 0 37851 708574 674657 2026-04-26T03:59:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game |title = Cities XL 2011 |collapsible = |state = |show image = |image = [[File:Cities XL 2011 cover.jpg|250px]] |caption =Sampul Cities xl 2011 |developer = [[Focus Home Interactive]] |publisher = Focus Home Interactive |distributor = |series = ''[[Cities XL]]'' |version = |released = 14 Oktober 2010 |genre = [[Simuloator kota]] |modes = [[Pamaén tunggal]] |ratings = {{vgratings|PEGI=3}} {{vgratings|OFLC=G<ref name="OFLCRating">{{cite web|title=Classification Database - Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/188b98f03a6dd463ca2577a6005d6c4f?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Government|date=2010-09-22|accessdate=2010-09-28}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} {{vgratings|ESRB=E}} |platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] |distribution = |media = |requirements = }} '''''Cities XL 2011''''' nyaéta hiji [[simulator kota]] nu dimekarkeun ku [[Focus Home Interactive]]. Kaulinan ieu museur kana mode pamaén tunggal. ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010. Fitur-fitur anyar kaasup wangunan jeung peta, paningkatan [[transportasi umum]], paningkatan sistim [[pajak]], sarta pilihan [[niaga|dagang]] nu dialuskeun.<ref name="CitiesXL2011">{{cite web|title=Focus Home Interactive announces Cities XL 2011|url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|date=2010-07-04|accessdate=2010-09-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155528/http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13 |date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> ==Pamekaran== Kaulinan ieu sacara resmi dipublikasikeun ku Focus Home Interactive, nu nyandak alih lisénsi kaulinan ieu nalika [[Monte Cristo (pausahaan)|Monte Cristo]] tutup ku sabab panjualan buruk ''[[Cities XL]]''.<ref name="CitiesXL2011"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Priest|first=Simon|title=Cities XL developer Monte Cristo Games closes doors "this week"|url=http://www.strategyinformer.com/news/8152/cities-xl-developer-monte-cristo-games-closes-doors-this-week|publisher=StrategyInformer|accessdate=2010-09-25|date=2010-05-28}}</ref> == Rilis== ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010.<ref name="CitiesXL2011Date">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011 |url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=citiesxl2011|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref> == Panarimaan == {{VG Reviews | GR = 75%<ref name="GameRankings">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html|publisher=[[GameRankings]]|accessdate=2011-02-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20130103011656/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html |date=2013-01-03 }}</ref> | MC = 70 ti 100<ref name=Metacritic>{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/cities-xl-2011|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> | GameZone = 7 ti 10<ref name="GameZone">{{cite web|last=Splechta|first=Mike|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/|publisher=[[GameZone]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127105528/http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/ |date=2011-01-27 }}</ref> | IGN = 7.0 ti 10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Neilie|title=Cities XL 2011 Review|url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121235230/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html |date=2010-11-21 }}</ref> | PCGUK = 71%<ref name="Metacritic"/> }} ''Cities XL 2011'' narima peunteun rata-rata.<ref name="Metacritic"/> [[IGN]] nerangkeun yén kaulinan ieu "kawas anu saméméhna, dikurang mode multi-pamaén" sarta nyindekkeun yén kaulinan ieu "teu boga loba nu anyar nu ditawarkeun". Pameunteunanna tapi muji mode [[latihan]] jeung grafisna.<ref name="IGN"/> [[GameZone]] ngabandingkeun ''Cities XL 2011'' jeung [[Civilization IV]] sarta nyindekkeun yén "sametawis kirangna tujuan atanapi carita kaulinan moal cocog jeung sababaraha pamaén, heunteu boga harti ngaganggu alam candu ''Cities XL 2011''".<ref name="GameZone"/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www2.citiesxl.com/ Loka resmi ''Cities XL 2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420075138/http://www.citiesxl.com/ |date=2008-04-20 }} [[Category:kaulinan video 2010]] [[Category:kaulinan ngawangun kota]] [[Category:kaulinan video nu dimekarkeun di Perancis]] [[Category:kaulinan Windows]] 1f5bi577r169n2jt6d2jaw620t6u2jj 0 44508 708579 678679 2026-04-26T05:53:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ko Hyun-jung 2023.png|jmpl|Go Hyun-jung]] '''Go Hyun-jung''' dipikawanoh ogé '''Ko Hyun-jung''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jeolla Kidul]], [[Koréa Kidul]]|2|3|1971||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]], [[modél]] sarta [[panyanyi]] asal [[Koréa Kidul]] anu mimiti ténar liwat sérial [[drama]] ''The Great Queen Seon Deok'' taun [[2009]].<ref name="lintas">Lintas.me, [http://www.lintas.me/go/gokilgila.com/profil-biodata-dan-kumpulan-foto-go-hyun-jung-artis-korea-news-showbiz-lifestye Profil Biodata dan Kumpulan Foto Go Hyun-jung]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diaksés 15 Juli 2015.</ref><ref name="indosiar">Indosiar.com, [http://www.indosiar.com/gossip/go-hyeon-jeong-bicara-soal-alis-mishil-di-the-great-queen-seon-deok_83429.html Go Hyeon-jeong Bicara Soal Alis Mishil di The Great Queen Seon Deok]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diaksés 15 Juli 2015.</ref> Sérial drama lianna anu geus dibéntanganna nyaéta ''Love on a Jujube Tree'', ''Eyes of Dawn'', ''A Love Without Fear'', ''Women’s Room'', ''My Mother’s Sea'', ''Farewell'', ''Sandglass'', ''Spring Days'', ''What’s Up Fox?'', ''H.I.T.'', ''Daemul'', jeung ''The Queen’s Classroom''.<ref name="lintas"/> ''Love on a Jujube Tree'' mangrupa sérial [[drama]] munggaran anu dibéntangan ku Hyun-jung.<ref name="lintas"/> ==Filmografi== ===Sérial drama=== *''The Great Queen Seon Deok'' ([[MBC]], [[2009]])<ref name="indosiar"/> *H.I.T ([[MBC]], [[2007]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''What’s Up Fox?'' ([[MBC]], [[2006]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Spring Day'' ([[SBS]], [[2005]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Sandglass'' ([[SBS]], [[1995]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Farewell'' ([[SBS]], [[1994]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''My Mother’s Sea'' ([[MBC]], [[1993]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''A Love Without Fear'' ([[SBS]], [[1992]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Eye of Dawn'' ([[MBC]], [[1991]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Love On A Jujube Tree'' ([[KBS]], [[1990]])<ref name="lintas"/> ===Pilem=== *''Actresses'' ([[2009]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Like You Know It All'' ([[2009]])<ref name="lintas"/> *''Woman on the Beach'' ([[2006]])<ref name="lintas"/> ==Pangajén== *[[2009]] ''MBC Drama Awards: Daesang Award (Queen Seon Duk)''<ref name="lintas"/> *[[1995]] 31^st ''Baeksang Awards: Best Actress Nominee for Sandglass''<ref name="lintas"/> *[[1994]] 30^st ''Baeksang Awards: Best Actress Nominee for My Mother’s Sea''<ref name="lintas"/> *[[1992]] 28^st ''Baeksang Awards: Best New Actress for Love On A Jujube Tree''<ref name="lintas"/> *[[1989]] ''Miss Korea: First Runner-Up''<ref name="lintas"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktris Koréa Kidul]] n2zcg4q7rnh8qoyck4yoobkkx8sl8ri 4 45544 708566 707658 2026-04-26T00:58:14Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* Request for comment (global AI policy) */ bagean anyar 708566 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Hider kaca sawala|Kawijakan|alpha=yes|start=100|Kaca salawa baagian '''kawijakan''' digunakeun pikeun nyawalakeun ajuan kawijakan jeung palanggeran ogé parobahan [[WP:Policies and guidelines|kawijakan jeung palanggeran]] anu aya.<br>Saupamana Anjeun hayang ngajukeun hiji hal anyar anu '''teu''' aya pakuat-pakaitna jeung kawijakan, mangka kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:SA|ajuan]]'''.<br> Mun Anjeun boga pitanyaeun ngeunaan kabahasaan siga palanggeran sarta éjahan basa Sunda anu merenah, mangka kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:SB|basa]]'''. <br>Ieu mah '''lain tempat ajang néangan bongbolongan''' anu sipatna téknis, éta mah kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:ST|téknis]]''' wé. Mangga ilikan '''[[Wikipedia:NLD|kaca NLD (nu loba ditanyakeun)]]''' pikeun caraman sarta hal-hal anu diheugbaékeun sarta. |WP:SK|WP:SWKJ}}__NEWSECTIONLINK__ __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> [[Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] </noinclude> {{clear}} == Arsip == * [[/2015-2019]] == Wiki Loves Folklore == [[File:WLL Subtitled Logo (transparent).svg|100px|right|frameless]] '''Hello Folks,''' Wiki Loves Love is back again in 2020 iteration as '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' from 1 February, 2020 - 29 February, 2020. Join us to celebrate the local cultural heritage of your region with the theme of folklore in the international photography contest at [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wllove Wikimedia Commons]. Images, videos and audios representing different forms of folk cultures and new forms of heritage that haven’t otherwise been documented so far are welcome submissions in Wiki Loves Folklore. Learn more about the contest at [[m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Meta-Wiki]] and [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Commons]]. '''Kind regards,'''<br/> [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore/International Team|'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''']]<br/> <small>&mdash;&nbsp;[[User:Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">'''Tulsi Bhagat'''</font>]] <small>([[Special:Contributions/Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] &#124; [[User talk:Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">talk</font>]])</small><br/> sent using [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2020 06.15 (UTC)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wll&oldid=19716850 --> == Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project == Hello The Wikimedia Foundation’s Community Development team is seeking to learn more about the way volunteers learn and develop into the many different roles that exist in the movement. Our goal is to build a movement informed framework that provides shared clarity and outlines accessible pathways on how to grow and develop skills within the movement. To this end, we are looking to speak with you, our community to learn about your journey as a Wikimedia volunteer. Whether you joined yesterday or have been here from the very start, we want to hear about the many ways volunteers join and contribute to our movement. To learn more about the project, [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project|please visit the Meta page]]. If you are interested in participating in the project, please complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegM07N1FK_s0VUECM61AlWOthwdn5zQOlVsa2vaKcx13BwZg/viewform?usp=sf_link this simple Google form]. Although we may not be able to speak to everyone who expresses interest, we encourage you to complete this short form if you are interested in participating! -- [[user:LMiranda (WMF)|LMiranda (WMF)]] ([[user talk:LMiranda (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Januari 2020 19.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19738989 --> == Additional interface for edit conflicts on talk pages == ''Sorry, for writing this text in English. If you could help to translate it, it would be appreciated.'' You might know the new interface for edit conflicts (currently a beta feature). Now, Wikimedia Germany is designing an additional interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This interface is shown to you when you write on a discussion page and another person writes a discussion post in the same line and saves it before you do. With this additional editing conflict interface you can adjust the order of the comments and edit your comment. We are inviting everyone to have a look at [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|the planned feature]]. Let us know what you think on our [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|central feedback page]]! -- For the Technical Wishes Team: [[m:User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 26 Pébruari 2020 14.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19845780 --> :Thank you for the info! [[Pamaké:Kumincir|nandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 27 Pébruari 2020 11.00 (UTC) == Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]] The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]]. The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]]. [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]] The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now. This early version can sign and indent comments automatically. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].</strong> *On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias: [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]]. If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]]. *The team is planning some upcoming changes. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page.</strong> The team will test features such as: **an easy way to mention another editor ("pinging"), **a rich-text visual editing option, and **other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors. To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|<strong>"Get involved"</strong>]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]]. – [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 8 April 2020 19.27 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=19967063 --> == Editing news 2020 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar. [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]] This issue of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|<strong>Reply tool</strong>]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias). The Beta Feature is called "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}". The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon. The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing <code>@</code>. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] now. Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|<strong>New requirements for user signatures</strong>]]: Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable. Most editors will not be affected. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|<strong>New discussion tool</strong>]]: The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Usage of talk pages|<strong>Research on the use of talk pages</strong>]]: The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles. We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages. – [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 17 Juni 2020 20.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20184653 --> == Annual contest Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos == [[File:WPWP logo 1.png|150px|right|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP)]] This is to invite you to join the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign starts today 1st July 2020 and closes 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 1 Juli 2020 08.24 (UTC) ''feel free to translate this message to your local language when this helps your community'' <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/MassMessage&oldid=20232618 --> == Feedback on movement names == {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{int:please-translate}} if necessary. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} There are a lot of conversations happening about the future of our movement names. We hope that you are part of these discussions and that your community is represented. Since 16 June, the Foundation Brand Team has been running a [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9G2dN7P0T7gPqpD survey] in 7 languages about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project/Naming convention proposals|3 naming options]]. There are also community members sharing concerns about renaming in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community open letter on renaming|Community Open Letter]]. Our goal in this call for feedback is to hear from across the community, so we encourage you to participate in the survey, the open letter, or both. The survey will go through 7 July in all timezones. Input from the survey and discussions will be analyzed and published on Meta-Wiki. Thanks for thinking about the future of the movement, --[[:m:Talk:Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project|The Brand Project team]], 2 Juli 2020 19.42 (UTC) ''Note: The survey is conducted via a third-party service, which may subject it to additional terms. For more information on privacy and data-handling, see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Naming Convention Proposals Movement Feedback Survey Privacy Statement|survey privacy statement]].'' <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20238830 --> : Thank you for sending us this message. We will discuss this topic with the other administrators and Wikipedians. Hopefully we can participate on the survey. -- [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 4 Juli 2020 00.28 (UTC) == Editing news 2020 #3 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"> == Warta Editing 2020 #3 == <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:50M@2x.png|thumb|alt=Béntang emas maké ribon paul, sarta téks 50j|Leuwih ti <strong>50 juta éditan</strong> geus dijieun maké éditor visual dina déstop.|400px]] Seven years ago this month, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] offered the visual editor to most Wikipedia editors. Since then, editors have achieved many milestones: * More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop. * More than <strong>2 million new articles</strong> have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019. * The visual editor is <strong>increasingly popular</strong>. The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has increased every year since its introduction. * In 2019, <strong>35% of the edits by newcomers</strong> (logged-in editors with ≤99 edits) used the visual editor. This percentage has <strong>increased every year</strong>. * Almost <strong>5 million edits on the mobile site</strong> have been made with the visual editor. Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018. * On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 <strong>first edit from outer space</strong>] was made in the mobile visual editor. 🚀 👩‍🚀 * Editors have made more than <strong>7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor</strong>, including starting <strong>600,000 new articles</strong> in it. The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]]. [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 9 Juli 2020 12.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=20232673 --> == Announcing a new wiki project! Welcome, Abstract Wikipedia == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi all, It is my honor to introduce Abstract Wikipedia, a new project that has been unanimously approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. Abstract Wikipedia proposes a new way to generate baseline encyclopedic content in a multilingual fashion, allowing more contributors and more readers to share more knowledge in more languages. It is an approach that aims to make cross-lingual cooperation easier on our projects, increase the sustainability of our movement through expanding access to participation, improve the user experience for readers of all languages, and innovate in free knowledge by connecting some of the strengths of our movement to create something new. This is our first new project in over seven years. Abstract Wikipedia was submitted as a project proposal by Denny Vrandečić in May 2020 <ref>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]</ref> after years of preparation and research, leading to a detailed plan and lively discussions in the Wikimedia communities. We know that the energy and the creativity of the community often runs up against language barriers, and information that is available in one language may not make it to other language Wikipedias. Abstract Wikipedia intends to look and feel like a Wikipedia, but build on the powerful, language-independent conceptual models of Wikidata, with the goal of letting volunteers create and maintain Wikipedia articles across our polyglot Wikimedia world. The project will allow volunteers to assemble the fundamentals of an article using words and entities from Wikidata. Because Wikidata uses conceptual models that are meant to be universal across languages, it should be possible to use and extend these building blocks of knowledge to create models for articles that also have universal value. Using code, volunteers will be able to translate these abstract “articles” into their own languages. If successful, this could eventually allow everyone to read about any topic in Wikidata in their own language. As you can imagine, this work will require a lot of software development, and a lot of cooperation among Wikimedians. In order to make this effort possible, Denny will join the Foundation as a staff member in July and lead this initiative. You may know Denny as the creator of Wikidata, a long-time community member, a former staff member at Wikimedia Deutschland, and a former Trustee at the Wikimedia Foundation <ref>[[m:User:Denny|User:Denny]]</ref>. We are very excited that Denny will bring his skills and expertise to work on this project alongside the Foundation’s product, technology, and community liaison teams. It is important to acknowledge that this is an experimental project, and that every Wikipedia community has different needs. This project may offer some communities great advantages. Other communities may engage less. Every language Wikipedia community will be free to choose and moderate whether or how they would use content from this project. We are excited that this new wiki-project has the possibility to advance knowledge equity through increased access to knowledge. It also invites us to consider and engage with critical questions about how and by whom knowledge is constructed. We look forward to working in cooperation with the communities to think through these important questions. There is much to do as we begin designing a plan for Abstract Wikipedia in close collaboration with our communities. I encourage you to get involved by going to the project page and joining the new mailing list <ref>[[mail:abstract-wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia mailing list]]</ref>. We recognize that Abstract Wikipedia is ambitious, but we also recognize its potential. We invite you all to join us on a new, unexplored path. Yours, Katherine Maher (Executive Director, Wikimedia Foundation) <references/> </div> <small>Sent by [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 9 Juli 2020 20.10 (UTC) - '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/July 2020 announcement]]''' </small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20265921 --> == Kode Etik Universal (''Universal Code of Conduct'') == ''Mohon maaf bila pesan ini tidak diterjemahkan dari bahasa Indonesia. Anda dapat menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Sunda bila perlu.'' Meneruskan pesan dari tim [[:meta:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety WMF]]: Dalam 19 tahun terakhir, para Wikimedian telah bahu-membahu membangun sumber daya pengetahuan bebas paling besar dalam sejarah umat manusia. Dalam waktu yang singkat, Wikimedia telah tumbuh dari sekelompok kecil penyunting menjadi sebuah masyarakat besar yang terdiri atas para editor, pengembang, mitra berafiliasi, pembaca, penyumbang, dan rekan kerja sama. Anda tentu menyadari bahwa untuk komunitas masih harus bekerja keras untuk bisa mewujudkan cita-cita Wikimedia, yang terejawantahkan pada pernyataan "bayangkan sebuah dunia di mana setiap orang dapat berbagi segala macam pengetahuan dengan bebas" (''imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge''). Di sisi lain, komunitas Wikimedia masih belum memiliki panduan yang jelas dan mengikat untuk menciptakan sebuah lingkungan di mana pengetahuan bebas dapat dibagikan tanpa sebarang ketakutan. Untuk menciptakan hal itu, perlulah dijamin keamanan dan kenyamanan semua orang yang ingin berbagi pengetahuan secara bebas, sehingga dapat mendorong mereka untuk bergabung dan berkontribusi. Singkatnya, diperlukan sebuah panduan yang dapat membangun sebuah lingkungan yang inklusif, konstruktif, dan mendorong pembebasan pengetahuan. Selama ini, telah ada perbincangan atas perlunya sebuah peraturan perilaku global yang mengikat seluruh komunitas Wikimedia. Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah mengumumkan '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/May 2020 - Board of Trustees on Healthy Community Culture, Inclusivity, and Safe Spaces|''Community Culture Statement'']]''' yang menjadi panduan untuk mencegah pelecehan dan menganjurkan inklusivitas di seluruh proyek Wikimedia. Sebagai pelaksanaan dari pernyataan tersebut, sebuah '''Kode Etik Universal''' (''Universal Code of Conduct'') akan diadakan sebagai standar minimum di seluruh proyek Wikimedia dan akan berlaku bagi para sukarelawan maupun staf Wikimedia di seluruh dunia. Kode Etik ini akan menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam seluruh kegiatan di Wikimedia, baik itu pada tingkat proyek, kelompok, maupun perseorangan. Mari berpartipasi dalam perbincangan mengenai Kode Etik Universal ini: apa yang mesti diatur dan tidak perlu diatur, bagaimana cara peraturan ini berkembang dan diterapkan, dan apa untung-ruginya bagi komunitas Wikimedia. Komunitas Anda adalah bagian dari Wikimedia, dan suara Anda amat berharga. Anda dapat memulai dengan membaca rancangan [[:meta:Universal Code of Conduct|'''Kode Etik Universal''']] dan membincangkannya di [[:meta:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct|'''halaman diskusinya''']]. Agar lebih banyak anggota komunitas Wikimedia yang berpartisipasi, Anda dianjurkan untuk '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct&language=en&action=page&filter= menerjemahkan rancangan Kode Etik Universal ke dalam bahasa Anda]'''. Perlu dicatat bahwa jika halaman Kode Etik Universal tersebut belum diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Anda, usulan atau tanggapan dalam bahasa selain Inggris pada diskusi yang dimulai dengan bahasa Inggris akan tetap diterima. Salam, [[Pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|sawala]]) 14 Juli 2020 18.38 (UTC) == Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter and FileImporter]] will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. How does it work? Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link "Move file to Wikimedia Commons" on the local file page. Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration_file_documentation|configuration file]] which is created and maintained by each local wiki community. Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons. If you want to know more about the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter extension]] or the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|Technical Wishes Project]], follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: </div>[[User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 6 Agustus 2020 09.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=20343133 --> == Important: maintenance operation on September 1st == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Baca ieu surat dina séjén basa]] [[foundation:|Yayasan Wikimédia]] bakal nguji puseur data sekundér. Ieu pikeun mastikeun yén Wikipédia jeung wiki Wikimédia séjénna bisa angger onlén najan aya bencana. Pikeun mastikeun yén sakabéhna jalan, departemén Téknologi Wikimédia kudu migawé uji anu direncana. Ieu uji bakal némbongkeun bisa henteuna pindah ti hiji puseur data ka puseur data séjénna. Gawé kieu butuh loba tim pikeun nataharkeun uji sarta sayaga menerkeun lamun aya masalah anu teu dipiharep. Maranéhna bakal mindahkeun sakabéh patalimarga ka puseur data sekundér poé '''Salasa, 1 Séptémber 2020'''. Hanjakalna, kusabab ayana kawates di [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], sakabéh gawé ngédit kudu eureun nalika pindah. Ku kituna kami ménta hampura, jaga mah muga-muga bisa leuwih hadé. '''Anjeun bakal bisa maca, tapi teu bisa ngaropéa/ngédit, sakur wiki dina waktu éta.''' *Anjeun moal bisa ngédit nepi ka sajam dina poé Salasa, 1 Séptémber. Ujina bakal dimimitian dina [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200901T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, jeung di Selandia Anyar 02:00 NZST poé Rebo 2 Séptémber). *Lamun nyoba ngédit dina mangsa éta, anjeun bakal manggih iber éror. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' </div></div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 26 Agustus 2020 13.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20384955 --> == Invitation to participate in the conversation == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies for cross-posting, and that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following announcement may be available on '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/Invitation (long version)|Meta]]'''. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' We are excited to share '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct]]''', which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020. The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved? Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too. To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcomed to translate this message and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review]]. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. To learn more about the UCoC project, see the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] page, and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|FAQ]], on Meta. Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]], 10 Séptémber 2020 17.55 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Draft_review/Invitation_(long_version)/List&oldid=20440292 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki where the community can work together on a library of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Wiki_of_functions_naming_contest#function|functions]]. The community can create new functions, read about them, discuss them, and share them. Some of these functions will be used to help create language-independent Wikipedia articles that can be displayed in any language, as part of the Abstract Wikipedia project. But functions will also be usable in many other situations. There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with voting beginning on 29 September and 27 October. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on 8 December. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 29 Séptémber 2020 21.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_5&oldid=20492309 --> == Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric|check the full announcement]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Qgil-WMF|Qgil-WMF]] ([[m:User talk:Qgil-WMF|talk]]) 7 Oktober 2020 17.17 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Board&oldid=20519859 --> == Important: maintenance operation on October 27 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 14:00 UTC] (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of October 26, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2020_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> -- <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 21 Oktober 2020 17.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20519839 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest - Round 2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose the name for the new Wikimedia wiki project - the library of functions. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikicode, Wikicodex, Wikifunctions, Wikifusion, Wikilambda, Wikimedia Functions</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest/Names|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] </div> 5 Nopémber 2020 22.10 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20564572 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021 == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021]]''' telah dibuka! Survei ini adalah proses dimana komunitas akan memutuskan apa yang tim [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] harus kerjakan selama satu tahun kedepan. Kami mendorong semua orang untuk mengirimkan proposal hingga batas waktu berakhir pada '''{{#time:j xg|2020-11-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}''', atau mengomentari proposal lain untuk membuatnya menjadi lebih baik. Komunitas akan memberikan suara pada proposal antara {{#time: j xg|2020-12-08| {{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} dan {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. Tim Community Tech berfokus pada perkakas-perkakas bagi penyunting Wikimedia berpengalaman. Anda dapat menulis proposal dalam bahasa apa pun, dan kami akan menerjemahkannya untuk Anda. Kami tak sabar ingin melihat proposal Anda! Terima kasih. [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 20 Nopémber 2020 05.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=20689321 --> == Global bot policy proposal: invitation to a Meta discussion == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! I apologize for sending a message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. According to [[:m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|the list]], your wiki project currently is opted in to the [[:m:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bot policy]]. Under this policy, bots that fix double redirects or maintain interwiki links are allowed to operate under a global bot flag that is assigned directly by the stewards. As the Wikimedia projects developed, the need for the current global bot policy decreased, and in the past years, no bots were appointed via that policy. That is mainly given Wikidata were estabilished in 2013, and it is no longer necessary to have dozens of bots that maintain interwiki links. A [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|proposal]] was made at Meta-Wiki, which proposes that the stewards will be authorized to determine whether an uncontroversial task may be assigned a global bot flag. The stewards already assign permissions that are more impactful on many wikis, namely, [[:m:GS|global sysops]] and [[:m:GR|global renamers]], and I do not think that trust should be an issue. The stewards will assign the permission only to time-proven bots that are already approved at a number of projects, like [[:m:User:ListeriaBot|ListeriaBot]]. By this message, I would like to invite you to comment [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|in the global RFC]], to voice your opinion about this matter. Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br /> [[User:Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] ([[:m:User talk:Martin Urbanec|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 24 Nopémber 2020 11.49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Martin_Urbanec/sand&oldid=20709229 --> == Wikidata descriptions changes to be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for sending this message in English. Translations are available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Announcements/Announcement Wikidata descriptions in watchlist|this page]]. Feel free to translate it in more languages!'' As you may know, you can include changes coming from Wikidata in your Watchlist and Recent Changes ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist|in your preferences]]). Until now, this feature didn’t always include changes made on Wikidata descriptions due to the way Wikidata tracks the data used in a given article. Starting on December 3rd, the Watchlist and Recent Changes will include changes on the descriptions of Wikidata Items that are used in the pages that you watch. This will only include descriptions in the language of your wiki to make sure that you’re only seeing changes that are relevant to your wiki. This improvement was requested by many users from different projects. We hope that it can help you monitor the changes on Wikidata descriptions that affect your wiki and participate in the effort of improving the data quality on Wikidata for all Wikimedia wikis and beyond. Note: if you didn’t use the Wikidata watchlist integration feature for a long time, feel free to give it another chance! The feature has been improved since the beginning and the content it displays is more precise and useful than at the beginning of the feature in 2015. If you encounter any issue or want to provide feedback, feel free to use [[Phab:T191831|this Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks! [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 30 Nopémber 2020 14.39 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/wikis&oldid=20728482 --> == 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony on December 11th == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2020 [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on Friday, December 11th, at 17:00 GMT. This award is highlighting tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects, and the ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to the tools developers and maybe discover new tools! You will find more information [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|here]] about the livestream and the discussions channels. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 7 Désémber 2020 10.55 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20734978 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="id" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''Kami mengundang semua pengguna terdaftar untuk memberikan suara pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021]]. Anda dapat memberi suara mulai dari sekarang hingga {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|id}} dalam harapan berbeda sebanyak-banyaknya.''' Dalam survei ini, harapan untuk perkakas baru dan yang lebih baik untuk editor berpengalaman akan dikumpulkan. Setelah pemungutan suara berlangsung, kami akan melakukan yang terbaik untuk mengabulkan harapanmu. Kami akan memulai dengan harapan yang terpopuler. Kami, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]], adalah salah satu tim dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. Kami membuat dan meningkatkan perkakas penyuntingan dan administrasi wiki. Apa yang kami kerjakan ditentukan berdasarkan hasil Survei Harapan Komunitas ini. Setahun sekali, Anda dapat mengirimkan sejumlah harapan. Setelah dua minggu berlangsung, Anda memilih salah satu harapan yang paling diminati. Selanjutnya, kami memilih harapan dari survei tersebut untuk dikerjakan. Beberapa harapan lain mungkin dikerjakan oleh pengembang sukarelawan atau tim lain. Kami menunggu suara Anda. Terima kasih! </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 11 Désémber 2020 14.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=20689321 --> == Undangan urun pikiran dalam konsultasi Kode Etik Universal == Salam, Anda diundang untuk ikut urun pikiran dan gagasan pada proses konsultasi tahap kedua '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]]''' (UCoC). Konsultasi tahap kedua UCoC akan berfokus pada perumusan mekanisme penerapan dan penegakan yang efektif dan berlaku bagi seluruh proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Tahap kedua ini penting mengingat UCoC merupakan salah satu mandat utama dari proses [[meta:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2018-20/Recommendations/Provide for Safety and Inclusion|Strategi Gerakan Wikimedia]] dan akan menjadi standar minimum bagi kebijakan tingkah laku di proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Komunitas bahasa Sunda, sebagai bagian dari komunitas Wikimedia di Indonesia, akan memainkan peran yang penting dalam penegakan UCoC berdasarkan nilai-nilai lokal, pengalaman terdahulu, ingatan institusional, dan kearifan budaya yang berlaku di sini. Kami menyediakan beberapa bahan bacaan yang dapat membantu Anda mengetahui dasar-dasar mengenai UCoC. Anda dapat membaca '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/id|rancangan akhir UCoC]]''' yang disusun oleh komite staf dan sukarelawan Wikimedia; '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Initial 2020 Consultations/id|laporan akhir]]''' dari konsultasi tahap pertama mengenai perumusan UCoC; dan '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ/id|pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan]]''' terkait UCoC (FAQ). Anda dapat berpartisipasi dengan berkomentar di '''[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Permohonan_pendapat/Pelaksanaan_Kode_Etik_Universal halaman permohonan pendapat]''', yang akan dibuka sampai akhir bulan Februari 2021. Namun, bila Anda memiliki pertanyaan lain atau ingin menyampaikan respon yang dirasa lebih sesuai disampaikan pada ruang privat, silakan kirimkan surel atau tinggalkan pesan di halaman pembicaraan saya untuk mengatur cara komunikasi yang lebih sesuai dengan kondisi Anda. Kami memohon maaf karena keterbatasan sumber daya, diskusi hanya dapat diselenggarakan dalam bahasa Indonesia dan tidak dalam bahasa-bahasa daerah lain yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia. Namun, Anda amat dianjurkan untuk berkomentar dan menyampaikan pendapat sesuai dengan kondisi komunitas Sunda. Terima kasih atas perhatian dan partisipasi Anda. Kami menunggu sumbangan pemikiran dan pendapat yang baik, dalam rangka membuat gerakan Wikimedia sebuah tempat yang lebih nyaman bagi semua orang. Salam hangat, [[Pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|sawala]]) 17 Januari 2021 23.32 (UTC) :Halo semua. Untuk mengetahui secara lebih spesifik lagi dari komunitas Wikimedia di Indonesia, kami mengundang Anda untuk mengisi survei tentang Kode Etik Universal di '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScTt6L1S4_7ENltfoVGuGdVqhy9wwcpqYL5kGBafEPt8bVJSw/viewform tautan ini]'''. Terima kasih! [[Pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|sawala]]) 10 Pébruari 2021 07.42 (UTC) == Moving Wikimania 2021 to a Virtual Event == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikimania_logo_with_text_2.svg|right|alt=Wikimania's logo.|75px]] ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' [[:m:Wikimania 2021|Wikimania will be a virtual event this year]], and hosted by a wide group of community members. Whenever the next in-person large gathering is possible again, [[:m:ESEAP Hub|the ESEAP Core Organizing Team]] will be in charge of it. Stay tuned for more information about how ''you'' can get involved in the planning process and other aspects of the event. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2021-January/096141.html Please read the longer version of this announcement on wikimedia-l]. ''ESEAP Core Organizing Team, Wikimania Steering Committee, Wikimedia Foundation Events Team'', 27 Januari 2021 15.16 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikimania21&oldid=21014617 --> == Project Grant Open Call == This is the announcement for the [[m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] open call that started on January 11, with the submission deadline of February 10, 2021.<br> This first open call will be focussed on Community Organizing proposals. A second open call focused on research and software proposals is scheduled from February 15 with a submission deadline of March 16, 2021.<br> For the Round 1 open call, we invite you to propose grant applications that fall under community development and organizing (offline and online) categories. Project Grant funds are available to support individuals, groups, and organizations to implement new experiments and proven ideas, from organizing a better process on your wiki, coordinating a campaign or editathon series to providing other support for community building. We offer the following resources to help you plan your project and complete a grant proposal:<br> * Weekly proposals clinics via Zoom during the Open Call. Join us for [[m:Grants:Project|#Upcoming_Proposal_Clinics|real-time discussions]] with Program Officers and select thematic experts and get live feedback about your Project Grants proposal. We’ll answer questions and help you make your proposal better. We also offer these support pages to help you build your proposal: * [[m:Grants:Project/Tutorial|Video tutorials]] for writing a strong application<br> * General [[m:Grants:Project/Plan|planning page]] for Project Grants <br> * [[m:Grants:Project/Learn|Program guidelines and criteria]]<br> Program officers are also available to offer individualized proposal support upon request. Contact us if you would like feedback or more information.<br> We are excited to see your grant ideas that will support our community and make an impact on the future of Wikimedia projects. Put your idea into motion, and [[m:Grants:Project/Apply|submit your proposal]] by February 10, 2021!<br> Please feel free to get in touch with questions about getting started with your grant application, or about serving on the Project Grants Committee. Contact us at projectgrants{{at}}wikimedia.org. Please help us translate this message to your local language. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 28 Januari 2021 08.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RSharma (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20808431 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2021 is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2021|Wiki Loves Folklore 2021]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the 1st till the 28th of February. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2021 submitting] them in this commons contest. Please support us in translating the [[:c:Commons: Wiki Loves Folklore 2021|project page]] and a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Translate?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-wikiloveslove2020&language=en&filter=%21translated&action=translate|one-line banner message] to help us spread the word in your native language. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 6 Pébruari 2021 13.25 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wll&oldid=21073884 --> == Feminism & Folklore 1 February - 31 March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|Feminism and Folklore]] writing contest'''. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, etc. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles centered on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch-hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2021/List of Articles|suggested articles here]]. You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]]. Thank you. Feminism and Folklore team, [[m:User:Joy Agyepong|Joy Agyepong]] ([[m:User talk:Joy Agyepong|talk]]) 16 Pébruari 2021 02.40 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=20421065 --> == Wikifunctions logo contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Hello}}. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-Wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 2 Maret 2021 01.47 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21087740 --> == Universal Code of Conduct – 2021 consultations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> === Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 === {{int:please-translate}} The [[:wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']] provides a universal baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement and all its projects. The project is currently in Phase 2, outlining clear enforcement pathways. You can read more about the whole project on its [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''project page''']]. ==== Drafting Committee: Call for applications ==== The Wikimedia Foundation is recruiting volunteers to join a committee to draft how to make the code enforceable. Volunteers on the committee will commit between 2 and 6 hours per week from late April through July and again in October and November. It is important that the committee be diverse and inclusive, and have a range of experiences, including both experienced users and newcomers, and those who have received or responded to, as well as those who have been falsely accused of harassment. To apply and learn more about the process, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee]]. ==== 2021 community consultations: Notice and call for volunteers / translators ==== From 5 April – 5 May 2021 there will be conversations on many Wikimedia projects about how to enforce the UCoC. We are looking for volunteers to translate key material, as well as to help host consultations on their own languages or projects using suggested [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Discussion|key questions]]. If you are interested in volunteering for either of these roles, please [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|contact us]] in whatever language you are most comfortable. To learn more about this work and other conversations taking place, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations]]. -- [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Xeno (WMF)|talk]]) 5 April 2021 22.09 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Without_Russian,_Polish_and_translated/6&oldid=21302337 --> == Global bot policy changes == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! I apologize for sending a message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. According to [[:m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|the list]], your wiki project is currently opted in to the [[:m:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bot policy]]. As such, I want to let you know about some changes that were made after the [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|global RfC]] was closed. *Global bots are now subject to a 2 week discussion, and it'll be publicized via a MassMessage list, available at [[:m:Bot policy/New global bot discussion|Bot policy/New global bot discussion]] on Meta. Please subscribe yourself or your wiki if you are interested in new global bots proposals. *For a bot to be considered for approval, it must demonstrate it is welcomed in multiple projects, and a good way to do that is to have the bot flag on at least 5 wikis for a single task. *The bot operator should make sure to adhere to the wiki's preference as related to the use of the bot flag (i.e., if a wiki doesn't want a bot to use the flag as it edits, that should be followed). Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br /> —'''''<span style="font-family:Candara">[[User:Tks4Fish|<span style="color:black">Thanks for the fish!</span>]] ^{[[User Talk:Tks4Fish|<span style="color:blue">talk</span>]]•[[Special:Contribs/Tks4Fish|contribs]]}</span>''''' 6 April 2021 18.48 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tks4Fish@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tks4Fish/temp&oldid=21306363 --> == Line numbering coming soon to all wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Technical_Wishes_–_Line_numbering_-_2010_wikitext_editor.png|thumb|Example]] From April 15, you can enable line numbering in some wikitext editors - for now in the template namespace, coming to more namespaces soon. This will make it easier to detect line breaks and to refer to a particular line in discussions. These numbers will be shown if you enable the syntax highlighting feature ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), which is supported in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017]] wikitext editors. More information can be found on [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|this project page]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|on this talk page]]. </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12 April 2021 15.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21329014 --> == Suggested Values == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From April 29, it will be possible to suggest values for parameters in templates. Suggested values can be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] and will then be shown as a drop-down list in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|VisualEditor]]. This allows template users to quickly select an appropriate value. This way, it prevents potential errors and reduces the effort needed to fill the template with values. It will still be possible to fill in values other than the suggested ones. More information, including the supported parameter types and how to create suggested values: [[mw:Help:TemplateData#suggestedvalues|[1]]] [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters|[2]]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|on this talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] 22 April 2021 14.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21361904 --> == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 1, June 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1|Read the full newsletter]]</span> ---- Welcome to the first issue of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct News]]! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|subscribe here]]. You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|add your name here]] if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Affiliate consultations''' – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec1|continue reading]]) * '''2021 key consultations''' – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec2|continue reading]]) * '''Roundtable discussions''' – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec3|continue reading]]) * '''Phase 2 drafting committee''' – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec4|continue reading]]) * '''Diff blogs''' – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec5|continue reading]])</div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 11 Juni 2021 23.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SOyeyele (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SOyeyele_(WMF)/Announcements/Other_languages&oldid=21578291 --> == Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions == [[File:Wikimania logo with text 2.svg|right|200px]] Dear all, Wikimania 2021 will be [[:wikimania:2021:Save the date and the Core Organizing Team|hosted virtually]] for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers|Core Organizing Team]] (COT) for Wikimania 2021. '''Event Program''' - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Language Accessibility|here]]. Below are some links to guide you through; * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions|Program Submissions]] * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines|Session Submission Guidelines]] * [[:wikimania:2021:FAQ|FAQ]] Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021. '''Announcements'''- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section [[:wikimania:2021:Announcements|here]]. '''Office Hour''' - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have. Details can be found [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers#Office hours schedule|here.]] Best regards, [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 16 Juni 2021 04.18 (UTC) On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Bodhisattwa@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21597568 --> == Editing news 2021 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2021/June|Baca dina séjén basa]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Pendaptaran pikeun ieu wartasurat multibasa]]</em> [[File:Reply Tool A-B test comment completion.png|alt=<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Junior contributors comment completion rate across all participating Wikipedias</span>|thumb|296x296px|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When newcomers had the Reply tool and tried to post on a talk page, they were more successful at posting a comment. ([https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ Source])</span>]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply Tool]]. The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped [[mw:Talk pages project/Glossary|newer editors]] communicate on wiki. The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The key results were:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Newer editors who had automatic ("default on") access to the Reply tool were [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ more likely] to post a comment on a talk page.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ less likely] to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful.</span> <strong><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Looking ahead</span></strong> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months. This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The next step is to [[phab:T280599|resolve a technical challenge]]. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the [[phab:T267379|Wikipedias that participated in the study]]. After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|in Beta Features]] now. After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].</span> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">talk</span>]]) </div> 24 Juni 2021 14.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21624491 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. <!-- They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. --> Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1624975200 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of June 28. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2021_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 27 Juni 2021 01.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21463754 --> == Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content"/>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Komite Perumus Fase 2]] meminta pendapat, pandangan, dan komentar mengenai '''[[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|Rancangan Panduan Penegakan]]''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC). Periode peninjauan ini akan berlangsung dari 17 Agustus hingga 17 Oktober 2021. Panduan penegakan ini masih bersifat rancangan. Anda dapat membantu menyempurnakannya dengan memberikan pandangan Anda. Komite Perumus akan menyempurnakan teks naskah panduan ini selaras dengan umpan balik yang didapat dari para anggota komunitas. Anda dapat berkomentar menggunakan bahasa apa pun pada [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|halaman pembicaraan]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|beberapa saluran diskusi]] lainnya. Anggota komunitas dianjurkan pula untuk mengorganisir diskusi dan percakapan mengenai hal ini pada komunitas mereka. Berikut beberapa diskusi yang akan dilangsungkan dan membahas mengenai Rancangan Panduan Penegakan UCoC: :[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Sesi Wikimania 2021]] - 16 Agustus @ 11:00 UTC - 11:45 UTC :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Jam kerja terbuka]] - 24 Agustus, 31 Agustus, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Forum diskusi virtual]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC Ringkasan hasil diskusi akan dipublikasikan setiap dua minggu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|di sini]]. Harap beritahu saya jika Anda punya pertanyaan.<section end="content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17 Agustus 2021 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895766 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election has come to an end == Thank you for participating in the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]! Voting closed August 31 at 23:59. The official data, including the four most voted candidates, will be announced as soon as the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] completes their review of the ballots. The official announcement of the new trustees appointed will happen later, once the selected candidates have been confirmed by the Board. 6,946 community members from 216 wiki projects have voted. This makes 10.2% global participation, 1.1% higher than in the last Board elections. In 2017, 5167 people from 202 wiki projects cast their vote. A full analysis is planned to be published in a few days when the confirmed results are announced. In the meantime, you can check the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Stats|data produced during the election]]. Diversity was an important goal with these elections. Messages about the Board election were translated into 61 languages. This outreach worked well. There were 70 communities with eligible voters voting in this election for the first time. With your help, next year’s Board of Trustees election will be even better. 2 Séptémber 2021 10.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895840 --> == The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello everyone, We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well. Summary: <div style="font-style:italic;"> We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]]. </div> === Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year === In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published. However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]]. We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist. === Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities === We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes. === A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet === We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe. We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon! === Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase === If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes! === Feedback === * What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages? * How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]] * What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022? * What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022? Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings. </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 7 Séptémber 2021 00.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>Tim Strategi Gerakan mengundang Anda untuk [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|mendaftar menjadi anggota Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan]]. Periode pendaftaran dimulai pada 2 Agustus 2021 dan berakhir pada 14 September 2021. Para anggota Komite diharapkan dapat mewakili [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|tingkat keberagaman]] dalam gerakan Wikimedia. Hal ini diukur melalui faktor gender, bahasa yang dipertuturkan, geografis, dan pengalaman berpartisipasi dalam proyek Wikimedia, organisasi mitra, dan Yayasan Wikimedia. Kefasihan berbahasa Inggris tidak diperlukan untuk menjadi anggota Komite. Jika diperlukan, jasa penerjemahan dan penafsiran akan disediakan. Anggota Komite akan mendapatkan tunjangan sebesar US$100 setiap dua bulan untuk membantu biaya keikutsertaan yang mungkin diperlukan. Kami mencari individu yang memiliki [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|kemampuan berikut ini]]: * Mampu menulis secara kolaboratif (pengalaman yang demonstratif adalah nilah tambah) * Bersedia untuk mencari jalan tengah. * Berfokus pada inklusi dan keberagaman. * Mengetahui seluk-beluk konsultasi komunitas. * Memiliki pengalaman komunikasi antarbudaya. * Memiliki pengalaman dalam tata kelola organisasi nirlaba atau komunitas. * Berpengalaman dalam bernegosisasi dengan pihak-pihak yang berbeda. Komite ini diperkirakan akan beranggotakan sekitar 15 orang. Jika ada 20 calon atau lebih, akan dilangsungkan proses pemilihan dan seleksi. Jika ada 19 calon atau kurang, proses seleksi akan berlangsung tanpa pemilihan. <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> Mari sertai langkah maju gerakan Wikimedia! Calonkan diri Anda [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|pada halaman ini]]. Jika Anda punya pertanyaan lebih lanjut, silakan hubungi strategy2030{{at}}wikimedia.org. </div><section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 10 Séptémber 2021 17.02 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22002240 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Séptémber 2021 00.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Talk to the Community Tech == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello! As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join''']. '''Agenda''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022 * Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes * Questions and answers '''Format''' The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English. We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting. '''Invitation link''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online] * Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390 * One tap mobile ** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York) ** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose) * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location] See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Séptémber 2021 03.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter == Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Pamaké:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Dušan Kreheľ|sawala]]) 30 Séptémber 2021 01.56 (UTC) == Lenyepan kumaha carana Hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan bisa ngarojong rencana Strategi Gerakan anjeun == <section begin="announcement-content"/>Hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan ayeuna nyadiakeun leuwih ti $2,000 USD pikeun ngajalankeun rarancang Strategi Gerakan. Baca leuwih lengkep ngeunaan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan, pasaratan, jeung cara daptar]].<section end="annoumcent-content"/> [[Pamaké:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|sawala]]) 24 Oktober 2021 08.22 (UTC) == Nepangkeun anggota anyar Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan == :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Prosés pamilihan Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan geus réngsé. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|Hasil pamilihan geus diémbarkeun]]. Aya 1018 pamilon geus méré sora pikeun milih tujuh anggota komite: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|Prosés apiliat]] geus milih genep anggota: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * Yayasan Wikimédia geus [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|nunjuk]] dua anggota: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. Komite sagancangna bakal ngayakeun sawala pikeun mitembeyan makarya. Komite bisa nunjuk nepi ka tilu aonggota lianna pikeun jadi cukang karageman jeung kasenjangan kaahlian. Lamun anjeun aya kereteg pikeun aub dina prosés panyusunan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan]], tuturkeun pamutahiranana [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|di Méta]] tur gabung ka [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf grup Telegram]. Panuhun ti tim Tata Keloka jeung Strategi Gerakan.--[[Pamaké:SOyeyele (WMF)|SOyeyele (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:SOyeyele (WMF)|sawala]]) 1 Nopémber 2021 18.19 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 9 Januari 2022 13.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22560402 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2022 == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|right|200px]] '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey {{{year|2022}}}|Survei Harapan Komunitas {{{year|2022}}}]]''' telah dibuka!''' Survei ini adalah proses dimana komunitas akan memutuskan apa yang tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech| Community Tech]] harus kerjakan selama satu tahun kedepan. Kami mendorong semua orang untuk mengirimkan proposal hingga batas waktu berakhir pada '''23 Januari''', atau mengomentari proposal lain untuk membuatnya menjadi lebih baik. Komunitas akan memberikan suara pada proposal antara 28 Januari dan 11 Februari. Tim Community Tech berfokus pada perkakas-perkakas bagi penyunting Wikimedia berpengalaman. Anda dapat menulis proposal dalam bahasa apa pun, dan kami akan menerjemahkannya untuk Anda. Kami tak sabar ingin melihat proposal Anda! Terima kasih. [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 10 Januari 2022 18.10 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] --11 Januari 2022 05.49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22574381 --> == Berbicara dengan Community Tech == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]] {{int:Hello}} Kami, tim yang mengerjakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Survei Harapan Komunitas]], mengundang Anda untuk mengikuti pertemuan daring bersama kami. Pertemuannya akan dilakukan pada [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220119T1800 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-19}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-19}}), {{#time:H:i e|18:00|id|1}}'''] di Zoom dan akan berlangsung selama satu jam. Sistem eksternal ini tidak mematuhi [[foundation:Privacy_policy|Kebijakan Privasi WMF]]. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 '''Tekan di sini untuk bergabung''']. '''Agenda''' * Berikan draf proposal Anda dan berbicara ke anggota Tim Community Tech tentang pertanyaan Anda mengenai cara memperbaiki proposal '''Format''' Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Catatan tanpa atribusi akan dibuat dan diterbitkan di Meta-Wiki. Presentasi (semua poin dalam agenda kecuali untuk pertanyaan dan jawaban) akan diberikan dalam bahasa Inggris. Kami bisa menjawab pertanyaan dalam bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Polandia, Spanyol, dan Jerman. Jika Anda ingin menanyakan pertanyaan lebih awal, tambahkan pertanyaannya [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|di halaman pembicaraan Survei Harapan Komunitas]] atau kirimkan ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (manajer [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]]) akan menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan ini. '''Tautan undangan''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 Bergabung secara daring] * ID Pertemuan: <span dir=ltr>85804347114</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda] Kami berharap bisa bertemu Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 18 Januari 2022 00.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|^{<span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span>}]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == Kabar terkini Pembaruan Desktop dan undangan ''Office Hours'' == {{int:Hello}}. Saya ingin memberi kabar mengenai proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Pembaruan Desktop]] yang sedang dikerjakan oleh tim Web Wikimedia Foundation dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Tujuan proyek ini adalah untuk membuat antarmuka lebih ramah dan nyaman untuk para pembaca dan berguna untuk pengguna tingkat lanjut. Proyek ini terdiri dari serangkaian pembaruan fitur yang diharapkan dapat membantu dalam membaca dan mempelajari konten, berpindah dari satu situs ke situs lainnya, mencari konten, mengubah bahasa, membuka tab-tab dalam artikel, menggunakan menu pengguna, dan lain-lain. Pembaruan ini sudah dapat dilihat secara langsung oleh pembaca dan penyunting di 24 situs wiki berbeda, termasuk situs Wikipedia dalam bahasa [[:fr:|Prancis]], [[:pt:|Portugis]], dan [[:fa:|Persia]]. Pembaruan tersebut hanya mempengaruhi pengguna atau pembaca yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=vector}} ''Vector'']. Pengguna yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=monobook}} ''Monobook''] atau [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=timeless}} ''Timeless''] tidak akan melihat pembaruan-pembaruan ini. === Fitur yang dirilis sejak pembaruan terakhir === * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/User_menu|Menu pengguna]] - berfokus untuk membuat penjelajahan lebih intuitif dengan menyorot visual struktur pranala pengguna dan tujuan-tujuan itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|Bagian kepala menempel]] - berfokus untuk memberi akses terhadap fungsi-fungsi penting (masuk/keluar log, riwayat, halaman pembicaraan, dll.) tanpa menyuruh pengguna untuk menggulung ke bagian atas halaman. Senarai fitur yang dikerjakan dalam proyek ini dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman ini]]. Kami mengundang Anda untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates|halaman kabar terkini]]. [[File:Table_of_contents_shown_on_English_Wikipedia_02.webm|thumb|600px|center]] <br clear=all> === Cara mengaktifkan pembaruan ini === [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] * Pengguna dapat mengaktifkan pembaruan ini untuk diri sendiri [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|di tab Tampilan di dalam preferensi]] dengan menghapus centang di kotak "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}". (Harus dikosongkan.) Pengguna juga dapat mengaktifkannya untuk semua wiki dengan menggunakan [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferensi global]]. * Di wiki tempat perubahannya terlihat secara baku bagi semua orang, pengguna yang masuk log dapat mematikan perubahan ini dan menggunakan Legacy Vector. Terdapat pranala yang mudah diakses di bilah sisi Vector yang baru. === Pelajari lebih lanjut dan ikuti acara-acara kami === Jika Anda ingin mengetahui perkembangan terbaru mengenai proyek ini, Anda dapat [[mw:Special:Newsletter/28/subscribe|berlangganan nawala kami]]. Silakan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman proyek ini]], lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions|pertanyaan umum]], beri saran di [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraannya]], dan ikuti pertemuan daring dengan kami ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220127T1500 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-27}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-27}}), {{#time:H:i e|15:00|id|1}}''']). Cara bergabung dalam pertemuan daring * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89205402895 Gabung secara daring] * ID Pertemuan: <span dir=ltr>89205402895</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kdPQ6k2Bcm Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda] {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} Atas nama tim Web Wikimedia Foundation, [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 25 Januari 2022 06.32 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc. We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language. Best wishes, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 22 Pébruari 2022 04.50 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == Coming soon == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> === Several improvements around templates === Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki: * Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]), * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]), * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right). All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. </div> - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 28 Pébruari 2022 12.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=22907463 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. ([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram]) The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]] A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]]. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 14 Maret 2022 14.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]] [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on <b>31 March 2022 11:59 UTC</b>. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as <i>folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more</i> Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 26 Maret 2022 14.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&oldid=23060054 --> == Mari berdiskusi bersama kami perihal Peningkatan Desktop == [[File:New table of contents shown on English wikipedia.png|thumb]] Halo! Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa beberapa wiki memiliki tampilan yang berbeda? Ingin tahu bagaimana tahapan selanjutnya? Mungkin Anda memiliki pertanyaan atau ide untuk menjadikannya lebih baik? Mari berdiskusi bersama dengan kami, tim yang mengerjakan proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Peningkatan Desktop]], melalui pertemuan secara daring (''online'')! Pertemuan ini akan berlangsung pada tanggal '''29 April 2022 pukul [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1300 13:00 UTC] dan [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1800 18:00 UTC]''' melalui aplikasi Zoom. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88045453898 Klik di sini untuk bergabung]'''. Meeting ID: 88045453898 [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kcOMICmyyA Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda]. '''Agenda''' * Menyampaikan informasi terkini perihal perkembangan proyek * Tanya jawab dan diskusi '''Format''' Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Namun, catatan dari pertemuan ini akan disimpan dalam [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# berkas Google Documents] agar bisa diakses kapan saja. Manajer Produk kami yakni [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] akan membawakan pertemuan ini. Presentasi akan dibawakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Terlepas dari presentasi yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, Anda dapat mengajukan pertanyaan dalam bahasa Indonesia, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, dan Polandia. Apabila Anda ingin mengajukan pertanyaan sebelum sesi pertemuan berlangsung, silakan kirimkan pertanyaan Anda melalui [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraan]] atau melalui surel ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Pada pertemuan ini, aturan mengenai [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|kebijakan ruang ramah]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|kode etik]] mutlak berlaku. Sementara itu, Zoom tidak termasuk dalam [[foundation:Privacy_policy|kebijakan privasi WMF]]. Kami harapkan kedatangan Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 27 April 2022 14.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Coming soon: Improvements for templates == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!--T:11--> [[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]] Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon: The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]] In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]] Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages! </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 29 April 2022 11.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=23222263 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita penyuntingan 2022 #1</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Baca nawala ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Daftar langganan nawala multibahasa ini]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|Penyunting baru lebih mampu menyunting dengan alat baru ini.]] Alat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|Topik baru]] membantu penyunting membuat ==Bagian== baru di halaman pembicaraan. Penyunting baru lebih mampu menyunting dengan alat baru ini. Anda bisa [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|membaca laporannya]]. Tidak lama lagi, tim Editing akan menawarkan alat ini kepada semua penyunting di 20 Wikipedia yang ikut serta dalam uji cobanya. Anda bisa mematikan alat tersebut di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> </div> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 2 Méi 2022 18.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=22019984 --> == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Sundanese Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{Int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Sundanese Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Give us your feedback <nowiki>*</nowiki> Ask us questions <nowiki>*</nowiki> Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Sundanese Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity. We plan to enable the tool on Sundanese Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: <nowiki>*</nowiki> As a reply to this message <nowiki>*</nowiki> On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on your Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:ts:Special:ContentTranslation|https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: <nowiki>*</nowiki> The tool <nowiki>*</nowiki> What you think about our plans to enable it <nowiki>*</nowiki> Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions. [[Pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2022 01.57 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team '''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice. ===Section Translation tool enabled in Sundanese Wikipedia=== Hello Friends! The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=su&sx=true#/ now enabled in Sundanese Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease. Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Sundanese. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Sunda. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below. [[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|thumb|center|Image of the entry point]] Content created with the tool will be marked [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husus:Catatan?type=&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=sectiontranslation&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. So, [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation enjoy the tool] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation provide feedback] on improving it. Thank you! [[Pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|sawala]]) 10 Agustus 2022 17.47 (UTC) == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]] Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022. It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === '''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.] '''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. '''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins. === How can editors change and customize this skin? === It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Request for more time to discuss the change</span>]]</div> If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Séptémber 2022 04.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23838600 --> == Update on Vector 2022 == [[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]]. We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one. We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 19 Oktober 2022 23.24 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23955535 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 13 Désémber 2022 12.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2022 10.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Baca nawala ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Daftar langganan nawala multibahasa ini]]</i> Nawala kali ini memuat dua berita utama mengenai pekerjaan tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]]: # Tim Editing akan merampungkan penambahan fitur-fitur baru dalam proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|halaman pembicaraan]] dan meluncurkannya. # Kini, mereka memulai proyek baru, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Periksa perubahan]]. <strong>Proyek halaman pembicaraan</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Tangkapan layar yang memperlihatkan perubahan desain halaman pembicaraan yang saat ini tersedia sebagai fitur beta dalam semua wiki Wikimedia. Fitur-fitur ini berisi informasi mengenai jumlah pengguna dan tanggapan di dalam setiap diskusi.|thumb|300px|Perubahan-perubahan yang akan datang]] Tim Editing hampir menyelesaikan tahap pertama dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|halaman pembicaraan]] ini. Hampir semua [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|fitur baru]] sudah tersedia dalam [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Fitur Beta {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. Hal ini akan menampilkan informasi tentang seberapa aktif sebuah diskusi, termasuk tanggal komentar terbaru. Tombol "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" yang baru akan segera hadir. Anda dapat menonaktifkannya di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Mohon [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|beri tahu pendapat Anda]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Tingkat penyelesaian suntingan harian berdasarkan kelompok uji: DiscussionTools (kelompok uji coba) dan paparan MobileFrontend (kelompok kontrol)]] Uji A/B untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} di situs seluler]] telah selesai. Para editor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|merasa lebih puas dengan {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. Tim Editing mengaktifkan fitur-fitur ini bagi semua penyunting di situs seluler. <strong>Proyek Baru: Periksa Perubahan</strong> Tim Editing sedang memulai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|sebuah proyek untuk membantu para penyunting baru di Wikipedia]]. Proyek ini akan membantu para pengguna dalam mengenali beberapa masalah sebelum mereka mengeklik "{{int:publishchanges}}". Perkakas pertama akan mendorong pengguna untuk menambahkan referensi ketika mereka menambahkan materi baru. Silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|pantau]] halaman tersebut untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|bergabung dalam sebuah pertemuan virtual pada tanggal 3 Maret 2023]] untuk belajar lebih lanjut.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 22 Pébruari 2023 23.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == Your wiki will be in read only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca ieu surat dina séjén basa]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Yayasan Wikimédia]] nguji saklar antara puseur data primér jeung sekundér. Ieu pikeun mastikeun yén Wikipédia jeung wiki Wikimédia séjénna bisa angger onlén najan aya bencana. Pikeun mastikeun yén sakabéhna jalan, departemén Téknologi Wikimédia kudu migawé uji anu direncana. Ieu uji bakal némbongkeun bisa henteuna pindah ti hiji puseur data ka puseur data séjénna. Gawé kieu butuh loba tim pikeun nataharkeun uji sarta sayaga menerkeun lamun aya masalah anu teu dipiharep. Sakabéh patalimarga bakal hurung '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|su}}'''. Uji cobana bakal dimimitian dina '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Hanjakalna, kusabab kawates di [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWikina]], sakabéh gawé ngédit kudu eureun nalika pindah. Ku kituna kami ménta hampura, jaga mah muga-muga bisa leuwih hadé. '''Anjeun bakal bisa maca, tapi teu bisa ngaropéa/ngédit, sakur wiki dina waktu éta.''' *Anjeun moal bisa ngédit nepi ka sajam dina poé {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|su}}. *Lamun nyoba ngédit dina mangsa éta, anjeun bakal manggih iber éror. Muga-muga moal aya éditan nu leungit dina menit-menit ieu, tapi taya jaminan. Lamun anjeun manggihan iber éror, tungguan nepi ka normal deui. Salajengna, anjeun bisa nyimpen éditan anjeun. Ngan, anjeun leuwih hadé nyimpen tironanana, pikeun jaga-jaga. ''Pangaruh lianna'': *Hanca di pipir bakal rada kapendet. Tutumbu beureum bisa teu kaanyarkeun sakumaha biasa. Lamun anjeun nyieun artikel anu geus numbu, tutumbuna bakal angger beureum leuwih lila ti biasana. Sababaraha skrip anu ngayayay bakal dieureunan. * Rencanana pamedalan kode bakal lumangsung sakumaha minggu lianna. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> Ieu proyék bisa ditunda lamun perlu. Anjeun bisa [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|maca jadwalna di wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Sagala parobahan bakal diwawarkeun dina jadwal. Bakal aya iber lianna ngeunaan ieu. Bakal aya spanduk midang di sakabéh wiki 30 menit méméh mitembeyan oprasi. '''Mangga salabarkeun ieu iber ka komunitas anjeun.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 27 Pébruari 2023 21.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Membuka Pendaftaran Program</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimedia_Singapore_Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Apakah Anda ingin menyelenggarakan sesi tatap muka atau maya di Wikimania 2023? Misalnya lokakarya praktis, diskusi yang meriah, pertunjukan seru, poster menarik, atau perbincangan ringan yang berkesan? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Pendaftaran dibuka hingga 28 Maret''']]. Acara ini akan memiliki beberapa blok khusus untuk sesi hibrida sehingga pengajuan program daring dan rekaman konten juga diterima. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan hadir dalam perbincangan pada tanggal 12 atau 19 Maret, atau hubungi kami melalui alamat surel wikimania@wikimedia.org atau di Telegram. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di halaman wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 26 April 2023 19.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == Global ban proposal for Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. If this is not the proper place to post, please move it somewhere more appropriate. {{int:Please-translate}} There is an on-going discussion about a proposal that Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY be globally banned from editing all Wikimedia projects. You are invited to participate at [[:m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark|Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark]] on Meta-Wiki. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:Unite together|U.T.]] ([[User talk:Unite together|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 4 Méi 2023 12.36 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:1234qwer1234qwer4@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Piermark/Invitations/AN2&oldid=24980083 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 27 Méi 2023 04.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Pangumuman anggota kiwari == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Aranjeun tiasa mendakeun terjemahan ieu ka mokaha basa]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Sampurasun Wilujeung bungah, dina ieu email, urang sarerea bungah ngumumkeun [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|anggota Panitia Pamilihan anyar sareng panaséhat]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Panitia Pamilihan]] ngarancang jeung ngalaksanakeun prosés pikeun milih pangawas Organisasi Komunitas jeung Mitra salaku bagian ti Badan Pengawasan Yayasan Wikimedia. Sanggeus ngaliwatan prosés nominasi kabuka, calon calon diwawancara ku Dewan. Opat calon diondang pikeun ngagabung jadi anggota Panitia Seleksi. Opat calon séjén diondang pikeun gabung salaku panaséhat. Hatur nuhun ka anggota komunitas anu nyalonkeun diri. Sarerea siap neruskeun pidamelan sareng Panitia Pemilihan. Ngawakilkeun Déwan Pembina Yayasan Wikimedia,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 28 Juni 2023 18.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == MinT Machine Translation added to your Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation Content Translation] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT MinT machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool. The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation neural machine translation] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200], [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], [https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/indic-trans2 IndicTrans2] and [https://github.com/Softcatala/nmt-models Softcatalà]. This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting "Start with empty paragraph" from the "Initial Translation" dropdown menu. Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT machine translation and the models on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content%20translation/Machine%20Translation/MinT this page]. Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to: *use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service *[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about its quality, and '''if you prefer the MinT machine translation as default in your Wikipedia'''. We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool. Thank you! </div> [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|obrolan]]) 4 Juli 2023 22.02 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_MinT_announcement_list_2&oldid=25258883 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 27 Juli 2023 02.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 28 Agustus 2023 15.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Pembukaan perekrutan anggota Komite Afiliasi, Komisi Ombuds, dan Komite Peninjauan Kasus ==</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Halo semua! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Komite Afiliasi]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Komisi Ombuds]] (OC), dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Komite Peninjauan Kasus]] (CRC) sedang mencari anggota baru. Komite-komite sukarelawan ini bertugas untuk memberikan dukungan struktural dan pengawasan yang penting bagi komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia. Anda diundang untuk mencalonkan diri atau mencalonkan orang lain yang menurut Anda akan dapat berkontribusi pada kelompok-kelompok ini untuk mendaftar. Ada lebih banyak informasi tentang peran kelompok, keterampilan yang dibutuhkan, dan kesempatan untuk mendaftar pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''halaman Meta-wiki''']]. Atas nama tim ''Committee Support'',<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 9 Oktober 2023 16.41 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == Ulasan jeung kamandang ngeunaan pakét aturan pamilihan Déwan Pangawas Yayasan Wikimédia 2024 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| Anjeun bisa maca tarjamah ieu béwara dina basa lianna di Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Haturan ka sadayana, Mangga ngulas jeung mairan dina pakét aturan pamilihan Déwan Pangawas Yayasan Wikimédia ti ayeuna nepi ka 29 Oktober 2023. Pakét aturan pamilihan nuturkeun pérsi saméméhna dina Panitia Pamilihan sarta bakal dipaké dina pamilihan Déwan Pangawas 2024. Kamandang anjeun dipikabutuh sangkan prosés pamilihan Déwan lungsur-langsar. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|Leuwih lengkepna dina kaca Meta-wiki]]. Tabé, Katie Chan <br> Pupuhu Panitia Pamilihan<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> 17 Oktober 2023 01.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 15 Nopémber 2023 13.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 13 Désémber 2023 12.31 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite2&oldid=26055343 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2024 07.26 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2024 07.26 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin memberitahukan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) telah resmi dibuka. Semua anggota komunitas bisa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]] dari sekarang hingga tanggal '''2 Februari 2024'''. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 19 Januari 2024 18.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hari terakhir untuk memberikan suara pada Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin mengingatkan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) akan segera ditutup pada '''2 Februari 2024'''. Semua anggota komunitas dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]]. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 31 Januari 2024 17.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hasil pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Komite Pengarah UCoC</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semuanya, Terima kasih atas atensi Anda terhadap perkembangan proses Kode Etik Universal. Bersama pesan ini, saya mengabarkan hasil [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|pemungutan suara ratifikasi]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]]. 1746 kontributor memberikan suara mereka pada pemungutan suara kali ini; 1249 orang mendukung pemberlakuan Piagam sementara 420 menolak. Pada proses ratifikasi ini, para pemilih dapat memberikan komentar mereka tentang isi Piagam. Laporan statistik pemungutan suara dan ringkasan komentar dari seluruh pemilih akan diterbitkan di Meta dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Anda dapat mendengar lebih lanjut mengenai langkah selanjutnya dalam proses ini segera. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 12 Pébruari 2024 18.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Laporan pengesahan Piagam U4C dan Pembukaan Pendaftaran Calon U4C kini tersedia</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya menulis pesan ini kepada Anda hari ini dengan dua informasi penting. Pertama, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] kini telah tersedia. Kedua, pendaftaran calon U4C telah dibuka hingga tanggal 1 April 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) merupakan sebuah komunitas global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas diundang untuk mengajukan lamarannya untuk menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Berdasarkan piagam, terdapat 16 kursi untuk posisi U4C yang terdiri atas: delapan kursi dari komunitas umum dan delapan kursi dari komunitas berbasis wilayah untuk memastikan bahwa U4C mewakili keberagaman gerakan. Baca lebih lanjut dan kirimkan lamaran Anda di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Kode Etik Universal/Komite Pengarah/Pemilihan/2024|Meta-wiki]]. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 5 Maret 2024 16.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| Anda bisa membaca terjemahan pesan ini ke bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Halo semua, Tahun ini, periode 4 (empat) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Mitra Lokal akan berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suaranya supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa terisi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Komite Pemilihan]] akan mengawasi proses pemilihan dengan dukungan dari staf Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan telah membuat Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang terdiri atas anggota-anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak bisa mencalonkan diri pada proses pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang dipilih oleh komunitas dan mitra lokal tahun 2024. Kelompok kerja tersebut terdiri dari Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, dan Shani Evenstein Sigalov. [3] Mereka bertugas untuk mengawasi proses pemilihan 2024 serta memberikan informasi kepada Dewan Pengawas. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang peran Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan staf, silakan kunjungi pranala pada catatan kaki di bawah ini. [4] Berikut merupakan garis waktu proses pemilihan yang direncanakan: * Mei 2024: Undangan pencalonan dan pengajuan pertanyaan * Juni 2024: Mitra lokal memberikan suara untuk memilih 12 calon teratas Dewan Pengawas (proses pengerucutan calon tidak akan dilakukan jika hanya ada 15 calon atau kurang) [5] * Juni--Agustus 2024: Kampanye * Akhir Agustus/awal September 2024: tahap pemungutan suara komunitas selama dua minggu * Oktober--November 2024: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih * Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2024: anggota Dewan Pengawas baru ditetapkan Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2024 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|halaman Meta-Wiki]] dan rencanakan keikutsertaan Anda. '''Sukarelawan Pemilihan''' Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2024 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani komunikasi antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas terkait. Mereka akan membantu untuk memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta Wiki]]. Salam hangat, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Ketua Komite Tata Kelola, Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Walaupun jumlah ideal sebanyak 12 calon untuk memperebutkan 4 kursi, proses pengerucutan calon akan dilakukan jika ada lebih dari 15 calon. Sebab, jika hanya 1-3 calon yang dihapus maka akan menimbulkan rasa peliyanan serta memberikan beban kerja bagi organisasi afiliasi dalam proses proses pengerucutan calon karena hanya untuk mengurangi 1-3 calon supaya bisa mendapatkan 12 calon teratas.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]12 Maret 2024 19.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berikan suara Anda dalam pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa masa pemilihan untuk Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) telah dibuka saat ini sampai tanggal 9 Mei 2024. Silakan baca informasi pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|halaman pemilihan di Meta Wiki]] untuk mempelajari tentang pemilihan ini serta syarat kelayakan pemilih. Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) merupakan sebuah komite global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas Wikimedia diundang untuk mengajukan pencalonan dan menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|tinjau Piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan pesan ini kepada anggota komunitas Anda, sehingga mereka juga dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 April 2024 20.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Méi 2024 21.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Komentar anu diondang dina Prosedur pikeun Siklus Kahirupan Proyék Sadulur == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|Aranjeun tiasa mendakeun terjemahan ieu ka mokaha basa]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Anggota wenang masarakat <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> On behalf of the CAC, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22 Méi 2024 02.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Mengumumkan Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|Pesan ini telah diterjemahkan ke berbagai bahasa di Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo, Tim pengawas telah selesai meninjau hasil pemungutan suara. Kami sedang menindaklanjuti hasil pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C)]] yang pertama. Melalui pengumuman ini, kami dengan bangga menyampaikan nama-nama berikut ini sebagai anggota regional U4C, dan akan bertugas selama dua tahun: * Amerika Utara (Amerika Serikat dan Kanada) ** – * Eropa Utara dan Eropa Barat ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Amerika Latin dan Kepulauan Karibia ** – * Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur (CEE) ** — * Afrika Sub-Sahara ** – * Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, dan Pasifik (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * Asia Selatan ** – Para individu berikut ini telah terpilih sebagai anggota U4C untuk masa tugas satu tahun: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Kepada semua orang yang telah berpartisipasi dalam proses ini, kami ucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para kandidat atas segala kontribusi dan dedikasi Anda kepada gerakan dan komunitas Wikimedia. Selanjutnya, U4C akan segera mengadakan pertemuan dan menyusun agenda untuk tahun 2024-25, tepatnya dalam empat minggu ke depan, guna menyukseskan pelaksanaan dan peninjauan ulang UCoC dan Pedoman Penegakan. Pantau kegiatan mereka di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. Mewakili tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 Juni 2024 08.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Naskah akhir Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia sudah tersedia di Meta.</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Naskah akhir [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] sudah tersedia dalam 20 bahasa dan Anda bisa membacanya di Meta. '''Apa itu Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia?''' Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia merupakan dokumen yang diajukan untuk menjabarkan peran dan tanggung jawab untuk seluruh anggota dan entitas yang ada di Gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pendirian badan baru untuk tata kelola gerakan yang disebut Dewan Global. '''Mari bergabung ke dalam "Acara Peluncuran" Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia''' Silakan bergabung ke dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|"Acara Peluncuran"]] pada pukul '''14.00=15.00 UTC'' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 waktu setempat Anda]), tanggal '''20 Juni 2024'''. Selama acara ini, kami akan merayakan peluncuran versi akhir Piagam ini serta menjelaskan isi yang terkandung di dalamnya. Mari bergabung dan pelajari Piagam ini sebelum Anda memberikan suara Anda. '''Pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan''' Pemungutan Suara akan dimulai pada pukul '''00:01 UTC''', '''25 Juni 2024''' dan akan berakhir pada pukul '''23:59 UTC''', '''9 Juli 2024''' melalui SecurePoll. Silakan baca informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|proses pemungutan suara, syarat kelayakan, dan juga hal lainnya]] pada halaman Meta. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan ajukan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|halaman pembicaraan di Meta]] atau kirimkan surel ke tim Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan (MCDC) melalui [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. Atas nama Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11 Juni 2024 08.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia sekarang sudah dibuka. Mari, berikan suara Anda!</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saat ini, pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia''']] sudah dibuka. Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia merupakan dokumen untuk menjabarkan peran dan tanggung jawab untuk seluruh anggota dan entitas yang ada di Gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pendirian badan baru untuk tata kelola gerakan yang disebut Dewan Global. Versi akhir Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia juga tersedia dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|berbagai bahasa di Meta]]. Anda juga bisa membacanya dalam [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf versi PDF]. Pemungutan suara dimulai pada pukul '''00:01 UTC''', '''25 Juni 2024''' dan akan berakhir pada pukul '''23:59 UTC''', '''9 Juli 2024''' melalui SecurePoll. Silakan baca informasi lebih lanjut tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|informasi pemilih dan syarat kelayakan]]. Setelah membaca Piagam ini, silakan [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''berikan suara Anda di sini''']] dan sebarkan informasi ini ke orang lain. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan tentang proses pemungutan suara, silakan hubungi Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan (CEC) melalui [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. Atas nama CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 Juni 2024 10.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia akan segera berakhir</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Pesan ini merupakan pengingat bahwa masa pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] akan ditutup pada pukul '''23:59 UTC, 9 Juli 2024'''. Jika Anda belum memberikan suara, mohon lakukan segera melalui [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|SecurePoll]]. Atas nama [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 8 Juli 2024 03.46 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 10 Juli 2024 00.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hasil ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Menyusul proses penghitungan suara individu dan organisasi mitra lokal Wikimedia, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Panitia Pemungutan Suara]] dengan ini mengumumkan hasil pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia. Sebagaimana yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|telah diumumkan]] oleh Panitia sebelumnya, pemungutan suara ini mencapai kuorum sah untuk proses pemungutan suara individu maupun organisasi mitra lokal pada saat ditutup pada tanggal '''9 Juli''' pukul '''23:59 UTC'''. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih sebesar-besarnya kepada 2.451 pemilih individu dan 129 perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal Wikimedia yang telah memberikan suaranya. Suara dan komentar Anda amat berharga untuk menentukan masa depan Strategi Gerakan. Hasil akhir dari pemungutan suara ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] yang diselenggarakan antara tanggal 25 Juni hingga 9 Juli 2024 adalah sebagai berikut: '''Pemungutan suara individu:''' Dari 2.451 suara yang diterima sebelum pukul 23:59 UTC tanggal 9 Juli, 2.446 suara dinyatakan sah. Tercatat '''1.710''' suara "ya"; '''623''' suara "tidak"; dan '''113''' suara memilih "-" (netral). Oleh karena suara netral tidak dihitung, 73.30% pemilih memberikan suara untuk mendukung ratifikasi Piagam (1710/2333), sedangkan 26.70% memilih untuk menolak ratifikasi piagam (623/2333). '''Pemungutan suara organisasi mitra lokal:''' Dari 129 perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal yang memberikan suara sebelum pukul 23:59 UTC tanggal 9 Juli, 129 suara dinyatakan sah. Tercatat '''93''' suara "ya"; '''18''' suara "tidak"; dan '''18''' suara memilih "-" (netral). Oleh karena suara netral tidak dihitung, 83.78% organisasi mitra lokal memberikan suara untuk mendukung ratifikasi Piagam (93/111), sedangkan 16.22% memilih untuk menolak ratifikasi Piagam (18/111). '''Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia:''' Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah memutuskan untuk '''tidak meratifikasi''' Piagam Gerakan pada rapat khusus tanggal 8 Juli 2024. Ketua Dewan Pengawas Nataliia Tymkiv [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|membagikan hasil, resolusi dan catatan rapat tersebut]], beserta langkah selanjutnya yang akan diambil. Dengan ini, naskah Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia dalam bentuk saat ini '''tidak berhasil diratifikasi'''. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih atas partisipasi Anda dalam momen yang penting ini dalam riwayat tata kelola gerakan Wikimedia. Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Juli 2024 17.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 27 Juli 2024 02.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Agustus 2024 15.31 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Badé sumping: Fitur sub-rujukan énggal - cobian! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]].</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us spread the message.</span> --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 22 Agustus 2024 23.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2 Séptémber 2024 14.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berikan suara Anda: Ikuti pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2024!</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Masa pemungutan suara untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2024]] sekarang sudah dimulai. Saat ini ada dua belas (12) calon yang akan memperebutkan empat (4) kursi Dewan Pengawas. Silakan pelajari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|pernyataan para calon]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|jawaban mereka untuk pertanyaan komunitas]]. Kalau sudah siap, silakan berikan suara Anda melalui [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]]. '''Pemungutan suara akan dimulai dari pukul 00:00 UTC, 3 September hingga 23:59 UTC, 17 September 2024. Jangan lupa, periksa kelayakan Anda melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|halaman kelayakan pemilih]]. Salam hangat, Komite Pemilihan dan Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 3 Séptémber 2024 12.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 27 Séptémber 2024 18.57 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Hasil awal pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah ikut serta dalam proses [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024]]. Hampir 6000 anggota komunitas dari 180 proyek wiki sudah ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Empat calon berikut mendapatkan jumlah suara tertinggi: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] Walaupun data di atas diurutkan berdasarkan hasil pemilihan, tetapi para calon tetap harus diangkat oleh Dewan Pengawas. Mereka perlu lolos dari proses pengecekan latar belakang dan juga memenuhi persyaratan yang dijabarkan dalam Anggaran Rumah Tangga. Dewan Pengawas yang baru akan diangkat saat rapat dewan pada bulan Desember 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Silakan baca hasil lengkap pemilihan kali ini melalui situs Meta-Wiki.]] Salam hangat, Komite Pemilihan dan Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 14 Oktober 2024 08.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16 Oktober 2024 23.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 22 Oktober 2024 11.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 21 Nopémber 2024 19.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Sundanese Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Sundanese Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Sundanese Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Gambar:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Gambar:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th December 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|sawala]]) 28 Nopémber 2024 04.17 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 24 Januari 2025 01.11 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 29 Januari 2025 02.36 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 29 Januari 2025 02.36 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 3 Pébruari 2025 00.49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr"> Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa (28 Februari, 14.00 UTC) dan Nawala Mendatang</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Halo, semuanya! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=Sebuah gambar yang menggambarkan berbagai bahasa]] Kami gembira mengumumkan bahwa '''Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa''' mendatang akan diselenggarakan pada '''28 Februari pukul 14.00 UTC'''! Jika ingin bergabung, cukup mendaftar '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|di halaman wiki]]'''. Ini merupakan pertemuan yang berbasis peserta tempat kita berbagi informasi terbaru mengenai proyek-proyek yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, mendiskusikan tantangan teknis dalam wiki yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, dan bekerja sama dalam mencari solusi. Pada pertemuan terakhir yang lalu, kami membahas topik-topik seperti pengembangan papan ketik bahasa, pembuatan Wikipedia Moore, dan berita terbaru dari jalur dukungan bahasa di Wiki Indaba. '''Ada topik yang ingin disampaikan?''' Baik itu kabar terbaru teknis dari proyek Anda, tantangan yang perlu dibantu, atau permintaan bantuan penjurubahasaan, kami ingin mendengarnya dari Anda! Jangan ragu untuk '''menanggapi pesan ini''' atau menambahkan topik ke dalam dokumen '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|di sini]]'''. Kami juga ingin menyampaikan bahwa nawala Bahasa & Internasionalisasi edisi keenam (Januari 2025) tersedia di sini: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. Nawala ini menyajikan informasi terbaru dari kuartal Oktober–Desember 2024 tentang pengembangan fitur baru, peningkatan berbagai proyek teknis terkait bahasa dan upaya dukungan, informasi mengenai pertemuan komunitas, dan ide untuk berkontribusi ke dalam proyek tersebut. Untuk mendapatkan informasi terbaru, Anda dapat berlangganan nawalanya di halaman wiki: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. Sampai jumpa di pertemuan komunitas bahasa berikutnya. Kami tunggu ide dan partisipasi Anda! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Pébruari 2025 08.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 7 Maret 2025 18.51 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 13 Maret 2025 02.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 4 April 2025 02.04 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16 April 2025 16.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Hide on Rosé@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17 April 2025 00.34 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 28 April 2025 15.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 29 April 2025 03.41 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Panggero pikeun Calon pikeun Komité Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C) == <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div> </div><section end="announcement-content" /> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|obrolan]])</bdi> 15 Méi 2025 22.07 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 22 Méi 2025 15.27 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 & Pengajuan Pertanyaan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Tahun ini, periode 2 (dua) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Organisasi Afiliasi akan segera berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan Wikimedia untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suara mereka supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa segera terisi. Komite Pemilihan akan mengawasi tahapan pemilihan ini dengan dukungan dari pegawai Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan, terdiri atas para anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak menjadi calon dalam tahapan pemilihan Dewan Pengawas untuk kursi perwakilan komunitas dan organisasi afiliasi tahun 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina dan Esra’a Al Shafei), [3] akan bertugas untuk melaksanakan fungsi pengawasan bagi Dewan Pengawas di dalam tahapan pemilihan 2025 ini serta senantiasa menginformasikan perkembangan terbaru kepada Dewan Pengawas. Silakan kunjungi pranala yang tersedia pada catatan kaki di bawah ini untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai peran dari Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan pegawai Wikimedia. [4] Berikut merupakan tanggal-tanggal penting untuk tahapan pemilihan tahun ini: * 22 Mei–5 Juni 2025: Pengumuman (informasi yang sedang Anda baca ini) dan masa pengajuan pertanyaan [6] * 17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon * Juli 2025: Jika diperlukan, organisasi afiliasi akan memilih calon Dewan Pengawas yang akan dimasukkan ke tahapan pemilihan berikutnya, apabila terdapat 10 atau lebih calon yang mendaftar [5] * Agustus 2025: Masa kampanye * Agustus–September 2025: Masa pemungutan suara komunitas yang akan berlangsung selama dua minggu * Oktober–November 2025: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih * Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2025: Penetapan anggota Dewan Pengawas terbaru Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2025 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih dengan mengakses [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|pranala halaman Meta-Wiki ini]]. '''Pengajuan Pertanyaan''' Dalam proses pemilihan ini, anggota komunitas berkesempatan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh para calon Dewan Pengawas. Komite Pemilihan akan memilih pertanyaan dari daftar yang telah diajukan oleh anggota komunitas sebelumnya, dan kemudian, para calon akan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Para calon harus menjawab semua pertanyaan wajib yang tercantum dalam formulir pencalonan agar dapat dianggap telah memenuhi syarat. Jika tidak, pencalonan tersebut akan dianggap batal. Pada tahun ini, Komite Pemilihan akan memilih 5 pertanyaan untuk dijawab oleh para calon. Pertanyaan terpilih mungkin merupakan hasil perpaduan dari daftar pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh komunitas, jika ternyata pertanyaan tersebut mirip atau berkaitan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Sukarelawan Pemilihan''' Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2025 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani hubungan antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas masing-masing. Mereka akan membantu memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Silakan pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui dengan mengakses [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|pranala halaman Meta Wiki]]. Terima kasih banyak! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Salam hangat, Victoria Doronina Narahubung Dewan Pengawas untuk Komite Pemilihan Komite Tata Kelola Dewan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 28 Méi 2025 03.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 13 Juni 2025 23.01 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 - Pengajuan Calon</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Halo semua, Saat ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|tahap pengajuan calon untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025]] telah dibuka. Tahap ini akan berlangsung dari tanggal 17 Juni 2025 sampai pukul 11:59 UTC, 2 Juli 2025.[1] Dewan Pengawas bertugas untuk mengawasi pekerjaan Yayasan Wikimedia dan masing-masing Pengawas bertugas selama tiga tahun masa jabatan.[2] Jabatan ini bersifat sukarela. Tahun ini, komunitas Wikimedia akan menghadapi pemilihan yang akan dilangsungkan dari akhir Agustus hingga September 2025. Pemilihan ini bertujuan untuk mengisi dua (2) kursi kosong di Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia. Apakah Anda calon yang kami cari atau Anda tahu orang yang kira-kira cocok untuk dicalonkan sebagai Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia?[3] Silakan baca lebih lanjut [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|di halaman Meta-Wiki]] untuk mengetahui hal apa saja yang diperlukan untuk dapat menjabat sebagai Dewan Pengawas, cara mengajukan pencalonan diri atau mengajak orang lain untuk maju dalam pemilihan tahun ini. Salam hangat, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Ketua Komite Pemilihan Atas nama Komite Pemilihan dan Komite Tata Kelola Dewan [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 17 Juni 2025 17.44 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 27 Juni 2025 20.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Akun sementara akan diaktifkan segera</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Halo, kami dari tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product and Safety]] Wikimedia Foundation ingin mengumumkan bahwa fitur '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] rencananya akan diaktifkan di wiki ini pada 1 September'''. Fitur ini sudah diaktifkan di 30 wiki, termasuk beberapa di antaranya adalah Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, Jepang, Prancis, dan Indonesia. Ini berguna untuk kontributor yang tidak memiliki akun dan/atau masuk log dalam melindungi privasinya. Selain itu, fitur ini juga bermanfaat bagi kontributor yang melakukan patroli maupun pengurus, sebagai bagian dari menjaga wiki senantiasa aman dan tetap akurat. '''Mengapa kami membuat fitur ini?''' Sudah sepatutnya proyek Wikimedia menjadi tempat yang aman bagi semua kontributor, termasuk mereka yang memilih untuk tidak masuk log (pengguna anonim). Fitur Akun Sementara mengizinkan pengguna anonim untuk bisa berkontribusi tanpa harus menunjukkan alamat IP mereka secara publik. Selain itu, perangkat lunak moderasi kami sangat bergantung pada jaringan yang digunakan (dalam hal ini adalah alamat IP) untuk mendeteksi perilaku vandal maupun penggunaan akun siluman secara tidak bertanggung jawab. Permasalahannya, tidak jarang satu/beberapa alamat IP yang digunakan oleh pelaku vandal juga berbarengan dengan pengguna berniat baik. Alhasil, kontributor berniat baik tersebut bisa saja enggan untuk menyunting kembali karena diblokir dan dianggap sama dengan pelaku vandal tersebut. Melalui Akun Sementara, kami harapkan hal seperti ini dapat diminimalkan. Untuk cara kerja dari fitur ini dapat dilihat di bawah. '''Bagaimana fitur ini bekerja?''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Siapa saja yang menyunting secara anonim di wiki, sebuah kuki (cookie) akan disimpan ke dalam peramban web pengguna anonim tersebut. Kemudian, akun sementara yang terhubung dengan kuki tersebut akan dibuat secara otomatis. Nama akun pengguna tersebut akan mengikuti format sebagai berikut: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (tanda tilda, tahun sekarang, dan angka). Format tersebut yang akan tampil di halaman perubahan terbaru, alih-alih alamat IP seperti sebelumnya. Kuki akan disimpan selama 90 hari sejak pembuatan. Selama kuki tersebut masih tersimpan, maka nama tersebutlah yang akan digunakan dan akan tetap sama apapun koneksi internet (alamat IP) yang dipakai. Catatan log terkait alamat IP dari akun tersebut akan disimpan selama 90 hari setelah penyuntingan terakhir. Namun, hanya beberapa pengguna terdaftar yang dapat melihat alamat IP tersebut. '''Apa artinya ini bagi kontributor?''' '''Bagi pengguna anonim (tidak masuk log)''' * Meningkatkan privasi atau keamanan. Pada saat ini, ketika Anda memilih untuk tidak masuk log, maka alamat IP Anda akan tampil secara publik. Hal seperti ini tidak akan terjadi lagi nantinya. * Apabila Anda menggunakan akun sementara untuk menyunting di lokasi yang berbeda selama 90 hari terakhir, maka riwayat suntingan dan alamat IP dari lokasi tersebut akan tersimpan di dalam akun sementara. Pengguna terdaftar yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat data tersebut. Jika hal ini membuat Anda terancam, silakan hubungi surel talktohumanrights@wikimedia.org untuk bantuan. '''Bagi kontributor yang berinteraksi dengan pengguna anonim''' * Akun sementara secara unik hanya terhubung ke satu perangkat. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka satu alamat IP bisa saja digunakan lebih banyak orang maupun perangkat pada saat yang bersamaan. * Akan jauh lebih mudah untuk berasumsi bahwa satu akun sementara hanya berlaku untuk satu orang. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka sulit untuk memprediksi apakah itu orang yang sama atau bukan. '''Bagi kontributor yang menggunakan alamat IP untuk patroli''' * '''Untuk kontributor yang rutin melakukan patroli''' dalam mencari pelaku vandal, melakukan investigasi pelanggaran kebijakan dan pedoman, dsb: kontributor yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat alamat IP dari akun sementara maupun seluruh kontribusi yang dibuat oleh akun sementara dari alamat IP secara spesifik/rentang tertentu ([[Special:IPContributions]]). Mereka juga akan memiliki akses ke informasi bermanfaat tentang alamat IP berkat fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|Info IP]]. Selain itu, fitur yang sudah tersedia seperti filter penyalahgunaan, blokir global, kontribusi global, dsb. akan disesuaikan agar dapat bekerja dengan fitur Akun Sementara. * '''Untuk pengurus yang memblokir alamat IP:''' ** Sangat memungkinkan untuk mencegah beberapa orang dalam membuat akun hanya dengan memblokir akun sementaranya. Seseorang yang diblokir tidak akan dapat membuat akun sementara baru jika pengurus memilih opsi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|blokir otomatis.]] ** Blokir satu maupun rentang alamat IP tetap berlaku. * Akun Sementara tidak akan berlaku untuk kontribusi sebelum perilisan fitur ini. Pada halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi pengguna, alamat IP yang sudah ada sebelumnya tetap akan tampil. Jika ingin melihat suntingan oleh akun sementara, kunjungi halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi alamat IP. '''Tahap selanjutnya dan apa yang harus dilakukan''' * Apabila Anda mengetahui perkakas, akun bot, dsb. yang menggunakan alamat IP, sebaiknya dilakukan uji coba terlebih dahulu di [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] atau [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. Jika Anda adalah pengembang sukarelawan, silakan membaca dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers| berikut ini]] dan lihat bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|kode Anda mungkin perlu diperbarui]]. * Apabila Anda ingin merasakan pengalaman menggunakan akun sementara, silakan kunjungi testwiki atau test2wiki tanpa masuk log. * Sampaikan kepada kami apa saja halangan maupun permasalahan yang dialami. Kami akan berusaha semaksimal mungkin dalam membantu, tetapi apabila tidak bisa maka kami akan memikirkan opsi lain yang tersedia. * Lihat kembali [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|pengumuman terakhir kami]] tentang syarat bagi pengguna tanpa hak khusus (pengurus, birokrat, pemeriksa, pengawas) yang ingin melihat alamat IP akun sementara. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang proyek ini, silakan kunjungi halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|pertanyaan yang sering diajukan]]. Anda mungkin juga tertarik untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|pengumuman terkini ]] dan [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|berlangganan nawala kami]]. Salam.<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 26 Agustus 2025 21.36 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berikan suara Anda: pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Masa pemungutan suara untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025]] telah dibuka. Para calon akan bertanding untuk memperebutkan dua (2) kursi Dewan Pengawas. Untuk memeriksa kelayakan Anda sebagai pemilih, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|halaman kelayakan pemilih]]. Pelajari para calon dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|membaca pernyataan yang tercantum dalam halaman pencalonan dan juga saksikan video mereka]]. Jika Anda telah merasa siap, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|halaman pemungutan suara untuk memberikan suara Anda]]. '''Pemungutan suara akan dibuka dari pukul 00:00 UTC, 8 Oktober hingga 23:59 UTC, 22 Oktober 2022.''' Salam hangat, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Ketua, Komite Pemilihan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 9 Oktober 2025 04.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 Oktober 2025 11.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 30 Oktober 2025 14.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 Nopémber 2025 14.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 28 Nopémber 2025 21.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-01_Wikipedias&oldid=29723884 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2026 13.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai. -- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 19 Januari 2026 21.02 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 26 April 2026 00.58 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> t42ytz6euii5nozzhpj5d9scholirkz 0 54439 708595 659593 2026-04-26T11:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorcycle rider | name = Marc Márquez | image = Marc Márquez in 2021 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = Márquez 2021 | nationality = {{flagicon|ESP}} Spanyol | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|02|17|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Cervera]], Spanyol | Current team = [[Repsol Honda]] | Bike number = 93 | MotoGP Active years= {{MGP|2013}}– | MotoGP Manufacturers =[[Honda]] | MotoGP Championships = 6 ({{MGP|2013}}, {{MGP|2014}}, {{MGP|2016}}, {{MGP|2017}}, {{MGP|2018}}, {{MGP|2019}}) | MotoGP Race Starts = 157 | MotoGP Race Wins = 59 | MotoGP Podiums = 100 | MotoGP Poles = 64 | MotoGP Fastest laps= 59 | MotoGP Total Points= 2545 | MotoGP Last season = 2022 | MotoGP Last position = 13th (113 pts) | Moto2 Active years= {{MGP|2011}}–{{MGP|2012}} | Moto2 Manufacturers = [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | Moto2 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2012}}) | Moto2 Race Starts = 32 | Moto2 Race Wins = 16 | Moto2 Podiums = 25 | Moto2 Poles = 14 | Moto2 Fastest laps= 7 | Moto2 Total Points= 579 | Moto2 Last season = 2012 | Moto2 Last position = 1st (328 pts) | 125 Active years = {{MGP|2008}}–{{MGP|2010}} | 125 Manufacturers = [[KTM]], [[Derbi]] | 125 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2010}}) | 125 Race Starts = 46 | 125 Race Wins = 10 | 125 Podiums = 14 | 125 Poles = 14 | 125 Fastest laps = 9 | 125 Total Points = 467 | 125 Last season = 2010 | 125 Last position = 1st (310 pts) | website = }} '''Marc Márquez Alentà''' (lahir 17 Fébruari 1993) nyaéta tukang balap motor [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] urang Spanyol sarta dalapan kali juara dunya kajuaran Grand Prix, nu genep di antarana dina kelas [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/driver/marc-marquez/bio/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=motorsport.com|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209041432/http://www.motorsport.com/driver/marc-marquez/bio/ |date=2017-02-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gomotogp.id/marc-marquez/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=gomotogp.id|date=04 Méi 2016|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502190121/https://www.gomotogp.id/marc-marquez/ |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez|title=Marc Marquez|last=|first=|website=motogp.com|publisher=|accessdate=01 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921042420/https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2019-09-21 }}</ref> Márquez balap pikeun [[Repsol Honda|tim pabrik]] [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] saprak manéhna ancrub dina MotoGP taun 2013.<ref name = HRC>{{cite news|url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/marc-marquez/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521082656/http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/marc-marquez/ |date=2017-05-21 }}</ref> Manéhna minangka salah sahiji ti opat tukang balap nu geus meunang gelar juara dunya dina tilu kategori nu béda, sanggeus [[Mike Hailwood]], [[Phil Read]] sarta [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref name="Marquez records">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Marc+Marquez+Record+breaker|title=Marc Marquez: Record breaker|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=10 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113171746/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Marc+Marquez+Record+breaker |date=2014-11-13 }}</ref> Márquez juara [[List of 125cc/Moto3 Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc]] taun {{MGP|2010}} ,<ref name="Seals 125cc">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+valencia|title=Smith wins in Valencia as Márquez seals 125cc title|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120646/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+valencia |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="2010 title">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Marquez+125+world+champion+2010|title=Marc Márquez: 2010 125cc World Champion|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120714/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Marquez+125+world+champion+2010 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> juara [[List of 250cc/Moto2 Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2]] taun {{MGP|2012}} ,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/australia+moto2+race+espargaro|title=Márquez takes Moto2 title in Phillip Island as Espargaró wins|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=28 Oktober 2012|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155150/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/australia+moto2+race+espargaro |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Marc+Mrquez+2012+Moto2+World+Champion|title=Marc Márquez&nbsp;– 2012 Moto2 World Champion|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=28 Oktober 2012|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155115/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Marc+Mrquez+2012+Moto2+World+Champion |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref> sarta juara [[List of 500cc/MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya MotoGP]] taun {{MGP|2013}}, {{MGP|2014}}, {{MGP|2016}}, 2017, 2018 jeung 2019. Márquez jadi purah balap nu mimiti saprak [[Kenny Roberts]] dina taun {{MGP|1978}} pikeun ngalengkepan gelar kelas utama dina usum balap munggaranna, sarta nu pangngorana pikeun ngahontal gelar sagemblengna.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/111224|first=Matt|last=Beer|title=Marc Marquez crowned champion as Jorge Lorenzo wins|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=10 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}}</ref> Manéhna bisa nahan gelarna, jawara kajuaraan taun 2014.<ref name="MM2">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/116307|title=Marc Marquez claims title, Jorge Lorenzo wins|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=12 Oktober 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014}}</ref> Manéhna téh lanceukna [[Álex Márquez]] jawara dunya [[Moto3]] taun 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Moto3+Valencia+Race+Miller|title=Marquez clinches title in third as Miller wins final race|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111013107/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Moto3+Valencia+Race+Miller |date=2014-11-11 }}</ref> Márquez mapakan rékor [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] sapanjang mangsa pikeun posisi ''pole'' dina umur 23, taun 2016, hiji rékor nu dicepeng ku manéhna sorangan taun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/20/stunning-marquez-races-to-record-brno-pole/208049|title=Stunning Marquez races to record Brno pole|publisher=Dorna Sports|date=20 August 2016|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> ==Karier== ===Kajuaraan Dunnya 125cc === Lahir di [[Cervera]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spanyol]], Márquez miluan debut kajuaraanna dina 13 April 2008 di [[Grand Prix Portugal 125cc]] taun 2008 dina umur 15 taun 56 poé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hondaproracing.com/motogp/riders/?rider=marc_marquez|title=Marc Marquez|work=Honda Racing|publisher=Honda Motor Europe|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423055015/http://www.hondaproracing.com/motogp/riders/?rider=marc_marquez |date=23 April 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|left|Márquez dina [[2010 Dutch TT|Dutch TT 2010]].]] Kameunangan saterusna di [[Silverstone]], [[Assen]] sarta [[Catalonia]] dina tilu balapan saterusna nu ngalantarankeun Márquez jadi purah balap panggorana nu meunang opat balapan terus-terusan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+marquez+catalunya|title=Márquez makes it four in a row at Catalunya|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=4 Juli 2010|accessdate=4 Juli 2010|quote=Marc Márquez became the youngest ever rider to take four successive Grand Prix wins on Sunday when he triumphed in the 125cc Gran Premi Aperol de Catalunya.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020215527/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+marquez+catalunya |date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Kameunangan kalimana di [[Sachsenring]] nyaéta kameunangan [[Derbi]] nu ke-100 dina balapan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]], sarta Márquez jadi purah balap mimiti saprak [[Valentino Rossi]] taun 1997 meunang lima kali balapan terus-terusan di kelas 125cc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+marquez+another+victory+at+sachsenring|title=Márquez continues winning run at Sachsenring|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=18 Juli 2010|accessdate=18 Juli 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020215515/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+marquez+another+victory+at+sachsenring |date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Manéhna kurang suksés dina balapan ieu, turun ka posisi katilu di klasemén kacék hiji niléy di tukangeun [[Nicolás Terol]] sarta [[Pol Espargaró]] sanggeus kacilakaan jeung [[Randy Krummenacher]] dina péngkolan kahiji di [[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Aragon]] .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/163506/1/pics_marc_marquez_taken_out_at_turn_one.html|title=Marc Marquez taken out at turn one|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=23 Séptémber 2010|accessdate=3 Nopémber 2010}}</ref> Meunangna kasepuluh usum ieu manéhna jadi mapakan rékor nu dicekel ku Rossi taun 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+estoril|title=Dramatic tenth victory of season for Márquez in Portugal|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=31 Oktober 2010|accessdate=3 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155021/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+estoril |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref> Manéhna bakal gagal ngahontal juara, mangsa manéhna ngan di posisi kaopat dina balapan panungtung di [[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]] pikeun jadi juara dunya pangngoranna kadua sanggeus [[Loris Capirossi]].<ref name="Seals 125cc"/><ref name="2010 title"/> ===Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2 === [[File:Marc Marquez 2011 Brno 2.jpg|thumb|left|Márquez di Grand Prix 2011 Républik Czech.]] Márquez pindah ka kelas [[Moto2]] taun {{MGP|2011}}&nbsp;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/165245/1/moto2_125gp_champ_marquez_makes_moto2_move.html|title=125GP champ Marquez makes Moto2 move|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=24 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=17 Januari 2011}}</ref>&nbsp;Manéhna anggeus ka 21 di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Portugal]], saencan kameunangan kahijina di kelas ieu di [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Prancis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+reviews+Le+Mans+GP|title=Márquez thrilled with first Moto2 win|date=18 Méi 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031231339/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+reviews+Le+Mans+GP |date=2011-10-31 }}</ref> Di [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalonia]], Márquez anggeus kadua di tukangeun pamingpin juara [[Stefan Bradl]], saencan labuh di [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]], sanggeus ''start'' ti posisi kahiji di Moto2 munggaranna, kalayan Bradl ngahontal kameunanganna kaopatna dina genep balapan mimiti, Márquez nuturkeun manéhna kalayan peunteun 82 di ahir minggu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/GBR/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=AirAsia British Grand Prix: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=12 Juni 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Márquez nyieun ronjatan klasemén kajuaraan di tengah-tengah usum balap ieu, ngan ukur meunangkeun niléy genep ti tujuh balapan pikeun ngudag Bradl di klasemén kajuaraan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/ARA/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gran Premio de Aragón: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=18 September 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jepang]], Márquez di posisi ''pole'' katujuh tapi meunang di posisi kadua ditukangeun [[Andrea Iannone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Marc-Marquez-blog--Three-finals-ahead-Moto2-021243096557975|title=Marc Marquez blog: 'Three finals ahead'|first=Marc|last=Márquez|date=4 October 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|work=[[Red Bull]]|publisher=Red Bull GmbH}}</ref> tina kameunangan éta dikombinasikeun kalayan Bradl di possisi kaopat nu ngalantarankeun Márquez jadi pamingpin juara kalayan meunang peunteun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/JPN/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=Grand Prix of Japan: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=2 October 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Autralia]] , Márquez kalibet kacilakaan jeung [[Ratthapark Wilairot]] mangsa latihan bébas; Márquez nabrak kana tonggong Wilairot, sarta Márquez dihukum ''finalti'' samenit waktu kualifikasina.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+qualifying+penalty+Australia+Phillip+Island|title=Márquez handed qualification penalty at Phillip Island|date=14 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050841/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+qualifying+penalty+Australia+Phillip+Island |date=2013-11-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Australia MotoGP: Marc Marquez penalised after horror crash|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2011/Oktober/oct1411-australia-motogp-marc-marquez-penalised-after-horror-crash/|accessdate=29 Juni 2015|date=4 Oktober 2011|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|last=Birt|first=Matthew}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saencan [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia]], Márquez negeskeun yén manéhna baris tetep di Moto2 nepi ka taun 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+to+remain+in+moto2+for+2012|title=Márquez to remain in Moto2 for 2012|date=20 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181250/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+to+remain+in+moto2+for+2012 |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> sanggeus rumor ngeunaan pindahna ka kelas MotoGP. Ahir minggu balapan Márquez elat dina menit pambukaan sési latihan bébas munggaran, mangsa manéhna labuh di aspal nu beueus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+fp1|title=Aegerter on top in first practice|date=21 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015000934/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+fp1 |date=2013-10-15 }}</ref> Manéhna teu bisa milu balapan, sakumaha manéhna gagal ujian médis saméméh pamanasan balap isuk-isuk.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+warm+up|title=Pol Espargaró on top in paused warm up|date=23 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014144334/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+warm+up |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> Márquez milu balapan ahir usum ieu di [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], kalayan harepan bisa séhat pikeun balapan, tapi ngundurkeun diri ku sabab masalah panempo nu terus beuki parna, antukna gelar juara dipimilik ku Bradl.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/marquez+out+in+valencia|title=Márquez team confirms Valencia GP withdrawal|date=5 Nopémber 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014150723/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/marquez+out+in+valencia |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> ===MotoGP=== Dina 12 Juli 2012, dibéwarakeun yén Márquez geus néken kontrak dua taun jeung tim [[Repsol Honda]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] ngagantikeun [[Casey Stoner]] pangsiun bareng jeung [[Dani Pedrosa]], ti taun {{MGP|2013}} ka hareup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda|title=Dani Pedrosa and Marc Márquez to race together in Repsol Honda Team|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=13 Juli 2012|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201257/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda |date=2014-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18809540|title=Marc Marquez to join Dani Pedrosa at Repsol Honda|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=13 Juli 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Márquez mimiti mecak motor [[Honda RC213V]] di Valencia sanggeus ahir kajuaraan 2012 ngabelesat leuwih laun sadetik ti batur satimna [[Dani Pedrosa]] nu aya di puncak catetan ''lap''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/186104/1/valencia_motogp_test_times_-_wednesday_final.html |title=Wednesday 5pm MotoGP test times&nbsp;– Valencia &#124; MotoGP Results &#124; Nov 2012 |publisher=Crash.Net |date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Márquez midang hadé pisan dina mangsa ujicoba [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] munggaran di Sepang, posisi manéhna aya di ditukangeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Jorge Lorenzo]] sarta unggul ti [[Valentino Rossi]] di posisi kaopat saencan kasiap ku Rossi di poé panungtung.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/21357177 |title=BBC Sport&nbsp;– MotoGP: Dani Pedrosa sets testing pace in Sepang |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=6 February 2013}}</ref> ====2013==== Marquez mimiti usum 2013 meunang podium di [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], manéhna di posisi kualifikasi kagenep kalayan anggeus katilu ditukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]] jeung [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/MotoGP+race+lorenzo+qatar|title=Lorenzo wins in Qatar from Rossi and Márquez|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 April 2013|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184516/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/MotoGP+race+lorenzo+qatar |date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Di babak kadua tina kajuaraan di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]] di [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], Márquez ngéléhkeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] batur satimna sarta jadi juara kahiji di sirkuit anyar.<ref>{{cite news|work=Sidomi.com|publisher=Sidomi.com|url=http://sidomi.com/179828/hasil-motogp-austin-2013-marc-marquez-pimpin-honda-finis-satu-dua/|title=Marc Marquez Juara, Valentino Rossi Ke-6|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022442/http://sidomi.com/179828/hasil-motogp-austin-2013-marc-marquez-pimpin-honda-finis-satu-dua/ |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Márquez jadi purah balap pangngorana nu kungsi meunang balap dina {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}}, ngéléhkeun rékor [[Freddie Spencer]] nu umurna 30 taun.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/190164/1/austin-motogp-marvellous-marquez-makes-history-with-texas-win.html|title=Austin MotoGP: Smart Marquez powers to historic maiden win |date=21 April 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Márquez tisolédat mangsa sési latihan bébas katilu tanpa tatu atawa ruksak motor sarta antukna meunang posisi kualifikasi katilu panggancangna di [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Jerez]].<ref>{{cite news|work=iotomotif.com|publisher=iotomotif.com|url=https://www.iotomotif.com/12088/hasil-kualifikasi-motogp-jerez-2013-lorenzo-raih-pole-position/|title=Hasil Kualifikasi MotoGP Jerez 2013 : Lorenzo Raih Pole Position|date=4 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Márquez anggeus balap dina posisi kadua tukangeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] batur satimna.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/190790/1/motogp-jerez-marquez-and-lorenzo-talk-last-turn-clash.html|title=Marquez, Lorenzo give clash reaction |date=5 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Márquez nyiap [[Andrea Dovizioso]] kalayan sésa dua ''lap'' dina lomba pikeun ngahontal podium anggeus kaopat di sababaraha balapan, mapakan rékor [[Max Biaggi]] taun {{MGP|1998}}.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/191393/1/le-mans-marquez-the-race-was-too-short.html|title=Marquez 'The race was too short!'|date=20 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Manéhna ngalaman kacilakaan ka 4 di ahir minggu ngan ukur tilu ''lap'' deui ka anggeus balapan.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/191897/1/mugello-motogp-sorry-marquez-crestfallen-after-late-dnf.html|title=Mugello: Marquez baffled by costly late crash |date=3 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalonia]], Márquez anggeus balapan di posisi katilu.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/192435/1/marquez-to-pedrosa-when-you-see-the-video-sorry.html|title=Marquez to Pedrosa: 'When you see the video – sorry!'|date=16 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Dutch TT|Assen]], Márqez kacilakan nalika latihan isuk-isuk nu nyababkeun potong tulang ramo cinggir katuhu sarta ramo suku kénca, manéhna anggeus balapan di posisi katilu.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/192988/1/marquez-battles-to-sixth-rostrum-of-season.html|title=Dutch MotoGP: Marquez battles to sixth rostrum of season |date=30 Juni 2015|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Sachsenring]], saingan utamana [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] tatu, Márquez ngahontal posisi ''pole'' katilu [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/193511/1/marquez-contains-crutchlow-for-german-motogp-win-title-lead.html|title=Marquez contains Crutchlow for German MotoGP win, title lead |date=14 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Laguna Seca]], Márquez meunang balapan katilu taun ieu pikeun kaunggulan kajuaraanna peunteunna jadi 16 luhureun [[Dani Pedrosa]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/193770/1/pics-marquez-passes-rossi-at-the-corkscrew.html|title=US MotoGP: PICS: Marquez passes Rossi at the Corkscrew|date=21 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]] dina ''lap'' ka 12 Márquez nyiap Lorenzo pikeun mingpin, Lorenzo jeung Pedrosa bisa mapakan Márquez sababraha ''lap'' tapi babak setrusna lolongkrang jalan kabuka sarta Márquez ngahontal kameunangan ka-4 taun ieu ngan kacék waktu leuwih ti 3 detik.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/194632/1/marquez-beats-his-elders-in-indy-contest.html|title= Indianapolis MotoGP: Marquez beats his elders in Indy contest |date=18 Agustus 2013|accessdate=2 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]], Márquez jadi purah balap mimiti nu meunang opat balapan sacara terus-terusan saprak [[Valentino Rossi]] taun 2008.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/194924/1/marquez-strengthens-title-grip-with-victory-in-brno.html|title=Czech MotoGP: Marquez strengthens title grip with victory in Brno|date=25 Agustus 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez.jpeg|thumb|Márquez jeung [[Valentino Rossi]] di British Grand Prix 2013 .]] Di [[2013 British Grand Prix|Silverstone]], dina ''lap'' panungtung kadua purah balap tukeur posisi; Márquez nyiap Lorenzo kalayan tinggal sababaraha sésa péngkolan tapi disiap deui ku Lorenzo sarta Márquez anggeus kadua.<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/195242/1/lorenzo-halts-marquez-victory-streak-in-silverstone-thriller.html|title= British MotoGP: Lorenzo halts Marquez victory streak in Silverstone thriller|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=21 Juli 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]], Márquez aya di puncak klasemén kalayan leuwih ti satengah detik ti Lorenzo pikeun ngarebut posisi ''pole.'' Márquez nganggeuskeun balapan di posisi kadua di tukangeun Lorenzo.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/195809/1/marquez-too-much-risk-to-chase-lorenzo.html|title=San Marino MotoGP: Marquez: Too much risk to chase Lorenzo|date=15 Séptémber 2013 |accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]], Márquez rumasa tinggaleun 2 detik di tukangeun Lorenzo tapi maéhna nyusul Lorenzo sarta antukna bisa ngagéleng gurat ''finish'' leuwih ti sadetik di hareupeun Lorenzo pikeun nyatet kameunangan kagenepna usum balap ieu.<ref>{{cite news|work=motorcycle-usa.com|publisher=motorcycle-usa.com|url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2013/09/article/motogp-aragon-results-2013/|title=MotoGP Aragon Results 2013|date=2013/11/29|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001052308/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2013/09/article/motogp-aragon-results-2013/ |date=2018-10-01 }}</ref> Peunteun Márquez ngaronjat ka 278 kalayan sésa opat balapan, 39 di hareupen Lorenzo nu aya di posisi kadua.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/196362/1/marquez-strengthens-grip-on-world-title-at-aragon.html|title=Aragon MotoGP: Marquez strengthens grip on world title|date=29 Séptémber 2013|accessdate=2 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Sepang]], Márquez nganggeuskeun balapan di posisi kadua.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news_archive/2/13-10-2013/content.html|title=Malaysian MotoGP: Pedrosa victorious, Marquez closes in on title|date= 13 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Di [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Phillip Island]] Australia, Márquez didiskualifikasi tina balapan, ngurangan kaunggulan kajuaraanna kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] (nu meunang) tina kacék peunteun 43 jadi 18 kalayan dua rintakan balapan nu nyésa .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/197250/1/lorenzo-wins-frantic-pit-stop-race-marquez-black-flag.html|title= Australian MotoGP: Lorenzo wins frantic pit stop race, Marquez black flag |date=20 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Di [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]], Márquez geus cegeur tina tatu parna dina poé balapan kalayan anggeus di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/197536/1/lorenzo-claims-yamahas-200th-win.html|title=Japanese MotoGP: Lorenzo claims Yamaha's 200th win|date=27 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Márquez ngantepkeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] pikeun ngalakukeun serangan awal ka [[Jorge Lorenzo]]; [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung Márquez di posisi kadua jeung katilu, posisi ieu geus cukup pikeun Márquez jadi juara, nu pangngorana dina sajarah.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/198005/1/lorenzo-wins-but-marquez-crowned-world-champion.html|title=Lorenzo wins, but Marquez crowned world champion|date= 11 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> ====2014==== [[File:Winner! (13897178775).jpg|thumb|left|Márquez sanggeus meunang Grand Prix Amérika 2014]] Usum balapan mimiti dilaksanakeun di [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Losail Qatar]], salila balapan manéhna ''start'' kalayan rata-rata mimiti nyirorot ka posisi 4 di ''lap'' kahiji, Márquez neruskeun balapanna terus sarta kalibet ngadu jajatén jeung [[Valentino Rossi]], ahirna meunang kalayan 0,259 detik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Qatar+MotoGP+Marquez+Race|title=Marquez overcomes Rossi to take Qatar win|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=23 March 2014|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328133304/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Qatar+MotoGP+Marquez+Race |date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> Manéhna ogé nuluykeun pikeun meunangkeun rintakan kalima di [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Austin+MotoGP+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez untouchable at Austin for second successive win|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=13 April 2014|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414234620/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Austin+MotoGP+Race+Marquez |date=14 April 2014 }}</ref> [[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argentina]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27183060|title=Marc Marquez claims third win of 2014 in Argentina|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/113770|title=Marc Marquez flies to fourth straight win|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=4 Méi 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Prancis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27459993|title=Marc Marquez digs deep for Le Mans triumph|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=18 Méi 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> and [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Italy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27655474|title=Marc Marquez claims sixth successive win|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=1 Juni 2014|accessdate=1 Juni 2014}}</ref> sakabéhna ti posisi ''pole.'' Di [[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan]], Márquez gagal ngahontal posisi ''pole''&nbsp;– kualifikasi katilu sanggeus kacilakaan salila sési lumangsung &nbsp;– tapi sanggeus nahan serangan ti batur satimna [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]], sarta pasangan Yamaha [[Jorge Lorenzo]] jeung [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]], Márquez bisa meunang balapan katujuhna sakaligus, ngaronjatkeun peunteun kaunggulan kajuaraanna jadi 58 kalayan [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27856188|title=Marc Marquez lands seventh win in a row|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 Juni 2014|accessdate=21 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[Álex Márquez]] adina meunang balapan [[Moto3]], kulawarga Márquez meunang balap kajuaraan dunya Grand Prix dina poé nu sarua.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Catalunya+MotoGP+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez wins again in great Barcelona race|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=15 Juni 2014|accessdate=21 Juni 2014|quote=The win is the 100th for Honda in the modern MotoGP four-stroke era and the triumph for Marquez was also historic as it came on the same day as an earlier Moto3 victory for his brother Alex Marquez&nbsp;– the first time 65 years of World Championship competition that siblings have won Grand Prix races on the same day.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130251/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Catalunya+MotoGP+Race+Marquez |date=2014-07-14 }}</ref> Baraya sakandung ngulang préstasi deui di [[2014 Dutch TT|Dutch TT]] dua minggu tiharita.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/206133/1/marquez-masters-elements-to-match-ago-at-assen.html|title=Assen MotoGP: Marquez masters elements to match Ago at Assen|date=28 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], Márquez meunang deui balapan, ku kituna jadi purah balap pangngorana nu meunang salapan kali sakaligus dina kelas Utama.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/206738/1/pits-to-victory-for-marquez-in-germany.html|title=German MotoGP: Pits to victory for Marquez|date=13 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Kalayan kameunanganna nu kasapuluh sakaligus di [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]], Márquez jadi purah balap katilu pikeun ngahontal gelar juara di kelas utama, sanggeus [[Mick Doohan]] jeung [[Giacomo Agostini]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207546/1/marquez-itll-be-so-difficult-to-win-them-all.html|title=Marquez: 'It'll be so difficult to win them all'|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=11 Agustus 2014|accessdate=11 Agustus 2014}}</ref> Márquez ngalaman mimiti éléh di [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207743/1/marc-marquez-explains-first-defeat-of-2014.html|title=MotoGP Brno: Marc Marquez explains first defeat of 2014|date=17 Agustus 2014|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> tapi meunang balap saterusna di [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]], ngéléhkeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/208195/1/silver-lining-for-swashbuckling-marquez.html|title=MotoGP Silverstone: Silver lining for swashbuckling Marquez|date=31 Agustus 2014|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> di [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]], Márquez labuh nalika ngadu jajatén pikeun mingpin lomba jeung [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Marquez+crashes+chasing+Rossi+and+finishes+15th|title=Marquez crashes chasing Rossi and finishes 15th|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=15 Séptémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914224918/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Marquez+crashes+chasing+Rossi+and+finishes+15th |date=2014-09-14 }}</ref> Márquez jeung [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] tabrakan dina balapan hujan di [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]] sarta anggeus di posisi ka 13<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/209166/1/marquez-aragon-blunder-completely-my-fault.html|title=MotoGP Aragon: Marquez: Strategy blunder completely my fault|date=29 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> jeung ka14, kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] meunang balapan munggaran taun ieu sanggeus manéhna eureun leuwih awal ti posisi katilu pikeun ngaganti motor nu diséting baseuh .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Lorenzo+ecstatic+after+claiming+maiden+2014+victory|title=Lorenzo ecstatic after claiming maiden 2014 victory|date=28 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=29 Séptémber 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203030353/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Lorenzo+ecstatic+after+claiming+maiden+2014+victory |date=2015-02-03 }}</ref> Márquez ngahontal gelar kaduana di [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] kalayan sésa balap tilu rintakan deui .<ref name="MM2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/motor/story/marquez-secures-second-straight-motogp-title-as-lorenzo-wins-motegi-race-101214|title=Marquez secures second MotoGP title as Lorenzo wins Motegi race|first=Colin|last=Young|date=12 Oktober 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014|work=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> Di [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Phillip Island]], Márquez di posisi ''pole'' ka 12 dina usum ieu, mapakan catetan rékor [[Casey Stoner]] taun [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]], tapi manéhna labuh nalika mingpin balapan,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motorsport/29679710|title=Valentino Rossi wins as Marc Marquez exits|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=19 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref> nu munggaran teu anggeus saprak [[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Itali 2013]]. Manéhna meunang ka 12 kali dina sausum, mapakan rékor [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]] kameunangan kelas utama dina sausum , taun [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/210223/1/marquez-matches-doohan-record-with-victory-at-sepang.html|title=Marquez matches Doohan record with victory at Sepang|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=26 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref> Hasil Márquez ogé cukup hadé pikeun [[Honda]] pikeun ngaku juara pabrikan, kalayan balapan masih nyésa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Honda+claim+63rd+Constructors+Championship+in+Sepang|title=Honda claim 63rd Constructor's Championship in Sepang|date=26 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030305/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Honda+claim+63rd+Constructors+Championship+in+Sepang |date=29 October 2014 }}</ref> Dina balapan panungtung di [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], Márquez meupeuskeun rékor [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]], kalayan 13 kali meunang dina sausum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/MotoGP+Valencia+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez ends season in style with record 13th victory|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221172045/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/MotoGP+Valencia+Race+Marquez |date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> ====2015==== Usum [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] 2015 dimimitian ku Márquez, sakali deui, keur favorit pikeun jadi juara, tapi manéhna anggeus balapan di posisi kalima di [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], sanggeus ngalakukeun kasalahan dina péngkolan ka 1 manéhna nyirorot ka posisi ka 25.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/217117/1/would-rossi-have-won-without-marquez-mistake.html|title=MotoGP Qatar: Would Rossi have won without Marquez mistake?|date=30 March 2015|accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> Manéhna meunang di balapan kadua di [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], kameunangan katilu kalina sakaligus di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]].<ref name="COTA">{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/217561/1/marquez-completes-motogp-treble-in-texas.html|title=MotoGP Austin: Marquez completes treble in Texas |date=12 April 2015|accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> Manáhna anggeus di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]] in [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]], sanajan balap kalayan ramo leungeun kéncana potong sanggeus kacilakaan, saminggu saméméh balapan.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218373/1/marquez-today-was-jorges-day.html|title=MotoGP Jerez: Marquez: Today was Jorge's day |date= 3 Méi 2015|accessdate= 3 Méi 2015}}</ref> Manéhna nyiap [[Cal Crutchlow]] nu kacilakaan di ''lap'' 22, Márquez bajoang dina balapan nu beurat pikeun posisi kaopat kalayan [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]] jeung [[Andrea Iannone]], nu balapan kalayan taktak kénca tatu, sarta pamustunganana Márquez anggeus di posisi kaopat di hareupeun Iannone.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218949/1/heat-melted-marquez-challenge.html|title=MotoGP Le Mans: Heat melted Marquez challenge|date=18 Méi 2015|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez MotoGP-2015 (4).JPG|thumb|Márquez di Grand Prix Catalan 2015 .]] Márquez gagal anggeus balapan di [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Itali]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/219448/1/over-the-limit-marquez-talks-mugello-misery.html|title=MotoGP Italy: 'Over the limit' Marquez talks Mugello misery|date=1 Juni 2015|accessdate=1 Juni 2015}}</ref> jeung [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalunya]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/220032/1/caught-out-marquez-left-with-nothing-to-lose.html|title=MotoGP MotoGP Catalunya: Caught out Marquez left with 'nothing to lose'|date=14 Juni 2015|accessdate=14 Juni 2015}}</ref> tapi naék ka podium kalayan anggeus di posisi kadua di [[2015 Dutch TT|Assen]], sanggeus perang panjang jeung [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/220526/1/motogp-assen-race-results.html|title=MotoGP Assen&nbsp;— Race Results|date=27 Juni 2015|accessdate=29 Juni 2015}}</ref> Márquez ngahontal kameunangan saterusna di [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Jérman]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/221065/1/honda-close-to-a-solution-says-marquez.html|title= MotoGP Germany: Honda 'close to a solution' says Marquez |date=12 Juli 2015|accessdate=12 Juli 2015}}</ref> sarta [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/221866/1/indy-victory-as-marquez-continues-american-dream.html|title=MotoGP Indianapolis: Marquez continues American dream |date=9 Agustus 2015|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> saencan anggeus posisi kadua di [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/222031/1/marquez-takes-risks-lorenzo-one-step-in-front.html|title=MotoGP Brno: Marquez 'takes risks', Lorenzo 'one step in front'|date=16 Agustus 2015|accessdate=18 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]] dina kondisi sirkuit baseuh,<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/222500/1/marquez-title-fight-over-as-floating-feeling-returns.html|title=MotoGP Silverstone: Marquez: Title fight over as 'floating' returns |date=30 Agustus 2015|accessdate=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref> tapi meunang di [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/223016/1/marquez-slick-change-was-key-to-victory.html|title=MotoGP Misano: Marquez: Slick change was key to victory|date=13 Séptémber 2015|accessdate=14 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Motorland Aragon]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/223586/1/marquez-i-apologise-to-the-team-and-fans.html|title= MotoGP Aragon: Marquez: I apologise to the team and fans |date=28 Séptémber 2015|accessdate=28 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> sarta anggeus di posisi kaopat di [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] nu ngalantarankeun pegat harepan pikeun ngahontal gelar .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/224048/1/marquez-i-never-felt-good.html |title=MotoGP Japan: Marquez 'I never felt good'|date=11 Oktober 2015|accessdate=12 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Dina ka 130 balapanna, Márquez ngahontal kameunangan ka 50 [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] &nbsp;– jadi purah balap kasalapan pikeun ngahontal gelar éta, sarta pangngorana,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/18/marquez-s-50th-victory-sets-title-race-alight/187536|title=Marquez's 50th victory sets title race alight|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=18 Oktober 2015|accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref> {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2015|10|18}}&nbsp;– kalayan dina ''lap'' panungtung [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/121387|title=Marc Marquez beats Jorge Lorenzo on last lap|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=18 Oktober 2015|accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] sanggeus pagédor jeung [[Valentino Rossi]], kajadian kasebut dipariksa ku ''Race Direction'' sanggeus balapan, di mana [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] dihukum (dikurangan) tilu peunteun – cukup pikeun ngalantarankeun ''start'' ti jajaran pangtukangna di [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/25/pedrosa-wins-as-lorenzo-cuts-rossi-s-lead-to-7-points/188359|title=Pedrosa wins as Lorenzo cuts Rossi's lead to 7 points|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 Oktober 2015|accessdate=25 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Márquez anggeus di posisi kadua tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di Valencia, kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] ngahontal gelar juara dunya.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motorsport/34760108|title=Jorge Lorenzo beats Valentino Rossi to win third title|date=8 Nopémber 2015|accessdate=8 Nopémber 2015}}</ref> ====2016==== Dimimitian kalayan anggeus di posisi katilu di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]] sarta meunang di [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argentina]], Márquez ngahontal dua kameunangan sakaligus kalayan gawé nu dominan di [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Grand Prix Amérika]] di [[Circuit of the Americas|Texas]] pikeun mimiti mingpin juara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/10/marquez-the-team-advised-me-very-well/198438|title=Marquez: "The team advised me well"|publisher=Dorna Sports|date=10 April 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> Tim Márquez nyieun kaos kalayan logo "''Give me five''" pikeun ngareuah-reuah gelar juara dunya kalima, sésa 3 balapan panungtung di Australia, Malaysia sarta Valencia. Di [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia]] manéhna kacilakaan nalika keur mingpin balapan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/results/2016/australian-gp-29/|title=2016 Australian GP - Results - Motorsport.com|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> manéhna labuh keur ngudag ''trio'' nu kasohor di [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia]] dina kondisi nu baseuh tapi hudang deui neruskeun balap sarta anggeus di posisi ka 11 nambahan peunteun 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/results/2016/malaysian-gp-28/|title=2016 Malaysian GP - Results - Motorsport.com|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> Márquez nganggeuskeun usum 2016 kalayan posisi kadua di [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Valencian]], sanggeus bajoang pikeun nyiap lawan-lawanna saperti [[Valentino Rossi]] jeung [[Andrea Iannone]] di bagéan mimiti balapan, Márquez bisa ngaleupaskeun diri ti maranéhna sarta manéhna bisa nyiap Jorge Lorenzo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/valencia-motogp-lorenzo-holds-off-marquez-to-win-on-yamaha-swansong-849732/|title=Valencia MotoGP: Lorenzo holds off Marquez to win on Yamaha swansong|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> Total kameunangan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] manéhna 29, nu ngalantarankeun manéhna aya dina sapuluh badag sapanjang mangsa. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/sports/marc-marquez-motorcyle-champion-hometown.html?_r=0 | title = Defying Gravity, Then Listening to Mom | date= 7 February 2017 | accessdate = 8 February 2017 | publisher = ''New York Times'' | author = Raphael Minder }}</ref> ==Statistik karier== ===Kalayan usum=== {|class="wikitable" |- !Usum !Kelas !Motor !Tim !Nomer !Balap !Meunang !Podium !''Pole'' !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Posisi |- align=center ! [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] | 125cc | [[KTM]] | Repsol KTM 125cc | 93 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 63 | Ka 13 |- align=center ! [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] | 125cc | [[KTM]] | [[Red Bull]] KTM Motosport | 93 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 94 | Ka 8 |- align=center ! [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] | 125cc | [[Derbi]] | [[Red Bull]] [[Ajo Motorsport]] | 93 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 310 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] | Moto2 | [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | [[Emilio Alzamora|Team Catalunya Caixa Repsol]] | 93 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 251 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2012}} | Moto2 | [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | [[Emilio Alzamora|Team Catalunya Caixa Repsol]] | 93 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 328 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2013}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 6 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 334 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2014}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 362 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2015}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 242 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2016}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 298 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- style="text-align:center;" ! {{MGP|2017}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 38* |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3*''' |- style="text-align:center;" ! Total | | | | | '''153''' | '''56''' | '''91''' | '''67''' | '''51''' | '''2320''' | |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ===Kalayan kelas=== {|class="wikitable" |- !Kelas !Usum !GP ka 1 !Podium ka 1 !Meunang ka1 !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|Pole]] !FLap !Peunteun !{{Tooltip|Juara Dunya|World championships won}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! 125 cc | 2008–2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|2008 Portugal]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|2008 Great Britain]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|2010 Italy]] | 46 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 9 | 467 | 1 |- style="text-align:center;" ! Moto2 | 2011–2012 |align="left"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Prancis]] |align="left"| [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Prancis]] | 32 | 16 | 25 | 14 | 7 | 579 | 1 |- style="text-align:center;" ! MotoGP | 2013– |align="left"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2013 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2013 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|2013 Americas]] | 75 | 30 | 52 | 39 | 35 | 1274 | 3 |- align="center" ! Total ! 2008–Kiwari | | | | '''153''' | '''56''' | '''91''' | '''67''' | '''51''' | '''2320''' | '''5''' |} ===Kalayan taun=== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (Balap nu '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole'', balap nu ''déngdék'' nandakeun rintakan panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Taun ! Kelas ! Motor ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Posisi ! Peunteun |- !align="left"| [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[KTM]] | [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>DNS</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>18</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>12</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>19</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>6</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>9</small> | [[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | ! Ka 13 ! 63 |- !align="left"| [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[KTM]] | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''[[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>16</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>15</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>8</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>6</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>9</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>17</small> | | ! Ka 8 ! 94 |- !align="left"| [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[Derbi]] | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]'''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>7</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''[[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''[[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>4</small> | | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''310''' |- !align="left"| [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] !align="left"| Moto2 !align="left"| [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small>21</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#fff;"| [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | style="background:#fff;"| [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>WD</small> | | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''251''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2012}} !align="left"| Moto2 !align="left"| [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2012 Dutch TT|NED]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>5</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> | | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''328''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2013}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:black; color:white;"| ''[[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|<span style="color:white;">AUS]]''</span><br><small>DSQ</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''334''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2014}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''[[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br /><small>15</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>13</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''362''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2015}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2015 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''242''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2016}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>13</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>11</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''298''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2017}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2017 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2017 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |[[2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]] |[[2017 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] |[[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] |[[2017 Dutch TT|NED]] |[[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] |[[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] |[[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] |[[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] |[[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |[[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''38*''' |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ==Rékor== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/106983 |title=Austin MotoGP: Marc Marquez takes record victory in second start&nbsp;– MotoGP news |publisher=Autosport.Com |date=21 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/gear/alpinestars-releases-marc-marquez-motogp-mugello-crash-telemetry-$21382367.htm |title=Alpinestars releases Marc Marquez MotoGP Mugello crash telemetry |publisher=Motorbiketimes.com |date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619011854/http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/gear/alpinestars-releases-marc-marquez-motogp-mugello-crash-telemetry-$21382367.htm |date=2019-06-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/183072/1/marquez_replaces_pedrosa_as_top_teenager.html |title=Marquez becomes top teenager &#124; MotoGP News &#124; Aug 2012 |publisher=Crash.Net |date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.repsol.com/es_en/competicion/motociclismo/noticias/actualidad/mugello_nuevo_reto_para_pedro.aspx |title=Mugello, another challenge for Pedrosa and Márquez |publisher=repsol.com |date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110185923/http://www.repsol.com/es_en/competicion/motociclismo/noticias/actualidad/mugello_nuevo_reto_para_pedro.aspx |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/marquez+new+records |title=· Marquez: Youngest ever MotoGP™ leader |publisher=Motogp.com |date=8 May 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190305/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/marquez+new+records |date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> *Kacilakaan pangtarikna di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]]: {{convert|209|mph|abbr=on}} (kadua latihan di Mugello 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2013/Marquezs+crash+with+onscreen+data|title=Marquez's crash with on-screen data|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|accessdate=20 May 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220055/http://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2013/Marquezs+crash+with+onscreen+data |date=20 May 2014 }}</ref> *Posisi ''pole'' pangngorana di kelas Utama (Premier): {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|20}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Juara pangngorana di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngorana meunang posisi podium sakaligus teu eureun-eureun di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (Qatar, COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranna nu ngahontal ''lap'' pangtarikna di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|7}} (Qatar 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *4 posisi podium terus-terusan di 4 kelas Utama [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grands Prix]] (sarua jeung Max Biaggi)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranana nu mingpin kajuaraan kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngorana nu meunang 4 balapan terus-terusan di di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|8|25}} (Jérman-USA-Indianapolis-Républik Czech 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap mimiti (anyar) nu meunang 4 kali balapan terus-terusan di kelas Utama: (Jérman-USA-Indianapolis-Républik Czech 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu meunang di kelas Utama: 6<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu panglobana meunang pisisi ''pole'' di kelas Utama: 9<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu meunang podium di kelas Utama: 16<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu panggendéna peunteun di kelas Utama: 334<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranna nu meunang gelar di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|11|10}}<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Salah sahiji pasangan adi lanceuk nu meunang Kajuaraan Balap Motor Dunya Grand Prix, jeung [[Álex Márquez]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Alex+Marquez+a+new+World+Champion+in+the+family|title=Alex Marquez&nbsp;– a new World Champion in the family|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222004430/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Alex+Marquez+a+new+World+Champion+in+the+family |date=2015-02-22 }}</ref> *Meunang terus-terusan (ti 2013 to 2017 ) di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]]: 5<ref name="COTA" /> ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} *{{Official website|www.marcmarquez93.com}} *[http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez Marc Márquez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014159/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2012-05-04 }}&nbsp;– Profile at the official MotoGP website *{{facebook|marcmarquez1993}} {{S-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | | before = [[Julián Simón]] | after = [[Nicolás Terol]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|125 cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years=2010}} {{Succession box| before = [[Stefan Bradl]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|Moto2 World Champion]]| after = [[Pol Espargaró]] | years = {{MGP|2012}}}} {{succession box | | before = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | after = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|MotoGP World Champion]] | years={{MGP|2013}}–{{MGP|2014}} |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Andy Murray]] | after = [[Daniel Ricciardo]] | title = [[Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year|Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year]] | years = 2014 |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | after = Incumbent | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|MotoGP World Champion]] | years={{MGP|2016}} |}} {{Succession box | | before=Inaugural | after=Incumbent | title=[[Autosport]]<br />Rider of the Year | years=2016 |}} {{S-end}} {{Repsol Honda}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{500 cc/MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions}} {{250 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{125 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marquez, Marc}} [[Kategori:Tukang balap MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya Moto2]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya 125cc]] 0gamnm952g63abk75dbhltof40cteqw 0 54456 708569 708426 2026-04-26T02:06:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorsport championship | name = Balap motor Grand Prix | logo = Moto Gp logo.svg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Logo resmi MotoGP | category = [[Balap motor]] | region = [[Internasional]] | inaugural2 = [[1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1949]] | section1 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya MotoGP | constructors = [[Aprilia]], [[Ducati]], [[Honda]], [[KTM]], [[Suzuki]], [[Yamaha]] | tyres = [[Michelin]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | constructor = [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] | current_season = Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017 }} | section2 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2 | constructors = [[Kalex]], [[Suter Racing Technology|Suter]], [[Speed Up]], [[Tech 3]], [[KTM]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]] | constructor = [[Kalex]] | current_season = 2017 Moto2 season }} | section3 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto3 | constructors = [[KTM]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]], [[Honda]], [[Peugeot Motorcycles|Peugeot]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Brad Binder]] | constructor = [[KTM]] | current_season = 2017 Moto3 season }} | website = {{URL|http://www.motogp.com}} }} [[File:MotoGP final race.jpg|thumb|Balap motor Grand Prix]] '''Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix''' mimiti diayakeun ku ''[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]] ''(FIM) taun 1949.<ref name="sajarah"/> Harita sacara tradisional geus dilaksanakeun sababaraha balapan di masing-masing acara pikeun sagala rupa kelas motor, dumasar kapasitas mesin, sarta kelas pikeun ''sidecars'' (motor gandéngan nu ditapelkeun digigir).<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas-kelas nu aya harita nyaéta 50 cc, 125 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, sarta 500 cc pikeun motor nu ditumpakan ku sorangan, sarta 350 cc jeung 500 cc pikeun motor ''sidecars''.<ref name="sajarah"/> Taun 1950-an sarta sapanjang taun 1960-an, motor mesin 4 Tak pinunjul di sakuliah kelas.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina panungtungan taun 1960-an, motor mesin 2 mimiti pinunjul di kelas-kelas leutik.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1970-an motor mesin 2 Tak bener-bener nyingkahkeun mesin-mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1979, [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngusahakeun mesin 4 Tak di kelas utama kalayan nurunkeun motor NR500, tapi proyék ieu gagal, sarta dina taun 1983 [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngahontal kameunangan kalayan motor 500 cc 2 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1983, kelas 350 cc pamustunganna dieureunkeun.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas 50 cc diganti ku kelas 80 cc dina taun 1984, antukna kelas nu mindeng didominasi ku purah balap ti [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Italia]] dieureunkeun taun 1990.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas ''sidecars'' ogé dieureunkeun tina kajuaraan dunya taun 1990-an, nu aya tinggal kelas 125 cc, 250 cc, sarta kelas 500 cc.<ref name="sajarah">{{cite news |title=Sejarah MotoGP |publisher=racemotogp.com |url=http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |accessdate=22 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718220727/http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> ==Pedaran== Motor Grand Prix nyaéta mesin balap nu dijieun husus sarta teu dijual pikeun dibeuli ku masyarakat umum sarta teu meunang dipaké di jalan umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ieu béda kalayan sababaraha kategori balap dumasar produksi, saperti [[Superbike World Championship|Superbike]] sarta [[Isle of Man TT Races]] nu ngaluarkeun motor vérsi modifikasi nu dijual atawa sadia pikeun umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kiwari kajuaraan dibagi kana tilu kelas : MotoGP, Moto2 sarta Moto3.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sakabéh kelas ngagunakeun mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2010 kelas 250cc diganti ku kelas Moto2 600&nbsp;cc mesin 4 tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> taun 2012 kelas 125cc diganti ku kelas Moto3 250cc mesin 4 tak kalayan wates beurat 65&nbsp;kg kalayan béngsin, sarta kapasitas mesin pikeun MotoGP dironjatkeun tina 800&nbsp;cc ka 1.000&nbsp;cc.<ref name="GradPrix">{{cite news|title=MotoGP|publisher=sportcentral.es|url=http://sportcentral.es/motogp|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031023302/http://sportcentral.es/motogp/ |date=2016-10-31 }}</ref> Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix [[FIM]] mimiti diorganisir ku ''[[''Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme''|Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]]'' taun 1949.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hak komérsial kiwari dipibanda ku [[Dorna Sports]], kalayan [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] minangka badan sanksi olahraga.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Tim-tim diwakilan ku ''International Road Racing Teams Association'' (IRTA) sarta produsén ku ''Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association'' (MSMA).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan sarta parobahan tetekon diputuskeun antara opat éntitas, kalayan [[Dorna Sports|Dorna]] ngalakukeun ngumpulkeun sora sacara ''[[tie-breaking]]''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina kasus modifikasi téknis, MSMA wenang sacara sapihak ngalakukeun atawa ngavéto parobahan kalayan sora buleud di antara para anggotanna.<ref name="organization">{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=MOTOGP: Dorna CEO Advocates Limits on Electronics in MotoGP |publisher=SPEEDTV.com |date=2007-12-21 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |accessdate=2008-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |archivedate=2008-05-06 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |date=2008-05-06 }}</ref> Kaopat éntitas ieu ngawangun Komisi Grand Prix.<ref name="GradPrix"/> [[File:2006YamahaYZR-M1-001.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Motor Yamaha YZR-M1 MotoGP (2006)]] Balap motor Grand Prix kelas utama geus robah sacara dramatis dina sababraha taun panungtung.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ti tengah-tengan taun 1970 nepi ka taun 2001, kelas utama balap motor Grand Prix ngarobah mesin 500 cc kalayan maksimal opat séher, teu paduli naha mesin éta [[two-stroke cycle|2-Tak]] atawa [[four-stroke cycle|4- Tak]].<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2002, parobahan tetekon diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan kasebut ngidinan produsén milih antara mesin 2-Tak 500 cc atawa mesin 4-Tak ti 990 cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pabrikan ogé diidinan pikeun ngagunakeun pilihan [[engine configuration|konfigurasi mesin]] maranéhna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sanajan waragad ngaronjat badag dina ngawangun mesin 4-Tak, lantaran kaleuwihan kapasitas 490cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mesin 4-Tak bisa gancang pinunjul ti saingan 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Akibatna, taun 2003 euweuh mesin 2-Tak dina balapan MotoGP.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kelas 125 cc jeung 250 cc masih maké mesin 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2007, kelas MotoGP kapasitas mesin maksimum dikurangan jadi 800 cc salila minimal lima taun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pikeun usum 2012 kapasitasna geus ngaronjat deu jadi 1.000 cc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/8409225.stm|title=MotoGP increases engine size to 1,000&nbsp;cc in 2012|date=10 January 2010|publisher=''[[BBC Sport]]''}}</ref> [[File:Motogp-kal.png|thumb|Usum MotoGP nu has]] Kalender balap taun 2008 ngawengku 18 rintakan di 15 nagara nu béda (Qatar, Spanyol nu ngayakeun tilu rintakan, Portugal, China, Prancis, Itali, Britania Raya, Walanda, Jérman, Amérika dua rintakan, Républik Céko, San Marino, Jepang, Australia sarta Malaysia).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Eksklusif pikeun kelas MotoGP, aya ogé rintakan Amérika di [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]] di [[Monterey, California]], pikeun kelas 800&nbsp;cc wungkul; ku sabab ''paddock'' teu cukup gedé pikeun dua kelas lianna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2008, MotoGP diayakeun di [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] nu munggaran dina jalur nu anyar disiapkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Katilu kelas kasebut dijadwalkeun balap tapi angin tarik sarta hujan antukna kelas 250 cc teu jadi balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan MotoGP di Indianapolis ngalawan arah jarum jam, kalayan "''snake pit''" kompléks ngaliwatan garis ''start-finish'' saancan ka péngkolan hiji jalur pondok sarta asup bagéan tengah sirkuit.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ''Grid'' ngawengku tilu kolom (Opat pikeun kelas 125&nbsp;cc sarta kelas 250&nbsp;cc) sarta bisa asup sakitar 20 urang purah balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Posisi ''grid'' diputuskeun dina urutan kualifikasi kacepatan, kalayan nu panggancangna di posisi [[Pole position|pole]] atwa posisi kahiji.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan lumangsung kira-kira 45 menit, setiap balapan mangrupa pagancang-gancang ti awal nepi ka ahir tanpa ngadu bahan beuleum atawa gilinding.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2005, tetekon bandéra pikeun MotoGP diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Saméméhna, lamun mimiti balapan garing terus turun hujan, patugas ngébérkeun bandéra beurem (balapan eureun) sarta diteruskeun atawa dibalikan deui maké gilinding husus baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ayeuna, nalika hujan turun, bandera bodas dikébérkeun, nandakeun yén purah balap bisa asup ''pit'' pikeun ngaganti motor nu béda gilindingna <ref>{{cite news |title=Barros Dominates Rain-Hit Contest in Portugal |publisher=world.honda.com|date=17 April 2005|url=http://world.honda.com/WGP/2005/02portugal/race/|accessdate=23 Juni 2017}}</ref> Sagédkngeun béda gilinding, motor cuaca baseuh mibanda rém rotor waja sarta ''[[brake pads]]'' nu béda tibatan rém karbon sarta pedal nu digunakeun dina motor 'garing'.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ku sabab rém karbon kudu kaayan panas supaya pungsina hadé, sedengkeun cai ngalantarankeun tiis.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Suspénsi ogé 'ngahipuan' rada naék ku sabab cuaca baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Nalika purah balap kacilakaan, patugas sirkuit ngébérkeun bandéra konéng, ngalarang ngaliwat ka daérah éta; bandéra konéng dikébérkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mun purah balap nu cilaka teu bisa diévakuasi kalayan salamet ti lintasan, balapan ditandaan kalayan bandéra beureum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aya dua jenis kacilakaan balap motor : [[lowsider|lowside]], kalayan purah balap awalna nuturkeun motorna (labuh bareng jeung motor), sarta nu leuwih bahaya [[highsider|highside]], kalayan purah balap nu ngacleng tina motor.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ngaronjatkeun ngagunakeun [[traction control system|kontrol traksi]] ngurangan kacilakaan ''highside''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hiji motor tingkat pangluhurna pikeun purah balap kira-kira méakeun waragad 3 nepi 3,5 juta dollar pikeun hiji usum balap.<ref>[http://www.sportbikes.net/forums/general-sportbikes/434433-idiots-guide-motogp-part-ii.html ''THE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO MOTOGP: How to increase costs and decrease speed (Part II)''] sportbikes.net Moto GP News 3 January 2006.</ref> Minangka alatan [[Global financial crisis of 2008–2009|krisi finansial 2008–2009]], MotoGP geus ngalaman parobahan dina usaha ngurangan waragad.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Di antarana ngurangan sési latihan poé Juma'ah, ngalarang suspénsi aktif, kontrol sarta rém karamik komposit, manjangkeun umur mesin, sarta ngurangan sési pangujian.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIM announce changes to 2009 regulations |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-02-18 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |accessdate=23 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908150013/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |date=2012-09-08 }}</ref> ==Purah balap== Purah balap nguriling dunya pikeun balapan dina séri Kajuaraan Dunya FIM taunan.<ref name = "purahbalap"/>   Kajuaraan ieu loba pamilonna ti [[Italia]] jeung [[Spanyol]], loba purah balap nu pinunjul ti nagara ieu di awal abad ka-21.<ref name = "purahbalap"/> Pikeun usum balapan taun 2011, 25 purah balap ti delapan nagara milu balap di kajuaraan kelas utama.<ref name = "purahbalap">{{cite web|title=MotoGP World Championships Upcoming Events of 2017|url=http://vipsuperbiker.com/motogp-world-championships-upcoming-events-of-2017/|publisher=vipsuperbiker.com|accessdate=26 Juni 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Juara=== Hadiah Kajuaraan Dunya dibikeun ka purah balap paling suksés dina hiji usum, saperti nu ditangtukeun ku sistim peunteun dumasar hasil Grand Prix.<ref name = "juara"/> Juara Dunya satiap kategori wajib pikeun milu upacara resmi FIM.<ref name = "juara">{{cite web|title=MotoGP Reglement 2016|url=http://www.motorsport-total.com/motorrad/MotoGP-Reglement-2016.pdf|publisher=motorsport-total.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Giacomo Agostini]] nyaéta juara paling suksés dina sajarah Grand Prix, kalayan 15 gelar (8 di kelas 500&nbsp;cc sarta 7 di kelas 350&nbsp;cc).<ref name = "Agostini">{{cite web|title=Giacomo Agostini|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316213403/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini |date=2015-03-16 }}</ref> [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]], nu meunang 12 tina 15 (80%) balapan 500&nbsp;cc di [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|Usum Balap motor Grand Prix 1997]] ogé pantes diajénan.<ref name = "Doohan">{{cite web|title=Mick Doohan|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025022347/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan |date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> [[Valentino Rossi]] mangrupa purah balap kontémporér nu paling suksés, geus meunang salapan gelar kaasup genep gelar Moto GP, di kelas 500&nbsp;cc, 250&nbsp;cc jeung 125&nbsp;cc.<ref>{{cite web|last=MotoGP|title=Valentino Rossi|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi|work=MotoGP Rider Profiles|publisher=Dorna Sports S.L.|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074112/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi |date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> Juara purah balap ayeuna ([[2016 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2016]]) nyaéta [[Marc Márquez]].<ref name = "Marquez">{{cite web|title=Marc Marquez|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014159/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2012-05-04 }}</ref> ==Sirkuit MotoGP== [[File:MotoGP world map.png|thumb|300px|Peta MotoGP. Nagara-nagara nu ditandaan kalayan kelir héjo jadi tuan rumah grand prix panungtung, maranéhna nu beureum geus jadi tuan rumah MotoGP mangsa kaliwat.]] Usum balap [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017|MotoGP 2017]] ngawengku 18 balapan di sirkuit di 15 nagara nu béda ([[Spanyol]] opat kali rintakan ngayakeun balapan).<ref name=prov2015>{{cite news|title=2015 provisional MotoGP™ calendar announced|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=26 September 2014|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008015819/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced |date=8 October 2014 }}</ref> *{{QAT}}, [[Doha]], [[Losail International Circuit]] *{{ARG}}, [[Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo]] *{{USA}}, [[Austin]], [[Circuit of the Americas]] *{{SPA}}, [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Circuito de Jerez]] *{{FRA}}, [[Le Mans]], [[Circuit Bugatti]] *{{ITA}}, [[Scarperia]], [[Mugello Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Montmelo]], [[Circuit de Catalunya]] *{{NLD}}, [[Assen]], [[TT Circuit Assen]] *{{GER}}, [[Chemnitz]], [[Sachsenring]] *{{AUT}}, [[Spielberg]], [[Red Bull Ring]] *{{CZE}}, [[Brno]], [[Masaryk Circuit]] *{{UK}}, [[Silverstone]], [[Silverstone Circuit]] *{{SMR}}, [[Rimini]], [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli]] *{{SPA}}, [[Alcañiz]], [[Ciudad del Motor de Aragón|Motorland Aragon]] *{{JPN}}, [[Motegi, Tochigi|Motegi]], [[Twin Ring Motegi]] *{{AUS}}, [[Phillip Island]], [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit]] *{{MAS}}, [[Sepang]], [[Sepang Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Valencia]], [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo]] ==Spésifikasi== ===Kelas MotoGP=== [[File:Casey Stoner 2011 Brno 1.jpg|thumb|[[Casey Stoner]] di MotoGP [[Brno]]]] <nowiki/>Kacepatan pangtarikna pikeun motor MotoGP dina kategori 125 cc nyaéta 249,76&nbsp;km / jam (155,19&nbsp;mph) ku Valentino Rossi taun 1996 pikeun Aprilia sarta kacepatan pangtarikna dina sajarah MotoGP nyaéta {{convert|361|km/h|abbr=on}}, ku Andréa Dovizioso, nalika pamansan di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Qatar 2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2015/QAT/MotoGP/RAC/AverageSpeed.pdf?v1_9b1c9216| title=Race Top Speed & Average|date=2015-03-29|work=MotoGP.com |accessdate=2014-06-02}}</ref> Tanggal 11 December, 2009, Komisi Grand Prix ngabéwarakeun yén kelas MotoGP baris dironjatkeun jadi mesin 1.000 cc mimiti usum 2012. Maksimum diwates nepi ka 1.000 cc, séher maksimum diwates nepi ka opat, sarta ''bore'' maksimum nepi ka {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name="1000again">{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/1/5275/Motorcycle-Article/MotoGP-Goes-Back-to-1,000&nbsp;cc-in-2012.aspx |title=MotoGP Goes Back to 1,000 cc in 2012 |publisher=Motorcycle-usa.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-27 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Carmelo Ezpeleta, Céo [[Dorna Sports]], nunjukkeun yén parobahan nu diproyéksikeun ditarima ku tim kalayan hadé.<ref>[http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes//P3/ " MOTOGP: Rossi Quickest As Sepang Test Concludes,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731152118/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes/P3 |date=2010-07-31 }} ''[[SPEEDtv.com]]'' (2010).</ref> Ti taun 2012, tim-tim nu teu asup salah sahiji produsén gedé bisa néangan status "''claiming rule team''" (CRT).<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT dimaksudkeun supaya tim independén bisa saingan kalayan waragad leuwih murah sarta nambah jumlah pamilon di MotoGP.<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT diuntungkeun tina paraturan nu kurang ketat ngunaan jumlah mesin nu bisa digunakeun dina hiji usum, sarta kalayan tunjangan bahan beuleum nu leuwih gedé salila balapan.<ref name = "CRT"/> Kalayan paraturan klaim, CRT satuju pikeun ngidinan nepi ka opat mesin per usum pikeun diklaim, sanggaeus balapan, ku salah sahiji tim produsén utama kalayan waragad masing-masing gedéna €20,000 kaasup persenéleng, atawa masing-masing €15,000 pikeun mesin wungkul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs|title=Corrado Cecchinelli talks CRT regulations|date=2011-05-03|work=MotoGP.com|accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114515/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs |date=2013-06-27 }}</ref> Ti usum taun 2014, kelas CRT diturunkeun demi spésifikasi "''Open Class''" - ngidinan tim ngagunakeun pakakas kontrol ECU sarta pikeun ngaronjatkeun daya saing maranéhna.<ref name = "CRT">[http://motomatters.com/news/2013/10/17/motogp_rules_update_crt_name_dropped_rep.html MotoGP Rules Update: 'CRT' Name Dropped, Replaced With 'Open'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217064715/http://motomatters.com/news/2013/10/17/motogp_rules_update_crt_name_dropped_rep.html |date=2014-12-17 }} Motomatters, 17 October 2013 Retrieved 2014-12-17</ref> ===Kelas Moto2=== Moto2 (dipikawanoh ogé kelas 600cc class) nyaéta kelas 600&nbsp;cc 4-Tak, [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Moto2 introduction|diluncurkeun taun 2010]] pikeun ngagantikeun kelas tradisional 250&nbsp;cc 2-Tak.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Mesin dipasok sacara éksklusif ku Honda,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html| title=Honda Moto2 Engines To Produce 125 BHP| publisher=motomatters.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164746/https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> gilinding ku [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] sarta éléktronik kawates sarta ngan dipasok ku produsén nu ditunjuk ku FIM kalayan waragad maksimum nu ditetepkeun gedéna 650 EUR. Rém cakram karbon dilarang, ngan cakram rém waja nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Sanajan kitu, euweuh watesan pikeun rangka.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Ti taun 2010 jeung saterusna, ngan mesin 600&nbsp;cc 4-T Moto2 nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600" >{{cite news | url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2008/december/dec1108-moto2-600cc-rules-unveiled/ | title=Moto2 600cc four-stroke rules unveiled | publisher =motorcyclenews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> ===Kelas Moto3=== Kelas 125&nbsp;cc diganti taun [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Class changes|2012]] ku kelad Moto3.<ref name = "motot3"/> Kelas ieu diwatesan pikeun mesin opat seher kapasitas 250 cc kalayan ''bore'' maksimum {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Beurat total minimum pikeun motor sarta purah balap nyaéta {{convert|152|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Purah balap kelas Moto3 teu meunang leuwih kolot ti 28 taun, atawa 25 taun pikeun purah balap anyar kontrak nu mimiti ngiluan sarta ''wild-cards''.<ref name = "motot3">{{cite web|url=https://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp|title=What is MotoGP|work=srm-sachsenring.de|accessdate=2014-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502034337/http://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp |date=2016-05-02 }}</ref> ===Spésifikasi mesin=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Spésifikasi !! MotoGP !! Moto2 !! Moto3 |- | {{rh}} | Pabrik || Rupa-rupa || [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] || Rupa-rupa |- | {{rh}} | Konfigurasi || 75.5°-90° [[V4 engine|V4]]/[[Inline-four engine|Sagaris-opat]] || sagaris-opat || [[Single-cylinder engine|sa-séher]] |- | {{rh}} | Kapasitas || {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|250|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Kombusi || colspan="3" | [[Four-stroke]] (ti taun 2012) |- | {{rh}} | Kelép || colspan="3" | [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]], opat-kelép per séher |- | {{rh}} | Bahan beuleum || Tanpa timbal 100 [[Octane rating|octane]] (euweuh kontrol) || colspan="2" | [[Total S.A.|Total]] tanpa timbal 98 [[Octane rating|octane]] (saprak 2016) |- | {{rh}} | Sistim bahan beuleum || colspan="3" | [[Fuel injection|Bahan beuleum injéksi]] |- | {{rh}} | Aspirasi || colspan="3" | [[Naturally aspirated engine|Natural aspiration]] |- | {{rh}} | tanaga || {{convert|240|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|140|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|55|bhp|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Rasio Tanaga-ka-beurat || 1.51&nbsp;bhp/kg || ~1&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes|title=Inside MotoGP™ · Bikes|last=Sports|first=Dorna|website=www.motogp.com|access-date=2016-04-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408201403/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes |date=2016-04-08 }}</ref> || ~0.6&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports"/> |- | {{rh}} | Palumasan || colspan="3" | [[Wet sump]] |- | {{rh}} | Wates Rev || colspan="2" | 17,500 - 18,000 rpm || 14,000 rpm |- | {{rh}} | Kacepatan || {{convert|361|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|231|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Paniis || colspan="3" | Kompa cai tunggal |- | {{rh}} | Busi || colspan="3" | [[NGK]] |- |} ===Beurat=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:450px;" |+ Beurat minimum - Kelas MotoGP |- !Jumlah séher !2002 minimum !2007 minimum !2010 minimum |- !2 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|137|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !3 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|140.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|142.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !4 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|148|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !5 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|155.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|157.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !6 |{{convert|155|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|163|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|165|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |} * Dina taun 2005, kapasitas [[fuel tank|téngki bahan beuleum]] dironjatkeun ti 20 léter ka 24 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Dina taun 2006, kapasitas tengki bahan beuleum dikurangan saeutik ti 24 léter ka 22 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Ti taun 2007 jeung saterusna, sarta pikeun jangka waktu minimal lima taun, FIM geus ngatur kelas MotoGP yén mesin 2-T geus teu diidinan.<ref name = "tengki"/> Kapasitas bahan beuleum maksimal jadi 21 léter.<ref name = "tengki" >{{cite news | url=http://www.bikesportnews.com/news/news-detail/motogp-fuel-limit-set-at-22-litres-for-2016| title=MotoGP fuel limit set at 22 litres for 2016 | publisher =bikesportnews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Ti taun 2007 ka taun 2011, mesin 4-Tak diwates nepi ka 800&nbsp;cc <ref name = "800cc" >{{cite news| url=http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp| title=MotoGP| publisher=sportrider.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727160148/http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp |date=2017-07-27 }}</ref> *Dina taun 2012 kapasitas mesin dironjatkeun jadi 1000cc<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP Basics|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190339/http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines |date=2013-02-02 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2013 minimum beurat dironjatkeun ka {{convert|160|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/176551/1/why-the-motogp-weight-limit-changed.html| title=How the MotoGP weight increase happened| publisher =crash.net|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2015 minimum beurat diturunkeun ka {{convert|158|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP™ software development freeze for mid-2015|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/09/14/motogp-software-development-freeze-for-mid-2015/165095}}</ref> ==Gilinding== Pikeun taun 2009, 2010 sarta 2011, panyadia gilinding Bridgestone ditunjuk ku FIM (kalayan Michelin teu nyadiaan gilinding pikeun MotoGP).<ref name = gilinding/> Bridgestone nyadiakeun pikeun sakabéh usum opat spesifikasi nu béda ti gilinding hareup, genep gilinding tukang, sarta hiji spésifikasi gilinding baseuh—kalayan tanpa spésifikasi kualifikasi.<ref name = gilinding/> Pikeun satiap rintakan Bridgestone disadiakeun ngan dua spésifikasi pikeun hareup jeung tukang.<ref name = gilinding/> Gilinding sacara acak dibagikeun ka purah balap pikeun ngajamin teu mihak ka salah sahiji purah balap.<ref name = gilinding >{{cite web |url=http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |title=Bridgestone: How MotoGP Spec Tyres Will Work |accessdate=30 Juni 2017 |date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=SuperbikePlanet.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |archivedate=February 7, 2009 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref> Jorge Lorenzo ngarojong tetekon mono gilinding.<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2009/December/dec2809-Jorge-Lorenzo-satisfied-with-single-tyre-rule/?R=EPI-120980 ''Jorge Lorenzo satisfied with single tyre rule''] motorcyclenews</ref> Dina panungtung usum taun 2015, Bridgestone  ngundurkeun diri minangka panyadia gilinding resmi ka MotoGP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/01/bridgestone-to-withdraw-from-motogp-after-the-2015-season/163974 | title = Bridgestone to withdraw from MotoGP™ after the 2015 season | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}}</ref> Nurutkeun tender formal, produsen gilinding Perancis [[Michelin]] jadi panyadia resmi pikeun usum 2016, sarta pangujian di Aragon dimimitian sanggeus ahir usum 2015.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/23/michelin-to-become-motogp-official-tyre-supplier/164181 | title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}}</ref> ==Sistim peunteun== {| class="wikitable" |+ Sistim peunteun kiwari <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points| title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier| accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709093528/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points |date=2017-07-09 }}</ref> ! Posisi ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 |- ! Peunteun | 25 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |} * ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.motogp.com}} Balap motor Grand Prix {{MotoGP}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{Grand Prix motorcycle racing}} {{Main world championships}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing}} [[Kategori:Balap motor Grand Prix]] [[Kategori:Fédération International Motorcycle]] 63023dn5w3vlzry7bbiv80bn87gr5zl 0 62847 708582 659586 2026-04-26T06:31:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Motorcycle | name = Honda RC213V | image = [[File:Marc Marquez 2013.jpg|250px]] | caption = [[Marc Márquez]], numpak Honda RC213V, di [[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix| Grand Prix Inggris 2013 ]]. | aka = | manufacturer = [[Honda Racing Corporation]] | production = 2011 | predecessor = [[Honda RC212V]] | parent_company = | class = | platform = | engine = {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[four-stroke engine|4-Tak]] [[V4 engine|V4]] | transmission = | rake = | trail = | wheelbase = | length = | width = | seat_height = | dry_weight = | wet_weight = | fuel_economy = | fuel_capacity = }} '''Honda RC213V''' nyaéta motor balap nu dimekarkeun pikeun balapan di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] pikeun usum [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2012 |2012]] jeung saterusna.<ref name = "Robah2012"/> Tetekon pikeun taun 2012 ngidinan kapasitas mesin nepikeun ka ''{{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}}'', kalayan lobana kelép diwates 4 siki sarta maksimal liang sehér 81mm.<ref name = "Robah2012">{{cite news |title=MotoGP changes for 2012 |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-12-11 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announcement+for+2012+MotoGP |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080855/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announcement+for+2012+MotoGP |date=2013-06-07 }}</ref> Ngaran modél dumasar kana:<ref name="MCride">{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/features/honda_rc211v_gp/ |title=We Ride Honda's RC211V GP bike! |accessdate=2007-02-01 |publisher=[[Motorcyclist]] }}</ref> * '''RC'''= Awalan balap tradisional Honda pikeun motor 4-Tak <ref name="MCride"/> * '''213'''= Motor karya mimiti dina abad ka-21. <ref name="MCride"/> * '''V'''= [[Mesin V]] <ref name="MCride"/> ==Sajarah== Dina taun [[Balap motor grand Prix usum 2012|2012]], [[Repsol Honda|Honda]] nurunkeun dua rupa RC213V pabrikan, dipaké ku tim [[Repsol Honda]] [[Casey Stoner]] jeung [[Dani Pedrosa]]; nu katilu jeung nu kaopat dipaké ku [[Álvaro Bautista]] ti tim [[Gresini Racing]] sarta [[Stefan Bradl]] ti tim [[Team LCR|LCR]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gresini confirms Bautista signature for 2012 |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=09 Séptémber 2011 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Rizla+Suzuki+and+Bautista+part+ways |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729123934/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Rizla+Suzuki+and+Bautista+part+ways |date=2014-07-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LCR Honda sign Bradl on two-year deal |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=17 Séptémber 2011 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/LCR+Honda+Bradl+twoyear+MotoGP+deal |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083000/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/LCR+Honda+Bradl+twoyear+MotoGP+deal |date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> [[Jonathan Rea]], ogé milu balap di dua [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] ngaganti purah balap [[Casey Stoner]] lantaran kacilakaan di Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jonathan Rea to replace injured Casey Stoner for MotoGP rounds |publisher=bbc.com |date=26 Agustus 2012 |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/northern-ireland/19386277|accessdate=21 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina mangsa tés saacan usum mimiti [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] mangrupa pangpunjulna maké Honda RC213V anyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Repsol Honda Team leads the way on the first day of Valencia Test with the new RC213V |publisher=Honda |date=08 Séptémber 2011 |url=http://world.honda.com/HRC/repsolhondateam/news2011/20111108/ |accessdate=21 Juni 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Valencia Test draws to a close with Pedrosa quickest |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=09 Séptémber 2011 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Valencia+MotoGP+Test+Wednesday+final |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kalayan gabungan usaha maranéhna, purah balap [[Repsol Honda]] meunang 12 kali balapan tina 18, sarta ngahontal juara purah balap ka 2 jeung ka 3, Honda RC213V mimiti ngahontal juara kahiji konstruktor, dina taun mimiti tetekon mesin 1000cc. <ref>{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2012 |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=11 Nopémber 2012 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2012/VAL/MotoGP/World+Standing |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519213356/http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2012/VAL/MotoGP/World+Standing |date=2017-05-19 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2012 |publisher=resources.motogp.com |date=11 Nopémber 2012 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2012/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_209d7b03 |accessdate=21 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina taun [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]], juara dunya [[Moto2]] [[Marc Márquez]] ngaganti [[Casey Stoner]] di tim [[Repsol Honda]], sarta ngahontal juara dunya maké motor Honda RC213V.<ref name = "Juara2013"/><ref name = "Juara2013&Konstr"/> [[Dani Pedrosa]] juara katilu, sarta Honda RC213V ngahontal juara konstruktor kadua kalina dina taun kadua.<ref name = "Juara2013">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2013 |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=10 Nopémber 2013 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2013/VAL/MotoGP/World+Standing |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721035901/http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2013/VAL/MotoGP/World+Standing |date=2017-07-21 }}</ref><ref name = "Juara2013&Konstr">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2013 |publisher=resources.motogp.com |date=10 Nopémber 2013 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v13_62c4bc5c |accessdate=21 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina taun [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2014|2014]], mangsa tés mimiti saacan usum balap di [[Sepang International Circuit|Sepang]] Honda RC213V jadi pinunjul waktu panngancangna, kalayan para purah balapna aya di posisi ka 1, ka 3, ka 5 sarta ka 6 dina poé mimiti tés di Sepang sarta posisi ka 1, ka 2, ka 3 sarta ka 9 dina poé kadua.<ref>{{cite news | title=MotoGP Sepang Test&nbsp;– Day 2 Summary: Fuel And Tires Favor Honda, Ducati Improves, & Hayden Suffers | publisher=Asphalt & Rubber | date=05 Pébruari 2014| accessdate=21 Juni 2017 | url=http://www.asphaltandrubber.com/motogp/motogp-sepang-test-day-2-summary/}}</ref> ==Produk balap== ===RCV1000R=== Tanggal 7 Nopémber 2013 [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] ngawanohkeun [[Honda RCV1000R|RCV1000R]] nu baris dipaké mimiti taun 2014 di kelas "kabuka" [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref name = "RCV1000R"/> Opat purah balap baris balap maké [[Honda RCV1000R|RCV1000R]] taun 2014, [[Nicky Hayden]] sarta masih kudu dikonfirmasi purah balap kadua di [[Tim Aspar]], [[Scott Redding]] ([[Tim Gresini Honda]]) sarta [[Karel Abraham]] ([[Tim Cardion AB]]).<ref name = "RCV1000R"/> [[Casey Stoner]] purah balap [[Repsol Honda|HRC]] nu dua kali Juara Dunya geus mecakan [[Honda RCV1000R|RCV1000R]] sarta ngedalkeun hal nu positif ka insinyur [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]].<ref name = "RCV1000R">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Honda+Racing+Corporation+unveils+RCV1000R+for+2014|title=HRC unveils RCV1000R for 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=21 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205162443/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Honda+Racing+Corporation+unveils+RCV1000R+for+2014 |date=2015-02-05 }}</ref> Sasis [[Honda RCV1000R|RCV1000R]] dumasar kana Honda RC213V, sarta mesin 90º V4 nu ngahasilkeun tanaga leuwih ti 235hp dina 16.000 rpm, kalayan migunakeun kelép pér sarta ''gear box'' tradisional.<ref name = "RCV1000R"/> ===RC213V-RS=== {{Infobox Motorcycle | name = Honda RC213V-RS | image =<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Honda RC213V-RS.jpg|250px]] --> | caption = [[Jack Miller (motorcycle racer)|Jack Miller]] rode a Honda RC213V-RS at [[Circuito de Jerez|Jerez]]. | aka = | manufacturer = [[Honda Racing Corporation]] | production = 2014 | predecessor = [[Honda RCV1000R]] | parent_company = | class = | platform = | engine = {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[four-stroke engine|4-tak]] [[V4 engine|V4]] | transmission = | rake = | trail = | wheelbase = | length = | width = | seat_height = | dry_weight = | wet_weight = | fuel_economy = | fuel_capacity = | related = Honda RC213V }} Pikeun usum balap taun {{MGP|2015}} [[Honda RCV1000R]] diganti ku [[Honda RC213V-RS]], migunakeun kelép ''pneumatik'' tapi henteu migunakeun ''seamless shift gearbox.''<ref name = "RC213V-RS"/> Honda RC213V-RS dasarna mah nyaéta mesin pabrikan taun ieu nu dipaké ku juara dunya [[Marc Márquez|Marc Marquez]] tanpa migunakeun ''seamless shift gearbox'' sarta kudu maké [[Electronic Control Unit|ECU]] standar nu disadiakeun ku [[Dorna Sports|Dorna]].<ref name = "RC213V-RS">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2014/october/honda-confirms-new-rc213v-rs-wont-be-ready-until-february/|title=Honda confirms new RC213V-RS won't be ready until February|work=motorcyclenews.com|publisher=motorcyclenews.com|date=15 Oktober 2014|accessdate=21 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==Spésifikasi== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;" |- | ! 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/2012/index.html |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP&nbsp;– Spec |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> !width="100px"| 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rc213v-2013/ |title=Machine: RC213V 2013 |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 |publisher=motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> !width="100px"| 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rc213v-2014/ |title=Machine: RC213V 2014 |accessdate=21 Juni 2017 |publisher=motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | Panjang | colspan=3 | {{convert|2052|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- | Rubak | colspan=3 | {{convert|645|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- | Jangkung | colspan=3 | {{convert|1110|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- | Jarak Gilinding | colspan=3 | {{convert|1435|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- | Jarak Jalan | colspan=3 | {{convert|115|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- | Beurat | Luewih ti {{convert|157|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} dumasar tetekon [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] | colspan=2 | Leuwih ti {{convert|160|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} dumassar tetekon [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] |- | Tipeu Mesin | colspan=3 | [[Water cooling|Paniis-cai]], [[Four-stroke cycle|4-Tak]], [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Multi-valve|4 Klép]], [[V4 engine|V-4]] |- | Kapasitas | colspan=3 | {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} |- | Tanaga Maksimal | colspan=3 | Leuwih ti 176&nbsp;kW (over 230&nbsp;hp) |- | Pangtarikna | colspan=3 | Leuwih ti 350&nbsp;km/hour |- | Kapasitas Bahan Beuleum | {{convert|21|L|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|20|L|abbr=on}} |- | Tipeu Sasis | colspan=3 | Aluminum Twin Spar |- | Suspénsi | colspan=3 | Hareup : Garpuh Telescopik (Öhlins) Tukang : Pro-Link (Öhlins) |- | Rém | colspan=3 | Hareup : Keramik Karbon (Brembo) Tukang : Plat Waja (Yutaka) |} ==Hasil MotoGP lengkep == ===Ringkesan motor=== *Gelar Juara Dunya: :Konstruktor: 4 ({{MGP|2012}},<ref name = "GP2012">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2012/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_209d7b03|title=MotoGP World Standing 2012|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=11 Nopémber 2012|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> {{MGP|2013}},<ref name = "GP2013">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v13_62c4bc5c|title=MotoGP World Standing 2013|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=10 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> {{MGP|2014}},<ref name = "GP2014">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v13_62c4bc5c|title=MotoGP World Standing 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=09 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> {{MGP|2016}}<ref name = "GP2016">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v13_62c4bc5c|title=MotoGP World Standing 2016|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=13 Nopémber 2016|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref>) :Purah balap: 3 ([[Marc Márquez]] [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]],<ref name = "GP2013"/> [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2014|2014]],<ref name = "GP2014"/> [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2016|2016]] <ref name = "GP2016"/>) :Tim: 3 ([[Repsol Honda]] [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2012|2012]],<ref name = "GP2012"/> [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]]<ref name = "GP2013"/>, [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2014|2014]]<ref name = "GP2014"/>) *Meunang balap: 47 :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2016|2016]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 5, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 1, [[Crutchlow]] 1, [[Jack Miller|Miller]] 1 (total 8)<ref name = "GP2016"/> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2015|2015]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 5, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 2 (total 7)<ref name = "GP2015">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v13_62c4bc5c|title=MotoGP World Standing 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=08 Nopémber 2015|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2014|2014]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 13, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 1 (total 14)<ref name = "GP2014"/> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 6, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 3 (total 9)<ref name = "GP2013"/> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2012|2012]]: [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 7, [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] 5 (total 12)<ref name = "GP2012"/> *Posisi ''Pole'': 51 :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2016|2016]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 6, [[Crutchlow]] 1 (total 7)<ref name = "Pole2016">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2016/VAL/PolePositions.pdf?v1_01ec2429|title=Pole Positions|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=12 Nopémber 2016|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2015|2015]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 8, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 1 (total 9)<ref name = "Pole2015">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2015/VAL/PolePositions.pdf?v1_bb493206|title=Pole Positions|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=07 Nopémber 2015|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2014|2014]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 13, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 1 (total 14)<ref name = "Pole2014">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2014/VAL/PolePositions.pdf?v3_7f10b23e|title=Pole Positions|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=08 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]]: [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] 9, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 2, [[Stevan Bradl|Bradl]] 1 (total 12)<ref name = "Pole2013">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2013/VAL/PolePositions.pdf?v3_158ce31a|title=Pole Positions|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=09 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> :[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2012|2012]]: [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] 5, [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] 5, [[Alvaro Bautista|Bautista]] 1 (total 11)<ref name = "Pole2012">{{cite news|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2012/VAL/PolePositions.pdf?v5_f3d1b07b|title=Pole Positions|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=10 Nopémber 2012|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> Hasil akurat ieu nepi ka [[Grand Prix Jepang 2016|GP Jepang 2016]]. ===Hasil RC213V === ([[Citakan:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (hasil nu ditulis '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole''; hasil nu ditulis in ''déngdék'' nandakeun ''lap'' panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |- ! Taun ! Gilinding ! Tim ! No. ! Purah balap ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Peunteun ! {{Tooltip|Juara|Riders' championship position}} |- ! rowspan="6"| {{MGP|2012}} | rowspan="6"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2012 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2012 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- | rowspan="3"| Repsol Honda Team || 1 || [[Casey Stoner]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|''3'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|1 |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''1''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|'''4''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''1''' |style="background:#efcfff;"|'''Ret''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#ffffbf;"|1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|'''254''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|'''Ka 3''' |- || 26 || [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|'''4''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|''2'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|''1'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''''2''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|''3'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|1 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"|''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|''1'' |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''332''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''Ka 2''' |- || 56 || [[Jonathan Rea]] || || || || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 || || || || ! 17 ! Ka 21 |- || LCR Honda MotoGP || 6 || [[Stefan Bradl]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret ! 135 ! Ka 8 |- || San Carlo Honda Gresini || 19 || [[Álvaro Bautista]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|'''4''' |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 ! 178 ! Ka 5 |- ! rowspan="5"| {{MGP|2013}} | rowspan="5"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] || [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- || LCR Honda MotoGP || 6 || [[Stefan Bradl]] |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''2''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 ! 156 ! Ka 7 |- || GO & FUN Honda Gresini || 19 || [[Álvaro Bautista]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 ! 171 ! Ka 6 |- | rowspan="2"| Repsol Honda Team || 26 || [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"|1 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''2''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''2''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"|4 |style="background:#ffffff;"|DNS |style="background:#dfffdf;"|5 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|''3'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#efcfff;"|''Ret'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''300''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- || 93 || [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|''3'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3''''' |style="background:#efcfff;"|''Ret'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"|''3'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|''2'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''1''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''''2''''' |style="background:black; color:white;"| ''DSQ'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"|'''''2''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''334''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''Ka 1''' |- ! rowspan="5"| {{MGP|2014}} | rowspan="5"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] || [[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2014 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- || LCR Honda MotoGP || 6 || [[Stefan Bradl]] |style="background:#efcfff;"|Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"|4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 ! 117 ! Ka 9 |- || GO & FUN Honda Gresini || 19 || [[Álvaro Bautista]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 ! 89 ! Ka 11 |- | rowspan="2"| Repsol Honda Team || 26 || [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 14 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 ! 246 ! Ka 4 |- || 93 || [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''15'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''13''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''362''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"|'''Ka 1''' |- ! rowspan="7"| {{MGP|2015}} | rowspan="7"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] || [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2015 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- | rowspan="3"| Repsol Honda Team || 7 || [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! 1 ! Ka 25 |- || 26 || [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 ! 206 ! Ka 4 |- || 93 || [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''4''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 !style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 242 !style="background:#ffdf9f;"| Ka 3 |- || CWM LCR Honda{{refn|Nepikeun ka [[Balap motor Grand Prix Inggris usum 2015|Grand Prix Inggris]], tim kompetisi sabagé [[Team LCR|CWM LCR Honda]], kalayan ngran sponsor ti [[CWM FX]]. Saterusna, tim nu kompetisi sabagé [[Team LCR|LCR Honda]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MotoGP Silverstone: New GIVI livery for Cal Crutchlow|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/222353/1/new-givi-livery-for-cal-crutchlow.html|accessdate=22 Juni 2017|date=28 Agustus 2015|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref>|name=LCR|group="N"}}<br>LCR Honda{{refn|name=LCR|group="N"}} || 35 || [[Cal Crutchlow]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 ! 125 ! Ka 8 |- || EG 0,0 Marc VDS || 45 || [[Scott Redding]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 ! 84 ! Ka 13 |- | Team HRC with Nissin || 72 | [[Takumi Takahashi]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 | | | ! 4 ! Ka 26 |- ! rowspan="9" | {{MGP|2016}} | rowspan="9" | {{Michelin}} | | | | [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] | [[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | |- | rowspan="4" |Repsol Honda Team !73 ![[Hiroshi Aoyama]] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !15 ! ! ! ! ! |- !69 ![[Nicky Hayden]] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !17 ! ! ! ! |- | 26 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5 | style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4 | style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 12 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 12 |5 |''1'' |6 | | | | ! 155 ! Ka 6 |- | 93 | [[Marc Márquez]] | style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3 | style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''''1''''' | style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''''1''''' | style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 13 | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2 | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | '''2''' | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2 | style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''1''' | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5 | style="background:#ffdf9f;" | '''3''' |4 |4 |'''''1''''' |''1'' |Ret | | ! style="background:#ffffbf;" | 298 ! style="background:#ffffbf;" | Ka 1 |- | LCR Honda | 35 | [[Cal Crutchlow]] | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#cfcfff;" | 16 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 11 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 11 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | ''2'' | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 15 | style="background:#ffffbf;" | ''1'' |'''2''' |8 |5 |5 |''1'' | | ! 141 ! Ka 7 |- ! rowspan="3" |Estrella Galicia 0,0 Marc VDS !69 ![[Nicky Hayden]] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !15 ! ! ! ! ! ! |- | 43 | [[Jack Miller (motorcycle racer)|Jack Miller]] | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 14 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#ffffff;" | DNS | style="background:#cfcfff;" | 17 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 10 | style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7 | style="background:#ffffff;" | DNS | |16 | | |Ret |10 | | ! 57 ! Ka 18 |- | 53 | [[Esteve Rabat]] | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 15 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 9 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 13 | style="background:#cfcfff;" | 18 | style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret | style="background:#ffffff;" | DNS | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 14 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 11 | style="background:#cfcfff;" | 16 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 14 | style="background:#dfffdf;" | 10 |15 |17 |Ret |14 |16 | | ! 29 ! Ka 21 |} ===Hasil RC213V-RS === ([[Citakan:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |- ! Taun ! Gilinding ! Tim ! No. ! Purah balap ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Peunteun ! {{Tooltip|Juara|Riders' championship position}} |- ! rowspan="2"| {{MGP|2014}} | rowspan="2"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] || [[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2014 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- | Drive M7 Aspar || 7 || [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 ! 1 (68){{refn|Angka nu teu dikurungan nujul kana jumlah akumulasi kalayan motor, kalayan jumlah dina kurung ngarujuk kana total akumulasi usum.|name=Total|group="N"}} ! Ka 14 |- ! rowspan="9"| {{MGP|2015}} | rowspan="9"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] || [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2015 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- |rowspan="5"| AB Motoracing || 7 || [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | | | | | | | | |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | ! 0 (5){{refn|name=Total|group="N"}} ! Ka 25 |- || 13 || [[Anthony West (motorcycle racer)|Anthony West]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 23 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 20 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 22 ! 0 ! NC |- || 17 || [[Karel Abraham]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 21 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 21 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 21 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | | ! 0 ! NC |- || 24 || [[Toni Elías]] | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 22 | | | | | | | | ! 0 (2){{refn|name=Total|group="N"}} ! Ka 27 |- || 64 || [[Kousuke Akiyoshi]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 | | | ! 0 ! NC |- || CWM LCR Honda{{refn|name=LCR|group="N"}}<br>LCR Honda{{refn|name=LCR|group="N"}} || 43 || [[Jack Miller (motorcycle racer)|Jack Miller]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 20 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 21 ! 17 ! Ka 19 |- | rowspan=2| Aspar MotoGP Team || 50 || [[Eugene Laverty]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 19 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret ! 9 ! Ka 22 |- || 69 || [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 ! 16 ! Ka 20 |} ==Catetan== {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{notelist}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/ Honda MotoGP] Ramatloka resmi MotoGP Honda [[kategori:Motor Honda|RC213V]] [[Category:Motor balap Grand Prix]] fb97scccz4qonopksj1xkv002n2w9ta 0 62850 708581 703139 2026-04-26T06:25:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Motorcycle | name = Honda RC212V | image = [[Image:HONDA RC212V 2007.jpg|250px]] | aka = | manufacturer = [[Honda Racing Corporation]] | production = 2006-2011 | predecessor = [[Honda RC211V]] | successor = [[Honda RC213V]] | parent_company = | class = | platform = | engine = {{convert|800|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} [[Four-stroke cycle|4-tak]] [[V4 engine|V4]] | transmission = | rake = | trail = | wheelbase = | length = | width = | seat_height = | dry_weight = | wet_weight = | fuel_economy = | fuel_capacity = | related = [[Honda CBR600RR]]<br>[[Honda CBR1000RR]] | similar = [[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP7]]<br>[[Ilmor X3]]<br>[[Kawasaki Ninja ZX-RR]]<br>[[Suzuki GSV-R]]<br>[[Team Roberts KR212V]]<br>[[Yamaha YZR-M1]] }} '''Honda RC212V''' nyaéta motor balap nu dimekarkeun pikeun balap di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] {{convert|800|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HondaRC212V"/> Sacara resmi diwanohkeun tanggal 30 [[Oktober]] 2006 minangka gaganti [[Honda RC211V|RC211V]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]], dimekarkeun ku ''[[Honda Racing Corporation]]'' ([[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]]) taun 2006 sarta sacara remi mimiti dipaké balap dina usum [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2007|2007]].<ref name="HondaRC212V">{{cite news|title=Honda RC212V|publisher=honda-wiki.org|date=2007-02-28|url=http://www.honda-wiki.org/wiki/Honda_RC212V|accessdate=18 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429192910/http://www.honda-wiki.org/wiki/Honda_RC212V |date=2014-04-29 }}</ref> Ngaran modél dumasar kana :<ref name="HondaRC212VGPBike">{{cite news |title=We Ride Honda's RC211V GP bike|publisher=motorcyclistonline.com|date=2007-02-28 |url=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/exclusive-we-ride-hondas-rc211v-gp-bike |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> * '''RC'''= Awalan balap tradisional Honda pikeun motor 4-tak <ref name="HondaRC212VGPBike"/> * '''212'''= Motor karya mimiti dina abad ka-21 <ref name="HondaRC212VGPBike"/> * '''V'''= Mesin V <ref name="HondaRC212VGPBike"/> Taun 2007, tetekon kelas [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] dirobah pikeun ngurangan tanaga motor nu kaleuleuwihi: kapasitas maksimum mesin [[Mesin 4-tak|4-tak]] dikurangan ti 990cc jadi 800cc.<ref name="RC212V"/> [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] medalkeun RC212V minangka gaganti [[Honda RC211V|RC211V]] pikeun nyumponan tetekon kalayan ngaganti mesin [[Mesin V-5|V-5]] ku mesin [[Mesin V-4|V-4]].<ref name="RC212V">{{cite news |title=Honda RC212V|publisher=world.honda.com|url=http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/700wins/machine/RC212V//exclusive-we-ride-hondas-rc211v-gp-bike |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==2007== [[File:DaniPedrosa.jpg|thumb|[[Dani Pedrosa]] mecakan RC212V.]] [[Dani Pedrosa]] jeung [[Nicky Hayden]] mangrupa tim balap pabrikan nu dirojong sagemblengna ku pabrik, sedengkeun [[Marco Melandri]], [[Toni Elías]], [[Carlos Checa]], sarta [[Shinya Nakano]] mangrupa tim satelit.<ref name="HondaRC212V"/> Saacan balapan usum 2007 dimimitian, [[Marco Melandri|Melandri]] cumarita, ''"Dina sababaraha tés panungtungan kuring nempo pamekaran nu ngaronjat dina motor [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]], tapi urang mah can kabagéan suku cadang anyar ti Honda."''<ref name="Melandri">{{cite news |title=Melandri Still Waiting on Equal Machinery |publisher=MotoGP.com |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/Melandri+still+waiting+on+equal+machinery |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329063553/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/Melandri+still+waiting+on+equal+machinery |date=2012-03-29 }}</ref> Sanggeus sababraha rintakan, purah balap [[Repsol Honda|Honda]] teu bisa nyumponan nu dipikaharep, pupuhu [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] [[Satoru Horiike]] rumasa yén geus nyieun kasalahan dina pamekaran motor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chércoles |first=Mela |title=Honda admite que se ha equivocado |language=Spanish |publisher=As.com |date=2007-05-08 |url=http://www.as.com/motor/articulo/honda-admite-ha-equivocado/dasmot/20070508dasdaimot_4/Tes |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Marco Melandri|Melandri]] mutuskeun pikeun pindah ka tim [[Ducati Motor Holding|Ducati]] taun 2008<ref name="Autosport.com 22 July 2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61083 |title=Melandri to ride for Ducati in 2008 |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2007-07-22 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref>, cenah mah cukang lantaran ningalkeun [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] pedah timburu kana motor [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]].<ref name="Pedrosa">{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=Pedrosa in Talks with Honda, (Possibly) Kawasaki |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2007-08-22 |url=http://www.speedtv.com/articles/moto/motogp/39654/ |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Panungtungan taun 2007, aya tanda-tanda pikeun ngaronjat, kalayan tim [[Repsol Honda]] ngahontal posisi ''pole'' kalima dina usum ieu sarta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] meunang dina rintakan panungtung di [[2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]].<ref name="PedrosaValensia">{{cite news|title=Honda wins final MotoGP of 2007 |publisher=iol.co.za |url=http://www.iol.co.za/motoring/bikes-quads-karts/honda-wins-final-motogp-of-2007-853670|accessdate= 17 Juni 2007}}</ref> ==2008== [[File:NickyHayden.jpg|thumb|[[Nicky Hayden]] mecakan RC212V.]] Pikeun taun [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]], HRC ngarancanakeun pikeun migunakeun [[pneumatic valve springs|''pneumatic valve springs'']] sarta sasis anyar.<ref name="pneumatic">{{cite news |title=2008 RC212V Unveiled by Repsol Honda |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2007-11-06 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/2008+RC212V+unveiled+by+Repsol+Honda |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719024340/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/2008+RC212V+unveiled+by+Repsol+Honda |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Pamuseuran beurat dina model taun 2007 dianggap jauh teuing, minagka gantina modél 2008, ngurangan panas sarta ngaronjatkeun kasaimbangan.<ref name="Hayden2">{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Dean |title=Nick Hayden Interview: Epilog |publisher=SuperbikePlanet.com |date=2007-11-27 |url=http://www.superbikeplanet.com/2007/Nov/071127-69-4.htm |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610212400/http://www.superbikeplanet.com/2007/Nov/071127-69-4.htm |date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> Tim pabrikan nyaéta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] (nepi ka taun 2009<ref name="Pedrosa2">{{cite news |last=Moody |first=Toby |title=Pedrosa confirmed until 2009 |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2007-09-21 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/62588 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref>) sarta [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]] (nepi ka taun 2008<ref name="Hayden">{{cite news |title=Hayden re-signs for Honda |publisher=Crash.net |date=2007-09-02 |url=http://www.crash.net/news_View~t~Hayden-re-signs-for-Honda-~cid~6~id~137706.htm |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref>). Purah balap tim satelit nyaéta [[Shinya Nakano|Nakano]],<ref name="Nakano">{{cite news |title=Nakano Signs Gresini Honda Deal |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2007-10-25 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/Nakano+signs+Gresini+Honda+deal |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719024437/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2007/Nakano+signs+Gresini+Honda+deal |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> [[Andrea Dovizioso]],<ref name="Dovizioso">{{cite news |title=Dovizioso confirms MotoGP move |publisher=Crash.net |date=2007-09-15 |url=http://www.crash.net/news_view~cid~6~id~154512.htm |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Randy de Puniet]]<ref name="de Puniet">{{cite news |last=Moody |first=Toby |title=De Puniet signs two-year deal with LCR |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2007-08-24 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61712 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> and [[Alex de Angelis]].<ref name="de Angelis">{{cite news |last=Birt |first=Matthew |title=Estoril MotoGP: Alex de Angelis to join Gresini Honda |publisher=MotorCycleNews.com |date=2007-09-15 |url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2007/september/sep10-16/sep1507estorilmotogpalexdeangelistojoingresinihonda/?&R=EPI-94636 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[File:NickyHayden2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicky Hayden]] mecakan RC212V.]] [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]] mecakan motor mesin taun 2007 sasis taun 2008, sarta masih can nyumponan nu dipikaharep, tim [[Repsol Honda]] migunakeun mesin vérsi taun 2007 dina rintakan latihan mimiti pikeun tujuan babanding.<ref name="bike version">{{cite news |last=Moody |first=Toby |title=Honda to run last year's bike in practice |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2008-03-06 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/65502 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Pikeun balapan, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] milih sasis taun 2008 nu dirévisi sedengkeun [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]] milih taun 2007.<ref name="bike version 2">{{cite news |last=Young |first=Colin |title=MOTOGP: Stoner Victorious Under the Lights |publisher=SPEEDTV.com |date=2008-03-09 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/spoiler-warning-motogp-results-round-1//P2/ |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313213257/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/spoiler-warning-motogp-results-round-1//P2/ |date=2008-03-13 }}</ref> Mesin ''pneumatik'' mimiti dipaké balap ku [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]] di Donington, sarta manéhna didakwa ngamekarkeun mesin anyar pikeun sésa usum ieu ([[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] mutuskeun pikeun neruskeun maké mesin kelép konvénsional).<ref name="Hayden pneumo">{{cite news |last=Strang |first=Simon |last2=Lostia |first2=Michele |title=Hayden to continue with pneumatic engine |publisher=Autosport |date=2008-06-25 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/68619 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Masalah elektronik di rintakan Assen nu ngabalukarkeun [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]] béakeun bahan beuleum saacan gurat ''finish'', nu ngalantarankeun [[Colin Edwards]] nyiap sarta ngahontal posisi sésa podium.<ref name="gas">{{cite news |title=Hayden assured of electronic issue resolution |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2008-07-07 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Hayden+assured+of+electronic+issue+resolution |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210102554/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Hayden+assured+of+electronic+issue+resolution |date=2012-02-10 }}</ref> Dina rintakan ka 13 [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] ngabéwarakeun ngagantii gilinding ku [[Bridgestone]] pikeun sésa usum,<ref name="switch">{{cite news |title=Pedrosa switches to Bridgestone with immediate effect |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2008-08-31 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Pedrosa+switches+to+Bridgestone+with+immediate+effect |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111125621/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Pedrosa+switches+to+Bridgestone+with+immediate+effect |date=2014-11-11 }}</ref> sarta manéhna ogé ngarancanakeun mimiti balap maké mesin kelép ''pneumatic'' dina rintakan ka in the 14 di [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]].<ref name="bike version 3">{{cite news |title=Pedrosa to race pneumatic at Indy |publisher=Crash.net |date=2008-09-05 |url=http://www.crash.net/motorsport/motogp/news/168566-0/pedrosa_to_race_pneumatic_at_indy.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Béda ti tim [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] lianna, [[Team LCR|Tim LCR]] [[de Puniet]] maké suspénsi [[Öhlins]] tibatan suspénsi [[Showa Corporation|Showa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cecchinello outlines LCR Honda strategies |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2008-03-17 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Cecchinello+outlines+LCR+Honda+strategies |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719025214/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Cecchinello+outlines+LCR+Honda+strategies |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> ==2009== [[File:NickyHayden3.jpg|thumb|[[Nicky Hayden]] mecakan RC212V.]] Pikeun taun [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]], purah balam tim pabrikan nyaéta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]], sarta purah balap tim satelit nyaéta [[Toni Elías|Elías]], [[De Angelis]], [[de Puniet]] sarta [[Yuki Takahashi]]; [[Toni Elías|Elías]] dibéré spésifikasi mesin pabrikan .<ref name="elias bike">{{cite news |title=TEAM SAN CARLO HONDA GRESINI - DEFINED SPORTS PROGRAMME FOR 2009 |publisher=Gresini Racing |date=2008-10-02 |url=http://www.gresiniracing.com/index.php?IDC=2&ID=643 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Modél taun 2009 sebagéan badag sarua jeung taun 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=McLaren |first=Peter |title=Pedrosa: Why I didn’t want a 'new' Honda |publisher=Crash.net |date=2009-02-08 |url=http://www.crash.net/MotoGP/News/142744/1/pedrosa_why_i_didnt_want_a_new_honda.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McLaren |first=Peter |title=Dovizioso goes with 'old' chassis |publisher=Crash.net |date=2009-02-10 |url=http://www.crash.net/MotoGP/News/142816/1/dovizioso_goes_with_old_chassis.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Kabéh RC212V (6 siki) maké mesin kelép ''pneumatik''.<ref>{{cite news |title=MotoGP, la Honda satellite 2009 avrà le valvole pneumatiche |language=Italian |publisher=GPone.com |date=2008-11-26 |url=http://www.gpone.com/news/News.asp?NNews=3108 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Wakil persidén [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]], [[Shuhei Nakamoto]], cumarita ''"Mun [[Dani Pedrosa|Dani]] teu meunang juara dunyaéta téh tanggung jawab Honda, lain tanggung jawab [[Dani Pedrosa|Dani]],"''<ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Colin |title=Nakamoto: Blame Honda if Dani Doesn’t Win |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2009-04-30 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-nakamoto-blame-honda-if-dani-doesnt-win/ |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506055459/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-nakamoto-blame-honda-if-dani-doesnt-win |date=2009-05-06 }}</ref> Sedengkeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] cumarita ''"Kuring geus cumarita ka (Nakamoto) ogé geus cumarita ka unggal jalma, tapi sigana éta tilu taun carita nu sarua. Nu dipikahayang geus katempo datang, lain ukur dédéngéan, cumarita, atawa gempungan. Kuring nyatakeun hébat, hatur nuhun, ieu hadé."''<ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Colin |title=Pedrosa Admits Frustration With Honda |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2009-05-15 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-pedrosa-admits-frustration-with-honda/ |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519225429/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-pedrosa-admits-frustration-with-honda |date=2009-05-19 }}</ref> [[File:MotoGPCockpitHondaRCV212.jpg|thumb|left|Kokpit RC212V.]] Saacan rintakan ka 6 di [[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Katalunya]], [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] ngarasa hanjelu yén [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] baris dibéré prioritas tés sanggeus balapan, kaayaan kondisi fisik urang [[Spanyol]] nu butut moal ngahontal évaluasi nu produktif.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lostia |first=Michele |last2=Beer |first2=Matt |title=Dovizioso wants to test Honda upgrades |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2009-06-13 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76141 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina balapan, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di posisi ka 4 sarta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] di posisi ka 6, sarta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] ngabéwarakeun manéhna moal ngalakukeun tés.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Barcelona regrets for Pedrosa |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-06-14 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Pedrosa+Barcelona+review |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719032246/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Pedrosa+Barcelona+review |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Migunakeun sasis anyar, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] mangrupa purah balap nu pinunjul dina tés éta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Testing top man Dovizioso ‘not strong enough, but close’ |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-06-16 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Dovizioso+tests+new+chassis+in+Barcelona |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719034715/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Dovizioso+tests+new+chassis+in+Barcelona |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Mangsa latihan rintakan ka 7 [[2009 Dutch TT|di Assen]] [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] nyebutkeun yén sasis anyar ngaronjatkeun dina pangeréman jeung stabilitas, tapi boh [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] atawa [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] labuh dina balapan dina péngkolan nu sarua.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beer |first=Matt |title=Pedrosa feeling in better shape |publisher=Autosport.com |date=2009-06-25 |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76528 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina rintakan saterusna di [[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Laguna Seca]], [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] meunang balapan, sedengkeun [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] labuh.<ref name="Laguna Seca">{{cite news |title=Race results - Laguna Seca MotoGP|publisher=crash.net|date=05 Juli 2009 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/149377/1/laguna-seca-motogp-race-results.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Mangsa tés sanggeus balapan di Brno, tim [[Repsol Honda|Repsol]] mecakan komponén suspénsi [[Öhlins]], nu nepikeun ka kiwari keur maké [[Showa Corporation|Showa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dovizioso To Run Ohlins For Rest Of Season |publisher=motomatters.com |date=2009-09-03 |url=https://motomatters.com/news/2009/09/03/dovizioso_to_run_ohlins_for_rest_of_seas.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> For the [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|San Marino]] round, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] will use [[Öhlins]] and [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] will use [[Showa]] suspension.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dovizioso to use Öhlins suspension at Misano |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-09-03 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Dovizioso+to+use+hlins+suspension+at+Misano |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081215/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/Dovizioso+to+use+hlins+suspension+at+Misano |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Usum taun 2009 lekasan kalayan 3 kali kameunangan pikeun tim [[Repsol Honda]] —2 kali pikeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] sarta sakali pikeun [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]]—sarta juara ka 2 konstruktor pikeun [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]].<ref>{{cite news |title = MotoGP World Standing 2009 |publisher=resources.motogp.com |date=08 Nopémber 2009 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2009/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_96143780 |accessdate= 18 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] ngahontal waktu panggancangna ka 3 jeung ka 6 dina mangsa 3 poé tés.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honda Strikes Back? |publisher=SuperbikePlanet.com |date=2009-11-09 |url=http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Nov/091009iaz8s.htm |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112091403/http://www.superbikeplanet.com/2009/Nov/091009iaz8s.htm |date=2009-11-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa, Dovizioso make 2010 RCV debut |publisher=Crash.net |date=2009-11-09 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/154539/1/pedrosa_dovizioso_make_2010_rcv_debut.html |accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==2010== Pikeun usum balap [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]], purah balap tim pabrikan nyaéta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]], sarta purah balap tim satelit nyaéta [[Hiroshi Aoyama]], [[de Puniet]], [[Marco Melandri|Melandri]] sarta [[Marco Simoncelli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=2010 MotoGP Teams |publisher=gpupdate.net |date=2010-04-23 |url=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/line-up/111/2010-motogp-teams/|accessdate=18 Juni 2017}}</ref> Sistim éléktronik dironjatkeun, sarta motor leuwih pondok kalayan puseur gravitasi leuwih luhur.<ref>{{cite news |title=A technical view of the RC212V from Lucio Cecchinello |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-02-09 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Cecchinello+talks+about+new+RC212V |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081153/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Cecchinello+talks+about+new+RC212V |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Ogé, [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngarékrut [[Andre Zugna]] jeung [[Cristian Battaglia]], baheulana insinyur balap tim [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] , sarta [[Carlo Luzzi]], baheulana teknisi télémétri [[Jorge Lorenzo]] di Yamaha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia Casanova |first=Germán |title=La ‘fuga de cerebros’ de Yamaha nutrirá a Honda HRC |language=Spanish |publisher=Motocuatro.com |date=2009-11-01 |url=http://www.motocuatro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=585&catid=1:general&Itemid=18 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120626/http://www.motocuatro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=585&catid=1:general&Itemid=18 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> Dumasar hiji panalungtikan tés saacan usum balap di Sepang jeung Qatar, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] rata-rata ngalakukeun tés di posisi katilu, sedengkeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] di posisi kasalapan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=Countdown To Qatar, Pt. I |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2010-03-23 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-countdown-to-qatar-pt-i/P2 |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430102242/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-countdown-to-qatar-pt-i/P2 |date=2010-04-30 }}</ref> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] humadeuar masalah suspénsi jeung sasis,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa: "We’ve advanced with the electronics, but the chassis needs to be adjusted a bit more" |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-03-01 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Pedrosa+after+Sepang |accessdate=18 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081142/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Pedrosa+after+Sepang |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> sarta di usum balapan mimiti di [[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di posisi katilu, sedengkeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] anggeus di posisi katujuh.<ref>{{cite news |title=2010 MotoGP Qatar Results |publisher=motorcycle-usa.com |date=2010-05-24 |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2010/04/article/2010-motogp-qatar-results/ |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] ngarasa motorna oyag-oyagan di bagéan hareup nalika lempeng, sarta [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] nétélakeun yén maranéhna geus nyieun kasalahan dina ngadesain sasis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Colin |title=Big Problems For Little Pedrosa |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2010-04-23 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-big-problems-for-little-pedrosa/ |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427064158/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-big-problems-for-little-pedrosa |date=2010-04-27 }}</ref> Kalayan rintakan saterusna di [[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Jerez]], [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] maké motor sasis anyar<ref>{{cite news |title=Chassis changes help Pedrosa |publisher=Eurosport.Yahoo.com |date=2010-04-30 |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/30042010/23/chassis-changes-help-pedrosa.html |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505140200/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/30042010/23/chassis-changes-help-pedrosa.html |archivedate=2010-05-05}}</ref> sarta anggeus balapan di posisi kadua sarta [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di posisi kagenep; dina mangsa tés sanggeus balapan, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] anggeus leuwih gancang sarta [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] di posisi kalima, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] migunakeun motor kalayan leungeun ayun (''swingarm'') anyar jeung sasis anyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa wraps up Jerez Test with top time |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-05-03 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/final+report+test+jerez+pedrosa |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719025939/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/final+report+test+jerez+pedrosa |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jerez Test reviewed: The riders’ reaction |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-05-04 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/test+jerez+review+motogp |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917051831/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/test+jerez+review+motogp |date=2012-09-17 }}</ref> Pedrosa cumarita sarta Honda negeskeun yén masalah sénsor bahan beuleum nu ngabalukarkeun RC212V ngalaunan di lap panungtung.<ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Colin |title=Honda RC212V Faster Than It Looks |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2010-05-20 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-honda-faster-than-it-looks/ |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522111423/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-honda-faster-than-it-looks/ |date=2010-05-22 }}</ref> Di rintakan katilu di [[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Le Mans]], [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus balapan di posisi katilu sarta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] di posisi kalima kasiap di lap panungtung ku [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] jeung [[Nickey Hayden|Hayden]], tuluy [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] ngalaporkeun lantaran aya masalah dina rém tukang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa dissatisfied with fifth |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-05-24 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/pedrosa+disappointed+after+le+mans |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081204/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/pedrosa+disappointed+after+le+mans |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> [[Marco Melandri|Melandri]] balik deui maké suspénsi [[Showa]] sarta anggeus balapan di posisi kagenep.<ref>{{cite news |title=Melandri: "This year is the last chance" |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-05-24 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/melandri+sixth+at+le+mans+grand+prix |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719081131/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/melandri+sixth+at+le+mans+grand+prix |date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> Di rintakan ka genep di [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Mugello]], [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] meunang balapan, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di posisi katilu sarta [[Marco Melandri|Melandri]] anggeus di posisi kalima. <ref>{{cite news|title=2010 MotoGP Mgello Results|publisher=motorcycle-usa.com|date=06 Juni 2010|url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2010/06/article/2010-motogp-mugello-results/|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] migunakeun suspénsi tukang taun 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa wins on old Ohlins |publisher=GPOne.com |date=2010-06-07 |url=http://www.gpone.com/index.php/en/news/braking-news/904-pedrosa-vince-con-i-vecchi-ohlins.html |accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina mangsa latihan mimiti di rintakan ka 14 di Motegi, kabel gas macét sarta ngabalukarkeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] kacilakaan nu ngabalukarkeun tulang salangkana potong, antukna manéhna teu milu balapan.<ref>{{cite news |title='Throttle problem' caused Pedrosa crash |publisher=Crash.net |date=2010-10-01|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/163807/1/throttle_problem_caused_pedrosa_crash.html |accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref> Di rintakan ka 16 di [[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Australia]], [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] motorna aya masalah antukna teu anggues balapan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Technical hitch ends Dovizioso podium run |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2010-10-18 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/dovizioso+out+at+phillip+island+race |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924180613/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/dovizioso+out+at+phillip+island+race |date=2012-09-24 }}</ref> Usum balapan réngsé kalawan [[Repsol Honda|Honda]] ngahontal juara kadua konstruktor [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] kalawan peunteun 342, kacék 62 di tukangeun [[Yamaha]] juara kahiji sarta 56 di hareupeun [[Ducati]] juara katilu.<ref name = "World Standing 2010">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2010 |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=07 Nopémber 2010 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2010/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_3099bcec|accessdate= 20 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==2011== Pikeun taun [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] tim pabrikan dirojong ku [[Andrea Dovizioso]], [[Dani Pedrosa]], [[Casey Stoner]], sarta [[Marco Simoncelli]] sedengkeun purah balam tim satelit nyaéta [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] and [[Toni Elías]]. Purah balap [[Repsol Honda|Honda]] pinunjul dina mangsa tés saacan usum balapan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=Noyes’ Notebook - Honda Goes For Broke |publisher=SpeedTV.com |date=2011-02-11 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-noyes-notebook-honda-goes-for-broke |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207000104/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-noyes-notebook-honda-goes-for-broke |date=2011-02-07 }}</ref> Frame geometry and rigidity are the same as the previous year, making the 2011 bike an evolution of the 2010 version. Salah sahiji pamekaran mesin 2011 nyaéta "transmisi tanpa wates".<ref>{{cite news |title=MotoGP 2011 HRC Team Principal Shuhei Nakamoto Track Report, v.1 |publisher=Honda.com |date=2011-03-23 |url=http://world.honda.com/MotoGPreport/vol1/ |accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] milih maké sasis taun 2011, sedengkeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] milih angger migunakeun vérsi taun 2010 nu leuwih fléksibel .<ref>{{cite news |last=McLaren |first=Peter |title=The Repsol Honda MotoGP chassis options |publisher=Crash.net |date=2011-02-28 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/167044/1/the_repsol_honda_motogp_chassis_options.html |accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia Casanova |first=Germán |title=Pedrosa: "Voy a correr con el chasis de 2010 porque lo conozco mejor" |language=Spanish |publisher=Motocuatro.com |date=2011-03-19 |url=http://www.motocuatro.com/index.php/news/grandes-premios/2606-pedrosa-voy-a-correr-con-el-chasis-de-2010-porque-lo-conozco-mejor |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323205131/http://www.motocuatro.com/index.php/news/grandes-premios/2606-pedrosa-voy-a-correr-con-el-chasis-de-2010-porque-lo-conozco-mejor |date=2011-03-23 }}</ref> Sanggeus rintakan katilu di Estoril, [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] mimiti migunakeun desain kupling anyar pikeun ngurangan motor ajol-ajolan nalika ngerém.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dovizioso targeting podium with new clutch |publisher=Crash.net |date=2011-05-12 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/169161/1/dovizioso_targeting_podium_with_new_clutch.html |accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref> [[Repsol Honda|Honda]] ngahontal juara konstruktor kalayan 13 kali kameunangan nyaéta [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] sapuluh kali meunang sarta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] tilu kali meunang.<ref name ="World Standing 2011">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2011 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=06 Nopémber 2011 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_36bd2f9a|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==Spésifikasi== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan=2 | ! width="120" | 2007<ref name="2007 specs">{{cite web |url= http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/2007/index.html |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP – Spec |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> ! width="120" | 2008<ref name="2008 specs">{{cite web |url= http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/2008/index.html |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP – Spec |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> ! width="120" | 2009<ref name="2009 specs">{{cite web |url= http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/2009/index.html |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP – Spec |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> ! width="120" | 2010<ref name="2010 specs">{{cite web |url= http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/2010/index.html |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP – Spec |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> ! width="120" | 2011<ref name="2011 specs">{{cite web |url= http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/spec/ |title= Honda Worldwide - Motor Sports - MotoGP – Spec |accessdate=20 Juni 2017 |publisher=Honda Racing }}</ref> |- ! colspan=2 | Panjang | {{convert|2050|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|2060|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|2052|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Rubak | colspan=5 | {{convert|645|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Jangkung | colspan=3 | {{convert|1125|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 |{{convert|1110|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Jarak gilinding | {{convert|1440|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|1450|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|1435|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Jarak jalan | colspan=3 | {{convert|125|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | {{convert|115|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Beurat | colspan=3 | over {{convert|148|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | over {{convert|150|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Tipeu mesin | colspan=5 | [[Water cooling|Liquid-cooled]], [[Four-stroke cycle|Four-stroke]], [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]] [[Multi-valve|4 Valve]], [[V4 engine|V-4]] |- ! colspan=2 | Kapasitas | colspan=5 | {{convert|800|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} |- ! colspan=2 | Tanaga Maksimal | colspan=3 | Over {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} | colspan=2 | Over 155&nbsp;kW (208&nbsp;hp) |- ! colspan=2 | Tipeu Sasis | colspan=5 | Aluminum Twin-tube |- ! rowspan=4 | Ukuran Gilinding |- ! Hareup | colspan=2 | {{convert|16|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} | colspan=3 | {{convert|16.5|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} |- ! Mérek |[[Michelin]] |[[Michelin]], [[Bridgestone]] | colspan=3 |[[Bridgestone]] |- ! Tukang | colspan=5 | {{convert|16.5|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} |- ! rowspan=4 | Suspénsi |- ! Hareup | colspan=5 | Telescopic fork |- ! Suspénsi | |[[Showa Corporation|Showa SPL]] |[[Showa Corporation|Showa SPL]], [[Öhlins]] | colspan=2 |[[Öhlins]] |- ! Tukang | New Unit Pro-link | colspan=4 | Pro-link |- ! colspan=2 | Kapasitas Bahan Beuleum | colspan=5 | {{convert|21|L|abbr=on}} |- |} ==Kasimpulan hasil MotoGP == Meunang Gelar <br> Purah balap: 2011 (Casey Stoner) <ref name ="World Standing 2011"/><br> Konstruktor: 2011 <ref name ="World Standing 2011"/> Meunang Balapan<br> Total: 24<br> 2011: Stoner 10, Pedrosa 3 <ref name ="World Standing 2011"/><br> 2010: Pedrosa 4 <ref name = "World Standing 2010"/> <br> 2009: Pedrosa 2, Dovizioso 1 <ref name ="World Standing 2009">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2009 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=08 Nopémber 2009 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2009/VAL/MotoGP/RAC/worldstanding.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> 2008: Pedrosa 2 <ref name ="World Standing 2008">{{cite news|title=MotoGP World Standing 2008|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=26 Oktober 2008|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2008/MotoGP/VAL/world+standing.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928074321/http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2008/MotoGP/VAL/world+standing.pdf?v1_96143780 |date=2016-09-28 }}</ref><br> 2007: Pedrosa 2 <ref name ="World Standing 2007">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2007 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=04 Nopémber 2007 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2007/MotoGP/VAL/world+standing.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> 2006: Pedrosa 2 <ref name ="World Standing 2006">{{cite news |title=MotoGP World Standing 2006 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=29 Oktober 2008 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2006/MotoGP/VAL/world+standing.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> <br> ''Pole''<br> Total: 11<br> 2011: Stoner 12, Pedrosa 3 <ref name ="Pole 2011">{{cite news |title=Pole Positions Statistics 2011 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=27 Agustus 2011 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/INP/PolePositions.pdf?v1_7806f68d|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> 2010: Pedrosa 4, Dovizioso 1 <ref name ="Pole 2010">{{cite news |title=Pole Positions Statistics 2010 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=28 Agustus 2010 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2010/INP/PolePositions.pdf?v3_b2033bfc|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> 2009: Pedrosa 2 <ref name ="Pole 2009">{{cite news |title=Pole Positions Statistics 2009 |publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=15 Agustus 2009 |url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2009/CZE/PolePositions.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}}</ref><br> 2008: Pedrosa 2 <ref name ="Pole 2008">{{cite news|title=Pole Positions Statistics 2008|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=16 Agustus 2008|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2008/VAL/pole+positions+statistics.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928204651/https://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2008/VAL/pole+positions+statistics.pdf?v1_96143780 |date=2020-09-28 }}</ref><br> 2007: Pedrosa 5, Hayden 1 <ref name ="Pole 2007">{{cite news|title=Pole Positions Statistics 2007|publisher=resources.motogp.com|date=03 Nopémber 2007|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2007/VAL/pole+positions+statistics.pdf?v1_96143780|accessdate=20 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410101546/http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2007/VAL/pole+positions+statistics.pdf?v1_96143780 |date=2016-04-10 }}</ref> == Hasil MotoGP lengkep == ([[Citakan:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (hasil nu tulisan '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole''; hasil nu tulisan in ''idéngdék'' nandakeun ''lap'' panggancangna) (tim nu ditulis '''kandel''' nandakeun tim pabrikan; purah balap nu ditulis '''kandel''' nandakeun tim satelit maké motor pabrikan) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |- ! Taun ! Gilinding ! Tim ! No. ! Purah balap ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Peunteun ! {{Tooltip|Juara|Riders' championship position}} |- ! rowspan="9"| {{MGP|2007}} | || || || || [[2007 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2007 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]] || [[2007 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2007 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2007 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2007 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2007 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2007 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2007 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2007 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2007 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2007 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2007 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2007 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- ! rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} ! rowspan="2"| Repsol Honda Team | 1 | [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''4''''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 ! 127 ! Ka 8 |- | 26 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''242''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |- | rowspan="1"| Honda LCR | 7 | [[Carlos Checa]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 18 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 ! 65 ! Ka 14 |- ! rowspan="4"| {{Bridgestone}} | rowspan="4"| Honda Gresini | 24 | [[Toni Elías]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''12'' || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''3'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 ! 104 ! Ka 12 |- | 33 | [[Marco Melandri]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffff;"| WD |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 ! 187 ! Ka 5 |- | 17 | [[Miguel Duhamel]] || || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret || || || || || || || ! 0 ! NC |- | 84 | [[Michel Fabrizio]] || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 || || || || || || || || ! 6 ! Ka 21 |- ! rowspan="1"| {{Michelin}} | rowspan="1"| Konica Minolta Honda | 56 | [[Shinya Nakano]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 ! 47 ! Ka 17 |- ! rowspan="8"| {{MGP|2008}} || || || || || [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] || [[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2008 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2008 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- ! rowspan="1"| {{Michelin}} {{Bridgestone}}{{refn|Sanggeus anggeus di [[2008 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]], [[Dani Pedrosa]] ganti gilinding kana [[Bridgestone]] pikeun sésa balapan.|group="N"}} ! rowspan="3"| Repsol Honda Team | 2 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''249''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- ! rowspan="4"| {{Michelin}} | 69 | [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 || |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''3'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 ! 155 ! Ka 6 |- | 8 | [[Tadayuki Okada]] || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 || || || || || || || || || || || || ! 2 ! Ka 21 |- | rowspan="1"| JiR Team Scot MotoGP | 4 | [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 ! 174 ! Ka 5 |- | rowspan="1"| LCR Honda MotoGP | 14 | [[Randy de Puniet]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 ! 61 ! Ka 15 |- ! rowspan="2"| {{Bridgestone}} | rowspan="2"| San Carlo Honda Gresini | 15 | [[Alex de Angelis]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 ! 63 ! Ka 14 |- | 56 | [[Shinya Nakano]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 ! 126 ! Ka 9 |- ! rowspan="8"| {{MGP|2009}} | rowspan="8"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || || |- ! rowspan="2"| Repsol Honda Team | 3 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3''''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''3'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''10''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''3'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' || |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''234''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- | 4 | [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 || ! 160 ! Ka 6 |- | rowspan="1"| LCR Honda MotoGP | 14 | [[Randy de Puniet]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 | ! 106 ! Ka 11 |- | rowspan="2"| San Carlo Honda Gresini | 15 | [[Alex de Angelis]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 || ! 111 ! Ka 9 |- | 24 | [[Toni Elías]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 || ! 115 ! Ka 7 |- | rowspan="2"| Scot Racing Team | 72 | [[Yuki Takahashi]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 || || || || || || || || || || | ! 9 ! Ka 21 |- | 41 | [[Gábor Talmácsi]] || || || || || |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 17 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 || ! 19 ! Ka 17 |- ! rowspan="10"| {{MGP|2010}} | rowspan="10"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2010 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2010 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- ! rowspan="2"| Repsol Honda Team | 4 | [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''14'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 ! 206 ! Ka 5 |- | 26 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2'' |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS || |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''7'' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''245''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |- | rowspan="3"| Interwetten Honda MotoGP | 7 | [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 ! 53 ! Ka 15 |- | 64 | [[Kousuke Akiyoshi]]{{refn|[[Kousuke Akiyoshi]] ngaganti pikeun [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] tim [[Interwetten Racing (MotoGP)|Interwetten Honda]] .|group="N"}} || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 || || || || || || || || || || || ! 4 ! Ka 20 |- | 15 | [[Alex de Angelis]] || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 || || || || || || || || ! 11 ! Ka 18 |- | rowspan="2"| LCR Honda MotoGP | 14 | [[Randy de Puniet]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 ! 116 ! Ka 9 |- | 95 | [[Roger Lee Hayden]] || || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 || || || || || || || || || ! 5 ! Ka 19 |- | rowspan="2"| San Carlo Honda Gresini | 33 | [[Marco Melandri]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 ! 103 ! Ka 10 |- | 58 | [[Marco Simoncelli]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 ! 125 ! Ka 8 |- ! rowspan="12"| {{MGP|2011}} | rowspan="12"| {{Bridgestone}} || || || || [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] || [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] || [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] || [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]] || [[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] || [[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] || [[2011 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] || [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] || [[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] || [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] || [[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] || [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] || [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] || [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] || [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] || |- ! rowspan="4"| Repsol Honda Team | 4 | [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffff;"| C |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''3'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''228''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- | 26 | [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret'' || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#ffffff;"| '''C''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 ! 219 ! Ka 4 |- | 27 | [[Casey Stoner]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1'' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''3''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#ffffff;"| C |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''350''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- | 7 | [[Hiroshi Aoyama]]{{refn|Aoyama ngaganti Dani Pedrosa maké motor pabrikan [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun [[2011 Dutch TT|Dutch TT]] di [[TT Circuit Assen|Assen]], sanggeus Pedrosa tatu di [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix perancis]]|group="N"}} || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 || || || || || || || || || || || ! 8 (98) ! Ka 10 |- ! rowspan="1"| Honda Racing Team | 72 | [[Shinichi Ito]]{{refn|Di GP [[Twin Ring Motegi|Motegi]] di Jepang taun 2011, Ito jeung Kousuke Akiyoshi dibéré wildcard pikeun "Boga wawanén sarta nunjukkeun pangrojong pikeun wewengkon Jepang Wétan", nu geus kacida susah sanggeus kajadian [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]. Ito baris balap pikeun [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC Honda]] - maké motor Honda RC212V spésifikasi pabrikan.|group="N"}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 || || || ! 3 ! Ka 22 |- | rowspan="3"| San Carlo Honda Gresini | 58 | '''[[Marco Simoncelli]]''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''6''' |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''9''' |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2 |style="background:#ffffff;"| C{{refn|[[Marco Simoncelli]] tatu parna mangsa [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia]] sarta balapan dieureunkeun.|group="N"}} || ! 139 ! Ka 6 |- | 7 | [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#ffffff;"| C |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 ! 90 (98) ! Ka 10 |- | 64 | [[Kousuke Akiyoshi]]{{refn|Akiyoshi ngaganti sakali deui Aoyama tim [[Gresini Racing]] pikeun [[Dutch TT 2011]], henteu lantaran tatu, sakumaha Aoyama ngaganti Dani Pedrosa di Repsol Honda.|group="N"}} || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 || || || || || || || || || || || ! 3 (7) ! Ka 20 |- | rowspan="3"| LCR Honda MotoGP | 24 | [[Toni Elías]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#cfcfff;"| 16 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 11 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 13 |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15 |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8 |style="background:#ffffff;"| C |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10 ! 61 ! Ka 15 |- | 23 | [[Ben Bostrom]] || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret || || || || || || || || ! 0 ! NC |- | 64 | [[Kousuke Akiyoshi]]{{refn|Akiyoshi ogé balapan di [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix| Grand Prix Jepang]] minangka wildcard kalayan [[Team LCR|LCR Honda]] – bareng jeung Shinichi Ito, balapan pikeun HRC Honda – sabagé isyarat dukungan pikeun maranéhna nu keuna ku gempa bumi Tōhoku jeung tsunami bulan Maret 2011. |group="N"}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12 || || || ! 4 (7) ! Ka 20 |} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} {{Reflist|group="N"}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{commons category|Honda RC212V}} * [http://world.honda.com/MotoGP/ Honda MotoGP] ramatloka resmi Honda MotoGP * [http://www.motorcycledaily.com/30october06_rc212v.htm Honda Releases More Details On Their New 800cc MotoGP Contender] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118192635/http://www.motorcycledaily.com/30october06_rc212v.htm |date=2006-11-18 }} artikel ti Motorcycle Daily * [http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/Article_Page.aspx?ArticleID=3898&Page=1 Honda Talks 2007 RC212V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125031140/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/Article_Page.aspx?ArticleID=3898&Page=1 |date=2006-11-25 }} artikel ti Motorcycle USA * [http://www.crash.net/news_View~t~Honda-unveil--RC212V--~cid~6~id~139699.htm Honda unveil 'RC212V'] artikel ti Crash.net * [http://www.speedtv.com/articles/moto/motogp/33692/ Honda Unveils RC212V V4 800] artikel ti SPEEDtv {{Grand Prix motorcycles}} [[Kategori:Motor Honda|RC212V]] [[Category:Motor Grand Prix]] 3g0l5qkj2phxk6emddkzdlaw5385qcm 0 70783 708563 708436 2026-04-25T22:46:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Planet |minorplanet = yes |width = 25em |bgcolour = |apsis = |name = (100004) 1983 VA |symbol = |image = |caption = |discovery = yes |discovery_ref = |discoverer =IRAS |discovery_site =500 |discovered = 1 Novémber 1983 |designations = yes |mp_name = |alt_names = |mp_category = |orbit_ref = |epoch = |aphelion =4413 |perihelion =0.781 |semimajor =2597 |eccentricity =0.699 |period = |avg_speed = |inclination =16.3 |asc_node =77.3 |mean_anomaly =3.4 |arg_peri =12.1 |satellites = |physical_characteristics = yes |dimensions = |mass = |density = |surface_grav = |escape_velocity = |sidereal_day = |axial_tilt = |pole_ecliptic_lat = |pole_ecliptic_lon = |albedo = |temperatures= |temp_name1 = |mean_temp_1 = |max_temp_1 = |temp_name2 = |max_temp_2 = |spectral_type = |abs_magnitude =16.4 }} Ari '''(100004) 1983 VA''' mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Apollo]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.699, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 16.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�296798. ==Bebentukan== Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].<ref>{{cite web | title = What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url = http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work = Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher = [[NASA]] | accessdate = 19 Méi 2010 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate = 9 Séptémber 2010 | deadurl = no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |date=2010-09-09 }}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html Daptar astéroid Apollo] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. {{astéroid-pondok}} [[Kategori:Astéroid|100004]] [[Kategori:Astéroid Apollo|100004]] k7ivq8fljyu1cr48p9vvdj7raascbua 0 87945 708584 681071 2026-04-26T07:20:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Jampang}} [[File:Jampang (su).svg|jmpl|Péta Jampang|350px]] '''Jampang''' atawa '''Pajampangan''' nyaéta ngaran nu leuwih lega pikeun nyebutkeun wewengkon kidul [[Kabupatén Sukabumi]] ogé sawatara [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Cianjur]] lebah kidul. Wewengkon nu dimaksud ti tungtung kulon nu wawatesan jeung [[Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi|Palabuanratu]] terus mayakpak wawatesan jeung [[samudra Hindia]] nepi ka tungtung wétan [[Cidaun, Cianjur|Cidaun]]. Kamungkinan wewengkon [[Karajaan Jampang Manggung|Jampang Kuna]] leuwih lega batan wewengkon Jampang kiwari, sarta ieu wewengkon Jampang téh mangrupa tilas kakawasaan [[Karajaan Jampang Manggung]] jeung [[Karajaan Agrabintapura]]. Sok sanajan kitu, dina pamakéan ngaran wewengkon sacara administratif pamaréntahan kiwari mah istilah Jampang téh ngan dipaké ku dua kacamatan di Kabupatén Sukabumi, nyaéta [[Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Jampang Kulon]] jeung [[Jampang Tengah, Sukabumi|Jampang Tengah]]. Pajampangan kawilang carang pangeusina sarta waragadna masih euyeub ku [[Leuweung|leuweung-leuweung geledegan]]. Masarakat nu dumuk di wewengkon Pajampangan ilahar disebut Urang Jampang. ==Étimologi== Kecap jampang leuwih dipikawanoh mimitina pikeun nyebutkeun ngaran [[jukut]] anu sok disebut ogé [[jukut jampang]], cenah jukut jampang mah tara paéh sanajan dina [[usum katiga]] banget ogé.<ref name="kamus">{{cite book|last=Danadibrata|first=R.A.|date=1 Desember 2009|title=Kamus Basa Sunda R.A. Danadibrata|url=|location=Bandung|publisher=Kiblat Buku Utama|page=281|isbn=9793631937|year=|pages=}}</ref> Da aya ku enya, di wewengkon jampang mah loba pisan jukut-jukut nu tahan na mangsa usum katiga téh utamana mah jukut jampang atawa ''axonopus compressus'' téa nu bisa tahan dina hawa [[panas]] wewengkon Jampang nu kawilang arang hujan teu kawas di wewengkon kalér. Aya deui nu diémbarkeunna ngeunaan [[paré jampang]] nu mana bisa tahan tina panggangu [[hama]].<ref name="kamus" /> Émang nika kiwari masarakat jampang kawilang tara nyawah nu ngandelkeun [[irigasi]] kawas di wewengkon tatar Sunda séjénna nu ngandelkeun [[cai]] dina kagiatan nyawah. Masarakat Jampang mah leuwih ngandelkeun kagiatan [[ngahuma]], nu mana paré nu dipelakna lain paré nu sarua siga kagiatan nyawah di sawah irigasi. Ngahuma mah biasana nu dipelakna paré [[béas beureum]], kamungkinan nu dimaksud paré jampang téh nyaéta ieu paré béas beureum nu dipelak di huma téa. Lian ti kitu, pamakéan kecap jampang dipaké ogé pikeun nyebutkeun istilah dina [[Kapal laut|pakapalan]]. Nyaéta istilah tali panyangcang parahu, di daérah Basisir [[Penarukan, Buleleng, Buleleng|Panarukan]] nyebut ieu istilah ku sebutan talékoran, di daérah Basisir Muncar nyebut ieu istilah ku sebutan talékor, sedengkeun daérah Basisir Puger nyebut ieu istilah ku sebutan jampang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/PB/article/download/8715/5920/8715-181-18643-1-10-20181012.pdf|website=jurnal.unej.ac.id|accessdate=2019-06-15}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina pamakéan istilah jampang pikeun nyebutkeun babagéan kapal mah kawilang teu pati rélevan jeung wewengkon Jampang kiwari nu lega, lantaran ieu istilah lain bijil ti basa Sundana sorangan, malah mah bisa jadi bijil tina [[basa Jawa]]. Jeung deuih masarakat Jampang sagemblengna henteu adek ka basisir laut, ngan babaraha kacamatan hungkul nu [[pakasaban]] masarakatna minangka [[pamayang]], da lolobana mah kana [[tani]] jeung [[ngahuma]]. Sahingga pamakéan istilah Jampang pikeun ngaran séjén nyebutkeun [[tuwuhan]] [[jukut jampang]] atawa ''axonopus compressus'' dianggap leuwih rélevan, sabab katara dominanna ieu jukut saupama di wewengkon Pajampangan keur usum katiga téh. == Wengkuan == Dina mangsa modérn ayeuna wewengkon Jampang geus kawates ku wates administratif séwang-séwangan. Di antara kacamatan anu kaasup kana kategori wewengkon Jampang nyaéta: === Kabupatén Sukabumi === {{Div col|3}} *[[Simpenan, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Simpenan]] *[[Léngkong, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Léngkong]] *[[Waluran, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Waluran]] *[[Ciemas, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Ciemas]] *[[Ciracap, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Ciracap]] *[[Suradé, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Suradé]] *[[Cibitung, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Cibitung]] *[[Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Jampang Kulon]] *[[Cimanggu, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Cimanggu]] *[[Kalibunder, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Kalibunder]] *[[Pabuaran, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Pabuaran]] *[[Jampang Tengah, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Jampang Tengah]] *[[Nyalindung, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Nyalindung]] *[[Purabaya, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Purabaya]] *[[Sagaranten, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Sagaranten]] *[[Curugkembar, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Curugkembar]] *[[Cidadap, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Cidadap]] *[[Cidolog, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Cidolog]] *[[Tegalbuleud, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Tegalbuleud]]{{Div col end}} === Kabupatén Cianjur === {{Div col|3}} *[[Takokak, Cianjur|Kacamatan Takokak]] *[[Kadupandak, Cianjur|Kacamatan Kadupandak]] *[[Cijati, Cianjur|Kacamatan Cijati]] *[[Lélés, Cianjur|Kacamatan Lélés]] *[[Tanggeung, Cianjur|Kacamatan Tanggeung]] *[[Cibinong, Cianjur|Kacamatan Cibinong]] *[[Agrabinta, Cianjur|Kacamatan Agrabinta]] *[[Sindangbarang, Cianjur|Kacamatan Sindangbarang]] *[[Cidaun, Cianjur|Kacamatan Cidaun]]{{Div col end}} Sanajan istilah Jampang nu sacara lega nyebutkeun kacamatan-kacamatan di luhur, ngan pamakéan istilah Jampang sacara administratif dina lingkup pamaréntahan mah kur dua kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Sukabumi]], nyaéta kacamatan [[Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi|Jampang Kulon]] jeung [[Jampang Tengah, Sukabumi|Jampang Tengah]]. == Karajaan Jampang Manggung == == Lentong jeung Basa == == Ciri Mandiri == === Opak Jampang === [[Opak jampang]] mangrupa kadaharan has ti wewengkon Jampang. Ieu [[opak]] jampang nu ngabédakeun jeung opak lianna nyaéta ieu opak Jampang dijieun tina bahan utama [[tipung ketan|tipung]] [[ketan]], nu mantak sok disebut ogé [[opak ketan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inisukabumi.com/2014/10/opak-cemilan-khas-sunda-asli-jampang.html|title=Opak, Cemilan Khas Sunda, Asli Jampang Kulon|last=Sukabumi|first=Ini|website=Inisukabumi.com|accessdate=2019-06-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620005715/https://www.inisukabumi.com/2014/10/opak-cemilan-khas-sunda-asli-jampang.html |date=2019-06-20 }}</ref> Teu kawas opak basajan nu djieun tina bahan [[aci sampeu]]. Lian ti kitu, cara ngasakanana nu béda teu cara opak basajan nu digoréng atawa [[garang|digarang]] na katél, ieu opak Jampang ngasakanana ku cara digarang di luhureun [[ruhak]] [[hawu]] atawa di [[sangray]] maké [[keusik]] dina [[katél]].<ref name=":0" /> Saenya ieu kadaharan opak jampang téh dipikawanoh di sakuliah wewengkon Jampang, ngan kiwari mah teu sakabéh wewengkon masih ngamumulé ieu kadaharan has opat téh, ngan di sawatara wewengkon hungkul. Diantara wewengkon nu masih ngamumulé opak jampang téh nyaéta di wewengkon Suradé, Jampang Kulon jeung sabudeureunana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sukabumixyz.com/2018/06/23/gengs-ini-5-fakta-opak-ketan-jampang-kulon-sukabumi-go-national/|title=Gengs, ini 5 fakta Opak Ketan Jampang Kulon Sukabumi go national|website=sukabumiXYZ.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-06-20}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Teluh Jampang === === Jawara Jampang === == Taratas Kabupatén Jampang == == Rujukan == {{reflist}} 02hz2vngb1hokfmhnszl3408tey9x51 0 98669 708573 705992 2026-04-26T03:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Béntang}} {{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=1e7m comparison Uranus Neptune Sirius B Earth Venus.png|image2=1e6m comparison Mars Mercury Moon Pluto Haumea - no transparency.png|width=300|caption2=Skala objék saukuran planét: <br> Baris luhur: [[Uranus]] jeung [[Néptunus]]; <br> baris kadua: [[Bumi]], béntang [[katé bodas]] [[Sirius B]], [[Vénus]]; <br> baris handap (digedékeun) – luhur: [[Mars]] jeung [[Mérkurius]]; <br> handap: [[Bulan]], [[planit katé]] [[Pluto]], jeung [[Haumea (planit katé)|Haumea]]}} '''Planét''' atawa '''planit''' (Basa Sunda buhun: '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah''') nyaéta [[objék astronomi]] anu [[orbit|ngulilingan]] hiji [[béntang]] atawa [[Sésa béntang|sésa béntang]]. Sangkan hiji objék bisa disebut planét, aya tilu kritéria utama numutkeun [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU): # Miboga [[massa]] anu cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun [[gravitasi]] sorangan sangkan wangunna buleud (kasatimbangan hidrostatis). # Teu badag teuing nepi ka bisa ngabalukarkeun [[fusi termonuklir]] (henteu jadi béntang). # Geus "meresihan" daérah di sabudeureun orbitna tina [[planétésimal]] (benda-benda langit leutik séjénna).<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteA">Ieu [[Wangenan planét|wangenan]] dumasar kana dua déklarasi IAU (2001 jeung 2006).</ref><ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=IAU |year=2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134246/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |date=2009-12-30 }}</ref> Istilah "planét" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''planētēs'' anu hartina "pangumbara" (tukang ngumbara). Dina basa Sunda, istilah "béntang" mindeng dipaké sacara umum pikeun sakabéh barang langit anu moncorong di peuting, padahal planét mah henteu ngaluarkeun cahaya sorangan (ngan saukur nyinarkeun pantulan cahaya ti béntang).<ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref> == Sajarah jeung kapercayaan == Kecap ''planit'' geus lila dipikawanoh sarta miboga hubungan anu raket jeung [[sajarah]], [[sains]], [[mitologi]], sarta [[agama]]. Ku rupa-rupa [[peradaban]] kuna, planét téh dianggap salaku hal anu sakral atawa wawakil ti para [[déwa]]. Sanajan kitu, kalayan majuna élmu kanyaho, sawangan manusa kana planét ogé milu robah, tina dianggap barang gaib jadi objék astronomi anu bisa ditalungtik. == Bédana "Bintang" jeung "Béntang" == Dina [[Basa Sunda]], aya bédana harti anu kacida jéntréna antara kecap '''bintang''' jeung '''béntang''', dumasar kana asal-usul cahaya sarta sipatna: * '''Bintang''' (planét): Nyaéta barang langit anu teu bisa ngahasilkeun cahyana sorangan, tapi ngan saukur mantulkeun cahaya ti béntang séjénna. Dina istilah astronomi modérn, ieu disebutna [[planét]]. * '''Béntang''' (''star''): Nyaéta barang langit anu bisa ngahasilkeun cahaya sorangan tina prosés fusi nuklir dina jerona.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Cit. 1|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|publisher=Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda & PT Kiblat Buku Utama|date=2006|location=Bandung|isbn=9793631910|last=Danadibrata, R. A.}}</ref> Dina kabudayaan Sunda, planét ogé mindeng disebut '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah'''. Istilah ieu dipaké pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung béntang sajati anu katémpona cicing (''fixed stars''), sabab planét mah katémpona "ngumbara" atawa nyimpang tina jalur béntang-béntang séjénna. Dina taun 2006, [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU) ngesahkeun hiji résolusi resmi anu nangtukeun [[wangenan planét IAU|wangenan (definisi) planét]] di [[Tata Surya]]. Wangenan ieu dipuji nanging ogé dikritik sarta masih diperdebatkeun ku sawatara élmuwan, lantaran dianggap teu ngawengku banda-banda [[planemo|bermassa planét]] séjénna anu ngan ditangtukeun dumasar kana orbitna. Sanajan dalapan banda planét anu dipanggihan méméh taun 1950 masih dianggap "planét" dumasar kana wangenan modéren, sawatara banda angkasa saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]] (masing-masing mangrupa objék di sabuk astéroid Panonpoé), kitu ogé [[Pluto]] (objék trans-Néptunus anu munggaran dipanggihan) anu baheulana dianggap planét, ayeuna mah geus henteu dianggap planét deui sarta turun statusna jadi [[planét kerdil]]. [[Ptolomeus]] nganggap yén planét ngurilingan Bumi kalawan gerakan [[deferen jeung épisiklus]]. Sanajan ideu [[Hélioséntrisme|planét ngurilingan Panonpoé]] geus lila diutarakeun, kakara dina abad ka-17 ideu ieu kabukti sacara ilmiah ngaliwatan pangamatan [[téléscop]] ku [[Galileo Galilei]]. Kalawan analisis data obsérvasi anu kacida taliti, [[Johannes Kepler]] manggihan yén orbit planét téh wangunna lain bunderan (lingkaran) sampurna, nanging mangrupa [[orbit elips|élips]]. [Image of Kepler's laws of planetary motion illustrating elliptical orbits] Sajalan jeung kamekaran pakakas obsérvasi, para [[astronom]] niténan yén planét téh rotasi dina sumbu anu miring, sarta sababaraha di antarana miboga [[beting és]] (ice caps) jeung parobahan [[usum]] lir ibarat di Bumi. Ti saprak asup ka [[Jaman Angkasa]], pangamatan jarak deukeut ku [[wahana antariksa]] ngabuktikeun yén Bumi jeung planét-planét séjénna miboga ciri-ciri géologis anu sarupa, saperti [[gunung seuneu|vulkanisme]], [[angin ribut]], [[téktonik]], malah nepi ka gejala [[hidrologi]]. Sacara umum, planit kabagi ngajadi dua jinis utama: [[raksasa gas]] gedé anu kapadetanana handap jeung [[planét kabumian|raksasa darat]] leutik batuan. Sasuay définisi IAU, aya dalapan planit di Tata Surya. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (deukeut ka jauh), aya opat planit kabumian, [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], jeung [[Mars]], tuluy opat raksasa gas, [[Jupiter]], [[Saturnus]], [[Uranus]], jeung [[Néptunus]]. Genep planit di antarana dikurilingan ku hiji [[satelit alam]] atawa leuwih. Salian ti éta, IAU ngakuan lima [[planit katé]]<ref>[[Ceres (planét katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]] (saméméhns mangrupa planit ka-9 di Tata Surya), [[Makemake (planit katé)|Makemake]], [[Haumea (planét katé)|Haumea]], jeung [[Eris (planét katé)|Eris]]</ref> jeung baratus-ratus rébu [[banda leutik Tata Surya]]. Maranéhna masih nimbang-nimbang banda-banda séjén pikeun digolongkeun jadi planit.<ref>http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |date=2011-06-14 }}</ref> Ti semet 1992, mangratus-ratus planit anu ngurilingan béntang-béntang séjén ("[[planit luar surya]]" atawa "éksoplanét") di [[Bima Sakti]] enggeus dipanggihkeun. Per {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}}, {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planet luar surya anu dipikanyaho (di {{Extrasolar planet counts|system_count}} [[sistem planet]] jeung {{Extrasolar planet counts|multiplanetsystem_count}} [[Daftar sistim multiplanet|sistim multiplanet]]) kadaftar di [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]. Ukuranana rupa-rupa, ti mimiti planét daratan siga Bumi nepi raksasa gas nu leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> Dina tanggal 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Teleskop Luar Angkasa Kepler]] manggihkeun dua planit luar surya saukuran Bumi, [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222162400/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=2013-02-22 }}</ref> dan [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20f |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614161345/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |date=2012-06-14 }}</ref> anu ngorbit [[analog Panonpoé|béntang diga Panonpoé]], [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Michele|title=NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=20 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |date=2019-05-04 }}</ref><ref name="Nature-20111220">{{cite journal |last=Hand |first=Eric |title=Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets |doi=10.1038/nature.2011.9688 |date=20 December 2011 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20111220">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=Two Earth-Size Planets Are Discovered|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/science/space/nasas-kepler-spacecraft-discovers-2-earth-size-planets.html|date=20 December 2011|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2011-12-21 }}</ref> Studi taun 2012 nu nganalisis data [[mikrolensa gravitasi]] ngira-ngira satiap béntang di Catang Bobo [[rata-rata aritmetik|rata-rata]] dikurilingan ku saeutikna 1,6 planét.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cassan|first=Arnaud|author2=D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne, J. Greenhill, J. Wambsganss, J. Menzies, A. Williams, U. G. Jørgensen, A. Udalski, D. P. Bennett, M. D. Albrow, V. Batista, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, A. Cole, Ch. Coutures, K. H. Cook, S. Dieters, D. Dominis Prester, J. Donatowicz, P. Fouqué, K. Hill, N. Kains et al.|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations|journal=Nature|date=12 January 2012|volume=481|pages=167–169|doi=10.1038/nature10684|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html|accessdate=11 January 2012|issue=7380|bibcode = 2012Natur.481..167C|pmid=22237108|arxiv = 1202.0903 }}</ref> Sawatara astronom di [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] (CfA) ngalaporkeun dina Januari 2013 yén saeutikna 17 miliar éksoplanét saukuran Bumi (tepatna 0,8–1,25 [[massa Bumi]]) anu periode orbitna 85 poé atawana kurang ayana di galaksi Catang Bobo.<ref name="Space-20130107">{{cite web |title=17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way |url=http://www.space.com/19157-billions-earth-size-alien-planets-aas221.html |date=January 7, 2013 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=January 8, 2013 |author=Staff }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{see|Sejarah astronomi|Definisi planet}} {{see also|Garis waktu astronomi Tata Surya}} [[File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Cetakan model kosmologi geosentris dari ''Cosmographia'', Antwerp, 1539]] Sawangan ngeunaan planét téh parantos loba robahna sapanjang lalakon sajarah, kawitna mah mung dianggap salaku [[béntang ngumbara]] anu langgeng dina jaman bihari, dugi ka kiwari dianggap salaku objék anu mibanda sipat nu sarupa sareng bumi. Ieu konsép téh beuki ngajembaran, henteu mung kawatesan di lingkungan Tata Surya wungkul, nanging parantos ngambah ka mangratus-ratus sistem luar surya sanésna. Ayana kahengkeran (ambiguitas) dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét téh parantos janten pasalia paham (kontrovérsi) di kalangan para élmuwan. Lima [[planit klasik]] anu tiasa katingal ku panon sacara langsung parantos dipikawanoh ti jaman bihari, sarta mibanda pangaruh anu kacida ageungna dina widang [[mitologi]], [[kosmologi agama]], sarta [[palintangan]] kuna. Dina mangsa harita, para astronom parantos nitenan kumaha cahaya-cahaya tinangtu téh léngkahna béda sarta ngalangkungan langit upami dibandingkeun sareng béntang-béntang sanésna. Éta cahaya ku bangsa Yunani disebut {{lang|grc|πλάνητες ἀστέRES}} ({{Transl|grc|''planetes asteres''}}, "béntang ngumbara") atanapi "{{lang|grc|πλανήτοι}}" baé ({{Transl|grc|''planētoi''}}, "pangalalana"),<ref>H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', ninth edition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940).</ref> anu janten dadasar kawangunna kecap "planét".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet |title=Definition of planet |publisher=Merriam-Webster OnLine |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref><ref name="oed" /> Di [[Yunani]], [[Cina]], [[Babilonia]] kuna, sarta sakumna peradaban pra-modéren,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Otto E. |last=Neugebauer |year=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1086/370729}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Colin|last=Ronan|title=Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan|edition=Walker|chapter=Astronomy Before the Telescope|pages=264–265}}</ref> diyakinkeun yén Bumi téh mangrupa [[géosentris|puseur Alam Semesta]] sarta sakumna "planét" téh ngurilingan Bumi. Alesan anu ngadasaran ieu sawangan nyaéta béntang sarta planét katingal muter ngalingkung Bumi unggal dinten,<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas S.|last=Kuhn|title=The Copernican Revolution|pages=5–20|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1957|isbn=0-674-17103-9}}</ref> sarta ayana anggepan sacara [[akal séhat]] yén Bumi téh sipatna padet tur manceg, henteu oyag sarta cicing. === Babilonia === {{main|Astronomi Babilonia}} Peradaban munggaran anu dipikawanoh mibanda tiori ''fungsional'' ngeunaan planét téh nyaéta bangsa [[Babilonia]], padumuk [[Mesopotamia]] dina milénium kahiji sarta kadua SM. Téks astronomi planét pangmimitina anu masih aya dugi ka ayeuna nyaéta [[Tablét Vénus ti Ammisaduqa]], mangrupa salinan daptar paniténan gerak planét Vénus ti abad ka-7 SM anu disangka parantos disusun ti milénium kadua SM.<ref name="practice" /> [[MUL.APIN]] mangrupa sapasang tablét [[kuneiform]] ti abad ka-7 SM anu nyatet gerakan Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét sapanjang taun.<ref>{{cite book|author= Francesca Rochberg|chapter=Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia|title= Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|volume= III|editor=Jack Sasson|year=2000|page=1930}}</ref> Sawatara [[Astrologi Babilonia|astrolog Babilonia]] ogé nunda dadasar pikeun [[astrologi Kulon]].<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Holden|first=James Herschel|title=A History of Horoscopic Astrology|year=1996|publisher=AFA|isbn=978-0-86690-463-6|page=1}}</ref> ''[[Enuma anu enlil]]'', anu ditulis dina mangsa periode [[Neo-Assyria]] abad ka-7 SM,<ref>{{cite book|volume=8|series=State Archives of Assyria|title=Astrological reports to Assyrian kings|editor=Hermann Hunger|year=1992|publisher=Helsinki University Press|isbn=951-570-130-9}}</ref> eusina ngawengku daptar [[omen]] (tanda alam) sarta hubunganana sareng rupa-rupa fénoména langit, kalebet gerakan planét-planét.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa |first=W. G. |last=Lambert |year=1987 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |doi=10.2307/602955 |volume=107 |issue=1 |author2=Reiner |first2=Erica |jstor=602955 |pages=93–96}}</ref><ref name="ancientmes">{{cite journal |url=http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |format=PDF |author=Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul |title=Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF) |journal=Electronic Journal of Folklore |accessdate=2008-02-06 |volume=16 |year=2001 |pages=7–35 |publisher=Estonian Literary Museum |editor=Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204141254/http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |date=2019-02-04 }}</ref> [[Vénus]], [[Mérkurius]], sarta planét-planét périfér (pangluarna) sapertos [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], sarta [[Saturnus]] parantos diidéntifikasi ku para [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]]. Sadayana mangrupa planét anu dipikawanoh ku manusa dugi ka diciptakeunana [[téléskop]] dina awal jaman modéren.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Observational Astronomy |author=A. Sachs |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |date=May 2, 1974 |pages=43–50 [45 & 48–9] |publisher=[[Royal Society of London]] |jstor=74273 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...43S}}</ref> === Astronomi Yunani-Romawi === {{Tempo ogé|Astronomi Yunani}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ 7 Planét Ptolomeus |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Bulan <br> [[File:Moon decrescent symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☾}}]] || 2 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 3 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 4 <br> Panonpoé <br> [[File:Sun symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☉}}]] || 5 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 6 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 7 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Bangsa Yunani Kuna kawitna mah henteu pati mibanda karesep sapertos bangsa Babilonia dina nalungtik perkara planét. [[Pangiring Pythagoras]] dina abad ka-6 sarta ka-5 SM rupina parantos ngamekarkeun tiori kaplanétan sorangan, anu di jerona ngajelaskeun yén Bumi, Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét téh ngurilingan "Seuneu Tengah" anu janten puseur Alam Semesta. [[Pythagoras]] atanapi [[Parmenides]] kawartoskeun mangrupa jalma munggaran anu mampuh ngaidéntifikasi yén béntang burit sarta béntang isuk ([[Vénus]]) téh saenyana mangrupa hiji banda langit anu sarua.<ref name="burnet">{{cite book|first=John|last=Burnet|title= Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato|year=1950|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|pages=7–11|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=978-1-4067-6601-1}}</ref> Dina abad ka-3 SM, [[Aristarkhus ti Samos]] ngusulkeun sistem [[heliosentrisme|hélioséntris]], anu mibanda harti yén Bumi sarta planét téh ngalingkung Panonpoé. Nanging, sistem géoséntris tetep janten anggepan utama (didominasi) dina peradaban dunya dugi ka lumangsungna [[Révolusi Ilmiah]]. Dina [[periode Hélénistik]] abad ka-1 SM, bangsa Yunani mimiti ngamekarkeun skéma matématika pikeun maham sarta ngira-ngira posisi planét-planét. Ieu skéma anu dumasar kana géométri, bénten sareng aritmetika Babilonia, nu satuluyna ngajantenkeun tiori kaplanétan langkung kompléks sarta pepek. Kalolobaan gerakan astronomis anu dititénan ti Bumi ku panon sacara langsung téh diukur ngagunakeun ieu skéma. Tiori Yunani ieu nembé tiasa dijelaskeun sacara mundel dina kitab ''[[Almagest]]'' karya [[Ptolomeus]] dina abad ka-2 M. Modél Ptolomeus téh kacida lengkepna sarta dominan, dugi ka sadaya tiori astronomi sateuacanna dianggap parantos katingaleun jaman (basi), sarta ''Almagest'' janten téks astronomi resmi di dunya Kulon salami 13 abad.<ref name="practice" /><ref name="almagest" /> Bangsa Yunani sarta Romawi mikawanoh tujuh planét, anu masing-masing dianggap [[modél géoséntris|ngurilingan Bumi]] luyu sareng hukum kompléks Ptolomeus. Éta planét-planét téh nyaéta (luyu sareng urutan Ptolomeus ti Bumi): Bulan, Mérkurius, Vénus, Panonpoé, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus.<ref name="oed">{{cite web | url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet |publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | title = planet, n | accessdate=2008-02-07|year=2007}} ''Note: select the Etymology tab ''</ref><ref name="almagest">{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ptolemy's Almagest|author= Ptolemy|authorlink=Ptolemy|author2=[[G. J. Toomer|Toomer, G. J.]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-691-00260-6}}</ref> === India === {{main|Astronomi India|Kosmologi Hindu}} Dina taun 499 CE, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] nyusun modél planét anu ngalebetkeun unsur [[rotasi Bumi]] dina sumbuna. Anjeunna ngajelaskeun yén éta hal téh mangrupa sabab musabab béntang-béntang katingal obah ka arah kulon. Aryabhata ogé mibanda kayakinan yén orbit planét téh wangunna [[élips]].<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html Aryabhata the Elder], [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''<nowiki/>''</ref> Pangiring Aryabhata kacida seueurna di [[India Kidul]], hiji wewengkon di mana prinsip-prinsip ngeunaan rotasi diurnal Bumi diaku, sarta sababaraha karya susulan anu dumasar kana éta tiori parantos dihasilkeun.<ref>[[K. V. Sarma|Sarma, K. V.]] (1997) "Astronomy in India" in [[Helaine Selin|Selin, Helaine]] (editor) ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-4066-3, p. 116</ref> Dina taun 1500, [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] ti [[madhab astronomi sarta matématika Kerala]] parantos ngaropéa (ngarévisi) modél Aryabhata dina karyana anu judulna ''[[Tantrasangraha]]''.<ref name="MOPM">{{cite journal |title=Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers |last==Ramasubramanian |first=K. |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |volume=26 |pages=11–31 [23–4] |year=1998 |bibcode=1998BASI...26...11R}}</ref> Dina ''Aryabhatiyabhasya'', anu mangrupa ulasan (koméntar) kana kitab ''Aryabhatiya'' karya Aryabhata, anjeunna ngamekarkeun modél planét di mana Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus téh ngalingkung Panonpoé, sedengkeun Panonpoé ngurilingan Bumi. Ieu modél téh sawanda sareng [[sistim Tychonik]] anu diusulkeun ku [[Tycho Brahe]] dina ahir abad ka-16. Kalolobaan astronom ti madhab Kerala anu janten pangiringna nampi éta modél planét hasil usulanana.<ref name="MOPM" /><ref>Ramasubramanian etc. (1994)</ref> === Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan === {{main|Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan|Kosmologi Islam}} Dina abad ka-11, kajadian [[transit Vénus]] parantos dititénan ku [[Ibnu Sina]], anu satuluyna netepkeun yén [[Vénus]] téh aya kalana nuju aya di handapeun Panonpoé.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā |author=Sally P. Ragep |editor=Thomas Hockey |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2007 |pages=570–572 |doi=10.1888/0333750888/3736 |bibcode=2000eaa..bookE3736. |isbn=0-333-75088-8}}</ref> Dina abad ka-12, [[Ibnu Bajjah]] nitenan ayana "dua planét anu mangrupa titik hideung dina beungeut Panonpoé", anu dina mangsa nu bakal datang dipikawanoh salaku [[transit Mérkurius]] sarta Vénus ku astronom ti [[Observatorium Maragheh|Maragha]], [[Qotb al-Din Shirazi]], dina abad ka-13.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26, 1997|author=S. M. Razaullah Ansari|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=1-4020-0657-8|page=137}}</ref> Nanging hanjakalna, Ibnu Bajjah dianggap pamohalan upami parantos nitenan transit Vénus, jalaran éta fénoména téh saenyana henteu kantos lumangsung saumur hirup anjeunna.<ref name="transit catalog">{{cite web|url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html|author=Fred Espenak|publisher= NASA/GSFC|title=Six millennium catalog of Venus transits: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE|accessdate=11 February 2012}}</ref> === Renaisans Éropa === {{Tempo ogé|Hélioséntrisme}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét Renaisans, s.k. 1543 dugi ka 1781 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Ku dimimitianana [[Révolusi Ilmiah]], wangenan (définisi) kecap "planét" téh robah sacara sasar (mendasar); anu kawitna dianggap salaku objék anu bagerak di langit (rélatif kana [[béntang maneuh|latar béntang]]), janten banda anu ngurilingan Bumi (géoséntris), sarta ahirna janten banda anu sacara langsung ngalilingan Panonpoé (hélioséntris). Ieu parobahan téh lumangsung sabada [[modél hélioséntris]] karya [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], sarta [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] mimiti ditarima ku masarakat élmuwan dina abad ka-16. [Image of Heliocentric model of the solar system] Ku kituna, Bumi sorangan mimiti dilebetkeun kana daptar planét,<ref name="galileo_project" /> samentara Panonpoé sarta Bulan mah dikaluarkeun tina éta daptar. Nalika satelit-satelit munggaran Jupiter sarta Saturnus kapanggih dina abad ka-17, istilah "planét" sarta "satelit" téh mimitina mah mindeng dipaké silih ganti. Nanging, istilah "satelit" janten beuki umum sarta baku dipaké dina abad salajengna.<ref>Tempo sitasi utama di [[:en:Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons#References|Garis waktu papanggihan planét-planét Tata Surya jeung bulanna]]</ref> Dugi ka pertengahan abad ka-19, jumlah "planét" téh nambihan kacida gancangna, jalaran unggal banda anyar anu kapanggih ngurilingan Panonpoé téh langsung digolongkeun salaku planét ku komunitas élmuwan. === Abad ka-19 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ Planét anyar, 1807–1845 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[file:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[file:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[file:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[file:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Vésta <br> [[file:Vesta symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚶}}]] || 6 <br> Juno <br> [[file:Juno symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚵}}]] || 7 <br> Cérés <br> [[file:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚳}}]] || 8 <br> Pallas <br> [[file:Pallas symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚴}}]] || 9 <br> Yupiter <br> [[file:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 10 <br> Saturnus <br> [[file:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 11 <br> Uranus <br> [[file:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] |} Dina abad ka-19, para astronom mimiti sadar yén banda-banda anyar anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku planét salila ampir satengah abad (saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]]) miboga sipat anu jauh béda ti planét tradisional. Banda-banda ieu aya dina kawasan anu sarua antara Mars jeung Yupiter ([[sabuk astéroid]]) sarta miboga massa anu jauh leuwih leutik. Ku lantaran kitu, objék-objék kasebut mimiti digolongkeun salaku "[[astéroid]]". [Image of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter] Alatan can aya wangenan (definisi) resmi, kecap "planét" dina mangsa éta dipikaharti salaku banda "badag" naon baé anu ngulilingan Panonpoé. Sanggeus kanyahoan aya bédana ukuran anu kacida badag antara astéroid jeung planét, sarta dituturkeun ku kapanggihna [[Néptunus]] dina taun 1846, kabutuhan pikeun miboga wangenan resmi jadi beuki kuat.<ref>{{cite web |last =Hilton |first =James L. |date =2001-09-17 |url =http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |title =When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? |publisher =U.S. Naval Observatory |accessdate =2007-04-08 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate =2007-09-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> === Abad ka-20 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét 1854–1930, 2006–ayeuna |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} Dina abad ka-20, [[Pluto]] dipanggihkeun. Sanggeus saruntuyan pangamatan awal nyimpulkeun banda ieu leuwih gedé tibatan Bumi,<ref>{{cite book|title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems|first = K.|last=Croswell|publisher = The Free Press|year = 1997|page = 57|isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> objék ieu langsung ditarima sabagé planét kasalapan. Pangamatan saterusna justru ngabuktikeun yén banda ieu ukuranana leuwih leutik: tahun 1936, [[Raymond Lyttleton]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto bisa jadi satelit [[Néptunus]] anu kaluar jalur,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> jeung dina taun 1964 [[Fred Lawrence Whipple|Fred Whipple]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto meureun baé mangrupa komét.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> Ngan lantaran ukuranana leuwih gedé tibatan kabéh astéroid anu dipikanyaho sarta sigana henteu éksis di jero populasi anu leuwih gedé,<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Scientific American |year=1996 |pages=46–52 |last=Luu |first=Jane X. |author2=Jewitt, David C. |title=The Kuiper Belt |volume=274 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0596-46}}</ref> status Pluto tetep planet nepi ka taun 2006. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planet 1930–2006 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] || 9 <br> Pluto <br> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|{{unicode|♇}}]] |} Dina taun 1992, astronom [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] jeung [[Dale Frail]] manggihan sajumlah planét anu ngurilingan hiji [[pulsar]], [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan" /> Papanggihan ieu umumna dianggap minangka detéksi pasti kana sistim planit anu ngabuder béntang lian. Tuluy dina 6 Oktober 1995, [[Michel Mayor]] jeung [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenewa]] ngalaksanakeun detéksi pasti kahiji ka éksoplanét anu ngurilingan hiji béntang [[deret utama]] biasa ([[51 Pegasi]]).<ref name="Mayor">{{cite journal | last=Mayor |first=Michel |author2=Queloz, Didier | title=A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star | journal=Nature | year=1995 | volume=378 | issue=6356 | pages=355–359 | doi= 10.1038/378355a0 | bibcode=1995Natur.378..355M}}</ref> Papanggihan planét luar surya nungtung kana ambiguitas séjén ngeunaan définisi planet, dina titik waktu planit ngajadi béntang. Réa planit luar surya anu enggeus dipikanyaho massana leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter, ngadeukeutan banda-banda béntang anu dikenal sabagé "[[katé coklat]]".<ref>{{cite web | year=2006 |title=IAU General Assembly: Definition of Planet debate | url=http://astro2006.meta.mediastream.cz/Astro2006-060822-01.asx |format=.wmv |publisher=MediaStream.cz |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Katé coklat umumna dianggap béntang sabab mampuh ngalakukeun fusi [[deuterium]], isotop [[hidrogén]] anu leuwih beurat. Lamun béntang anu ukuranana 75 kalieun Jupiter mampuh ngafusikeun hidrogén, ngan béntang anu ukuranana 13 kalieun Jupiter anu bisa ngafusikeun deuterium. Tatapi, deuterium rada langka jeung sabagian gedé katé coklat enggeus tiheula anggeus ngafusikeun deuterium saméméh dipanggihkeun, nu matak hésé dibédakeun ti planit-planit supermasif.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Basri |first=Gibor |title= Observations of Brown Dwarfs |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2000 |volume=38 | issue=1 |page=485 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.485 |bibcode=2000ARA&A..38..485B}}</ref> === Abad ka-21 === Ku dipanggihanana réa objék di Tata Surya jeung objék anu leuwih gedé di sistim lian dina paruh akhir abad ka-20, timbul pamasalahan ngeunaan hal-hal anu ngawangun hiji planit. Aya sawala ngeunaan naha hiji objék bisa dianggap planit lamun ayana di jero populasi jauh saperti [[sabuk astéroid|sabuk]] atawa cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun énergi sorangan ngaliwatan [[fusi termonuklir]] [[deuterium]]. Réa astronom anu boga pamadegan supaya Pluto dikaluarkan ti kolompok planit, sabab réa banda sajinis anu ukuranana siga dipanggihkeun di wilayah Tata Surya anu sarua ([[sabuk Kuiper]]) dina tauun 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an. Pluto kabuktian nya ngan hiji banda leutik di antarana barébu-rébu banda sarupa lianna. Sajumlah banda saperti [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]], [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], jeung [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] disebutkeun minangka [[planet kasapuluh]] ku pers, tatapi henteu diakuan sacara jembar ku komunitas ilmuwan. Papanggihan Eris taun 2005, banda anu 27% leuwih gedé tibatab Pluto, nyiptakeun rasa panasaran publik ngeunaan définisi planét sacara resmi. Nénjo masalah ieu, IAU ngarancang [[définisi planét]] sarta netepkeunana dina Agustus 2006. Jumlah planét ngurangan ngajadi dalapan banda gedé anu enggeus "[[ngaberesihkeun lingkungan|ngaberesihkeun]]" orbitna (Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, jeung Neptunus). IAU ogé nyieun kolompok [[planét katé]] anu awalna ditempatan tilu banda ([[Ceres (planet katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]], jeung [[Eris (planet katé)|Eris]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Green |first=D. W. E. |version=Circular No. 8747 |publisher=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, International Astronomical Union |date=2006-09-13 |title=(134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia) |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08700/08747.html |accessdate=2011-07-05 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080624225029/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/08747.pdf |archivedate = June 24, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==== Définisi planét luar surya ==== Pada tahun 2003, [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets nyieun pertélaan ngeunaan définisi planit anu ngawengku définisi pamuka kieu, réréana fokus kana watesan antara planit jeung katé coklat:<ref name="WSGESP" /> {{TNO imagemap|250px}} # Objék anu [[massa sajati]]na di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium (ayeuna ieu kaitung 13 kalieun massa Jupiter pikeun objék kalawan [[kalimpahan alami|kalimpahan isotop]] anu satimbang jeung Panonpoé<ref>{{cite journal | last=Saumon |first=D. |author2=Hubbard, W. B.; Burrows, A.; Guillot, T.; Lunine, J. I.; Chabrier, G. |title=A Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1996 |volume=460 |pages=993–1018 |bibcode=1996ApJ...460..993S |doi=10.1086/177027|arxiv = astro-ph/9510046 }}</ref>) anu gorbit béntang atawa sésa béntang téh "planit" (henteu penting kumaha kawangunna). Massa jeung ukuran minimal anu disaratkeun pikeun objék luar surya supaya bisa dianggap planit kudu sarua saperti sarat planet Tata Surya. # Objek subbintang anu massa sajatina di luhur wates massa pikeun fusi termonuklir deuterium téh "[[katé coklat]]", henteu penting kumaha kawangunna atawa di mana lokasina. # Objék ngalalana bébas di [[gugus béntang]] ngora anu massana di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium nya lain "planit", tatapi "katé sub-coklat" (atawa ngaran naon baé anu pantes). Définisi ieu mimiti dipaké sacara jembar ku astronom waktu nerbitkeun papanggihan éksoplanét di [[jurnal akademik]].<ref>See for example the list of references for: {{cite web |author=Butler, R. P. ''et al.'' |year=2006 |url=http://exoplanets.org/ |title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets |publisher=University of California and the Carnegie Institution |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119143348/http://exoplanets.org/esp/hd117618/hd117618.shtml |date=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Najan samentara, definisi ieu mimiti éféktif nepi ka définisi permanén sacara resmi diadopsi. Hanjakalna, definisi ieu henteu nanganan masalah wates rendah massa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html|title=Gravity Rules: The Nature and Meaning of Planethood|last=Stern|first=S. Alan|date=2004-03-22|publisher=SpaceDaily|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012331/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html |date=2012-11-04 }}</ref> nu matak ngajauhan kontrovérsi sabuder objék di jero Tata Surya. Définisi ieu ogé henteu nanganan status planét katé coklat anu boga orbit, saperti [[2M1207b]]. Salah sahiji définisi [[katé sub-coklat]] téh banda bamassa planet anu kawangun ngaliwatan kolaps méga, lain [[akresi (astrofisika)|akresi]]. Pangbéda pambentukan antara katé sub-coklat jeung planit ieu tacan diakuan sacara universal. Para astronom masih kabagi jadi dua kubu dina nimbangkeun prosés pambentukan planit minangka bagéan tina pangolompokanana.<ref name="Cha110913">{{cite web |date=2005-11-29 |title=A Planet With Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |publisher=NASA |author=Whitney Clavin |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |accessdate=2006-03-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011011111/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |date=2012-10-11 }}</ref> Hiji alesan kakuciwaan ieu téh kadang pamohalan nangtukeun prosés pambentukan planit. Upamana, planit pangorbit béntang anu kawangun ku akresi bisa kaalungkeun ti sistim tur jadi pangalalana bébas. Sabalikna, katé sub-coklat anu kawangun ku kolaps méga kawangun sorangan di hiji gugus béntang anu bisa kataheun dina orbit hiji béntang. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét katai 2007–ayeuna |- style="font-size: smaller;" align=center | Ceres <br /> [[File:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|⚳]] || Orcus <br /> [[File:Orcus symbol.svg|16px]] || Pluto <br /> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|⯓]] || Haumea <br /> [[File:Haumea symbol.svg|16px]] || Quaoar <br /> [[File:Quaoar symbol.svg|16px]] || Makemake <br /> [[File:Makemake symbol.svg|16px]] || Gonggong <br /> [[File:Gonggong symbol.svg|16px]] || Eris <br /> [[File:Eris symbol.svg|16px|⯰]] || Sedna <br /> [[File:Sedna symbol.svg|16px|⯲]] |} Sarat 13 kali massa Jupiter téh kira-kira, lain hal anu sipatna pasti. Hiji pananya gé muncul: Naon ari [[pangbakaran deuterium]] téh? Pananya ieu muncul karana objék-objék gedé bakal ngaduruk sabagian gedé deuteriumna jeung objék leutik ngan meuleum saeutik, jeung 13 massa Jupiter ayana di antara duanana. Jumlah deuterium anu dibeuleum henteu ngan gumantung kana massa, tatapi ogé komposisi planétna, tepatna dina jumlah [[hélium]] jeung [[deuterium]] nu aya.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1008.5150 |author1=Spiegel |author2=Adam Burrows |author3=Milsom |title=The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets |class=astro-ph.EP |year=2010}}</ref> Kriteria séjén anu misahkeun planit jeung katé coklat salian ti pangbakaran deuterium, prosés pambentukan, atawa lokasi téh naha [[tekenan]] intina didominasi ku [[tekenan lateral bumi#Teori Coulomb|tekenan coulomb]] atawa [[tekenan degenerasi éléktron]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E.|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058 |journal=Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. |volume=34 |title=Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet? |pages=193–216 |year=2006 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608417 |bibcode=2006AREPS..34..193B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Boss, Alan P. |author2=Basri, Gibor |author3=Kumar, Shiv S. |author4=Liebert, James |author5=Martín, Eduardo L. |author6=Reipurth, Bo |author7=Zinnecker, Hans |title=Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ? |journal=Brown Dwarfs |volume=211 |page=529 |year=2003 |bibcode=2003IAUS..211..529B |author2=Basri |author3=Kumar |author4=Liebert |author5=Martín |author6=Reipurth |author7=Zinnecker}}</ref> ==== Definisi 2006 ====<!-- maybe: Rigorous definition --> {{main|Definisi planet IAU}} Masalah watesan rendah ditepikeun dina rapat [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional#Majelis Umum ke-XXVI dan definisi planet|Majelis Umum IAU]] taun 2006. Sanggeus debat panjang jeung hiji proposal gagal, majelis mungut soara pikeun ngesahkan résolusi anu ngadéfinisikeun planét di Tata Surya sabagé:<ref name="IAU2">{{cite web |author =Staff |year =2006 |url =http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |title =IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU resolution votes |publisher =IAU |accessdate =2007-05-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913172129/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |date=2008-09-13 }}</ref> {{quotation|Objék langit anu (a) ayana di orbit ngabuder Panonpoé, (b) miboga massa anu cukup supaya gravitasina ngaleuwihan gaya banda tegar sahingga miboga [[kasatimbangan hidrostatik]] (méh buleud), jeung (c) enggeus [[meresihkeun lingkungan]] di sabudereun orbitna.}} Sasuay définisi téa, Tata Surya dianggap miboga dalapan planit. Banda-banda anu minuhan dua sarat kahiji tapi henteu nu katilu (saperti Pluto, Makemake, jeung Eris) dikolompokkeun sabagé [[planit katé]] kalawan sarat maranéhna ogé lain mangrupa [[satelit alami]] planit séjén. Awalna komite IAU gusulkan définisi anu ngawengku réa planit karana poin (c) tacan dijieun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4795755.stm|title=Planets plan boosts tally 12|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-16|accessdate=2008-08-23|first=Paul|last=Rincon}}</ref> Sanggeus diskusi panjang, pamungutan soara satuluyna mutuskeun banda-banda téa digolongkeun planit katé.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/5282440.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Pluto loses status as a planet|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Definisi ieu didasarkeun kana tiori-tiori pambentukan planit, nyaéta waktu embrio planit enggeus meresihkeun orbitna tina objek-objek leutik. Saperti anu diécéskeun astronom [[Steven Soter]]:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Soter |first = Steven |title = What is a Planet |journal = Astronomical Journal |volume = 132 |issue = 6 |pages = 2513–19 |year = 2006 |doi=10.1086/508861 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608359 |bibcode=2006AJ....132.2513S}}</ref> {{quotation|Hasil ahir tina akresi cakram kadua téh saeutikna banda anu relatif gedé (planit) boh di orbit bèbas atawa resonan anu nyegah tabrakan antarbanda. Planit jeung komét leutik, kaabus KBO [objék beubeur Kuiper] aya bédana ti planit sabab bisa patabrakan jeung planit atawa pada batur.}} Pasca pamungutan soara IAU taun 2006, muncul kontroversi jeung sawala sabuder definisi ieu.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm|title=Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt|first=Paul|last=Rincon|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-24 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Réa astronom anu mutuskeun henteu ngagunakeunana.<ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-31 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto: Down But Maybe Not Out |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060831_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Sabagian sawala téa museurk kana kayakinan yén poin (c) (meresihkeun orbit) sakuduna henteu disartakeun jeung objék-objék anu ayeuna dikatégorikeun planit katé kuduna ngajadi bagéan tina définisi planit anu leuwih jembar. Di luar komunitas ilmuwan, Pluto miboga dampak budaya anu kuat di masarakat sabab status planitna ti semet dipanggihkeun taun 1930. Papanggihan Eris diwartakeun gedé-gedéan ku [[média massa|media]] minangka [[planit kasapuluh]], sahingga klasifikasi ulang katilu objék téa minangka planit katé loba narik ati média jeung publik.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clara|last=Moskowitz|title=Scientist who found '10th planet' discusses downgrading of Pluto|publisher=Stanford news|date=2006-10-18|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513221522/http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html |date=2013-05-13 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi sateuacana === Tabél di handap ieu dieusi daftar banda-banda [[Tata Surya]] anu saméméhna diklasifikasikeun minangka planit: {| class="wikitable" |- ! |Banda ! |Klasifikasi mutahir ! |Catetan |- | [[Bulan]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Digolongkeun minangka planit dina [[sajarah kuna|zaman antik]] saluyu [[modél géoséntris]] anu ayeuna kolot. |- | [[Io (satelit)|Io]], [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]], [[Ganimédé (satelit)|Ganimédé]], jeung [[Callisto (satelit)|Callisto]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Opat satelit panggedéna [[Jupiter]], katelah ogé [[satelit-satelit Galileo]]. [[Galileo Galilei]] nyebutna "Planit-Planit Medici" anu dialap tina ngaran [[Patronase|patronnya]], [[Medici|kulawarga Medici]]. |- | [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB>Referred to by Huygens as a ''Planetes novus'' ("new planet") in his [http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens-text.htm ''Systema Saturnium'']</ref> [[Iapetus (satelit)|Iapetus]],{{refn|Both labelled ''nouvelles planétes'' (new planets) by Cassini in his ''Découverte de deux nouvelles planetes autour de Saturne''<ref>Giovanni Cassini (1673). Decouverte de deux Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne. Sabastien Mabre-Craniusy. pp. 6–14.</ref>|name=footnoteC|group=lower-alpha}} [[Rhea (satelit)|Rhea]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> [[Tethys (satelit)|Tethys]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD>Both once referred to as "planets" by Cassini in his [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0260-7085%281686%2F1692%2916%3C79%3AAEOTJD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J ''An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans...'']. The term "satellite", however, had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ("primary planets").</ref> dan [[Dione (satelit)|Dione]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Lima [[satelit Saturnus|satelit panggedéna Saturnus]], ditimukeun ku [[Christiaan Huygens]] jeung [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]]. |- | [[Ceres (planit katé)|Ceres]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Classified as a [[dwarf planet]] in 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"| [[Astéroid]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho ti semet ditimukeun antara 1801 jeung 1807 tepi ka digolongkeun deui jadi astéroid taun 1850-an.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hilton, James L. |title=When did the asteroids become minor planets? |work=U.S. Naval Observatory |url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |accessdate=2008-05-08 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080324182332/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate=2008-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> Ceres enggeus digolongkeun jadi [[planit katé]] taun 2006. |- | [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], dan [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] || Asteroid |- | [[5 Astraea|Astrea]], [[6 Hebe|Hebe]], [[7 Iris|Iris]], [[8 Flora|Flora]], [[9 Metis|Metis]], [[10 Hygiea|Hygeia]], [[11 Parthenope|Parthenope]], [[12 Victoria|Victoria]], [[13 Egeria|Egeria]], [[14 Irene|Irene]], [[15 Eunomia|Eunomia]] || Astéroid | style="font-size:90%;"| Réa astéroid ditimukeun antara 1845 jeung 1851. Kamekaran daftar planit anu téréh ngajurung pangolompokan ulang banda-banda ieu sabagé astéroid ku para astronom. Klaim ieu kakara diakua dina taun 1854.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Planet Hygea |year=1849 |work=spaceweather.com |url=http://spaceweather.com/swpod2006/13sep06/Pollock1.jpg |accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> |- | [[Pluto]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Regarded as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until redesignated as a [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian]] dwarf planet in August 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| [[Banda trans-Néptunus]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho (nyaéta planet minor kalawan [[sumbu semi-mayor]] di luar [[Néptunus]]). Dina taun 2006, Pluto digolongkeun jadi planit katé. |- | [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] || Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| Ditimukeun taun 2003, banda trans-Neputunus ieu diakuan dina taun 2005 saméméh tungtungna digolongkeun jadi planit katé saperti [[Pluto]] dina taun 2006. |} == Mitologi jeung paméré ngaran == {{see also|Nama hari|Planet mata telanjang}} [[File:Olympians.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|250px|Dewa-dewa [[Gunung Olympus|Olympus]] yang menjadi sumber nama planet di Tata Surya]] Ngaran-ngaran planit di dunya Barat asalna ti praktik paméré ngaran Romawi, anu justru asalna ti kabiasaan bangsa Yunani jeung Babilonia. Di [[Yunani kuna]], dua objék moncorong raksasa, Panonpoé jeung Bulan, disebut ''[[Helios]]'' jeung ''[[Selene]]''; planit pangjauhna (Saturnus) disebut ''Phainon'', sang panerang; diikuti oleh ''Phaethon'' (Jupiter), "cerah"; planit beureum (Mars) katelah ku sesebutan ''Pyroeis'', "ngagedur"; planit pangcaangna (Venus) disebut ''Phosphoros'', pamawa cahaya;jeung planit panungtung (Merkurius) disebut ''Stilbon'', marahmay. Bangsa Yunani ogé nyieun satiap planit suci keur ka salah sahiji déwana, [[Dua Welas Déwa Olimpus]]: Helios jeung Selene téh ngaran planit jeung déwa; Phainon disanggakeun ka [[Cronus]], [[Titan (mitologi)|Titan]] anu mangrupa bapana para déwa Olimpus; Phaethon disanggakeun ka [[Zeus]], putra Cronus anu ngagulingkeunana ti tahta raja; Pyroeis disanggakeun ka [[Ares]], putra Zeus jeung déwa perang; Phosphoros dipingpin ku [[Afrodit]], déwi asih; jeung [[Hermes]], perantara para déwa jeung déwa élmu jeung akal, mingpin Stilbon.<ref name="practice">{{cite book|title=The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|first=James|last=Evans|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|pages=296–7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17 |accessdate=2008-02-04|isbn=978-0-19-509539-5}}</ref> Adat kabiasaan bangsa Yunani dina maparin nami-nami planét dumasar kana nami déwana téh ampir sagemblengna mangrupa pangaruh ti kabiasaan bangsa [[Babilonia]]. Bangsa Babilonia nyandak nami [[Hesperus#Variasi nama|Phosphoros]] tina nami déwi asihna, nyaéta ''[[Ishtar]]''; Pyroeis tina nami déwa perang, ''[[Nergal]]''; Stilbon tina nami déwa kawijaksanaan, [[Nabu]]; sarta Phaethon tina nami déwa pamingpin, nyaéta ''[[Marduk]]''.<ref name="nergal">{{cite web |first=Kelley L. |last=Ross |year=2005 |title=The Days of the Week |url=http://www.friesian.com/week.htm |publisher=The Friesian School |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Aya seueur kasaruaan dina aturan paparin nami antara bangsa Yunani sarta Babilonia, sanajan kaduana mibanda bentang jaman anu bénten.<ref name="practice" /> Nanging, tarjamahanana henteu salawasna sampurna. Contona, Nergal ti Babilonia téh mangrupa déwa perang, ku kituna bangsa Yunani nyaruakeun anjeunna sareng Ares. Nanging bénten sareng Ares, Nergal mah saenyana ogé dianggap salaku déwa panyakit sarta alam ahérat.<ref>{{cite book|title=Martian Metamorphoses: The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Tradition|first=Ev|last=Cochrane|year=1997|publisher=Aeon Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jz3eqRGuM0wC&pg=PP9&dq=ares+nergal+planet+pestilence|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=0-9656229-0-8}}</ref> Kiwari, réa jelema di dunya Barat mikawanoh planit kalawan ngaran-ngaran anu dialap tina déwa-déwa Olympus. Lamun bangsa Yunani modéren masih maké ngaran kuna pikeun nyebut planit, sawatara basa Éropa justru maké ngaran Romawi (Latén) karana pangaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Kakaisaran Romawi]] jeung [[Gereja Katolik|Garéja Katolik]]. Bangsa Romawi, saperti Yunani, nyaéta [[mitologi Indo-Eropa|urang Indo-Eropa]] anu silih babagi [[mitologi Romawi|mitologi]] jeung ngaran-ngaran anu béda, ngan hanteu boga tradisi narasi saperti anu disanggakeun budaya sastra Yunani pikeun [[mitologi Yunani|déwa-déwana]]. Dina mangsa ahir [[Republik Romawi|Républik Romawi]], para panulis nginjeum réa pisan narasi Yunani tur ngalarapkeunana ka mitologi maranéhna nepi ka duanana hanteu bisa dibédakeun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Greek Mythography in the Roman World|first=Alan|last=Cameron|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517121-7}}</ref> Mangsa bangsa Romawi ngulik astronomi Yunani, maranéhna méré ngaran planit luyu jeung ngaran déwa-déwana sorangan: ''[[Merkurius (mitologi)|Mercurius]]'' (keur ka Hermes), ''[[Venus (mitologi)|Venus]]'' (Afrodit), ''[[Mars (mitologi)|Mars]]'' (Ares), ''[[Jupiter (mitologi)|Iuppiter]]'' (Zeus), jeung ''[[Saturnus (mitologi)|Saturnus]]'' (Cronus). Waktu planit-planit saterusna ditimukeun dina abad ka-18 jeung 19, praktik paméréan ngaranna tumuluy pikeun ''[[Neptunus (mitologi)|Neptūnus]]'' ([[Poseidon]]). Uranus unik lantaran dialap tina ngaran [[Uranus (mitologi)|déwa Yunani]] gaganti [[Caelus|vérsi Romawina]]. Sawatara urang [[Romawi Kuno|Romawi]], saluyu kapercayaan anu meureun asalna ti [[Mesopotamia|Mésopotamia]] tatapi mekar di [[Mesir Yunani]],<!--<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Arnett |year=2006 |title=Appendix 5: Planetary Linguistics |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/days.html |publisher=www.nineplanets.org |accessdate=2008-02-02}}{{Verify credibility|date=February 2008}}</ref>--> parcaya yén tujuh déwa anu ngajadi sumber ngaran planit téa ngajaga Bumi sacara bagilir. Urutan giliran téa ti jauh ka deukeut nyaéta Saturnus, Jupiter, Mars, Matahari, Venus, Mérkurius, Bulan.<ref name="zerubavel">{{cite book|first=Eviatar|last=Zerubavel|year=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-98165-7|title= The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|page=14|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aGahKeojIUoC&pg=PA14|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Hasilna, poé kahiji dimimitian ku Saturnus (jam ka-1), poé kadua ku Panonpoé (jam ka-25), dituturkeun Bulan (jam ka-49), Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Karana satiap poé dibéré ngaran saluyu déwa anu ngawalana, kitu deui jeung urutan [[nama hari|ngaran poé]] dina [[kalender Romawi|kalénder Romawi]] anu masih dipaké di sawatara basa modéren sanggeus [[Kalender Romawi#Siklus Nundinal|siklus Nundinal]] ditolak.<ref name="weekdays">{{cite journal | first=Michael |last=Falk |title=Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week |journal=Journal of the [[Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]] |year=1999 |volume=93 |pages=122–133 |bibcode=1999JRASC..93..122F |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002 | last2=Koresko | first2=Christopher}}</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ''Saturday, Sunday,'' jeung ''Monday'' téh tarjamahan langsung tina ngaran-ngaran Romawi ieu. Ngaran poé anu séjén asalna tina ''[[Týr|Tiw]]'', (Tuesday) ''[[Woden|Wóden]]'' (Wednesday), ''[[Thor|Thunor]]'' (Thursday), jeung ''[[Frige|Fríge]]'' (Friday), [[dewa Anglo-Saxon]] anu sarua saperti Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Bumi (''Earth'') nyaéta hiji-hijina planit anu ngaranna dina basa Inggris hanteu dialap tina mitologi Yunani-Romawi. Karana Bumi sorangan kakara diakuan minangka planit dina abad ka-17,<ref name="galileo_project">{{cite web | last=Van Helden |first=Al |year=1995 |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html |title=Copernican System |publisher=The Galileo Project |accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> henteu aya tradisi méréna ngaran saluyu ngaran déwa. Kecap ''Earth'' asalna tina basa [[bahasa Inggris Lama|Anglo-Saxon]] ''erda'' anu hartina daratan atau tanah tur munggaran dipaké pikeun nyebut Bumi kira-kira taun 1300.<ref>{{cite web | publisher= Oxford English Dictionary |url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50071589?query_type=word&queryword=earth&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=7aas-q054tm-4631&hilite=50071589 | title = earth, n |accessdate = 2008-02-06 |year = 1989}}</ref><ref name="etymearth">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas |date = 2001-09 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=earth |title = Earth |work= Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = 2008-08-23}}</ref> Sakumaha [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|basa Jermanik]] lianna, kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Proto-Jerman]] ''ertho'', "daratan",<ref name="etymearth"/> tur katénjo kasaruaanana dina kecap ''earth'' dina basa Inggris, ''Erde'' dina basa Jerman, ''aarde'' dina basa Walanda, jeung ''jord'' dina basa Skandinavia. Réa [[rumpun bahasa Roman|basa Roman]] anu maké kecap Roman heubeul ''[[Terra (mitologi)|terra]]'' (atawa variasina). Kecap téa dipaké ku ma'na "daratan garing", lain "laut".<ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=2001-09 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrain |title=Etymology of "terrain" |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Basa-basa non-Roman maké kecapna sorangan. Bangsa Yunani angger maké ngaran asli maranéhna, ''[[Gaia (mitologi)|Γή]]'' ''(Ge)''. Budaya non-Éropa maké sistim panamaan planit anu béda. [[India]] maké sistim dumasar kana [[Navagraha]], anu ngawemgku tujuh planit tradisional ([[Surya]] keur ka Panonpoé, [[Chandra]] keur ka Bulan, jeung [[Budha]], [[Shukra]], [[Mangala]], [[Bṛhaspati|{{IAST|Bṛhaspati}}]], jeung [[Shani]] keur ka Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, jeung Saturnus) jeung [[nodus bulan]] unggah jeung turun [[Rahu]] jeung [[Ketu (mitologi)|Ketu]]. [[Cina]] katut jeung nagara-nagara Asia Wétan enggeus lila kakeunaan [[Sinosfer|psngaruh budaya Cina]] (saperti [[Jepang]], [[Korea|Koréa]], jeung [[Vietnam|Viétnam]]) kalawan sistim panamaan anu didasaran dina [[Wu Xing|lima unsur Cina]]: cai (Mérkurius), [[Logam (elemen klasik)|logam]] (Vénus), [[Api (elemen klasik)|seuneun]] (Mars), [[Kayu (elemen klasik)|kai]] (Jupiter), jeung [[Tanah (elemen klasik)|taneuh]] (Saturnus).<ref name="weekdays" /> == Ngawujudna == {{main|Hipotesis nebula}} [[File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi cakram protoplanet]] Tacan dipikanyaho sacara pasti kumaha planit kawangun. Tiori anu kiwari ngadominasi téh planit kawangun mangsa hiji [[nebula|nébula]] barobah ngajadi cakram gas jeung lebu ipis. Hiji [[protobintang]] kawangun di intina tur dikurilingan ku [[cakram protoplanet]] anu muter. Ngaliwatan [[akresi (astrofisika)|akrési]] (prosés tabrakan tempel), partikel-partikel kekebul di cakram lalaunan ngumpulkeun massa pikeun ngawangun banda anu jauh leuwih gedé. Konsentrasi massa di hiji tempat disebut sabagé wangun [[planetesimal]] jeung konséntrasi téa ngagancangkeun prosés akresi ku jalan narik material tambahan ngagunakeun daya tarik gravitasina. Konséntrasi téa samingkin padet nepi ka tungtungna kolaps ka jero seug ngawangun [[protoplanet]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=G. W. |last=Wetherill |title=Formation of the Terrestrial Planets |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=1980 |volume=18 | issue=1 |pages=77–113 |bibcode=1980ARA&A..18...77W |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000453}}</ref> Sanggeus mibanda diaméter leuwih gedé ti batan Bulan Bumi, planét téa ngawangun atmosfer tambahan, sahingga ningkatkeun daya tarik planetesimal kalawan [[gaya hambat|gaya hambat atmosfer]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Inaba, S.; Ikoma, M. |title=Enhanced Collisional Growth of a Protoplanet that has an Atmosphere |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2003 |volume=410 | issue=2 |pages=711–723 |bibcode=2003A&A...410..711I |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20031248}}</ref> [[File:PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Tabrakan asteroid - membentuk planet (konsep artis).]] Waktu protobintang tumuwuh sakitu gedéna nepi ka bisa "ngahurungkeun diri" ngajadi [[bintang]], cakram anu nyésa dimusnakeun ti jero ka luar ku [[fotoevaporasi]], [[angin matahari|angin panonpoé]], [[efek Poynting–Robertson|gaya hambat Poynting–Robertson]], jeung pangaruh lian.<ref>{{cite journal |last =Dutkevitch |first =Diane |year =1995 |url =http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archivedate =2007-11-25 |title =The Evolution of Dust in the Terrestrial Planet Region of Circumstellar Disks Around Young Stars |publisher =PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst |accessdate =2008-08-23 |bibcode =1995PhDT..........D }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |date=2007-11-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Matsuyama, I.; Johnstone, D.; Murray, N. |title=Halting Planet Migration by Photoevaporation from the Central Source |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year = 2005 |volume=585 |issue=2 |pages=L143–L146 |bibcode=2003astro.ph..2042M |doi = 10.1086/374406|arxiv = astro-ph/0302042 }}</ref> Masih réa protoplanet anu ngurilingan béntang atawa pada batur, ngain lawas ti lawas sabagian gedé di antarana bakal patabrak ngawangun hiji planit anu leuwih gedé atawa ngaleupaskeun material supaya diserep protoplanet atawa planét anu leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kenyon |first=Scott J. |author2=Bromley, Benjamin C. |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=131 | issue=3 |page=1837 | year=2006 |doi=10.1086/499807 |title= Terrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth |laysummary = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/terra/index.html |laysource = Kenyon, Scott J. Personal web page | bibcode=2006AJ....131.1837K|arxiv = astro-ph/0503568 }}</ref> Objék-objék anu meujeuhna gedé téa bakal nangkep sabagian materi di lingkungan orbitna tur ngajadi planit. Samentara éta, protoplanét anu hasil nyingkahan tabrakan baris ngajadi [[satelit alami]] planit ngaliwatan prosés tangkapan gravitasi atawa tetep aya di sabuk objék lian tur ngajadi planit katé atawa [[benda kecil Tata Surya|banda leutik]]. Balukar énergi planetesimal leutik (sarta [[peluruhan radioaktif|paluruhan radioaktif]]) baris ngahaneutkeun planit anu eukeur tumuwuh, jadi éta planit sahanteuna satengah lééh. Interior planét mimiti béda-béda massana tur nyiptakeun inti anu leuwih padet.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Icarus |year=1987 |volume=69 | issue=2 |page=239 |last=Ida |first=Shigeru |author2=Nakagawa, Yoshitsugu; Nakazawa, Kiyoshi |title= The Earth's core formation due to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90103-5 |bibcode=1987Icar...69..239I}}</ref> Planit-planit kabumian anu leuwih leutik kaleungitan sabagian gedé atmosférna ku sabab akrési ieu, tatapi gas anu leungit bisa kagantikeun ku gas anu kaluar tina mantel jeung tubrukan [[komet]] (planit leutik bakal kaleungitan atmosfér anu dibeunangkeun ngaliwatan rupa-rupa jinis [[pelepasan atmosfer|mekanisme palepasan]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kasting |first=James F. |title=Earth's early atmosphere |journal=Science |year=1993 |volume=259 |bibcode=1993Sci...259..920K |doi=10.1126/science.11536547 |pmid=11536547 |issue=5097 | pages=920–6}}</ref> Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa papanggihan sarta paniténan ngeunaan [[sistem keplanetan|sistim kaplanétan]] di sakuriling béntang-béntang sanés salian ti Tata Surya, para élmuwan parantos mampuh ngoréhan, ngoméan (ngarévisi), atanapi malah ngaganti tiori-tiori anu parantos aya. Tingkat [[metalisitas]], nyaéta hiji istilah astronomi anu ngajelaskeun ngeunaan kalimpahan [[elemen kimia|unsur kimia]] kalawan [[nomor atom|nomer atom]] anu langkung ageung batan 2 ([[helium|hélium]]), kiwari diyakinan janten faktor panangtu tina kamungkinan hiji béntang dikulilingan ku planét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=David |last1=Aguilar |first2=Christine |last2=Pulliam |date=2004-01-06 |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/archive/pr0404.html |title=Lifeless Suns Dominated The Early Universe |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Ku kituna, sababaraha panalungtik boga sawangan yén [[bintang populasi I|béntang populasi I]] anu beunghar ku logam téh mibanda kamungkinan anu langkung ageung pikeun mibanda sistim planét anu langkung jéntré, upami dibandingkeun sareng [[bintang populasi II|béntang populasi II]] anu kandungan logamna kawatesan (kurang). == Tata Surya == [[File:Solar System size to scale.svg|ka|400px|jmpl|Planét sarta [[planét katé]] di Tata Surya ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:4 Terrestrial Planets Size Comp True Color.png|jmpl|400px|Planét bagian jero. Ti kénca ka katuhu: [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], sarta [[Mars]] kalawan warna aslina. ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:Gas giants and the Sun (1 px = 1000 km).jpg|jmpl|400px|Opat raksasa gas; Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, sarta Néptunus ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] {{Utama|Tata Surya}} {{Tempo ogé|Daftar banda buleud mibanda gravitasi di Tata Surya}} Dumasar kana katetepan [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional|IAU]], aya dalapan planét sarta lima planét katé anu diaku di [[Tata Surya]]. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (ti mimiti anu pangcaketna dugi ka anu pangtebihna), éta planét-planét téh nyaéta: # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Venus|Vénus]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Bumi]]''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Mars]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Jupiter]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Saturnus]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] '''[[Uranus]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]''' Jupiter téh planit panggedéna kalawan massa 318 kalieun Bumi, sedeng Mérkurius mah planit pangleutikna kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi. Planit di Tata Surya beunang dibagi ngajadi sababaraha katégori dumasar komposisina: * '''[[Planet kebumian|Daratan]]''': Planit-planit mirib Bumi anu beungeutna katutup [[batuan]]: Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, jeung Mars. Kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi, Mérkurius téh planit daratan pangleutikna (sakaligus planit pangleutikna) di Tata Surya, sedeng Bumi mah planit daratan panggedéna. * '''[[Raksasa gas]] (Jovian)''': Planit-planit anu kawangun tina material [[gas]] tur leuwih gedé ti manan planit kabumian: Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Néputunus. Jupiter, kalawan massa 318 tikeleun Bumi, nya éta planit panggedéna di Tata Surya, demi Saturnus ngan sepertiluna jeung ukuran 95 tikeleun massa Bumi. ** '''[[Raksasa es|Raksasa és]]''', diwangun ku tina Uranus jeung Néptunus, nya éta subkelas raksasa és yang béda ti raksasa gas karana massana jauh leuwih leutik (ngan 14 jeung 17 tikeleun massa Bumi) tur saeutikna hidrogén jeung hêlium di atmosfér sakaligus proporsi batu jeung és anu justru leuwih luhur. * '''[[Planet katai|Planet katé]]''': Saméméh [[definisi planet IAU|kaputusan Agustus 2006]], sawatara objék diusulkeun minangka planit ku para astronom. Tatapi dina taun 2006, sababarah objék digolongkeun ulang ngajadi planit katé, béda jeung planit. Kiwari aya lima planit katé di Tata Surya anu diakuan hal ayana ku IAU: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, jeung Eris. Sababaraha objék lian di [[sabuk asteroid]] jeung [[sabuk Kuiper]] eukeur dipertimbangkeun; 50 di antarana kamungkinan gedéna diakuan. Aya 200 objék anu beunang ditimukeun sanggeus sakabéh sabuk Kuiper anggeus dijalajahan. Planit katé miboga ciri-ciri anu sarua jeung planit, tapi ogé aya sababaraha bédana, salah sahijina téh planit katé hanteu [[membersihkan lingkungan|dominan di orbitna]]. Saluyu dipinisina, kabéh planit katé téh anggota tina [[populasi]] anu leuwih gedé. Ceres téh banda panggedéna di sabuk astéroid, sedeng Pluto, Haumea, jeung makemake mah anggota sbauk Kuiper sarta Eris mah anggota [[cakram tersebar|cakram panggedéna]]. Sababaraha panaliti saperti [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]] parcaya yén mungkin aya leuwih ti saratus [[objek trans-Neptunus|objék trans-Néptunus]] anu beunang digolongkeun sabagé planit katé per dipinisi IAU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html |title=Astronomer Mike Brown |publisher=Gps.caltech.edu |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref><!---<ref>{{cite web | first=Brad |last=Amburn |title=Behind the Pluto Mission: An Interview with Project Leader Alan Stern |work=Space.com |date=2006-02-28 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060228_stern_interview.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>---> === Ciri-ciri planit === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Jinis !|Ngaran !|Diameter <br> katulistiwa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Massa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Radius <br> orbit ([[Satuan astronomi|AU]]) !|[[Periode orbit]] <br> (taun)<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|[[Inklinasi|Inklinasi <br> kana katulistiwa Matapoé]] (°) !|[[Eksentrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas <br> orbit]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Periode rotasi]] <br> (poé) !|[[Satelit alami|Bulan]] <br> anu diakuan<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> !|[[Kemiringan sumbu]] (°) !|Cincin !|[[Atmosfer]] |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet kebumian|Planit daratan]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]] | 0,382 | 0,06 | 0,31–0,47 | 0,24 | 3,38 | 0,206 | 58,64 | 0 | 0,04 | tidak | minimal |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Venus|Vénus]] | 0,949 | 0,82 | 0,72 | 0,62 | 3,86 | 0,007 | −243,02 | 0 | 177,36 | tidak | [[Karbon dioksida|CO₂]], [[Nitrogén|N₂]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bumi]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB /> | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 7,25 | 0,017 | 1,00 | [[Bulan|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | 23,44 | tidak | N₂, [[Oksigén|O₂]], [[Argon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Mars]] | 0,532 | 0,11 | 1,52 | 1,88 | 5,65 | 0,093 | 1,03 | [[Satelit Mars|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | 25,19 | tidak | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Raksasa gas]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Jupiter]] | 11,209 | 317,8 | 5,20 | 11,86 | 6,09 | 0,048 | 0,41 | [[Satelit Jupiter|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | 3,13 | [[Cincin Jupiter|ya]] | [[Hidrogen|H₂]], [[Hélium|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Saturnus]] | 9,449 | 95,2 | 9,54 | 29,46 | 5,51 | 0,054 | 0,43 | [[Satelit Saturnus|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | 26,73 | [[Cincin Saturnus|ya]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uranus]] | 4,007 | 14,6 | 19,22 | 84,01 | 6,48 | 0,047 | −0,72 | [[Satelit Uranus|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 97,77 | [[Cincin Uranus|ya]] | H₂, He, [[Metana|CH₄]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Neptunus]] | 3,883 | 17,2 | 30,06 | 164,8 | 6,43 | 0,009 | 0,67 | [[Satelit Neptunus|13]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 28,32 | [[Cincin Neptunus|ya]] | H₂, He, CH₄ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet katai|Planit katé]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]] | 0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;2 | 2,5–3,0 | 4,60 | 10,59 | 0,080 | 0,38 | 0 | ? | tidak | tidak ada |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Pluto]] | 0,18 | 0,002&nbsp;2 | 29,7–49,3 | 248,09 | 17,14 | 0,249 | −6,39 | [[Satelit Pluto|5]]<!--Charon, Nix, S/2011 P 1, Hydra--> | ? | ? | sementara |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea (planet katai)|Haumea]] | 0,15×0,12×0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 35,2–51,5 | 282,76 | 28,19 | 0,189 | 0,16 | [[Satelit Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ya | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake (planet katai)|Makemake]] | ~0,12 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 38,5–53,1 | 309,88 | 28,96 | 0,159 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]] | 0,19 | 0,002&nbsp;5 | 37,8–97,6 | ~557 | 44,19 | 0,442 | ~0,3 | [[Dysnomia (satelit)|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |} <div class="references-small" style="margin-bottom:0;"> :{{note label|a|a|a}} Diukur relatif kana Bumi. :{{note label|b|b|b}} Ilikan artikel [[Bumi]] pikeun angka anu leuwih absolut. :{{note label|c|c|c}} Jupiter miboga satelit panglobana (67) di Tata Surya.<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |date=2009-06-07 }}</ref> :{{note label|d|d|d}} Saperti Pluto, waktu aya di [[Apsis|perihelion]], atmosfer saheulaanan kawangun. </div> == Periode rotasi == {{utama|Periode rotasi}} Périodeu rotasi hiji [[benda astronomi|banda]] [[astronomi]]s nya étw waktu anu dibutuhkeun pikeun nganggeuskeun sahiji révolusi muteran [[sumbu rotasi|sumbu rotasina]] relatif ka béntang di tukangna. Periodeu ieu béda jeung [[hari sinodis|poé matapoé]] planit, anu ngawengku rotasi tambahan pikeun minuhan bagian [[periode orbit]] planit salila sapoé. === Périodeu rotasi sababaraha banda angkasa === <center> {|class="wikitable" !Planit || colspan="2" | Périodeu rotasi |- |[[Matahari|Matapoé]]|| 25,379995 poé (katulistiwa)<ref>[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets] Rotation period in days is 360° divided by the coefficient of ''d''.</ref><ref>{{pdflink|[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/ISPRS/PREPRINTS/IAU2000/IAU2000_preprint.pdf Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000]|215KB}} pp7–8</ref> <br> 35 poé (lintang luhur) || 25{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 7{{smallsup|m}} 11.6{{smallsup|s}} <br> 35{{smallsup|d}} |- |[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]|| 58,6462 poé<ref name=Allen296>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA296|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=296}}</ref> || 58{{smallsup|d}} 15{{smallsup|h}} 30{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Venus|Vénus]]|| –243,0187 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name="negative">This rotation is negative because the pole which points north of the [[ecliptic]] rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets.</ref>|| –243{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 26{{smallsup|m}} |- |[[Bumi]]|| 0,99726968 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref>Reference adds about 1 ms to Earth's stellar day given in mean solar time to account for the length of Earth's mean solar day in excess of 86400 SI seconds.</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 23{{smallsup|h}} 56{{smallsup|m}} 4.100{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Bulan]]|| 27,321661 poé<ref name=Allen>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA308|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=308}}</ref> <br> ([[Rotasi sinkronis|sinkronis]] kana Bumi) || 27{{smallsup|d}} 7{{smallsup|h}} 43{{smallsup|m}} 11.5{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Mars]]|| 1,02595675 poé<ref name=Allen296/> || 1{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 37{{smallsup|m}} 22.663{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[1 Ceres|Ceres]]|| 0,37809 poé<ref name="Chamberlain2007">{{cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Matthew A. |coauthors=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus|volume=188 |issue=2|pages=451–456|year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 4{{smallsup|m}} 27.0{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Jupiter]]|| 0,4135344 poé (interior dalam)<ref name=mag>Rotation period of the deep interior is that of the planet's magnetic field.</ref> <br> 0,41007 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,41369942 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 29.37{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 50{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 43.63{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Saturnus]]|| 0,44403 poé (interior jero)<ref name=mag/> <br> 0,426 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,443 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 39{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 38{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Uranus]]|| –0,71833 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/><ref name=mag/> || –0{{smallsup|d}} 17{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]|| 0,67125 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=mag/> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 16{{smallsup|h}} 6{{smallsup|m}} 36{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Pluto]]||–6,38718 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/> <br> (sinkronis jeung [[Charon (satelit)|Charon]]) || –6{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 17{{smallsup|m}} 32{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Haumea (planet kerdil)|Haumea]]||0,163145 poé<ref name="hour"> {{cite journal |title=High-Precision Photometry of Extreme KBO 2003 EL61 |author=Pedro Lacerda, David Jewitt and Nuno Peixinho |date=2008-04-02 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume= 135 |issue=5 |pages=1749–1756 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/135/5/1749 |accessdate=2008-09-22 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1749 |bibcode=2008AJ....135.1749L}}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 3{{smallsup|h}} 54{{smallsup|m}} 56{{smallsup|s}} |} </center> == Planét luar surya == {{Utama|Planét luar surya}} [[File:Exoplanet Discovery Methods Bar.png|jmpl|320px|Éksoplanét dumasar kana taun papanggihanana (data dugi ka 1 Januari 2013)]] [[File:Kepler 20 - planet lineup.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Babandingan antara [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]]<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Vénus]] sarta [[Bumi]].]] Planét luareun surya (''extrasolar planet'' atanapi ''exoplanet'') nyaéta planét anu perenahna aya di luareun Tata Surya. Dugi ka kiwari, parantos kapanggih rébu-rébu sistem planét sanésna di jagat raya. {{Extrasolar planet counts|full}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets|title=Exoplanet Archive Planet Counts|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212212538/http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets |date=2012-12-12 }}</ref><ref name="kepler1700">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Michele |last2=Harrington |first2=J.D. |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |date=February 26, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=February 26, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226202703/http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |date=February 26, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog|title=The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo|publisher=}}</ref> Dina awal taun 1992, astronom radio [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] sarta [[Dale Frail]] mendakan dua planét anu ngurilingan [[pulsar]] [[PSR 1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan">{{cite doi|10.1038/355145a0}}</ref> Ieu papanggihan téh parantos dibuktikeun leres sarta diaku salaku detéksi pasti munggaran ngeunaan éksoplanét di dunya. Éta planét-planét pulsar téh diyakinan kawangun tina sésa-sésa [[supernova]] anu ngahasilkeun pulsar dina hambalan (tahap) kadua ngawujudna planét, atanapi mangrupa sésa inti batuan [[raksasa gas]] anu salamet tina bituna supernova sarta satuluyna pindah ka orbitna anu ayeuna. Papanggihan planét luar surya munggaran anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama lumangsung dina kaping 6 Oktober 1995, nalika [[Michel Mayor]] sarta [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenéwa]] mendakan hiji éksoplanét di sakuriling béntang [[51 Pegasi]]. Ti {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planét luar surya anu parantos kapanggih dugi ka {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> sabagian ageung di antarana mibanda massa anu tiasa dibandingkeun sareng Jupiter, atanapi malah langkung ageung deui. Aya ogé planét anu massana langkung alit batan Mérkurius, sarta aya ogé anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét luar surya pangalitna anu kantos kapanggih téh nyaéta anu ngorbit sésa-sésa béntang anu disebut [[pulsar]], contona [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Barbara|last=Kennedy|title=Scientists reveal smallest extra-solar planet yet found|publisher=SpaceFlight Now|date=2005-02-11|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0502/11exoplanet/}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Enggeus aya sakitar salusin planit luareun surya anu ditimukeun anu 10 tepi ka 20 kalieun massana Bumi,<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> kayaning planit-planit anu ngorbit béntang [[Mu Arae]], [[55 Cancri]], jeung [[Gliese 436|GJ 436]].<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Nuno |last1=Santos |first2=François |last2=Bouchy |first3=Sylvie |last3=Vauclair |first4=Didier |last4=Queloz |first5=Michel |last5=Mayor |title=Fourteen Times the Earth |publisher=European Southern Observatory |date=2004-08-25 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0427/ |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Katégori anu nembé muncul nyaéta "[[super-Bumi]]", anu disangka mangrupa [[planet kebumian|planét kabumian]] kalawan ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Bumi nanging langkung alit batan Néptunus atanapi Uranus. Dugi ka danget ieu, sakitar 20 super-Bumi (gumantung kana wates massana) parantos kapanggih, kalebet [[OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb]] sarta [[MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb]], nyaéta dua planét és anu kapanggih ngaliwatan [[mikrolensa gravitasi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Small Planet Discovered Orbiting Small Star |work=ScienceDaily |year=2008 |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602131105.htm |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=J.-P. |last=Beaulieu |title=Discovery of a Cool Planet of 5.5 Earth Masses Through Gravitational Microlensing |journal=Nature |date=2006-01-26 |volume=439 |pages=437–440 |doi = 10.1038/nature04441 |author2=D. P. Bennett; P. Fouqué; A. Williams; ''et al.'' |pmid=16437108 |issue=7075 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..437B|arxiv = astro-ph/0601563 }}</ref> sarta [[Kepler 10b]], hiji planét anu diaméterna 1,4 kali lipat Bumi (ngajantenkeunana super-Bumi pangalitna anu kantos diukur).<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA'S Kepler Mission Discovers Its First Rocky Planet |publisher=NASA |year=2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |accessdate=2011-06-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627200219/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya lima tina genep planét anu ngalingkung béntang [[katai merah]] [[Gliese 581]]. [[Gliese 581 d]] sacara gurat badag mibanda massa 7,7 kali lipat Bumi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gliese 581 d |work=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |accessdate=2008-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510094317/http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |date=2012-05-10 }}</ref> sedengkeun massa [[Gliese 581 c]] nyaéta lima kali lipat Bumi sarta kawitna dianggap salaku planét kabumian munggaran anu kapanggih dina [[zona terhunikan]] (zona anu tiasa dicicingan) hiji béntang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6589157.stm|title=New 'super-Earth' found in space|accessdate = 2008-08-23|date=25 April 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Panalungtikan anu langkung jero nétélakeun yén ieu planét téh teuing caket kana béntangna; nanging planét anu pangtebihna dina ieu sistem, nyaéta Gliese 581 d, sanajan langkung tiis batan Bumi, tetep mibanda kamungkinan tiasa dicicingan upami atmosfirna ngandung gas imah kaca dina jumlah anu nyukupan.<ref name="blo07">{{cite journal |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V |author=von Bloh et al. |year=2007 |title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1365–1371 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|arxiv = 0705.3758 |last2=Bounama |first2=C. |last3=Cuntz |first3=M. |last4=Franck |first4=S. }}</ref> Super-Bumi sanésna, [[Kepler-22b]], kapanggih ngorbit dina zona anu tiasa dicicingan (zona terhunikan) tina béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Borucki|first=William J|url=http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1112/1112.1640.pdf|title=Kepler-22b: A 2.4 Earth-radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun-like Star|bibcode=2012ApJ...745..120B|last2=Koch|last3=Batalha|last4=Bryson|last5=Rowe|last6=Fressin|last7=Torres|last8=Caldwell|last9=Christensen-Dalsgaard|volume=745|year=2012|pages=120|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/120|issue=2}}</ref> Dina kaping 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Téléskop Antariksa Kepler]] mendakan [[planet luar surya]] [[planet kebumian|saukur Bumi]] munggaran, nyaéta [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> anu kapanggih nuju ngalingkung béntang anu sarupa sareng Panonpoé ([[analog Matahari]]), nyaéta [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220" /><ref name="Nature-20111220" /><ref name="NYT-20111220" /> [Image of Kepler-22b in the habitable zone of its star] [[File:Exoplanet Comparison HR 8799 c.png|jmpl|kénca|250px|Babandingan ukuran [[HR 8799 c]] (abu-abu) sareng [[Jupiter]]. Kalolobaan éksoplanét anu kapanggih mibanda ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.]] Dugi ka danget ieu, masih tacan jéntré naha planét-planét raksasa anu nembé kapanggih téh sarupa sareng raksasa gas di Tata Surya urang atanapi saenyana mah bénten jinisna, contona sapertos raksasa amonia atanapi [[planet karbon]]. Sababaraha planét anu nembé kapanggih sarta katelah ku sebutan [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda orbit anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indukna, sarta wangun orbitna ampir buleud sampurna. Éta planét-planét téh nampi [[radiasi matahari|radiasi béntang]] anu langkung seueur batan raksasa gas di Tata Surya, sahingga janten patarosan naha éta planét téh kalebet jinis anu sarua atanapi sanés. Salian ti éta, aya sakelompok banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu disebut [[planet Chthonia]], anu disangka éksis di sababaraha tempat. Planét Chthonia ieu mibanda orbit anu sakitu caketna kana béntangna, dugi ka atmosfirna sorangan kabawa palid (kumbah) ku radiasi béntangna. Seueur banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu kapanggih nuju ngalaman prosés palidna atmosfir, nanging dugi ka taun 2008, tacan aya sahiji-hiji acan planét Chthonia anu kapanggih sacara pasti.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lecavelier des Etangs |first=A. |author2=Vidal-Madjar, A.; McConnell, J. C.; Hébrard, G. |title=Atmospheric escape from hot Jupiters |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2004 |volume=418 | issue=1 |pages=L1–L4 |bibcode=2004A&A...418L...1L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040106|arxiv = astro-ph/0403369 }}</ref> Paniténan planét luar surya anu langkung taliti téh peryogi generasi pakakas anu énggal, sapertos [[téléstop luar angkasa]]. Dina danget ieu, wahana antariksa [[COROT]] sarta [[Misi Kepler|Kepler]] nuju milarian variasi luminositas béntang jalaran ayana [[transit astronomi|transit planét]]. Sababaraha proyék pangwangunan jaringan t सकारात्मकéléskop luar angkasa ogé parantos diajukeun. Éta proyék-proyék téh mibanda tujuan pikeun milarian planét luar surya anu massana satara sareng Bumi. Sababaraha di antarana nyaéta [[Terrestrial Planet Finder]] sarta [[Space Interferometry Mission]] ti NASA, ogé [[PEGASE]] ti CNES.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacetoday.org/DeepSpace/Stars/Planets/PlanetFindingMissions.html |title =Future American and European Planet Finding Missions |publisher = Space Today Online |editor = Anthony R. Curtis |accessdate = 2008-02-06}}</ref> [[New Worlds Mission]] mangrupa pakakas palengkep anu beroperasi sareng [[Téléskop Antariksa James Webb]]. Nanging hanjakalna, anggaran pikeun ieu proyék-proyék téh masih kénéh tacan jéntré. Spektrum planét luar surya munggaran kapanggih dina bulan Pébruari 2007 ([[HD 209458 b]] sarta [[HD 189733 b]]).<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/251-ssc2007-04-NASA-s-Spitzer-First-To-Crack-Open-Light-of-Faraway-Worlds |title=NASA's Spitzer First To Crack Open Light of Faraway Worlds |date=2007-02-21 |first1=Tabatha |last1=Thompson |first2=Whitney |last2=Clavin |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=2011-11-23 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071015221757/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-04/release.shtml |archivedate=2007-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Richardson |first=L. Jeremy |author2=Deming, Drake; Horning, Karen; Seager, Sara; Harrington, Joseph |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=445 title=A spectrum of an extrasolar planet |doi=10.1038/nature05636 |pmid=17314975 |issue=7130 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..892R | pages=892–5|arxiv = astro-ph/0702507 }}</ref> Frékuénsi mucunghulna planét-planét kabumian sapertos kitu téh mangrupa salah sahiji variabel dina [[persamaan Drake]] anu digunakeun pikeun ngira-ngira jumlah [[kehidupan luar Bumi|peradaban cerdas]] di galaksi Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite news|last=Drake|first=Frank|title=The Drake Equation Revisited|publisher=Astrobiology Magazine|date=2003-09-29|url=http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110628180502/http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archivedate=2011-06-28|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> == Banda mibanda massa planét == '''Banda mibanda massa planét''' (''Objek bermassa planet''), '''PMO''', atanapi '''planémo''' nyaéta banda langit anu massana aya dina watesan définisi planét: cekap ageung pikeun mibanda kasatimbangan hidrostatik (buleud alatan gravitasina sorangan), nanging henteu cekap ageung pikeun mibanda fusi inti sapertos béntang.<ref>G. Basri & E.M. Brown, 2006. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'', '''34''': 193–216</ref> Luyu sareng définisina, sadaya planét téh mangrupa ''banda mibanda massa planét'', nanging tujuan tina ieu istilah téh nyaéta pikeun ngajelaskeun banda-banda anu henteu minuhan sarat salaku planét sacara umum. Objék-objék kasebut di antarana nyaéta [[planét katé]], [[satelit alami|satelit]] anu ukuranna langkung ageung, planét pangumbara anu henteu ngorbit kana béntang (sapertos planét liar anu kakaluarkeun tina sistemna), sarta objék anu kawangun tina prosés runtuhna méga gas (''cloud collapse'') tinimbang akrési (kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]). === Planét liar === {{Utama|Planét liar}} Sababaraha [[simulasi komputer]] ngeunaan ngawujudna sistim béntang sarta planét némbongkeun yén sajumlahing banda mibanda massa planét bakal kalungtik (kabalang) ka [[luar angkasa|luar angkasa]] antarbéntang.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lissauer | first= J. J. | title= Timescales for Planetary Accretion and the Structure of the Protoplanetary disk | journal= Icarus | volume= 69 | issue=2 | pages=249–265 | year=1987 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90104-7 | bibcode=1987Icar...69..249L}}</ref> Sababaraha élmuwan mibanda pamadegan yén banda sapertos kitu anu kapanggih ngumbara di jomantara téh kedah digolongkeun salaku "planét", nanging sabagian deui boga sawangan yén éta objék téh bisa jadi mangrupa béntang anu mibanda massa handap.<ref name="Luhman">{{cite journal | journal=Astrophysical Journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |author2=Adame, Lucía; D'Alessio, Paola; Calvet, Nuria |title= Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk |volume=635 | issue=1 |pages=L93 |doi=10.1086/498868 |year= 2005 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |laysource=NASA Press Release |laydate=2005-11-29 |bibcode=2005ApJ...635L..93L|arxiv = astro-ph/0511807 }}</ref><ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ |title=A Planet with Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |last=Clavin |first=Whitney |date=November 9, 2005 |work=Spitzer Space Telescope Newsroom |accessdate=2009-11-18 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070711171654/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ | archivedate = July 11, 2007}}</ref> === Katai sub-coklat === {{Utama|Katai sub-coklat}} Béntang kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna gravitasi méga gas (''cloud collapse''), nanging banda-banda anu langkung alit ogé tiasa kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna méga anu sarupa. Banda mibanda massa planét anu kawangun ku cara kitu téh kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]. Katai sub-coklat tiasa ngumbara sacara bébas (contona [[Cha 110913-773444]]) atanapi ngorbit kana banda langit anu langkung ageung (contona [[2MASS J04414489+2301513]]). Dina taun 2006, komunitas astronom kantos yakin yén maranéhna parantos mendakan sistim binér katai sub-coklat, nyaéta [[Oph 162225-240515]], anu ku nu manggihanana disebut salaku "planémo" atanapi "banda mibanda massa planét". Nanging, dumasar kana analisis panganyarna, ditetepkeun yén massa masing-masing objék kasebut téh tétéla langkung ageung batan 13 kali massa Jupiter, sahingga duanana digolongkeun salaku [[katai coklat]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Wide Brown Dwarf Binary Oph 1622–2405 and Discovery of A Wide, Low Mass Binary in Ophiuchus (Oph 1623–2402): A New Class of Young Evaporating Wide Binaries? |journal= Astrophysical Journal |author=Close, Laird M. ''et al.'' |volume=660 | issue=2 |page=1492 |doi=10.1086/513417 |year=2007 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608574 |bibcode=2007ApJ...660.1492C | last2=Zuckerman | first2=B. | last3=Song | first3=Inseok | last4=Barman | first4=Travis | last5=Marois | first5=Christian | last6=Rice | first6=Emily L. | last7=Siegler | first7=Nick | last8=MacIntosh | first8=Bruce | last9=Becklin | first9=E. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |year=2007 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |title=Ophiuchus 1622–2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary |volume=659 |issue=2 |pages=1629–36 |doi=10.1086/512539 |last2=Allers |first2=K. N. |last3=Jaffe |first3=D. T. |last4=Cushing |first4=M. C. |last5=Williams |first5=K. A. |last6=Slesnick |first6=C. L. |last7=Vacca |first7=W. D. |bibcode=2007ApJ...659.1629L|arxiv = astro-ph/0701242 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planet_photo_040910.html |title=Likely First Photo of Planet Beyond the Solar System |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt | work=Space.com |date=2004-09-10 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> === Tilas béntang === Dina sistim [[bintang biner|béntang binér]] anu caket, salah sahiji béntang tiasa kaleungitan massana jalaran diseuseup ku béntang sanésna anu langkung beurat (tempo [[pulsar bertenaga akresi]]). Béntang anu nyusut kasebut satuluyna robah janten banda mibanda massa planét. Contona nyaéta hiji objék mibanda massa Jupiter anu ngorbit [[pulsar]] [[PSR J1719-1438]].<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=1108.5201 |bibcode=2011Sci...333.1717B |doi=10.1126/science.1208890 |title=Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary |year=2011 |last1=Bailes |first1=M. |last2=Bates |first2=S. D. |last3=Bhalerao |first3=V. |last4=Bhat |first4=N. D. R. |last5=Burgay |first5=M. |last6=Burke-Spolaor |first6=S. |last7=d'Amico |first7=N. |last8=Johnston |first8=S. |last9=Keith |first9=M. J. |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6050 |pages=1717–20 |pmid=21868629}}</ref> === Planét satelit sarta planét sabuk === Sababaraha satelit mibanda ukuran anu sarua atanapi langkung ageung batan [[Mérkurius]], contona [[satelit Galileo]] sarta [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]] nu Jupiter. [[Alan Stern]] mibanda pamadegan yén lokasi (orbit) téh sanés mangrupa pasualan utama, sarta mung ciri-ciri géofisikna hungkul anu kedah diperhatoskeun dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét. Anjeunna ngusulkeun istilah ''planét satelit'' pikeun nyebut satelit anu mibanda ukuran saukur planét. Pon kitu deui, planét-planét katé di [[sabuk asteroid]] sarta [[sabuk Kuiper]] téh kedah dianggap salaku planét nurutkeun Stern.<ref name="satelliteplanet">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html#post-a-comment |title=Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'? |publisher=News.discovery.com |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2011-11-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221146/http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html#post-a-comment |date=2012-05-05 }}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Sanaos masing-masing planét mibanda ciri fisik anu mandiri (khas), aya sababaraha sasaruaan di antawisna. Ciri-ciri sapertos cingcin atanapi satelit alami, dugi ka danget ieu nembé tiasa ditalungtik dina planét-planét di Tata Surya, sedengkeun dina planét luar surya mah aya deui ciri-ciri sanésna. === Ciri-ciri dinamis === {{Tempo ogé|Hukum gerakan planét Kepler}} ==== Orbit ==== [[File:TheKuiperBelt Orbits Pluto Ecliptic.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Orbit planét Néptunus upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Pluto]]. Tingal perpanjangan orbit Pluto dibandingkeun Néptunus ([[ékstréntisitas orbit|ékstréntisitas]]), sarta juru ékliptikna anu ageung ([[inklinasi]]).]] == Orbit jeung Révolusi == Dumasar kana wangenan (definisi) panganyarna, sakabéh planét kudu ngurilingan (révolusi) hiji béntang, sahingga potensi ayana "[[planét liar]]" dianggap euweuh. Dina Tatasurya, sakabéh planét ngorbit ka [[Panonpoé]] kalayan arah anu sarua jeung rotasi Panonpoé (lawan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina kutub kalérna). Nanging, sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, nyaéta [[WASP-17b]], anu kapendak ngorbit kalayan arah anu papalingpang (''retrograde'') jeung rotasi béntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv | author = D. R. Anderson ''et al.'' | title = WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit | eprint = 0908.1553 | class = astro-ph.EP | year = 2009 }}</ref> Lilana waktu pikeun planét ngalakukeun sakali révolusi disebut [[Période sidéréal]] atawa hiji '''[[taun]]'''.<ref name="young">{{cite book|first=Charles Augustus|last=Young|year=1902|title=Manual of Astronomy: A Text Book|publisher=Ginn & company|pages=324–7}}</ref> Lilana taun hiji planét gumantung kana jarakna ti béntang; beuki jauh jarak planét tina béntangna, beuki jauh ogé lintasan anu kudu ditempuh sarta beuki laun kacepetanana, sabab pangaruh [[gravitasi]] béntangna henteu pati kuat. Kusabab euweuh orbit planét anu bentukna buleud sampurna (''lingkaran sempurna''), jarak unggal planét téh robah-robah sapanjang taun. * Titik pangdeukeutna planét jeung béntangna disebut [[periastron]] (di Tatasurya disebut [[perihelion]]). * Titik pangjauhna disebut [[apastron]] ([[aphelion]]). Nalika hiji planét ngadeukeutan periastron (titik pangcaketna), kacepetanana bakal nambahan jalaran énergi poténsial gravitasi robah janten énergi kinétik; sabalikna, nalika éta planét ngadeukeutan apastron (titik pangtebihna), kacepetanana bakal ngirangan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dvorak, R.; Kurths, J.; Freistetter, F.|year=2005|title=Chaos And Stability in Planetary Systems|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=3-540-28208-4}}</ref> Saban orbit planét diwangun ku sajumlahing [[elemen orbit|elemén]]: * ''[[Ékséntrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas]]'' hiji orbit nuduhkeun sabaraha lonjong orbit hiji planét. Planét anu ékséntrisitasna handap mibanda orbit anu ampir buleud (melingkar), sedengkeun planét kalawan ékséntrisitas luhur mibanda orbit anu langkung élips. Planét-planét di Tata Surya mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida handapna, sahingga orbitna méh nyaruaan bunderan.<ref name="young"/> Komét sarta banda-banda sabuk Kuiper (kaasup sababaraha planét luar surya) mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida luhurna, sahingga orbitna tiasa janten kacida élipsna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Eccentricity evolution of giant planet orbits due to circumstellar disk torques |author=Moorhead, Althea V.; Adams, Fred C. |journal=Icarus |year=2008 |volume=193 |issue=2 |page=475 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.009 |arxiv=0708.0335 |bibcode=2008Icar..193..475M}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planets – Kuiper Belt Objects |work=The Astrophysics Spectator |date=2004-12-15 | url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/KuiperBelt.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> * [[File:Semimajoraxis.svg|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi sumbu semi-mayor]] ''[[Sumbu semi-mayor]]'' nyaéta anggang (jarak) ti hiji planét ka titik satengah jalan dina sapanjang diaméter orbit élips pangpanjangna (tingal gambar). Ieu anggang téh teu sarua sareng apastronna, jalaran teu aya hiji ogé orbit planét anu titik tengahna pas pisan perenahna aya dina béntang.<ref name="young" /> * ''Inklinasi'' planét nuduhkeun sabaraha tebih luhur atanapi handapna posisi planét tina widang référénsina. Di Tata Surya, widang référénsina nyaéta widang orbit Bumi anu disebut [[ékliptika]]. Kanggo planét luar surya, widang anu disebut ''widang langit'' ieu mangrupa widang garis paneuteup tina panénjo di Bumi.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html|title=Celestial Mechanics|year=2007|chapter=17. Visual binary stars|first=J. B.|last=Tatum|accessdate=2008-02-02|publisher=Personal web page}}</ref> Kadalapan planét Tata Surya perenahna kacida caketna kana ékliptika; sedengkeun komét sarta banda [[sabuk Kuiper]] sapertos Pluto mibanda juru (sudut) anu langkung ékstrim kana ékliptika.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Correlation between Inclination and Color in the Classical Kuiper Belt | last=Trujillo |first=Chadwick A. |author2= Brown, Michael E. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=2002 |bibcode=2002ApJ...566L.125T | volume=566 |issue=2 | pages=L125 |doi=10.1086/339437|arxiv = astro-ph/0201040 }}</ref> Titik nalika planét meuntas di luhur sarta di handap widang référénsina disebut [[nodus naik]] sarta [[nodus turun]].<ref name="young" /> [[Bujur nodus naik]] nyaéta juru antara bujur 0 widang référénsi sarta nodus naik planét. [[Argumén periapsis]] (atanapi perihelion di Tata Surya) nyaéta juru antara nodus naik planét sarta titik pangcaketna kana béntangna.<ref name="young" /> ==== Kamiringan sumbu ==== [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Kamiringan sumbu Bumi kira-kira 23°.]] Planét ogé mibanda [[kamiringan sumbu]] anu rupa-rupa darajatna. Kamiringan sumbu perenahna dina juru (sudut) kana [[bidang Referensi|widang]] [[inklinasi|khatulistiwa béntangna]]. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun jumlah cahaya anu ditarima ku saban belahan planét téh teu angger sapanjang taun; nalika belahan kalér ngajauhan béntang, belahan kidul justru ngadeukeutan béntang, pon kitu deui sabalikna. Jalaran kitu, saban planét mibanda [[musim|usum]]; nyaéta parobahan iklim sapanjang taun. Masa nalika saban belahan aya dina titik pangtebihna atanapi pangcaketna tina béntangna disebut [[titik balik matahari]] (solstis). Saban planét mibanda dua titik balik dina orbitna; nalika hiji belahan nepi kana titik balik usum panas (beurang panglilana), belahan sanésna nepi kana titik balik usum tiris (beurang pangpondokna). Jumlah cahaya sarta panas anu teu angger ieu nyiptakeun parobahan pola cuaca taunan pikeun saban belahan planét. Kamiringan sumbu Jupiter kacida alitna sahingga variasi usumna ogé sakedik pisan. Di sisi sanésna, Uranus mibanda kamiringan sumbu anu kacida ageungna dugi ka tiasa ngalaman beurang abadi atanapi peuting abadi nalika nepi kana titik balikna.<ref name="Weather">{{cite web |last=Harvey |first=Samantha |date=2006-05-01 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |title=Weather, Weather, Everywhere? |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414055517/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |date=2009-04-14 }}</ref> Di kalangan planét luar surya, kamiringan sumbu téh tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, sanaos seueur banda Jupiter panas anu dipercaya mibanda saeutik kamiringan sumbu atanapi taya pisan jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Obliquity Tides on Hot Jupiters |author=Winn, Joshua N.; Holman, Matthew J. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2005 | doi=10.1086/432834 | volume=628 |issue=2 |pages=L159 |bibcode=2005ApJ...628L.159W|arxiv = astro-ph/0506468 }}</ref> ==== Rotasi ==== Planét muter (berotasi) dina sumbu sawangan (kasat mata) anu nembus titik pusatna. [[Periode rotasi]] hiji planét disebut ogé [[hari|poé béntang]]. Lolobana planét di Tata Surya berotasi kalayan arah anu sarua sareng orbitna, nyaéta berlawanan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina [[Kutub benda astronomi#Kutub geografis|kutub kalér]] Panonpoé, iwal [[Vénus]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements |author=Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. |year=1963 |journal =Science |volume=139 |doi=10.1126/science.139.3558.910 |pmid=17743054 |issue=3558 |bibcode=1963Sci...139..910G |pages=910–1}}</ref> sarta [[Uranus]]<ref>{{cite journal |contribution=Rotational properties of Uranus and Neptune |first=M. J. S. |last=Belton |author2=Terrile R. J. |title=Uranus and Neptune |year=1984 |journal=In its Uranus and Neptune pp. 327–347 (SEE N85-11927 02-91) |bibcode=1984urnp.nasa..327B |volume=2330 |page=327 |editor=Bergstralh, J. T.}}</ref> anu muterna saluyu sareng arah jarum jam. [Image of planetary rotation directions in the solar system] Nanging, kamiringan sumbu Uranus anu kacida ageungna téh ngabalukarkeun ayana bédana konvénsi ngeunaan kutub mana anu disebut "kalér" sarta naha éta planét téh muter saluyu sareng arah jarum jam atanapi sanés.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Outer Worlds; Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Beyond|pages=195–206|year=2006|first=Michael P.|last=Borgia|publisher=Springer New York}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, sakumaha baé konvénsina, Uranus mibanda [[rotasi mundur]] (rétrograd) upami dibandingkeun sareng orbitna. Rotasi hiji planét tiasa kawangun ku sababaraha faktor nalika prosés ngawujudna. [[Momentum sudut]] bersihna tiasa kacipta ku momentum sudut anu asalna tina objék-objék akrési. Akrési gas ku raksasa gas ogé mangaruhan kana momentum sudut. Dina tahapan ahir ngawujudna planét, [[proses stokastik]] mangrupa akrési protoplanét tiasa ngarobah sumbu puter planét sacara acak.<ref name="araa31">{{cite journal | title=Planet formation |last=Lissauer | series=31 |first=Jack J. |journal=Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics |volume=(A94-12726 02–90) | issue=1 |pages=129–174 |year=1993 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001021 |bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..129L}}</ref> Aya bédana lilana poé anu kacida jauhna antarplanét. Vénus peryogi 243 poé Bumi pikeun sakali rotasi, sedengkeun raksasa gas mah mung peryogi sababaraha jam hungkul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet tables |url=http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm |first=Nick |last=Strobel |publisher=astronomynotes.com |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Période rotasi planét luar surya mah tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti. Nanging, perenahna anu caket kana béntangna téh ngandung harti yén banda-banda [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda sifat [[penguncian gelombang|kakonci sacara tidal]] (orbitna sinkron sareng rotasina). Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun éta planét ngan némbongkeun hiji sisi ka béntangna, sahingga hiji sisi salawasna beurang, sedengkeun sisi sanésna salawasna peuting.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Magnetically-Driven Planetary Radio Emissions and Application to Extrasolar Planets | last=Zarka |first=Philippe |author2=Treumann, Rudolf A.; Ryabov, Boris P.; Ryabov, Vladimir B. |year=2001 |journal=Astrophysics & Space Science |volume=277 |issue=1/2 |page=293 |doi = 10.1023/A:1012221527425|bibcode = 2001Ap&SS.277..293Z }}</ref> ==== Meresihan orbit ==== Ciri dinamis utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta éta banda langit téh parantos [[membersihkan lingkungan|meresihan lingkungan]] orbitna. Planét anu parantos meresihan lingkunganana mibanda massa anu cekap pikeun nyapu sadaya [[planetesimal]] dina jalur orbitna. Hasilna, éta planét téh ngorbit kana béntangna sacara tetep, sarta henteu babagi orbit sareng sababaraha objék sanés anu ukuranna mirupa. Ciri ieu kacantum dina [[definisi planet 2006|définisi resmi planét]] [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] bulan Agustus 2006. Kritéria kasebut henteu ngawengku banda-banda ka-planét-an sapertos [[Pluto]], [[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]], sarta [[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]], sahingga maranéhna digolongkeun salaku [[planét katé]].<ref name="IAU" /> Sanaos dugi ka ayeuna ieu kritéria téh nembé lumaku di Tata Surya hungkul, sajumlahing sistim luar surya anom (muda) kapanggih mibanda bukti ayana prosés meresihan orbit dina cakram sirkumbéntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv |title=The Total Number of Giant Planets in Debris Disks with Central Clearings |date=2007-07-12 |author=Faber, Peter; Quillen, Alice C. |eprint=0706.1684 |class=astro-ph}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri fisik === ==== Massa ==== Ciri fisik utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta naha éta banda langit téh cukup ageung pikeun maksa gravitasi sorangan ngawasa (ngadominasi) [[gaya elektromagnetik]] anu mungkus struktur fisikna, sahingga nyiptakeun [[kesetimbangan hidrostatik]]. Ieu ngandung harti yén sadaya planét téh mibanda wangun sfer (bola) atanapi sferoidal. Nepi ka titik massa tinangtu, wangun hiji objék téh bisa waé teu tangtu (acak), nanging upami parantos ngaliwatan éta titik (anu variasina gumantung kana susunan kimiawi bahanna), gravitasi bakal mimiti narik éta objék ka puseur massana dugi ka éta objék téh ngawujud jadi bola.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dwarf Planets |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/ |authorlink=Michael E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Michael E. |work=California Institute of Technology |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Massa ogé mangrupa ciri utama anu ngabédakeun planét sareng [[béntang]]. Wates massa luhur pikeun hiji planét nyaéta 13 kali massa Jupiter (13 MJ) pikeun objék-objék kalawan [[kelimpahan isotop]] panonpoé. Upami langkung ti éta, hiji objék bakal mibanda kaayaan anu pas pikeun ngayakeun [[fusi nuklir]]. Sajabi ti Panonpoé, teu aya deui objék mibanda massa sapertos kitu di Tata Surya; nanging aya éksoplanét anu ukuranana saukur Panonpoé. Wates 13 MJ ieu tacan diaku sacara universal, sarta [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] masih ngasupkeun objék-objék mibanda massa 20 kali Jupiter,<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=exoplanet-catalogue How One Astronomer Became the Unofficial Exoplanet Record-Keeper], www.scientificamerican.com</ref> sedengkeun [[Exoplanet Data Explorer]] ngasupkeun objék dugi ka 24 kali massa Jupiter.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1012.5676 |author1=Jason T Wright |author2=Onsi Fakhouri |author3=Marcy |author4=Eunkyu Han |author5=Ying Feng |author6=John Asher Johnson |author7=Howard |author8=Fischer |author9=Valenti |title=The Exoplanet Orbit Database |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2010}}</ref> Planét pangleutikna anu kungsi kanyahoan, henteu kaasup planét katé sarta satelit, nyaéta [[PSR B1257+12A]]. Ieu mangrupa salah sahiji planét luar surya munggaran anu kapanggih dina taun 1992 sarta ngulilingan hiji [[pulsar]]. Massana kira-kira satengah tina massa planét Mérkurius.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét pangleutikna anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama sajabi ti Panonpoé nyaéta [[Kepler-37b]]. Massa sarta radiusna sakedik langkung ageung batan [[Bulan]]. ==== Diferénsiasi internal ==== [[File:Jupiter interior.png|lurus|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi interior Jupiter kalawan inti tina batu anu dilingkung ku lapisan hidrogén métalik anu kandel]] Saban planét ngamimitian ayana (éksisténsina) dina wangun éncér (cair); nalika prosés ngawujudna, matéri anu langkung padet sarta beurat tilelep ka bagian tengah, sedengkeun matéri anu hampang tetep aya dina bagian luhur (beungeut). Masing-masing mibanda bagian jero (interior) [[diferensiasi planet|anu béda-béda]], anu diwangun ku [[inti planet|inti planét]] padet sarta dilingkung ku [[mantel (geologi)|mantel]] éncér atanapi padet. Planét-planét kabumian (térestrial) kalingkung ku [[kerak (geologi)|kerak]] padet,<ref name="terrestrial">{{cite web |title=Planetary Interiors |work=Department of Physics, University of Oregon |url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808155809/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |date=2012-08-08 }}</ref> nanging dina raksasa gas mah, mantelna téh lényéh sarta ngahiji jadi lapisan méga pangluhurna. Planét kabumian mibanda inti tina élemén magnétik sapertos [[beusi]] sarta [[nikél]], sarta mantel [[silikat]]. [[Jupiter]] sarta [[Saturnus]] dipercaya mibanda inti tina batu sarta logam anu dilingkung ku mantel [[hidrogén métalik]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Linda T.|last=Elkins-Tanton|year=2006|title=Jupiter and Saturn|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5196-8}}</ref> [[Uranus]] sarta [[Néptunus]], anu ukuranana langkung alit, mibanda inti batu anu dilingkung ku mantel [[cai]], [[amonia]], [[métana]], sarta [[bahan volatil|és]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5}}</ref> Gerakan cairan di jero inti planét-planét kasebut ngahasilkeun [[geodinamo]] anu nyiptakeun [[médan magnét]].<ref name="terrestrial" /> ==== Atmosfir ==== {{Tempo ogé|Atmosfir ékstratéréstrial}} [[File:Top of Atmosphere.jpg|jmpl|kénca|250px|Atmosfir Bumi]] Sadaya planét di Tata Surya sajabi ti [[Mérkurius]]<ref>Hunten D. M., Shemansky D. E., Morgan T. H. (1988), ''The Mercury atmosphere'', In: Mercury (A89-43751 19–91). University of Arizona Press, pp. 562–612</ref> mibanda [[atmosfir]] dasar jalaran gravitasi massana anu kacida ageungna cekap kiat pikeun nahan gas supados tetep caket kana beungeut planét. Planét raksasa gas mibanda ukuran anu cukup badag pikeun nahan sajumlahing gas hampang sapertos [[hidrogén]] sarta [[hélium]], sedengkeun dina planét-planét leutik mah éta gas téh lolos ka [[luar angkasa]].<ref>{{cite doi | 10.1086/426329 }}</ref> Komposisi atmosfir Bumi bénten sareng planét sanésna jalaran ayana rupa-rupa prosés [[kahirupan]] anu lumangsung di ieu planét, anu parantos ngahasilkeun molekul [[oksigén]] bébas.<ref name="zeilik">{{cite book|last=Zeilik|first=Michael A.|author2=Gregory, Stephan A.|title=Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics|edition=4th|year=1998|publisher=Saunders College Publishing|isbn=0-03-006228-4|page=67}}</ref> Atmosfir planét dipangaruhan ku rupa-rupa [[insolasi]] (radiasi panonpoé) atanapi énergi internal, sahingga ngabalukarkeun kawangunna [[sistem cuaca|sistim cuaca]] dinamis sapertos [[badai]] (di Bumi), [[badai debu|badai lebu]] sa-planét (di Mars), [[badai antisiklon|antisiklon]] saukuran Bumi (di Jupiter; disebut [[Bintik Beureum Gedé]]), sarta [[Titik Gelap Besar|liang dina atmosfir]] (di Néptunus).<ref name="Weather" /> Sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, [[HD 189733 b]], anu diklaim mibanda sistim cuaca sapertos kitu, sarupa sareng Bintik Beureum Gedé nanging ukuranana dua kali lipet langkung ageung.<ref name="knutson">{{cite journal | last=Knutson |first=Heather A. |author2=Charbonneau, David; Allen, Lori E.; Fortney, Jonathan J. |title=A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=447 |doi=10.1038/nature05782 |laysummary=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2007/pr200713.html |laysource=Center for Astrophysics press release |laydate=2007-05-09 |pmid=17495920 |issue=7141 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..183K | pages=183–6|arxiv = 0705.0993 }}</ref> Jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indungna, banda-banda Jupiter panas kaleungitan atmosfirna akibat radiasi béntang, mirupa buntut komét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Donna |last1=Weaver |first2=Ray |last2=Villard |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/07/full/ |title=Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |date=2007-01-31 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Nature |last=Ballester |first=Gilda E. |author2=Sing, David K.; Herbert, Floyd |title=The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b |volume=445 |year=2007 |doi=10.1038/nature05525 |pmid=17268463 |issue=7127 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..511B | pages=511–4}}</ref> Ieu planét-planét téh mibanda béda suhu beurang sareng peuting anu kacida jauhna, dugi ka tiasa ngahasilkeun angin supersonik.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Harrington |first=Jason |author2=Hansen, Brad M.; Luszcz, Statia H.; Seager, Sara |title=The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet Andromeda b |journal=Science |volume=314 |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1133904 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzer-20061012.html |laysource=NASA press release |laydate=2006-10-12 |pmid=17038587 |issue=5799 |bibcode=2006Sci...314..623H | pages=623–6|arxiv = astro-ph/0610491 }}</ref> Nanging, sisi beurang sareng peuting dina [[HD 189733 b]] mah katingal mibanda suhu anu sarua, anu nuduhkeun yén atmosfir ieu planét téh éféktif pisan dina ngadistribusikeun deui énergi béntang ka sakuliah bagian planétna.<ref name="knutson" /> ==== Magnétosfir ==== [[File:Structure of the magnetosphere-en.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Skéma [[medan magnet Bumi|magnétosfir Bumi]]]] Salah sahiji ciri penting tina hiji planét nyaéta [[momen magnet|momen magnét]] intrinsikna anu janten bibit buit (cikal bakal) tina [[magnetosfer|magnétosfirna]]. Ayana médan magnét nuduhkeun yén éta planét téh sacara géologi masih kénéh "hirup". Kalayan kecap sanés, planét anu mibanda sipat magnét mibanda aliran bahan [[konduktivitas listrik|konduktor listrik]] dina bagian jerona (interior) anu nyiptakeun médan magnét. Ieu médan téh kacida mangaruhanana kana interaksi planét sareng angin surya. Planét anu mibanda sipat magnét bakal nyiptakeun panyalindung anu disebut magnétosfir, anu teu tiasa ditembus ku angin surya. Ukuran magnétosfir tiasa langkung ageung batan planétna sorangan. Sabalikna, planét anu teu mibanda sipat magnét mah mibanda magnétosfir anu alit, anu kawangun ku interaksi [[ionosfer|ionosfir]] sareng angin surya, nanging teu tiasa nangtayungan éta planét sacara éféktif.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Tina dalapan planét di Tata Surya, ngan Vénus sarta Mars anu teu mibanda médan magnét.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Sajaba ti éta, satelit Jupiter [[Ganymede (satelit)|Ganyméde]] ogé mibanda médan magnét. Tina sadaya planét anu mibanda sipat magnét, médan Mérkurius mangrupa anu panghéngkérna (lemah) sahingga teu mampuh nahan [[angin surya|angin surya]]. Médan magnét Ganyméde sababaraha kali lipet langkung ageung, sedengkeun médan Jupiter mangrupa anu pangkiatna di Tata Surya (kacida kiatna sahingga ieu planét téh mibanda ancaman kaséhatan anu sérius pikeun misi berawak ka satelit-satelitna dina mangsa ka hareup). Médan magnét planét-planét raksasa sanésna mibanda kakuatan anu ampir sarua sareng Bumi, nanging momen magnétna langkung ageung. Médan magnét Uranus sarta Néptunus kacida miringna upami dibandingkeun sareng [[sumbu rotasi]] sarta perenahna misah tina puseur (pusat) planétna.<ref name="Kivelson2007">{{cite book|last=Kivelson|first=Margaret Galland|author2=Bagenal, Fran|chapter=Planetary Magnetospheres|title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System|year=2007|publisher=Academic Press|editor= Lucyann Mcfadden, Paul Weissman, Torrence Johnson|isbn=978-0-12-088589-3|page=519}}</ref> Dina taun 2004, tim astronom di Hawaii nalungtik hiji planét luar surya anu ngulilingan béntang [[HD 179949]]. Ieu planét katingal nyiptakeun titik panonpoé (sunspot) dina beungeut béntang indungna. Éta tim mibanda hipotésis yén magnétosfir éta planét téh keur mentransfer énergi ka beungeut béntang sarta ngalantarankeun suhuna naék tina 7.760 °C janten 8.160 °C.<ref>{{cite web | title=Magnetic planet |first=Amanda | last=Gefter | work=Astronomy |date=2004-01-17 |url=http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2090 |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri sekundér === Sababaraha planét atanapi planét katé di Tata Surya (sapertos [[Néptunus]] atanapi [[Pluto]]) mibanda période orbit anu [[resonansi orbit|saluyu]] (résonansi) hiji sareng nu sanésna atanapi sareng banda-banda langit anu langkung alit (hal ieu lumrah lumangsung dina sistim satelit). Sadaya planét iwal [[Mérkurius]] sareng [[Vénus]] mibanda [[satelit alami]] anu biasana disebut "bulan". Bumi mibanda hiji satelit, Mars dua, sarta [[raksasa gas]] mibanda sababaraha satelit kalayan sistim ka-planét-an anu kompléks. Loba satelit raksasa gas mibanda ciri-ciri anu sarua sareng planét kabumian sarta planét katé. Sababaraha di antarana malah dianggap mibanda lingkungan anu merenah pikeun kahirupan (utamana [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]]).<ref name="Grasset2000">{{cite journal | last= Grasset |first=O. |author2=Sotin C.; Deschamps F. |title = On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan |year = 2000 |journal = Planetary and Space Science |volume = 48 | issue= 7–8 | pages = 617–636 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00039-8 | bibcode=2000P&SS...48..617G}}</ref><ref name="Fortes2000">{{cite journal | journal = Icarus |volume= 146 |issue = 2 |pages = 444–452 |year= 2000 |doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6400 |title = Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia-water ocean inside Titan |author = Fortes, A. D. |bibcode=2000Icar..146..444F}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nicola|last=Jones|date=2001-12-11|work=New Scientist Print Edition|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1647|title=Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> [[File:Voyager 2 - Saturn Rings - 3085 7800 2.png|jmpl|kénca|lurus|250px|[[Cincin Saturnus|Cingcin Saturnus]]]] Opat raksasa gas ogé dikulilingan ku [[cincin planet|cingcin planét]] kalayan ukuran sarta karumitan anu rupa-rupa. Ieu cingcin téh diwangun ku lebu atanapi partikel, nanging tiasa ogé janten tempat cicingna '[[Cincin Saturnus#Anak bulan|anak bulan]]' anu mungil, anu gravitasi na nangtukeun sarta miara struktur éta cingcin. Sanaos asal-usul kawangunna tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, cingcin planét dipercaya salaku hasil tina satelit alami anu asup kana [[batas Roche]] planét indungna, lajeng hancur akibat [[gaya gelombang pasang|gaya pasang surut]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Molnar, L. A.; Dunn, D. E. |title=On the Formation of Planetary Rings |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |year=1996 |volume=28 |pages=77–115 |bibcode=1996DPS....28.1815M | last2=Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Encrenaz|last=Thérése|year=2004|title=The Solar System|edition=Third|pages=388–390|publisher=Springer|isbn=3-540-00241-3}}</ref> Taya ciri sekundér anu katingal dina planét-planét luar surya. Nanging, [[katai sub-coklat]] [[Cha 110913-773444]], anu dianggap salaku [[planet liar]], dipercaya dilingkung ku hiji [[cakram protoplanet]] anu mungil.<ref name="Luhman" /> {{Clear}} == Istilah patali == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Komet|Komét]] * [[Mnemonik planet|Mnémonik planét]] * [[Planet ganda|Planét ganda]] * [[Planet katai|Planét katé]] * [[Planet liar|Planét liar]] * [[Planet luar surya|Planét luar surya]] (atanapi Éksoplanét) – banda langit di luar Tata Surya * [[Mesoplanet|Mésoplanét]] * [[Planet minor|Planét minor]] – banda langit anu langkung alit batan planét * [[Planetar (astronomi)|Planétar]] * [[Planetesimal|Planétésimal]] * [[Protoplanet|Protoplanét]] </div> == Lihat pula == {{portal|Astronomi}} <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Langit ekstraterestrial]] * [[Daftar benda hipotesis di Tata Surya]] * [[Pendaratan di planet lain]] * [[Penjelajahan luar angkasa]] * [[Keterhunian planet]] * [[Ilmu keplanetan]] * [[Eksoplanetologi]] * [[Planetologi teoretis]] * [[Planet di astrologi]] * [[Planet di fiksi ilmiah]] </div> == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Referensi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala luar == {{Commons category|Planets}} {{Wiktionary|planet}} * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union website] * [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ Photojournal NASA] * [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA Planet Quest – Exoplanet Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225110149/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the Sun, and other stars] * {{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |title=IAU Press Releases since 1999 "The status of Pluto: A Clarification" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |archivedate=2007-12-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |date=2007-12-14 }} * [http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/planet_def.html "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes."] article by Stern and Levinson * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/ ''Planetary Science Research Discoveries''] (educational site with illustrated articles) {{artikel pilihan}} {{Tata surya}} [[Kategori:Planét]] [[Kategori:Astronomi pengamatan]] [[Kategori:Ilmu keplanetan]] c6tjquz3bl939jjunojza0xjtokv5rl 0 99084 708571 658399 2026-04-26T02:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{for|the fictional character|Men of Honor}} {{Infobox person |name = Billy Sunday |image = Billy Sunday LCCN2014701709.jpg |caption = Billy Sunday (1921) |birth_name = William Ashley Sunday |birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|11|19}} |birth_place = [[Story County, Iowa]], U.S. |death_date = {{Death date and age|1935|11|6|1862|11|19}} |death_place= [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S. |resting_place = [[Forest Home Cemetery (Chicago)|Forest Home Cemetery]], [[Forest Park, Illinois]] |occupation = Baseball player<br>Christian evangelist |spouse = [[Helen Thompson Sunday]] |children = 4 }} '''Billy Sunday''' nyaéta nénéh tina ngaran [[William Ashley Sunday]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Billy-Sunday|title=Billy Sunday {{!}} American evangelist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Lahir di Ames, Lowa [[Amérika Serikat]], 19 Novémber 1862.<ref name=":0" /> Bapana saurang prajurit Perang Sipil, tilar dunya sabulan saenggeusna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/william-ashley-sunday|title=William Ashley Sunday Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|accessdate=2020-02-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamiskinan, hirup nyorangan, kahirupan Billy mangsa harita.<ref name=":1" /> DIna umur 14 taun Billy hirup sorangan, sarta pindah-pindah ti pagaén hiji ka pagawén séjénna.<ref name=":1" /> Malah kungsi jadi petugas kabersihan di sakola menengah.<ref name=":1" /> Saméméh jadi pamaén bésbol propésional, Billy tumuwuh salaku budak yatim piatu sarta cekel gawé salaku pangurus tanah dina taun 1883.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 1891 Billy eureun jadi pamaén bésbol sarta jadi pagawé ''[[Young Men's Christian Association]]'' (YMCA) sarta dina taun 1996 Billy ngalakukeun hotbah rohani di kota-kota gedé di Amerika.<ref name=":0" /> Hutbahna-hutbahna ngagambarkeun panasna émosi anu dibalukarkeun ku ayana transisi di Amérika anu tadina msarakat padésaan jadi masarakat industri.<ref name=":0" /> Billy dinobatkeun jadi pendéta ''[[Presbyterian]]'' dina taun 1903, sacara téologis jeung fundaméntalis.<ref name=":0" /> Billy nuturkeun pingpinan penginjil Amérika, katelah [[Dwight L. Moody]], kalayan bantuan saurang diréktur layeutan sora nu katelah [[Homer A. Rodeheaver]] jeung sajumlah spésialis kebangunan rohani, Billy ahirna mampuh ngalakukeun leuwih ti 300 kali hotbah rohani kalayaan dihadiran kira-kira 100.000.000 urang.<ref name=":0" /> Billy ogé punjul dina gerakan larangan ngajual inuman keras di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=":0" /> == Kahirupan Mimitna == Bapana Billy tilar dunya alatan pneumonia di kamp perang téh sabada Billy lahir dina umur opat bulan. Indungna, Mary ahirna kawin deui, hanjakal salakina anu ka dua ninggalkeun maranéhna. Ku sabab Mary teu mampuh nyukupan kabutuhan sakabéh anak-anakna, Mary ngirim BIlly jeung lanceuk-lanceukna ka panti asuhan. Salila aya di panti asuhan jeung sabudeureun temat manéhna cicing, Billy ngabuktikeun yén manéhna saurang atlit bésbol anu boga bakat. == Pamaén Bésbol Propésional & Tukang Hotbah == {{Infobox baseball biography |name=Billy Sunday |position=[[Outfielder]] |image=BillySunday.jpg |bats=Left |throws=Right |birth_date={{Birth date|1862|11|19}} |birth_place=[[Story County, Iowa]] |death_date={{death date and age|1935|11|6|1862|11|19}} |death_place=[[Chicago]] |debutleague = MLB |debutdate=May 22 |debutyear=1883 |debutteam= [[Chicago White Stockings (1870–89)|Chicago White Stockings]] |finalleague = MLB |finaldate=October 4 |finalyear=1890 |finalteam= [[Philadelphia Phillies]] |statleague = MLB |stat1label=[[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]] |stat1value=.248 |stat2label=[[Home run]]s |stat2value=12 |stat3label=[[Run batted in|Runs batted in]] |stat3value=170 |stat4label=[[Stolen base]]s |stat4value=246 |teams= * [[Chicago White Stockings (1870–89)|Chicago White Stockings]] ({{Baseball year|1883}}–{{Baseball year|1887}}) * [[Pittsburgh Alleghenys]] ({{Baseball year|1888}}–{{Baseball year|1890}}) * [[Philadelphia Phillies]] ({{Baseball year|1890}}) |highlights= * National League Pennant: 1885, 1886 }} Billy Sunday kawentar jadi pamaén bésbol propésional ti taun 1883 nepi ka taun 1891 pikeun tim [[Chicago]], [[Pittsburg]] jeung [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Great%20Men%20of%20God/billy_sunday.htm|title=BILLY SUNDAY|website=www.jesus-is-savior.com|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Dina umur 21 taun, Billy ditéken pikeun maé di ''[[Chicago White Stockings]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gotquestions.org/Billy-Sunday.html|title=Who was Billy Sunday?|website=GotQuestions.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> Billy jadi atlit paporit, loba nu mikaresepna. Satuluyna, pindah ka Pittsburg Pirates dina taun 1890.<ref name=":4" /> Billy lain pamaén bésbol anu paling konsistén, rata-rata teunggeulenna kira-kira 248 kali.<ref name=":4" /> Tapi Billy boga kaonjoyan nyaéta tukang lumpat anu pikatajieun manéhna pamaén munggaran anu manpuh ngurilingan pangkalan ngan ukur dina waktu 14 detik.<ref name=":4" /> Sapanjang karirna dina dunya bésbol, Billy naukkeun total 246 pangkalan.<ref name=":4" /> Satuluyna, Billy tobat, ngaliwatan hotbah [[Harry Monro]] ti [[Fasific Garden Mission]] di Chicago.<ref name=":2" /> Billy ninggalkeun gajih bulanan anu gedéna $ 5.000 sataun tina hasil jadi pamaén bésbolna, pikeun meunangkeun $ 84 dina posisi pelayanan di YMCA.<ref name=":2" /> ti taun 1893 nepi ka taun 1895 dipatalikeun jeung J. Wilbur Chapman, salah sahiji penginjil ti taun 1893 nepi ka 1935.<ref name=":2" /> Dina taun 1896 Billy ngamimitian karirna sorangan.<ref name=":1" /> Sarta dina taun 1898 dilisésikeun pikeun hotbah dina taun 1898 sarta dibéakeun ku ku Chicago Presbytery dina taun 1903.<ref name=":1" /> == Helen Amelia == [[Helen Amelia Thompson]] nyaéta pamajikan Billy Sunday.<ref name=":2" /> Maranéhna panggih di Chicago nalika umur dalapan taun.<ref name=":2" /> Teu lila sabada panobatanna ka Kristus, duanana kawin dina taun 1888.<ref name=":2" /> Kira-kira sataun sanggeus penobatan saacan ngamimitian pagawéan ''evangelikal'' anu sabenerna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wholesomewords.org/biography/bsundayma.html|title=Ma Sunday - Christian Biography Resources|website=www.wholesomewords.org|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> Dina taun-taun mimitina pelayanana salaku tukang hotbah, maranéhna papisah jeung anak-anakna amu katelah [[Helen]], [[George]], jeung [[William]], Jr.<ref name=":2" /> Helen ngajalankeun kahirupan perkawinana salaku pamajikan atlit bésbol sarta sajumlah lalampahan salaku asosiasi anu jadi pangalaman sapopoéna.<ref name=":3" /> == Organisasi Kampanye == Sunday, jeung pamajikanana (Helen Amelis) ngalola hiji organisasi kampanye, sarta inyana bébas ngalakukeun naon waé anu dianggap hadé.<ref name=":5" /> Diantarana nyusun jeung nepikeun khotbah sapopoé.<ref name=":5" /> Biasana dibantian ku Homer Rodeheaver anu dimimitian ku cara ngalakukeun ngahaneutkeun heula kaayaan dinu loba jalma ku cara lalagua jamaah anu diselang-selang ku angka-angka tina lateutan sora nu gedé sarta musikna dilakukeun ku stafna. Sabada situasi geus dirasa tepat, kakara Sunday ngamimitian nepikeun pamaksudanana. Sunday nagtung dina mimbar, lumpat muter ti tungtung péron ka tungtung nu séjénna sarta terjun ngaliwatan panggung. Sakapeung manéhna nepi ka ngancurkeun korsi pikeun nekenkeun nu hyanag ditepikeunana. Catetan khotbahna kudu dicitak dina Kasara-aksara gedé nepi ka bis akatempo najan ukur saliwatan nalika lumpat dina mimbar.<ref name=":5" /> Dina amanat-amanat anu nyerang kana dosa séksual ukur golongan lalaki Sunday bisa jadi grapik dina jaman éta. lawan téologis menteri Universitas Frederick William Betts, nuliskeun: Loba hal anu diucapkeun jeung dilakukeun jeung hal-hal anu teu dimeunankeun di masarakat anu layak. Khotbah ngeunaan hiburan dikhotbahkeun tilu kali pikeun balaréa boh awéwéboh lalaki, budak atawa kolot. Upama khotbah pikeun awéwé ditepikeun kanu geus rumahtangga, upama khotbah pikeun lalaki nyaéta khotbah ka lalaki déwasa, saupama khotbah ngeunaan hiburan dikhotbahkeun ka sakabéh jalma déeasa. Tapi, saurang reporter surta kabar anu boga pangalaman méré nyaho yén Sunday khotbah ngeunaan hiburan nyaéta hal anu pangatahna anu aya di Syracuse. Babaturanna nyebutkeun yén khotbah Sunday ngeunaan pertanyaan seks dianggap ngageuleuhkeun. Manéhna ogé ngadéngé khotbah ngeunaan hiburan jeung nginum inuman keras. Manéna nyebutkeun yén dianggap khotbah anu pangbututna nu pernah didéngé ku manéna dina program kaagaman atawa tukang khotbah.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Billy Sunday, the man and method|url=http://archive.org/details/billysundaymana00bettgoog|publisher=Boston, The Murray press|date=1916|last=Betts|first=Frederick William}}</ref> Homer Rodheper nyebutkeun yén manéhna nepikeun ka ngaredam salah sahiji tina khotbah-khotbahna, anu ngabogaan periode sapuluh menit di mana dua minggu dua belas urang kapiuhan sarta kudu dilaksanakeun ungal Sunday keur khotbah.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862-1935|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dxIH-kJrANwC&pg=PA87&ots=N3wh5Hs4pK&as_brr=3&sig=vOIq4KYwCsSMXh6OJS7IukSqP4E&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2002-09-17|isbn=978-0-253-10952-1|language=en|first=Robert F.|last=Martin}}</ref> Dina taun 1907, Lindsay Denison anu mangrupa salah saurang jurnalis ngangluh alatan Sunday ngakhotbahkeun "doktrin heubeul, supata heubeul" Dénison nulis "Leupas tina kayakinan yén jalma anu bener-bener religius kudu narima agamana kalayan kabungahan, inyana meunang hasilna ku cara méré inspirasi kasieunan jeung kasuraman dina haté nu nyieun dosa. Kasieunan kana maot, jeung siksaan di jerona dikuatkeun ku conto-conto tina tempat ngagolérna nalika maot anu pikasieuneun anu ahirna henteu sabar nunda kasalametan tapi, sakabéhna geus elat.Ku ancaman gedéieu pisan inyana ngadorong jalma-jalma anu boga dosa asup kana bubu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The American Magazine|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8eYvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451-IA2&as_brr=3&redir_esc=y#PPA461,M1|publisher=Crowell-Collier Publishing Company|date=1907|language=en}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Atlét]] ry3qp8j6albvrdxty1blf1j5m1jw0rl 0 99650 708586 707534 2026-04-26T07:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Jeneverbes.jpg | image_caption = ''Juniperus communis'' subspésiés ''communis''<br> di [[Walanda]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |last1=Farjon |first1=A. |title=''Juniperus communis'' |page=e.T42229A2963096 |year=2013 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42229/2963096 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en |access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = Juniperus | parent = Juniperus subsect. Juniperus | species = communis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | range_map = Juniperus_communis_range_map.png | range_map_caption = Sumebar sabudeureun dunya | range_map2 = Juniperus communis North American range map 1.png | range_map2_caption = Sebaran alami di Amérika Kalér }} '''Juniper béri''' nyaéta siki buah [[Pines|pinus]] bikangna tina tutuwuhan juniper. Juniper béri wangunna buleud semu sisitan. Sisitna pinuh pisan nepi ka sarupa kulit buah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry|title=Juniper Berry Benefits & Information|website=Indigo Herbs|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614181922/https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry |date=2023-06-14 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/|title=Juniper Berry: Top Health Benefits [2020 List]|website=urbol.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083001/https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/|title=Piney & Pungent Juniper Berries|website=Lowlander Botanical Beers|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209093642/https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2022-12-09 }}</ref> Juniper béri dipaké minangka rempah kalawan rasa anu semu pait.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326|title=The Health Benefits of Juniper Berries|website=Verywell Health|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730004140/https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326 |date=2021-07-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://draxe.com/nutrition/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and Interactions|website=Dr. Axe|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> Juniper béri (''Juniperu communis L''.) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan tina génus nu boga spésiés nu jumlahna 60-70 rupa. Jinis juniper béri anu pangmindengna dipaké nyaéta nu asalna tina varietas ''Juniperus communis'' L. Ilaharna mah ieu téh ndisebut juniperus, ogé dipikawanoh minangka buah juniperi, jujiper, jeung "catang supernatural".<ref name=":1" /> Juniper béri nu ngora kénéh warnana semu héjo, sarta dina umumna varietas warnana bakal robah jadi ungu lamun geus asak sanggeus leuwih kurang dua atawa tilu taun.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.herbco.com/c-328-juniper-berry.aspx|title=Juniper berry|website=Monterey Bay Spice Company|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries - Wild Rose College of Natural Healing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083137/https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/ |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref> Ieu spésiés mimiti muncul kira-kira 250 juta taun ka tukang, kalawan geus aya di bumi anu bagian daratanna masih ngahiji dina hiji buana anu disebut [[Pangaéa|Pangaea]], sarta ieu ngajelaskeun spésiés tunggal Junperus cmmunis  asalna bisa ti [[Éropa|Eropa]], [[Asia]], jeung [[Amérika Kalér]].<ref name=":3" /> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|jmpl|kiri]] Catetan mimiti anu nuliskeun dipakéna juniper béri nyaéta aya dina naskah [[papirus]] [[Mesir]] taun 1.500 saméméh maséhi sarta digunkeun pikeun ngubaran inféksi [[cacing pita]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/juniper-berry/profile|title=Mountain Rose Herbs: Juniper Berries|website=www.mountainroseherbs.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/|title=Juniper defines Gin. An indepth look at the spirit's core botanical|website=Gin Foundry|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112002/https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref> Buah juniper béri kapanggih dina makam [[Tutankhamun]], ti jaman mesir kuno. Ieu buah dipaké pikeun ramuan jajamu dina prosés ngabalsem mayit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Juniper nyaéta simbul kasuburan Déwi Ashera pikeun bangsa Kanaan. Urang [[Éropa|Eropa kulon]] melak ieu tangka di deukeur panto imahna pikeun nyinglar sihir. Haseupna dipaké ku urang [[Skotlandia]] pikeun nyinglar iblis, cara anu dipaké ku urang Tibét.<ref name=":4" /> Urang Romawi ngagunakeun ieu juniper béri pikeun ngaberesian beuteung tina kasakit. Ahli hérbal abad pertengahan, Culpeper, maké ieu tutuwuhan pikeun ngubaran beuteung kembung.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Menjaga kesuburan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298480442|publisher=Prestasi|date=2006|location=Jakarta|isbn=9799799959552|oclc=298480442|last=Ana, Soumy.}}</ref> Dina abad pertengahan, juniper béri dianggap minangka jajamu pikeun jimat panyalindung sarta dipaké pikeun nyinglar werejit atawa sihir. Haseup beungbeuleumanana anu seungit dipaké pikeun ritual meresihan jeung mantuan dina ngaramal. Dina waktu perayaan féstival Samhain pikeun bangsa Celtic, juniper béri dibeuleum pikeun ngamimitian hubungan jeung dunia séjén.<ref name=":2" /> Pikeun bangsa asli [[Amérika Kalér]], juniper béri dipaké minangka ubar tuberkulosis jeung inféksi kandung kemih. Urang Yunani maké ieu tutuwuhan dina upacara pikeun nyucikeun jeung ningkatkeun stamina atlet.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Urang Romawi ngagunakeun juniper béri pikeun ngaganti pedes hideung anu mahal lantaran kudu diimpor ti [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> Dina ilmu tatamba (pengobatan) tradisional [[Cina]], juniper béri geus mangabad-abad dipaké mianngka stimulan pikeun ginjal jeung kandung kemih, dipaké minangka antibiotak pikeun inféksi jeung ubar pikeun masalah pencernaan dina lambung, usus, jeung limpa.<ref name=":1" /> Ari urang Indian Zuni maké ieu buah pikeun mantuan prosés ngalahirkeun. Ahli hérbal di Inggris ngagunakeunna pikeun ngubaran gagal jantung kongestif jeung pikeun stimulasi [[Kareseban|menstruasi]]. Ku ahli hérbal Amérika abad kasalapan belas, juniper béri digunakeun minangka ubar gagal jantung kongestif, gonore jeung inféksi saluran kemih.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780|title=Juniper Berry {{!}} Winchester Hospital|website=www.winchesterhospital.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083821/https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780 |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref> ==Déskripsi== Juniper béri nyaéta [[Tutuwuhan|pepelakan]] jenis gymnospermae anu wangun tangkalna leutik kalawan warna kulit tangkalna coklat semu beureum. Wangun tunas leutikna segi tilu. Kalakayna wangun silinder, ipis, lemes jeung ngareuy. Pucukna kira-kira 3&nbsp;mm sisitan. Daunna nu ngora kénéh wangunna saperti jarum, panjangna 5–12&nbsp;mm, tungtung daunna seukeut, bukuan di bagian handapna jeung cucukan. Daunna tilu umpak jeung tetep saperti kitu salila 3 taun. Juniper béri mangrupa jinis tutuwuhan anu tumuwuh langsung tina kalakayma kalawan stoma tunggal anu gedé jeung gedé di lebah luhurna, kadang-kadang dibagi ku garis héjo nepi ka puhuna jeung mindengna mah boga kelenjar anu ngaluarkeun [[geutah]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of herbs and spices.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032316294|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-1-78684-754-6|oclc=1032316294|last=Ravindran, P. N., 1942-}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/juniperus/communis/|title=Juniperus communis (common juniper): Go Botany|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=227|title=Plant Database|website=www.hort.uconn.edu|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://science.jrank.org/pages/3729/Juniper.html|title=Juniper|website=science.jrank.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> Ieu tutuwuhan biasana boga sifat dioseus. Ukuran buah pinus jaluna (strobili) kira-kira 8&nbsp;mm, tunggal asak jeung ligar unggal taunna kalawan 3-6 benang sari; serbuk saruna teu jangjangan. BUah pinus nu bikangna muncul tina puhu daun, ukuranna 5–10&nbsp;mm kalawan wangunna buleud sampurna atawa jeung variasi wangun oval. Di bagian handapna dikurilingan sisit saeutuk anu fungsina saperi daun, terus seperti kitu nepi ka asak, tuluy ngagabung jari hiji jeung wangunna saperti beri, lamun geus asak warnana biru. Ieu buah pinus bikangna téh manjang, semu buleud saperti [[endog]] kalawan wangun juru tilu. Hiji buah pinus bikangna ngahasilkeun 1-3 siki binih, masing-masing panjangna 4–5&nbsp;mm, nancep kana dagung buah amis nu geutahan, jeung tuluy kasimpen di jero buah pinus dina waktu megar. Buah pinus bikangna asak dina waktu sataun nepi ka tilu taun.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> ''Juniperus communis'' nyaéta spésiés juniper anu sumebarna panglegana, hirupna babarengan jeung spésiés nu sarupa séjénna. Para panalungtik ngabédakeun jenis nu hiji jeung jinis nu séjénna dumasar kualitas [[taneuh]], karaktersitik [[organismeu]] unsur hara jeung faktor iklim. Sahenteuna aya 10 varietas ''Juniperus communis'' nu geus kapanggih.<ref name=":7" /> ==Budidaya== ''Juniperus communis'' dibudidayakeun dina perdagangan hortikultura jeung dipaké minangka tutuwuhan hias di taman. Sababaraha varietas anu dibudidayakeun meunang pangajén Awar of Garden Merit ti Royal Horticultural Society dina taun 1993,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1)|title=RHS AGM Listing January 2015 (Ornamentals)|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930062437/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1) |date=2015-09-30 }}</ref> nyaéta: *''Juniperus communis'' 'Compressa'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97581/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Compressa/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Compressa' {{!}} juniper 'Compressa'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Green Carpet'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60301/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Green-Carpet/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Green Carpet' {{!}} juniper 'Green Carpet'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Hibernica'<ref name="rhs.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95006/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Hibernica/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Hibernica' {{!}} Irish juniper/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Repanda'<ref name="rhs.org.uk"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Bungbu]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hias]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]] imusl2msdqosmmqy1en9vcw2kas9sjf 0 100101 708564 678521 2026-04-26T00:36:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708564 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Abdul_Rahman_Al-Sudais_-_Cropped.png|jmpl]] '''[[Profesor|Prof]]. [[Doktor|Dr]]. Asy-Syéikh Abdurrohman bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad as-Sudés''' ({{lang-ar|'''الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن محمد السديس'''}}) atawa leuwih dipikawanoh '''Abdurrohman as-Sudés atawa as-Sudés''' (Lahir di [[Riyadh]], [[Arab Saudi]] dina kaping [[10 Fébruari]] [[1960]])<ref name=sudais>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711191653/http://quran.gov.ae/content/view/94/49/lang,english/ Sesi Kesembilan Penghargaan al-Qur'an Internasional Dubai]</ref> nyaéta Imam jeung Khotib [[Masjidil Haram]] jeung ngajabat Katua Umum Pangurus [[Masjidil Haram]] jeung [[Masjid Nabawi]]. Tempat lahirna di kota al-Bukairiyah, kiwari aya di [[Provinsi Qasim]].<ref>[http://www.albukairiyah.com//page03.html Para Ulama dan Syaikh dari Kota al-Bukairiyah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629032429/http://www.albukairiyah.com/page03.html |date=2017-06-29 }}</ref> Anjeuna jadi Imam jeung Khotib Masjidil Harom ti taun 1404 [[Hijriah|H]], munggaran jadi Imam salat ashar dina tanggal 22 [[Sya'ban]] 1404 [[Kalénder Islam|Hijriyah]] jeung mimiti nyampékeun khutbah tanggal 15 [[Romadon (bulan hijriyah)|Romadon]] 1404 [[Kalénder Islam|Hijriyah]]. == Biografina == Anjeuna ti kawit murangkalih di [[Riyadh]], teras anggeus sakola dasar di Sakola Dasar al-Mutsanna bin Haritsah, teras ka Ma'had 'Ilmi (Sakola Menengah Kejuruan) Riyadh, tos afal al-Qur'an yuswa 12 taun,<ref name=sudais /> jeung afal al-Qur'an ku bimbingan guru-guruna di Riyadh, Syékh Abdurrohman bin Abdulloh Alu Faryan, indung bapana kacida tumarima ka guru-guru nu geus ngajar as-Sudés. Ogé ti Syékh al-Muqri Muhammad Abdul Majid Dzakir jeung Syékh Muhammad Ali Hasan. Jeung lulus ti sakola kasebut ku maca al-Qur'an maké qira'at [[Hafs bin Sulaiman al-Kufi|Hafs]] ti [[Ashim bin Abi an-Najud|Ashim]] dina taun [[1979]]/1399 Hijriah kalawan prédikat nu onjoy,<ref name=sudais /> terus studina ka paguron nu leuwih luhur. Dina taun 1408 H anggeus studi magisterna kalwanan predikat [[Cum Laude]] ti [[Universitas Islam Imam Muhammad bin Saud]], Fakultas Syari'ah Jurusan Ushul Fiqih. Studi doktoralna di [[Universitas Umm Al-Qura]] kalawan prédikat Cum Laude, disertasina maké judul ''Studi jeung Pananalungtikan Kitab al-Wadhih fi Ushulul Fiqh anggitan Abu al-Wafa bin 'Aqil al-Hanbali'' dicetak taun 1416 H. Disertasina dibimbing ku Prof. Ahmad Fahmi Abu Sanah, jeung sidang disertasina dipingpin ku Dr. Abdulloh bin Abdul Muhsin at-Turki, Sekretaris Jénderal Rabithah al-'Alam al-Islami tur Dr. Ali bin Abbas al-Hakami, Diréktur Pascasarjana Fakultas Syari'ah Universitas Umm Al-Qura. Meunang gelar Profesor bidang Ushul Fiqih alatan panalungtikanana kalawan judul ''Permasalahan-permasalahan Ushul Fiqih nu pakait jeung dalil-dalil syar'i nu dipadungdengkeun Ibnu Qudamah al-'Azali''. == Penghargaan == Taun [[2005]], anjeuna meunang panghargaan minangka Tokoh Muslim taun 2005 ti Panghargaan al-Qur'an Internasional Dubai sési kasalapann ku jasana dina widang al-Qur'an jeung Islam.<ref name=sudais /> == Lihat pula == * [[Masjidil Haram]] == Referensi == <references/> == Pranala luar == * [http://www.alsudays.com/ Situs web resmi Syaikh Abdurrahman as-Sudais] * [http://ar.islamway.net/scholar/121/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3 Halaman Syaikh Abdurrahman as-Sudais di situs web islamway.net] * [http://www.spa.gov.sa/details.php?id=996216&lite= Surat Keputusan Kerajaan Pengangkatan Syaikh Abdurrahman as-Sudais minangka Ketua Umum Pengurus Masjidil Haram dan Masjid Nabawi, Kantor Berita Arab Saudi]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://audio.islamweb.net/audio/index.php?page=lecview&sid=46 Kajian-kajian Syaikh Abdurrahman as-Sudais di situs web islamweb.net] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9p-ugDOBR0s Syaikh Abdurrahman as-Sudais di halaman youtube] {{Imam Dua Tanah Suci}} [[Kategori:Imam Masjidil Haram]] [[Kategori:Hanbali]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Raja Saud]] [[Kategori:Salafi]] [[Kategori:Urang Arab Saudi]] [[Kategori:Ulama Sunni Arab Saudi]] [[Kategori:Bani Anzah]] [[Kategori:Qori']] [[Kategori:Inohong Islam Arab Saudi]] [[Kategori:Kalahiran 1961]] [[Kategori:Ulama Arab Saudi]] ksjitcjpq2h129kgvg4fvq6pk65nv3u 0 101934 708594 706867 2026-04-26T11:05:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Lancah maung | image = Brachypelma smithi 2009 G03.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Mexican redknee tarantula]] (salah sahiji jinis Lancah maung) | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Artropoda]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = [[Araneae]] | superfamilia = [[Theraphosoidea]] | familia = '''Theraphosidae''' | familia_authority = [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1870 | diversity_link = Daptar spésiés Theraphosidae | diversity = 123 marga, 931 spésiés | range_map = Distribution.theraphosidae.1.png | range_map_width = 250px | subdivision_ranks = Sub-famili | subdivision = <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%;"> '''[Témbongkeun daptar]''' <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> [[Acanthopelminae]]<br /> [[Aviculariinae]]<br /> [[Eumenophorinae]]<br /> [[Harpactirinae]]<br /> [[Ischnocolinae]]<br /> [[Ornithoctoninae]]<br /> [[Poecilotheriinae]]<br /> [[Selenocosmiinae]]<br /> [[Selenogyrinae]]<br /> [[Spelopelminae]]<br /> [[Stromatopelminae]]<br /> [[Theraphosinae]]<br /> [[Thrigmopoeinae]] </div></div> }} [[File :Picture sybille merian 1705.jpg|ka|275px|jmpl|Gambar tarantula ku Sybille Merian dina taun 1705 keur ngahakan manuk]] '''Lancah maung'''; ''Tarantula''. ; ''Theraphosidae'' nyaéta lancah anu asalna tina kulawarga ''theraphosidae''.<ref name="lancah"/> Kalolobaan lancah maung ukuranna kawilang badag tur buluan saawak-awak.<ref name="lancah">{{Cite book|title =Mahér basa Sunda: pangdeudeul pangajaran basa Sunda| last= Sumarsono| first= Tatang| coauthors =-| year= 1995|page=667|location=Bandung| publisher=Geger Sunten|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YI9kAAAAMAAJ&q=lancah&dq=lancah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkmJ3gg7fvAhV2IbcAHVrsAic4FBDoATAAegQIBhAC}}</ref><ref name="EL">{{en}} [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/arachnids/spider/Tarantulaprintout.shtml Enchantedlearning.com: Tarantula]<small> diakses 14 April 2013</small></ref><ref name="NG">{{en}} [http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/tarantula/ National Geographic: Tarantula]<small> diakses 14 April 2013</small></ref> Sahenteuna aya kana kurang leuwih 800 spésiés anu geus dipikanyaho.<ref name="pet">{{en}} [http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/tarantulas/a/tarantulasaspet.htm About.com: Tarantula as a pet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413185718/http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/tarantulas/a/tarantulasaspet.htm |date=2013-04-13 }}</ref> Lancah maung sok ngégél, sabab lancah maung mibanda sihung sarua jeung lancah dina kalolobaanana.<ref name="texas">{{en}} [https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg366.html Texas A&M Agrilife Extension] <small> diakses 14 April 2013</small></ref> Sarta geus pada mikanyaho nyerina tur nyanysutan digégél lancah maung leuwih nyeri tibatan diseureud [[nyiruan]], sok sanajan peurahna henteu matih kawas nyiruan.<ref name="BBC">{{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tarantula BBC.com: Tarantula]<small> diakses 14 April 2013</small></ref><ref name="BBC"/> Lancah maung dina [[basa Inggris]] disebut ''tarantula'', asalna tina basa [[Itali]] nujul kana hiji kota anu aya di éta [[nagara]] tayalian [[Taranto]].<ref name="BBC"/> Lancah maung loba kapanggih hirup di [[gurun]], [[leuweung]], ogé leuweung hujan.<ref name="BBC"/> Kahakananna kayaning: [[gegeremet]], [[lancah]] deui, [[beurit]] , [[bangkong]] , [[oray]] , [[kadal]] leutik, manuk, jeung sajabana. ==Sabangsaning lancah== Aya leuwih ti 35,000 jinis [[lancah]] , lancah mah lain [[gegeremet]]. Lancah téh ''arachnids'', sadayana ''arachnids'' ngagaduhan dalapan suku. [[Kalajengking]] sareng keletik ogé ''arachnids''. Rupi-rupi ''arachnids'' tingawitan panjangna kirang ti satengah inci (1,3&nbsp;cm), baturna panjangna langkung ti dalapan inci (20,3&nbsp;cm).<ref name="Spi"/> ==Musuh alamina== Di alam liar lancah maung mibanda musuh alamna anu bisa ngamangsa kayaning: [[Bueuk]], [[Heulang]], [[manuk]], [[oray]] ageung, [[kadal]], [[nyiruan]], jeung [[manusa]].<ref name="Tar2">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LbCWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirw_qvt7fvAhWSf30KHeO_BU84ChDoATACegQICBAD#v=onepage&q=tarantula&f=false| title =Tarantula Great Predators| last = Strother| first =Ruth| publisher =ABDO| location = California | year =2014|ISBN=9781617839528|pages =35-44}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021</ref> Umur hirupna : anu jalu 5-7 taun; bikangna: dugi ka 30 taun .<ref name="Tar">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wD67DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAwaecmbfvAhV2H7cAHWH1DZEQ6AEwAHoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=tarantula&f=false| title =Tarantulas| last =Jaclyn| first =Jaclyn| publisher =Capstone| location =Jakarta | year =2020|ISBN=9781977121356|pages =31}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021</ref> == Ciri mandiri == Ilaharna sakujur awak lancah maung buluan malah nepika dampal sukuna ogé buluan.<ref name="NG"/> Ngalumpuhkeun mangsana kujalan digégél bari ngaluarkeun peurahna, anu ngabalukarkeun mangsana lumpuh teu bisa walakaya. Dina kaayaan kitu lancah maung tuluy nancebkeun sihungna ngaluarkeun ''cairan'' kana awak mangsana pikeun ngancurkeun daging mangsana, di mana daging mangsana anu geus ajurjadi ''cairan'' tina ieu awak mangsana kakara disedot ku manéhna.<ref name="The">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eRyUcfjCGCgC&q=tarantula&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAwaecmbfvAhV2H7cAHWH1DZEQ6AEwAnoECAUQAw| title =The Tarantulas| last = Miller| first =Heather| publisher =Kidhaven Press| location = California | year =2004|ISBN=9780737717754|pages =28}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021</ref> Ukuran rata-rata: Tina antara dua sukuna aya genep inchi (5–15&nbsp;cm); beurat rata-rata: Hiji dugi ka tilu ons (28-100 g). Kelirna : remen coklat atanapi hideung, tapi tiasa bénten-bénten gumantung spésiésna ; sababaraha anu warnaana rata-rata; Umur rata-rata: Jalu biasana hirup kirang ti tujuh taun, gumantung kana spésiésna; bikang hirup dugi ka 30 taun, gumantung kana spésiés Mangsa/kahakanan: gegeremet, lancah sanésna, oray alit sareng kadal, beurit leutik, sareng manuk alit.<ref name="The2"/> Tarantulas ngali liang ku sihungna taring sareng parasaan anu kuat. Aranjeunna ngajajar lebet liangna nganggo [[sutra]] . Éta malahan tiasa nutupan panto lebetna ku sutra.<ref name="The2"/> Sababaraha tarantula leuweung hujan ngajadikeun bumi na di tangkal. Liang dana handapeun taneuh tiasa banjir, janten lancah maung ieu ieun sayang anu kandel tur aya panglumpatan kaluar. Bulu husus dina suku na ngajantenkeun Lancah maung gampil nérékél kaluhur.<ref name="The2"/> Sanajan lancah maung katingali buluan, nalika usum salju. Maranéhna cicing dina liang anu tetep haneut, bari nungguan usum salju béak.<ref name="The2">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=415PwGimat8C&pg=PT11&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd9bqNvLfvAhXjILcAHQR3Cic4ChDrATAFegQIAhAF#v=onepage&q=tarantula&f=false| title =The Tarantula Content-Area Literacy Collections The Tony Stead Nonfiction Independent Reading Collection Series| last =B. McGinty| first =Alice | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc| location = California | year =2005|ISBN=9781404255678|pages =35-44}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021</ref> Lancah maung cicing di unggal buana kajaba Antartika, panglobana hirup sapanjang garis katulistiwa. Daérah ieu kaasup sagala rupa ti daérah tropis dugi ka daérah garing, lancah maung aya dina sababaraha jinis habitat. Lancah maung pirang ti Méksiko hirup di gurun garing di [[Amérika Serikat]] sareng [[Mexico]] . Spésiés sanésna, sapertos lancah babon [[Afrika Wétan]] tanduk, cicing di leuweung hujan [[Afrika]] . ==Dikukut/diingu== Umumna spésiés lancah henteu ngabahayakeun ka manusa, malahan sababaraha spésiés janten kasohor kusabab ngahaja didagangkeun pikeun diingu '' hewan peliharaaan eksotik'' .<ref name="NG"/> Lanca maung sok ngahaja diingu ku anu raresep mah, sanajan kitu tetep kudu waspada lantaran lancah maung téh sato anu hirupna di habitat liar. Bisa ngabalukarkeun cilaka diseureud, lancah ieu bisa luncat jauhna sababaraha kaku panjang awakna. Mun pareng leupas, luncat kana leungeun atawa suku tuluy ngarayap gancang ka jero awak bisa barabé alatan diseureud atawa digégél.<ref name="The1"/> == Habitat == Lancah maung hidup di daérah -daérah haneut di sakuliah dunya, lancah maung nyayang dina sela-sela batu, ngaliang dina [[taneuh]] anu nyingkur atawa dina [[gawir]], dina liang anu aya dina tatangkalan.<ref name="The1">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=v7kHJt13pMkC&q=tarantula&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisnOiHnbfvAhWLeX0KHR2HBlQQ6AEwBXoECAUQAw| title =The guide to owning tarantula| last =Walls| first =Jerry G.| publisher =TFH Publications, Incorporated| location = California | year =2002|ISBN=9780793803835|pages =30-63}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021</ref> Kapanggih ogé di leuweung hujan, [[tegalan]] jeung [[gurun]], sarta habitat séjénna.<ref name="EL"/> Sababaraha wewengkon anu jadi habitat lancah maung : [[Amérika Kidul]], [[Amérika Kalér]] palebah kidulna, [[Éropa kidul]], [[Afrika]], [[Asia]] palebah kal, dan [[Australia]].<ref name="EL"/> ==Anatomi== Lancah maung disebut carapace, dalapan panon tarantula aya dina carapace. Sanaos gaduh dalapan panon, lancah maung henteu tiasa ningali. Panenjona langkung parna tibatan kaseueuran lancah, lancah maung teu tiasa ningali wujudna kalawan béngras. Manéhna ngagunakeun panon pikeun ngadetéksi cahaya sareng poék wungkul. Buuk dina awak lancah maung karasa keuna jeung geter. Geter dina taneuh sareng dina hawa gabejaan ieu lancah nalika mahluk sanés nyampurnakeu. Sapertos sadaya lancah dina kulawarga ''Hairy Mygalomorph'', lancah maung ngagaduhan opat bayah/paru-paru. Jinis lancah anu sanés gaduh dua bayah. Hawa asup kana bayah tarantula ngaliwatan lolongkrang leutik dina beuteung na.<ref name="The2"/> Ukuran rata-rata: panjang antara tungtung suku kurang leuwih dua dugi ka genep inci (5–15&nbsp;cm); Beurat Rata-rata: Hiji dugi ka tilu ons (28-100 g); Kelir: Ilaharna coklat atanapi hideung, tapi tiasa bénten-bénten gumantung spésiésna sababaraha anu warnana sami rata-rata; Umur Rata-rata: Jalu biasana hirup kirang ti tujuh taun, gumantung kana spésiésna; bikang hirup dugi ka 30 taun, gumantung kana spésiés Mangsa/kadaharan: [[gegeremet]] , [[lancah]] sanésna, [[oray]] alit sareng [[kadal]], [[beurit]] leutik, sareng [[manuk]].<ref name="The2"/> ==Ngalawan musuh== Lancah maung nalika nyingareupan musuh atawa pibahayaeun, sok nyumput asup kana liang pikeun nyingkahan pibahayaeun. Tapi sababaraha lancah maung boga cara sorangan pikeun nyingareupan tur ngusir musuhna, malikan nyerang tur ngégél musuh anu ngaganggu.<ref name="The2"/> Aya ogé lancah maung anu ngajurungkunung ngajangkungkeun awakna, jadi katempo ku musuhna leuwih gedé tur pibahayaeun.<ref name="The2"/> Remenna mah lancah maung bakal ngabulen musuh atawa mangsana ku bulu husus, ieu bulu sok disebut buuk ''urticating''. Buukna nyeureud sareng peurih nerap kana kulit atanapi panon musuhna.<ref name="Tar"/> Dimana buuk ieu napel kana awak musuhna hésé dicabut, buuk ''urticating'' mangrupikeun épéksi anu saé. Sababaraha spésiés lancah maung malahan ninun kana sayang endogna sareng tempat sakurilingeunna kanggo panyalindungan tambahan.<ref name="Spi"/><ref name="Tar"/> ==Kelir jeung pangawakan == Lancah maung mibanda kelir anu bénten-bénten kitu deuih sareng ukuranna béda-béda.<ref name="Spi"/> Seueur lancah maung di [[Amérika Kalér]] dua dugi ka opat inci (5 dugi 10&nbsp;cm) langkung. Lancah maung di [[Thailand]] aya anu langkung ti genep inci (15&nbsp;cm). ''Goliath'' ieu lancah maung tiasa langkungti sapuluh inci (25&nbsp;cm).<ref name="Spi">{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=edChDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=tarantula&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd9bqNvLfvAhXjILcAHQR3Cic4ChDrATAJegQIAxAF#v=onepage&q=tarantula&f=false| title =Spiders Tarantula Animal Kingdom| last = Murray| first =Julie | publisher =ABDO| location = California | year =2019|ISBN=9781532158025|pages =44505}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021</ref> ==Jadi kadaharan== Di sababaraha nagara lancah maung téh dijadikeun tukangeun, di [[Kamboja]] mimiti tuang lancah maung dina jumlah anu seueur dina taun 1970an. Salami waktos éta aya kakurangan pangan anu nyababkeun jalma-jalma moro lancah salaku sumber kadaharan.<ref name="Tar"/> Lancahmaung ieu digoréng sareng bawang bodas tambih [[uyah]] malahan sering dijual di sisi jalan. Di [[Vénézuéla]], lancah maung dibungkus ku daun, disamaraan, sareng dipanggang dina seuneu. Atuh sihung a sok dijantenkeun salaku panyeuhil.<ref name="Tar"/> ==Kudu dijaga habitatna== Penting urang kedah ngajaga habitat kahirupan lancah maung, éta mangrupikeun prédator anu ngabantosan ngandalikeun populasi [[gegeremet]]. Élmuwan ogé mendakan panggunaan ubar tina lancah maung. Salaku conto, bahan kimia dina lancah maung tiasa ngabantosan ngubaran kabotakan.<ref name="Tar"/> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar== {{wikispecies|Theraphosidae}} {{Commons category|Theraphosidae}} * [http://www.tarantulaforum.com/ TarantulaForum.com] * {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Exotic/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Tarantulas|Tarantulas}} * [http://www.tarantulasus.com/ Tarantulas US Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228110156/http://www.tarantulasus.com/ |date=2014-02-28 }} * [http://podictionary.com/?p=2011 Word of the Day: Tarantula and Tarantella] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028030418/http://podictionary.com/?p=2011 |date=2013-10-28 }}, etymology and folklore * [http://www.eightlegs.org/species.html Overview of Species Information for All Named Theraphosidae Divided by Subfamily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823041830/http://eightlegs.org/species.html |date=2014-08-23 }} * [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/THERAPHOSIDAE.html Listing of all currently named Theraphosidae] * [http://www.atshq.org/ American Tarantula Society Headquarters] * [http://www.amazingtarantulas.com/ Amazing Tarantulas] * {{cite web| url= http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/spiders/| title=The Spiders of the Arid Southwest| author=NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science| accessdate=2013-07-15}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/family/Tarantula Watch Tarantula (Theraphosidae) video clips from the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder] [[Kategori:Araneae]] [[Kategori:seungseureudan]] pd11gbp866mqo727iasac3bu94qky2q 0 102100 708580 650597 2026-04-26T06:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Homéopati''' mangrupikeun [[pangobatan alternatip]] nu dumasarkeun kana [[élmu semu]].<ref name="Baran2014">{{Cite book|work=Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century|publisher=Springer|year=2014|pages=19–57|title=Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2|isbn=978-1-4614-8540-7|quote=within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery|chapter=Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?}}</ref><ref name="Ladyman">{{Cite book|last=Ladyman J|year=2013|pages=48–49|publisher=University of Chicago Press|chapter=Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience|title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|quote=Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).|isbn=978-0-226-05196-3}}</ref> Élmu éta dicetuskeun dina taun 1796 ku dokter Jérman [[Samuel Hahnemann]]. Para praktisina disebat '''homéopat''', manéhna yakin yén zat anu nyababkeun gejala panyakit di awak urang séhat bisa menyembuhkeun gejala panyakit nu sami di awak urang gering; doktrin ieu disebat ''[[similia similibus curentur]]''.<ref name="Hahnemann">{{cite book | title=The homœopathic medical doctrine, or "Organon of the healing art" | publisher=W. F. Wakeman | author=Hahnemann, Samuel | author-link=Samuel Hahnemann | year=1833 | location=Dublin | pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EnEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 iii], [https://books.google.com/books?id=EnEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48 48–49] | quote=Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle, ''[[similia similibus curentur]]''. To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar (''{{lang|el|ὅμοιος πάθος}}'') to that against which it is employed.}} Translator: Charles H. Devrient, Esq.</ref> Préparasi homéopathi didamel nganggo [[dilusi homéopati]]. Dina prosés dilusi, zat-zat nu dipilih bakal diéncérkeun sababaraha kali ka produk ahir sacara kimia teu cekap éncér. Remen ogé, teu aya hiji molekul tina zat aslina anu tetep sésa di produk ahir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpharms.com/resources/quick-reference-guides/homeopathy|title=Homeopathy|website=[[Royal Pharmaceutical Society]]|accessdate=2019-11-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601174923/https://www.rpharms.com/resources/quick-reference-guides/homeopathy |date=2022-06-01 }}</ref> Unggal dilusi, produk homeopati éncér biasa dingoyagkeun, anjeunna éta "ngémutan" zat aslina saatos dipiceun. Praktisi nyatakeun yén préparasi sapertos kitu nalika didahar, bisa nyageurkeun panyakit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/homeopathy/|title=Homeopathy|website=nhs.uk|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sadaya élmu ilmiah anu aya hubunganana sareng fisika, kimia, biokimia sareng biologi<ref name="GrimesFACT">{{Cite journal|last=Grimes|first=D.R.|year=2012|title=Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible|journal=Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies|volume=17|issue=3|pages=149–55|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x}}</ref><ref name="EASAC2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.easac.eu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/EASAC_Homepathy_statement_web_final.pdf|title=Homeopathic products and practices: assessing the evidence and ensuring consistency in regulating medical claims in the EU|website=European Academies' Science Advisory Council|page=1|accessdate=1 October 2017|quote=... we agree with previous extensive evaluations concluding that there are no known diseases for which there is robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathy is effective beyond the placebo effect.}}</ref> anu diraih saprak sahenteuna abad pertengahan ke-19, berkontradiksi sareng homéopati. Pangobatan homéopati henteu [[biokimia]], jeung teu aya pangaruh kana panyakit anu dipikaterang salami ieu.<ref name="pmid124926032"/><ref name="inquiry_4504">{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4504.htm|title=Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy – Science and Technology Committee|publisher=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British House of Commons]] Science and Technology Committee|accessdate=April 5, 2014}}</ref> Téori Hahnemann ngeunaan panyakit, museur kana prinsip anu disebatna miasme, henteu saluyu sareng idéntifikasi virus jeung baktéri anu salaku panyabab panyakit. Percobaan klinis parantos dilakukeun sareng umumna nunjukkeun henteu pangaruh tujuan tina preparasi homéopati.<ref name="Caulfield20053">{{Cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Timothy|author-link=Timothy Caulfield|last2=Debow|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|title=A systematic review of how homeopathy is represented in conventional and CAM peer reviewed journals|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=5|page=12|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-5-12|pmc=1177924|pmid=15955254}}</ref><ref name="Shelton">{{Cite book|last=Shelton|first=JW|year=2004|title=Homeopathy: How it really works|url=https://archive.org/details/homeopathyhowitr0000shel|location=Amherst, New York|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn=978-1-59102-109-4}}</ref>{{Rp|206}} Kurangna éféktivitas démonstrasi nyababkeun homéopati disebat dina komunitas ilmiah jeung médis salaku ngedukun atanapi panipuan.<ref name="Baran2014"/><ref name="oxcompus">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0/page/630 630]|title=The Oxford companion to United States history|year=2001|last=Paul S. Boyer|isbn=9780195082098|quote=After 1847, when regular doctors organized the American Medical Association (AMA), that body led the war on "quackery", especially targeting dissenting medical groups such as homeopaths, who prescribed infinitesimally small doses of medicine. Ironically, even as the AMA attacked all homeopathy as quackery, educated homeopathic physicians were expelling untrained quacks from their ranks.|access-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref> Homéopati ngahontal popularitas ageungna dina abad ka-19. Homéopati diwanohkeun ka Amérika Serikat dina taun 1825 kalayan dibukana sakola homéopati taun 1835. Sapanjang abad ka-19, puluhan lembaga homeopati muncul di [[Éropa]] jeung [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]].<ref name="Julian">{{cite book|url=http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html|title=Homeopathy Timeline|access-date=July 23, 2007|author=Winston J|year=2006|work=The Faces of Homoeopathy|publisher=Whole Health Now|isbn=978-0-473-05607-0}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122834/http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/homeopathy_1825_1849.html |date=December 15, 2018 }}</ref> Salami periode ieu, homéopati tiasa kawilang suksés, sabab bentuk pangobatan nu lain tiasa ngabahayakeun atawa kurang épéktip. Dina akhir abad ka-19, prakték ieu mimiti ngaleungit, kalayan sakola médis homéopati terakhir di Amérika Serikat ditutup dina taun 1920.<ref name="homhist12">{{cite web|url=http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/history.htm|title=History of Homeopathy|publisher=Creighton University Department of Pharmacology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705095116/http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/history.htm|archive-date=July 5, 2007|access-date=July 23, 2007|date=July 2007}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, homéopati mimiti ningkat signifikan,<ref name="pmid12614092">{{Cite journal|last=Jonas|first=WB|author2=TJ Kaptchuk|author3=K Linde|year=2003|title=A critical overview of homeopathy.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=138|issue=5|pages=393–99|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00009|pmid=12614092|s2cid=22787732}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Lockie|title=Encyclopedia of Homeopathy|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediahome00lock_433|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2000|location=New York|edition=1st|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediahome00lock_433/page/n20 19]|isbn=978-0-7566-1871-1}}</ref> penjualan sababaraha produk homéopati ningkat sapuluh kali lipet. Tren na pakait sareng naékna gerakan Jaman Anyar,<ref name="isbn0-393-06661-4">{{cite book|author1=Edzard Ernst|author-link1=Edzard Ernst|author2=Singh, Simon|author-link2=Simon Singh|title=Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-393-06661-6|title-link=Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine}}</ref> ogé tiasa sabagian kusabab préférénsi produk "alami",<ref name="Hood2009">{{cite book|author=Bruce M. Hood|title=SuperSense|url=https://archive.org/details/supersensewhyweb00hood|url-access=registration|access-date=September 7, 2013|date=April 7, 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-186793-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/supersensewhyweb00hood/page/157 157]}}</ref> jeung waktos konsultasi nu langkung lami ku praktisi homéopati. Dina abad ka-21 sauntuyan analisis meta parantos nunjukkeun yén klaim térapi homeopati kakurangan bukti ilmiah. Hasilna, badan nasional jeung internasional nganjurkeun ditarikna dana kasehatan pamaréntah pikeun homeopati. Badan-badan nasional di Australia, Inggris, Swiss, Perancis; ogé Déwan Panaséhat Élmu Akademi Éropa jeung Akademi Élmu Rusia sadayana parantos nyimpulkeun yén homeopati henteu épéktip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-make-new-year-s-regulations/31867422|title=Swiss make New Year's regulations|publisher=Swiss Info|accessdate=December 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Homeopathic remedies are 'nonsense and risk significant harm' say 29 European scientific bodies|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/homeopathy-nonsense-risk-harm-29-european-academies-science-advisory-council-remedies-a7963786.html|access-date=October 10, 2017|work=The Independent|date=September 23, 2017}}</ref> Dinas Kaséhatan Nasional di Inggris eureun nyayogikeun dana pikeun pangobatan homeopati sareng naros ka Dinas Kaséhatan pikeun nambihan obat homeopati ka daptar barang resép terlarang.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 21, 2017|title=NHS to ban homeopathy and herbal medicine, as 'misuse of resources'|work=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/nhs-ban-homeopathy-herbal-medicine-misuse-resources/|access-date=July 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="TNHS">{{Cite news|last=Donnelly|first=Laura|date=5 June 2018|title=High Court backs NHS decision to stop funding homeopathy|work=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/06/05/high-court-backs-nhs-decision-stop-funding-homeopathy/|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> Perancis eureun nyayogikeun dana dina taun 2021,<ref name="GuardianFrance">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/10/france-to-stop-reimbursing-patients-for-homeopathic-treatment|title=France to stop reimbursing patients for homeopathy|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2019-07-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> sedengkeun Spanyol parantos ngumumkeun gerakan larangan homeopati jeung térapi semu lain di pusat kaséhatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/11/14/inenglish/1542203925_514487.html|title=Spain moves to ban pseudo-therapies from universities and health centers|last=Güell|first=Oriol|date=2018-11-14|work=El País|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> == Bukti jeung khasiat == Di luar komunitas pangobatan alternatip, para élmuwan parantos lami nganggap homéopati mangrupikeun élmu palsu <ref name="aaci2">{{Cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Timothy|last2=Rachul|first2=Christen|year=2011|title=Supported by science?: What Canadian naturopaths advertise to the public|journal=Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology|volume=7|pages=14|doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-14|pmc=3182944|pmid=21920039|quote=Within the non-CAM scientific community, homeopathy has long been viewed as a sham}}</ref> atanapi élmu semu,<ref name="Baran2014"/><ref name="Ladyman2">{{Cite book|last=Ladyman J|title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-05196-3|pages=48–49|chapter=Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience|quote=Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).}}</ref> sareng komunitas médis nganggap éta salaku ngedukun. Henteuna bukti statistik khasiat térapi saluyu sareng henteuna agén atanapi mékanisme farmakologis <ref name="pmid124926032">{{Cite journal|last=Ernst|first=E.|author-link=Edzard Ernst|year=2002|title=A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=577–82|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x|pmc=1874503|pmid=12492603}}</ref> Pendukung obat homéopati nyatakeun yén pangobatan homeopati kuduna khasiat, sanajau mékanisme biofisika anu teu acan dipikanyaho.<ref name="Vickers 1115–11182">{{Cite journal|last=Vickers|first=Andrew|last2=Zollman|first2=Catherine|date=1999-10-23|title=Homoeopathy|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=319|issue=7217|pages=1115–1118|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7217.1115|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1116906|pmid=10531108}}</ref> Henteu préparasi homeopati parantos kabuktosan benten sareng [[plasébo]]. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{commons category|Homoeopathy|{{PAGENAME}}}} * [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/homeopathy/ {{PAGENAME}}] ([[NHS Choices]], UK) [[category:homéopati]] [[category:élmu semu]] [[category:tiori médis kuno]] p8rg6sl8bdteghyts4p34lge2xn2581 0 102143 708589 678155 2026-04-26T08:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Panyakit||Name=Kangker Prostat|ICD10={{ICD10|C|61||c|60}}|ICD9={{ICD9|185}}|Image=Prostatelead.jpg|Caption=|ICDO=|OMIM=176807|DiseasesDB=10780|MedlinePlus=000380|eMedicineSubj=radio|eMedicineTopic=574}} '''Kangker prostat''' nyaéta [[Kangker|kanker]] anu berkembang dina prostat, kelenjar dina sistem [[réproduksi]] [[lalaki]]. Jumlah kanker prostat béda-béda di unggal panjuru dunya, tapi jarang aya kajadian di [[Asia Wétan]] atawa Kidul, lolobana kajadian di [[Éropa]] jeung [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]]. Kangker prostat jarang tumerap ka lalaki di Asia, lolobana kajadian ka lalaki anu kulitna hideung, jeunf urang Éropa salaku panengahna. <ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea= Overview: Prostate Cancer—What Causes Prostate Cancer?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404065618/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea= |date=2006-04-04 }} American Cancer Society ([[2006-05-02]]). Retrieved on [[4007-04-05]]</ref> Dina awak anu kakeunaan ieu panyakit kapanggih rasio plasma [[vitamin B12]] anu nyirorot pisan[[Plasma getih|.]] <ref>{{En icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803818|title=Coexistence of pernicious anemia and prostate cancer - 'an experiment of nature' involving vitamin B12 modulation of prostate cancer growth and metabolism: a case report|website=Department of Nutrition and Neoplasia, Whittier Cancer Research Building; Glenn Tisman, Seth Kutik, dan Christa Rainville|accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> == Faktor résiko == Faktor anu bisa ningkatkeun kakeunaam kangker kanker prostat nyaéta umur, ras, riwayat kulawarga (turunan), [[hormon]], jeung pola dahar. Résiko tumerap kangker prostat téh ngaronjat keur jalma anu kulitna bodas kalayan umur leuwih ti 50 taun atawa lalaki kulit hideung anu umurna leuwih ti 40 taun. Étnis kulit hideung miboga résiko 1.6x leuwih luhur tibatan lalaki anu kulitna bodas. <ref name="tesis">[http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31128/4/Chapter%20II.pdf Tinjauan Pustaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104080858/http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31128/4/Chapter%20II.pdf |date=2013-11-04 }}, Universitas Sumatra Utara.</ref> Lalaki anu kulawarga lalakina keuna ku kangker prostat (lanceuk, bapa, akina) miboga résiko leuwih langkung luhur katerap panyakit tibatan lalaki anu henteu boa riwayat di kulawargana. Faktor séjén anu bisa nyababkeun kangker prostat nyaéta parobahan hormon [[téstostéron]] jeung pola dahar anu loba teuing ngandung [[lemak]].<ref name="tesis"/> <ref name="dharmais">[http://www.dharmais.co.id/index.php/kanker-prostat.html Pasien dan Informasi Kanker: Kanker Prostat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006235855/http://www.dharmais.co.id/index.php/kanker-prostat.html |date=2022-10-06 }}, Dharmais Hospital - National Cancer Institute.</ref> Kadang agén kimia saperti [[Kadmium|Cadmium]] ogé kapanggih dina sél kangker prostat.<ref name="dharmais2">[http://www.dharmais.co.id/index.php/kanker-prostat.html Pasien dan Informasi Kanker: Kanker Prostat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006235855/http://www.dharmais.co.id/index.php/kanker-prostat.html |date=2022-10-06 }}, Dharmais Hospital - National Cancer Institute.</ref> == Ngungkulan == Sababaraha hal anu bisa dilakukeun keur ngungkulan prostat nyaéta ngajaga kaséhatan, ngajaga beurat awak, nginum cai hérang anu loba, ngurangan déprési, latihan olahraga rutin, jeung ngurangan konsumsi [[alkohol]], daging atawa gajih. <ref name="prodia">[http://prodia.co.id/penyakit-dan-diagnosa/kanker-prostat Kanker Prostat], Diakses pada 3 November 2013. Laboratorium Klinik Prodia.</ref> Keur ngubaran kangker prostat, aya sababaraha pilihan padika ngubaran anu bisa dilakukeun ku dokter di antarana kémoterapi, [[radiasi]], terapi [[hormon]], [[Sistim Operasi|operasi]], jeung ''reseksi transurethral'' tina prostat (TURP, digunakeun dina tahap awal ngubaran panyakit keur miceun jaringan anu ngahalangan saluran kemih). Pilihan ngubaran ieu panyakit beda-beda ti pasién ka pasién sabab éta dipangaruhan ku umur, kaayaan kaséhatan umum, kamekaran tumuwuhna kangker, manpaat jeung efek samping terapi. <ref name="dharmais"/> Terapi hormon digunakeun sangkan awak ngahasilkeun hormon [[Téstostéron|téstostéron,]] anu bisa ngarangsang mekarna sél kangker. Lian ti éta, kémoterapi umumna dipaké dina kasus kangker prostat anu sumebar kana bagian awak anu séjén nepi ka kamekaranana kudu diungkulan ku bahan kimia.<ref name="prodia2">[http://prodia.co.id/penyakit-dan-diagnosa/kanker-prostat Kanker Prostat], Diakses pada 3 November 2013. Laboratorium Klinik Prodia.</ref> == Penapisan == [[Gambar:Diagram_showing_prostate_cancer_pressing_on_the_urethra_CRUK_182.svg|jmpl| Diagram kangker prostat neken kana uretra, nyababkeun gejala kiih henteu lancar atawa radiasi.]] Penapisan kanker prostat mangrupa tarékah néangan kangker anu henteu disangka atawa [[asimtomatik]] jeung kudu disarungsum ku [[Biosistem|biopsi]] kalayan conto sél anu dicokot. Hal kahiji anu kudu dilakukeun nyaéta tés getih PSA (antigen spésipikasi spésifik), lamun positip kudu dilakukeun tés PSA sacara gratis, babandingan anu kadua bakal nangtukeun aya henteuna kangker, satuluyna dilakukeun ujian rektum digital atanapi DRE lamun diperelukeun. Sababaraha pamrograman kontroversial sareng di sababaraha jalma panginten henteu diperyogikeun, balukarna tiasa bahaya pikeun pasién. <ref name="PSA-20111012">{{Cite news|last=Marcione|first=Marilyn|title=Prostate testing's dark side: Men who were harmed|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111012/D9QAUS2O0.html|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=12 October 2011|access-date=2011-10-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630164855/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111012/D9QAUS2O0.html |date=2017-06-30 }}</ref> Penapisan ngagunakeun DRE atawa PSA can bisa ngabuktikeun ngurangan tingkat tilar dunya tina ieu panyakit. <ref name="BMJ2010">{{Cite journal|last=Djulbegovic M, Beyth RJ, Neuberger MM, Stoffs TL, Vieweg J, Djulbegovic B, Dahm P|year=2010|title=Screening for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials|journal=BMJ|volume=341|issue=|pages=c4543|doi=10.1136/bmj.c4543|pmc=2939952|pmid=20843937}}</ref> [[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] ( USPSTF ) nyarankeun tés PSA keur mikanyaho ayana kangker prostat atawa henteu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moyer VA, on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task, Force|date=May 2012|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=|issue=|doi=10.1059/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459|pmid=22615453}}</ref> Tina éta tés kapanggih mangpaat tibatan hal anu leuwih ngabahayakeun. <ref name="USPTF2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerscript.pdf|title=Talking With Your Patients About Screening for Prostate Cancer|website=|format=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601084819/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerscript.pdf|archivedate=2012-06-01|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2012-07-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011150935/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerscript.pdf |date=2014-10-11 }}</ref> <ref name="USPSTF-20111007">{{Cite journal|last=Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Fu R, Gleitsmann K, Koenig HC, Lam C, Maltz A, Rugge JB, Lin K|date=December 2011|title=Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/prostateart.htm|dead-url=yes|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=155|issue=11|pages=762–71|doi=10.1059/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00375|pmid=21984740|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818195415/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/prostateart.htm|archive-date=2014-08-18|access-date=2015-03-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818195415/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/prostateart.htm |date=2014-08-18 }}</ref> [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] satuju kana ieu kasimpulan. <ref name="CDC">[http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/Prostate/basic_info/screening.htm Prostate Cancer Screening] CDC, updated April 6, 2010</ref> Sanajan kitu, ieu cara teu kudu diturutan ku urang [[Indonésia]] anu résiko kakeunaan kangker prostatna leuwih leutik tibatan urang Amerika, tapi leuwih hadé, lalaki urang Indonésia dimimitian dina umur 55 taun ngalakukeun ''ultrasound prostat''. [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] jeung [[American College of médis|American College of Medis]] nyarankeun yén penapisan henteu kudu dilakukeun keur jalma anu ngagaduhan umur 10 nepi ka 15 taun. <ref name="Qa2013">{{Cite journal|last=Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Denberg TD, Owens DK, Shekelle P|date=April 2013|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Guidance Statement From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians|url=|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=158|issue=10|pages=761–9|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-00633|pmid=23567643}}</ref> Sacara umum, can bisa dipastikeun mangpaat tés PSA keur ngarojong pamariksaan kangker prostat, naha ngabahayakeun atawa mantuan diagnosa dokter anu leuwih akurat. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Basch E, Oliver TK, Vickers A, Thompson I, Kantoff P, Parnes H, Loblaw DA, Roth B, Williams J, Nam RK|date=Jul 16, 2012|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer With Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion|url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2012/07/16/JCO.2012.43.3441.full.pdf|journal=Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology|volume=30|issue=24|pages=3020–5|doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.43.3441|pmc=3776923|pmid=22802323}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309115540/http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2012/07/16/JCO.2012.43.3441.full.pdf |date=March 9, 2013 }}</ref> [[The American Urological Association]] (AUA 2013) nyadiakeun pituduh keur mikanyaho mangpaat pencegahan tilar dunya tina panyakit kangker prostat antara 1 dina unggal 1000 lalaki anu diubaran salila 10 taun kalayan bahaya anu dipikanyaho patali jeung uji diagnostik jeung pangobatan. AUA méré kamandang yén kaputusan penapisan jalma anu umur 55 nepi ka 69 taun kudu didasaran kaputusan babarengan antara dokter jeung pasién, lamun dilakukeun ulah leuwih ti 2 taun sakali. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/prostate-cancer-detection.cfm|title=EARLY DETECTION OF PROSTATE CANCER: AUA GUIDELINE|year=2013|website=American Urological Association|accessdate=10 May 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507095505/http://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/prostate-cancer-detection.cfm |date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Kategori:Panyakit]] rdody68pk1ijbpo5k92hxmsvg97pmvr 0 102383 708565 704719 2026-04-26T00:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Aesan_Gede_Songket_Palembang.jpg|jmpl|417x417px| Pakéan Aésan Gedé Songket Palémbang.]] '''Aésan gedé''' mangrupa [[Raksukan|hiji]] [[Adat|pakéan tradisional]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatera Selatan]] anu biasa dipaké dina upacara [[Upacara adat nikahkeun|kawinan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_jYa_tmBtr0J:https://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/criksetra/article/download/4927/2671+&cd=1&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id|title=SONGKET AESAN GEDE SEBAGAI PAKAIAN ADAT PERKAWINAN TRADISIONAL PALEMBANG (1966-1986)|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref> Dingaranan Aésan gedé sabab pakait jeung sebuatan keur urang [[Sumatra|Sumatra urang]] ''Swarnadwipa'' atawa Pulo Emas. Ciri-cirina bisa ditempo tina sababaraha kalengkepan anu bisa dipaké, nyaéta perhiasan emas anu ngalambangkeun citra kajayaan. Ieu pakéan mangrupa salah sahiji wanda [[Songkét|kaén songket]] anu mindeng dipaké ku bangsawan. Ieu pakéan dipaké nalika upacara adat [[Upacara adat nikahkeun|nikah]] anu ngalambangkeun kaagungan [[Manusa|jalma]] anu makéna. Aésan gedé dipaké dina acara ''munggah'', nyaéta salah sahiji puncak upacara kawinan tradisional anu kudu dilaksanakeun ku pangantén lalaki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:N17l0lbKLTcJ:jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/intelektualita/article/download/1297/1056+&cd=3&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id|title=1 Makna Simbol dalam Aesan Gede dan Pak Sangkong Pakaian Adat Pernikahan Palembang Eka Hikmawati Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora Uni|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref> Unsur [[Hindu|Hindu-]] Budha katangén dina pakéan tradisional Aésan Gedé. Aésan Gedé asalna ti [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] anu taat kana kapercayaan Hindu-Budha. Kabuktian yén Bukit Siguntang di daérah Bukit Kecil mangrupa tempat muja atawa tempat ibadah pikeun umat Hindu-Budha dina waktu harita. Pamakéan ''dodot'' dina aésan gedé mangrupa [[akulturasi]] ti [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] kalayan kapercayaan anu sarua, nyaéta Hindu-Budha. == Ma'na motif == Baju meunang ninun sacara [[tradisi]]onal ku urang [[Kota Palémbang|Palembang]] dijieun tina benang [[Kantéh|emas]] atawa katelah ogé ''songket lepus'' jeung sagala rupa motif hiasanana. Motipna kaasup motif [[Malati|kembang malati]], motif [[mawar]], motif pucuk iwung jeung motif kembang tanjung.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Triyanto|first=Triyanto|last2=Sumaryanto|first2=Totok|last3=Shanie|first3=Arsan|date=2017-08-25|title=Busana Aesan Gede dan Ragam Hiasnya sebagai Ekspresi Nilai-Nilai Budaya Masyarakat Palembang|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/catharsis/article/view/17031|journal=Catharsis|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=49–56|doi=10.15294/catharsis.v6i1.17031|issn=2502-4531}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105338/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/catharsis/article/view/17031 |date=2023-09-18 }}</ref> * Motif mawar ngalambangkeun ubar ngajauhkeun tina balai.<ref name=":0"/> * Motif kembang tanjung mangrupa simbol silaturahmi garwa nu boga imah ka tamu ondangan anu daratang. * Motif kembang malati ngalambangkeun kasucian, kaanggunan jeung sopan santunna pangantén awéwé. * Motif pucuk iwung mangrupa lambang harepan anu hadé keur mangsa datang. == Wangun pakéan == '''Pangantén lalaki''' Sirah pangantén lalaki kudu dipasang ''Kesuun'' anu bentukna kawas [[makuta]] dihias ku [[malati]] jeung ''Tebeng Malu'' di luhurna, bentukna méh sarua jeung anu dipaké ku pangantén awéwé.<ref name=":1"/> Dina bagian awak kudu maké [[Kangkalung|kalung]] ''Kebo munggah'' jeung ''Slempang Sawir.'' Leungeun kudu maké pinggel ''Taktak Kulit'', Geulang ''Sempuru'', Geulang ''Gepeng'' jeung Geulang ''Ulo Betapo.'' Hal anu kudu dipaké dina leungeun lalaki sarua jeung perhiasan anu dipaké ku awéwé. Dina [[suku]], pangantén lalaki maké calana ''sutra'' bahan [[sutra]] motif Ukel. ''Sendal'' mah sarua jeung pangantén awéwé, ngan ukuranana wungkul anu béda. '''Pangantén awéwé''' Wangun Aesan gedé pikeun pangantén awéwé aya dina [[sirah]], awak, leungeun, jeung suku.<ref name=":1"/> Dina sirah aya ''Bungo Rampai'' anu bentukna siga kembang cempaka anu aya gagangan jeung dijieun tina emas. Gandik miboga wangun iket tina kaén warna buludru [[beureum]] anu luhurna dihias ku ornamén malati. ''Gelung Malang'' bentukna sanggul anu dijieun tina buuk asli anu ditalikeun jeung kembang ros atawa malati. ''Tebeng Malu'' dina wangun bola warna-warni anu disusun jeung dipasang dina [[Ceuli|gigireun ceuli]] . Kesuhun, dina wangun makuta ditambahan malati jeung permata di tengahna. Kelapo Standan mangrupa [[Juru tilu|segitiga]] sama kaki anu dijieun tina emas kalayan hiasan batang kembang. Bagian awakna ngawengku taraté anu nutupan dada, kalung Kebo Munggah dina wangun kalung tilu tingkat kalayan hiasan dina wangun [[Munding|hulu kebo]] jeung Songket Lepus anu mangrupa lawon anu dianyam maké benang emas jeung miboga motif tumpal. Leungeun jeung suku ngawengku pinggel kulit bahu dina wangun belah ketupat kalayan hiasan malati di tengahna. Geulang Sempuru [[Buleudan|buleud]] jeung dijieun tina emas atawa[[kuningan]]. Geulang Ulo Betapo buleudan jeung [[Oray|hiasan hulu oray di]] sakuriling geulang. Geulang gépéng hiasananana nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]]. Terahir, suku ngagunakeun cenela anu katingalina kawas tarumpah atawa Slop. '''Ragam hias''' Hiasanana diwangun ku motif hiasan géométri, motif tutuwuhan hias jeung motif hiasan [[Sato|sasatoan.]] <ref name=":1"/> Motif hiasan géometris, di antarana waé, aya dina lawon Songket, pinggel Kebo munggah jeung kangkalung. Motif hiasan tutuwuhan dina wangun motif hiasan kembang malati, motif hiasan [[Taraté|kembang teraté]], motif hiasan mawar, kembang cempaka, jeung motif hiasan tutuwuhan anu ngarambat. Motif hiasan taraté, di antarana waé, aya dina hiasan taraté, Gandik, Kesuhun ti pangantén awéwé. Motif kembang taraté aya dina Kesuhun pangantén lalaki. Motif hias kembang Campaka aya dina Cempaka limo, Gelung Malang, motif kembang mawar aya dina kesuhun pangantén lalaki. Motif hiasan tutuwuhan nu ngarambat aya dina calana sutra jeung calana panjang. Motif hiasan sasatoan aya dina kangkalung kebo munggah. == Karakteristik == Pangantén Palémbang dibaju aésan gedé biasana maké makuta atawa ''kesuhuun.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Untaian Ratna Mutu Manikam|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4xdIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=aesan+gedé+adalah&source=bl&ots=smz1SO8-l0&sig=ACfU3U308C9kylrV_LPoiOr7zrAaWue-rQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBl8T65PzgAhUt7nMBHW2bDLY4HhDoATAJegQIARAB#v=onepage&q=aesan%20gedé%20adalah&f=false|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|date=2015-06-15|isbn=9786020317632|language=id|first=M.|last=Deddy}}</ref> Ieu makuta dihias ku [[Buuk|ornamén rambut]] ''cempaka lima'' jeung tusuk soeal kembang. Salaku tambahan, wangun sumping dijieun tina benang rupa-rupa warna anu dirobah jadi motif kembang malati anu ngagantung kana taktak . Sanggul anu dipaké nyaéta wangun ''gelung malang'' anu mangrupa gambaran [[budaya]] Sriwijaya, [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], jeung [[India]] . Ieu sanggul dibawa ku masarakat [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], tepatna Laskar [[Majapahit]] dina abad ka-14. Dina sanggul dilarapkeun ''lungsen'' (buuk palsu anu panjang) ngabentuk angka dalapan. Pangantén lalaki maké baju aésan gedé dibarengan ku songket palembang jeung panutup dina hiasan anu séjé. Beulitan songket Palembang kudu dipaké nepi ka nutupan suku. Keur pangantén lalaki, maké songket nepi ka nutupan dada jeung maké calana panjang warna anu kontras. Salaku hiasan tambahan biasana maké taraté dada, saléndang pelangi jambon, pending emas, kangkalung, jeung pinggel. Panutup sirah maké kopéh cupak jeung sumping tina runtuyan kembang malati keur ngaganti sumping bola warna-warni. == Penari == [[Gambar:Gadispalembang.jpg|jmpl|Penari Gending Sriwijaya nganggo Aesan Gede.]] Aésan Gedé dina Tari [[Gending Sriwijaya]] dipaké ku tilu [[Ibing|penari]] anu aya di hareup.<ref name=":5">http://eprints.uny.ac.id/27695/1/Surtia%20Ningsih%2009209241032.pdf</ref> Di [[waktu]] Kasultanan Darussalam, ieu pakéan ngan dipaké ku putri-putri raja jeung keur mapag tamu agung karajaan, teu diwenangkeun dipaké dina upacara séjénna. Pakéan anu dipaké ku para penari sarua jeung pangantén lalaki'', aya songket kemben, songket kewet, karsuhun, sumping, cempako, gelung malang, gelang manuk, gelang kano, gelang datar, kalung kebo munggah, taraté, salémpang, pending, kembang rampé, tebeng, anting,'' jeung ''tandan kalapa''. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Sumatra Kidul]] awp4nt093ffn9aog0manc0iiqgs932z 0 102714 708592 617647 2026-04-26T10:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Frets,_guitar_neck,_C-major chord.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Kord C Mayor (C) dina gitar (maké tuning standar)]] '''Kord''' nyaéta kumpulan tilu [[nada]] atawa leuwih anu lamun dipaénkeun babarengan bakal kadéngé harmonis.<ref>Benward & Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I'', p.&nbsp;67&359. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Introducing Music |last=Károlyi |first=Otto |year=1965 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=63}}</ref> Kord bisa dipaénkeun ku cara pegat-pegatan atawa bisa ogé dibarengkeun. Kord téh dipaké pikeun ngaramékeun hiji [[lagu]]. Conto alat musik séjén anu bisa maénkeun kord nyaéta [[gitar]] (akustik jeung listrik), [[Organ (alat musik)|orjen]], ''[[electone|electona]]''. Kord anu ngaranna béda tapi lamun dipaénkeun sorana sarua disebut '''Kord Enharmonis'''. Contona: kord Cb (Ces mayor) jeung B (B mayor). == Sajarah == Musik geus wanoh kana notasi ti saprak taun 590 anu ditimukeun ku Paus Agung Grégori. Notasi ieu disebut [[Notasi Grégorian]]. Namung karék disampurnakeun kira-kira taun 950 dibuktikeun ku ayana [[Notasi Balok]]. Mimitina mah nalika taun 1600-1750 (Mangsa [[Jaman Barok|Barok]]) ilaharna jelema mikawanoh kana [[musik polifoni]] jeung élmu [[kontrapung]], mangrupa mélodi séjén anu pasalingsingan. Karék, pas taun 1725 jelema wanoh kana kord dina [[musik homofoni]], Remeau nulis buku ''Traite d'Harmonie'' taun ''1722''. Mimitina kord disusun ku tilu nada, laju dibalikkeun, mangrupa mayor, minor, aughmented, diminished, jeung tuluy ditambah nada séptim, sixth, jsb.. Mulai taun 1750 dina Mangsa [[Zaman Klasik (Musik)|Klasik]] kord bisa mekar nepi ka ayeuna dina mangsa [[blues]] (1870), [[jazz]] (1920), [[pop]] jeung [[rock]] (1955), jsb. anu wanoh kana kord ninth, eleventh, thirdteenth, jsb. == Bacaan nu patali == * Grout, Donald Jay (1960). ''A History Of Western Music''. Norton Publishing. * Dahlhaus, Carl. Gjerdingen, Robert O. trans. (1990). ''Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality'', p.&nbsp;67. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09135-8. * Goldman (1965). Cited in Nattiez (1990). * Jones, George T. (1994). HarperCollins ''College Outline Music Theory''. ISBN 0-06-467168-2. * Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). ''Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music'' (''Musicologie générale et sémiologue'', 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1990). ISBN 0-691-02714-5. * Norman Monath, Norman (1984). ''How To Play Popular Piano In 10 Easy Lessons''. Fireside Books. ISBN 0-671-53067-4. * Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell, eds. (2001). ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. ISBN 1-56159-239-0. * Surmani, Andrew (2004). ''Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians''. ISBN 0-7390-3635-1. * Benward, Bruce & Saker, Marilyn (2002). ''Music in Theory and Practice, Volumes I & II'' (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-294262-2. * {{Cite journal | year= 2015 | last= Mailman| first= Joshua B. | title= Schoenberg's Chordal Experimentalism Revealed Through Representational Hierarchy Association (RHA), Contour Motives, and Binary State Switching | url= http://mts.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/mtv015.pdf?ijkey=y8meYfMe9MXF1xE&keytype=ref | journal= Music Theory Spectrum | volume= 37 | issue= 2 | pages= 224–252.}} * {{Cite book|last=Persichetti |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent Persichetti |title=Twentieth-century Harmony: Creative Aspects and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393095395 |year=1961 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-09539-8 |oclc=398434}} * {{Cite book | title = Music Fundamentals | first = Rod | last = Schejtman | publisher = The Piano Encyclopedia | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-987-25216-2-2 | url = http://www.pianoencyclopedia.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831041144/http://pianoencyclopedia.com/ |date=2018-08-31 }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{Commons category-inline|Chords|Akor}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Istilah musik]] fdwamciaqobfj4yo6g6lzbcrfghk3xf 0 103820 708567 676096 2026-04-26T01:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Indifference.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran Sikep Apatis.]] '''Apatis''' mangrupa salah sahiji [[sikep]] [[jalma]] anu pasrah jeung mundur dina nyanghareupan hiji kaayaan. Jalma anu kalakuanana apatis tangtu leuwih teu paduli kana kaayaanana sacara émosional, [[sosial]], atawa [[fisik]] sacara [[alam]]iah.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|Kecap]] apatis asalna tina [[basa]] [[Yunani]] "pathos", nu hartina emosi atawa kereteg. Anu ngabalukarkeun kaluarna sikep apatis téh nyaéta kurangna rasa émosional jeung kereteg dina kahirupan anu nyababkeun munculna kaayaan henteu paduli, henteu boga kereteg haté, émosi jeung teu peka kana kahirupan sosial sapopoé.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4688967/apatis-adalah-sikap-acuh-tak-acuh-ini-penyebab-ciri-ciri-dan-dampaknya-bagi-kehidupan|title=Apatis adalah Sikap Acuh Tak Acuh, Ini Penyebab, Ciri-Ciri, dan Dampaknya bagi Kehidupan|last=Tysara|first=Laudia|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-29}}</ref> Di dunya médis, apatis mangrupa kaayaan anu keuna kana individu kalawan ciri kurangna moral jeung teu peka kana kanyeri haté anu nyababkeun dirina katalangsara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nurudin|last2=Dewi|first2=Rahmah Cintya|last3=Hafizhsyah|first3=Kansa Rhana|last4=Arum|first4=Farah Sekar|last5=Salsabila|first5=Shelma|last6=Naufaly|first6=Yusril Rifqy|last7=Abdi|first7=Tegar Dewata|last8=Cristy|first8=Revinna|last9=Dewata|first9=Dicka Ayu|date=2020-06-01|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=s8PsDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA34&dq=apatis+adalah&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Relasi Kuat antara Generasi Millenial dan Media|location=Malang|publisher=Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang bekerjasama dengan Inteligensia Media (Intrans Publishing Group)|isbn=978-623-7374-75-6|pages=34|language=id}}</ref> == Ciri == Apatis mindeng dianggap salaku [[sindrom]] atawa kumpulan gejala. Anu katémbong téh nyaéta kabiasaan anu teu produktif dina ngalaksanakeun kagiatan sapopoé, kurang [[motivasi]] pikeun ngahontal kahayang atawa tujuan, henteu paduli kana tujuan anu geus dirarancang pikeun dihontal, leungitna kahayang pikeun merhatikeun atawa miara diri, kahayang pikeun ilubiung dina rupa-rupa kagiatan sosial, teu boga respon émosi anu alus kana iber pikabungaheun atawa iber pikasediheun, susah némbongkeun sagala bentuk [[rasa]], boh senang, keuheul atawa ambek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/mental/mental-lainnya/apatis/|title=Ternyata, Ini yang Dimaksud dengan Sikap Apatis!|last=Hapsari|first=Annisa|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-03-30}}</ref> Sajaba ti éta, jalma anu apatis kurang produktif dina ngahasilkeun kreativitas atawa karya. Ieu kajadian alatan égo dina dirina geus dominan anu moal ngalaman mekarkeun kahirupan tur euweuh daya saing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammadiyah|first=Penulis Serikat Taman Pustaka|date=2018|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DV_sDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA27&dq=apatis+adalah&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=The Spirit of Dauzan: Gagasan dan Aksi Pegiat Literasi Muhammadiyah|location=Bandung|publisher=Titah Surga|isbn=978-602-498-124-2|pages=27|language=id}}</ref> == Wanda == Aya tilu sikep apatis. Kahiji, apatis émosional kalayan ciri jalma anu kakurangan émosi positif jeung émosi négatip. Kadua, apatis téh keuna ka jalma anu kurang inisiatif pikeun ngamimitian hiji hal kalayan dorongan ti dirina sorangan. Katilu, umumna apatis téh kena ka jalma anu kakurangan réspon émosi jeung motivasi, sarta teu hayang kalibet dina hubungan sosial. Sajaba ti éta, aya ogé anu disebut ''bystander apathy'', anu miboga ciri teu resep pisan kana kajadian atawa teu paduli ka jalma séjén anu bener butuh bantuan. Satuluyna aya nu disebut ''compassion fatigue,'' nyaéta kacapéan émosional dina kanyaah atawa [[simpati]], sangkan teu aya deui rasa miara batur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doktersehat.com/psikologi/apatis/|title=Apatis (Tidak Peduli): Gejala, Penyebab, Cara Mengatasi, dll|last=Putri|first=Devani Adinda|website=Informasi Kesehatan dan Tips Kesehatan - DokterSehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-03-30}}</ref> == Balukar == [[Gambar:Apathy rapper.jpg|jmpl|Jalma anu reueus némbongkeun sikep apatisna.]] Apatis bisa ngarugikeun diri sorangan atawa jalma anu aya di sabudeureunana. Kahiji, balukar anu dihasilkeun nyaéta kurangna kontrol sosial anu disababkeun ku sikep henteu paduli atanapi henteu resep pisan kana sagala rupa hal. Kadua, jalma-jalma anu apatis jeung jalma-jalma di sabudeureunana leuwih hésé mekarkeun hirupna, alatan kurangna kasadaran atawa kaparigelan ka dirina, batur, jeung [[lingkungan]] sabudeureunana. Katilu, aya poténsi individualisme dina hiji kelompok masarakat sangkan ngawewegan dulur-dulur anu teu paduli. Kaopat, apatis bisa ngabalukarkeun pasualan anu kacida gedéna, saperti papaséaan atawa teu ragemna antara masarakat anu bakal ngaruksak persatuan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jatim/apatis-adalah-kondisi-di-mana-seseorang-bersikap-acuh-tak-acuh-kenali-penyebabnya-kln.html|title=Apatis Adalah Kondisi Seseorang Bersikap Acuh Tak Acuh, Kenali Penyebab dan Cirinya|last=Widyananda|first=Rakha Fahreza|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-03-30}}</ref> == Tarékah ngungkulan == Sababaraha terapi poténsial, kawas terapi [[stimulasi]] [[kognitif]] atawa stimulasi [[éléktroterapi kranial]], diperlukeun pisan pikeun ngubaran sikep apatis [[kronis]]. Léngkah-léngkah pikeun ngungkulan apatis di antarana ngajurung diri pikeun akur jeung ngamangpaatkeun waktu jeung masarakat dina [[kelompok]], ngalakukeun naon waé anu dipikaresep, saperti nonton [[konsér]] atawa [[pilem]] jeung jama anu dipikacinta, miluan [[kursus]] terapi [[seni]] atawa kelas ([[musik]], [[seni rupa]], [[Ibing|tari]]), nyoba ngalakukeun [[olahraga]] rutin, méré hadiah diri sanggeus ngaréngsékeun kagiatan anu geus dirarancang, bisa cukup [[saré]] unggal [[peuting]], gabung jeung ngarojong jalma anu miboga sikep apatis sangkan robah jadi pribadi anu leuwih hadé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/apa-itu-apatis-kenali-dan-identifikasi-tanda-tandanya|title=Merasa Apatis? Ketahui Tanda-tandanya Berikut Ini|last=Rahmawati|first=Dina|website=SehatQ|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402143611/https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/apa-itu-apatis-kenali-dan-identifikasi-tanda-tandanya |date=2022-04-02 }}</ref> == Widang pulitik == Dina widang pulitik, kaparigelan téh digambarkeun dina kaayaan masarakat anu geus teu hayang deui kalibet dina dunya [[pulitik]] jeung teu percaya pisan kana [[lembaga]] pulitik nu aya. Leuwih husus, gambaran jalma anu apatis dina pulitik teu resep kana kagiatan pulitik, teu resep kana pasualan pulitik, kungsi atawa jarang ngabahas pulitik, teu ngadeukeutkeun diri jeung partai pulitik, teu boga cukup kapercayaan yén maranéhna bisa mangaruhan pulitik jeung teu ilubiung dina pulitik.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mujani|first=Saiful|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mMKxsD7xAHgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA34&dq=apatis+adalah&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Muslim demokrat: Islam, budaya demokrasi, dan partisipasi politik di Indonesia pasca Orde Baru|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=978-979-22-2749-9|pages=303|language=id}}</ref> Salian ti gambaran sikep apatis tadi, aya ogé faktor anu ngadorong hiji jalma jadi apatis dina widang pulitik, nyaéta akibat waktu aktip dina pulitik téh aya anggapan yén aksi pulitik téh mubah jeung kurangna dorongan pikeun ilubiung. dina pulitik.<ref>{{Cite book|last=MAHENDRA|first=WISNU|date=2021|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OPdKEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA92&dq=apatis+adalah&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=ILMU POLITIK Manifestasi Kumpulan Tugas Mata Kuliah Ilmu Politik|location=Bogor|publisher=GUEPEDIA|isbn=978-623-319-048-0|pages=92|language=id}}</ref> Apatis di nagara anu taat kana politik demokratis bahaya pisan sabab bisa ngabalukarkeun krisis legitimasi kakawasaan anu antukna bakal loba golput di unggal arena pulitik [[Nagri|nagara]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Faza|first=Fariz Al|last2=Lestari|first2=Puji|date=2020-07-01|title=Sikap Apatis Pemuda terhadap Politik di Dusun Mekarsari Desa Kalibeber Kecamatan Mojotengah Kabupaten Wonosobo|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/upsj/article/view/26219|journal=Unnes Political Science Journal|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=51–54|issn=2621-6272}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512233803/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/upsj/article/view/26219 |date=2022-05-12 }}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Psikologi]] [[Kategori:Manusa]] 08borvy2g5x0576gm7mb4r216j0imww 0 104270 708593 707932 2026-04-26T11:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708593 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Barbodes bramoides |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Barbodes belinka Bleeker.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Barbodes bramoides, spésiés anu loba kapanggih di walungan Jawa sarta Sumatra.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Actinopterygii]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Cypriniformes]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Cyprinidae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | [[Barbodes]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''B. bramoides''''' |} '''Lalawak''' ''(Barbodes bramoides)'' Nyaéta hiji lauk anu asalna tina kulawarga Cyprinidae. <ref name=”J. ”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Taxonomy_Systematics_and_Zoogeograph.html?hl=id&id=UW9ylgdpVpsC#v=onepage&q=Puntius%20bramoides&f=false| title =The Taxonomy, Systematics, and Zoogeography of Hypsibarbus, a New Genus of Large Barbs (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from the Rivers of Southeastern Asia| last =J. Rainboth| first =Walter | publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| location =University of California Press| year =1996|ISBN=|pages =84}} Disungsi8 April 2023</ref> Lauk ieu mangrupa salah sahiji spésiés anu asup kana kelompok lauk "barb" Asia Tenggara. Di sawatara tempat di [[Indonésia]], lauk ieu sering dianggap sarua jeung lauk [[tawés]], nanging para ahli taksonomi mindeng ngabédakeunana dumasar kana ciri ''fisik'' anu langkung spésifik.<ref name="FishBaseBarb">Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2024). ''Barbodes bramoides''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Barbodes-bramoides.html</ref> == [[Vérnakular]] == * Di [[Jawa Kulon]], lauk ieu mindeng disebut ku nami '''[[Lalawak]]''' atanapi '''[[Tawés Walungan]]'''.<ref name="Kottelat">Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions. https://archive.org/details/freshwaterfishes0000kott</ref> * Di wewengkon séjén, katelah ogé ku nami '''[[Lauk Amis-amis]]''' kusabab rasa dagingna anu pelem.<ref name="KemenkeuLokal">Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Identifikasi Ikan Lokal Air Tawar''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lalawak sok disebut ogé : ''Hala'' (Merap), ''Salap Merah'' (Kenyah), ''Alap'' (Punan) Loba kapanggih hirup di : Kalimantan, Jawa, Malaysia, Kamboja, Thailand, Vietnam jeung Laos. Kahakanan lauk Lalawak, [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[gegeremet]]]. (Inger & Chin 1962)<ref>Kottelat, M. (2013). ''The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries.'' The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27: 1–663.</ref> ==Habitat== Lalawak hirupna di tengah jeung dasar [[walungan]] anu caina palid lumayan tarik, loba mibanda [[taneuh]] liat, substrat aya [[keusik]], [[batu]] jeung dijerona loba tutuwuhan cai atawa tutuwuhan anu geus paéh.<ref name=”mekong”/> Spésiés paling umum tina ieu genus, gancang tumpur alatan jadi target buruan. <ref name=”mekong”/> Diala maké [[useup]], [[kencrik]], [[bubu]], jeung sajabana. Dijual dipasar mangsa masih seger kénéh. <ref name=”mekong”/> Aya ogé anu didagangkeun dina akuarium. <ref name=”mekong”/> * '''[[Habitat]]''': Lauk ieu langkung resep hirup dina caina anu herang sarta palid, saperti walungan di suku gunung atanapi hulu walungan (upstream).<ref name="Kottelat"/> * '''[[Sebaran]]''': Sumebar di kapuloan [[Indo-Malaya]], kalebet [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], sarta [[Semenanjung Malaya]].<ref name="FishBaseBarb"/> ==Ciri mandiri == Ieu spesimén mibanda kelir semu konéng dina cécépét palebah beuteungna, Satengah bagian hareup cécépét bujurna sarta di tungtung lobus buntutna anu berongga. Ogé mibanda gurat ''submarginal'' hideung di sapanjang unggal lobus buntutna, mibanda tanda hideung di tungtung cécépét tonggongna.<ref name=”mekong”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/A_First_Look_at_the_Fish_Species_of_the.html?hl=id&id=7TnWPJvh0tsC#v=onepage&q=Barbodes%20bramoides&f=false| title =Fishes of the Cambodian MekongJ. Rainboth, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| last =J. Rainboth, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| first =Walter| publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| location =Jakarta| year =1996|ISBN=9789251037430|pages =95}} Disungsi8 April 2023</ref> Dibandingkeun sareng tawés budidaya (''Barbonymus gonionotus''), ''Barbodes bramoides'' miboga ciri: * '''[[Sisit]]''': Warnana pérak rada semu konéng atanapi perunggu nalika parantos sawawa.<ref name="SeriouslyFishBarb">Seriously Fish. ''Barbodes species profile''. https://www.seriouslyfish.com/group/barbs/</ref> * '''[[Cécépét]]''': Sirip buntut sarta sirip tonggongna mindeng miboga garis hideung anu ipis dina tungtungna. * '''[[Sungut]]''': Miboga sapasang kumis leutik (barbel) dina juru sungutna anu fungsina salaku alat pangrasa nalika milari hakaneun dina dasar walungan.<ref name="FishBaseBarb"/> == [[Riwayat Taksonomi]] == Nami genus lauk ieu mindeng robah-robah antara ''Puntius'', ''Barbodes'', sarta ''Barbonymus''. Dina klasifikasi panganyarna, spésiés anu miboga kumis sarta ciri anatomi tangtu diasupkeun kana genus '''[[Barbodes]]''', sedengkeun anu miboga awak langkung gepéng sarta luhur diasupkeun kana '''[[Barbonymus]]'''.<ref name="Ferraris">Ferraris, Carl J. (2007). ''Checklist of fishes''. Zootaxa. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Ékologi akuatik]] [[Kategori:Lauk darat]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Barbodes]] [[Kategori:Lauk Indonésia]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q1103729}} {{pondok}} jazkegwdwdehdwzbd6cgrlxf6a659m8 0 104777 708572 678009 2026-04-26T03:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site |name=Braga Permai |governing_body= |image=Tea- en lunchroompatisserie Maison Bogerijen gevestigd op de hoek Bragaweg en de Oude Hospitaalweg te Bandoeng, KITLV 155140.tiff |long_direction=E |caption=Braga Permai baheula (Maison Bogerijen). |location=[[Jalan Braga]], [[Kota Bandung]] |lat_degrees=6 |lat_minutes=55 |lat_seconds=3 |lat_direction=S |long_degrees=107 |long_minutes=36 |long_seconds=34 |coord_parameters= |locmapin=Indonésia Bandung |map_caption=Lokasi dari Braga Permai di [[Jalan Braga|Jl. Braga]] No. 58, [[Kota Bandung]] |beginning_label=Sejak |beginning_date=Nopémber 1923 |restored=1960-an }} '''Braga Permai''' nyaéta salah sahiji kafé-réstoran titinggal jaman Walanda anu ngaran baheulana nyaéta [[Maison Bogerijen]], sarta wangunanana mirip imah tradisional Éropa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=109|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Dina basa Prancis, ''maison'' téh hartina imah, jeung ''bogerijen'' téh ngaran nu miboga imah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://muri.org/Website/Rekor_detail/restorantertuayangmasihberoperasi-|title=Restoran Tertua yang Masih Beroperasi|last=MURI|first=Tim|website=muri.org|accessdate=11 November 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokasi mimiti Maison Bogerijen aya di simpang belah Wétan di antara Bragawég ([[Jalan Braga]]) jeung Oude Hospitalwég (ayeuna simpang jalan Braga-[[jalan Lembong]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/kuliner/d-6847808/mengenang-jejak-rasa-satu-abad-di-braga-permai|title=Mengenang Jejak Rasa Satu Abad di Braga Permai|last=Anindyadevi|first=Aurellia|access-date=11 November 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sajarah == Mimiti nu miboga Kafé Hollandais nyaéta W.A. van Rooy, teras L. van Bogerijen. Perkara ieu diwartakeun dina koran De Preanger Bode ping 19 Agustus 1918. Wali Kota Bandung nu ngarana Bértus Coops ngumumken yén nu miboga kafé Hollandais ayeuna téh L. van Bogerijen, sarta lokasi kaféna aya di Bragawég (Jalan Braga ayeuna) 64. Satuluyna kaféna robah ngaran jadi Maison Bogerijen. Dina ping 6 Séptémber 1918, koran De Préanger Bode ngawartakeun deui yén Maison Bogerijen rék dibuka dina poé Saptu ping 7 Séptémber 1918 jam lima soré. Acarana diramékeun ku orkestra ti Batalyon ka-15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/2735/ngulik-bandung-maison-bogerijen-restoran-kerajaan-belanda-di-jalan-braga-1|title=NGULIK BANDUNG: Maison Bogerijen, Restoran Kerajaan Belanda di Jalan Braga #1|last=Listiandari|first=Merrina|website=bandungbergerak.id|accessdate=11 November 2023}}</ref> Harita, wangunanana saperti imah, anu dapur jeung rohangan tuangna nepi ka téras hareupeun imah sarupaning taman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=111|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Maison Bogerijen téh kasohor salaku réstoran nu paling élit di Bandung anu nyadiakeun kadahran has karajaan Walanda saperti ''Koningin Emma Taart'' jeung ''Wilhelmina Taart''. Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda mindeng datang ka ieu tempat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=110|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Ti mimiti diadegkeun ogé réstoran ieu téh geus karasa éksklusif ku sabab ngabogaan hak pikeun nyieun menu has karajaan Walanda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200313203647-262-483308/nostalgia-kuliner-belanda-tempoe-doeloe-di-bandung|title=Nostalgia Kuliner Belanda Tempoe Doeloe di Bandung|last=tim|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Dina poé raya Natal, sok aya Sinterklaas nu sok ngabagi-bagikeun roti ka barudak. Roti leutik anu dibungkus dina kantong anu dijieun tina kertas minyak. Eusi sakantongna aya 20 roti leutik. Dina taun 1920, dilaksanakeun pangwangunan nu kahiji di Jalan Braga No. 58 anu ayeuna jadi Braga Permai. Réstoran anu anyar éta mimiti buka dina bulan Nopémber 1923.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaayaan réstoran == Réstoran ieu salian ti nyadiakeun menu utamana, aya ogé sabangsana kuéh-kuéh, coklat, biskuit, éskrim jeung sagala rupa inuman. Réstoran ieu ogé mun isuk-isuk geus siap ngajual rupa-rupa roti anu jadi kadaharan has urang Walanda. Aya hiji jalan husus anu bisa dipaké ku nu meuli roti, nyaéta ngaliwatan jalan tukang. Sedengkeun, pikeun nu imahna jauh, aya layanan anteur. Kagiatan ieu masih kénéh lumangsung nepi ka ahir taun 1980-an.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=111-112|first2=Taufanny|last2=Nugraha}}</ref> == Parobahan gedong == Dina taun 1960-an, Maison Bogerijen dipugar total kusabab aya paham antikolonial anu dianut ku Soekarno. Ngaran Maison Bogerijen dirobah janten Braga Permai.<ref name=":0" /> Nuansa Walanda di réstoran ieu geus teu karasa deui, ngan sagala pakakas nu dipaké ngajieun roti, upamana oven jeung pakakas ngaduk adonan tetep aya kénéh. Salian ti éta, pipah gas anu nyambung jeung saluran distribusi gas has jaman Walanda masih tetep aya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=112-113|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Sanajan nuansa wangunan has Walanda geus teu aya deui, menu kadaharan has Walanda masih tetep aya, upamana ''ompoesjes, ananas gebak, speculaas almond, ontbijkoek, booterstaf.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=114|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Sanajan kiwari wujud wangunan Braga Permai tos teu kawas jaman baheula, tapi aya sababaraha bagéan wangunan anu nyirikeun wangunan jaman Walanda. Ku sabab éta, réstoran ieu kaasup Wangunan Cagar Budaya dumasar kana Pérda Kota Bandung No. taun 2018.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Kota Bandung]] 7ihsqvknra36mp80b11e26tzaun4yk8 0 107819 708585 705718 2026-04-26T07:28:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti taun 1841 dugi ka 1845}} {{Use American English|date=November 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = John Tyler | image = Tyler, John, by Healy (1842, NPG 2019 13).jpg | caption = Potrét, 1842 | order = 10 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | term_start = 4 April 1841 | term_end = 4 Maret 1845 | vicepresident = Kosong{{efn|Tyler mangrupa wakil présidén di handapeun Présidén William Henry Harrison sarta janten présidén saatos Harrison pupus dina 4 April 1841. Kajadian ieu lumangsung sateuacan diadopsina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1967, sarta kakosongan dina jabatan wakil présidén teu tiasa dieusi dugi ka pamilihan sarta pelantikan salajengna.}} | predecessor = [[William Henry Harrison]] | successor = [[James K. Polk]] | order2 = ka-10 | office2 = Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat | president2 = William Henry Harrison | term_start2 = 4 Maret 1841 | term_end2 = 4 April 1841 | predecessor2 = [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] | successor2 = [[George M. Dallas]] | jr/sr3 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state3 = [[Virginia]] | term_start3 = 4 Maret 1827 | term_end3 = 29 Pébruari 1836 | predecessor3 = [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] | successor3 = [[William Cabell Rives]] | order5 = ka-23 | office5 = Gubernur Virginia | term_start5 = 10 Désémber 1825 | term_end5 = 4 Maret 1827 | predecessor5 = [[James Pleasants]] | successor5 = [[William Branch Giles]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1790|3|29}} | birth_place = [[Greenway Plantation]], Charles City County, Virginia, AS. | death_date = {{death date and age|1862|1|18|1790|3|29}} | death_place = [[Exchange Hotel (Richmond, Virginia)|Ballard House]], Richmond, Virginia | party = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] (1834–1841) | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik|Démokratik-Républik]] (1811–1828) * [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] (1828–1834) * [[Partéy Tyler]] (1844) * [[Politikus indepénden|Indepénden]] (1841–1844, 1844–1862) }} | alma_mater = [[College of William & Mary]] | profession = {{flatlist| * Politikus * ahli hukum }} | signature = John Tyler Signature 2.svg | allegiance = Amérika Sarikat | branch = [[Milisi Virginia]] | unit = [[Charles City Rifles]] | serviceyears = 1813 | rank = [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat)|Kaptén]] | battles = [[Perang 1812]] }} '''John Tyler''' (29 [[Maret]] 1790 – 18 [[Januari]] 1862) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu ka-10, ngajabat ti taun 1841 dugi ka 1845, saatos sateuacanana ngajabat sakedap salaku [[wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu ka-10 dina taun 1841. Anjeunna kapilih janten wakil présidén tina tikét [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan 1840]] bareng sareng [[William Henry Harrison]], sarta naék jabatan janten présidén saatos Harrison pupus 31 dinten saatos dilantik. Tyler mangrupa pangrojong kuat [[hak-hak nagara bagian]], kalebet ngeunaan ''[[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]]'', sarta anjeunna ngan ukur nerapkeun kawijakan [[nasionalistik]] nalika hal éta henteu ngalanggar kakawasaan nagara bagian. Naékna Tyler anu teu disangka-sangka janten présidén dianggap ancaman kanggé ambisi présidén Sénator [[Henry Clay]] sarta politikus Whig sanésna, anu antukna ngajantenkeun Tyler papisah ti dua partéy pulitik utama harita: Whig sarta [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]]. Tyler dilahirkeun dina kulawarga nu miboga budak beulian (sababaraha budak belian) anu kawentar di [[Virginia]]. Anjeunna janten [[inohong]] nasional dina mangsa nggolakna pulitik. Dina taun 1820-an, [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik]], anu harita mangrupa hiji-hijina partéy pulitik di nagara éta, beulah janten sababaraha faksi. Mimitina Tyler mangrupa saurang [[Démokrat Jacksonian]], nanging anjeunna nentang Présidén [[Andrew Jackson]] nalika [[krisis nullifikasi]] margi anjeunna nganggap tindakan Jackson ngalanggar hak-hak nagara bagian. Hal ieu nyababkeun Tyler ngagabung sareng faksi kidul Partéy Whig. Anjeunna kantos ngajabat salaku anggota législatif nagara bagian Virginia, gubernur, anggota [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|DPR AS]], sarta [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Sénator AS]]. Tyler mangrupa calon wakil présidén regional Whig dina pamilihan 1836, anu dimeunangkeun ku [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina pamilihan 1840, anjeunna janten hiji-hijina calon wakil présidén Whig sarta hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren kalayan ''slogan'' kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]". Saatos Harrison pupus, Tyler janten wakil présidén munggaran anu [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|ngagantikeun présidén]]. Di tengah teuayana kacindekan naha wakil présidén leres-leres janten présidén atanapi saukur ngajalankeun tugasna, Tyler langsung ngucapkeun [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|sumpah jabatan présidén]], anu antukna nyiptakeun [[Preséden Tyler]]. Sanajan anjeunna nandatanganan sababaraha RUU ti Kongrés anu dikawasa ku Whig, Tyler salaku saurang [[konstruksionis ketat]] ngavéto RUU partéyna sorangan kanggé ngadegkeun bank nasional sarta naékeun tarif. Hal ieu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh kabinétna malundur, sarta anjeunna dipecat tina Partéy Whig kalayan jujuluk "His Accidency" (Présidén Kabeneran). Sanajan kawijakan domestikna macét, anjeunna hasil dina urusan luar nagri, kalebet [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] sareng Inggris sarta [[Perjangjian Wanghia]] sareng Cina. Tyler ogé ngarojong [[Texas annexation|aneksasi Texas]] sarta nandatanganan RUU kanggé ngajantenkeun Texas nagara bagian sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan. Nalika [[Perang Sipil Amérika]] dimimitian dina taun 1861, Tyler mimitina ngarojong [[Konférénsi Perdamaian 1861]]. Saatos éta gagal, anjeunna mihak ka [[Konféderasi Amérika Sarikat|Konféderasi]]. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku anggota [[Kongrés Provisori Konféderasi]] sarta kapilih janten anggota [[DPR Konféderasi]], nanging pupus sateuacan sidang dimimitian. Sanajan sababaraha sarjana muji pangaruh pulitikna, seueur sajarahwan nempatkeun anjeunna dina réngking handap dina [[Réngking sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|réngking présidén AS]]. ==Kahirupan awal sarta atikan== John Tyler dilahirkeun dina 29 [[Maret]] 1790, dina kulawarga miboga budak beulian anu punjul di Virginia. Tyler asalna ti [[Charles City County, Virginia]], sarta mangrupa turunan ti [[Kulawarga Munggaran Virginia]]. Bapana, [[John Tyler Sr.]], anu katelah Hakim Tyler, mangrupa réntén sarta réngréngan pulitik [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Tyler digedékeun di [[Greenway Plantation]], hiji perkebunan anu legana sakitar 1.200 héktar (5 km²). ==Tuan tanah sarta ahli hukum== Tyler diaku janten anggota bar (ahli hukum) Virginia dina yuswa 19 taun. Harita, bapana ngajabat salaku gubernur Virginia, sarta Tyler ngamimitian prakték hukumna di Richmond. Dumasar sénsus taun 1820, Tyler miboga 24 jalma budak beulian di Woodburn, saatos nampi warisan 13 urang ti bapana. ==Naékna karir pulitik== ===Awal di pulitik Virginia=== [[File:Greenway, State Route 5 vicinity, Charles City vicinity (Charles City County, Virginia).jpg|thumb|Tempat lahir Tyler, [[Greenway Plantation]]]] Dina taun 1811, dina yuswa 21 taun, Tyler kapilih ngawakilan Charles City County di House of Delegates (DPR nagara bagian). Posisi-posisina parantos katingal ti mimiti: rojongan kuat kana [[hak-hak nagara bagian]] sarta nentang bank nasional. ===Perang 1812=== Saperti kalolobaan urang Amérika di bagian Kidul harita, Tyler miboga sikep [[anti-Inggris]]. Dina awal [[Perang 1812]], anjeunna ngadesek dukungan pikeun tindakan militer ngaliwatan biantara di payuneun House of Delegates. Saatos Inggris hasil ngarebut [[Hampton, Virginia]], dina usum panas taun 1813, Tyler kalayan sumanget ngawangun hiji kompi milisi, [[Charles City Rifles]], pikeun ngabéla Richmond. Anjeunna mingpin éta pasukan kalayan pangkat [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat)|kaptén]]. Sanajan kitu, taya serangan anu lumangsung, sarta anjeunna ngabubarkeun éta kompi dua bulan ti harita. Pikeun jasa militerna, Tyler nampi hibah tanah di deukeut wilayah anu engkéna janten [[Sioux City, Iowa]]. Nalika ramana pupus dina taun 1813, Tyler ngawaris 13 urang budak beulian sarta perkebunan milik ramana. Dina taun 1816, anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina korsi législatif pikeun ngabdi di [[Déwan Nagara]] Gubernur, nyaéta hiji kelompok anu diwangun ku dalapan panaséhat anu dipilih ku Majelis Umum. ===DPR Amérika Sarikat=== [[File:Woodburn Plantation in Charles City County, VA.jpg|thumb|Perkebunan Woodburn, tempat cicing Tyler taun 1813–1821]] Pupusna Perwakilan AS [[John Clopton]] dina Séptémber 1816 nyababkeun kakosongan korsi di [[distrik kongrés ka-23 Virginia]]. Tyler narékahan pikeun nempatan éta korsi, kitu ogé baturna sarta batur sapulitikna, [[Andrew Stevenson]]. Kusabab duanana miboga pamikiran pulitik anu sarupa, éta pamilihan téh saenyana mah saukur kontés popularitas. Ku pangaruh pulitik sarta kamampuh kampanyéna, Tyler meunang tipis dina éta pamilihan. Anjeunna dilantik janten anggota [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-14]] dina 17 Désémber 1816, salaku anggota faksi [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik]], partéy utama dina mangsa [[Era of Good Feelings]]. Sanajan Partéy Démokratik-Républik ngarojong hak-hak nagara bagian, seueur anggotana anu ngadesek pamaréntah puseur anu leuwih kuat saatos Perang 1812. Mayoritas di Kongrés hoyong ningali pamaréntah féderal mantuan ngabiayaan [[pangwangunan internal]] saperti palabuhan sarta jalan raya. Tyler tetep pengkuh kana kapercayaan [[konstruksionis ketat]]-na, sarta nolak usulan-usulan kasebut dumasar kana alesan konstitusional sarta pribadi. Anjeunna yakin yén unggal nagara bagian kedah ngawangun proyék-proyék anu diperyogikeun di jero wilayahna sorangan ngagunakeun dana lokal. Virginia henteu "dina kaayaan miskin pisan nepi ka kudu ménta sumbangan 'amal' ti Kongrés", ceuk anjeunna negeskeun. Anjeunna dipilih pikeun ilubiung dina audit [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1818 salaku bagian tina komite lima urang, sarta anjeunna ngarasa reuwas ku korupsi anu katingal ku anjeunna di jero éta bank. Anjeunna ngusulkeun sangkan piagam bank kasebut dicabut, sanajan Kongrés nolak usulan éta. Bentrokan munggaranna sareng Jenderal [[Andrew Jackson]] lumangsung saatos [[Invasi Jackson ka Florida]] dina taun 1818 salila [[Perang Seminole Kahiji]]. Sanajan muji karakter Jackson, Tyler ngutuk tindakanana anu dianggap kaleuleuwihi lantaran [[Insidén Arbuthnot sarta Ambrister|ngaéksekusi dua warga nagara Inggris]]. Tyler kapilih deui pikeun hiji mangsa jabatan pinuh tanpa lawan dina awal taun 1819. Isu utama dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-16]] (1819–1821) nyaéta naha [[Missouri]] kedah ditarima janten bagian ti Uni sarta naha perbudakan bakal diidinan di éta nagara bagian anyar.<ref name="missouricomp" /> Bari ngaku yén perbudakan téh miboga dampak buruk, anjeunna miharep yén ku cara ngantepkeunana ngalegaan (ka kulon), jumlah budak di bagian Wétan bakal ngurangan nalika para budak sarta dununganana lunta ka kulon, sahingga méré kasempetan pikeun mimbangkeun panyabutan éta lembaga (perbudakan) di Virginia. Ku kituna, perbudakan bakal dihapus ngaliwatan tindakan masing-masing nagara bagian nalika prakték kasebut beuki langka, sakumaha anu parantos lumangsung di sababaraha nagara bagian di Kalér.<ref name="missouricomp" /> Tyler yakin yén Kongrés henteu miboga kakuasaan pikeun ngatur perbudakan sarta nampa nagara bagian dumasar kana naha maranéhna "bébas" atawa "miboga budak" téh mangrupa bibit konflik régional.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 69.</ref> Lantaran éta, [[Kompromi Missouri]] disahkeun tanpa dukungan ti anjeunna. Éta kompromi nampa Missouri salaku [[nagara bagian perbudakan]] sarta Maine salaku nagara bagian bébas, sarta ogé ngalarang perbudakan di nagara bagian anu dibentuk tina bagian kalér [[Téritori Amérika Sarikat]]. Salami janten anggota Kongrés, anjeunna sok méré sora nolak RUU anu bakal ngawatesan perbudakan di téritori-téritori.<ref name="missouricomp">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 47–50; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 37–38.</ref> Tyler mutuskeun pikeun henteu nyalonkeun deui dina ahir taun 1820 kusabab kaséhatanana anu sering kaganggu. Anjeunna sacara pribadi ngaku teu sugema ku éta jabatan, lantaran sora "tolak"-na salila ieu lolobana saukur simbolis sarta saeutik pisan pangaruhna kana parobahan budaya pulitik di Washington. Tyler ogé ningali yén ngabiayaan pendidikan barudakna bakal hésé upami ngan ngandelkeun gajih anggota Kongrés anu harita mah leutik pisan. Anjeunna lungsur jabatan dina 3 Maret 1821, ngarojong urut lawanana, Stevenson, pikeun éta korsi, sarta balik deui janten praktisi hukum swasta sacara pinuh.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 58–59; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 39.</ref> ===Mulang deui ka pulitik nagara bagian=== Ngarasa teu tenang sarta bosen saatos dua taun di bumi janten praktisi hukum, Tyler nyalonkeun diri janten anggota House of Delegates dina taun 1823. Kabeneran taya anggota ti Charles City County anu nyalonkeun deui, sahingga Tyler kapilih kalayan gampang dina April éta, janten juara kahiji di antara tilu kandidat anu ngarebutkeun dua korsi.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], pp. 339–40.</ref> Nalika législatur ngayakeun sidang dina Désémber, Tyler mendakan yén majelis nuju debat ngeunaan [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1824|pamilihan présidén 1824]] anu bakal datang. Sistim ''[[Kaukus nominasi kongrés|caucus]]'', hiji sistim awal pikeun milih calon présidén, masih kénéh dianggo sanajan beuki teu dipikaresep ku masarakat. Tyler nyobian ngayakinkeun majelis handap pikeun ngarojong sistim kaukus sarta milih [[William H. Crawford]] salaku calon ti Démokratik-Républik. Crawford memang nampi rojongan législatur, nanging usulan Tyler sorangan mah ditélikung (diéléhkeun). Usahana anu paling langgeng dina mangsa jabatan kaduana ieu nyaéta nyalametkeun College of William and Mary, anu ampir ditutup alatan kakirangan murid. Tinimbang mindahkeun éta sakola ti Williamsburg anu désa ka Richmond anu langkung ramé sakumaha usulan batur, Tyler ngusulkeun réformasi administrasi sarta kauangan. Ieu usulan disahkeun janten undang-undang sarta hasil; dina taun 1840, éta sakola ngahontal jumlah murid panglobana dina sajarahna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 60–62.</ref> [[File:John Tyler - Governor of Virginia (c. 1826).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Ukiran Tyler.|Ukiran Tyler ({{circa|1826}}) salaku gubernur Virginia]] Nasib pulitik Tyler beuki nanjak; anjeunna dianggap salaku kandidat anu kuat dina tinimbangan législatif pikeun pamilihan Sénat AS taun 1824.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 76.</ref> Anjeunna dicalonkeun dina Désémber 1825 pikeun janten gubernur Virginia, hiji jabatan anu harita mah ditunjuk ku législatur. Tyler kapilih kalayan sora 131–81 ngéléhkeun [[John Floyd (politikus Virginia)|John Floyd]]. Jabatan gubernur harita mah teu miboga kakuasaan dina handapeun [[Konstitusi Virginia]] asli (1776–1830), malah teu miboga hak véto-véto acan. Tyler ngagunakeun panggung éta pikeun biantara, nanging sakedik pisan anu tiasa dilakukeun pikeun mangaruhan législatur. Tindakanana anu paling katingal salaku gubernur nyaéta nalika masihan biantara panglayad pikeun urut présidén Jefferson, urang Virginia sarta urut gubernur, anu pupus dina 4 Juli 1826. Tyler kacida hormatna ka Jefferson, sarta biantara eulogi (puji-pujian) anu ditepikeun ku anjeunna nampi sambutan anu saé pisan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 64–67; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 39–40.</ref> Mangsa jabatan gubernur Tyler saterusna mah biasa-biasa waé. Anjeunna ngamajukeun hak-hak nagara bagian sarta sacara tegas nentang sagala bentuk konséntrasi kakuasaan féderal. Pikeun ngahalangan usulan infrastruktur féderal, anjeunna ngusulkeun sangkan Virginia sacara aktip ngalegaan sistim jalanna sorangan. Aya usulan pikeun ngalegaan sistim sakola umum anu kirang dana, nanging taya tindakan nyata anu dilakukeun.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 67–69.</ref> Tyler kapilih deui sacara sora buled (unanimous) pikeun mangsa jabatan kadua sataun dina Désémber 1826.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 72.</ref> Dina taun 1829, Tyler kapilih janten utusan dina [[Konvénsi Konstitusi Virginia 1829–1830]] ti distrik anu ngawengku kota Richmond sarta Williamsburg. Di dinya, anjeunna ngabdi bareng sareng Hakim Agung [[John Marshall]], Philip N. Nicholas, sarta John B. Clopton. Pamingpin konvénsi nempatkeun anjeunna dina Komite Législatur. Pangabdian Tyler dina rupa-rupa kapasitas di tingkat nagara bagian kalebet janten présidén Virginia [[Colonization Society]] sarta sababaraha lami saatosna janten réktor sarta kansélir di [[College of William and Mary]].<ref>[[#pulliam|Pulliam 1901]], pp. 67, 72.</ref> ===Sénat Amérika Sarikat=== Dina Januari 1827, Majelis Umum mimbangkeun naha bakal milih deui Sénator AS [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] pikeun mangsa jabatan pinuh genep taun. Randolph mangrupa inohong anu kontroversial; sanajan anjeunna miboga pandangan anu sarua ngeunaan hak-hak nagara bagian sakumaha kalolobaan anggota législatur Virginia, anjeunna kawentar ku rétorika anu seukeut sarta paripolah anu teu diteda (erratic) di sidang Sénat, anu matak ngajantenkeun sekutu-sekutuna dina posisi anu serba salah. Salajengna, anjeunna parantos nyiptakeun seueur musuh lantaran nentang pisan ka Présidén [[John Quincy Adams]] sarta Sénator Kentucky, Henry Clay. Kaum nasionalis ti Partéy Démokratik-Républik, anu ngarojong Adams sarta Clay, mangrupa minoritas anu cukup badag di législatur Virginia. Maranéhna miharep tiasa ngaléngsérkeun Randolph ku cara narik sora ti para pangrojong hak-hak nagara bagian anu ngarasa teu merenah ku reputasi éta sénator. Maranéhna ngadeukeutan Tyler sarta jangji bakal masihan dukungan upami anjeunna kersa nyalonkeun diri. Tyler sababaraha kali nolak éta tawaran sarta tetep ngarojong Randolph salaku kandidat anu pangsaéna, nanging tekenan pulitik beuki lami beuki kuat. Antukna, anjeunna sapuk pikeun nampi éta korsi upami kapilih. Dina dinten pamilihan, saurang anggota majelis nyatakeun yén saenyana taya bédana pandangan pulitik antara kadua kandidat—ngan Tyler mah langkung tiasa ditarima (agreeable) tinimbang Randolph. Pangrojong Randolph negeskeun yén milih Tyler téh sacara teu langsung mangrupa dukungan ka administrasi Adams. législatur antukna milih Tyler kalayan sora 115–110, sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur dina 4 Maret 1827, nalika mangsa jabatanna di Sénat dimimitian.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 73–81.</ref> ====Maverick Démokratik==== Nalika Tyler kapilih janten sénator, kampanye [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1828|pamilihan présidén 1828]] nuju lumangsung. Adams, présidén petahana, ditangtang ku Andrew Jackson. Faksi Démokratik-Républik parantos peupeus janten [[Partéy Républik Nasional]] di pihak Adams sarta [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] di pihak Jackson. Tyler sabenerna teu resep ka duanana kandidat lantaran maranéhna dianggap miboga kersa pikeun ningkatkeun kakuasaan pamaréntah féderal. Nanging, anjeunna beuki katarik ka Jackson, bari miharep yén Jackson moal méspentaskeun seueur dana féderal pikeun pangwangunan internal sakumaha Adams. Ngeunaan Jackson, anjeunna nyerat, "Mihak ka anjeunna sahenteuna kuring tiasa ngagaduhan harepan; ningali Adams kuring kedah putus asa."<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 83–84; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Nalika [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-20]] dimimitian dina Désémber 1827, Tyler ngabdi bareng sareng batur sarta rénjang sapulitikna ti Virginia, [[Littleton Waller Tazewell]], anu miboga pandangan [[konstruksionis ketat]] sarta dukungan anu satengah haté ka Jackson. Salami mangsa jabatanna, Tyler sacara sakuat tanaga nentang RUU infrastruktur nasional, margi anjeunna ngarasa yén urusan éta téh hak masing-masing nagara bagian. Anjeunna sarta rénjang-rénjangna ti Kidul nentang [[Tarif 1828]] anu sipatna protéksionis, anu ku para pangritikna disebut "Tarif Kanista" (Tariff of Abominations). Tyler ngusulkeun yén hiji-hijina hasil positip tina éta tarif téh nyaéta bakal ayana réaksi pulitik nasional anu malik, sahingga mulangkeun deui rasa hormat kana hak-hak nagara bagian.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 86–88.</ref> Anjeunna tetep janten pangrojong kuat hak-hak nagara bagian, bari nyarios yén maranéhna "tiasa ngancurkeun Pamaréntah Féderal ngan ku sakecap; ngabubarkeun Konstitusi sarta nyebarkeun fragmén-fragménna kana angin".<ref name = "kleber698">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 698.</ref> Teu lami ti harita, Tyler mimiti teu akur sareng Présidén Jackson. Anjeunna ngarasa kuciwa ku [[sistim rampasan]] (spoils system) anu nembé muncul dina jaman Jackson, sarta nyebutna salaku "pakarang kanggé kampanye". Anjeunna masihan sora nolak seueur nominasi pilihan Jackson nalika éta dianggap teu konstitusional atanapi dumasar kana kapentingan paronase. Nentang nominasi ti présidén anu sapartéy dianggap salaku "tindakan pemberontakan" ka partéyna sorangan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 86–87, 99–106.</ref> Tyler ogé ngarasa kacida kasinggung ku cara Jackson ngagunakeun kakuasaan [[penunjukan resés]] pikeun nunjuk tilu komisaris perjangjian pikeun pendak sareng utusan ti [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], sarta Tyler ngajukeun RUU kanggé negur Jackson ngeunaan hal ieu.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Sanajan kitu, dina sababaraha urusan, Tyler miboga hubungan anu saé sareng Jackson. Anjeunna ngabéla Jackson nalika [[Veto Jalan Maysville|ngavéto proyék pendanaan Jalan Maysville]], anu dianggap ku Jackson salaku hal anu teu konstitusional.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 99–100; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Anjeunna ogé méré sora pikeun negaskeun sababaraha penunjukan Jackson, kalebet calon wakil présidén Jackson ka payunna, [[Martin Van Buren]], salaku [[Menteri Amérika Sarikat ka Inggris]]. Isu utama dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1832|pamilihan présidén 1832]] nyaéta perpanjangan piagam Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat, anu duanana (Tyler sarta Jackson) sami-sami nentang. Kongrés méré sora pikeun memperpanjang piagam bank dina Juli 1832, sarta Jackson ngavéto éta RUU dumasar kana alesan konstitusional sarta praktis. Tyler méré sora kanggé ngarojong éta véto sarta ngadukung Jackson dina usahana pikeun kapilih deui.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 124–25.</ref> ====Peupeus sareng Partéy Démokrat==== Hubungan Tyler anu teu merenah sareng partéyna muncak nalika [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-22]], nalika [[krisis nullifikasi]] taun 1832–1833 dimimitian. South Carolina, anu ngancam bakal [[Separatisme di Amérika Sarikat|misahkeun diri]], ngesahkeun [[Ordinansi Nullifikasi]] dina Nopémber 1832, anu nyatakeun yén "Tarif Kanista" téh batal sarta teu lumaku di wilayahna. Hal ieu ngahudangkeun patarosan konstitusional naha nagara bagian tiasa ngabatalkeun hukum féderal. Jackson, anu nolak hak kasebut, nyiapkeun kanggé nandatanganan [[RUU Kakuatan Militer]] (Force Bill) anu ngamungkinkeun pamaréntah féderal ngagunakeun tindakan militer kanggé nerapkeun éta tarif. Tyler, anu simpati kana alesan South Carolina, nolak pamakéan kakuatan militer Jackson ka nagara bagian sarta masihan biantara dina Pébruari 1833 anu ngajelaskeun pandanganana. Anjeunna ngarojong [[Tarif Kompromi 1833]] anu diajukeun ku Clay, anu disahkeun dina taun éta, kanggé ngirangan tarif sacara bertahap salami sapuluh taun, sahingga ngurangan tegangan antara nagara bagian sarta pamaréntah féderal.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 112–20.</ref> Ku méré sora nolak Force Bill, Tyler terang yén anjeunna bakal salamina dipisahkeun tina faksi pro-Jackson di législatur Virginia, kalebet maranéhna anu salami ieu masih toléran kana sikepna anu "maverick". Hal ieu ngabahayakeun [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1832|pamilihan deui anjeunna dina Pébruari 1833]], nalika anjeunna nyanghareupan Démokrat pro-administrasi [[James McDowell]]. Nanging, kalayan dukungan Clay, Tyler kapilih deui kalayan selisih 12 sora.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 120–23.</ref> Jackson beuki nyieun Tyler kasinggung ku cara ngabubarkeun Bank ngaliwatan paréntah éksekutif. Dina Séptémber 1833, Jackson ngaluarkeun paréntah éksekutif ka Sekretaris Hazanah [[Roger B. Taney]] kanggé mindahkeun dana féderal ti Bank ka bank-bank nagara bagian sacara langsung. Tyler ningali ieu salaku "tindakan ngerabut kakuasaan anu nyata", palanggaran kontrak, sarta ancaman kanggé ékonomi. Saatos sababaraha bulan mikir jero, anjeunna mutuskeun kanggé ngagabung sareng lawan-lawan Jackson. Salaku anggota [[Komite Kauangan Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Komite Kauangan Sénat]], anjeunna méré sora kanggé dua résolusi kacindekan (censure) ngalawan présidén dina Maret 1834.<ref name = "Chitwood125plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 125–28.</ref> Harita, Tyler parantos gabung sareng [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Whig]] anu nembé dibentuk ku Clay, anu ngawasa Sénat. Dina 3 Maret 1835, ngan sababaraha jam sateuacan [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-23]] lekasan, kaum Whig milih Tyler janten [[Présidén pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Présidén ''pro tempore'' Sénat]] salaku simbol pangakuatna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 132.</ref> Anjeunna mangrupa hiji-hijina présidén AS anu kantos nyepeng jabatan ieu.<ref>{{cite web|title=President pro tempore|author=U.S. Senate|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm|access-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref> Teu lami ti harita, kaum Démokrat ngawasa DPR Virginia. Tyler ditawaran jabatan hakim salaku imbalan upami anjeunna mundur tina Sénat, nanging anjeunna nolak. Anjeunna ngartos naon anu bakal lumangsung: législatur bakal maksa anjeunna méré sora anu nentang kapercayaan konstitusionalna. Sénator [[Thomas Hart Benton (politikus)|Thomas Hart Benton]] ti Missouri parantos ngajukeun RUU kanggé mupus kacindekan (censure) Jackson. Ngaliwatan résolusi législatur anu dikawasa ku Démokrat, Tyler tiasa diparéntahkeun kanggé milih éta RUU. Upami anjeunna ngabaékeun paréntah éta, anjeunna bakal ngalanggar prinsipna sorangan: "tindakan munggaran dina kahirupan pulitik kuring nyaéta negur Giles sarta Brent lantaran nentang paréntah législatur," ceuk anjeunna nyatet.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 138.</ref> Salami sababaraha bulan ka payun, anjeunna ménta nasehat ti babaturanana, anu masihan saran anu silih berlawanan. Dina pertengahan Pébruari, anjeunna ngrasa yén karirna di Sénat sigana bakal lekasan. Anjeunna ngirimkeun surat pangunduran diri ka Wakil Présidén Van Buren dina 29 Pébruari 1836, anu saurang ungelna kieu:<ref name = "chitwood134">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 134.</ref> {{blockquote|Kuring bakal mawa prinsip-prinsip anu kuring bawa nalika lebet ka dunya publik kana mangsa pangsiun kuring, sarta ku cara nyerahkeun jabatan luhur anu dipercayakeun ku sora rahayat Virginia, kuring bakal masihan conto ka barudak kuring anu bakal ngajarkeun maranéhna kanggé henteu nganggap jabatan sarta korsi téh aya hartosna, nalika salah sahijina kedah dihontal atanapi dipertahankeun ku cara ngorbankeun kahormatan.}} ===Pamilihan présidén 1836=== {{See also|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}} [[File:John Tyler, 1835.jpg|thumb|Lukisan Tyler nalika ngajabat salaku Présidén pro-tempore Sénat, 1835]] Sanajan Tyler hoyong museurkeun perhatian kana kahirupan pribadi sarta kulawargana, anjeunna énggal-énggal kalibet deui dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|pamilihan présidén 1836]]. Anjeunna parantos diusulkeun salaku calon wakil présidén ti mimiti taun 1835, sarta dina dinten anu sami nalika Démokrat Virginia ngaluarkeun paréntah pamupusan (expunging), kaum Whig Virginia nyalonkeun anjeunna salaku kandidat maranéhna. Partéy Whig anu nembé kabentuk harita tacan cukup kaorganisir kanggé ngayakeun konvénsi nasional sarta nangtukeun hiji tikét tunggal kanggé ngalawan Van Buren, panerus pilihan Jackson. Sabalikna, kaum Whig di rupa-rupa daérah ngajukeun tikét pilihan maranéhna sorangan, anu ngagambarkeun koalisi partéy anu masih kénéh rapuh: Whig Massachusetts nyalonkeun [[Daniel Webster]] sarta [[Francis Granger]], [[Partéy Anti-Masonik]] di nagara bagian Kalér sarta wates ngarojong William Henry Harrison sarta Granger, sarta para pangrojong hak-hak nagara bagian di bagian tengah sarta kidul nyalonkeun [[Hugh Lawson White]] sarta John Tyler.<ref name = "chitwood147plus" /> Di Maryland, tikét Whig nyaéta Harrison sarta Tyler, sedengkeun di South Carolina nyaéta [[Willie P. Mangum]] sarta Tyler. Kaum Whig hoyong ngahalangan Van Buren supados teu nampi mayoritas di Kolegeu Éléktoral, sahingga pamilihan bakal dialihkeun ka DPR, dimana perjangjian pulitik tiasa dilakukeun. Tyler miharep para éléktor moal tiasa milih wakil présidén, sahingga anjeunna janten salah sahiji tina dua anu nampi sora panglobana, anu satuluyna Sénat, dumasar kana [[Amandemen ka-12 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], kedah milih salah sahijina.<ref name = "seager119plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 119–21.</ref> Nurutkeun kabiasaan jaman harita—yén calon teu kedah katingal milarian jabatan—Tyler tetep di bumi salami kampanye sarta henteu masihan biantara nanaon.<ref name = "seager119plus" /> Anjeunna ngan nampi 47 sora éléktoral ti Georgia, South Carolina, sarta Tennessee dina pamilihan Nopémber 1836, aya di handapeun Granger sarta kandidat Démokrat, [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] ti Kentucky. Harrison mangrupa kandidat présidén Whig anu pangunggulna, nanging anjeunna éléh ku Van Buren.<ref name = "chitwood147plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 147–51.</ref> Pamilihan présidén diputuskeun ku Kolegeu Éléktoral, nanging kanggé hiji-hijina waktos dina sajarah Amérika, pamilihan wakil présidén diputuskeun ku Sénat, anu milih Johnson tinimbang Granger dina sora munggaran.<ref>[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 189.</ref> ===Inohong pulitik nasional=== Tyler parantos ditarik kana pulitik Virginia nalika janten Sénator AS. Ti Oktober 1829 dugi ka Januari 1830, anjeunna ngabdi salaku anggota [[Konvénsi Konstitusi Virginia|konvénsi konstitusi nagara bagian]], hiji peran anu sabenerna mah anjeunna rada wegah nampina. [[Konstitusi Virginia]] anu asli masihan pangaruh anu kaleuleuwihi ka wilayah-wilayah wétan anu langkung konsérpatip, margi nangtukeun jumlah anggota législatif anu sami pikeun unggal county tanpa ningali jumlah pangeusina, sarta ngan masihan hak pilih ka nu gaduh lahan (property owners). Ieu konvénsi masihan kasempetan ka wilayah-wilayah kulon Virginia anu langkung padet pangeusina sarta libéral pikeun ngalegaan pangaruh maranéhna. Salaku saurang nu gaduh budak beulian ti Virginia wétan, Tyler ngarojong sistim anu parantos aya, nanging anjeunna milih kénéh cicing di sisi salila debat, margi teu hoyong ngajauhkeun faksi pulitik mana waé di éta nagara bagian. Anjeunna langkung fokus kana karirna di Sénat anu peryogi dukungan anu lega, sarta masihan biantara salila konvénsi anu ngajurung kana kompromi sarta persatuan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 88–98.</ref> Saatos pamilihan 1836, Tyler ngira yén karir pulitikna parantos lekasan, sarta ngarencanakeun pikeun balik deui janten praktisi hukum swasta. Dina usum gugur taun 1837, saurang réntén ngajual lahan anu cukup lega ka anjeunna di Williamsburg. Kusabab teu tiasa lami tebih ti dunya pulitik, Tyler hasil kapilih janten anggota House of Delegates sarta nempatan korsina dina taun 1838. Harita anjeunna parantos janten inohong pulitik nasional, sarta pangabdian katiluna di législatur nagara bagian ieu parantos ngambah kana isu-isu nasional sapertos penjualan lahan publik.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 152–53.</ref> Panggentos Tyler di Sénat nyaéta [[William Cabell Rives]], saurang Démokrat konsérpatip. Dina Pébruari 1839, Majelis Umum mimbangkeun saha anu bakal nempatan éta korsi, anu mangsa jabatanna bakal lekasan dina sasih payun. Rives parantos mimiti ngajauhan partéyna, méré sinyal kamungkinan aliansi sareng kaum Whig. Kusabab Tyler parantos sacara pinuh nolak Démokrat, anjeunna miharep kaum Whig bakal ngarojong anjeunna. Nanging, seueur kaum Whig anu nganggap Rives salaku pilihan anu langkung nguntungkeun sacara pulitik, margi maranéhna miharep tiasa berkoalisi sareng sayap konsérpatip Partéy Démokrat dina pamilihan présidén 1840. Strategi ieu dirojong ku pamimpin Whig, Henry Clay, anu harita mah masih kénéh mikahormat ka Tyler. Kusabab sora kabagi di antara tilu kandidat, kalebet Rives sarta Tyler, korsi Sénat éta kosong salami ampir dua taun, dugi ka Januari 1841.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 157–63.</ref> ==Pamilihan présidén 1840== {{See also|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840|Konvénsi Nasional Whig 1839}} ===Nambahkeun Tyler kana tikét=== [[File:Tiptoo crop.jpg|thumb|alt=Sheet music|"[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]"]] Nalika [[Konvénsi Nasional Whig 1839]] lumangsung di [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], kanggé milih pasangan calon ti partéy éta, Amérika nuju aya dina taun katilu résési anu parah saatos [[Panik 1837]]. Usaha Van Buren anu teu éféktif kanggé nanganan éta kaayaan ngajantenkeun anjeunna kaleungitan dukungan publik. Kusabab Partéy Démokrat parantos peupeus janten sababaraha faksi, pamingpin tikét Whig kamungkinan ageung bakal janten présidén salajengna. Harrison, Clay, sarta Jenderal [[Winfield Scott]] sadayana narékahan kanggé nampi nominasi. Tyler sumping ka konvénsi sarta ngagabung sareng délégasi Virginia, sanajan anjeunna teu miboga status resmi. Kusabab ayana rasa pait alatan pamilihan Sénat anu tacan réngsé, délégasi Virginia nolak kanggé ngajantenkeun Tyler salaku kandidat [[favorite son]] pikeun wakil présidén. Tyler sorangan henteu ngalakukeun nanaon kanggé ngaronjatkeun kasempetanna. Upami kandidat présidén karesepna, nyaéta Clay, hasil meunang, Tyler kamungkinan ageung moal dipilih kanggé nempatan posisi kadua dina tikét, margi éta posisi biasana bakal dipasihan ka urang Kalér kanggé mastikeun kasaimbangan géografis.<ref name = "seager132plus" /> Éta konvénsi ngalaman jalan buntu (deadlock) di antara tilu kandidat utama, dimana sora Virginia mimitina dipasihan ka Clay. Seueur kaum Whig di Kalér anu nentang Clay, sarta sababaraha urang, kalebet [[Thaddeus Stevens]] ti Pennsylvania, némbongkeun surat ti Scott ka delegasi Virginia anu eusina saolah-olah Scott miboga sikep abolisionis (anti-perbudakan). Délégasi Virginia anu boga pangaruh kuat harita ngumumkeun yén Harrison mangrupa pilihan kaduana, anu nyababkeun kalolobaan pangrojong Scott pindah ka Harrison, sahingga Harrison nampi nominasi présidén.<ref name = "seager132plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 132–33.</ref> Nominasi wakil présidén harita dianggap salaku hal anu [[wikt:immaterial|teu pati penting]]; tacan aya présidén anu gagal ngaréngsékeun mangsa jabatanna. Teu seueur perhatian anu dipasihan kana ieu pilihan, sarta rinci ngeunaan kumaha Tyler tiasa nampi posisi éta masih kénéh tacan jelas. Chitwood nyebutkeun yén Tyler mangrupa kandidat anu logis: salaku saurang nu gaduh budak ti Kidul, anjeunna nyaimbangkeun tikét sarta ogé nenangkeun kasieun urang Kidul anu nganggap Harrison miboga kacenderungan abolisionis. Tyler parantos janten kandidat wakil présidén dina taun 1836, sarta ku ayana anjeunna dina tikét, Whig tiasa meunang di Virginia, nagara bagian anu panglobana pangeusina di Kidul. Salah saurang pangurus konvénsi, penerbit ti New York [[Thurlow Weed]], nyatakeun yén "Tyler antukna dipilih lantaran urang teu mendakan deui jalma sanés anu kersa nampi"—sanajan anjeunna nembé nyarios kieu saatos ayana papaséaan antara Présidén Tyler sarta Partéy Whig ka payunna.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 26–27.</ref> Musuh-musuh Tyler sanésna ngaklaim yén anjeunna "ceurik" nepi ka tiasa asup ka Gedong Bodas saatos ceurik ningali kaéléhan Clay; hal ieu sigana mah teu leres, margi Clay sorangan kantos ngarojong lawan Tyler, Rives, dina pamilihan Sénat.<ref>[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 192.</ref> Ngaran Tyler diajukeun dina sora, sarta sanajan Virginia milih ''abstain'' (teu méré sora), anjeunna nampi mayoritas anu diperyogikeun. Nalika janten présidén, Tyler dituduh kanggé nampi nominasi ku cara nyumputkeun pandanganana, sarta anjeunna ngajawab yén taya saurang ogé anu naroskeun ngeunaan hal éta. Biografina, Robert Seager II, miboga pamandangan yén Tyler dipilih kusabab kurangna kandidat alternatif sanésna. Seager nyimpulkeun, "Anjeunna diasupkeun kana tikét kanggé narik sora Kidul ka Harrison. Teu kirang, teu langkung."<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 134–35.</ref> ===Pamilihan Umum=== Taya [[platform partéy]] Whig—para pamingpin partéy mutuskeun yén nyobian nyusun platform malah bakal ngabubarkeun partéy. Janten, kaum Whig kampanye dumasar kana perlawanan maranéhna ka Van Buren, nyalahkeun anjeunna sarta kaum Démokrat pikeun résési anu lumangsung.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 27.</ref> Dina matéri kampanye, Tyler dipuji lantaran integritasna nalika mundur tina Sénat alatan paréntah législatur nagara bagian.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], p. 350.</ref> Kaum Whig mimitina miharep kanggé "ngajempékeun" Harrison sarta Tyler, supados maranéhna teu ngaluarkeun pernyataan kawijakan anu tiasa ngajauhkeun sabagian faksi partéy. Nanging, saatos saingan Démokrat Tyler, Wakil Présidén Johnson, suksés ngayakeun tur biantara, Tyler dipénta kanggé indit ti Williamsburg ka [[Columbus, Ohio]], sarta di dinya biantara dina konvénsi lokal kanggé ngayakinkeun urang Kalér yén anjeunna miboga pandangan anu sami sareng Harrison. Dina lalampahan ampir dua bulan, Tyler masihan biantara dina rupa-rupa rapat umum. Anjeunna teu tiasa nyingkahan patarosan, sarta saatos diteken nepi ka ngaku yén anjeunna ngarojong Tarif Kompromi (anu sabenerna teu dipikaresep ku seueur kaum Whig), Tyler milih ngadugikeun deui cutatan tina biantara Harrison anu sipatna samar. Dina biantara dua jam di Columbus, Tyler leres-leres nyingkahan isu Bank Amérika Sarikat, anu mangrupa salah sahiji patarosan utama harita.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 137–39.</ref> {{quote box | align = left | width = 17em | salign = right | quote =  <poem> Naon anu nyababkeun ribut-ribut ieu, Di sakuliah nagara urang? Ieu téh bal anu nuju ngagulitik, Kanggé Tippecanoe sarta Tyler ogé, Tippecanoe sarta Tyler ogé. Sareng maranéhna, urang bakal ngéléhkeun Van anu leutik, Van, Van Van téh lalaki anu parantos béak. </poem> | source = — Lagu kampanye tina pamilihan 1840<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 140.</ref> }} Pikeun meunangkeun pamilihan, pamingpin Whig mutuskeun maranéhna kedah ngagerakkeun jalma-jalma di sakuliah nagara, kalebet kaum awéwé, anu harita mah tacan tiasa méré sora. Ieu mangrupa munggaranana partéy pulitik Amérika ngalibetkeun kaum awéwé dina kagiatan kampanye sacara lega, sarta kaum awéwé di Virginia (tempat asal Tyler) aktip bajoang kanggé anjeunna.<ref>[[#Varon|Varon]]</ref><ref>[[#Gunderson|Gunderson]], pp. 134–139.</ref> Partéy miharep kanggé nyingkahan isu-isu beurat sarta meunang ngaliwatan antusiasme publik, kalayan ngayakeun ara-arakan obor sarta rapat umum pulitik anu pinuh ku inuman keras.<ref name="Seager, p. 135">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 135.</ref> Minat kana kampanye ieu taya tandingna sateuacanna. Nalika pers Démokrat ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku prajurit sepuh anu bakal eureun kampanye upami dipasihan sato mémang (barrel) [[hard cider]] (saripati apel beralkohol) kanggé diinum di jero [[gubug kai]]-na (log cabin), kaum Whig malah nyandak éta gambar kalayan sumanget, sahingga lahirna "kampanye gubug kai". Kanyataan yén Harrison sabenerna cicing di perkebunan méwah sarta Tyler téh jalma jegud mah dipaliré waé, sedengkeun gambar gubug kai muncul di mana-mana, ti mimiti spanduk dugi ka botol wiski. ''Cider'' mangrupa inuman karesep seueur patani sarta padagang, sarta kaum Whig ngaklaim yén Harrison langkung resep kana inuman rahayat leutik éta.<ref name = "crapol17plus" /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|alt=Péta AS taun 1840, némbongkeun sora éléktoral|Péta sora éléktoral 1840]] Jasa militer sang calon présidén kacida ditekenna, sahingga muncul slogan kampanye anu kawentar, "**[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]**", anu ngarujuk kana kameunangan Harrison dina [[Pertempuran Tippecanoe]]. [[Glee club]] (kelompok nembang) muncul di sakuliah nagara, nembangkeun lagu-lagu patriotik: saurang éditor Démokrat nyatakeun yén anjeunna ngarasa festival lagu kanggé ngarojong Partéy Whig téh moal tiasa dipohokeun. Di antara lirik anu ditepikeun nyaéta "Urang bakal milih Tyler ku kituna/Tanpa nanya naha atawa ku sabab naon".<ref name = "crapol17plus">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 17–19.</ref> Louis Hatch, dina sajarah wakil présidénna, nyatet, "kaum Whig ngagorowok, nembang, sarta ngagunakeun 'hard-cider' kanggé mawa 'pahlawan Tippecanoe' ka Gedong Bodas".<ref name = "Hatch193">[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 193.</ref> Clay, sanajan ngarasa pait ku kaéléhanana anu sakian kalina, bisa ditenangkeun ku munduruna Tyler tina pamilihan Sénat anu masih tacan réngsé (supados Rives tiasa kapilih), sarta Clay antukna kampanye di Virginia kanggé tikét Harrison/Tyler.<ref name="Seager, p. 135"/> Tyler ngaramalkeun yén kaum Whig bakal meunang gampang di Virginia; anjeunna ngarasa éra nalika ramalanana salah,<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 141.</ref> nanging kahibur ku kameunangan sacara umum—Harrison sarta Tyler meunang sora éléktoral 234–60 kalayan 53% sora rahayat (popular vote). Van Buren ngan meunang di tujuh nagara bagian tina 26. Kaum Whig hasil ngawasa kadua majelis di Kongrés.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 29–30.</ref> ==Wakil présidén (1841)== Salaku [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat kapilih]], Tyler tetep cicing kalayan tenang di bumina di Williamsburg. Anjeunna sacara pribadi ngungkabkeun harepan yén Harrison bakal miboga sikep anu tegas sarta moal ngantepkeun ayana intrik dina Kabinét, utamana dina dinten-dinten awal pamaréntahan.<ref name = "peterson34">[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 34.</ref> Tyler henteu aub dina milih anggota Kabinét, sarta henteu ngusulkeun sasaha kanggé nempatan jabatan féderal dina pamaréntahan Whig anu énggal. Kusabab ditarajang ku jalma-jalma anu milari jabatan sarta tungtutan ti Sénator Clay, Harrison dua kali ngirim surat ka Tyler kanggé ménta nasehat naha pejabat anu ditunjuk ku Van Buren kedah diberhentikeun atanapi henteu. Dina kadua kasus éta, Tyler nyarankeun supados ulah diberhentikeun, sarta Harrison nyerat, "Pa Tyler nyarios yén maranéhna teu kedah dicopot, janten kuring moal nyopot maranéhna."<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 143.</ref> Kadua inohong ieu pendak sakedap di Richmond dina bulan Pébruari, sarta marios parade bareng,<ref name = "peterson34" /> sanajan maranéhna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan pulitik.<ref name = "seager144" /> [[File:Tyler receives news.jpg|thumb|alt=Ilustrasi: Tyler nangtung di tepas imahna di Virginia, didatangan ku saurang lalaki anu mawa amplop. Tulisanana: "Tyler nampi béja pupusna Harrison."|Ilustrasi taun 1888 ngeunaan Présidén Tyler nampi béja pupusna Présidén [[William Henry Harrison]] ti [[Kapala Kerani (Departemén Luar Negeri AS)|Kapala Kerani Departemén Luar Negeri]], [[Fletcher Webster]]]] Tyler dilantik dina 4 Maret 1841, di [[Old Senate Chamber|rohangan Sénat lami]], sarta masihan biantara tilu menit ngeunaan [[hak-hak nagara bagian]] sateuacan ngalantik para sénator énggal, anu satuluyna ngahadiran [[Palantikan William Henry Harrison]]. Saatos biantara dua jam présidén énggal di payuneun balaréa dina cuaca anu tiris pisan, Tyler balik deui ka Sénat kanggé nampi nominasi Kabinét présidén, sarta mingpin konfirmasi dina dinten salajengna—totalna ngan dua jam anjeunna janten présidén Sénat. Kusabab nganggap moal seueur tanggung jawab, anjeunna teras mios ti Washington sarta balik deui kalayan tenang ka bumina di [[Williamsburg, Virginia]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 200–02; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 144–45.</ref> Seager engkéna nyerat, "Upami William Henry Harrison terus hirup, John Tyler pastina bakal janten wakil présidén anu teu dipikawanoh sakumaha wakil présidén sanésna dina sajarah Amérika."<ref name = "seager144">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 144.</ref> Samentawis éta, Harrison bajoang kanggé nangkis sagala rupa paménta ti Clay sarta pihak sanésna anu milari jabatan sarta pangaruh dina pamaréntahanana. Umur Harrison anu parantos sepuh sarta kaséhatanana anu mimiti nyirorot sanés mangrupa rusiah salila kampanye, sarta patarosan ngeunaan suksési présidén aya dina pikiran unggal politikus. Sababaraha minggu munggaran janten présidén leres-leres méspentaskeun tanaga Harrison, sarta saatos kabaseuhan ku hujan dina ahir Maret, anjeunna katarajang [[pneumonia]] (paru-paru baseuh) sarta [[pleurisy]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 201–02; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 142–47.</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Daniel Webster ngirim béja ka Tyler ngeunaan panyakit Harrison dina 1 April; dua dinten saatosna, pengacara ti Richmond James Lyons nyerat béja yén kaayaan présidén beuki parah, bari nyarios, "Kuring moal reuwas upami ngadangu tina surat énjing yén Jéndral Harrison parantos taya dikieuna."<ref name="Crapol 8">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 8.</ref> Tyler mutuskeun kanggé henteu angkat ka Washington, margi teu hoyong katingal teu pantes saolah-olah nuju ngantosan pupusna Harrison. Dina subuh kaping 5 April, putra Webster, [[Fletcher Webster]], kapala kerani Departemén Luar Negeri, sumping ka bumi Tyler di Williamsburg kanggé sacara resmi nginpokeun pupusna Harrison dina énjing sateuacanna.<ref name = "Crapol 8" /><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]</ref> Tyler geuwat mios ti Williamsburg sarta dugi ka Washington dina subuh dinten salajengna.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ==Jabatan Présidén (1841–1845)== {{Main|Jabatan Présidén John Tyler}} [[File:John Tyler I.png|thumb|{{center|Présidén John Tyler, 1841}}]] Pupusna Harrison nalika nuju ngajabat mangrupa kajadian anu tacan kantos lumangsung sateuacanna, anu nyababkeun kateupastian ngeunaan suksési présidén. [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat, anu ngatur suksési présidén dina mangsa jabatan harita (ayeuna parantos digentos ku [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]]), nyatakeun: {{Blockquote|Dina hal Présidén ditéwak tina Jabatanana, atanapi Pupus, Ngundurkeun Diri, atanapi Teu Sanggup ngajalankeun Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan, hal anu Sami bakal dipasrahkeun ka Wakil Présidén ....<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii|title=U.S. Constitution: Article II|publisher=Cornell University Law School|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref>}} Napsirkeun katangtuan Konstitusi ieu nimbulkeun patarosan naha jabatan présidén sacara nyata pindah ka Tyler, atanapi saukur wewenang sarta tugasna wungkul.<ref name = "chitwood202plus" /> Kabinét ngayakeun rapat sajam saatos pupusna Harrison sarta, numutkeun laporan engkéna, mutuskeun yén Tyler bakal janten "wakil présidén anu [[Pelaksana tugas présidén Amérika Sarikat|ngajalankeun tugas présidén]]".<ref>[[#Dinnerstein|Dinnerstein]], p. 447.</ref> Nanging, Tyler sacara tegas sarta mutus negeskeun yén Konstitusi masihan anjeunna wewenang pinuh sarta tanpa sarat tina éta jabatan. Ku kituna, anjeunna langsung nyandak sumpah jabatan salaku présidén, pindah ka Gedong Bodas sarta ngajalankeun kakuasaan présidén sapinuhna. Hal ieu nyiptakeun **[[Preséden Tyler]]** kanggé mindahkeun kakuasaan sacara teratur saatos présidén pupus, sanajan hal ieu nembé dibukukeun (kodifikasi) saatos disahkeunana Amandemen ka-25 dina taun 1967.<ref name="MillerCenterTyler">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief|title=John Tyler: Life in Brief|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195651/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief|archive-date=January 31, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195651/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief |date=January 31, 2017 }}</ref> Hakim [[William Cranch]] mingpin [[Sumpah jabatan Présidén Amérika Sarikat|sumpah présidén]] di kamar hotél Tyler. Tyler nganggap éta sumpah sabenerna mah teu perlu (redundant) margi anjeunna parantos sumpah salaku wakil présidén, nanging anjeunna hoyong ngaleungitkeun sagala karagu-raguan ngeunaan jabatanana.<ref name = "chitwood202plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 202–03.</ref> Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Tyler, dina yuswa 51 taun, janten présidén [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar yuswa|pangngorana]] dugi ka mangsa harita.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/john_tyler_sherwood_forest.html |title=John Tyler Home |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref> Rékorna satuluyna ditélikung ku panerusna, [[James K. Polk]], anu mimiti ngajabat dina yuswa 49 taun. "Kusabab sieun bakal ngajauhan para pangrojong Harrison, Tyler mutuskeun kanggé mertahankeun sakabéh kabinét Harrison sanajan sababaraha anggotana sacara terang-terangan némbongkeun rasa teu resep ka anjeunna sarta nolak jabatanana."<ref name="MillerCenterTyler"/> Dina rapat kabinét kahijina, Webster nginpokeun ka anjeunna ngeunaan kabiasaan Harrison anu nangtukeun kawijakan dumasar sora mayoritas. (Ieu mangrupa klaim anu rada diragukeun, margi Harrison ngan sakedik ngayakeun rapat kabinét sarta kantos sacara tegas némbongkeun otoritasna ka kabinét sahenteuna sakali.<ref>{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time|url=https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi |url-access=registration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|year=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi/page/520 520–521]|isbn=978-0-393-04552-9 }}</ref>) Kabinét pinuh harepan yén présidén énggal bakal neraskeun éta kabiasaan. Tyler kacida kagetna sarta langsung ngoréksi maranéhna: {{Blockquote|Hampura, para jandral; sim kuring kacida bingahna gaduh negarawan anu mumpuni sapertos aranjeun dina Kabinét sim kuring. Sarta sim kuring bakal bingah nampi nasehat sarta saran ti aranjeun. Nanging, sim kuring moal tiasa satuju upami dikatidikkeun (didikté) ngeunaan naon anu kedah atanapi teu kedah sim kuring lakukeun. Sim kuring, salaku présidén, bakal tanggung jawab kana administrasi sim kuring. Sim kuring miharep gawé bareng anu tulus ti aranjeun dina ngajalankeun léngkah-léngkahna. Salami aranjeun kersa ngalakukeun hal ieu, sim kuring bakal bingah aranjeun aya sareng sim kuring. Nalika aranjeun miboga pamandangan sanés, surat pangunduran diri aranjeun bakal ditampi.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 270, [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 149.</ref>}} Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan tinulis anu informal ka [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]] dina 9 April, dimana anjeunna negeskeun deui kapercayaanana kana prinsip dasar [[Démokrasi Jeffersonian]] sarta kakuasaan féderal anu kawates. Klaim Tyler salaku présidén teu langsung ditampi ku anggota [[Oposisi (parlemén)|oposisi]] di Kongrés sapertos [[John Quincy Adams]], anu ngarasa yén Tyler kedahna janten [[Pamaréntah saheulaanan|pangurus samentara]] kalayan jujuluk "pelaksana tugas présidén", atanapi tetep janten wakil présidén sacara ngaran.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 203–07.</ref> Di antara maranéhna anu mamang kana otoritas Tyler nyaéta Clay, anu parantos ngarencanakeun janten "kakuasaan nyata di balik tahta anu ringkih" nalika Harrison masih hirup, sarta miboga maksud anu sami ka Tyler.<ref name = "seager142plus" /> Clay ningali Tyler saukur salaku "wakil présidén" sarta jabatan présidénna ngan ukur "[[wali raja]]" (regency).<ref name = "seager142plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 142, 151.</ref> Ratifikasi kaputusan éta ku Kongrés sumping ngaliwatan béwara biasa yén Kongrés parantos ngayakeun sidang sarta siap nampi pesen-pesen. Di kadua majelis (DPR sarta Sénat), aya usulan amandemen anu gagal kanggé mupus kecap "présidén" sarta diganti ku basa anu ngawengku istilah "wakil présidén" kanggé nyebut Tyler. Sénator Mississippi [[Robert J. Walker]], dina panyatana, nyebatkeun yén ide yén Tyler masih kénéh wakil présidén sarta tiasa mingpin Sénat téh mangrupa hal anu absurd.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Dinnerstein|Dinnerstein]], pp. 451–53.</ref> Dina 31 Méi 1841, DPR ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku "Présidén Amérika Sarikat" kanggé sésa mangsa jabatanna.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}</ref> Dina 1 Juni 1841, Sénat méré sora ngarojong résolusi éta. Anu pangpentingna, Sénator Clay sarta [[John C. Calhoun]] milih bareng sareng mayoritas kanggé nolak amandemen Walker.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Para lawan Tyler henteu kantos sapinuhna nampi anjeunna salaku présidén. Anjeunna sacara éksékan dijulukan "**His Accidency**" (Présidén Kabeneran/Kacilakaan) di antara hinaan-hinaan sanésna.<ref>{{cite web|title='His Accidency', John Tyler, Jokes of 'Being an Accident Himself'|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?john-tyler-president-jokes|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717082602/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?john-tyler-president-jokes|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 17, 2013|work=Shapell Manuscript Collection|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Tyler teu kantos goyah tina kapercayaanana yén anjeunna mangrupa présidén anu sah. Nalika lawan-lawan pulitikna ngirim surat ka Gedong Bodas anu ditujukeun ka "wakil présidén" atanapi "pelaksana tugas présidén", anjeunna milih kanggé mulangkeun éta surat tanpa dibuka.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 10.</ref> Tyler dianggap salaku pamingpin anu kuat alatan tindakanana anu mutus nalika naék jabatan janten présidén. Nanging, sacara umum anjeunna miboga pandangan anu kawates ngeunaan kakuasaan présidén, yén undang-undang kedah dimimitian ku Kongrés, sarta véto présidén ngan kedah dianggo nalika hiji hukum dianggap inkonstitusional atanapi nentang kapentingan nasional.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141-142}} ===Kawijakan ékonomi sarta konflik partéy=== Sapertos Harrison, Tyler parantos diarep-arep kanggé patuh kana kawijakan publik Kongrés Partéy Whig sarta nurut ka pamingpin partéy, Henry Clay. Kaum Whig utamana nungtut supados Tyler ngawatesan kakuasaan véto, salaku réspon kana kapimpinan Jackson anu dianggap mawakarep soranga.{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=142}} Clay parantos ngabayangkeun Kongrés anu dimodélkeun dumasar kana sistim tipe [[parleménter]] dimana anjeunna janten pamingpina.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=142}} Mimitina, Tyler satuju sareng Kongrés Whig anu énggal ku cara nandatanganan undang-undang sapertos RUU ''preemption'' (hak miboga lahan ti heula) anu masihan "kedaulatan pangeusi liar" ka para padumuk di lahan publik, Undang-Undang Distribusi, undang-undang kabangkrutan anu énggal, sarta panyabutan Sistim [[Perbendaharaan Independen]]. Nanging, nalika dugi kana patarosan ageung ngeunaan perbankan, Tyler énggal-énggal béda pamandangan sareng kaum Whig di Kongrés, sarta dua kali ngavéto undang-undang Clay ngeunaan pendirian bank nasional. Sanajan RUU anu kadua mimitina parantos dirancang kanggé nyumponan kabutuhan Tyler tina véto munggaran, vérsi finalna mah tétéla henteu luyu. Ieu prakték, anu sabenerna dirancang kanggé nyegah Tyler janten saingan Clay dina nominasi Whig taun 1844, janten kawentar ku istilah "**heading Captain Tyler**" (ngahalangan Kaptén Tyler), hiji istilah anu diciptakeun ku Perwakilan Whig [[John Minor Botts]] ti Virginia. Tyler ngusulkeun rencana fiskal alternatif anu katelah "Exchequer", nanging réntén-réntén Clay anu ngawasa Kongrés nolak pisan kana éta usulan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 217–51 sarta lampiran anu ngabandingkeun struktur rupa-rupa RUU bank anu disusun ku Kongrés.</ref> Dina 11 Séptémber 1841, saatos véto bank anu kadua, anggota kabinét asup ka kantor Tyler hiji-hiji sarta ngundurkeun diri—hiji skénario anu disusun ku Clay kanggé maksa Tyler mundur supados tiasa nempatkeun leungeun katuhuna, Présidén ''pro tempore'' Sénat [[Samuel L. Southard]], di Gedong Bodas. Hiji-hijina iwal (pengecualian) nyaéta Webster, anu milih tetep ngajabat kanggé ngaréngsékeun naon anu engkéna janten [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] 1842, sarta kanggé némbongkeun kamerdékaanana tina pangaruh Clay.<ref>[[#Roseboom|Roseboom]], p. 124.</ref> Nalika dibéjaan ku Webster yén anjeunna kersa tetep ngajabat, Tyler dilaporkeun nyarios, "Pasihan panangan anjeun kanggé hal éta, sarta ayeuna sim kuring bakal nyarios ka anjeun yén Henry Clay téh lalaki anu parantos tumpur nasibna."<ref name = "kleber699" /> Dina 13 [[Séptémber]], nalika présidén henteu mundur atanapi nyerah, kaum Whig di Kongrés miceun Tyler tina partéy. Tyler dihina ku surat kabar Whig sarta nampi ratusan surat anu ngancam bakal nelasan/maéhan anjeunna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 249–51.</ref> Kaum Whig di Kongrés kacida ambekna ka Tyler sahingga maranéhna nolak kanggé nyadiakeun dana kanggé ngoméan Gedong Bodas, anu harita kaayaanana parantos ruksak.<ref name = "kleber699">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 699.</ref> ====Debat tarif sarta distribusi==== Dina pertengahan taun 1841, pamaréntah féderal nyanghareupan proyéksi defisit anggaran sagedé $11 juta. Tyler sadar yén diperyogikeun tarif anu langkung luhur, nanging anjeunna hoyong tetep aya dina wates 20% sakumaha anu parantos ditetepkeun dina [[Tarif Kompromi 1833]]. Anjeunna ogé ngarojong rencana kanggé ngadistribusikeun pendapatan tina penjualan lahan publik ka nagara-nagara bagian salaku léngkah darurat kanggé nanganan hutang nagara bagian anu beuki numpuk, sanajan hal ieu bakal ngirangan pendapatan féderal. Kaum Whig ngarojong tarif protéksionis anu luhur sarta pendanaan nasional kanggé infrastruktur nagara bagian, sahingga aya titik temu kanggé nyiptakeun kompromi. Undang-Undang Distribusi 1841 nyiptakeun program distribusi kalayan wates tarif 20%; RUU kadua ningkatkeun tarif kana angka éta kanggé barang-barang anu sateuacanna pajegna rendah. Sanajan kitu, dina Maret 1842 janten jelas yén pamaréntah féderal masih kénéh aya dina kaayaan kauangan anu sakarat.<ref name="Dire Straits">Solman, Paul – {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/lessons-from-the-political-gri/ |title=''Lessons from the Political Gridlock of 1842'' |publisher=PBS Newshour, February 28, 2013 |access-date= March 30, 2015|date=February 28, 2013 }}</ref> [[File:panic1837 crop.jpg|thumb|Kartun [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] anu ngagambarkeun dampak pangangguran ka hiji kulawarga anu masang potrét Jackson sarta Van Buren dina témbokna]] Akar masalahna nyaéta krisis ékonomi—anu dimimitian ku [[Panik 1837]]—anu nuju nincak taun kagenepna dina 1842. Hiji [[gelembung spékulatif]] parantos bitu dina taun 1836–39, nyababkeun runtuhna séktor kauangan sarta depresi satuluyna. Nagara janten papasah pisan ngeunaan cara anu pangsaéna kanggé nanganan éta krisis. Kaayaan beuki parah dina awal 1842 margi aya wates waktu (deadline) anu beuki deukeut. Sapuluh taun sateuacanna, nalika ékonomi masih kuat, Kongrés parantos jangji ka nagara-nagara bagian di Kidul yén bakal aya pangirangan tarif féderal anu kacida dipikageuleuhna. Nagara bagian di Kalér mah narima pisan kana tarif, anu ngajagi industri maranéhna anu nembé tumuwuh, nanging nagara bagian di Kidul teu miboga dasar industri sarta gumantung pisan kana aksés kabuka ka pasar Inggris kanggé kapas maranéhna.<ref name="Dire Straits"/> Dina rekomendasi ka Kongrés, Tyler nyatakeun yén diperyogikeun kanggé ngalangkungan Tarif Kompromi 1833 sarta ningkatkeun tarif saluhureun wates 20 persén. Dina kasapukan sateuacanna, hal ieu bakal ngeureunkeun program distribusi, dimana sakabéh pendapatan bakal asup ka pamaréntah féderal.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 293–97; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 166–67.</ref> Kongrés Whig anu nentang embung ningkatkeun tarif upami éta hal mangaruhan distribusi dana ka nagara-nagara bagian. Dina Juni 1842, maranéhna ngesahkeun dua RUU anu bakal ningkatkeun tarif sarta memperpanjang program distribusi tanpa sarat. Kusabab yakin yén teu pantes neraskeun distribusi nalika kakirangan pendapatan féderal merlukeun paningkatan tarif, Tyler ngavéto kadua RUU kasebut, sahingga mutuskeun sakabéh sasak hubungan anu masih aya antara anjeunna sareng kaum Whig.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 297–300; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 167.</ref> Kongrés nyobian deui ku cara ngahijikeun duanana janten hiji RUU; Tyler ngavétona deui, anu matak kuciwa seueur anggota Kongrés, nanging maranéhna gagal ngabatalkeun (override) éta véto. Kusabab diperyogikeun hiji tindakan nyata, kaum Whig di Kongrés, anu dipingpin ku pupuhu [[Komite Urusan Keuangan DPR]] [[Millard Fillmore]], ngesahkeun hiji RUU di masing-masing majelis (ngan béda hiji sora) anu mulangkeun tarif ka tingkat taun 1832 sarta ngeureunkeun program distribusi. Tyler nandatanganan [[Tarif 1842]] dina 30 Agustus, bari ngalakukeun [[véto saku]] (pocket veto) kana RUU anu misah kanggé mulangkeun program distribusi.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 103–08.</ref> ====Réformasi Kantor Béa Cukai New York==== Dina Méi 1841, Présidén Tyler nunjuk tilu warga sipil kanggé nalungtik dugaan ayana kacurangan ''(fraud)'' di Kantor Béa Cukai New York anu cenah lumangsung dina mangsa Présidén [[Martin Van Buren]]. Komisi ieu dipingpin ku [[George Poindexter]], urut gubernur sarta Sénator AS ti Mississippi. Ieu komisi hasil ngabongkar rupa-rupa kagiatan curang anu dilakukeun ku Jesse D. Hoyt, Kolektor New York dina mangsa Van Buren. Pamariksaan komisi ieu nimbulkeun kontrovérsi sareng Kongrés anu dikawasa ku Whig, anu nungtut hoyong ningali laporan panalungtikan sarta ngarasa ambek margi Tyler mayar éta komisi tanpa persetujuan Kongrés. Tyler ngaréspon sarta nyatakeun yén éta téh mangrupa kawajiban konstitusionalna kanggé nerapkeun hukum. Nalika laporan éta réngsé dina 29 April 1842, DPR ménta éta laporan, sarta Tyler nyumponan paménta kasebut. Laporan Poindexter tétéla matak éra pikeun Kolektor New York ti kaum Whig sarta ogé pikeun Hoyt. Pikeun ngawatesan kakuasaan Tyler, Kongrés ngesahkeun undang-undang anggaran anu nyatakeun yén présidén dilarang ngagunakeun dana kanggé para panalungtik (investigator) tanpa aya persetujuan ti Kongrés.{{sfn|Holt|1974|pages=62-63}} ====Petisi pamakzulan di DPR==== Teu lami saatos véto-véto tarif kasebut, kaum Whig di DPR (House of Representatives) ngamimitian prosés [[Pamakzulan féderal di Amérika Sarikat|pamakzulan]] (impeachment) munggaran ngalawan saurang présidén. Rasa teu resep Kongrés ka Tyler dumasar kana alesan véto-vétona; dugi ka mangsa jabatan musuh buyutan kaum Whig, Andrew Jackson, para présidén jarang pisan ngavéto RUU, sarta upami ngalakukeun ogé ngan dumasar kana alesan konstitusionalitas. Tindakan Tyler dianggap nentang otoritas Kongrés dina nangtukeun kawijakan.<ref>''The Presidents: A Reference History'', éditan Henry F. Graff, édisi ka-2 (1996), g. 115 (ésai ku Richard B. Latner).</ref>{{efn|Tyler parantos ngavéto total sapuluh RUU Kongrés, genep véto biasa sarta dua véto saku. Salaku babandingan, [[Andrew Jackson]], anu kacida dipikageuleuhna ku kaum Whig, ngavéto total dua belas RUU Kongrés, lima véto biasa sarta tujuh véto saku. [[Martin Van Buren]] ngan ukur sakali ngalakukeun véto saku ka hiji RUU.<ref>[[#Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate|Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate]]</ref>}} Anggota Kongrés [[John Botts]], anu nentang Tyler, ngajukeun résolusi pamakzulan dina 10 Juli 1842. Botts nepikeun salapan pasal pamakzulan resmi kanggé "kejahatan sarta palanggaran beurat" (high crimes and misdemeanors) ngalawan Tyler.<ref name="Holt 2021">[[#Holt (February/March 2021)|Holt (February/March 2021)]]</ref> Genep tina dakwaan kasebut patali sareng panyalahgunaan kakuasaan pulitik, sedengkeun tilu sanésna ngeunaan dugaan kalakuan nu teu pantes salami ngajabat.<ref name="Holt 2021"/> Salajengna, Botts ménta dibentukna komite salapan anggota kanggé nalungtik paripolah Tyler, kalayan harepan bakal aya rekomendasi pamakzulan resmi. Clay nganggap léngkah ieu teuing agrésif sarta langkung milih prosés anu langkung moderat nuju pamakzulan Tyler anu dianggapna "moal tiasa nyingkah". Résolusi Botts ditunda dugi ka Januari 1843 nalika éta usulan antukna ditolak ku sora 127 ngalawan 83.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 303; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 169.</ref> Hiji [[Komite husus (Kongrés Amérika Sarikat)|komite husus]] DPR anu dipingpin ku John Quincy Adams, saurang abolisionis fanatik anu teu resep ka juragan budak sapertos Tyler, ngutuk pamakéan véto ku Tyler sarta nyerang kapribadianana. Sanajan laporan komite éta henteu sacara resmi nyarankeun pamakzulan, laporan éta sacara jelas netepkeun ayana kamungkinan kasebut, sarta dina Agustus 1842 DPR ngarojong laporan komite éta. Adams ngusulkeun amandemen konstitusi kanggé ngarobah sarat dua per tilu sora di kadua majelis kanggé ngabatalkeun (override) véto janten saukur mayoritas basajan, nanging taya hiji ogé majelis anu nyatujuan éta usulan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 300–01; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 167–68.</ref> Kaum Whig teu tiasa neraskeun deui prosés pamakzulan dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-28]] salajengna—dina pamilihan taun 1842, maranéhna mertahankeun mayoritas di Sénat nanging kaleungitan kontrol di DPR. Dina dinten pinuh terakhir mangsa jabatan Tyler, 3 Maret 1845, Kongrés hasil ngabatalkeun vétona kana [[Undang-undang ngeunaan kapal béa cukai sarta kapal uap|hiji RUU leutik]] patali sareng [[Layanan Kapal Béa Cukai Amérika Sarikat]]—ieu mangrupa munggaranana dina sajarah Amérika hiji véto présidén hasil dibatalkeun ku Kongrés.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 283.</ref> Tyler sanés hartosna teu gaduh dukungan di Kongrés, kalebet ti rénjang sasama anggota Kongrés ti Virginia, [[Henry A. Wise]]. Sajumlah leutik anggota DPR, anu katelah "**Corporal's Guard**" (Penjaga Kopral), dipingpin ku Wise, terus ngarojong Tyler salami anjeunna pasea sareng kaum Whig. Salaku bales budi, Tyler nunjuk Wise janten Menteri AS ka Brasil dina taun 1844.{{sfn|Richards|2007|pages=35-36}} ===Urusan luar nagri=== Kasusah Tyler dina kawijakan jero nagri kontras pisan sareng pencapaianana dina kawijakan luar nagri. Anjeunna parantos lami janten pangrojong **[[ékspansionisme]]** nuju ka Pasifik sarta **[[perdagangan bébas]]**, sarta resep ngangkat téma ngeunaan takdir nasional sarta sumebarna kabébasan kanggé ngarojong kawijakan-kawijakan ieu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Berkin|first1=Carol| last2=Miller|first2=Christopher|last3=Cherny|first3=Robert|last4=Gormly|first4=James|title=Making America: A History of the United States|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-0-495-90979-8}}</ref> Posisi-posisi anjeunna sabagian ageung luyu sareng usaha-usaha Jackson sateuacanna kanggé ngamajukeun perdagangan Amérika di sakuliah Pasifik.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 41–43.</ref> Kusabab hayang pisan bersaing sareng Britania Raya di pasar internasional, anjeunna ngutus pengacara [[Caleb Cushing]] ka Tiongkok, dimana Cushing hasil negosiasi sarat-sarat dina **[[Perjangjian Wanghia]]** (1844).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 330–32; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 210–11.</ref> Dina taun anu sami, anjeunna ngutus [[Henry Wheaton]] salaku menteri ka [[Bérlin]], dimana Wheaton negosiasi sarta nandatanganan perjangjian dagang sareng ''[[Zollverein]]'', hiji koalisi nagara-nagara Jérman anu ngatur tarif. Ieu perjangjian ditolak ku kaum Whig, utamana salaku bentuk mumusuhan ka pamaréntahan Tyler. Tyler ogé ngajurung kana paningkatan kakuatan militer sarta hal ieu nampi pujian ti para pamingpin angkatan laut, anu ningali ayana paningkatan nyata dina jumlah kapal perang.<ref name=UoVTwo>"[http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5 John Tyler: Foreign Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207180531/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5|date=December 7, 2008}} dina [[#Freehling|Freehling]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> Dina pesen husus ka Kongrés taun 1842, Tyler ogé nerapkeun [[Doktrin Monroe]] ka Hawaii (anu dijulukan "**Doktrin Tyler**"),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4GVKXN8SWYC&pg=PA112|title=The Monroe Doctrine|isbn=978-1-4299-2928-8|last=Sexton|first=Jay|date=March 15, 2011|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux}}</ref> bari ngingetkeun Britania supados ulah pipilueun di dinya, sarta ngamimitian prosés anu antukna ngarah kana anéksasi Hawaii ku Amérika Sarikat ka payunna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 332–34; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 211.</ref> ====Florida==== Dina dinten pinuh terakhir Tyler ngajabat, nyaéta 3 Maret 1845, Florida resmi ditarima kana Uni salaku nagara bagian ka-27.<ref>"[http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler Key Events in the Presidency of John Tyler] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811193533/http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler|date=August 11, 2011}}" dina [[#Miller Center|Miller Center]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> ===Pemberontakan Dorr=== [[File:Thomas Wilson Dorr engraving.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Thomas Dorr]]]] Dina Méi 1842, nalika **[[Pemberontakan Dorr]]** di Rhode Island nuju muncak, Tyler mimbangkeun paménta gubernur sarta législatur kanggé ngirimkeun pasukan féderal guna mantuan numpes éta pemberontakan. Para pemberontak di handapeun pimpinan [[Thomas Wilson Dorr|Thomas Dorr]] parantos nyepeng sanjata sarta boga maksud kanggé nerapkeun konstitusi nagara bagian anu énggal. Sateuacan kajadian ieu, Rhode Island masih kénéh nuturkeun struktur konstitusional anu parantos ditetepkeun ti taun 1663. Tyler ngajurung sangkan kadua pihak tenang sarta nyarankeun ka gubernur supados ngalegaan hak pilih (franchise) sangkan kalolobaan lalaki tiasa méré sora. Tyler jangji yén upami bener-bener bitu pemberontakan di Rhode Island, anjeunna bakal ngagunakeun kakuatan kanggé mantuan pamaréntahan anu sah (Charter government). Anjeunna negeskeun yén bantuan féderal ngan bakal dipasihan kanggé numpes pemberontakan anu parantos lumangsung, sarta moal sayagi dugi ka ayana tindakan kekerasan. Saatos ngadangukeun laporan ti agén rusiahna, Tyler mutuskeun yén "kumpulan jalma anu ngalanggar hukum" éta parantos bubar, sarta anjeunna yakin kana "sumangat perdamaian sarta kaputusan anu tegas" tanpa kedah ngagunakeun kakuatan féderal. Para pemberontak kabur ti éta nagara bagian nalika milisi nagara bagian maju ka arah maranéhna, nanging éta kajadian ngabalukarkeun hak pilih anu langkung lega di Rhode Island.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 326–30.</ref> ===Urusan Indian=== Suku Seminole mangrupa urang Indian terakhir di Kidul anu kantos dipaksa nandatanganan perjangjian palsu dina taun 1833, anu ngarampas lahan-lahan maranéhna anu sésa. Di handapeun Kapala Suku [[Osceola]], suku Seminole salami dasawarsa nolak pamindahan sarta terus diganggu ku pasukan AS.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=146}} Tyler ngaréngsékeun **[[Perang Seminole Kadua]]** anu lami, getih, sarta teu manusiawi dina Méi 1842, ngaliwatan hiji pesen ka Kongrés. Tyler ogé ngungkabkeun minatna kana [[asimilasi budaya]] paksa ka [[Padumuk asli Amérika|urang Indian]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 330.</ref>{{sfn|McCormick|p=146|2002}} Dina Méi 1842, DPR nungtut ka Sekretaris Perang Présidén Tyler, [[John Canfield Spencer|John Spencer]], supados masrahkeun inpormasi ngeunaan panalungtikan Angkatan Darat AS kana pasalia dugaan kacurangan ka suku Cherokee. Dina sasih Juni, Tyler maréntahkeun Spencer supados ulah nyumponan éta paménta. Tyler, anu hak istiméwa éksékutifna (executive privilege) nuju diuji, negeskeun yén éta masalah téh sipatna ''[[ex parte]]'' sarta nentang kapentingan umum. DPR ngaréspon ku tilu résolusi, anu sabagian nyatakeun yén DPR miboga hak kanggé nungtut inpormasi ti kabinét Tyler. DPR ogé maréntahkeun perwira Angkatan Darat anu tanggung jawab kana éta panalungtikan supados masrahkeun inpormasina. Tyler henteu nyobian ngaréspon dugi ka Kongrés balik deui tina mangsa résés dina sasih Januari.{{sfn|Holt|1974|pages=63-64}} ===Administrasi sarta kabinét=== [[File:WHOportTyler.jpg|thumb|Potrét resmi Présidén Tyler karya [[George Peter Alexander Healy]], {{circa|1864}}]] {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet |align=right |Name=Tyler |source=<ref>[[#Miller Center|Miller Center]].</ref> |President=John Tyler |President start=1841 |President end=1845 |Vice President=''Teu aya'' |Vice President start=1841 |Vice President end=1845 |State=[[Daniel Webster]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |State start=1841 |State end=1843 |State 2=[[Abel P. Upshur]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |State start 2=1843 |State end 2=1844 |State 3=[[John C. Calhoun]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |State start 3=1844 |State end 3=1845 |Treasury=[[Thomas Ewing]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury date=1841 |Treasury 2=[[Walter Forward]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury start 2=1841 |Treasury end 2=1843 |Treasury 3=[[John Canfield Spencer]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury start 3=1843 |Treasury end 3=1844 |Treasury 4=[[George M. Bibb]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Treasury start 4=1844 |Treasury end 4=1845 |War=[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War date=1841 |War 2=[[John Canfield Spencer]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War start 2=1841 |War end 2=1843 |War 3=[[James Madison Porter]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War start 3=1843 |War end 3=1844 |War 4=[[William Wilkins (American politician)|William Wilkins]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |War start 4=1844 |War end 4=1845 |Justice=[[John J. Crittenden]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Justice date=1841 |Justice 2=[[Hugh S. Legaré]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Justice start 2=1841 |Justice end 2=1843 |Justice 3=[[John Nelson (lawyer)|John Nelson]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Justice start 3=1843 |Justice end 3=1845 |Post=[[Francis Granger]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Post date=1841 |Post 2=[[Charles A. Wickliffe]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Post start 2=1841 |Post end 2=1845 |Navy=[[George Edmund Badger]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Navy date=1841 |Navy 2=[[Abel P. Upshur]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Navy start 2=1841 |Navy end 2=1843 |Navy 3=[[David Henshaw (American politician)|David Henshaw]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy start 3=1843 |Navy end 3=1844 |Navy 4=[[Thomas Walker Gilmer]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy date 4=1844 |Navy 5=[[John Y. Mason]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy start 5=1844 |Navy end 5=1845 }} Papaséaan antara Tyler sarta kaum Whig di Kongrés ngabalukarkeun sajumlah calon kabinétna ditolak. Anjeunna nampi sakedik pisan dukungan ti kaum Démokrat, sarta tanpa dukungan kuat ti salah sahiji partéy utama di Kongrés, sajumlah nominasina ditolak tanpa maut deuleu kana kualifikasi si calon. Harita, mangrupa hal anu tacan kantos lumangsung ayana panolakan ka calon-calon kabinét présidén (sanajan dina taun 1809, [[James Madison]] kantos nahan nominasi [[Albert Gallatin]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara alatan ayana oposisi di Sénat). Opat tina calon kabinét Tyler ditolak ku Sénat, jumlah panglobana dibandingkeun présidén sanésna. Maranéhna nyaéta [[Caleb Cushing]] (Keuangan), [[David Henshaw (American politician)|David Henshaw]] (Angkatan Laut), [[James Madison Porter|James Porter]] (Perang), sarta [[James S. Green (attorney)|James S. Green]] (Keuangan). Henshaw sarta Porter kantos ngajabat salaku pajabat samentara (recess appointees) sateuacan maranéhna ditolak. Tyler sababaraha kali nyalonkeun deui Cushing, anu antukna ditolak nepi ka tilu kali dina sapoé, nyaéta 3 Maret 1843, dinten pamungkas [[Kongrés ka-27]].<ref name="senate.gov"/> Teu aya deui nominasi kabinét anu gagal saatos mangsa jabatan Tyler dugi ka nominasi [[Henry Stanbery]] salaku Jaksa Agung ditolak ku Sénat dina taun 1868.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate|first=Joseph Pratt|last=Harris|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press|year=1953|pages=48, 66|oclc= 499448}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Pangangkatan yudisial=== {{main|Daptar hakim féderal anu diangkat ku John Tyler}} {| class="floatright" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa;" |+ Pangangkatan Yudisial<ref name="SCOTUSnom" /><ref name="FedJudges" /> |- ! scope="col" | Pangadilan ! scope="col" | Nami ! scope="col" | Mangsa Jabatan |- ! style="background:#000;" colspan="3" | |- | [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat|U.S.S.C.]] ! [[Samuel Nelson]] | {{abbr|1845–1872|14 Pébruari 1845 – 28 Nopémber 1872}} |- ! style="background:#D1D1D1;" colspan="3" | |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Virginia|E.D. Va.]] ! [[James Dandridge Halyburton]] | {{abbr|1844–1861|15 Juni 1844 – 24 April 1861}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Indiana|D. Ind.]] ! [[Elisha Mills Huntington]] | {{abbr|1842–1862|2 Méi 1842 – 10 Oktober 1862}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Louisiana|E.D. La.]]<br />[[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Kulon Louisiana|W.D. La.]]<ref group="lower-alpha">McCaleb ditugaskeun salaku hakim kanggé Distrik Wétan sarta Kulon Louisiana, hiji prakték umum dina mangsa harita.</ref> ! [[Theodore Howard McCaleb]] | {{abbr|1841–1861|3 Séptémber 1841 – 28 Januari 1861}}<ref group="lower-alpha">Dina 13 Pébruari 1845, dua distrik di Louisiana dihijikeun; McCaleb janten hakim di éta pangadilan dumasar [[aturan hukum]]; dina 3 Maret 1849, distrikna dipisah deui, sarta McCaleb ditugaskeun di Distrik Wétan wungkul.</ref> |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Vermont|D. Vt.]] ! [[Samuel Prentiss]] | {{abbr|1842–1857|8 April 1842 – 15 Januari 1857}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]] ! [[Archibald Randall]] | {{abbr|1842–1846|8 Maret 1842 – 8 Juni 1846}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Massachusetts|D. Mass.]] ! [[Peleg Sprague (politisi Maine)|Peleg Sprague]] | {{abbr|1841–1865|16 Juli 1841 – 13 Maret 1865}} |} Aya dua kakosongan dina Mahkamah Agung salami mangsa jabatan Tyler, nalika Hakim [[Smith Thompson]] sarta [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]] pupus, masing-masing dina taun 1843 sarta 1844. Tyler, anu terus-terusan papaséaan sareng Kongrés—kalebet Sénat anu dikawasa ku Whig—nyalonkeun sababaraha urang ka Mahkamah Agung kanggé ngeusian éta korsi. Nanging, Sénat sacara berturut-turut milih kanggé nolak konfirmasi [[John C. Spencer]], [[Reuben Walworth]], [[Edward King (jurist)|Edward King]] sarta [[John M. Read]] (Walworth ditolak nepi ka tilu kali, King ditolak dua kali). Salah sahiji alesan anu disebutkeun nyaéta harepan Sénat yén Clay bakal ngeusian éta kakosongan saatos meunang dina pamilihan présidén 1844.<ref name="senate.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Nominations.htm |title=Powers and Procedures: Nominations |work=Origins & Development of the United States Senate |publisher=[[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] |access-date=1 Juni 2014}}</ref> Opat calon Tyler anu gagal mangrupa jumlah panglobana anu kantos dialaman ku saurang présidén.<ref name="SCOTUSnom" /> Antukna, dina Pébruari 1845, kurang ti sabulan sateuacan mangsa jabatanna béak, nominasi Tyler pikeun [[Samuel Nelson]] dina korsi Thompson hasil dikonfirmasi ku Sénat—Nelson, saurang Démokrat, miboga reputasi salaku ahli hukum anu taliti sarta henteu kontrovérsial. Sanajan kitu, konfirmasina dianggap mangrupa hiji kejutan. Korsi Baldwin tetep kosong dugi ka calon ti [[James K. Polk]], nyaéta [[Robert Cooper Grier]], dikonfirmasi dina taun 1846.<ref name="SCOTUSnom">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present–1789 |work=United States Senate Reference |access-date=27 April 2014|publisher=[[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]]}}</ref> Tyler ngan ukur tiasa nunjuk genep hakim féderal sanésna, sakabéhna kanggé [[Pangadilan distrik Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="FedJudges">{{cite web |url=http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges.html |work=History of the Federal Judiciary |access-date=27 April 2014|title=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges |publisher=[[Federal Judicial Center]]}}</ref> ===Anéksasi Téxas=== {{See also|Anéksasi Téxas}} Tyler ngajadikeun anéksasi **[[Républik Téxas]]** salaku bagian tina agénda utamana teu lami saatos janten présidén. Tyler terang yén anjeunna téh présidén tanpa partéy, sarta anjeunna miboga kawani kanggé nangtang para pamingpin partéy sapertos Clay sarta Van Buren, tanpa paduli kumaha pangaruh anéksasi Téxas ka kaum Whig atanapi Démokrat.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=147}} Téxas parantos nyatakeun kamerdékaanana ti [[Méksiko]] dina [[Révolusi Téxas]] taun 1836, sanajan Méksiko masih kénéh nolak ngaku kana kedaulatanana. Rahayat Téxas sacara aktip nyobian gabung ka Uni (AS), nanging Jackson sarta Van Buren mimitina horéam margi sieun nyulut tegangan ngeunaan masalah perbudakan ku cara nambihan nagara bagian Kidul sanésna. Sanajan Tyler boga maksud ngajadikeun anéksasi salaku titik fokus pamaréntahanana, Sekretaris Webster nentang hal éta, sarta ngayakinkeun Tyler kanggé konséntrasi kana inisiatif Pasifik dugi ka ahir mangsa jabatanna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 176–78.</ref> Kahoyong Tyler kanggé ékspansionisme ka kulon diaku ku para sajarawan, nanging pandangan maranéhna béda-béda ngeunaan motivasi di balikna. Biografer Edward C. Crapol nyatet yén salila mangsa présidén [[James Monroe]], Tyler (harita di DPR) kantos nyebatkeun yén perbudakan téh mangrupa "mega poék" anu ngagantung di luhur Uni, sarta bakal "saé upami éta mega téh dibuyarkeun" sangkan ku sakedikna urang hideung di nagara bagian lami, prosés émansipasi bertahap tiasa dimimitian di Virginia sarta nagara bagian Kidul luhur sanésna.<ref>Crapol, 2006, p. 5: "Solusi Tyler nyaéta ékspansi perbudakan anu langkung lega sarta pangakuan Missouri salaku nagara bagian perbudakan. Anjeunna ningali ékspansi wilayah salaku cara kanggé ngipiskeun sarta nyebarkeun populasi budak."</ref> Nanging, sajarawan [[William W. Freehling]] nyerat yén motivasi resmi Tyler dina nganéksasi Téxas nyaéta kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha-usaha [[Britania Raya]] anu dicurigai nuju ngamajukeun émansipasi budak di Téxas, anu tiasa ngalemahkeun institusi perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat.<ref>Freehling, 1991, p. 398: "Tyler sarta [Sekretaris Nagara] Upshur milih anéksasi ngan saatos aya parobahan parleménter anu mastikeun... yén Inggris parantos 'sacara sungguh-sungguh' neken Méksiko supados neken Téxas nuju ka abolisi [penghapusan perbudakan]."</ref> ====Usaha-usaha awal==== [[File:United States 1842-1845-03.png|thumb|alt=Peta sajarah AS, 1843. Kalolobaan nagara bagian wétan parantos kabentuk, samentawis bagian kulon masih dibagi-bagi janten wilayah téritori. Méksiko sarta Républik Téxas miboga wates anu masih sengketa.|Wates-wates Amérika Sarikat sarta nagara-nagara tatangga sakumaha anu katingal dina taun 1843. [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] parantos ngaresmikeun wates [[Maine]] di timur laut, samentawis [[Républik Téxas]] di barat daya miboga wates anu masih dipaséakeun sareng [[Méksiko]].]] Dina awal taun 1843, saatos ngaréngsékeun perjangjian Webster–Ashburton sarta usaha diplomatik sanésna, Tyler ngarasa siap kanggé ngudag Téxas. Kusabab ayeuna teu gaduh basis partéy, anjeunna ningali anéksasi Téxas salaku hiji-hijina jalan nuju pamilihan mandiri dina taun 1844. Pikeun munggaranana dina karirna, anjeunna kersa maén "**political hardball**" (pulitik kasar/tegas) kanggé ngawujudkeunana. Salaku [[balon percobaan]] (trial balloon), anjeunna ngutus sekutuna [[Thomas Walker Gilmer]], harita anggota DPR AS ti Virginia, kanggé nyebarkeun surat anu ngabéla anéksasi, anu tétéla ditarima kalayan saé. Sanajan hubunganana sareng Webster suksés, Tyler terang yén anjeunna peryogi Sekretaris Nagara anu ngarojong inisiatif Téxas. Saatos padamelan perjangjian Britania réngsé, anjeunna maksa Webster mundur sarta masang [[Hugh S. Legaré]] ti South Carolina salaku gaganti samentara.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 180–83, 186.</ref> Kalayan bantosan Sekretaris Keuangan anu nembé diangkat, [[John C. Spencer]], Tyler "ngaberesihan" sajumlah pajabat sarta ngagentos maranéhna ku para pangrojong anéksasi, hiji parobahan sikep tina pandangan sateuacanna anu nentang sistim patronase. Anjeunna ménta bantosan pangatur pulitik [[Michael Walsh (politisi New York)|Michael Walsh]] kanggé ngawangun [[mesin pulitik]] di New York. Salaku imbalan kanggé jabatan [[Menteri Amérika Sarikat ka Hawaii|konsul ka Hawaii]], wartawan [[Alexander G. Abell]] nyerat biografi anu muji-muji, ''Life of John Tyler'', anu dicitak dina jumlah ageung sarta dipasrahkeun ka para kapala pos kanggé disebarkeun.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 183–85.</ref> Dina usaha ngoméan citra publikna, Tyler ngayakeun tur ka sakuliah nagara dina musim semi taun 1843. Pangbagéa anu positip ti masarakat dina acara-acara ieu kontras pisan sareng dikucilkeunana anjeunna di Washington. Éta tur museur kana peresmian **[[Monumén Bunker Hill]]** di Boston, Massachusetts. Teu lami saatos peresmian, Tyler nampi béja yén Legaré pupus ngadadak, anu matak ngaganggu suasana hajatan sarta nyababkeun anjeunna ngabolatkeun sésa turna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 185–94.</ref> Tyler nunjuk [[Abel P. Upshur]], saurang [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] anu populér sarta panaséhat caketna, salaku Sekretaris Nagara énggal, sarta nyalonkeun Gilmer kanggé ngeusian jabatan lami Upshur. Tyler sarta Upshur mimiti ngayakeun negosiasi rusiah sareng pamaréntahan Téxas, bari jangji bakal masihan perlindungan militer ti Méksiko salaku imbalan kanggé komitmen anéksasi. Karusiah ieu diperyogikeun margi Konstitusi merlukeun persetujuan Kongrés kanggé komitmen militer sapertos kitu. Upshur nyebarkeun gosip ngeunaan kamungkinan rencana Britania ka Téxas kanggé milarian dukungan ti para pamilih di Kalér, anu harita masih waspada kanggé nampi nagara bagian perbudakan anu anyar.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 194–97.</ref> Dina Januari 1844, Upshur nyarios ka pamaréntahan Téxas yén anjeunna parantos mendakan mayoritas ageung sénator anu satuju kana perjangjian anéksasi. Républik Téxas tetep mamang, sarta finalisasi perjangjian nembé réngsé dina ahir bulan Pébruari.<ref name="Crapolpp">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 202–10.</ref> ====Musibah USS ''Princeton''==== {{See also|Musibah USS Princeton 1844}} [[File:Explosion aboard USS Princeton.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ilustrasi sajarah bituna mariem Princeton, kalayan puluhan tamu di luhur kapal. Tulisanana unina "Bituna Peace-Maker anu matak ngeri di luhur kapal uap frégat AS Princeton".|Litograf musibah ''Princeton'' (1844)]] Hiji pelayaran seremonial nyusur Walungan Potomac dilaksanakeun di luhur kapal {{USS|Princeton|1843|6}} anu nembé réngsé diwangun dina 28 Pébruari 1844, sapoé saatos perjangjian anéksasi réngsé disusun. Di luhur kapal aya 400 tamu, kalebet Tyler sarta kabinétna, ogé mariem laut pangbadagna di dunya harita, "Peacemaker". Éta mariem ditembakkeun sababaraha kali dina waktu soré kalayan dipirig ku rasa bungah para tamu, anu saterusna lungsur ka handap kanggé ngayakeun ''toast'' (nginum babarengan). Sababaraha jam ti harita, Kaptén [[Robert F. Stockton]] dibujuk ku balaréa kanggé némbakkeun sakali deui. Nalika para tamu maraju ka dék luhur, Tyler eureun sakedap kanggé ningali minantuna, William Waller, nuju ngawih.<ref name="Princeton">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 207–09; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 204–06.</ref> Sakedapan, sora bitu ngageleger ti luhur: mariemna ruksak parah (malfunction). Tyler salamet margi masih kénéh aya di dék handap, nanging sajumlah jalma sanésna tiwas saketika, kalebet anggota kabinét anu krusial kanggé anjeunna, nyaéta Gilmer sarta Upshur. Nu sanésna anu tiwas atanapi tatu parah nyaéta [[Virgil Maxcy]] ti Maryland, anggota DPR [[David Gardiner (politisi)|David Gardiner]] ti New York, Komodor [[Beverley Kennon]], Kapala Konstruksi [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]], sarta Armistead, saurang budak hideung sarta palayan pribadi Tyler. Pupusna David Gardiner matak nyéréséh haté putrana, [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia]], anu kapiuhan sarta dipangku ka tempat aman ku présidén nyalira.<ref name="Princeton" /> Julia engkéna pulih tina rasa duka sarta nikah sareng Tyler dina 26 Juni.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 208.</ref> Kanggé Tyler, harepan kanggé ngaréngsékeun rencana Téxas sateuacan Nopémber (sarta harepan kanggé kapilih deui) langsung sirna. Sajarawan Edward P. Crapol engkéna nyerat yén "Sateuacan Perang Sipil sarta pembunuhan Abraham Lincoln", musibah ''Princeton'' téh "tanpa ragu mangrupa tragédi pangparahna sarta paling ngalemahkeun anu kantos disanghareupan ku saurang Présidén Amérika Sarikat".<ref name="Crapolpp" /> ====Masalah ratifikasi==== [[File:Uncle Sam and his servants.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kartun pulitik sajarah. Tulisanana unina "Mamang Sam sarta para palayanna."|Hiji sindiran anti-Tyler anu ngalunikeun usahana kanggé ménta mangsa jabatan kadua. Tyler nyurung panto kanggé nutup jalan lawanna sapertos Clay, Polk, Calhoun, sarta Jackson, samentawis [[Mamang Sam]] nungtut supados anjeunna ngantepkeun Clay lebet.]] Dina naon anu dianggap ku **[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]** salaku "kasalahan taktis serius anu ngancurkeun skéma [kanggé ngawangun citra pulitikna]",<ref name=UoVThree>"[http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4 John Tyler: Domestic Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127000903/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4 |date=27 Nopémber 2010 }}" dina [[#Miller Center|Miller Center]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> Tyler nunjuk urut Wakil Présidén [[John C. Calhoun]] dina awal Maret 1844 salaku Sekretaris Nagara énggalna. Rénjang caket Tyler, Perwakilan Virginia [[Henry A. Wise]], nyerat yén saatos musibah ''Princeton'', Wise ku karep sorangan nawarkeun éta jabatan ka Calhoun salaku utusan présidén, sarta Calhoun nampi. Nalika Wise ngawartosan Tyler ngeunaan naon anu parantos dilakukeunana, présidén ambek nanging ngarasa yén éta tindakan parantos kasep kanggé dibolaykeun. Calhoun mangrupa tokoh utama anu ngarojong perbudakan, sarta usaha-usahana kanggé ngaluluskeun perjangjian anéksasi antukna ditentang ku kaum abolisionis. Nalika téks perjangjian bocor ka publik, hal ieu nampi oposisi pulitik ti kaum Whig, anu nolak naon waé anu tiasa ningkatkeun status Tyler, ogé ti musuh-musuh perbudakan sarta jalma-jalma anu sieun ku konfrontasi sareng Méksiko. Méksiko parantos ngumumkeun yén maranéhna bakal nganggap anéksasi salaku tindakan mumusuhan ti Amérika Sarikat. Boh Clay sarta Van Buren, calon kuat ti Whig sarta Démokrat, mutuskeun dina hiji rapat pribadi di bumi Van Buren kanggé nolak anéksasi.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 212–17.</ref> Kusabab terang hal ieu, Tyler ngarasa pesimis nalika anjeunna ngirimkeun éta perjangjian ka Sénat kanggé diratifikasi dina April 1844.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 218.</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Calhoun ngirimkeun hiji surat kontrovérsial anu ngawartosan menteri Britania kanggé AS yén motivasi anéksasi Téxas téh nyaéta kanggé ngajaga perbudakan Amérika tina campur tangan Britania. Éta surat ogé ngaklaim yén budak di Kidul hirupna langkung saé dibandingkeun urang hideung bébas di Kalér sarta pagawé bodas di Inggris.{{sfn|White|2016|p=53}} ===Pamilihan 1844=== {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1844}} {{further|Partéy Tyler}} Saatos Tyler papisah sareng kaum Whig dina taun 1841, anjeunna nyobian uih deui ka partéy lami na, Démokrat, nanging para anggotana, utamana para pangikut Van Buren, henteu siap nampi anjeunna. Nalika pamilihan taun 1844 beuki caket, Van Buren katingalina parantos ngonci nominasi Démokrat, samentawis Clay parantos pasti janten calon ti Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} Kalayan sakedik pisan lolongkrang kanggé kapilih, hiji-hijina cara kanggé nyalametkeun warisan présidénna nyaéta ku cara ngancam bakal maju janten présidén sarta maksa publik kanggé nampi anéksasi Téxas.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} Tyler ngagunakeun kakuatan patronase présidénna anu kacida lega,{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} sarta ngabentuk partéy katilu, nyaéta **[[Partéy Tyler]]**, kalayan ngagunakeun para pajabat sarta jaringan pulitik anu parantos diwangun ku anjeunna salami sataun sateuacanna. Sababaraha surat kabar anu ngarojong di sakuliah nagara ngaluarkeun tajuk rencana anu ngamajukeun pencalonanana salami bulan-bulan awal taun 1844. Laporan tina rapat-rapat anu diayakeun di sakuliah nagara nembongkeun yén dukungan kanggé présidén henteu ngan kawates ka para pajabat wungkul, sakumaha anu sering dianggap ku jalma réa. Pas pisan nalika Partéy Démokrat ngayakeun konvénsi nominasi présidén di Baltimore, Maryland, para pangrojong Tyler ogé ngayakeun acara di kota anu sami kalayan mawa poster bertuliskeun "**Tyler and Texas!**" (Tyler sarta Téxas!). Kalayan sumangat sarta énergi anu luhur, maranéhna masihan nominasi ka Tyler. Partéyna sacara resmi nyalonkeun Tyler kanggé korsi présidén dina 27 Méi 1844.<ref name="auto">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 218; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 228–29.</ref> Nanging, partéy Tyler ieu organisasina rada logor, gagal nyalonkeun wakil présidén, sarta teu gaduh platform anu jelas.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=148-149}} Kaum Démokrat biasa antukna kapaksa ngasupkeun anéksasi Téxas kana platform maranéhna, nanging aya pertempuran sengit kanggé nominasi présidén. Dina sababaraha kali sora (ballot), Van Buren gagal kéngingkeun mayoritas mutlak sora Démokrat, sarta lalaunan posisina turun dina réngking. Kakara dina sora kasalapan, kaum Démokrat ngalihkeun perhatian ka **[[James K. Polk]]**, saurang calon anu kurang kawentar nanging ngarojong anéksasi. Maranéhna nganggap Polk kacida cocogna sareng platform partéy, sarta anjeunna dicalonkeun kalayan dua per tilu sora. Tyler ngarasa usahana parantos kabuktian bener (vindicated), sarta dina surat panampianana anjeunna nyatakeun yén anéksasi mangrupa prioritas utamana tinimbang kapilih deui janten présidén.<ref name="auto"/> Dina musim semi taun 1844, Tyler maréntahkeun Sekretaris Nagara [[John C. Calhoun]] kanggé ngamimitian negosiasi sareng présidén Téxas, [[Sam Houston]], kanggé anéksasi Téxas. Pikeun nguatkeun posisi anéksasi sarta ngajaga Méksiko supados teu campur tangan, Tyler kalayan wanian maréntahkeun Angkatan Darat AS nuju ka wates Téxas di Louisiana kulon. Anjeunna kacida ngarojongna kana anéksasi Téxas.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=35}}{{sfn|Brands|2012|p=17}} ====Pencapaian anéksasi==== Tyler teu galéong nalika Sénat anu dikawasa ku Whig nolak perjangjianana ku sora 16–35 dina Juni 1844; anjeunna ngarasa yén anéksasi ayeuna bisa kahontal ngaliwatan résolusi gabungan tinimbang perjangjian, sarta ngajukeun paménta éta ka Kongrés. Mantan Présidén Andrew Jackson, pangrojong kuat anéksasi, ngayakinkeun Polk kanggé nampi deui Tyler ka Partéy Démokrat sarta maréntahkeun para éditor Démokrat kanggé ngeureunkeun serangan ka anjeunna. Sugema ku kamekaran ieu, Tyler mundur tina saimbara dina sasih Agustus sarta ngarojong Polk kanggé korsi présidén. Kameunangan tipis Polk ngalawan Clay dina pamilihan Nopémber dianggap ku administrasi Tyler salaku hiji [[mandat (pulitik)|mandat]] kanggé ngaréngsékeun résolusi kasebut. Tyler ngumumkeun dina pesen taunan ka Kongrés yén "mayoritas rahayat sarta sabagéan ageung nagara bagian parantos nyatakeun satuju kana anéksasi saénggalna".<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 218–220; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 236–241, 246.</ref> Dina 26 Pébruari 1845, résolusi gabungan anu diperjuangkeun pisan ku Tyler, salaku présidén **[[lame-duck]]** (anu téréh béak mangsa jabatanana), lulus di Kongrés.{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=39}} DPR nyatujuan résolusi gabungan anu nawarkeun anéksasi ka Téxas kalayan selisih sora anu cukup ageung, sarta Sénat nyatujuanana ku mayoritas tipis 27–25. Dina dinten terakhirna ngajabat, 3 Maret 1845, Tyler nandatanganan éta RUU janten undang-undang.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 220; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 282–283.</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=38}} Teu lami saatosna, Méksiko mutuskeun hubungan diplomatik sareng AS, nyiapkeun kakuatan perang, sarta ngan bakal ngaku Téxas upami Téxas tetep merdéka.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=38}}{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=39}} Nanging, saatos sababaraha debat, Téxas nampi sarat-sarat kasebut sarta asup ka Uni dina 29 Désémber 1845 salaku nagara bagian ka-28.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States, December 29, 1845|access-date=May 14, 2014|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texan04.asp|publisher=[[Yale Law School]]}}</ref> ==Pasca-kapersidénan (1845–1862)== [[File:John Tyler (cropped 3x4) (cropped)(2).png|thumb|Tyler dina mangsa sepuhna; {{circa}} 1860–1862]] [[File:Tyler Daguerreotype (restoration).jpg|thumb|Tyler dina mangsa sepuhna; {{circa}} 1861]] Tyler ninggalkan Washington kalayan kapercayaan yén Présidén Polk anu nembé dilantik miboga kapentingan anu pangsaéna kanggé nagara.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Tyler pangsiun ka hiji **[[perkebunan]]** di Virginia, anu asalna namina Walnut Grove (atanapi "the Grove"), anu aya dina sisi [[Walungan James]] di Charles City County. Anjeunna ngagentos namina janten **[[Perkebunan Sherwood Forest]]**, dumasar kana legenda rahayat [[Robin Hood]], kanggé nandakeun yén anjeunna parantos dianggap "di luar hukum" (outlawed) ku Partéy Whig.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 408–410; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 179–180.</ref> Anjeunna henteu sagawayah dina urusan tatanén sarta digawé capé kanggé ngajaga hasil panén anu luhur.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 414–415.</ref> Tatanggana, anu kalolobaanana urang Whig, nunjuk anjeunna ka jabatan leutik salaku pangawas jalan dina taun 1847 kalayan maksud kanggé ngalunikeun anjeunna. Nanging, anu matak kuciwa maranéhna, Tyler migawé éta jabatan sacara serius, sering manggil tatanggana supados ngirimkeun budak-budak maranéhna kanggé damel jalan, sarta tetep keukeuh ngalaksanakeun tugasna sanajan tatanggana parantos ménta supados anjeunna ngeureunkeunana.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 413; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 390–391.</ref> Mantan présidén ieu ngagunakeun waktuna sakumaha biasa kabiasaan **[[kulawarga terpandang di Virginia]]**, ngayakeun pésta, nganjang atanapi didatangan ku bangsawan sanésna, sarta ngalangkungkeun usum panas di bumi sisi laut kulawarga, "Villa Margaret".<ref name="kleber703">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 703.</ref> Dina taun 1852, Tyler kalayan bungah ngagabung deui kana jajaran Partéy Démokrat Virginia sarta saprak harita terus merhatoskeun urusan pulitik.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Nanging, Tyler jarang didatangan ku mantan sakutuna sarta henteu ditéang salaku panaséhat. Sakali-kali dipénta kanggé masihan biantara publik, Tyler nyarios nalika peresmian monumén kanggé Henry Clay. Anjeunna ngaku kana pertempuran pulitik maranéhna nanging muji pisan ka mantan batur sapawonanna éta, anu parantos dikagum ku anjeunna margi hasil nyiptakeun Tarif Kompromi 1833.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 423–425.</ref> Dina ambang **[[Perang Sipil Amérika]]**, Tyler uih deui ka dunya publik salaku sponsor sarta pupuhu **[[Konvénsi Perdamaian Virginia 1861]]**, anu diayakeun di Washington, D.C., dina Pébruari 1861 salaku usaha kanggé nyegah perang. Éta konvénsi nyobian milarian kompromi kanggé nyingkahan perang sipil sanajan harita [[Konstitusi Nagara Konfédérasi]] nuju disusun di [[Konvénsi Montgomery]]. Nalika usulan konvénsi éta ditolak ku Kongrés, Tyler kaleungitan harepan kana kompromi sarta ningali sésési (misahkeun diri) salaku hiji-hijina pilihan, bari ngaramalkeun yén papisahan bersih sakabéh nagara bagian Kidul moal ngabalukarkeun perang.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 435–447; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 449–461.</ref> Nalika perang antukna bitu, Tyler tanpa mamang milih mihak ka Virginia, anu antukna ngagabung ka Konfédérasi; mantan présidén Amérika ieu dikirim salaku utusan ka **[[Kongrés Konfédérasi Samentara]]**. Julia Tyler janten pangrojong kuat gerakan Kidul sanajan anjeunna lahir di Kalér. Salakina kapilih janten anggota **[[DPR Konfédérasi]]**. Dina 5 Januari 1862, anjeunna angkat ka ibukota Konfédérasi, Richmond, kanggé ngamimitian tugasna di kongrés, nanging anjeunna henteu kabujeng ningali sidang pambuka.<ref name = "kleber703" /><ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 460–464; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 469.</ref> ===Pupusna=== [[File:John Tyler's grave.JPG|upright|thumb|right|alt=Hiji obelisk ageung di pamakaman, kalayan patung dada Tyler, sarta kandang beusi hideung katingal sawaréh di tukangeunana.|Hiji obelisk nandaan makam Tyler di [[Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)|Pamakaman Hollywood]].]] Salami hirupna, Tyler sering ngalaman kaséhatan anu kurang saé. Nalika anjeunna beuki sepuh, anjeunna beuki sering katarajang salesma salami usum tiris. Dina 12 Januari 1862, saatos ngaluhunkeun muriang sarta lieur, anjeunna utah sarta kapiuhan. Sanajan parantos dimumulé, kaséhatanana teu nembongkeun kamajuan, sarta anjeunna ngarencanakeun kanggé mulang ka Sherwood Forest dina tanggal 18. Nalika anjeunna ngedeng di ranjang dina wengi sateuacan mulang, anjeunna mimiti ngarasa eungap, sarta Julia gagancangan manggil dokter. Teu lami saatos tengah wengi, Tyler ngaleueut sakedik [[brandy]], sarta nyarios ka dokterna, "Dokter, sim kuring badé angkat," anu diwaler ku dokterna, "Mugi ulah kitu, Juragan."<ref name=":0" /> Tyler saterusna nyarios, "Mungkin ieu anu pangsaéna."<ref name=":0">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 469–71.</ref> Tyler pupus di kamarna di Hotél Exchange di Richmond teu lami ti harita, kamungkinan ageung alatan stroke. Anjeunna yuswa 71 taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=605|title=Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease (John Tyler)|last1=Jones|first1=Jeffrey M.|last2=Jones|first2=Joni L.|work=Journal CMEs|publisher=CNS Spectrums (The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine)|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Tyler, 10th United States President, dies in his hotel room in Richmond, Virginia, aged 71 {{!}} House Divided |url=https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/38575 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu}}</ref> Pupusna Tyler mangrupa hiji-hijina dina sajarah kapersidénan anu henteu diaku sacara resmi di Washington, alatan kasatiaanana ka **[[Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika]]**. Anjeunna sabenerna ménta pamakaman anu basajan, nanging Présidén Konfédérasi **[[Jefferson Davis]]** ngarancang hiji upacara pamakaman anu megah sarta boga muatan pulitik, kalayan nembongkeun Tyler salaku pahlawan kanggé éta nagara anyar. Luyu jeung hal éta, dina upacara pamakamanana, peti mati présidén ka-10 Amérika Sarikat éta ditutupan ku **[[Bandéra Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika|bandéra Konfédérasi]]**; anjeunna tetep janten hiji-hijina présidén AS anu kantos dimakamkeun di handapeun bandéra anu sanés bandéra Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="Seager" /> Tyler katingal langkung satia ka Virginia sarta prinsip-prinsip pribadina tinimbang ka Uni dimana anjeunna kantos janten présidénna.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Tyler dimakamkeun di **[[Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)|Pamakaman Hollywood]]** di Richmond, Virginia, deukeut jeung **[[Makam James Monroe|makam]]** Présidén [[James Monroe]].<ref name="Seager">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 472.</ref> Saprak harita, namina diabadikeun janten nami sababaraha lokasi di AS, kalebet kota **[[Tyler, Texas]]**, anu dingaranan dumasar nami anjeunna alatan peranna dina anéksasi Téxas.<ref name="cityoftyler">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |title=Tyler Texas – History |access-date=27 April 2014 |publisher=[[Tyler, Texas|Kota Tyler, Téxas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427233545/http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |archive-date=27 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331071700/http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |date=March 31, 2019 }}</ref> ==Reputasi sajarah sarta warisan== {{Main|Daptar mémorial kanggé John Tyler}} Jabatan présidén Tyler parantos ngabalukarkeun réspon anu kacida pipaséaanana di kalangan koméntator pulitik. Tyler umumna dianggap kurang saé ku para sajarawan; Edward P. Crapol ngamimitian biografi anjeunna, ''John Tyler, the Accidental President'' (2006) ku nyatet: "Biografer sarta sajarawan sanésna parantos ngabantah yén John Tyler mangrupa saurang pupuhu éksékutif anu apes sarta teu mampuh, anu kapersidénanana cacad parah."<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 2–3.</ref> Dina ''The Republican Vision of John Tyler'' (2003), Dan Monroe niténan yén mangsa kapersidénan Tyler "umumna diréngkingkeun salaku salah sahiji anu pangkurangna suksés".<ref>[[#Monroe|Monroe]], p. 3.</ref> Seager nyerat yén Tyler "lain présidén anu hébat ogé lain intelektual anu hébat", bari nambahan yén sanajan aya sababaraha pencapaian, "pamaréntahanana parantos sarta kedah dianggap salaku anu gagal dumasar kana ukuran modern naon waé".<ref name="legacy" /> Hiji survéy sajarawan anu dilaksanakeun ku [[C-SPAN]] dina taun 2021 nempatkeun Tyler dina réngking ka-39 tina 44 lalaki anu kantos nyepeng éta jabatan.<ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall Presidential Historians Survey 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings], C-SPAN.</ref> Dina taun 2002, nolak tren évaluasi sajarah anu goréng ngeunaan kapersidénan Tyler, sajarawan [[Richard P. McCormick]] nyebutkeun yén "[sabalikna] tina kamandang anu ditarima umum, John Tyler mangrupa Présidén anu kuat. Anjeunna netepkeun précedén yén wakil présidén, nalika ngagantikeun korsi présidén, kedah janten présidén (anu sah). Anjeunna miboga gagasan anu pengkuh ngeunaan kawijakan publik, sarta anjeunna leuwih ngagunakeun ''otoritas'' pinuh tina jabatanna." McCormick nyebatkeun yén Tyler "ngajalankeun pamaréntahanana kalayan martabat sarta éféktivitas anu cukup hadé."{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=149}} [[File:John Tyler 1938 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Prangko sapuluh sén sajarah kalayan profil Tyler|Tyler dina prangko AS, [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat dina prangko AS|Édisi 1938]]]] Tindakan Tyler anu nyepeng kakawasaan présidén sacara lengkep "netepkeun précedén anu kacida pentingna", dumasar kana skétsa biografi ku **[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]** Universitas Virginia.<ref name="legacy"/> Sikepna anu suksés negeskeun yén anjeunna téh présidén, sanés ngan saukur pangurus samentara atanapi pelaksana tugas présidén, janten modél kanggé suksési tujuh wakil présidén sanésna ([[Millard Fillmore]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Harry S. Truman]], sarta [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]) nuju ka korsi présidén salami abad ka-19 sarta ka-20 nalika présidénna pupus. Kaabsahan tindakan Tyler dina nyandak gelar kapersidénan sarta kakawasaan pinuhna dikuatkeun sacara hukum dina taun 1967, nalika hal éta dikodifikasi dina **[[Amandemén ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]]**.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 13.</ref> Sababaraha sarjana parantos muji kawijakan luar nagri Tyler. Monroe masihan kiridit ka anjeunna pikeun "pencapaian sapertos perjangjian Webster–Ashburton anu nandakeun harepan hubungan anu langkung saé sareng Britania Raya, sarta anéksasi Téxas, anu nambihan jutaan héktar lahan ka wilayah nasional". Crapol ngabantah yén Tyler "mangrupa présidén anu langkung kuat sarta langkung éféktif tinimbang anu diinget umumna", samentawis Seager nyerat, "Sim kuring mendakan anjeunna salaku lalaki anu wanian, boga prinsip, sarta petarung anu adil sarta jujur kanggé kapercayaanana. Anjeunna mangrupa présidén tanpa partéy."<ref name="legacy" /> Panulis **[[Ivan Eland]]**, dina pembaruan buku taun 2008 na ''[[Recarving Rushmore]]'', méré peunteun ka sakabéh 44 présidén AS dumasar kriteria perdamaian, kamakmuran, sarta kabébasan; kalayan hasilna, John Tyler diréngkingkeun salaku présidén pangsaéna sapanjang mangsa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eland|first=Ivan|year=2009|title=Recarving Rushmore|publisher=The Independent Institute|location=Oakland, CA|isbn=978-1-59813-022-5|pages=14, 77–82}}</ref> Dina hiji artikel ''[[History Today]]'', Louis Kleber nyerat yén Tyler mawa integritas ka Gedong Bodas dina mangsa nalika seueur jalma dina dunya pulitik kakirangan hal éta, sarta nolak kanggé ngakompromikeun prinsipna demi nyingkahan amarah lawan-lawanna.<ref name="kleber703"/> Crapol ngabantah yén kasatiaan Tyler ka Konfédérasi nutupan seueur hal saé anu dilakukeunana salaku présidén: "Reputasi sajarah Tyler tacan sapinuhna pulih tina kaputusan tragis kanggé ngahianatan kasatiaan sarta komitmenna kana naon anu kantos ku anjeunna dihartikeun salaku 'kapentingan utama Amérika'—nyaéta pangjaga Uni (Persatuan)."<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 283.</ref> Dina bukuna ngeunaan kapersidénan Tyler, Norma Lois Peterson nyarankeun yén kurangna kasuksésan Tyler sacara umum salaku présidén téh disababkeun ku faktor éksternal anu bakal mangaruhan saha waé anu aya di Gedong Bodas harita. Anu utama di antarana nyaéta Henry Clay, anu teu kersa nampi oposisi kana [[Sistim Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|visi ékonomi ageungna kanggé Amérika]]. Salaku balukar tina pamakéan kakawasaan éksékutif anu kuat ku Jackson sateuacanna, kaum Whig hoyong présidén didominasi ku Kongrés, sarta Clay nganggap Tyler salaku bawahan. Tyler teu narima kana hal ieu, anu antukna nimbulkeun konflik antar cabang kakawasaan anu ngadominasi mangsa jabatanna.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 263–64.</ref> Bari nunjuk kana kamajuan dina kawijakan luar nagri, anjeunna nganggap kapersidénan Tyler "cacad ... nanging ... sanés mangrupa kagagalan".<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 265.</ref> Samentawis para akademisi parantos muji sarta ngritik Tyler, masarakat umum Amérika miboga sakedik pisan kasadaran ngeunaan anjeunna. Sababaraha panulis parantos ngagambarkeun Tyler salaku salah sahiji présidén anu pangasingna (obscure). Sakumaha anu dinyatakeun ku Seager: "Baturna sanagara umumna nginget anjeunna, upami maranéhna kantos nguping namina, ngan saukur salaku [[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too|tungtung sajak tina slogan kampanye anu matak napel dina ingetan]]."<ref name="legacy" /> ==Kulawarga, kahirupan pribadi, sarta perbudakan== [[File:Letitia Tyler2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|alt=Potrét Letitia Christian Tyler|Potrét cet minyak pamajikan munggaran Tyler, [[Letitia Christian Tyler]], ku seniman anu teu dipikawanoh]] Tyler boga anak panglobana dibandingkeun présidén Amérika lianna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 4.</ref> Pamajikan munggaranna nyaéta [[Letitia Christian Tyler|Letitia Christian]] (12 Nopémber 1790 – 10 Séptémber 1842), sarta gaduh dalapan anak: Mary (1815–1847), [[Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)|Robert]] (1816–1877), [[John Tyler Jr.|John]] (1819–1896), [[Letitia Semple|Letitia]] (1821–1907), Elizabeth (1823–1850), Anne (1825–1825), Alice (1827–1854), sarta Tazewell (1830–1874).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 478.</ref> [[File:Julia Tyler.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Potrét Julia Gardiner Tyler|Potrét cet minyak pamajikan kadua Tyler, [[Julia Gardiner Tyler]], karya [[Francesco Anelli]]]] Letitia pupus alatan stroke di Gedong Bodas dina Séptémber 1842. Dina 26 Juni 1844, Tyler nikah ka [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Gardiner]] (23 Juli 1820 – 10 Juli 1889), sarta gaduh tujuh anak: [[David Gardiner Tyler|David]] (1846–1927), [[John Alexander Tyler|John Alexander]] (1848–1883), Julia (1849–1871), Lachlan (1851–1902), [[Lyon Gardiner Tyler|Lyon]] (1853–1935), Robert Fitzwalter (1856–1927), sarta Margaret Pearl (1860–1947).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 479.</ref> Sanajan kulawargana kacida dipikaasihna, salami karir pulitikna Tyler mindeng pajauh jeung imah dina jangka waktu anu lila. Nalika anjeunna milih teu nyalonkeun deui ka DPR dina taun 1821 alatan gering, anjeunna nyerat yén anjeunna bakal énggal-énggal dipanggil kanggé ngadidik kulawargana anu nuju tumuwuh. Hésé pisan pikeun praktek hukum bari kudu aya di Washington sababaraha bulan dina sataun, sarta perkebunanana langkung nguntungkeun nalika Tyler tiasa ngokolakeunana nyalira.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], pp. 323–24.</ref> Nalika anjeunna asup ka Sénat dina taun 1827, anjeunna parantos pasrah kanggé méspentakeun sabagian waktos sataun jauh ti kulawargana. Sanajan kitu, anjeunna tetep nyobian deukeut sareng anak-anakna ngaliwatan surat.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], p. 340.</ref> Tyler mangrupa saurang **[[perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|nu boga budak]]**, dina hiji mangsa anjeunna gaduh 40 budak di Greenway.<ref name="may22seager300" /> Sanajan anjeunna nganggap perbudakan salaku hiji kajahatan sarta henteu nyobian menerkeunana, anjeunna henteu kantos ngabébaskeun sahiji-hiji acan budakna. Tyler nganggap perbudakan salaku bagian tina **[[hak-hak nagara bagian]]**, ku kituna pamaréntah féderal teu gaduh wewenang kanggé ngahapusna. Kaayaan hirup budak-budakna henteu kadokumentasikeun kalayan jéntré, nanging para sajarawan nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna merhatoskeun kasajahtraan maranéhna sarta henteu ngagunakeun kekerasan fisik ka maranéhna.<ref name="may22seager300">[[#May|May]], pp. 22–24; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 300–01; [[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 143.</ref> Dina Désémber 1841, Tyler ditarajang ku penerbit abolisionis [[Joshua Leavitt]], kalayan dugaan anu teu kabuktian yén Tyler gaduh sababaraha anak lalaki ti budakna, sarta engkéna dijual. Sajumlah kulawarga hideung ayeuna masih percaya yén maranéhna téh katurunan Tyler, nanging teu aya bukti sacara silsilah (genealogy) ngeunaan hal éta.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 62–67.</ref> Sahenteuna opat anak lalaki Tyler ngabakti di pamaréntahan atanapi pasukan militer Konfédérasi; Robert Tyler Jones, incuna ti anakna Mary, ngagabung ka Kompi K tina [[Réjimén Infanteri ka-53 Virginia]] dina 25 Juni 1861, sarta tatu dina 3 Juli 1863 nalika milu dina [[Serangan Pickett]] salaku pangasuh bandéra di [[Angkatan Darat Virginia Kalér]] salami [[Patempuran Gettysburg]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wert |first=Jeffry D. |author-link=Jeffry D. Wert |date=2002 |title=Gettysburg, Day Three |location=New York |publisher=Touchstone |page=226 |isbn=0-684-85915-7}}</ref> **[[Kabeungharan bersih]]** pribadi Tyler diperkirakeun langkung ti $50 juta upami disaluyukeun sareng inflasi dumasar standar modern (nurutkeun valuasi puncak kira-kira taun 2020), nanging anjeunna kabeulit hutang salami Perang Sipil, sarta pupus kalayan harta anu parantos nyirorot pisan.<ref>[[#The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump]]</ref> Tyler sarta anakna, Lyon, nikah deui ka awéwé anu langkung anom sarta gaduh anak dina yuswa anu parantos sepuh, nepi ka anak awéwé Tyler anu namina Pearl nembé pupus dina taun 1947. Ngaliwatan Lyon, Tyler gaduh incu, **[[Harrison Ruffin Tyler]]**, anu nembé pupus dina taun 2025. Anjeunna parantos ngajaga imah kulawarga, **[[Perkebunan Sherwood Forest]]**, di [[Charles City County, Virginia]].<ref name="Genealogy of John Tyler">{{cite web | title=Genealogy of John Tyler at Sherwood Forest Plantation | website=Home of President John Tyler | date=January 27, 2009 | url=http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html | access-date=May 9, 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001457/http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html |date=October 1, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stategazette.com/story/2022587.html| title=A living history: Grandson of 10th US President John Tyler speaks to DAR | work=Dyersburg State Gazette | date=November 9, 2013 | access-date=June 17, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= Amira|first1= Dan|title= President John Tyler's Grandson, Harrison Tyler, on Still Being Alive|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/01/president-tyler-grandson-alive.html |website=New York Magazine|date= January 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.richmonder.org/harrison-ruffin-tyler-grandson-of-10th-u-s-president-and-longtime-richmonder-dies-at-96/ | title=Harrison Ruffin Tyler, grandson of 10th U.S. President and longtime Richmonder, dies at 96 | date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> {{clear}} |ref=Seager |url=https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog013722mbp}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |author-link=Jean Edward Smith |title=Grant |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-684-84927-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/grant00smit |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |title=American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant |last=White |first=Ronald C. |author-link=Ronald C. White |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-58836-992-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ }} ===Artikel=== * {{cite journal|last=Bybee|first=Jay S.|author-link=Jay Bybee|date =Usum Tiris 1997|title=Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment|journal=Northwestern University Law Review|volume=91|issue=2|pages=500–572|url=http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/350|access-date=1 Juni 2014|ref=Bybee}} * Cash, Jordan T. "The isolated presidency: John Tyler and unilateral presidential power." ''American Political Thought'' 7.1 (2018): 26–56. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jordan-Cash/publication/322606308_The_Isolated_Presidency_John_Tyler_and_Unilateral_Presidential_Power/links/5a85bafd0f7e9b1a95485d5c/The-Isolated-Presidency-John-Tyler-and-Unilateral-Presidential-Power.pdf online] * Crapol, Edward P. "President John Tyler, Henry Clay, and the Whig Party." dina ''A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861'' (2014): 173–194. * {{cite journal |last=Crapol |first=Edward P. |title=John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |year=1997 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=467–491 |issn=0275-1275 |doi=10.2307/3123944|jstor=3123944 }} * {{cite journal|author-link1=Leonard Dinnerstein|last=Dinnerstein|first=Leonard|title=The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=70|number=4|date=Oktober 1962|pages=447–458|jstor=4246893|ref=Dinnerstein}} * {{cite web |editor-last=Freehling |editor-first=William W. |editor-link=William W. Freehling |title=American President: John Tyler |url=http://millercenter.org/president/tyler |publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] (Universitas Virginia) |access-date=16 Nopémber 2008 |ref=Miller Center}} * {{cite journal|last=Holt|first=Michael F.|title=Attempts to Impeach John Tyler|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/attempts-impeach-john-tyler|publisher=American Heritage (Pébruari/Maret 2021)|website=americanheritage.com|volume=66|issue=2|access-date=3 Oktober 2022|ref=Holt (Pébruari/Maret 2021)}} * {{cite web|last=Hopkins|first=Callie|title=John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/john-tyler-and-presidential-succession|website=whitehousehistory.org|access-date=16 Agustus 2022|ref=Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession}} * Kesilman, Sylvan H. "John Tyler as President: An Old School Republican in Search of Vindication", dina ''The Moment of Decision: Biographical Essays on American Character and Regional Identity'', R. M. Miller and J. R. McGivigan, eds. Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. {{ISSN|0084-9219}} * {{cite journal|last=Kleber|first=Louis C.| date = Oktober 1975| title = John Tyler| journal = History Today|pages=697–703|ref = Kleber| volume = 25| issue = 10}} * {{cite journal|last=Leahy|first=Christopher|title=Torn Between Family and Politics: John Tyler's Struggle for Balance|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=114|number=3|year=2006|pages=323–355|ref=Leahy}} * McCormick, Richard P. "William Henry Harrison and John Tyler" dina [http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Harrison-William-Henry-and-Tyler-John.html Henry Graff, ''The Presidents: A Reference History'' 2d ed. (1996) pp 143–154. ] * {{cite web|title=Presidents of the United States from Virginia|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/presidents-of-the-united-states-from-virginia/|website=encyclopediavirginia.org|publisher=Encyclopedia Virginia|ref=Encyclopedia Virginia|access-date=5 Oktober 2022}} * {{cite web|last1=Sauter|first1=Michael B.|last2=Suneson|first2=Grant|title=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|url=https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/3/|publisher=24/7 Wall St|website=247wallst.com|ref=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|date=20 Maret 2020|access-date=11 Nopémber 2022}} * Tyler, Lyon G. "President John Tyler and the Ashburton Treaty." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 25.1 (1916): 1–8. [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1915096 online] * {{cite journal|last=Varon|first=Elizabeth R.|title=Tippecanoe and the Ladies, Too: White Women and Party Politics in Antebellum Virginia|journal=The Journal of American History|volume=82|issue=2|date= Séptémber 1995|pages=494–521|ref=Varon|doi=10.2307/2082184|jstor=2082184}} ===Sumber primér=== * {{cite book|last1=Frémont|first1=John C.|last2=Torrey|first2=John|title=Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGJ5AAAAMAAJ&q=Report+of+the+exploring+expedition+to+the+rocky+mountains|publisher=Ann Arbor University of Microfilms|year=1966|isbn=978-0-598-18981-3 |ref=Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1845)}} * Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed. ''The Letters and Times of the Tylers'' (3 jilid. 1884–1896). [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27The%20Letters%20and%20Times%20of%20the%20Tylers%27%27%20%29 online] * Dokumén pribadi kulawarga Tyler, kalebet John Tyler, tiasa dipendakan di [[Special Collections Research Center (Earl Gregg Swem Library)|Puseur Panalungtikan Koléksi Husus]] di [[College of William and Mary]]: {{cite web|title=Tyler Family Papers, Group A|url=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=6999|publisher=Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary|access-date=22 Januari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052645/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=6999|archive-date=28 Juli 2011}} * Dokumén éksékutif John Tyler nalika anjeunna janten [[Gubernur Virginia]] tiasa dipendakan di [[Library of Virginia]]: {{cite web|title=A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827|url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00885.xml|publisher=Virginia Heritage|access-date=8 Méi 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713053954/http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00885.xml |date=July 13, 2014 }} * {{cite web|title=Vetoes, 1789 to Present|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/vetoes/vetoCounts.htm|website=senate.gov|publisher=Sénat Amérika Sarikat|ref=Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate|access-date=10 Nopémber 2022}} {{Refend}} {{Div col end}} ==Tautan luar== {{sister project links|d=Q11881|n=no|s=Author:John Tyler|wikt=Tylerism|v=no|voy=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no}} * [https://millercenter.org/president/tyler John Tyler di Miller Center, U Virginia] * {{CongBio|T000450}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/tyler/index.html John Tyler: Pituduh Sumber Daya] ti Perpustakaan Kongrés (Library of Congress) * [https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/john_tyler.pdf Kantor Sajarawan Sénat AS: Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat – John Tyler] * [http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/john_tyler John Tyler dina "Union or Secession: Virginians Decide"] di [[Library of Virginia]] * [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Tyler_John_1790-1862 Biografi] di [[Encyclopedia Virginia]] * {{Gutenberg author |id=1643| name=John Tyler}} * {{Librivox author |id=11284}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Tyler}} * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?123380-1/life-portrait-john-tyler "Life Portrait of John Tyler"], ti [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?306305-1/john-tyler-accidental-president "John Tyler: The Accidental President"], presentasi ku [[Edward Crapol]] * {{cite web|last=Chip|first=Reid|title=Kumaha dua incu Présidén John Tyler masih kénéh hirup, 174 taun saatosna|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-two-of-president-john-tylers-grandsons-are-still-alive/|website=cbsnew.com|publisher=CBS News|type=video|date=6 Maret 2018|access-date=1 Nopémber 2022}} {{John Tyler|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |title=Jabatan sarta panghormatan |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Clopton]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Anggota [[Daptar perwakilan Amérika Sarikat ti Virginia|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]<br />ti [[Distrik kongrés ka-23 Virginia]]|years=1816–1821}} {{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Stevenson]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Henry Wilde|Richard Wilde]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar anggota pangora Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Baby of the House]]|years=1816–1817}} {{s-aft|after=[[George Robertson (politisi)|George Robertson]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[James Pleasants]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Gubernur Virginia]]|years=1825–1827}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Branch Giles]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Poindexter]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1835}} {{s-aft|after=[[William R. King]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Mentor Johnson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1841}} {{s-aft|after=[[George M. Dallas]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Henry Harrison]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1841–1845}} {{s-aft|after=[[James K. Polk]]}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Virginia|Sénator AS (Kelas 1) ti Virginia]]|years=1827–1836 |alongside=[[Littleton Waller Tazewell]], [[William Cabell Rives]], [[Benjamin W. Leigh]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Cabell Rives]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=Calon [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] kanggé Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|1836]],¹ [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|1840]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Frelinghuysen]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Lee (ékonom)|Henry Lee]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Calon [[Partéy Nullifier]] kanggé [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]<br />{{small|Didukung}}|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|1836]]}} {{s-non|reason=Partéy bubar}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Washington]] (1799)}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Rektor College of William & Mary]]|years=1859–1862}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Blair Grigsby]] (1871)}} {{s-ref|Partéy Whig ngajalankeun calon régional dina taun 1836. Tyler maju di nagara bagian Kidul, sarta [[Francis Granger]] maju di nagara bagian Kalér.}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyler, John}} [[Kategori:John Tyler| ]] [[Kategori:Kalahiran 1790]] [[Kategori:Pupus 1862]] [[Kategori:Calon wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836]] [[Kategori:Calon wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840]] [[Kategori:Episkopalian Amérika abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Perwira milisi Amérika]] [[Kategori:Anggota milisi Amérika dina Perang 1812]] [[Kategori:Urang Amérika turunan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Aktivis pro-perbudakan Amérika]] [[Kategori:Makam di Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1844]] [[Kategori:Rektor College of William & Mary]] [[Kategori:Alumni College of William & Mary]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Gubernur nagara bagian ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik]] [[Kategori:Delegasi Kongrés Konfédérasi Samentara]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Virginia]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga John Tyler| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR Konfédérasi ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Anggota Majelis Delegasi Virginia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Charles City County, Virginia]] [[Kategori:Urang Virginia dina Perang 1812]] [[Kategori:Politisi anu dipecat tina partéy]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:President pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:Démokrat Virginia]] [[Kategori:Whig Virginia]] [[Kategori:Ahli hukum Virginia]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Whig]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Whig]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:Gubernur nagara bagian anu gaduh budak]] 2ih4ws89t8grz76stfr6e5q98rao71w 0 108013 708523 707194 2026-04-25T12:34:39Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambahkeun tutumbu jero 708523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Debí Tirar Más Fotos''''' (bahasa Spanyol: [deˈβi tiˈɾaɾ mas ˈfotos]; hartina ''“Kuring kuduna nyokot [[Potrét|poto]] leuwih loba”'', dihartikeun jadi ''DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS'' sarta disingget jadi '''DtMF''') nyaéta album studio solo kagenep (katujuh sacara keseluruhan) ti [[Rapper|''rapper'']] jeung panyanyi [[Puérto Riko|Puerto Riko]], Bad Bunny. Album ieu dirilis dina 5 [[Januari]] 2025 ku [[Rimas Entertainment]] sarta neruskeun album saméméhna, ''Nadie Sabe Lo Que Va a Pasar Mañana'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/bad-bunny-album-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-meaning|title=Breaking Down What Bad Bunny Means with His Album DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS|website=NBC|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-review|title=Bad Bunny’s Debí Tirar Más Fotos Is a Living, Breathing Snapshot of Puerto Rico|last=Escutia|first=Joan|website=Vogue|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> Dina album ieu aya sababaraha kolaborasi jeung Chuwi, Omar Courtz, Los Pleneros de la Cresta, Dei V, sarta RaiNao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-songs-stories-1235230482/|title=Bad Bunny Shares the Stories Behind 'Debí Tirar Más Fotos'|last=Lopez|first=Julyssa|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' nyaéta hiji album ''reggaeton'' alternatif ku [[Bad Bunny]]. Album ieu ngahijikeun rupa-rupa unsur musik [[tradisional]] Puerto Riko anu kungsi didéngé ku anjeunna waktu leutik, saperti [[plena]], [[jíbaro]], [[salsa]], jeung [[bomba]], ogé dipangaruhan ku gaya musik séjén, sarupa jeung album saméméhna, ''Un Verano Sin Ti'' (2022). Sanajan lolobana lirikna nyaritakeun ngeunaan [[cinta]], patah hati, pésta, jeung [[kulawarga]], sababaraha bagian ogé ngangkat isu-isu rumit ngeunaan status [[pulitik]] Puerto Riko salaku wilayah anu aya dina kakawasaan [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]], kaasup [[Gentrifikasi|géntrifikasi]] jeung leungitna identitas [[budaya]]. Album ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' didukung ku sababaraha ''single'', kaasup lagu ''hit'' nomer hiji dina [[Billboard Global 200]] jeung [[Billboard Hot 100]], nyaéta DTMF. Album ieu ogé dipromosikeun ku pilem pondok anu judulna sarua anu diunggah ka [[YouTube]]. Sanggeus dirilis, album ieu meunang pujian ti [[kritikus]] musik, anu nganggep éta minangka karya paling pribadi ti Bad Bunny sarta hiji panghormatan pikeun Puerto Riko. Album ieu ogé ngahontal posisi kahiji dina tangga lagu Billboard 200, jadi album kaopat berturut-turut anjeunna anu meunang posisi puncak. Ti bulan Juli nepi ka Séptémber 2025, anjeunna ngayakeun residensi konser ''No Me Quiero Ir de Aquí'' di Puerto Riko pikeun ngarojong album ieu, sarta ngalakukeun sababaraha lagu tina album dina acara [[Super Bowl LX]] ''halftime show''. Ayeuna, anjeunna keur ngalaksanakeun tur dunya Debí Tirar Más Fotos World Tour, anu dimimitian dina Nopémber 2025 sarta dijadwalkeun réngsé dina Juli 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://switchedonpop.com/episodes/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos|title=Bad Bunny's love letter to Puerto Rico|website=Switched On Pop|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Panghargaan == ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' ngahontal rupa-rupa prestasi penting. Album ieu meunang dua belas nominasi dina Latin [[Grammy Awards ke-26]], sarta meunang lima panghargaan, kaasup Best Urban Music Album jeung Album of the Year, anu jadi kahiji kalina Bad Bunny meunang katégori anu pamungkas éta sanggeus opat nominasi. Dina Grammy Awards ke-68, album ieu meunang genep nominasi, kaasup Album of the Year ogé Record of the Year jeung Song of the Year pikeun "DTMF", ngajadikeun anjeunna artis Latino, Hispanik, jeung basa Spanyol kahiji anu sakaligus dinominasikeun dina tilu kategori pangbergengsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/bad-bunny-grammys-six-nominations-1236570500/|title=Bad Bunny Makes Grammys History as First Spanish-Language Artist to Earn Best Album, Record and Song Nominations in One Year|last=Garcia|first=Thania|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Album ieu tungtungna meunang Album of the Year, Best Música Urbana Album, jeung Best Global Music Performance pikeun lagu Eoo. Ieu ogé jadi album basa Spanyol kahiji anu meunang Album of the Year, sarta album kahiji anu meunang panghargaan Album of the Year boh dina Grammy boh Latin Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/bad-bunny-won-big-at-the-2026-grammys-it-s-a-21329511.php|title=Bad Bunny won big at the 2026 Grammys. It’s a boost at a dark time for U.S. Latinos|last=SHERMAN|first=By MARIA|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Feats & Firsts From The 2026 GRAMMYS Nominations: 'KPop Demon Hunters,' Bad Bunny, Kendrick Lamar, ROSÉ And More {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2026-grammys-nominations-takeaways-feats-firsts|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> cje9baqe1cv1zu94upowmy837i9b7l3 708524 708523 2026-04-25T12:34:48Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Debí Tirar Más Fotos''''' (bahasa Spanyol: [deˈβi tiˈɾaɾ mas ˈfotos]; hartina ''“Kuring kuduna nyokot [[Potrét|poto]] leuwih loba”'', dihartikeun jadi ''DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS'' sarta disingget jadi '''DtMF''') nyaéta album studio solo kagenep (katujuh sacara keseluruhan) ti [[Rapper|''rapper'']] jeung panyanyi [[Puérto Riko|Puerto Riko]], Bad Bunny. Album ieu dirilis dina 5 [[Januari]] 2025 ku [[Rimas Entertainment]] sarta neruskeun album saméméhna, ''Nadie Sabe Lo Que Va a Pasar Mañana'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/bad-bunny-album-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-meaning|title=Breaking Down What Bad Bunny Means with His Album DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS|website=NBC|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-review|title=Bad Bunny’s Debí Tirar Más Fotos Is a Living, Breathing Snapshot of Puerto Rico|last=Escutia|first=Joan|website=Vogue|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> Dina album ieu aya sababaraha kolaborasi jeung Chuwi, Omar Courtz, Los Pleneros de la Cresta, Dei V, sarta RaiNao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-songs-stories-1235230482/|title=Bad Bunny Shares the Stories Behind 'Debí Tirar Más Fotos'|last=Lopez|first=Julyssa|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' nyaéta hiji album ''reggaeton'' alternatif ku [[Bad Bunny]]. Album ieu ngahijikeun rupa-rupa unsur musik [[tradisional]] Puerto Riko anu kungsi didéngé ku anjeunna waktu leutik, saperti [[plena]], [[jíbaro]], [[salsa]], jeung [[bomba]], ogé dipangaruhan ku gaya musik séjén, sarupa jeung album saméméhna, ''Un Verano Sin Ti'' (2022). Sanajan lolobana lirikna nyaritakeun ngeunaan [[cinta]], patah hati, pésta, jeung [[kulawarga]], sababaraha bagian ogé ngangkat isu-isu rumit ngeunaan status [[pulitik]] Puerto Riko salaku wilayah anu aya dina kakawasaan [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]], kaasup [[Gentrifikasi|géntrifikasi]] jeung leungitna identitas [[budaya]]. Album ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' didukung ku sababaraha ''single'', kaasup lagu ''hit'' nomer hiji dina [[Billboard Global 200]] jeung [[Billboard Hot 100]], nyaéta DTMF. Album ieu ogé dipromosikeun ku pilem pondok anu judulna sarua anu diunggah ka [[YouTube]]. Sanggeus dirilis, album ieu meunang pujian ti [[kritikus]] musik, anu nganggep éta minangka karya paling pribadi ti Bad Bunny sarta hiji panghormatan pikeun Puerto Riko. Album ieu ogé ngahontal posisi kahiji dina tangga lagu Billboard 200, jadi album kaopat berturut-turut anjeunna anu meunang posisi puncak. Ti bulan Juli nepi ka Séptémber 2025, anjeunna ngayakeun residensi konser ''No Me Quiero Ir de Aquí'' di Puerto Riko pikeun ngarojong album ieu, sarta ngalakukeun sababaraha lagu tina album dina acara [[Super Bowl LX]] ''halftime show''. Ayeuna, anjeunna keur ngalaksanakeun tur dunya Debí Tirar Más Fotos World Tour, anu dimimitian dina Nopémber 2025 sarta dijadwalkeun réngsé dina Juli 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://switchedonpop.com/episodes/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos|title=Bad Bunny's love letter to Puerto Rico|website=Switched On Pop|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Panghargaan == ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' ngahontal rupa-rupa prestasi penting. Album ieu meunang dua belas nominasi dina Latin [[Grammy Awards ke-26]], sarta meunang lima panghargaan, kaasup Best Urban Music Album jeung Album of the Year, anu jadi kahiji kalina Bad Bunny meunang katégori anu pamungkas éta sanggeus opat nominasi. Dina Grammy Awards ke-68, album ieu meunang genep nominasi, kaasup Album of the Year ogé Record of the Year jeung Song of the Year pikeun "DTMF", ngajadikeun anjeunna artis Latino, Hispanik, jeung basa Spanyol kahiji anu sakaligus dinominasikeun dina tilu kategori pangbergengsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/bad-bunny-grammys-six-nominations-1236570500/|title=Bad Bunny Makes Grammys History as First Spanish-Language Artist to Earn Best Album, Record and Song Nominations in One Year|last=Garcia|first=Thania|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Album ieu tungtungna meunang Album of the Year, Best Música Urbana Album, jeung Best Global Music Performance pikeun lagu Eoo. Ieu ogé jadi album basa Spanyol kahiji anu meunang Album of the Year, sarta album kahiji anu meunang panghargaan Album of the Year boh dina Grammy boh Latin Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/bad-bunny-won-big-at-the-2026-grammys-it-s-a-21329511.php|title=Bad Bunny won big at the 2026 Grammys. It’s a boost at a dark time for U.S. Latinos|last=SHERMAN|first=By MARIA|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Feats & Firsts From The 2026 GRAMMYS Nominations: 'KPop Demon Hunters,' Bad Bunny, Kendrick Lamar, ROSÉ And More {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2026-grammys-nominations-takeaways-feats-firsts|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] ogoz2q0ml80i776yotkj16vxvbwhkcv 708525 708524 2026-04-25T12:35:01Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Debí Tirar Más Fotos''''' (bahasa Spanyol: [deˈβi tiˈɾaɾ mas ˈfotos]; hartina ''“Kuring kuduna nyokot [[Potrét|poto]] leuwih loba”'', dihartikeun jadi ''DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS'' sarta disingget jadi '''DtMF''') nyaéta album studio solo kagenep (katujuh sacara keseluruhan) ti [[Rapper|''rapper'']] jeung panyanyi [[Puérto Riko|Puerto Riko]], Bad Bunny. Album ieu dirilis dina 5 [[Januari]] 2025 ku [[Rimas Entertainment]] sarta neruskeun album saméméhna, ''Nadie Sabe Lo Que Va a Pasar Mañana'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/bad-bunny-album-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-meaning|title=Breaking Down What Bad Bunny Means with His Album DeBÍ TiRAR MáS FOToS|website=NBC|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-review|title=Bad Bunny’s Debí Tirar Más Fotos Is a Living, Breathing Snapshot of Puerto Rico|last=Escutia|first=Joan|website=Vogue|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> Dina album ieu aya sababaraha kolaborasi jeung Chuwi, Omar Courtz, Los Pleneros de la Cresta, Dei V, sarta RaiNao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos-songs-stories-1235230482/|title=Bad Bunny Shares the Stories Behind 'Debí Tirar Más Fotos'|last=Lopez|first=Julyssa|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}</ref> ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' nyaéta hiji album ''reggaeton'' alternatif ku [[Bad Bunny]]. Album ieu ngahijikeun rupa-rupa unsur musik [[tradisional]] Puerto Riko anu kungsi didéngé ku anjeunna waktu leutik, saperti [[plena]], [[jíbaro]], [[salsa]], jeung [[bomba]], ogé dipangaruhan ku gaya musik séjén, sarupa jeung album saméméhna, ''Un Verano Sin Ti'' (2022). Sanajan lolobana lirikna nyaritakeun ngeunaan [[cinta]], patah hati, pésta, jeung [[kulawarga]], sababaraha bagian ogé ngangkat isu-isu rumit ngeunaan status [[pulitik]] Puerto Riko salaku wilayah anu aya dina kakawasaan [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]], kaasup [[Gentrifikasi|géntrifikasi]] jeung leungitna identitas [[budaya]]. Album ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' didukung ku sababaraha ''single'', kaasup lagu ''hit'' nomer hiji dina [[Billboard Global 200]] jeung [[Billboard Hot 100]], nyaéta DTMF. Album ieu ogé dipromosikeun ku pilem pondok anu judulna sarua anu diunggah ka [[YouTube]]. Sanggeus dirilis, album ieu meunang pujian ti [[kritikus]] musik, anu nganggep éta minangka karya paling pribadi ti Bad Bunny sarta hiji panghormatan pikeun Puerto Riko. Album ieu ogé ngahontal posisi kahiji dina tangga lagu Billboard 200, jadi album kaopat berturut-turut anjeunna anu meunang posisi puncak. Ti bulan Juli nepi ka Séptémber 2025, anjeunna ngayakeun residensi konser ''No Me Quiero Ir de Aquí'' di Puerto Riko pikeun ngarojong album ieu, sarta ngalakukeun sababaraha lagu tina album dina acara [[Super Bowl LX]] ''halftime show''. Ayeuna, anjeunna keur ngalaksanakeun tur dunya Debí Tirar Más Fotos World Tour, anu dimimitian dina Nopémber 2025 sarta dijadwalkeun réngsé dina Juli 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://switchedonpop.com/episodes/bad-bunny-debi-tirar-mas-fotos|title=Bad Bunny's love letter to Puerto Rico|website=Switched On Pop|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Panghargaan == ''Debí Tirar Más Fotos'' ngahontal rupa-rupa prestasi penting. Album ieu meunang dua belas nominasi dina Latin [[Grammy Awards ke-26]], sarta meunang lima panghargaan, kaasup Best Urban Music Album jeung Album of the Year, anu jadi kahiji kalina Bad Bunny meunang katégori anu pamungkas éta sanggeus opat nominasi. Dina Grammy Awards ke-68, album ieu meunang genep nominasi, kaasup Album of the Year ogé Record of the Year jeung Song of the Year pikeun "DTMF", ngajadikeun anjeunna artis Latino, Hispanik, jeung basa Spanyol kahiji anu sakaligus dinominasikeun dina tilu kategori pangbergengsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/bad-bunny-grammys-six-nominations-1236570500/|title=Bad Bunny Makes Grammys History as First Spanish-Language Artist to Earn Best Album, Record and Song Nominations in One Year|last=Garcia|first=Thania|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Album ieu tungtungna meunang Album of the Year, Best Música Urbana Album, jeung Best Global Music Performance pikeun lagu Eoo. Ieu ogé jadi album basa Spanyol kahiji anu meunang Album of the Year, sarta album kahiji anu meunang panghargaan Album of the Year boh dina Grammy boh Latin Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/bad-bunny-won-big-at-the-2026-grammys-it-s-a-21329511.php|title=Bad Bunny won big at the 2026 Grammys. It’s a boost at a dark time for U.S. Latinos|last=SHERMAN|first=By MARIA|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Feats & Firsts From The 2026 GRAMMYS Nominations: 'KPop Demon Hunters,' Bad Bunny, Kendrick Lamar, ROSÉ And More {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2026-grammys-nominations-takeaways-feats-firsts|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 2xxxx0l8s2c4f4s5jyk8bcyvr8g1chy 0 108059 708528 707196 2026-04-25T12:47:50Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambahkeun tutumbu jero 708528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Life of a Showgirl''''' nyaéta album studio ka-12 [[penyanyi]] jeung penulis lagu asal [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika]], [[Taylor Swift]]. Album ieu dirilis tanggal 3 [[Oktober]] 2025 ngaliwatan [[Republic Records]]. Manéhna ngarékam album ieu di [[Swédia]] babarengan jeung produser Max Martin jeung Shellback, nalika leg [[Éropa]] tina [[The Eras Tour]] dina pertengahan 2024. Diinspirasi ku tur éta jeung hubungan romantisna jeung pamaén bal [[Travis Kelce]], Swift ngawangun album ieu jadi karya anu hirup, warna-warni, sarta ngagambarkeun kaayaan dirina anu keur jaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/taylor-swift-akan-rilis-album-baru-the-life-of-a-showgirl-2058094|title=Taylor Swift akan Rilis Album Baru: The Life of a Showgirl|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vogue.sg/taylor-swift-the-life-of-a-showgirl-hidden-meanings/|title=All the hidden meanings in Taylor Swift's 'The Life of a Showgirl'|last=Jamal|first=Shyra|website=Vogue Singapore|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sacara musikal, ''The Life of a Showgirl'' mangrupa album ''soft pop'' jeung ''soft rock'' anu nyaritakeun ngeunaan kasohoran Swift jeung kabagjaan dina cinta. Lagu judulna nampilkeun vokal tamu ti panyanyi [[Sabrina Carpenter]]. Dina arah visualna, Swift ngagunakeun gaya flamboyan anu diinspirasi ku ''showgirl'', sarta gawé bareng jeung fotografer mode Mert Alas jeung Marcus Piggott. Para [[jurnalis]] nyebut ieu minangka estetika [[visual]] anu paling [[provokatif]] jeung [[glamor]] dina karirna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stanforddaily.com/2025/10/06/showgirl-fatigue-a-swifties-honest-take-on-the-life-of-a-showgirl/|title=A Swiftie’s honest take on ‘The Life of a Showgirl’|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Swift ngumumkeun album ieu dina [[Podcast|''podcast'']] New Heights tanggal 13 Agustus 2025. Anjeunna ngamajukeun album ieu ngaliwatan wawancara dina acara talk show jeung program radio, sarta ngarilis pilem promosi The Official Release Party of a Showgirl, anu ngahasilkeun leuwih ti $50 juta sacara global. Tilu ''single'' dirilis, nyaéta lagu nomer hiji dina [[Billboard Hot 100]], “''The Fate of Ophelia''” jeung “''Opalite''”, sarta lagu anu asup tilu besar, “''Elizabeth Taylor''”. Album ieu nampa réaksi anu campuran ti [[kritikus]] musik; aya nu muji sora anu énténg jeung lirik anu santai, tapi aya ogé anu nyebut éta minangka léngkah mundur dibandingkeun karya-karya Swift saméméhna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4wpe5z52qo|title=Taylor Swift: The Life of a Showgirl is a loved-up pop victory lap|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Panghargaan == Album ''The Life of a Showgirl'' ngahontal posisi puncak dina rupa-rupa tangga lagu sarta meunang sértifikasi multiplatinum di Amérika, [[Éropa]], jeung [[Asia-Pasifik]]. Di Amérika Sarikat, album ieu jadi album panggancangna laku dina sajarah, kalayan leuwih ti 4 juta unit dina minggu kahiji. Ieu ogé jadi album nomer hiji ka-15 Swift dina tangga lagu Billboard 200, rekor panglobana pikeun [[artis]] solo, sarta nangtung di puncak salila 12 minggu. Lagu-lagu dina album ieu ngeusian sakabéh 12 posisi luhur tangga lagu ''single'' di [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], jeung Amérika Sarikat. ''The Life of a Showgirl'' ogé jadi album panglarisna di dunya taun 2025.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> ligi7zkm8ezd3onlp8ajoiwgul72m6q 0 108060 708529 707197 2026-04-25T12:53:02Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambahan infobox 708529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award | name = Festival Film Indonesia 2025 | image = | caption = | description = | year = | date = 20 Novémber 2025 | location = Teatér Jakarta, [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]], [[Jakarta Pusat]] | country = [[Indonesia]] | host = | acts = | most_awards = ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' (5) | most_nominations = {{hlist||''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]''|''[[The Shadow Strays]]''}} (12) | award1_type = Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik | award1_winner = ''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' | award2_type = Sutradara Terbaik | award2_winner = [[Yandy Laurens]] (''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'') | award3_type = Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik | award3_winner = [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]] (''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'') | award4_type = Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik | award4_winner = [[Sheila Dara Aisha]] (''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'') | award5_type = Penghargaan Seumur Hidup | award5_winner = {{Plainlist| * [[El Manik]] * [[Franki Raden]] * [[Hendrick Gozali]] }} | runtime = | network = [[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI]] | viewership = | producer = | director = | website = | previous = [[Festival Film Indonesia 2024|2024]] | main = [[Festival Film Indonesia]] | next = [[Festival Film Indonesia 2026|2026]] }} '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> phxrwnrq5vjl910t379p66b6tcyy9i9 708530 708529 2026-04-25T12:53:23Z Raflinoer32 26400 708530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> tejt764pwfhgawvr59c85sg1ormbbsp 708531 708530 2026-04-25T13:00:44Z Raflinoer32 26400 708531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === Pilem anu meunang nominasi jeung kameunangan panglobana === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang nominasi panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Nominasi ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 12 |''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- |''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |10 |''[[Perang Kota]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |8 |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7 |''[[Gowok: Kamasutra Jawa]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' |- |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |6 |''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |4 |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |- |''[[Siapa Dia]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |''[[Qodrat 2]]'' |- | rowspan="3" |2 |''[[1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (film)|1 Kakak 7 Ponakan]]'' |- |''[[Dia Bukan Ibu]]'' |- |''[[Tinggal Meninggal]]'' |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang kameunangan panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Kameunangan ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5 | ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |} == Rujukan == <references /> aww5vzwyt2339prllos6cnmgghhf4i5 708532 708531 2026-04-25T13:01:28Z Raflinoer32 26400 /* Pamenang jeung nominasi */ 708532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === Pilem anu meunang nominasi jeung kameunangan panglobana === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang nominasi panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Nominasi ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 12 |''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- |''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |10 |''[[Perang Kota]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |8 |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7 |''[[Gowok: Kamasutra Jawa]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' |- |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |6 |''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |4 |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |- |''[[Siapa Dia]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |''[[Qodrat 2]]'' |- | rowspan="3" |2 |''[[1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (film)|1 Kakak 7 Ponakan]]'' |- |''[[Dia Bukan Ibu]]'' |- |''[[Tinggal Meninggal]]'' |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang kameunangan panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Kameunangan ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5 | ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |} == Presenter dan penampil == Berikut ini adalah pembaca nominasi dan penampil hiburan. === Presenter === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Nama !Peran |- |Ahmad Mahendra |Presenter Kategori Film Terlaris |- |[[Alex Abbad]] |Presenter Kategori [[Penata Efek Visual Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Efek Visual Terbaik]] dan [[Penyunting Gambar Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penyunting Gambar Terbaik]] |- |[[Ali Fikry]] |Presenter Kategori Aktor Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Donny Damara]] |Presenter Kategori Kritik Film Terbaik dan Film Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Happy Salma]] |Presenter Kategori Film Terlaris |- |[[Kamila Andini]] |Presenter Kategori [[Sutradara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Sutradara Terbaik]] |- |[[Mawar Eva de Jongh]] |Presenter Kategori [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Pendek Terbaik]], [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Panjang Terbaik]], dan [[Film Pendek Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Pendek Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Ayunda]] |Presenter Kategori [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Pendek Terbaik]] dan [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Koesnaedi]] |Presenter Kategori [[Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Marissa Anita]] |Presenter Kategori [[Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Rano Karno]] |Presenter Kategori Penghargaan Seumur Hidup |- |[[Ratih Kumala]] |Presenter Kategori [[Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik]] dan [[Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik]] |- |[[Sheila Timothy]] |Presenter Kategori [[Penata Busana Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Busana Terbaik]] dan [[Penata Rias Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Rias Terbaik]] |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Presenter Kategori [[Penata Musik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Musik Terbaik]], [[Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik]] dan [[Penata Suara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Suara Terbaik]] |- |[[Teuku Rifnu Wikana]] |Presenter Kategori [[Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Widuri Puteri]] |Presenter Kategori Aktris Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Winky Wiryawan]] |Presenter Kategori [[Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Wregas Bhanuteja]] |Presenter Kategori [[Pengarah Artistik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Artistik Terbaik]] dan [[Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik]] |} === Penampil === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Nama !Pertunjukan |- |[[Armand Maulana]] |"Citra" menjelang pengumuman pemenang [[Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Barasuara]] |"[[Terbuang dalam Waktu]]" dari ''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' (2025) |- |Barsena Bestandhi<br>Paduan Suara Dux Stella Voce |"Ruang Baru" dari ''[[My Annoying Brother (film 2024)|My Annoying Brother]]'' (2024) untuk segmen "In Memoriam" |- |[[Idgitaf]] |"Berakhir di Aku" dari ''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' (2024) |- |[[Prince Poetiray]] | rowspan="2" |"Selalu Ada Di Nadimu" dari ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025)<br>"Dengar Hatimu" dari ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025) |- |[[Quinn Salman]] |- |[[Rossa]] |"Tegar" dari ''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' (2025) |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Direktur musik |} == Rujukan == <references /> 5b8lxgiykasgx3buzamqtmkbj6bl5xw 708533 708532 2026-04-25T13:09:25Z Raflinoer32 26400 /* Presenter dan penampil */ 708533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === Pilem anu meunang nominasi jeung kameunangan panglobana === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang nominasi panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Nominasi ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 12 |''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- |''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |10 |''[[Perang Kota]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |8 |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7 |''[[Gowok: Kamasutra Jawa]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' |- |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |6 |''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |4 |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |- |''[[Siapa Dia]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |''[[Qodrat 2]]'' |- | rowspan="3" |2 |''[[1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (film)|1 Kakak 7 Ponakan]]'' |- |''[[Dia Bukan Ibu]]'' |- |''[[Tinggal Meninggal]]'' |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang kameunangan panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Kameunangan ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5 | ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |} == Panyatur jeung panampil == Di handap ieu nyaéta panyatur nominasi jeung panampil hiburan. === Panyatur === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Peran |- |Ahmad Mahendra |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Alex Abbad]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Efek Visual Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Efek Visual Terbaik]] jeung [[Penyunting Gambar Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penyunting Gambar Terbaik]] |- |[[Ali Fikry]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktor Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Donny Damara]] |Panyatur Katégori Kritik Pilem Terbaik dan Pilem Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Happy Salma]] |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Kamila Andini]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Sutradara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Sutradara Terbaik]] |- |[[Mawar Eva de Jongh]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Pendek Terbaik]], [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Panjang Terbaik]], jeung [[Film Pendek Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Pendek Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Ayunda]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Pendek Terbaik]] dan [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Koesnaedi]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Marissa Anita]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Rano Karno]] |Panyatur Katégori Penghargaan Seumur Hidup |- |[[Ratih Kumala]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik]] jeung [[Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik]] |- |[[Sheila Timothy]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Busana Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Busana Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Rias Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Rias Terbaik]] |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Musik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Musik Terbaik]], [[Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Suara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Suara Terbaik]] |- |[[Teuku Rifnu Wikana]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Widuri Puteri]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktris Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Winky Wiryawan]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Wregas Bhanuteja]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pengarah Artistik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Artistik Terbaik]] jeung [[Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik]] |} === Panampil === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Pagelaran |- |[[Armand Maulana]] |"Citra" saméméh ngumumkeun juara [[Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Barasuara]] |"[[Terbuang dalam Waktu]]" ti ''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' (2025) |- |Barsena Bestandhi<br>Paduan Suara Dux Stella Voce |"Ruang Baru" ti ''[[My Annoying Brother (film 2024)|My Annoying Brother]]'' (2024) keur segmen "In Memoriam" |- |[[Idgitaf]] |"Berakhir di Aku" ti ''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' (2024) |- |[[Prince Poetiray]] | rowspan="2" |"Selalu Ada Di Nadimu" ti ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025)<br>"Dengar Hatimu" dari ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025) |- |[[Quinn Salman]] |- |[[Rossa]] |"Tegar" ti ''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' (2025) |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Direktur musik |} == Rujukan == <references /> 1ezsvk5l7ai8zqbpfe3yl1ys0ul0tns 708534 708533 2026-04-25T13:09:45Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === Pilem anu meunang nominasi jeung kameunangan panglobana === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang nominasi panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Nominasi ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 12 |''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- |''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |10 |''[[Perang Kota]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |8 |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7 |''[[Gowok: Kamasutra Jawa]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' |- |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |6 |''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |4 |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |- |''[[Siapa Dia]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |''[[Qodrat 2]]'' |- | rowspan="3" |2 |''[[1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (film)|1 Kakak 7 Ponakan]]'' |- |''[[Dia Bukan Ibu]]'' |- |''[[Tinggal Meninggal]]'' |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang kameunangan panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Kameunangan ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5 | ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |} == Panyatur jeung panampil == Di handap ieu nyaéta panyatur nominasi jeung panampil hiburan. === Panyatur === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Peran |- |Ahmad Mahendra |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Alex Abbad]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Efek Visual Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Efek Visual Terbaik]] jeung [[Penyunting Gambar Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penyunting Gambar Terbaik]] |- |[[Ali Fikry]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktor Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Donny Damara]] |Panyatur Katégori Kritik Pilem Terbaik dan Pilem Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Happy Salma]] |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Kamila Andini]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Sutradara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Sutradara Terbaik]] |- |[[Mawar Eva de Jongh]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Pendek Terbaik]], [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Panjang Terbaik]], jeung [[Film Pendek Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Pendek Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Ayunda]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Pendek Terbaik]] dan [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Koesnaedi]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Marissa Anita]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Rano Karno]] |Panyatur Katégori Penghargaan Seumur Hidup |- |[[Ratih Kumala]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik]] jeung [[Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik]] |- |[[Sheila Timothy]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Busana Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Busana Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Rias Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Rias Terbaik]] |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Musik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Musik Terbaik]], [[Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Suara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Suara Terbaik]] |- |[[Teuku Rifnu Wikana]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Widuri Puteri]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktris Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Winky Wiryawan]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Wregas Bhanuteja]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pengarah Artistik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Artistik Terbaik]] jeung [[Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik]] |} === Panampil === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Pagelaran |- |[[Armand Maulana]] |"Citra" saméméh ngumumkeun juara [[Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Barasuara]] |"[[Terbuang dalam Waktu]]" ti ''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' (2025) |- |Barsena Bestandhi<br>Paduan Suara Dux Stella Voce |"Ruang Baru" ti ''[[My Annoying Brother (film 2024)|My Annoying Brother]]'' (2024) keur segmen "In Memoriam" |- |[[Idgitaf]] |"Berakhir di Aku" ti ''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' (2024) |- |[[Prince Poetiray]] | rowspan="2" |"Selalu Ada Di Nadimu" ti ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025)<br>"Dengar Hatimu" dari ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025) |- |[[Quinn Salman]] |- |[[Rossa]] |"Tegar" ti ''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' (2025) |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Direktur musik |} == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] maqra8etfvryyit1syu834rhegvo5iz 708535 708534 2026-04-25T13:09:55Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival Film Indonesia 2025''' mangrupakeun perhelatan ajang Festival Film Indonesia anu ka-45. Peuting puncakna diselenggarakeun ku Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia gawé bareng jeung [[Televisi Republik Indonesia]] dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025. FFI 2025 ngangkat téma "Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia", kalawan [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] "Puspawarna" anu ngandung harti ngagambarkeun kabeungharan rupa-rupa budaya, basa, latar sosial, jeung rupa-rupa sudut pandang anu aya di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], anu sakabéhna jadi sumber kakuatan pikeun pilem nasional. Téma ieu ogé jadi pangrayaan sarta réfléksi kana lalampahan industri pilem Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-3039471287/ffi-2025-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia-rayakan-keberagaman-film-nasional|title=FFI 2025 Angkat Tema 'Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia', Rayakan Keberagaman Film Nasional|last=Pramudya|first=Windy Eka|website=Pikiran Rakyat Koran|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/6093897/festival-film-indonesia-2025-dimulai-angkat-tema-puspawarna-sinema-indonesia|title=Festival Film Indonesia 2025 Dimulai, Angkat Tema Puspawarna Sinema Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Pamenang jeung nominasi == Nominasi diumumkeun dina tanggal 19 Oktober 2025 di ImXR Studio PFN by V2 Indonesia, [[Jakarta]] ku [[Ringgo Agus Rahman]], [[Sheila Dara Aisha]], [[Prilly Latuconsina]], jeung [[Ario Bayu]] salaku "Duta FFI". Acara éta ogé dimeriahkeun ku [[Donne Maula]]. Pangumuman nominasi disiarkeun sacara langsung ngaliwatan kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Festival Film Indonesia jeung Kementerian Kebudayaan. ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' jeung ''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' masing-masing nampa nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 12 nominasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20251019211714-220-1286222/daftar-lengkap-nominasi-piala-citra-ffi-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Nominasi Piala Citra FFI 2025|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> ''Jumbo'' jadi pilem animasi kahiji anu dinominasikeun pikeun Film Cerita Panjang Pangalusna. Ringgo Agus Rahman jadi pamaén kadua anu nampa panghargaan Pamaén Utama Lalaki Pangalusna salila dua taun berturut-turut, sanggeus Deddy Mizwar nyieun rékor éta ku kameunangan dina taun 1986 jeung 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sketsanusantara.id/showbiz/1031934235/ringgo-agus-rahman-raih-piala-citra-2025-sebagai-pemeran-utama-pria-terbaik-lewat-film-panggil-aku-ayah|title=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|last=Huda|first=Nurul|website=Ringgo Agus Rahman Raih Piala Citra 2025 sebagai Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik lewat Film Panggil Aku Ayah - Sketsa Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === Pilem anu meunang nominasi jeung kameunangan panglobana === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang nominasi panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Nominasi ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 12 |''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- |''[[The Shadow Strays]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |10 |''[[Perang Kota]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |8 |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7 |''[[Gowok: Kamasutra Jawa]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' |- |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |6 |''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |4 |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |- |''[[Siapa Dia]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |''[[Qodrat 2]]'' |- | rowspan="3" |2 |''[[1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (film)|1 Kakak 7 Ponakan]]'' |- |''[[Dia Bukan Ibu]]'' |- |''[[Tinggal Meninggal]]'' |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" cellpadding="4" border="2" style="text-align: center;" |+ Pilem anu meunang kameunangan panglobana ! scope="col" style="width:55px;" | Kameunangan ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Pilem |- | scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 5 | ''[[Pengepungan di Bukit Duri]]'' |- | rowspan="2" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Pangku (film)|Pangku]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' |} == Panyatur jeung panampil == Di handap ieu nyaéta panyatur nominasi jeung panampil hiburan. === Panyatur === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Peran |- |Ahmad Mahendra |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Alex Abbad]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Efek Visual Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Efek Visual Terbaik]] jeung [[Penyunting Gambar Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penyunting Gambar Terbaik]] |- |[[Ali Fikry]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktor Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Donny Damara]] |Panyatur Katégori Kritik Pilem Terbaik dan Pilem Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Happy Salma]] |Panyatur Katégori Pilem Terlaris |- |[[Kamila Andini]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Sutradara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Sutradara Terbaik]] |- |[[Mawar Eva de Jongh]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Pendek Terbaik]], [[Film Animasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Animasi Panjang Terbaik]], jeung [[Film Pendek Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Pendek Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Ayunda]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Pendek Terbaik]] dan [[Film Dokumenter Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Dokumenter Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Maudy Koesnaedi]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Marissa Anita]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Perempuan Terbaik]] |- |[[Rano Karno]] |Panyatur Katégori Penghargaan Seumur Hidup |- |[[Ratih Kumala]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Asli Terbaik]] jeung [[Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penulis Skenario Adaptasi Terbaik]] |- |[[Sheila Timothy]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Busana Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Busana Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Rias Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Rias Terbaik]] |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Penata Musik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Musik Terbaik]], [[Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pencipta Lagu Tema Terbaik]] jeung [[Penata Suara Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Penata Suara Terbaik]] |- |[[Teuku Rifnu Wikana]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Widuri Puteri]] |Panyatur Katégori Aktris Pilihan Penonton |- |[[Winky Wiryawan]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Pria Terbaik]] |- |[[Wregas Bhanuteja]] |Panyatur Katégori [[Pengarah Artistik Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Artistik Terbaik]] jeung [[Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pengarah Sinematografi Terbaik]] |} === Panampil === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngaran !Pagelaran |- |[[Armand Maulana]] |"Citra" saméméh ngumumkeun juara [[Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Film Cerita Panjang Terbaik]] |- |[[Barasuara]] |"[[Terbuang dalam Waktu]]" ti ''[[Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan (film)|Sore: Istri dari Masa Depan]]'' (2025) |- |Barsena Bestandhi<br>Paduan Suara Dux Stella Voce |"Ruang Baru" ti ''[[My Annoying Brother (film 2024)|My Annoying Brother]]'' (2024) keur segmen "In Memoriam" |- |[[Idgitaf]] |"Berakhir di Aku" ti ''[[Home Sweet Loan]]'' (2024) |- |[[Prince Poetiray]] | rowspan="2" |"Selalu Ada Di Nadimu" ti ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025)<br>"Dengar Hatimu" dari ''[[Jumbo (film 2025)|Jumbo]]'' (2025) |- |[[Quinn Salman]] |- |[[Rossa]] |"Tegar" ti ''[[Panggil Aku Ayah]]'' (2025) |- |[[Sherina Munaf]] |Direktur musik |} == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 5a78bfz454125lo9ahvy2b4nyq1di6o 0 108061 708536 707220 2026-04-25T14:39:40Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambahan inpormasi 708536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Penghargaan Grammy Tahunan ka-67''' ngahargaan rékaman, komposisi, jeung artis pangalusna dina periode 16 Séptémber 2023 nepi ka 30 Agustus 2024, sakumaha dipilih ku anggota [[Recording Academy]], dina tanggal 2 Pébruari 2025. Dina taun ka-22 dilaksanakeun di [[Crypto.com Arena]] di [[Los Angeles]], acara utama disiarkeun ku CBS sarta bisa ditonton sacara streaming di [[Paramount+]]. Saméméhna, aya acara premiere di [[Peacock Theater]] anu dimimitian jam 12:30 siang waktu PT. Nominasi diumumkeun ngaliwatan siaran langsung [[YouTube]] dina tanggal 8 Nopémber 2024. Komedian asal [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Trevor Noah]], jadi pemandu acara pikeun kalima kalina sacara berturut-turut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/11/08/grammy-nominations-2025-live-updates/76071876007/|title=2025 Grammy nominations live updates: Beyoncé leads the way|last=McClellan|first=Melissa Ruggieri and Jennifer|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/grammy-awards-date-2025-1235904989/|title=Grammy Awards to Air Live in February 2025|last=Fekadu|first=Mesfin|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trevor-noah-host-2025-grammy-awards/|title=Trevor Noah returns to host 2025 Grammy Awards - CBS News|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Lagu "''[[Not Like Us]]''" ti [[Kendrick Lamar]] nyapu bersih sakabéh lima nominasi anu diraihna, kaasup Record of the Year jeung Song of the Year, nyaruakeun rékor jeung "''Up, Up and Away''" salaku lagu anu meunang panghargaan panglobana dina sajarah Grammy. Anjeunna jadi artis ''rap'' kadua anu meunang duanana kategori éta, sanggeus [[Childish Gambino]] dina taun 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kendrick Lamar’s ‘Not Like Us’ Wins Record and Song of the Year|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/arts/music/kendrick-lamar-not-like-us-record-of-the-year.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2025-02-03|access-date=2026-03-24|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Joe|last=Coscarelli}}</ref> Beyoncé meunang nominasi panglobana dina acara ieu, nyaéta sabelas nominasi, sarta meunang tilu panghargaan, kaasup Album of the Year jeung Best Country Album pikeun album ''[[Cowboy Carter|"Cowboy Carter"]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-awards-2025-a0e1a23256cd903a913c811ff75f10f8|title=Beyoncé wins album of the year at the 2025 Grammys for 'Cowboy Carter'|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna jadi artis kulit hideung kahiji anu meunang Best Country Album jeung awéwé kulit hideung kahiji anu meunang Album of the Year saprak Lauryn Hill dina taun 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/jimmy-carter-grammys-audiobook-record-1236122999/|title=Jimmy Carter Wins Posthumous Grammy for Audiobook Narration, Setting Record for Category|last=Phillips|first=Zoe G.|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> [[Chappell Roan]] meunang panghargaan Best New Artist, sedengkeun [[Sierra Ferrell]] nyapu bersih kategori American roots ku meunang sakabéh opat nominasi na. Doechii, anu ogé dinominasikeun pikeun Best New Artist, meunang Best Rap Album pikeun Alligator Bites Never Heal, jadi awéwé katilu anu meunang kategori éta sanggeus Hill (bareng The Fugees) dina taun 1997 jeung [[Cardi B]] dina taun 2019. Artis séjén anu meunang tilu panghargaan di antarana Charli XCX jeung St. Vincent. Sedengkeun artis anu meunang nominasi panglobana salajengna nyaéta Charli XCX jeung Post Malone (dalapan nominasi), sarta [[Kendrick Lamar]] jeung [[Billie Eilish]] (tujuh nominasi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-best-new-artist-2025-d68754cb398ebef06b47a3c6b2dc3a92|title=Chappell Roan wins best new artist Grammy Award|last=Kennedy|first=Mark|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Juara jeung nominasi == Babak kahiji pamilihan lumangsung ti 4 Oktober nepi ka 15 Oktober 2024. Para nominasi diumumkeun ku Brandy Clark, Kirk Franklin, David Frost, Robert Gordon, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Monét, Gaby Moreno, Deanie Parker, Mark Ronson, Ben Platt, jeung Hayley Williams dina tanggal 8 Nopémber dina siaran langsung di kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Grammy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grammy.com/news/how-to-watch-2025-grammys-nominations-livestream-live|title=How To Watch The 2025 GRAMMY Nominations: Mark Ronson, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Monét, Brandy Clark, Kirk Franklin & More To Announce The Nominees; Streaming Live Friday, Nov. 8 {{!}} GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list|title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The Full Winners & Nominees List {{!}} GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Babak ahir pamilihan teras dilaksanakeun ti 12 Désémber 2024 nepi ka 3 Januari 2025, saméméh para juara diumumkeun dina acara Grammy Premiere Ceremony jeung siaran utamana dina 2 Pébruari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-grammy-awards-date-1235688608/|title=Here’s the Date of the 2025 Grammy Awards|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2025-grammy-awards-dates-1235024806/|title=Grammys Sets 2025 Ceremony and Nominations Dates|last=Paul|first=Larisha|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Beyoncé meunang nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 11 nominasi, nu nyieun rékor anyar pikeun jumlah nominasi dina sataun ku artis awéwé. Saméméhna, anjeunna ngabagi rékor jeung Lauryn Hill anu meunang 10 nominasi dina acara taun 1999, sarta anjeunna sorangan ogé ngahontal jumlah anu sarua dina taun 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-grammy-nominations-beyonce-taylor-swift-1235823162/|title=Beyonce Sets a New Record With 2025 Grammy Nominations|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/grammy-nominations-2025-list-1235156923/|title=Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, Kendrick Lamar Lead 2025 Grammy Nominees|last=Blistein|first=Jon|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Kalayan total karir 99 nominasi, Beyoncé jadi artis kalayan nominasi panglobana dina sajarah Grammy, ngéléhkeun rékor babarengan jeung salakina, Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-award-nominations-2025-b3db08a95aa45979062e5dc997a3ac98|title=Beyoncé leads the 2025 Grammy noms, becoming the most nominated artist in the show’s history|last=Sherman|first=Maria|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> [[Taylor Swift]] jadi awéwé kahiji anu meunang tujuh nominasi karir pikeun Album of the Year ku albumna ''The Tortured Poets Department''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-seven-album-of-the-year-grammy-nominations-1235157741/|title=Taylor Swift Is the First Woman to Earn Seven Album of the Year Grammy Nominations|last=Paul|first=Larisha|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Lagu “''Now and Then''” ku [[The Beatles]] jadi lagu kahiji anu diproduksi kalayan bantuan kecerdasan jieunan (AI) anu meunang nominasi Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/the-beatles-now-and-then-first-ai-assisted-song-grammy-nomination-history/|title=The Beatles’ ‘Now and Then’ Makes History As First AI-Assisted Song to Earn Grammy Nomination|last=Robinson|first=Kristin|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Album ''Funk Generation'' ku Anitta jadi album ''funk carioca'' kahiji anu meunang nominasi Grammy. [[Sabrina Carpenter]] jeung Chappell Roan jadi artis ka-14 jeung ka-15 dina sajarah anu meunang nominasi dina opat kategori utama General Field dina hiji peuting. [[Charli XCX]] jeung [[Post Malone]] ditambahkeun kana daptar nominasi pikeun Best Recording Package pikeun album maranéhanana dina 20 Désémber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/charli-xcx-post-malone-2025-grammy-nod-art-direction-1235863293/|title=Charli XCX and Post Malone Each Receive an Additional 2025 Grammy Nod As Art Directors|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Dina umur 100 taun, mantan présidén Amérika Sarikat [[Jimmy Carter]] jadi nominasi pangkolotna dina sajarah. Anjeunna meunang panghargaan Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording pikeun kaopat kalina, leuwih loba tibatan saha waé nepi ka ayeuna, anu sabenerna bakal ngajadikeun anjeunna juara pangkolotna lamun henteu ku wafatna dina Désémber 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/jimmy-carter-grammys-audiobook-record-1236122999/|title=Jimmy Carter Wins Posthumous Grammy for Audiobook Narration, Setting Record for Category|last=Phillips|first=Zoe G.|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/president-jimmy-carter-2025-grammy-awards-0b8a1c1fa8c8887b945a2b893b7e59e5|title=Jimmy Carter wins posthumous Grammy for narrating an audiobook of his Sunday school lessons|last=Sherman|first=Maria|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] igoulvz1pv6szfs67oq2qznoaupwhx7 708537 708536 2026-04-25T14:39:54Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Penghargaan Grammy Tahunan ka-67''' ngahargaan rékaman, komposisi, jeung artis pangalusna dina periode 16 Séptémber 2023 nepi ka 30 Agustus 2024, sakumaha dipilih ku anggota [[Recording Academy]], dina tanggal 2 Pébruari 2025. Dina taun ka-22 dilaksanakeun di [[Crypto.com Arena]] di [[Los Angeles]], acara utama disiarkeun ku CBS sarta bisa ditonton sacara streaming di [[Paramount+]]. Saméméhna, aya acara premiere di [[Peacock Theater]] anu dimimitian jam 12:30 siang waktu PT. Nominasi diumumkeun ngaliwatan siaran langsung [[YouTube]] dina tanggal 8 Nopémber 2024. Komedian asal [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Trevor Noah]], jadi pemandu acara pikeun kalima kalina sacara berturut-turut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/11/08/grammy-nominations-2025-live-updates/76071876007/|title=2025 Grammy nominations live updates: Beyoncé leads the way|last=McClellan|first=Melissa Ruggieri and Jennifer|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/grammy-awards-date-2025-1235904989/|title=Grammy Awards to Air Live in February 2025|last=Fekadu|first=Mesfin|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trevor-noah-host-2025-grammy-awards/|title=Trevor Noah returns to host 2025 Grammy Awards - CBS News|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Lagu "''[[Not Like Us]]''" ti [[Kendrick Lamar]] nyapu bersih sakabéh lima nominasi anu diraihna, kaasup Record of the Year jeung Song of the Year, nyaruakeun rékor jeung "''Up, Up and Away''" salaku lagu anu meunang panghargaan panglobana dina sajarah Grammy. Anjeunna jadi artis ''rap'' kadua anu meunang duanana kategori éta, sanggeus [[Childish Gambino]] dina taun 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kendrick Lamar’s ‘Not Like Us’ Wins Record and Song of the Year|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/arts/music/kendrick-lamar-not-like-us-record-of-the-year.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2025-02-03|access-date=2026-03-24|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Joe|last=Coscarelli}}</ref> Beyoncé meunang nominasi panglobana dina acara ieu, nyaéta sabelas nominasi, sarta meunang tilu panghargaan, kaasup Album of the Year jeung Best Country Album pikeun album ''[[Cowboy Carter|"Cowboy Carter"]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-awards-2025-a0e1a23256cd903a913c811ff75f10f8|title=Beyoncé wins album of the year at the 2025 Grammys for 'Cowboy Carter'|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna jadi artis kulit hideung kahiji anu meunang Best Country Album jeung awéwé kulit hideung kahiji anu meunang Album of the Year saprak Lauryn Hill dina taun 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/jimmy-carter-grammys-audiobook-record-1236122999/|title=Jimmy Carter Wins Posthumous Grammy for Audiobook Narration, Setting Record for Category|last=Phillips|first=Zoe G.|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> [[Chappell Roan]] meunang panghargaan Best New Artist, sedengkeun [[Sierra Ferrell]] nyapu bersih kategori American roots ku meunang sakabéh opat nominasi na. Doechii, anu ogé dinominasikeun pikeun Best New Artist, meunang Best Rap Album pikeun Alligator Bites Never Heal, jadi awéwé katilu anu meunang kategori éta sanggeus Hill (bareng The Fugees) dina taun 1997 jeung [[Cardi B]] dina taun 2019. Artis séjén anu meunang tilu panghargaan di antarana Charli XCX jeung St. Vincent. Sedengkeun artis anu meunang nominasi panglobana salajengna nyaéta Charli XCX jeung Post Malone (dalapan nominasi), sarta [[Kendrick Lamar]] jeung [[Billie Eilish]] (tujuh nominasi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-best-new-artist-2025-d68754cb398ebef06b47a3c6b2dc3a92|title=Chappell Roan wins best new artist Grammy Award|last=Kennedy|first=Mark|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Juara jeung nominasi == Babak kahiji pamilihan lumangsung ti 4 Oktober nepi ka 15 Oktober 2024. Para nominasi diumumkeun ku Brandy Clark, Kirk Franklin, David Frost, Robert Gordon, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Monét, Gaby Moreno, Deanie Parker, Mark Ronson, Ben Platt, jeung Hayley Williams dina tanggal 8 Nopémber dina siaran langsung di kanal [[YouTube]] resmi Grammy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grammy.com/news/how-to-watch-2025-grammys-nominations-livestream-live|title=How To Watch The 2025 GRAMMY Nominations: Mark Ronson, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Monét, Brandy Clark, Kirk Franklin & More To Announce The Nominees; Streaming Live Friday, Nov. 8 {{!}} GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list|title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The Full Winners & Nominees List {{!}} GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Babak ahir pamilihan teras dilaksanakeun ti 12 Désémber 2024 nepi ka 3 Januari 2025, saméméh para juara diumumkeun dina acara Grammy Premiere Ceremony jeung siaran utamana dina 2 Pébruari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-grammy-awards-date-1235688608/|title=Here’s the Date of the 2025 Grammy Awards|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2025-grammy-awards-dates-1235024806/|title=Grammys Sets 2025 Ceremony and Nominations Dates|last=Paul|first=Larisha|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Beyoncé meunang nominasi panglobana, nyaéta 11 nominasi, nu nyieun rékor anyar pikeun jumlah nominasi dina sataun ku artis awéwé. Saméméhna, anjeunna ngabagi rékor jeung Lauryn Hill anu meunang 10 nominasi dina acara taun 1999, sarta anjeunna sorangan ogé ngahontal jumlah anu sarua dina taun 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-grammy-nominations-beyonce-taylor-swift-1235823162/|title=Beyonce Sets a New Record With 2025 Grammy Nominations|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/grammy-nominations-2025-list-1235156923/|title=Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, Kendrick Lamar Lead 2025 Grammy Nominees|last=Blistein|first=Jon|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Kalayan total karir 99 nominasi, Beyoncé jadi artis kalayan nominasi panglobana dina sajarah Grammy, ngéléhkeun rékor babarengan jeung salakina, Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/grammy-award-nominations-2025-b3db08a95aa45979062e5dc997a3ac98|title=Beyoncé leads the 2025 Grammy noms, becoming the most nominated artist in the show’s history|last=Sherman|first=Maria|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> [[Taylor Swift]] jadi awéwé kahiji anu meunang tujuh nominasi karir pikeun Album of the Year ku albumna ''The Tortured Poets Department''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-seven-album-of-the-year-grammy-nominations-1235157741/|title=Taylor Swift Is the First Woman to Earn Seven Album of the Year Grammy Nominations|last=Paul|first=Larisha|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Lagu “''Now and Then''” ku [[The Beatles]] jadi lagu kahiji anu diproduksi kalayan bantuan kecerdasan jieunan (AI) anu meunang nominasi Grammy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/the-beatles-now-and-then-first-ai-assisted-song-grammy-nomination-history/|title=The Beatles’ ‘Now and Then’ Makes History As First AI-Assisted Song to Earn Grammy Nomination|last=Robinson|first=Kristin|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Album ''Funk Generation'' ku Anitta jadi album ''funk carioca'' kahiji anu meunang nominasi Grammy. [[Sabrina Carpenter]] jeung Chappell Roan jadi artis ka-14 jeung ka-15 dina sajarah anu meunang nominasi dina opat kategori utama General Field dina hiji peuting. [[Charli XCX]] jeung [[Post Malone]] ditambahkeun kana daptar nominasi pikeun Best Recording Package pikeun album maranéhanana dina 20 Désémber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/charli-xcx-post-malone-2025-grammy-nod-art-direction-1235863293/|title=Charli XCX and Post Malone Each Receive an Additional 2025 Grammy Nod As Art Directors|last=Grein|first=Paul|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Dina umur 100 taun, mantan présidén Amérika Sarikat [[Jimmy Carter]] jadi nominasi pangkolotna dina sajarah. Anjeunna meunang panghargaan Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording pikeun kaopat kalina, leuwih loba tibatan saha waé nepi ka ayeuna, anu sabenerna bakal ngajadikeun anjeunna juara pangkolotna lamun henteu ku wafatna dina Désémber 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/jimmy-carter-grammys-audiobook-record-1236122999/|title=Jimmy Carter Wins Posthumous Grammy for Audiobook Narration, Setting Record for Category|last=Phillips|first=Zoe G.|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/president-jimmy-carter-2025-grammy-awards-0b8a1c1fa8c8887b945a2b893b7e59e5|title=Jimmy Carter wins posthumous Grammy for narrating an audiobook of his Sunday school lessons|last=Sherman|first=Maria|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] njopw0giv7nldkdz0wcgf473gijntzk 0 108070 708538 707225 2026-04-25T14:48:59Z Raflinoer32 26400 Ngedit ejaan 708538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist | name = No Na | image = No Na logo.png | landscape = | alt = | caption = | background = grup atawa band | origin = Indonesia | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Untari |first=Giovani |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/onlyincosmo/nona/ |title=no na: Ready to Take Over the World! |date=October 22, 2025 |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan Indonesia]] |access-date=October 23, 2025 |language=id}}</ref> | years_active = {{start date|2025}}–ayena | label = [[88rising]] | current_members = * Christy Gardena * Esther Geraldine * Baila Fauri * Shazfa Adesya | past_members = | website = }} '''No Na''' (ditulis dina hurup leutik sadayana) nyaéta grup wanoja asal [[Indonésia]] anu dibentuk jeung dikontrak ku [[88rising]], diwangun ku anggota [[Christy Gardena]], [[Esther Geraldine]], [[Baila Fauri]], jeung [[Shazfa Adesya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/onlyincosmo/nona/|title=no na : Ready to Take Over the World!|website=www.cosmopolitan.co.id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/profil-4-anggota-no-na-girl-group-baru-indonesia-dari-88rising-1344581|title=Profil 4 Anggota no na, Girl Group Baru Indonesia dari 88rising|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Karir == === Kagiatan saméméh debut jeung kabentukna grup === No Na diwangun ku anggota anu miboga latar tukang dina nari jeung nyanyi. Christy geus latihan [[balét]] profésional ti leutik, ogé nari [[ballroom]]. Dina taun 2019, manéhna ilubiung dina [[International Dance Asia Competition]] dina kategori ''duo'' sarta meunang posisi juara katilu. Esther ngarilis rékaman kahijina dina umur 16 taun.<ref>{{Citation|title=Addicted to you (Original) {{!}} Esther G {{!}} HomeSessionsMNL|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onF963ryES0|date=2018-01-26|accessdate=2026-03-24|last=HomeSessionsMNL}}</ref> Manéhna ogé ilubiung dina [[Indonesian Idol]] musim ka-10 sarta réngsé dina posisi ka-17. Singelna di antarana "R''arity''" jeung "''Keep It Hush''" (bareng Dipha Barus jeung Afgan). Dina umur 13 taun, Baila ilubiung dina musim kahiji [[Indonesian Idol Junior]] sarta meunang posisi kagenep. Popularitasna terus ningkat ngaliwatan cover lagu dina [[Instagram]] jeung [[YouTube]], ogé ngarilis singel saperti "''Eye 2 Eye''" jeung "''3 Dots''". Shazfa ngamimitian tampil bareng grup ''cover dance'' [[K-pop]] asal [[Australia]], Dulcét jeung EUTONE, nalika keur kuliah di [[Unipérsitas New South Wales]].<ref name=":0" /> Christy, Baila, jeung Shazfa kapanggih (di-''scout'') ku 88rising sanggeus pangadegna, Sean Miyashiro, jeung saurang manajer proyék ningali video nari jeung cover lagu maranéhna sacara [[Online|''online'']]. Maranéhna papanggih pikeun kahiji kalina dina Head in the Clouds Festival 2022 di [[Jakarta]]. Genep bulan sanggeusna, dumasar kana rekoméndasi Shazfa, Esther gabung kana grup. Maranéhna ngamimitian latihan di [[Jakarta]], saméméh pindah ka [[Los Angeles]] dina taun 2024.<ref>{{Citation|title=no na time {{!}} Q&A|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0e8JOrFM6k|date=2025-06-25|accessdate=2026-03-24|last=no na}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/no-na-88rising-interview-1235990309/|title=Meet 88rising’s New Girl Group|last=Havens|first=Lyndsey|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> === 2025–kiwari === Dina tanggal 29 April 2025, 88rising ngumumkeun yén maranéhna bakal ngadebutkeun grup wanoja asal Indonésia, No Na, kalayan anggota anu asalna ti Jakarta, [[Lombok]], jeung [[Bali]] dina 2 Mei 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/88rising-umumkan-girl-group-no-na-asal-indonesia-debut-2-mei-2025-1294938|title=88rising Umumkan Girl Group No Na Asal Indonesia Debut 2 Mei 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anggota-anggota na diungkabkeun hiji-hiji ti 30 April nepi ka 1 Mei 2025. Anggota kahiji anu diwanohkeun nyaéta Esther, dituturkeun ku Christy, Baila, jeung Shaz. Ngaran grup ieu asalna tina kecap basa Indonésia “nona,” anu hartina “[[Bikang|wanoja]] ngora” atawa “nona,” anu ngagambarkeun akar budaya jeung jati diri maranéhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/video/24-hours-no-na-los-angeles-video/|title=Spend 24 Hours With No Na in Los Angeles|last=Cao|first=Katie|website=Billboard|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Dina 2 Mei 2025, No Na ngarilis singel debutna, “''[[Shoot]]''.” Lagu [[pop]] anu kakeueum ku gaya [[R&B]] ieu ngahontal jutaan ''[[stream]]'' sarta ngabantu ngangkat popularitas grup. Sanggeus éta, maranéhna ogé ngarilis “[[Superstitious]]” jeung “[[Falling in Love]]”. Dina 10 Juli 2025, No Na ngarilis ''extended play'' (EP) debutna, ''Orchids (Lullabies)''. EP ieu diwangun ku opat lagu solo anu dibawakeun ku masing-masing anggota, sarta ngawengku lagu “''Bleach''” anu geus dirilis saméméhna. Saterusna, maranéhna ogé ngarilis sababaraha singel séjén saperti “''Sad Face:(''”, “''The One''”, jeung “''Work''”. == Kagiatan séjén == === ''Endorsement'' === Dina Juli 2025, No Na diumumkeun jadi bagian tina Team Galaxy pikeun [[Samsung Indonésia]] sarta jadi wajah pikeun Galaxy Z Fold7 jeung Z Flip7. Dina Agustus 2025, No Na jeung [[Rich Brian]] ilubiung dina kampanye kolaborasi antara 88rising jeung [[BAPE]] pikeun miéling ulang taun ka-10 88rising.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.bape.com/blogs/news/bape-x-88rising|title=BAPE® x 88RISING|website=us.bape.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Dina Januari 2026, No Na gawé bareng jeung [[Mobile Legends]]: Bang Bang pikeun ngarilis lagu téma pikeun M7 anu judulna “''Sizzle''”. == Anggota == * Christy Gardena * Esther Geraldine * Baila Fauri * Shazfa “Shaz” Adesya == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] rqnu061hkuevbumtmmy8va7jba71zr9 0 108071 708539 707228 2026-04-25T15:23:55Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Owen Cooper | image = Owen Cooper, 2026.png | caption = Cooper nalika muncul dina acara promosi pikeun [[Soccer Aid]] 2026 | birth_name = Owen Patrick Cooper | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2009|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Warrington]], [[Inggris]] | occupation = Aktor | known_for = | years_active = 2025–ayena }} '''Owen Patrick Cooper''' (lahir 5 Désémber 2009) nyaéta saurang aktor asal [[Inggris]]. Anjeunna meunang pangakuan internasional pikeun peran debutna minangka Jamie Miller, saurang nonoman tersangka pembunuhan, dina miniseri [[Netflix]] ''[[Adolescence]]'' (2025). Pikeun peran éta, anjeunna meunang Primetime Emmy Award pikeun Aktor Pendukung Pinunjul dina Serial Terbatas atawa Antologi atawa Pilem, anu ngajadikeun anjeunna aktor lalaki pangngora anu kantos meunang [[Panghargaan Primetime Emmy]]. Cooper ogé meunang Golden Globe Award pikeun Aktor Pendukung Pangalusna – Serial, Miniseri atawa Pilem Télévisi, sarta Actor Award pikeun Pagelaran Pinunjul ku Aktor Lalaki dina Pilem Télévisi atawa Serial Terbatas pikeun peran anu sarua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/9/adolescence-star-owen-cooper-makes-history-at-primetime-emmys-as-netflix-show-cleans-up|title=Adolescence star Owen Cooper makes history at Primetime Emmys as Netflix show cleans up|website=Guinness World Records|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal == Cooper lahir di Warrington, Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25011615.owen-cooper-breakout-star-netflixs-adolescence/|title=Talented Warrington teen is breakout star of new smash hit Netflix series|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Indungna digawé minangka pangasuh (carer), sedengkeun bapana damel di widang IT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/adolescence-star-owen-coopers-life-31119222|title=Adolescence star Owen Cooper's life off-screen as he opens up on family|last=Palmer|first=Katie|website=Liverpool Echo|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna boga dua dulur lalaki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/awards/adolescence-owen-cooper-erin-doherty-fame-spider-man-rumors-1236487733/|title=‘Adolescence’ Stars Owen Cooper and Erin Doherty on Overnight Fame, ‘Spider-Man’ Rumors and Getting Accolades From Adele and Steven Spielberg|last=Ritman|first=Alex|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna kungsi jadi anggota tim Warrington Rylands U15, sarta awalna hayang jadi pamaén bal saméméh mimiti milu kursus akting mingguan di The Drama Mob, hiji sakola drama di Manchester anu diadegkeun ku aktris ''Coronation Street'' Tina O’Brien jeung Esther Morgan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/adolescence-owen-cooper-netflix-wuthering-heights-1236333144/|title=‘Adolescence’ Breakout Owen Cooper on Leading Netflix’s One-Shot Drama With No Acting Experience and Nabbing a Role in Emerald Fennell’s ‘Wuthering Heights’|last=Ritman|first=Alex|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25020504.owen-cooper-praised-exceptional-debut-adolescence/|title=‘Destined for greatness’ – world raves about Warrington actor after Netflix debut|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Cooper nyebutkeun yén anjeunna katarik pikeun ngudag dunya akting sanggeus ningali pagelaran Tom Holland dina pilem ''The Impossible'' (2012). Kulawargana ngarojong minatna dina drama jeung akting ti mimiti, sanajan henteu maksa (“teu ngadorong kaleuleuwihan”).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.co/article/owen-cooper-adolescence-child-netflix-interview-wuthering-heights/|title=Owen Cooper interview on Adolescence, Hometown, and Wuthering Heights|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp91yz4p44vo|title=Adolescence star's drama school 'were just drawn to him'|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kahirupan pribadi == Dugi ka April 2025, Cooper cicing di Orford, Cheshire, hiji wewengkon di pinggiran Warrington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25127229.owen-cooper-nominated-award-following-breakthrough-performance/|title=Warrington’s Owen Cooper nominated for first award following breakthrough performance|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupakeun panggemar Liverpool F.C., sarta kungsi nganteurkeun bal pertandingan dina hiji laga rugby Super League antara Warrington Wolves jeung Hull F.C. dina 12 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/wolves/wolvesnews/25086200.adolescence-actor-owen-coopers-warrington-wolves-match-ball-role/|title=The role Adolescence teen actor Owen Cooper played in Wire v Hull Super League match|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] k5nplpvvzra3ugaxwgpo4n3xu1wzjku 708549 708539 2026-04-25T15:32:03Z Raflinoer32 26400 708549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Owen Cooper | image = Owen Cooper, 2026.png | caption = Cooper nalika muncul dina acara promosi pikeun [[Soccer Aid]] 2026 | birth_name = Owen Patrick Cooper | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2009|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Warrington]], [[Inggris]] | occupation = Aktor | known_for = | years_active = 2025–ayena }} '''Owen Patrick Cooper''' (lahir 5 Désémber 2009) nyaéta saurang [[aktor]] asal [[Inggris]]. Anjeunna meunang pangakuan [[internasional]] pikeun peran debutna minangka Jamie Miller, saurang nonoman tersangka pembunuhan, dina miniseri [[Netflix]] nu judulna ''[[Adolescence]]'' (2025). Pikeun peran éta, anjeunna meunang Primetime Emmy Award pikeun Aktor Pendukung Pinunjul dina Serial Terbatas atawa Antologi atawa Pilem. Panghargaan éta ngajadikeun anjeunna aktor lalaki pangngora anu kantos meunang [[Panghargaan Primetime Emmy]]. Cooper ogé meunang Golden Globe Award pikeun Aktor Pendukung Pangalusna – Serial, Miniseri atawa Pilem Télévisi, sarta Actor Award pikeun Pagelaran Pinunjul ku Aktor Lalaki dina Pilem Télévisi atawa Serial Terbatas pikeun peran anu sarua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/9/adolescence-star-owen-cooper-makes-history-at-primetime-emmys-as-netflix-show-cleans-up|title=Adolescence star Owen Cooper makes history at Primetime Emmys as Netflix show cleans up|website=Guinness World Records|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal == Cooper lahir di [[Warrington]], Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25011615.owen-cooper-breakout-star-netflixs-adolescence/|title=Talented Warrington teen is breakout star of new smash hit Netflix series|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Indungna digawé minangka pangasuh (''carer''), sedengkeun bapana damel di widang IT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/adolescence-star-owen-coopers-life-31119222|title=Adolescence star Owen Cooper's life off-screen as he opens up on family|last=Palmer|first=Katie|website=Liverpool Echo|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna boga dua dulur [[Jalu|lalaki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/awards/adolescence-owen-cooper-erin-doherty-fame-spider-man-rumors-1236487733/|title=‘Adolescence’ Stars Owen Cooper and Erin Doherty on Overnight Fame, ‘Spider-Man’ Rumors and Getting Accolades From Adele and Steven Spielberg|last=Ritman|first=Alex|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna kungsi jadi anggota tim Warrington Rylands U15, sarta awalna hayang jadi pamaén bal saméméh mimiti milu kursus akting mingguan di The Drama Mob, hiji sakola drama di [[Manchester]] anu diadegkeun ku aktris ''Coronation Street'' Tina O’Brien jeung Esther Morgan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/adolescence-owen-cooper-netflix-wuthering-heights-1236333144/|title=‘Adolescence’ Breakout Owen Cooper on Leading Netflix’s One-Shot Drama With No Acting Experience and Nabbing a Role in Emerald Fennell’s ‘Wuthering Heights’|last=Ritman|first=Alex|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25020504.owen-cooper-praised-exceptional-debut-adolescence/|title=‘Destined for greatness’ – world raves about Warrington actor after Netflix debut|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Cooper nyebutkeun yén anjeunna katarik pikeun ngudag dunya akting sanggeus ningali pagelaran Tom Holland dina pilem ''[[The Impossible]]'' (2012). Kulawargana ngarojong minatna dina drama jeung akting ti mimiti, sanajan henteu maksa (teu ngadorong kaleuleuwihan).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.co/article/owen-cooper-adolescence-child-netflix-interview-wuthering-heights/|title=Owen Cooper interview on Adolescence, Hometown, and Wuthering Heights|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp91yz4p44vo|title=Adolescence star's drama school 'were just drawn to him'|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kahirupan pribadi == Dugi ka April 2025, Cooper cicing di [[Orford]], [[Cheshire]], hiji wewengkon di pinggiran Warrington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/25127229.owen-cooper-nominated-award-following-breakthrough-performance/|title=Warrington’s Owen Cooper nominated for first award following breakthrough performance|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupakeun panggemar [[Liverpool FC]]., sarta kungsi nganteurkeun bal pertandingan dina hiji laga ''rugby'' Super League antara Warrington Wolves jeung Hull F.C. dina 12 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/wolves/wolvesnews/25086200.adolescence-actor-owen-coopers-warrington-wolves-match-ball-role/|title=The role Adolescence teen actor Owen Cooper played in Wire v Hull Super League match|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] np6txy8447uuy79p0qbr4mcmcmwt6p6 0 108072 708540 707230 2026-04-25T15:24:12Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708540 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina tanggal 25 Agustus nepi ka awal Séptémber 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/kronologi-demo-memprotes-dpr-hingga-meluas-berubah-penjarahan-2065182|title=Kronologi Demo Memprotes DPR hingga Meluas Berubah Penjarahan|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250825144311-20-1266156/demo-25-agustus-massa-mahasiswa-serukan-dpr-dibubarkan|title=Demo 25 Agustus, Massa Mahasiswa Serukan DPR Dibubarkan|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> [[unjuk rasa]] anu dibarengan ku karusuhan kajadian di rupa-rupa wilayah di Indonésia. Unjuk rasa ieu mimiti dipicu ku protes kana ayana tunjangan anyar pikeun anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|Dewan Pangwakil Rahayat Republik Indonésia]], nyaéta dina wangun tunjangan perumahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/isi-tuntutan-demo-25-agustus-di-dpr-hapus-tunjangan-stop-pemborosan-anggaran-25j0E3PRst6|title=Isi Tuntutan Demo 25 Agustus di DPR: Hapus Tunjangan-Stop Pemborosan Anggaran|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sajaba ti éta, ogé didorong ku naékna pajeg bumi jeung wangunan di sababaraha wilayah, sarta teu puasna masarakat kana kinerja pamaréntah dina ngungkulan kasenjangan ékonomi jeung naékna biaya hirup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Unjuk rasa tuluy ngalegaan jadi bentrokan anu leuwih gedé sanggeus saurang pangemudi [[ojek daring]], Affan Kurniawan, katabrak sarta kalindes ku kendaraan lapis baja pulisi anu nyobaan nembus massa nalika karicuhan kajadian di Jalan Penjernihan I, Bendungan Hilir, Tanah Abang, Jakarta Puseur. Pupusna Affan micu gelombang protes ti masarakat, hususna ti sasama pangemudi ojek daring jeung mahasiswa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/tragedi-affan-empati-prabowo-dan-janji-negara-hadir-usai-pengemudi-ojol-tewas-dilindas-kendaraan-taktis-460975-mvk.html|title=Tragedi Affan: Empati Prabowo dan Janji Negara Hadir Usai Pengemudi Ojol Tewas Dilindas Kendaraan Taktis|website=merdeka.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/melindungi-tuah-marwah/d-8089061/aksi-damai-bela-affan-kurniawan-massa-tabur-bunga-depan-polres-dumai|title=Aksi Damai Bela Affan Kurniawan, Massa Tabur Bunga Depan Polres Dumai|last=R|first=Mei Amelia|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 89blp2nzeta05zqvn5bhka80w27p1j8 708550 708540 2026-04-25T15:48:59Z Raflinoer32 26400 708550 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina tanggal 25 Agustus nepi ka awal Séptémber 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/kronologi-demo-memprotes-dpr-hingga-meluas-berubah-penjarahan-2065182|title=Kronologi Demo Memprotes DPR hingga Meluas Berubah Penjarahan|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250825144311-20-1266156/demo-25-agustus-massa-mahasiswa-serukan-dpr-dibubarkan|title=Demo 25 Agustus, Massa Mahasiswa Serukan DPR Dibubarkan|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> [[unjuk rasa]] anu dibarengan ku [[karusuhan]] kajadian di rupa-rupa wilayah di [[Indonésia]]. Unjuk rasa ieu mimiti dipicu ku protes kana ayana tunjangan anyar pikeun anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|Dewan Pangwakil Rahayat Republik Indonésia]], nyaéta dina wangun tunjangan perumahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/isi-tuntutan-demo-25-agustus-di-dpr-hapus-tunjangan-stop-pemborosan-anggaran-25j0E3PRst6|title=Isi Tuntutan Demo 25 Agustus di DPR: Hapus Tunjangan-Stop Pemborosan Anggaran|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sajaba ti éta, ogé didorong ku naékna [[pajeg bumi]] jeung wangunan di sababaraha wilayah sarta teu puasna [[masarakat]] kana kinerja [[pamaréntah]] dina ngungkulan kasenjangan [[ékonomi]] jeung naékna biaya hirup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Unjuk rasa tuluy ngalegaan jadi béntrokan anu leuwih gedé sanggeus saurang pangemudi [[ojek daring]], Affan Kurniawan, katabrak sarta kalindes ku kendaraan lapis baja pulisi anu nyobaan nembus massa nalika karicuhan kajadian di Jalan Penjernihan I, [[Bendungan Hilir, Tanah Abang, Jakarta Pusat|Bendungan Hilir]], Tanah Abang, [[Kota Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]]. Pupusna Affan micu gelombang protes ti masarakat, hususna ti sasama pangemudi ojek daring jeung [[mahasiswa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/tragedi-affan-empati-prabowo-dan-janji-negara-hadir-usai-pengemudi-ojol-tewas-dilindas-kendaraan-taktis-460975-mvk.html|title=Tragedi Affan: Empati Prabowo dan Janji Negara Hadir Usai Pengemudi Ojol Tewas Dilindas Kendaraan Taktis|website=merdeka.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/melindungi-tuah-marwah/d-8089061/aksi-damai-bela-affan-kurniawan-massa-tabur-bunga-depan-polres-dumai|title=Aksi Damai Bela Affan Kurniawan, Massa Tabur Bunga Depan Polres Dumai|last=R|first=Mei Amelia|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Latar tukang == Unjuk rasa ieu dipicu ku usulan tunjangan perumahan anyar pikeun anggota parlemén. Tunjangan anu diusulkeun, gedéna Rp50 juta per bulan, sapuluh kali lipet tina upah minimum [[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]], ditambah jeung tunjangan dahareun, [[angkutan]], sarta [[gaji]] pokok anu geus aya, nyababkeun amarah masarakat umum. Frustrasi ékonomi beuki parah alatan naékna biaya dahareun jeung atikan, [[PHK]] massal, sarta kanaékan pajeg properti anu diterapkeun ku pamaréntah daérah minangka akibat tina pangurangan dana ti pamaréntah pusat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/08/indonesian-protesters-clash-with-police-during-demonstrations-over-parliamentary-perks/|title=Indonesian Protesters Clash With Police During Demonstrations Over Parliamentary Perks|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Protes ieu ogé dipicu ku pernyataan kontroversial ti anggota DPR minangka tanggapan kana ningkatna kateuasan masarakat, anu dianggap teu peka. Anggota DPR ti [[Partéy NasDem]], [[Nafa Urbach]], ngarojong kanaékan tunjangan kalayan alesan yén anggota DPR ngalaman kasusah dina perjalanan ka tempat damel. Anjeunna tuluy nyuhunkeun hapunten dina [[média sosial]] sanggeus aya réaksi publik kana pernyataanna. Wakil Ketua Komisi III DPR, [[Ahmad Sahroni]], ti partéy anu sarua, nyebut masarakat anu nungtut bubarna parlemen minangka “j''alma pangbodona di dunya'',” lajeng anjeunna ngajelaskeun deui pendirianna sarta ngabéla sasama anggota parlemen. Anggota parlemen séjén ti [[Partéy Amanat Nasional]] sarta mantan pelawak, [[Éko Patrio]], unggah [[vidéo]] parodi anu teu némbongkeun émpati, anu dipandang minangka sindiran kana kahariwang publik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/08/26/09004551/tingkah-laku-dan-pernyataan-anggota-dpr-yang-buat-rakyat-marah?page=all|title=KOMPAS.com|last=Sutrisna|first=Tria|date=26 Agustus 2025|work=Berita|access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref> Sawatara laporan ti [[BBC Indonesia]] ngitung yén panghasilan resmi anggota DPR leuwih ti Rp100 juta per bulan, dumasar kana inpormasi yén anggota DPR nampa tunjangan perumahan Rp50 juta per bulan, sarta lamun dihijikeun jeung gaji jeung tunjangan séjénna, total panghasilan resmi bisa ngahontal leuwih ti Rp100 juta per bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cqle4p2gdnzo|title=Gaji dan tunjangan anggota DPR lebih Rp100 juta per bulan – 'Tidak patut saat masyarakat kesulitan ekonomi'|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Forum Indonesia pikeun Transparansi Anggaran (Fitra), hiji lembaga swadaya masarakat, nyebut yén laporan BBC teu ngitung ''take-home pay'' anggota DPR anu bisa ngahontal Rp230 juta per bulan atawa kira-kira Rp2,8 miliar per taun. Angka ieu asalna tina data Daftar Isian Palaksanaan Anggaran (DIPA) DPR periode 2023–2025. Total anggaran gaji jeung tunjangan pikeun 580 anggota DPR diperkirakeun ngahontal Rp1,6 triliun dina taun 2025, ningkat dibanding taun saméméhna (Rp1,2 triliun dina 2023 jeung Rp1,18 triliun dina 2024).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bukan Rp 100 Juta, Penghasilan Anggota DPR Tembus Rp 230 Juta Sebulan|url=https://www.kompas.com/banten/read/2025/08/26/071500588/bukan-rp-100-juta-penghasilan-anggota-dpr-tembus-rp-230-juta-sebulan|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2025-08-26|access-date=2026-04-25|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, mantan Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi RI sarta mantan Menteri Hukum jeung HAM, [[Mahfud MD]], nampik klaim yén gaji anggota DPR moal ngahontal Rp250 juta per bulan, sarta negeskeun yén total panghasilan maranéhna malah bisa ngahontal milyaran rupiah unggal bulan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/08/28/12495981/mahfud-dengar-gaji-anggota-dpr-capai-miliaran-per-bulan-bukan-rp-230-juta|title=KOMPAS.com|last=Dirgantara|first=Adhyasta|date=28 Agustus 2025|work=Warta|access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref> === Pembunuhan Affan Kurniawan === [[Affan Kurniawan]] nyaéta saurang supir ojek daring anu maot sanggeus katabrak jeung kalindes ku kendaraan taktis [[Brimob]] jinis Barakuda dina hiji kajadian di lokasi unjuk rasa. Numutkeun sababaraha saksi mata, Affan saméméhna ragrag sanggeus kepleset nalika rék nyebrang jalan, tuluy katabrak sarta kalindes ku kendaraan éta. Sanajan aya di sabudeureun lokasi demonstrasi, anjeunna henteu milu dina aksi éta. Kajadian ieu tuluy micu unjuk rasa anu leuwih gedé di rupa-rupa daérah di Indonesia, sarta narik perhatian lega ti masarakat, média nasional, pausahaan transportasi daring, jeung pihak kapolisian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6145108/ketua-presidium-koalisi-ojol-nasional-beberkan-kronologi-pengemudi-tewas-ditabrak-mobil-barakuda-brimob|title=Ketua Presidium Koalisi Ojol Nasional Beberkan Kronologi Pengemudi Tewas Ditabrak Mobil Barakuda Brimob|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautynesia.id/life/mengenal-sosok-affan-kurniawan-yang-meninggal-dunia-akibat-dilindas-mobil-brimob/b-308809|title=Mengenal Affan Kurniawan yang Meninggal Dilindas Mobil Rantis Brimob|last=Hardjo|first=Dimitrie|website=life|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/politik-dan-hukum/806043/driver-ojol-dilaporkan-tewas-dilindas-barracuda-brimob-ini-respons-gojek|title=Driver Ojol Dilaporkan Tewas Dilindas Barracuda Brimob, Ini Respons Gojek|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] nq0bxpqy195ctz0vbwjy2oy2mbmgzzp 0 108073 708541 707233 2026-04-25T15:24:24Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pembongkaran imah adat Toraja''' nyaéta hiji kajadian sengketa lahan anu lumangsung di Kecamatan Kurra, [[Kabupatén Tana Toraja|Kabupaten Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi]] [[Sulawesi Kidul|Kidul]]. Pembongkaran éta dilaksanakeun minangka tindak lanjut tina putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale dina perkara perdata Nomor 184/Pd.tG/209/PN Mak Jo. 268/PDT/2020/PT MKS Jo. 1749 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 613 PK/Pdt/2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandapala.com/article|title=Sempat Ricuh, PN Makale Tuntaskan Eksekusi Tanah Tongkonan di Tana Toraja|website=www.dandapala.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pembongkaran anu kajadian dina 5 Désémber 2025 ngancurkeun 11 wangunan, anu diwangun ku genep [[lumbung paré]] (alang), dua imah Toraja, dua imah semi permanén, sarta hiji imah adat Tongkonan Ka'pun anu umurna leuwih ti 300 taun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-3-abad-runtuh-di-ujung-palu-pengadilan/|title=Rumah adat Toraja berusia 3 abad runtuh di ujung palu pengadilan|last=Kurniawan|first=Fikri|website=Ekuatorial|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sengketa anu nyababkeun pembongkaran ieu dimimitian tina paselisihan kapamilikan lahan antara kulawarga Tongkonan Ka'pun jeung pihak Sarra cs. Dumasar kana putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale anu ngaluarkeun surat éksekusi Nomor W22-U10/10180/HDPT/12/2025, lahan éta ditetepkeun jadi hak Sarra cs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalderanews.com/2025/12/ironis-rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan-akibat-eksekusi-lahan-warga-dan-mahasiswa-tolak-pembongkaran/|title=Ironis, Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan Akibat Eksekusi Lahan! Warga dan Mahasiswa Tolak Pembongkaran|last=Apriyani|first=Tiara|website=https://www.kalderanews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Bentrokan antara aparat jeung warga == Usaha éksekusi lahan anu dilaksanakeun ku pihak aparat meunang perlawanan ti warga anu ngarojong Tongkonan Ka'pun sarta nolak putusan pangadilan. Maranéhna ngagunakeun bom molotov, busur panah, jeung petasan, ogé ngalakukeun blokade jalan ku batang kai, ranting, jeung ban urut sangkan alat beurat teu bisa nepi ka lokasi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/09/085713378/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan|title=Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan|last=Dennys|first=Ferril|date=9-12-2025|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=24-03-2026}}</ref> Kaayaan beuki memanas ku datangna ratusan personil aparat gabungan ti pulisi, Brimob Parepare, TNI, jeung Satpol PP.<ref name=":1" /> Perlawanan ti warga nyababkeun aparat kaamanan nembakkeun gas cimata pikeun ngadalikeun kaayaan.<ref name=":2" /> Panitera PN Makale tuluy maca putusan, sarta ékskavator ngarobohkeun wangunan, kaasup Tongkonan Ka'pun. Akibat tina bentrokan dina prosés éksekusi éta, belasan warga luka sarta dibawa ka RSUD Dr. F. K. Kalimbo Toraja.<ref name=":1" /> == Tongkonan salaku simbol éksisténsi masarakat Toraja == [[Tongkonan]] miboga ciri husus nyaéta sok diwangun nyanghareup ka kalér, sabab masarakat Toraja boga kayakinan yén Puang Matua atawa Nu Maha Kawasa aya di beulah kalér dunya, sarta biasana salawasna nyanghareupan lumbung paré (alang). Tongkonan jadi pilar utama dina kahirupan masarakat Toraja pikeun ngalestarikeun tradisi komunal maranéhna ti generasi ka generasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balaibahasasulsel.kemendikdasmen.go.id/duta-bahasa/pindai-pandai-pin-pan/bahasa-toraja/rumah-adat-tongkonan/|title=Rumah Adat Tongkonan|website=Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tongkonan {{!}} Dinas Kebudayaan dan Paribudaya Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://disbudpar.torajautarakab.go.id/page/budaya/11/tongkonan|access-date=2026-03-24|language=en|last=DisBudPar Kabupaten Toraja Utara}}</ref> Tongkonan ngalangkungan harti imah biasa dina struktur sosial masarakat Toraja. Imah adat ieu miboga fungsi minangka wadah mémori koléktif anu nangtukeun jati diri [[Suku Toraja]]. Kaunikan utama Tongkonan aya dina hateupna anu melengkung siga haluan parahu, hiji gambaran historis anu jadi identitas visual anu ikonik. Pikeun masarakat Toraja, ngajaga Tongkonan sarua jeung miara puseur asal-usul jeung kahormatan kulawarga gedé anu geus diwariskeun sacara turun-temurun.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] rlry8fxxxwacgusqg020xhcfunsy36l 708551 708541 2026-04-25T15:52:32Z Raflinoer32 26400 708551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah Tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan).jpg|jmpl|Rumah Adat Toraja (Tongkonan)]] '''Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja''' nyaéta hiji kajadian [[sengketa lahan]] anu lumangsung di [[Kacamatan Kurra]], [[Kabupatén Tana Toraja|Kabupaten Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi]] [[Sulawesi Kidul|Kidul]]. Pembongkaran éta dilaksanakeun minangka tindak lanjut tina putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale dina perkara perdata Nomor 184/Pd.tG/209/PN Mak Jo. 268/PDT/2020/PT MKS Jo. 1749 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 613 PK/Pdt/2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandapala.com/article|title=Sempat Ricuh, PN Makale Tuntaskan Eksekusi Tanah Tongkonan di Tana Toraja|website=www.dandapala.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pembongkaran anu kajadian dina 5 Désémber 2025 ngancurkeun 11 wangunan, anu diwangun ku genep [[lumbung paré]] (alang), dua imah Toraja, dua imah semi permanén, sarta hiji imah adat Tongkonan Ka'pun anu umurna leuwih ti 300 taun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-3-abad-runtuh-di-ujung-palu-pengadilan/|title=Rumah adat Toraja berusia 3 abad runtuh di ujung palu pengadilan|last=Kurniawan|first=Fikri|website=Ekuatorial|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sengketa anu nyababkeun pembongkaran ieu dimimitian tina paselisihan kapamilikan lahan antara kulawarga Tongkonan Ka'pun jeung pihak Sarra cs. Dumasar kana putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale anu ngaluarkeun surat éksekusi Nomor W22-U10/10180/HDPT/12/2025, lahan éta ditetepkeun jadi hak Sarra cs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalderanews.com/2025/12/ironis-rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan-akibat-eksekusi-lahan-warga-dan-mahasiswa-tolak-pembongkaran/|title=Ironis, Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan Akibat Eksekusi Lahan! Warga dan Mahasiswa Tolak Pembongkaran|last=Apriyani|first=Tiara|website=https://www.kalderanews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Bentrokan antara aparat jeung warga == Usaha éksekusi lahan anu dilaksanakeun ku pihak aparat meunang perlawanan ti warga anu ngarojong Tongkonan Ka'pun sarta nolak putusan pangadilan. Maranéhna ngagunakeun bom molotov, busur panah, jeung petasan, ogé ngalakukeun blokade jalan ku batang kai, ranting, jeung ban urut sangkan alat beurat teu bisa nepi ka lokasi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/09/085713378/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan|title=Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan|last=Dennys|first=Ferril|date=9-12-2025|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=24-03-2026}}</ref> Kaayaan beuki memanas ku datangna ratusan personil aparat gabungan ti pulisi, Brimob Parepare, TNI, jeung Satpol PP.<ref name=":1" /> Perlawanan ti warga nyababkeun aparat kaamanan nembakkeun gas cimata pikeun ngadalikeun kaayaan.<ref name=":2" /> Panitera PN Makale tuluy maca putusan, sarta ékskavator ngarobohkeun wangunan, kaasup Tongkonan Ka'pun. Akibat tina bentrokan dina prosés éksekusi éta, belasan warga luka sarta dibawa ka RSUD Dr. F. K. Kalimbo Toraja.<ref name=":1" /> == Tongkonan salaku simbol éksisténsi masarakat Toraja == [[Tongkonan]] miboga ciri husus nyaéta sok diwangun nyanghareup ka kalér, sabab masarakat Toraja boga kayakinan yén Puang Matua atawa Nu Maha Kawasa aya di beulah kalér dunya, sarta biasana salawasna nyanghareupan lumbung paré (alang). Tongkonan jadi pilar utama dina kahirupan masarakat Toraja pikeun ngalestarikeun tradisi komunal maranéhna ti generasi ka generasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balaibahasasulsel.kemendikdasmen.go.id/duta-bahasa/pindai-pandai-pin-pan/bahasa-toraja/rumah-adat-tongkonan/|title=Rumah Adat Tongkonan|website=Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tongkonan {{!}} Dinas Kebudayaan dan Paribudaya Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://disbudpar.torajautarakab.go.id/page/budaya/11/tongkonan|access-date=2026-03-24|language=en|last=DisBudPar Kabupaten Toraja Utara}}</ref> Tongkonan ngalangkungan harti imah biasa dina struktur sosial masarakat Toraja. Imah adat ieu miboga fungsi minangka wadah mémori koléktif anu nangtukeun jati diri [[Suku Toraja]]. Kaunikan utama Tongkonan aya dina hateupna anu melengkung siga haluan parahu, hiji gambaran historis anu jadi identitas visual anu ikonik. Pikeun masarakat Toraja, ngajaga Tongkonan sarua jeung miara puseur asal-usul jeung kahormatan kulawarga gedé anu geus diwariskeun sacara turun-temurun.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] sm2fympb51gpb7m0fvqjfntz5q8rr0g 708552 708551 2026-04-25T15:52:47Z Raflinoer32 26400 Raflinoer32 mindahkeun kaca [[Pembongkaran imah adat Toraja]] ka [[Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 708551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah Tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan).jpg|jmpl|Rumah Adat Toraja (Tongkonan)]] '''Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja''' nyaéta hiji kajadian [[sengketa lahan]] anu lumangsung di [[Kacamatan Kurra]], [[Kabupatén Tana Toraja|Kabupaten Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi]] [[Sulawesi Kidul|Kidul]]. Pembongkaran éta dilaksanakeun minangka tindak lanjut tina putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale dina perkara perdata Nomor 184/Pd.tG/209/PN Mak Jo. 268/PDT/2020/PT MKS Jo. 1749 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 613 PK/Pdt/2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandapala.com/article|title=Sempat Ricuh, PN Makale Tuntaskan Eksekusi Tanah Tongkonan di Tana Toraja|website=www.dandapala.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pembongkaran anu kajadian dina 5 Désémber 2025 ngancurkeun 11 wangunan, anu diwangun ku genep [[lumbung paré]] (alang), dua imah Toraja, dua imah semi permanén, sarta hiji imah adat Tongkonan Ka'pun anu umurna leuwih ti 300 taun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-3-abad-runtuh-di-ujung-palu-pengadilan/|title=Rumah adat Toraja berusia 3 abad runtuh di ujung palu pengadilan|last=Kurniawan|first=Fikri|website=Ekuatorial|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sengketa anu nyababkeun pembongkaran ieu dimimitian tina paselisihan kapamilikan lahan antara kulawarga Tongkonan Ka'pun jeung pihak Sarra cs. Dumasar kana putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale anu ngaluarkeun surat éksekusi Nomor W22-U10/10180/HDPT/12/2025, lahan éta ditetepkeun jadi hak Sarra cs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalderanews.com/2025/12/ironis-rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan-akibat-eksekusi-lahan-warga-dan-mahasiswa-tolak-pembongkaran/|title=Ironis, Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan Akibat Eksekusi Lahan! Warga dan Mahasiswa Tolak Pembongkaran|last=Apriyani|first=Tiara|website=https://www.kalderanews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Bentrokan antara aparat jeung warga == Usaha éksekusi lahan anu dilaksanakeun ku pihak aparat meunang perlawanan ti warga anu ngarojong Tongkonan Ka'pun sarta nolak putusan pangadilan. Maranéhna ngagunakeun bom molotov, busur panah, jeung petasan, ogé ngalakukeun blokade jalan ku batang kai, ranting, jeung ban urut sangkan alat beurat teu bisa nepi ka lokasi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/09/085713378/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan|title=Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan|last=Dennys|first=Ferril|date=9-12-2025|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=24-03-2026}}</ref> Kaayaan beuki memanas ku datangna ratusan personil aparat gabungan ti pulisi, Brimob Parepare, TNI, jeung Satpol PP.<ref name=":1" /> Perlawanan ti warga nyababkeun aparat kaamanan nembakkeun gas cimata pikeun ngadalikeun kaayaan.<ref name=":2" /> Panitera PN Makale tuluy maca putusan, sarta ékskavator ngarobohkeun wangunan, kaasup Tongkonan Ka'pun. Akibat tina bentrokan dina prosés éksekusi éta, belasan warga luka sarta dibawa ka RSUD Dr. F. K. Kalimbo Toraja.<ref name=":1" /> == Tongkonan salaku simbol éksisténsi masarakat Toraja == [[Tongkonan]] miboga ciri husus nyaéta sok diwangun nyanghareup ka kalér, sabab masarakat Toraja boga kayakinan yén Puang Matua atawa Nu Maha Kawasa aya di beulah kalér dunya, sarta biasana salawasna nyanghareupan lumbung paré (alang). Tongkonan jadi pilar utama dina kahirupan masarakat Toraja pikeun ngalestarikeun tradisi komunal maranéhna ti generasi ka generasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balaibahasasulsel.kemendikdasmen.go.id/duta-bahasa/pindai-pandai-pin-pan/bahasa-toraja/rumah-adat-tongkonan/|title=Rumah Adat Tongkonan|website=Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tongkonan {{!}} Dinas Kebudayaan dan Paribudaya Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://disbudpar.torajautarakab.go.id/page/budaya/11/tongkonan|access-date=2026-03-24|language=en|last=DisBudPar Kabupaten Toraja Utara}}</ref> Tongkonan ngalangkungan harti imah biasa dina struktur sosial masarakat Toraja. Imah adat ieu miboga fungsi minangka wadah mémori koléktif anu nangtukeun jati diri [[Suku Toraja]]. Kaunikan utama Tongkonan aya dina hateupna anu melengkung siga haluan parahu, hiji gambaran historis anu jadi identitas visual anu ikonik. Pikeun masarakat Toraja, ngajaga Tongkonan sarua jeung miara puseur asal-usul jeung kahormatan kulawarga gedé anu geus diwariskeun sacara turun-temurun.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] sm2fympb51gpb7m0fvqjfntz5q8rr0g 708554 708552 2026-04-25T15:55:19Z Raflinoer32 26400 708554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah Tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan).jpg|jmpl|Rumah Adat Toraja (Tongkonan)]] '''Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja''' nyaéta hiji kajadian [[sengketa lahan]] anu lumangsung di [[Kacamatan Kurra]], [[Kabupatén Tana Toraja|Kabupaten Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi]] [[Sulawesi Kidul|Kidul]]. Pambongkaran éta dilaksanakeun minangka tindak lanjut tina putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale dina perkara perdata Nomor 184/Pd.tG/209/PN Mak Jo. 268/PDT/2020/PT MKS Jo. 1749 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 613 PK/Pdt/2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandapala.com/article|title=Sempat Ricuh, PN Makale Tuntaskan Eksekusi Tanah Tongkonan di Tana Toraja|website=www.dandapala.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pambongkaran anu kajadian dina 5 Désémber 2025 ngancurkeun 11 wangunan, anu diwangun ku genep [[lumbung paré]] (alang), dua imah Toraja, dua imah semi permanén, sarta hiji imah adat Tongkonan Ka'pun anu umurna leuwih ti 300 taun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-3-abad-runtuh-di-ujung-palu-pengadilan/|title=Rumah adat Toraja berusia 3 abad runtuh di ujung palu pengadilan|last=Kurniawan|first=Fikri|website=Ekuatorial|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Sengketa anu nyababkeun pembongkaran ieu dimimitian tina paselisihan kapamilikan lahan antara kulawarga Tongkonan Ka'pun jeung pihak Sarra cs. Dumasar kana putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale anu ngaluarkeun surat éksekusi Nomor W22-U10/10180/HDPT/12/2025, lahan éta ditetepkeun jadi hak Sarra cs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalderanews.com/2025/12/ironis-rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan-akibat-eksekusi-lahan-warga-dan-mahasiswa-tolak-pembongkaran/|title=Ironis, Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan Akibat Eksekusi Lahan! Warga dan Mahasiswa Tolak Pembongkaran|last=Apriyani|first=Tiara|website=https://www.kalderanews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Bentrokan antara aparat jeung warga == Usaha éksekusi lahan anu dilaksanakeun ku pihak aparat meunang perlawanan ti warga anu ngarojong Tongkonan Ka'pun sarta nolak putusan pangadilan. Maranéhna ngagunakeun bom molotov, busur panah, jeung petasan, ogé ngalakukeun blokade jalan ku batang kai, ranting, jeung ban urut sangkan alat beurat teu bisa nepi ka lokasi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/09/085713378/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan|title=Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan|last=Dennys|first=Ferril|date=9-12-2025|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=24-03-2026}}</ref> Kaayaan beuki memanas ku datangna ratusan personil aparat gabungan ti pulisi, [[Brimob]] Parepare, [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]], jeung [[Satpol PP]].<ref name=":1" /> Perlawanan ti warga nyababkeun aparat kaamanan nembakkeun [[gas cimata]] pikeun ngadalikeun kaayaan.<ref name=":2" /> Panitera PN Makale tuluy maca putusan, sarta ékskavator ngarobohkeun wangunan, kaasup Tongkonan Ka'pun. Akibat tina bentrokan dina prosés éksekusi éta, belasan warga luka sarta dibawa ka RSUD Dr. F. K. Kalimbo Toraja.<ref name=":1" /> == Tongkonan salaku simbol éksisténsi masarakat Toraja == [[Tongkonan]] miboga ciri husus nyaéta sok diwangun nyanghareup ka kalér, sabab masarakat Toraja boga kayakinan yén Puang Matua atawa Nu Maha Kawasa aya di beulah kalér dunya, sarta biasana salawasna nyanghareupan lumbung paré (alang). Tongkonan jadi pilar utama dina kahirupan masarakat Toraja pikeun ngalestarikeun tradisi komunal maranéhna ti generasi ka generasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balaibahasasulsel.kemendikdasmen.go.id/duta-bahasa/pindai-pandai-pin-pan/bahasa-toraja/rumah-adat-tongkonan/|title=Rumah Adat Tongkonan|website=Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tongkonan {{!}} Dinas Kebudayaan dan Paribudaya Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://disbudpar.torajautarakab.go.id/page/budaya/11/tongkonan|access-date=2026-03-24|language=en|last=DisBudPar Kabupaten Toraja Utara}}</ref> Tongkonan ngalangkungan harti imah biasa dina struktur sosial masarakat Toraja. Imah adat ieu miboga fungsi minangka wadah mémori koléktif anu nangtukeun jati diri [[Suku Toraja]]. Kaunikan utama Tongkonan aya dina hateupna anu melengkung siga haluan parahu, hiji gambaran historis anu jadi identitas visual anu ikonik. Pikeun masarakat Toraja, ngajaga Tongkonan sarua jeung miara puseur asal-usul jeung kahormatan kulawarga gedé anu geus diwariskeun sacara turun-temurun.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] jxj17eq6kwm568lb5b2q21u0usvscs3 0 108153 708542 707615 2026-04-25T15:24:38Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puteri Indonesia 2025''' nyaéta édisi ka-28 tina ajang kontés kageulisan [[Puteri Indonesia]] anu dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 2 Méi 2025 di Plenary Hall, Jakarta International Convention Center, di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. [[Harashta Haifa Zahra]] ti [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]] masrahkeun makuta ka [[Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] ti [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna dina ahir acara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/6012094/profil-firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-puteri-indonesia-2025-dari-jawa-timur|title=Profil Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri, Puteri Indonesia 2025 dari Jawa Timur|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-7897124/detik-detik-firsta-yufi-amarta-jadi-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Detik-detik Firsta Yufi Amarta Jadi Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2024, [[Sophie Kirana]]; Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]]; sarta Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan 2024, [[Melati Tedja]], masing-masing masrahkeun makuta ka [[Melliza Xaviera Putri Yulian]] ti DKI Jakarta 1, [[Salma Ranggita Cahyariyani]] ti [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]] 1, sarta Rinanda Aprillya Maharani ti [[Kalimantan Wétan|Kalimantan]] [[Kalimantan Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20250502223030-277-1225206/firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-dari-jatim-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri dari Jatim Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2025|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Acara ieu dihadiran ku juara Miss Supranational 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra ti Indonesia; Miss International 2024, Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy ti [[Viétnam]]; Miss Cosmo 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari ti Indonésia; sarta Miss Charm 2024, Rashmita Rasindran ti [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ketik.com/berita/grand-final-puteri-indonesia-2025-bakal-dihadiri-4-ratu-kecantikan-internasional|title=Grand Final Puteri Indonesia 2025 Bakal Dihadiri 4 Ratu Kecantikan Internasional|last=Ketik.com|last2=Rusdi|first2=Moh|website=ketik.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] jfs15ezmexuwsg0txnn3tpc18nef1lp 708555 708542 2026-04-25T15:58:16Z Raflinoer32 26400 708555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Beauty pageant |name = Puteri Indonesia 2025 |image = [[Berkas:Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri in Banyuwangi - July 2025.jpg|210px]] |alt = |caption = [[Firsta Yufi|Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] |date = {{date|2025-05-02}}, 20.00 [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] |theme = |venue = Plenary Hall, [[Jakarta Convention Center]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia |presenters = {{hlist|[[Choky Sitohang]]|[[Patricia Gouw]]}} |acts = {{hlist|[[Ari Lasso]]|[[Baim (penyanyi)|Baim]]|[[Ziva Magnolya]]}} |guests = |broadcaster= {{hlist|[[SCTV]]|[[Vidio]]|[[YouTube]]}} |debuts = [[Papua Selatan]] |returns = {{hlist|[[Sumatera Barat]]|[[Kalimantan Utara]]|[[Maluku Utara]]}} |withdraws = [[Papua Barat]] |entrants = 45 |placements = 16 |winner = [[Firsta Yufi|Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] |represented= {{flag|Jawa Timur}} |before = [[Puteri Indonesia 2024|2024]] |next = [[Puteri Indonesia 2026|2026]] }} '''Puteri Indonesia 2025''' nyaéta édisi ka-28 tina ajang kontés kageulisan [[Puteri Indonesia]] anu dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 2 Méi 2025 di Plenary Hall, Jakarta International Convention Center, di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. [[Harashta Haifa Zahra]] ti [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]] masrahkeun makuta ka [[Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] ti [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna dina ahir acara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/6012094/profil-firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-puteri-indonesia-2025-dari-jawa-timur|title=Profil Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri, Puteri Indonesia 2025 dari Jawa Timur|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-7897124/detik-detik-firsta-yufi-amarta-jadi-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Detik-detik Firsta Yufi Amarta Jadi Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2024, [[Sophie Kirana]]; Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]]; sarta Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan 2024, [[Melati Tedja]], masing-masing masrahkeun makuta ka [[Melliza Xaviera Putri Yulian]] ti DKI Jakarta 1, [[Salma Ranggita Cahyariyani]] ti [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]] 1, sarta Rinanda Aprillya Maharani ti [[Kalimantan Wétan|Kalimantan]] [[Kalimantan Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20250502223030-277-1225206/firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-dari-jatim-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri dari Jatim Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2025|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Acara ieu dihadiran ku juara Miss Supranational 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra ti Indonesia; Miss International 2024, Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy ti [[Viétnam]]; Miss Cosmo 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari ti Indonésia; sarta Miss Charm 2024, Rashmita Rasindran ti [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ketik.com/berita/grand-final-puteri-indonesia-2025-bakal-dihadiri-4-ratu-kecantikan-internasional|title=Grand Final Puteri Indonesia 2025 Bakal Dihadiri 4 Ratu Kecantikan Internasional|last=Ketik.com|last2=Rusdi|first2=Moh|website=ketik.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] o5ce01in5zhvh1tr6gdslshwger4ecv 708557 708555 2026-04-25T15:59:50Z Raflinoer32 26400 708557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puteri Indonesia 2025''' nyaéta édisi ka-28 tina ajang kontés kageulisan [[Puteri Indonesia]] anu dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 2 Méi 2025 di Plenary Hall, Jakarta International Convention Center, di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. [[Harashta Haifa Zahra]] ti [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]] masrahkeun makuta ka [[Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] ti [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna dina ahir acara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/6012094/profil-firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-puteri-indonesia-2025-dari-jawa-timur|title=Profil Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri, Puteri Indonesia 2025 dari Jawa Timur|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-7897124/detik-detik-firsta-yufi-amarta-jadi-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Detik-detik Firsta Yufi Amarta Jadi Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2024, [[Sophie Kirana]]; Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]]; sarta Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan 2024, [[Melati Tedja]], masing-masing masrahkeun makuta ka [[Melliza Xaviera Putri Yulian]] ti DKI Jakarta 1, [[Salma Ranggita Cahyariyani]] ti [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]] 1, sarta Rinanda Aprillya Maharani ti [[Kalimantan Wétan|Kalimantan]] [[Kalimantan Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20250502223030-277-1225206/firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-dari-jatim-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri dari Jatim Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2025|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Acara ieu dihadiran ku juara Miss Supranational 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra ti Indonesia; Miss International 2024, Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy ti [[Viétnam]]; Miss Cosmo 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari ti Indonésia; sarta Miss Charm 2024, Rashmita Rasindran ti [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ketik.com/berita/grand-final-puteri-indonesia-2025-bakal-dihadiri-4-ratu-kecantikan-internasional|title=Grand Final Puteri Indonesia 2025 Bakal Dihadiri 4 Ratu Kecantikan Internasional|last=Ketik.com|last2=Rusdi|first2=Moh|website=ketik.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] jfs15ezmexuwsg0txnn3tpc18nef1lp 708558 708557 2026-04-25T16:33:03Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambah informasi anyar. 708558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puteri Indonesia 2025''' nyaéta édisi ka-28 tina ajang kontés kageulisan [[Puteri Indonesia]] anu dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 2 Méi 2025 di Plenary Hall, [[Jakarta International Convention Center]], di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. [[Harashta Haifa Zahra]] ti [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]] masrahkeun [[makuta]] ka [[Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] ti [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna dina ahir acara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/6012094/profil-firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-puteri-indonesia-2025-dari-jawa-timur|title=Profil Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri, Puteri Indonesia 2025 dari Jawa Timur|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-7897124/detik-detik-firsta-yufi-amarta-jadi-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Detik-detik Firsta Yufi Amarta Jadi Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2024, [[Sophie Kirana]]; Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]]; sarta Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan 2024, [[Melati Tedja]], masing-masing masrahkeun makuta ka [[Melliza Xaviera Putri Yulian]] ti DKI Jakarta 1, [[Salma Ranggita Cahyariyani]] ti [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]] 1, sarta Rinanda Aprillya Maharani ti [[Kalimantan Wétan|Kalimantan]] [[Kalimantan Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20250502223030-277-1225206/firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-dari-jatim-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri dari Jatim Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2025|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Acara ieu dihadiran ku juara Miss Supranational 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra ti Indonesia; Miss International 2024, [[Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy]] ti [[Viétnam]]; Miss Cosmo 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari ti Indonésia; sarta Miss Charm 2024, [[Rashmita Rasindran]] ti [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ketik.com/berita/grand-final-puteri-indonesia-2025-bakal-dihadiri-4-ratu-kecantikan-internasional|title=Grand Final Puteri Indonesia 2025 Bakal Dihadiri 4 Ratu Kecantikan Internasional|last=Ketik.com|last2=Rusdi|first2=Moh|website=ketik.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi, tanggal, dan penyiaran === Pikeun édisi ka-28, Y[[ayasan Puteri Indonesia]] (YPI) sacara resmi geus ngumumkeun yén peuting penobatan bakal deui dilaksanakeun di Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center di Jakarta dina tanggal 2 Méi jam 20.00 WIB—diitung sabulan sanggeus [[Idulfitri]] 1446 H. Yayasan deui nunjuk Maria Febryani salaku Diréktur Kreatif PT. Indonesia Entertainment Produksi (IEP) pikeun ngatur peuting penobatan. Sanggeus lima édisi berturut-turut, [[SCTV]] deui jadi salah sahiji mitra média sakaligus jaringan [[televisi]] anu miboga hak siar pinuh pikeun nyiarkeun peuting penobatan sacara langsung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://puteri-indonesia.com/component/content/article/217-pt-mustika-ratu-tbk-dan-yayasan-puteri-indonesia-gelar-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=PT Mustika Ratu Tbk dan Yayasan Puteri Indonesia Gelar Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=User|first=Super|website=puteri-indonesia.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mustika-ratu.co.id/2025/02/pt-mustika-ratu-tbk-dukung-penuh-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025/|title=PT Mustika Ratu Tbk Dukung Penuh Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Ratu|first=Mustika|website=Mustika Ratu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Seleksi pamilon === Saperti dina édisi saméméhna, sababaraha kontestan mimiti kapilih ngaliwatan kompetisi régional anu dilaksanakeun di unggal provinsi. Provinsi-provinsi éta ngawengku [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]], [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung|Bangka Belitung]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Banten]], jeung [[Jawa Kulon]]. Samentara éta, 32 kontestan séjén disaring ku komite seleksi ngaliwatan audisi pusat.<ref name=":0" /> Sajaba ti éta, dipilih ogé hiji délégasi ti provinsi pilihan anu geus ditangtukeun salaku “Puteri Indonesia Favorit Daerah”, anu saterusna dipilih ku pamirsa ngaliwatan pamilihan sora di situs resmi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/hasil-lengkap-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025-tahap-pertama-01-l8vsm-z6vh0h|title=Hasil Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tahap Pertama|last=Prima|first=Berkat|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Kaopat juara bakal meunang tambahan gelar “2” dina gelar régional maranéhna. Saperti katangtuan dina édisi saméméhna, organisasi ogé méré kasempetan ka 2 alumni anu can kungsi asup kana babak ahir dina édisi-édisi saméméhna pikeun ilubiung deui dina kompetisi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20230302194716-277-920074/puteri-indonesia-beri-kesempatan-kedua-finalis-lama-untuk-audisi-lagi|title=Puteri Indonesia Beri Kesempatan Kedua Finalis Lama untuk Audisi Lagi|last=tim|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Panambahan gelar atribut === Dina konferensi persna, Yayasan ngaliwatan [[Putri Kus Wisnu Wardani]] ngumumkeun yén genep kontestan anu hasil nepi ka babak pamungkas bakal sakabéhna dipasihan gelar atribut. Yayasan nambahan dua gelar, dipisahkeun tina gelar séjén sarta nambahan hiji gelar anyar; nyaéta Puteri Indonesia Kebudayaan anu dipisahkeun tina Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan pikeun posisi kalima, sarta nambahan gelar Puteri Indonesia Inovasi & Digital Teknologi pikeun posisi kagenep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catatanbandung.com/hiburan/62815053702/puteri-indonesia-2025-tambah-dua-gelar-baru-respons-dinamis-terhadap-era-digital-dan-kabinet-baru|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tambah Dua Gelar Baru, Respons Dinamis terhadap Era Digital dan Kabinet Baru - Catatan Bandung|last=Taofik|first=Ahmad|website=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tambah Dua Gelar Baru, Respons Dinamis terhadap Era Digital dan Kabinet Baru - Catatan Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ftnews.co.id/2-gelar-baru-warnai-ajang-pemilihan-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=2 Gelar Baru Warnai Ajang Pemilihan Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Ramadhan|first=Artikel ini ditulis oleh Editor Kesuma|website=ftnews.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Yayasan henteu nambahan waralaba kontes kageulisan internasional dina édisi ieu. Juara utama nepi ka nu meunang posisi kaopat boga hak pikeun ilubiung dina kontes internasional anu dipilih dumasar kana pertimbangan organisasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Sedengkeun nu meunang posisi kalima jeung kagenep leuwih difokuskeun pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas di jero nagara ku gawé bareng jeung [[organisasi non-profit]] (NPO) jeung ''non-government'' (NGO) ogé instansi pamaréntah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] t305e8pv4b5ebbn3cjg5s8cc4hnt2pj 0 108154 708543 707614 2026-04-25T15:24:53Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Universe 2025''' mangrupa édisi ka-74 tina kontés [[Miss Universe]] anu dilaksanakeun di IMPACT Challenger Hall, Muang Thong Thani, Ban Mai, Nonthaburi, [[Thailand]] dina tanggal 21 Nopémber 2025. Dina ahir acara, [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]], Miss Universe 2024 ti Denmark, masrahkeun makuta ka [[Fátima Bosch]] ti [[Méksiko]] minangka panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitihoon.com/2025/03/27/532841/|title=IMPACT เผยอีเวนต์ใหญ่แน่น พร้อมต้อนรับ Miss Universe 2025 หนุนอุตสาหกรรมไมซ์ ดันซอฟต์พาวเวอร์ไทยสู่สายตานานาชาติ|last=มิติหุ้น|first=Donut|website=มิติหุ้น {{!}} ชี้ชัดทุกการลงทุน|language=th|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/miss-meksiko-fatima-bosch-terpilih-jadi-miss-universe-2025-2091780|title=Miss Meksiko Fatima Bosch Terpilih Jadi Miss Universe 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Dilaksanakeun di tengah masa berkabung sanggeus pupusna ibu suri Thailand, [[Ratu Sirikit]], sababaraha runtuyan acara kontés geus disaluyukeun minangka bentuk simpati. Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa kontroversi ogé ngiringan jalanna kontés, ti mimiti paripolah ketua panyelenggara kompetisi, sengketa hukum anu disanghareupan ku nu boga kontés, mundurna juri, nepi ka tuduhan kecurangan dina nangtukeun juara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/29/style/miss-universe-pageant-controversy|title=This year’s Miss Universe debacle shows how beauty pageants turned ugly|last=Holland|first=Oscar|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/rundown-controversies-miss-universe-2025/|title=No end yet to Miss Universe 2025 controversies. Here’s a rundown of it all.|last=jreyes0314|website=RAPPLER|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Wakil Indonésia, [[Sanly Liu]], Miss Universe Indonesia 2025, teu hasil asup kana 30 besar, tapi hasil meunang pangajén Best Skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-8226660/7-potret-sanly-liu-raih-best-skin-di-miss-universe-2025-pamer-kulit-glowing|title=7 Potret Sanly Liu Raih Best Skin di Miss Universe 2025, Pamer Kulit Glowing|last=Hestianingsih|first=Hestianingsih|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 2izdul6fhogyo7dvig37tbzgv9ap9nf 708559 708543 2026-04-25T16:41:03Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambah informasi anyar. 708559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Universe 2025''' mangrupa édisi ka-74 tina kontés [[Miss Universe]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[IMPACT Challenger Hall]], [[Muang Thong Thani]], [[Ban Mai]], [[Nonthaburi]], [[Thailand]] dina tanggal 21 Nopémber 2025. Dina ahir acara, [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]], [[Miss Universe 2024]] ti [[Dénmark]], masrahkeun makuta ka [[Fátima Bosch]] ti [[Méksiko]] minangka panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitihoon.com/2025/03/27/532841/|title=IMPACT เผยอีเวนต์ใหญ่แน่น พร้อมต้อนรับ Miss Universe 2025 หนุนอุตสาหกรรมไมซ์ ดันซอฟต์พาวเวอร์ไทยสู่สายตานานาชาติ|last=มิติหุ้น|first=Donut|website=มิติหุ้น {{!}} ชี้ชัดทุกการลงทุน|language=th|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/miss-meksiko-fatima-bosch-terpilih-jadi-miss-universe-2025-2091780|title=Miss Meksiko Fatima Bosch Terpilih Jadi Miss Universe 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Dilaksanakeun di tengah masa berkabung sanggeus pupusna ibu suri Thailand, [[Ratu Sirikit]], sababaraha runtuyan acara kontés geus disaluyukeun minangka bentuk simpati. Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa kontrovérsi ogé ngiringan jalanna kontés, ti mimiti paripolah ketua panyelenggara kompetisi, sengketa hukum anu disanghareupan ku nu boga kontés, mundurna juri, nepi ka tuduhan kecurangan dina nangtukeun juara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/29/style/miss-universe-pageant-controversy|title=This year’s Miss Universe debacle shows how beauty pageants turned ugly|last=Holland|first=Oscar|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/rundown-controversies-miss-universe-2025/|title=No end yet to Miss Universe 2025 controversies. Here’s a rundown of it all.|last=jreyes0314|website=RAPPLER|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Wakil Indonésia, [[Sanly Liu]], Miss Universe Indonesia 2025, teu hasil asup kana 30 besar, tapi hasil meunang pangajén Best Skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-8226660/7-potret-sanly-liu-raih-best-skin-di-miss-universe-2025-pamer-kulit-glowing|title=7 Potret Sanly Liu Raih Best Skin di Miss Universe 2025, Pamer Kulit Glowing|last=Hestianingsih|first=Hestianingsih|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi jeung tanggal === Dina tanggal 16 Nopémber 2024, dina Miss Universe 2024, salah sahiji pamilik kontes kageulisan [[Raúl Rocha Cantú]] ngumumkeun yén kota tuan rumah anu kapilih pikeun kontes kageulisan édisi ka-74 nyaéta [[Argéntina]], [[Kosta Rika]], [[Républik Dominika]], [[Maroko]], [[India]], [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Spanyol]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvaztecaguate.com/miss-universo/2024/11/18/expectativa-global-donde-sera-miss-universe-2025/|title=Expectativa global: ¿Dónde será Miss Universe 2025?|last=Álvarez|first=Anaité|website=Tv Azteca Guatemala|language=es|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2024/11/17/2400394/chelsea-manalo-wins-1st-miss-universe-asia-2025-hosts-teased|title=Chelsea Manalo wins 1st Miss Universe Asia; 2025 hosts teased|last=Purnell|first=Kristofer|website=Philstar.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Organisasi [[Miss Universe]] ngumumkeun Thailand minangka nagara tuan rumah dina 7 Pébruari 2025, sarta nunjuk IMPACT Challenger di Pak Kret, Provinsi Nonthaburi, salaku tempat utama kalayan acara tambahan anu dijadwalkeun di [[Phuket]] jeung [[Pattaya]]. Ieu bakal jadi kalina kaopat Thailand jadi tuan rumah kontes kageulisan ieu, jeung kalina katilu acara ieu dilaksanakeun di tempat éta sanggeus Kontes 2005 jeung 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] jhh6tpoa6t8iv52bsp8ljtt7sms0b22 708560 708559 2026-04-25T16:44:04Z Raflinoer32 26400 708560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Universe 2025''' mangrupa édisi ka-74 tina kontés [[Miss Universe]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[IMPACT Challenger Hall]], [[Muang Thong Thani]], [[Ban Mai]], [[Nonthaburi]], [[Thailand]] dina tanggal 21 Nopémber 2025. Dina ahir acara, [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]], [[Miss Universe 2024]] ti [[Dénmark]], masrahkeun makuta ka [[Fátima Bosch]] ti [[Méksiko]] minangka panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitihoon.com/2025/03/27/532841/|title=IMPACT เผยอีเวนต์ใหญ่แน่น พร้อมต้อนรับ Miss Universe 2025 หนุนอุตสาหกรรมไมซ์ ดันซอฟต์พาวเวอร์ไทยสู่สายตานานาชาติ|last=มิติหุ้น|first=Donut|website=มิติหุ้น {{!}} ชี้ชัดทุกการลงทุน|language=th|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/miss-meksiko-fatima-bosch-terpilih-jadi-miss-universe-2025-2091780|title=Miss Meksiko Fatima Bosch Terpilih Jadi Miss Universe 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Dilaksanakeun di tengah masa berkabung sanggeus pupusna ibu suri Thailand, [[Ratu Sirikit]], sababaraha runtuyan acara kontés geus disaluyukeun minangka bentuk simpati. Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa kontrovérsi ogé ngiringan jalanna kontés, ti mimiti paripolah ketua panyelenggara kompetisi, sengketa hukum anu disanghareupan ku nu boga kontés, mundurna juri, nepi ka tuduhan kecurangan dina nangtukeun juara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/29/style/miss-universe-pageant-controversy|title=This year’s Miss Universe debacle shows how beauty pageants turned ugly|last=Holland|first=Oscar|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/rundown-controversies-miss-universe-2025/|title=No end yet to Miss Universe 2025 controversies. Here’s a rundown of it all.|last=jreyes0314|website=RAPPLER|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Wakil Indonésia, [[Sanly Liu]], Miss Universe Indonesia 2025, teu hasil asup kana 30 besar, tapi hasil meunang pangajén Best Skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-8226660/7-potret-sanly-liu-raih-best-skin-di-miss-universe-2025-pamer-kulit-glowing|title=7 Potret Sanly Liu Raih Best Skin di Miss Universe 2025, Pamer Kulit Glowing|last=Hestianingsih|first=Hestianingsih|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi jeung tanggal === Dina tanggal 16 Nopémber 2024, dina Miss Universe 2024, salah sahiji pamilik kontes kageulisan [[Raúl Rocha Cantú]] ngumumkeun yén kota tuan rumah anu kapilih pikeun kontes kageulisan édisi ka-74 nyaéta [[Argéntina]], [[Kosta Rika]], [[Républik Dominika]], [[Maroko]], [[India]], [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Spanyol]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvaztecaguate.com/miss-universo/2024/11/18/expectativa-global-donde-sera-miss-universe-2025/|title=Expectativa global: ¿Dónde será Miss Universe 2025?|last=Álvarez|first=Anaité|website=Tv Azteca Guatemala|language=es|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2024/11/17/2400394/chelsea-manalo-wins-1st-miss-universe-asia-2025-hosts-teased|title=Chelsea Manalo wins 1st Miss Universe Asia; 2025 hosts teased|last=Purnell|first=Kristofer|website=Philstar.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Organisasi [[Miss Universe]] ngumumkeun Thailand minangka nagara tuan rumah dina 7 Pébruari 2025, sarta nunjuk IMPACT Challenger di Pak Kret, Provinsi Nonthaburi, salaku tempat utama kalayan acara tambahan anu dijadwalkeun di [[Phuket]] jeung [[Pattaya]]. Ieu bakal jadi kalina kaopat Thailand jadi tuan rumah kontes kageulisan ieu, jeung kalina katilu acara ieu dilaksanakeun di tempat éta sanggeus Kontes 2005 jeung 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Hasil == [[File:Impact Arena Muang Thong Thani at nighttime.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Impact, Muang Thong Thani|IMPACT Challenger Hall, Muang Thong Thani]], tempat penyelenggaraan Miss Universe 2025]]'''Penempatan''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Hasil akhir ! Kontestan |- |Miss Universe 2025 | *{{MEX}} – [[Fátima Bosch]] |- |Runner-Up 1 | *{{THA}} – [[Praveenar Singh]] |- |Runner-Up 2 | *{{VEN}} – [[Stephany Abasali]] |- |Runner-Up 3 | *{{PHI}} – [[Ahtisa Manalo]] |- |Runner-Up 4 | *{{CIV}} – [[Olivia Yacé]] |- |12 Besar | *{{CHL}} – [[Inna Moll]] *{{Flag|Guadeloupe|local}} – [[Ophély Mézino]] *{{COL}} – [[Vanessa Pulgarin]] *{{CUB}} – [[Lina Luaces]] *{{MLT}} – [[Julia Cluett|Julia Ann Cluett]] *{{PUR}} – [[Zashely Alicea]] *{{CHN}} – [[Zhao Na (model)|Zhao Na]] |- |30 Besar | *{{USA}} – [[Audrey Eckert]] *{{BGD}} – [[Tangia Zaman Methila|Tangia Methila]] *{{NLD}} – [[Nathalie Yasmin|Nathalie Yasmin Mogbelzada]] *{{BRA}} – [[Maria Gabriela Lacerda]] *{{GUA}} – Raschel Paz *{{IND}} – [[Manika Vishwakarma]] *{{JAP}} – [[Kaori Hashimoto]] *{{CAN}} – [[Jaime VandenBerg]] *{{CRI}} – [[Mahyla Roth]] *{{HRV}} – [[Laura Gnjatović]] *{{flagicon image|Flag of the Hispanic peoples.svg}} [[Hispanik dan Latino Amerika Serikat| Latina]] – [[Yamilex Hernández]] *{{NIC}} – [[Itza Castillo]] *{{PAL}} – [[Nadeen Ayoub]] *{{PRY}} – Yanina Gómez § *{{FRA}} – [[Ève Gilles]] *{{DOM}} – [[Jennifer Ventura]] *{{RWA}} – Solange Keita *{{ZWE}} – Lyshanda Moyas |} <small>§ – Dipilih masuk dalam 30 Besar oleh pemirsa dan diberi penghargaan sebagai ''People's Choice''</small> '''Continental Queens''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Pengelompokan Benua ! Kontestan |- | Afrika & Oceania | * {{Flagu|Côte d'Ivoire}} – Olivia Yacé (mengundurkan diri) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mallorca |first=Hannah |date=2025-11-22 |title=Ahtisa Manalo snags 3rd place in Miss Universe ‘Beyond the Crown’ tilt |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/639849/ahtisa-manalo-snags-3rd-place-in-miss-universe-beyond-the-crown-tilt |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Asia | * {{Flagu|China}} – Zhao Na<ref name=":2" /> |- | Eropa & Timur Tengah | * {{Flagu|Malta}} – Julia Cluett<ref name=":2" /> |- | Amerika | * {{Flagu|Venezuela}} – [[Stephany Abasali]]<ref name=":2" /> |} '''Penghargaan Khusus''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Gelar !Kontestan |- |Best National Costume | * {{Flagu|Philippines}} – [[Ahtisa Manalo]]<ref name=":2" /> |- | Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagu|Turkey}} – Ceren Arslan<ref name=":2" /> |- | Miss Photogenic | * {{Flagu|Costa Rica}} – [[Mahyla Roth]]<ref name=":2" /> |- | Most Beautiful Skin | * {{Flagu|Indonesia}} – [[Sanly Liu]]<ref name=":2" /> |- | People's Choice Award | * {{Flagu|Paraguay}} – Yanina Gómez<ref name=":2" /> |} '''Beyond the Crown Award''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Penempatan ! Kontestan |- |Tempat Pertama | * {{Flagu|Paraguay}} – Yanina Gómez<ref name=":2" /> |- |Tempat Kedua | * {{Flagu|Netherlands}} – [[Nathalie Yasmin|Nathalie Mogbelzada]]<ref name=":2" /> |- |Tempat Ketiga | * {{Flagu|Philippines}} – [[Ahtisa Manalo]]<ref name=":2" /> |} '''National Director''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Gelar !! Kontestan |- | National Pageant Terbaik | * [[Miss Universe Philippines]] – [[Jonas Gaffud]]{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} |- | Negara Tuan Rumah | * [[Miss Universe Thailand]] – [[Nawat Itsaragrisil]]{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} |} == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 4xn42qpsbrw0hmop7hbo3ogv9j0m6hu 708561 708560 2026-04-25T16:44:48Z Raflinoer32 26400 ←Ngabolaykeun révisi [[Special:Diff/708560|708560]] ku [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|Obrolan]]) 708561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Universe 2025''' mangrupa édisi ka-74 tina kontés [[Miss Universe]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[IMPACT Challenger Hall]], [[Muang Thong Thani]], [[Ban Mai]], [[Nonthaburi]], [[Thailand]] dina tanggal 21 Nopémber 2025. Dina ahir acara, [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]], [[Miss Universe 2024]] ti [[Dénmark]], masrahkeun makuta ka [[Fátima Bosch]] ti [[Méksiko]] minangka panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitihoon.com/2025/03/27/532841/|title=IMPACT เผยอีเวนต์ใหญ่แน่น พร้อมต้อนรับ Miss Universe 2025 หนุนอุตสาหกรรมไมซ์ ดันซอฟต์พาวเวอร์ไทยสู่สายตานานาชาติ|last=มิติหุ้น|first=Donut|website=มิติหุ้น {{!}} ชี้ชัดทุกการลงทุน|language=th|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/miss-meksiko-fatima-bosch-terpilih-jadi-miss-universe-2025-2091780|title=Miss Meksiko Fatima Bosch Terpilih Jadi Miss Universe 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Dilaksanakeun di tengah masa berkabung sanggeus pupusna ibu suri Thailand, [[Ratu Sirikit]], sababaraha runtuyan acara kontés geus disaluyukeun minangka bentuk simpati. Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa kontrovérsi ogé ngiringan jalanna kontés, ti mimiti paripolah ketua panyelenggara kompetisi, sengketa hukum anu disanghareupan ku nu boga kontés, mundurna juri, nepi ka tuduhan kecurangan dina nangtukeun juara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/29/style/miss-universe-pageant-controversy|title=This year’s Miss Universe debacle shows how beauty pageants turned ugly|last=Holland|first=Oscar|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/rundown-controversies-miss-universe-2025/|title=No end yet to Miss Universe 2025 controversies. Here’s a rundown of it all.|last=jreyes0314|website=RAPPLER|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Wakil Indonésia, [[Sanly Liu]], Miss Universe Indonesia 2025, teu hasil asup kana 30 besar, tapi hasil meunang pangajén Best Skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-8226660/7-potret-sanly-liu-raih-best-skin-di-miss-universe-2025-pamer-kulit-glowing|title=7 Potret Sanly Liu Raih Best Skin di Miss Universe 2025, Pamer Kulit Glowing|last=Hestianingsih|first=Hestianingsih|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi jeung tanggal === Dina tanggal 16 Nopémber 2024, dina Miss Universe 2024, salah sahiji pamilik kontes kageulisan [[Raúl Rocha Cantú]] ngumumkeun yén kota tuan rumah anu kapilih pikeun kontes kageulisan édisi ka-74 nyaéta [[Argéntina]], [[Kosta Rika]], [[Républik Dominika]], [[Maroko]], [[India]], [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Spanyol]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvaztecaguate.com/miss-universo/2024/11/18/expectativa-global-donde-sera-miss-universe-2025/|title=Expectativa global: ¿Dónde será Miss Universe 2025?|last=Álvarez|first=Anaité|website=Tv Azteca Guatemala|language=es|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2024/11/17/2400394/chelsea-manalo-wins-1st-miss-universe-asia-2025-hosts-teased|title=Chelsea Manalo wins 1st Miss Universe Asia; 2025 hosts teased|last=Purnell|first=Kristofer|website=Philstar.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Organisasi [[Miss Universe]] ngumumkeun Thailand minangka nagara tuan rumah dina 7 Pébruari 2025, sarta nunjuk IMPACT Challenger di Pak Kret, Provinsi Nonthaburi, salaku tempat utama kalayan acara tambahan anu dijadwalkeun di [[Phuket]] jeung [[Pattaya]]. Ieu bakal jadi kalina kaopat Thailand jadi tuan rumah kontes kageulisan ieu, jeung kalina katilu acara ieu dilaksanakeun di tempat éta sanggeus Kontes 2005 jeung 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] jhh6tpoa6t8iv52bsp8ljtt7sms0b22 708562 708561 2026-04-25T16:57:50Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nambah informasi anyar. 708562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Universe 2025''' mangrupa édisi ka-74 tina kontés [[Miss Universe]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[IMPACT Challenger Hall]], [[Muang Thong Thani]], [[Ban Mai]], [[Nonthaburi]], [[Thailand]] dina tanggal 21 Nopémber 2025. Dina ahir acara, [[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]], [[Miss Universe 2024]] ti [[Dénmark]], masrahkeun makuta ka [[Fátima Bosch]] ti [[Méksiko]] minangka panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitihoon.com/2025/03/27/532841/|title=IMPACT เผยอีเวนต์ใหญ่แน่น พร้อมต้อนรับ Miss Universe 2025 หนุนอุตสาหกรรมไมซ์ ดันซอฟต์พาวเวอร์ไทยสู่สายตานานาชาติ|last=มิติหุ้น|first=Donut|website=มิติหุ้น {{!}} ชี้ชัดทุกการลงทุน|language=th|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/teroka/miss-meksiko-fatima-bosch-terpilih-jadi-miss-universe-2025-2091780|title=Miss Meksiko Fatima Bosch Terpilih Jadi Miss Universe 2025|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Dilaksanakeun di tengah masa berkabung sanggeus pupusna ibu suri Thailand, [[Ratu Sirikit]], sababaraha runtuyan acara kontés geus disaluyukeun minangka bentuk simpati. Sanajan kitu, rupa-rupa kontrovérsi ogé ngiringan jalanna kontés, ti mimiti paripolah ketua panyelenggara kompetisi, sengketa hukum anu disanghareupan ku nu boga kontés, mundurna juri, nepi ka tuduhan kecurangan dina nangtukeun juara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/29/style/miss-universe-pageant-controversy|title=This year’s Miss Universe debacle shows how beauty pageants turned ugly|last=Holland|first=Oscar|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/rundown-controversies-miss-universe-2025/|title=No end yet to Miss Universe 2025 controversies. Here’s a rundown of it all.|last=jreyes0314|website=RAPPLER|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Wakil Indonésia, [[Sanly Liu]], Miss Universe Indonesia 2025, teu hasil asup kana 30 besar, tapi hasil meunang pangajén Best Skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-8226660/7-potret-sanly-liu-raih-best-skin-di-miss-universe-2025-pamer-kulit-glowing|title=7 Potret Sanly Liu Raih Best Skin di Miss Universe 2025, Pamer Kulit Glowing|last=Hestianingsih|first=Hestianingsih|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi jeung tanggal === Dina tanggal 16 Nopémber 2024, dina Miss Universe 2024, salah sahiji pamilik kontes kageulisan [[Raúl Rocha Cantú]] ngumumkeun yén kota tuan rumah anu kapilih pikeun kontes kageulisan édisi ka-74 nyaéta [[Argéntina]], [[Kosta Rika]], [[Républik Dominika]], [[Maroko]], [[India]], [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Spanyol]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvaztecaguate.com/miss-universo/2024/11/18/expectativa-global-donde-sera-miss-universe-2025/|title=Expectativa global: ¿Dónde será Miss Universe 2025?|last=Álvarez|first=Anaité|website=Tv Azteca Guatemala|language=es|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2024/11/17/2400394/chelsea-manalo-wins-1st-miss-universe-asia-2025-hosts-teased|title=Chelsea Manalo wins 1st Miss Universe Asia; 2025 hosts teased|last=Purnell|first=Kristofer|website=Philstar.com|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Organisasi [[Miss Universe]] ngumumkeun Thailand minangka nagara tuan rumah dina 7 Pébruari 2025, sarta nunjuk IMPACT Challenger di Pak Kret, Provinsi Nonthaburi, salaku tempat utama kalayan acara tambahan anu dijadwalkeun di [[Phuket]] jeung [[Pattaya]]. Ieu bakal jadi kalina kaopat Thailand jadi tuan rumah kontes kageulisan ieu, jeung kalina katilu acara ieu dilaksanakeun di tempat éta sanggeus Kontes 2005 jeung 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/596657/74th-miss-universe-pageant-finds-host-country-in-thailand|title=74th Miss Universe pageant finds host country in Thailand|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Seleksi pamilon === Di antara para délégasi, sawatara di antarana ditunjuk kana posisi éta sanggeus jadi ''runner-up'' dina kontes nasionalna, atawa dipilih ngaliwatan prosés ''casting'', sedengkeun opat séjén dipilih pikeun ngagantikeun juara aslina. Ti bulan Juni nepi ka Juli 2025, [[Telemundo]] nyiarkeun acara realitas ''Miss Universe Latina, el reality'' di [[Amérika Sarikat]], anu milih hiji délégasi tambahan pikeun ngawakilan warga Hispanik jeung Latina di nagara éta, kalayan gelar Miss Universe Latina. Panambahan ieu nandaan kahiji kalina kontes nampa pamilon anu henteu dikirim ku lisénsi resmi anu ngawakilan hiji nagara atawa wilayah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/620183/pageant-veteran-yamilex-hernandez-is-first-ever-miss-universe-latina|title=Pageant veteran Yamilex Hernandez is first-ever ‘Miss Universe Latina’|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> ==== Panggantian ==== Na Zhao ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] jeung Latifah Morris ti [[Trinidad jeung Tobago]] duanana ngarebut gelar nasionalna sanggeus juara aslina, Xuhe Hou jeung Sihlé Letren, mundur tina jabatanana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/miss-universe-t-t-steps-down-cites-ongoing-challenges/article_48c1bd34-6676-4491-b033-bdd8f3049206.html|title=Miss Universe T&T steps down, cites “ongoing challenges”|website=Trinidad Express Newspapers|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/berita/d-7877792/pro-kontra-kontes-miss-universe-china-gelar-juara-dicopot-gegara-usia|title=Pro-Kontra Kontes Miss Universe China, Gelar Juara Dicopot gegara Usia|last=Oktaviani|first=Kiki|website=detikKalimantan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref>''' Déborah Djema ti [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] digantikeun ku Dorcas Dienda sanggeus anjeunna nolak nandatangan kontrak anu diwajibkeun ku organisasi nasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pourelle.info/deborah-djema-elue-miss-univers-rdc-2025-representera-le-grand-congo-en-decembre-prochain-en-thailande/|title=Déborah DJEMA, élue Miss Univers RDC 2025, représentera le Grand Congo en décembre prochain en Thaïlande|last=Bakambana|first=Germaine|website=POURELLE.INFO|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref>Di [[Polandia]], Miss Polski 2025, Oliwia Mikulska, digantikeun ku Emily Reng salaku wawakil anyar ti Miss Polonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plejada.pl/newsy/to-ona-zostala-miss-polski-2025-oliwia-mikulska-ma-na-swoim-koncie-spore-osiagniecia/jych0l5|title=To ona została Miss Polski 2025. Oliwia Mikulska ma na swoim koncie spore osiągnięcia|website=plejada.pl|language=pl|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> ==== Debut, balik deui, jeung mundur ==== Édisi ieu nandaan debut [[Tanjung Verdé|Tanjung Verde]], [[Mayotte]], [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Palestina]], jeung [[Rwanda]]. Debut Palestina meunang perhatian média anu leuwih gedé lantaran waktuna pas jeung [[konflik Gaza]] anu keur lumangsung, anu narik perhatian internasional ti para ahli jeung organisasi HAM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/18/style/miss-universe-palestine-scli-intl|title=Miss Palestine to compete in Miss Universe pageant for first time|last=Guy|first=Jack|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Nagara anu balik deui dina édisi ieu di antarana [[Irak]] jeung [[Slovénia]] anu panungtung ilubiung dina 2017; [[Swédia]] dina 2021; [[Ghana]] jeung [[Haiti]] dina 2022; sarta [[Kosovo]], [[Panama]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]] dina 2023. Organisasi nasional ti [[Bahrain]], [[Siprus]], [[Éritréa]], [[Fiji]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Kénya]], [[Maladéwa]], [[Mongolia]], [[Monténégro|Montenegro]], [[Samoa]], [[Somalia]], jeung [[Uzbékistan]] teu hasil nunjuk délégasi atawa ngayakeun kompetisi nasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/2025/11/06/miss-universe-2025-controversy-explained-walk-outs-tears-and-legal-threats/|title=Miss Universe 2025 controversy explained: Walk-outs, tears and legal threats|last=Tusing|first=David|website=The National|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Saméméh kontes dimimitian, Sahar Biniaz ti [[Iran]] mundur tina kompetisi, alatan kahariwang kana kasalametan diréktur nasionalna sanggeus aya laporan ngeunaan panahanan diréktur éta di nagarana. Samentara éta, Josiane Golonga ti [[Kamerun]], Diana Fast ti [[Jérman]], Zoulahatou Amadou ti [[Niger]], Iman Totic ti [[Makédonia Kalér]], jeung Chiara Wijntuin ti Suriname teu datang ka nagara tuan rumah. Helena O'Connor ti Islandia mundur alatan gering, sedengkeun Gabrielle Henry ti [[Jamaika]] mundur alatan cilaka anu dialaman nalika babak awal. Sajaba ti éta, Flavia Harizaj ti [[Albania]] teu muncul dina kompetisi final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2025/11/21/miss-jamaica-universe-withdraws-pageant-suffering-head-injury-fall/|title=Miss Jamaica Universe withdraws from pageant after suffering head injury in fall - Jamaica Observer|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voxnews.al/english/lifestyle/skandal-ne-miss-universe-ne-tajlande-perfaqesuesja-nga-shqiperia-nuk-s-i104741|title=Scandal at Miss Universe in Thailand, the representative from Albania does not appear in the final|website=Vox News|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> ==== Kajadian dina babak awal ==== Miss [[Jamaika]], Gabrielle Henry, murag ka jero liang anu teu dijaga di lantai panggung nalika babak gaun wengi dina 19 Nopémber 2025 sarta ngalaman tatu anu serius. Anjeunna dirawat di ruang perawatan intensif di [[Bangkok]], anu maksa anjeunna mundur tina kompetisi. Organisasi Miss Universe nanggung jawab pinuh jeung langsung kana kajadian éta sarta nanggung sakabéh biaya médis jeung repatriasi anu patali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2025/11/21/miss-jamaica-universe-withdraws-pageant-suffering-head-injury-fall/|title=Miss Jamaica Universe withdraws from pageant after suffering head injury in fall - Jamaica Observer|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] oossrl5cdo8y557yb1bv2lg6j9aqm3y 0 108155 708544 707616 2026-04-25T15:25:04Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''#KaburAjaDulu''' nyaéta hiji tagar anu jadi fenomena sosial sarta viral di [[média sosial]] Indonesia dina bulan Pébruari 2025, utamana di platform [[X (média sosial)|X]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tren #KaburAjaDulu, Upaya Anak Muda Merefleksikan Kesenjangan Global|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/02/05/183000965/tren-kaburajadulu-upaya-anak-muda-merefleksikan-kesenjangan-global|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2025-02-05|access-date=2026-03-31|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Tagar ieu dipaké ku warganét [[Indonésia]] pikeun ngébréhkeun kahayang ninggalkeun Indonésia demi néangan kasempetan pagawean, [[atikan]], atawa kahirupan anu leuwih hadé di luar nagri. Fenomena ieu ngagambarkeun kahariwang kana kaayaan sosial jeung [[ékonomi]] di jero nagri, saperti mahalna biaya atikan, kurangna lapangan pagawean, sarta gaji anu dianggap leutik. Ngaliwatan #KaburAjaDulu, loba pamaké ngabagi informasi ngeunaan lowongan pagawean, [[béasiswa]], jeung kasempetan karir di luar nagri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anies soal #Kaburajadulu: Tak Perlu Ragukan Nasionalisme Mereka|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/anies-soal-kaburajadulu-tak-perlu-ragukan-nasionalisme-mereka-24Y7l1c2vy3|newspaper=kumparan|access-date=2026-03-31|language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Awal Mula #KaburAjaDulu Viral di Media Sosial hingga Direspons Istana|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/awal-mula-kaburajadulu-viral-di-media-sosial-hingga-direspons-istana-316686-mvk.html|newspaper=merdeka.com|access-date=2026-03-31|language=en}}</ref> Salian ti éta, #KaburAjaDulu ogé jadi wadah diskusi ngeunaan tekanan sosial jeung ékonomi, kaasup lingkungan pagawean anu teu kondusif jeung hubungan pribadi anu teu séhat. Sababaraha warganet nganggap “kabur” minangka solusi pikeun néangan kahirupan anu leuwih hadé, sedengkeun nu séjén ngadebatkeun dampakna kana nasionalisme jeung kasatiaan ka nagara.<ref>{{Cite news|title=7 Fakta dan Respons Pengamat hingga Menlu Usai Viral Tagar #KaburAjaDulu|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/5924495/7-fakta-dan-respons-pengamat-hingga-menlu-usai-viral-tagar-kaburajadulu|newspaper=liputan6.com|access-date=2026-03-31|language=id|last=Liputan6.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Viral dengan Tagar #KaburAjaDulu, Pahami dan Ketahui Fenomena Ini|url=https://www.fimela.com/lifestyle/read/5924738/viral-dengan-tagar-kaburajadulu-pahami-dan-ketahui-fenomena-ini|newspaper=fimela.com|access-date=2026-03-31|language=id|last=Fimela.com}}</ref> Tokoh publik saperti [[Anies Baswédan]] boga pamadegan yén néangan kasempetan di luar nagri lain hartina kaleungitan rasa nasionalisme, tapi malah bisa jadi cara pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas hirup sarta méré kontribusi anu leuwih hadé pikeun bangsa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramai Netizen Suarakan #KaburAjaDulu, Kecewa dengan Indonesia?|url=https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-7779355/ramai-netizen-suarakan-kaburajadulu-kecewa-dengan-indonesia|newspaper=detikinet|access-date=2026-03-31|language=id-ID|first=Adi Fida|last=Rahman}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 7fmz5vy08a8yv8o4o75fdtmefi91i9z 0 108156 708545 707617 2026-04-25T15:25:28Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat''' nyaéta rupa-rupa aspirasi jeung desakan ti masarakat anu sumebar dina unjuk rasa jeung karusuhan di Indonesia dina bulan Agustus 2025 ngalangkungan [[média sosial]]. Tuntutan ieu diwangun ku 17 poin tuntutan jangka pondok jeung dalapan tuntutan jangka panjang anu ditujukeun ka pamaréntahan [[Présidén Républik Indonésia|Présidén Indonesia]], [[Prabowo Subianto]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cqxzjq7rwxyo|title=Demo hari ini: Apa itu tuntutan 17+8? – Demo akan terus digelar sampai tuntutan dipenuhi, DPR berikan tanggapan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Sajumlah pemengaruh anu ngunggah postingan éta di antarana [[Jerome Polin]], [[Andovi da Lopez]], Afutami, Cania Citta, Fathia Izzati, Salsa Erwina Hutagalung, jeung Abigail Limuria. Tuntutan éta ngarangkep desakan anu asalna ti 211 organisasi masarakat sipil anu ngahiji dina YLBHI, ogé siaran pers anu dikaluarkeun ku Pusat Studi Hukum jeung Kebijakan (PSHK).<ref name=":0" /> == Simbol == Tuntutan ieu tuluy dipidangkeun ngaliwatan tilu warna anu jadi idéntitas gerakan ieu, nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/life/education/arti-resistance-blue-brave-pink-dan-hero-green-q9t04-00-6sxgf-x84cbg|title=Arti Resistance Blue, Brave Pink, dan Hero Green, Simbol Perjuangan|last=Purwanti|first=Rani|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> * '''Resistance Blue (Biru Perlawanan)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna utama gambar Peringatan Darurat anu dijadikeun ikon perlawanan anu dipaké ti saprak unjuk rasa RUU Pilkada 2024. * '''Brave Pink (Merah Muda Berani)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna hijab anu dipaké ku saurang ibu-ibu anu milu unjuk rasa dina 28 Agustus di Jakarta. Warna merah muda ogé ngalambangkeun kalembutan jeung feminisme para ibu jeung kaum awéwé. * '''Hero Green (Héjo Pahlawan)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna seragam khas para pangemudi ojek daring di Indonesia, minangka panghormatan ka Affan Kurniawan jeung Rusdamdiansyah. Di média sosial, loba warganet ngaganti foto profil maranéhna ku kombinasi warna Brave Pink jeung Hero Green. Tren ieu dipikawanoh ku sebutan Brave Pink Hero Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/2045778/brave-pink-hero-green-trending-campaign-on-indonesian-social-media|title=Brave Pink Hero Green: Trending Campaign on Indonesian Social Media|last=Bazlina|first=Annisa Lisya|website=Tempo English|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Tuntutan == 25 tuntutan ieu dibagi jadi 17 tuntutan jangka pondok anu kudu dipigawé saméméh 5 Séptémber 2025 jeung 8 tuntutan jangka panjang anu kudu kacumponan saméméh 31 Agustus 2026. Tuntutan jangka pondok nungtut léngkah gancang ti Présidén, Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat, partéy pulitik, kapolisian, angkatan bersenjata, jeung kementerian ékonomi, kaasup narik militér tina peran sipil, ngabatalkeun révisi UU TNI 2025 (anu pangesahanna micu gelombang protes dina Maret 2025), ngabébaskeun pangunjuk rasa anu ditahan, nunda tunjangan DPR, sarta mastikeun kaayaan gawé anu adil. Sedengkeun tuntutan jangka panjang museur kana réformasi struktural anu leuwih lega, saperti audit jeung réformasi DPR, ngarévisi undang-undang perpajakan jeung anti-korupsi, désentralisasi fungsi kapolisian, ngahapus peran militér tina fungsi sipil, sarta nguatkeun lembaga hak asasi manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20250901082334-37-663072/tuntutan-rakyat-17-8-viral-di-media-sosial-begini-isinya|title=Tuntutan Rakyat 17+8 Viral di Media Sosial, Begini Isinya|last=Bestari|first=Novina Putri|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/jerome-polin-cs-desak-pemerintah-penuhi-tuntutan-17-8-apa-itu--2065361|title=Jerome Polin cs Desak Pemerintah Penuhi Tuntutan 17+8, Apa Itu?|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/ali-muakhir/17-tuntutan-rakyat-dalam-seminggu-dan-8-tuntutan-rakyat-dalam-setahun-25liJR5MxGI|title=17 Tuntutan Rakyat dalam Seminggu dan 8 Tuntutan Rakyat dalam Setahun|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Poin-poin tina tuntutan 17+8 ngawengku: === Tuntutan Jangka Pondok === * '''Ka Présidén Prabowo:''' ** Tarik TNI tina pangamanan sipil sarta pastikeun teu aya kriminalisasi ka demonstran. ** Wangun Tim Investigasi Independen pikeun kasus Affan Kurniawan, Umar Amarudin, jeung sakabéh korban kekerasan aparat salila demonstrasi 28–30 Agustus kalayan mandat anu jelas jeung transparan. * '''Ka Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat:''' ** Bekukeun kanaékan gaji/tunjangan anggota DPR sarta batalkeun fasilitas anyar (kaasup pikeun pensiunan). ** Publikasikeun transparansi anggaran (gaji, tunjangan, imah, fasilitas DPR). ** Dorong Badan Kehormatan DPR pikeun mariksa anggota anu bermasalah (kaasup nalungtik ngaliwatan KPK). * '''Ka Ketua Umum Partéy Pulitik:''' ** Pecat atawa pasihan sanksi tegas ka kader DPR anu teu étis sarta micu amarah publik. ** Umumkeun komitmen partéy pikeun berpihak ka rahayat di tengah krisis. ** Libatkeun kader dina rohangan dialog publik babarengan mahasiswa jeung masarakat sipil. * '''Ka Kepolisian Republik Indonesia:''' ** Bébaskeun sakabéh demonstran anu ditahan. ** Eureunkeun tindakan kekerasan pulisi sarta taati SOP pangendalian massa anu geus aya. ** Tangkap sarta prosés sacara hukum kalayan transparan anggota jeung komandan anu ngalakukeun atawa maréntahkeun kekerasan sarta ngalanggar HAM. * '''Ka TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia):''' ** Geura balik ka barak, eureunkeun keterlibatan dina pangamanan sipil. ** Tegakkan disiplin internal sangkan anggota TNI teu nyokot alih fungsi Polri. ** Nyatakeun komitmen publik pikeun teu asup kana ranah sipil salila krisis démokrasi. * '''Ka Kamenterian Sektor Ékonomi:''' ** Pastikeun upah anu layak pikeun sakabéh tenaga kerja (kaasup guru, buruh, tenaga kasehatan, jeung mitra ojol) di sakuliah Indonesia. ** Candak léngkah darurat pikeun nyegah PHK massal sarta ngajaga buruh kontrak. ** Buka dialog jeung serikat buruh pikeun solusi upah minimum jeung outsourcing. === Tuntutan Jangka Panjang === * '''Beresihan jeung Réformasi DPR sacara Gedé-gedéan''' ** Laksanakeun audit independen anu diumumkeun ka publik. ** Ningkatkeun standar syarat anggota DPR (nolak mantan koruptor) sarta netepkeun KPI pikeun évaluasi kinerja. ** Hapus perlakuan istiméwa: pensiun saumur hirup, transportasi jeung pangawalan husus, sarta pajeg ditanggung APBN. * '''Réformasi Partéy Pulitik jeung Ngawasa Pengawasan Eksekutif''' ** Partéy pulitik kudu mempublikasikeun laporan kauangan kahiji dina taun ieu. ** DPR kudu mastikeun oposisi jalan sakumaha kuduna. * '''Nyusun Rencana Réformasi Perpajakan anu Leuwih Adil''' ** Tinjau deui kasaimbangan transfer APBN ti pusat ka daérah. ** Batalkeun rencana kanaékan pajeg anu ngabébanan rahayat. ** Susun réformasi perpajakan anu leuwih adil. * '''Sahkan jeung Tegakkan UU Perampasan Aset Koruptor''' ** DPR kudu gancang ngesahkeun RUU Perampasan Aset dina masa sidang taun ieu. ** Barengan jeung nguatkeun independensi KPK jeung UU Tipikor. * '''Réformasi Kapamingpinan jeung Sistem di Kepolisian sangkan Profesional jeung Humanis''' ** DPR kudu ngarévisi UU Kepolisian. ** Laksanakeun désentralisasi fungsi pulisi: katertiban umum, kaamanan, jeung lalu lintas dina 12 bulan minangka léngkah awal. * '''TNI Balik ka Barak, Tanpa Pangecualian''' ** Pamaréntah kudu nyabut mandat TNI tina proyék sipil saperti food estate taun ieu. ** DPR kudu ngamimitian révisi UU TNI. * '''Ngawasa Komnas HAM jeung Lembaga Pangawas Independen''' ** DPR kudu ngarévisi UU Komnas HAM pikeun ngalegaan kawenangan dina kabébasan ékspresi. ** Présidén kudu nguatkeun Ombudsman jeung Kompolnas. * '''Ninjau Ulang Kabijakan Sektor Ékonomi jeung Ketenagakerjaan''' ** Tinjau serius kabijakan PSN jeung prioritas ékonomi kalayan ngajaga hak masarakat adat jeung lingkungan. ** Evaluasi UU Cipta Kerja anu ngabébanan rahayat, utamana buruh. ** Evaluasi audit tata kelola Danantara jeung BUMN. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] s6uv8dxuer8ado4fnd6de1skemjurvw 708546 708545 2026-04-25T15:25:41Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat''' nyaéta rupa-rupa aspirasi jeung desakan ti masarakat anu sumebar dina unjuk rasa jeung karusuhan di Indonesia dina bulan Agustus 2025 ngalangkungan [[média sosial]]. Tuntutan ieu diwangun ku 17 poin tuntutan jangka pondok jeung dalapan tuntutan jangka panjang anu ditujukeun ka pamaréntahan [[Présidén Républik Indonésia|Présidén Indonesia]], [[Prabowo Subianto]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cqxzjq7rwxyo|title=Demo hari ini: Apa itu tuntutan 17+8? – Demo akan terus digelar sampai tuntutan dipenuhi, DPR berikan tanggapan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Sajumlah pemengaruh anu ngunggah postingan éta di antarana [[Jerome Polin]], [[Andovi da Lopez]], Afutami, Cania Citta, Fathia Izzati, Salsa Erwina Hutagalung, jeung Abigail Limuria. Tuntutan éta ngarangkep desakan anu asalna ti 211 organisasi masarakat sipil anu ngahiji dina YLBHI, ogé siaran pers anu dikaluarkeun ku Pusat Studi Hukum jeung Kebijakan (PSHK).<ref name=":0" /> == Simbol == Tuntutan ieu tuluy dipidangkeun ngaliwatan tilu warna anu jadi idéntitas gerakan ieu, nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/life/education/arti-resistance-blue-brave-pink-dan-hero-green-q9t04-00-6sxgf-x84cbg|title=Arti Resistance Blue, Brave Pink, dan Hero Green, Simbol Perjuangan|last=Purwanti|first=Rani|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> * '''Resistance Blue (Biru Perlawanan)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna utama gambar Peringatan Darurat anu dijadikeun ikon perlawanan anu dipaké ti saprak unjuk rasa RUU Pilkada 2024. * '''Brave Pink (Merah Muda Berani)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna hijab anu dipaké ku saurang ibu-ibu anu milu unjuk rasa dina 28 Agustus di Jakarta. Warna merah muda ogé ngalambangkeun kalembutan jeung feminisme para ibu jeung kaum awéwé. * '''Hero Green (Héjo Pahlawan)''' Diinspirasikeun tina warna seragam khas para pangemudi ojek daring di Indonesia, minangka panghormatan ka Affan Kurniawan jeung Rusdamdiansyah. Di média sosial, loba warganet ngaganti foto profil maranéhna ku kombinasi warna Brave Pink jeung Hero Green. Tren ieu dipikawanoh ku sebutan Brave Pink Hero Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/2045778/brave-pink-hero-green-trending-campaign-on-indonesian-social-media|title=Brave Pink Hero Green: Trending Campaign on Indonesian Social Media|last=Bazlina|first=Annisa Lisya|website=Tempo English|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Tuntutan == 25 tuntutan ieu dibagi jadi 17 tuntutan jangka pondok anu kudu dipigawé saméméh 5 Séptémber 2025 jeung 8 tuntutan jangka panjang anu kudu kacumponan saméméh 31 Agustus 2026. Tuntutan jangka pondok nungtut léngkah gancang ti Présidén, Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat, partéy pulitik, kapolisian, angkatan bersenjata, jeung kementerian ékonomi, kaasup narik militér tina peran sipil, ngabatalkeun révisi UU TNI 2025 (anu pangesahanna micu gelombang protes dina Maret 2025), ngabébaskeun pangunjuk rasa anu ditahan, nunda tunjangan DPR, sarta mastikeun kaayaan gawé anu adil. Sedengkeun tuntutan jangka panjang museur kana réformasi struktural anu leuwih lega, saperti audit jeung réformasi DPR, ngarévisi undang-undang perpajakan jeung anti-korupsi, désentralisasi fungsi kapolisian, ngahapus peran militér tina fungsi sipil, sarta nguatkeun lembaga hak asasi manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20250901082334-37-663072/tuntutan-rakyat-17-8-viral-di-media-sosial-begini-isinya|title=Tuntutan Rakyat 17+8 Viral di Media Sosial, Begini Isinya|last=Bestari|first=Novina Putri|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/jerome-polin-cs-desak-pemerintah-penuhi-tuntutan-17-8-apa-itu--2065361|title=Jerome Polin cs Desak Pemerintah Penuhi Tuntutan 17+8, Apa Itu?|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/ali-muakhir/17-tuntutan-rakyat-dalam-seminggu-dan-8-tuntutan-rakyat-dalam-setahun-25liJR5MxGI|title=17 Tuntutan Rakyat dalam Seminggu dan 8 Tuntutan Rakyat dalam Setahun|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Poin-poin tina tuntutan 17+8 ngawengku: === Tuntutan Jangka Pondok === * '''Ka Présidén Prabowo:''' ** Tarik TNI tina pangamanan sipil sarta pastikeun teu aya kriminalisasi ka demonstran. ** Wangun Tim Investigasi Independen pikeun kasus Affan Kurniawan, Umar Amarudin, jeung sakabéh korban kekerasan aparat salila demonstrasi 28–30 Agustus kalayan mandat anu jelas jeung transparan. * '''Ka Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat:''' ** Bekukeun kanaékan gaji/tunjangan anggota DPR sarta batalkeun fasilitas anyar (kaasup pikeun pensiunan). ** Publikasikeun transparansi anggaran (gaji, tunjangan, imah, fasilitas DPR). ** Dorong Badan Kehormatan DPR pikeun mariksa anggota anu bermasalah (kaasup nalungtik ngaliwatan KPK). * '''Ka Ketua Umum Partéy Pulitik:''' ** Pecat atawa pasihan sanksi tegas ka kader DPR anu teu étis sarta micu amarah publik. ** Umumkeun komitmen partéy pikeun berpihak ka rahayat di tengah krisis. ** Libatkeun kader dina rohangan dialog publik babarengan mahasiswa jeung masarakat sipil. * '''Ka Kepolisian Republik Indonesia:''' ** Bébaskeun sakabéh demonstran anu ditahan. ** Eureunkeun tindakan kekerasan pulisi sarta taati SOP pangendalian massa anu geus aya. ** Tangkap sarta prosés sacara hukum kalayan transparan anggota jeung komandan anu ngalakukeun atawa maréntahkeun kekerasan sarta ngalanggar HAM. * '''Ka TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia):''' ** Geura balik ka barak, eureunkeun keterlibatan dina pangamanan sipil. ** Tegakkan disiplin internal sangkan anggota TNI teu nyokot alih fungsi Polri. ** Nyatakeun komitmen publik pikeun teu asup kana ranah sipil salila krisis démokrasi. * '''Ka Kamenterian Sektor Ékonomi:''' ** Pastikeun upah anu layak pikeun sakabéh tenaga kerja (kaasup guru, buruh, tenaga kasehatan, jeung mitra ojol) di sakuliah Indonesia. ** Candak léngkah darurat pikeun nyegah PHK massal sarta ngajaga buruh kontrak. ** Buka dialog jeung serikat buruh pikeun solusi upah minimum jeung outsourcing. === Tuntutan Jangka Panjang === * '''Beresihan jeung Réformasi DPR sacara Gedé-gedéan''' ** Laksanakeun audit independen anu diumumkeun ka publik. ** Ningkatkeun standar syarat anggota DPR (nolak mantan koruptor) sarta netepkeun KPI pikeun évaluasi kinerja. ** Hapus perlakuan istiméwa: pensiun saumur hirup, transportasi jeung pangawalan husus, sarta pajeg ditanggung APBN. * '''Réformasi Partéy Pulitik jeung Ngawasa Pengawasan Eksekutif''' ** Partéy pulitik kudu mempublikasikeun laporan kauangan kahiji dina taun ieu. ** DPR kudu mastikeun oposisi jalan sakumaha kuduna. * '''Nyusun Rencana Réformasi Perpajakan anu Leuwih Adil''' ** Tinjau deui kasaimbangan transfer APBN ti pusat ka daérah. ** Batalkeun rencana kanaékan pajeg anu ngabébanan rahayat. ** Susun réformasi perpajakan anu leuwih adil. * '''Sahkan jeung Tegakkan UU Perampasan Aset Koruptor''' ** DPR kudu gancang ngesahkeun RUU Perampasan Aset dina masa sidang taun ieu. ** Barengan jeung nguatkeun independensi KPK jeung UU Tipikor. * '''Réformasi Kapamingpinan jeung Sistem di Kepolisian sangkan Profesional jeung Humanis''' ** DPR kudu ngarévisi UU Kepolisian. ** Laksanakeun désentralisasi fungsi pulisi: katertiban umum, kaamanan, jeung lalu lintas dina 12 bulan minangka léngkah awal. * '''TNI Balik ka Barak, Tanpa Pangecualian''' ** Pamaréntah kudu nyabut mandat TNI tina proyék sipil saperti food estate taun ieu. ** DPR kudu ngamimitian révisi UU TNI. * '''Ngawasa Komnas HAM jeung Lembaga Pangawas Independen''' ** DPR kudu ngarévisi UU Komnas HAM pikeun ngalegaan kawenangan dina kabébasan ékspresi. ** Présidén kudu nguatkeun Ombudsman jeung Kompolnas. * '''Ninjau Ulang Kabijakan Sektor Ékonomi jeung Ketenagakerjaan''' ** Tinjau serius kabijakan PSN jeung prioritas ékonomi kalayan ngajaga hak masarakat adat jeung lingkungan. ** Evaluasi UU Cipta Kerja anu ngabébanan rahayat, utamana buruh. ** Evaluasi audit tata kelola Danantara jeung BUMN. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 8y0wc595w4c9kx3th6xsigxet0kmubp 0 108157 708547 707619 2026-04-25T15:26:19Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pembunuhan Affan Kurniawan''' lumangsung dina mangsa unjuk rasa di sakuriling Gedong [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPR]]/MPR RI, Jakarta Pusat, dina 28 Agustus 2025, ku cara ditabrak jeung dilindes ku kendaraan taktis Rimueng<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/KZmCVDp2-spesifikasi-mobil-rantis-rimueng-yang-digunakan-dalam-kasus-affan-kurniawan|title=Spesifikasi Mobil Rantis Rimueng, yang Digunakan dalam Kasus Affan Kurniawan|last=TV|first=Metro|website=https://www.metrotvnews.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> milik [[Satuan Brigade Mobil (Brimob)]] Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya. Kajadian ieu micu [[unjuk rasa]] anu leuwih gedé di rupa-rupa tempat di Indonesia, sakaligus narik perhatian husus ti pamaréntah jeung masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/08/28/224012/driver-ojol-yang-tewas-dilindas-rantis-brimob-bernama-affan-kurniawan|title=Driver Ojol yang Tewas Dilindas Rantis Brimob Bernama Affan Kurniawan|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kendaraan-taktis-brimob-melindas-pengemudi-ojek-daring-7-polisi-diperiksa|title=Kendaraan Taktis Brimob Melindas Pengemudi Ojek Daring hingga Tewas, 7 Polisi Diperiksa|last=harry.susilo@kompas.com|first=Harry Susilo-|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == Ti saprak 25 Agustus 2025,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/kronologi-demo-memprotes-dpr-hingga-meluas-berubah-penjarahan-2065182|title=Kronologi Demo Memprotes DPR hingga Meluas Berubah Penjarahan|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> unjuk rasa dibarengan ku karusuhan lumangsung di rupa-rupa wewengkon di Indonésia. Unjuk rasa ieu awalna dipicu ku protes kana ayana tunjangan anyar pikeun anggota Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, nyaéta tunjangan perumahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/isi-tuntutan-demo-25-agustus-di-dpr-hapus-tunjangan-stop-pemborosan-anggaran-25j0E3PRst6|title=Isi Tuntutan Demo 25 Agustus di DPR: Hapus Tunjangan-Stop Pemborosan Anggaran|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Sajaba ti éta, ogé didorong ku kanaékan pajeg bumi jeung bangunan anu kajadian di sababaraha daérah, sarta kakeuheul masarakat kana kinerja pamaréntah dina ngungkulan kasenjangan ékonomi jeung kanaékan biaya hirup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cr5rj1pv1ppo|title=Demo '25 Agustus' tolak tunjangan rumah anggota DPR ricuh, Dasco: Tunjangan Rp 50 juta dihentikan|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Korban == Affan Kurniawan (18 Juli 2004 – 28 Agustus 2025) nyaéta saurang pangemudi ojek daring [[Gojek]] asal Indonésia. Affan cicing babarengan jeung kulawargana di imah kontrakan di Jalan Tayu, [[Ménténg, Jakarta Pusat|Ménténg]], [[Kota Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]]. Di kontrakan éta, manéhna hirup jeung tujuh anggota kulawarga, kaasup kolotna, adina awéwé nu ngaranna Wulantika Ramadhanti, jeung lanceuk lalaki ngaranna Adam Al Rasyid anu ogé pangemudi ojek daring. Saméméh digawé jadi pangemudi ojek daring dina 2022, manéhna kungsi digawé jadi satpam di kawasan Menteng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/lifestyle/varia/68b1515152ece/profil-affan-kurniawan-driver-ojol-yang-tewas-dilindas-rantis-brimob|title=Profil Affan Kurniawan, Driver Ojol yang Tewas Dilindas Rantis Brimob - Varia Katadata.co.id|last=Putri|first=Safrezi, Destiara Anggita|website=katadata.co.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Affan ogé dipikanyaho geus digawé lepas ti saprak 2015 sanggeus henteu neruskeun atikan ka tingkat sakola menengah pertama. Anjeunna dipikanyaho masih ngalaksanakeun pagawéanana salaku pangojek daring dina poé unjuk rasa. Tina bukti pesenan anu ditarima dina poé éta, Affan henteu boga niat pikeun ilubiung langsung dina aksi demonstrasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hukum/affan-kurniawan-ojol-demonstrasi-2064976|title=Cita-cita Kandas Affan Kurniawan|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] ee9c3k6xr27e39adl0tzpyu2yqi8b6o 0 108158 708548 707773 2026-04-25T15:26:33Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708548 wikitext text/x-wiki Miss World 2025 nyaéta édisi ka-72 tina kontes Miss World, anu dilaksanakeun di HITEX Exhibition Centre di Hyderabad, [[Telangana]], [[India]], dina tanggal 31 Méi 2025. [[Krystyna Pyszková]] ti [[Céko]] ngamakékeun makuta ka [[Suchata Chuangsri]] ti [[Thailand]] dina ahir acara. Ieu mangrupikeun kahiji kalina Thailand meunang dina sajarah kontes ieu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-72nd-miss-world-grand-final-set-to-happen-in-telangana-here-is-all-you-need-to-know-about-it-975614|title=The 72nd Miss World Grand Final Set to Happen in Telangana. Here is all you need to know about it|last=Mallick|first=Gyanisha|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Kontes ieu diiluan ku pamilon ti 108 nagara jeung wilayah, sarta dipandu ku [[Miss World 2016]], [[Stephanie Del Valle]], jeung Sachiin Kumbhar. Aktor Bollywood Jacqueline Fernandez jeung Ishaan Khatter ogé tampil dina édisi ieu.<ref name=":0" /> == Latar tukang == Dina tanggal 19 Pébruari 2025, panitia ngumumkeun yén acara final bakal dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 31 Méi 2025 di Hyderabad, India. Ieu mangrupikeun katilu kalina kontes ieu dilaksanakeun di India, sanggeus [[Miss World 1996]] jeung [[Miss World 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/from-1996-to-2025-tracing-indias-miss-world-hosting-history-enn25050801542|title=From 1996 To 2025: Tracing India's Miss World Hosting History|last=Bharat|first=E. T. V.|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> === Pamilihan pamilon === Pamilon ti saratus dalapan nagara jeung wilayah dipilih pikeun ilubiung dina kontes ieu.<ref name=":0" /> === Panggantian === Sababaraha wakil mundur tina kompetisi atawa diganti ku alesan anu rupa-rupa. Ieu di handap parobahan anu geus dikonfirmasi: Miss Czech Republic 2023, Justýna Zedníková, diganti ku Miss Czech Republic 2024, Adéla Štroffeková. Zedníková saterusna ilubiung dina Miss Supranational 2024 sarta meunang posisi runner-up kadua. Miss Tunisia 2023, Amira Afli, diganti ku Miss Tunisia 2025, Lamis Redissi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nejkrásnější dívka ČR Justýna Zedníková se „missí nemoci“ a bulváru nebojí|url=https://jicinsky.denik.cz/spolecnost/miss-world-justyna-zednikova.html|newspaper=Jičínský deník|date=2023-05-31|access-date=2026-03-31|language=cs|first=Lucie|last=Vodičková}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2024/7/6/indonesia-wins-miss-supranational-2024-ph-in-top-12-718|title=Indonesia wins Miss Supranational 2024; PH in Top 12 {{!}} ABS-CBN Lifestyle|last=News|first=ABS-CBN|website=ABS-CBN|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Noelia Hernandez ti Belize mundur tina kompetisi ku alesan anu teu diungkabkeun sarta diganti ku runner-up kahijina, Shayari Morataya. Miss Côte d'Ivoire 2024, Marie-Emmanuelle Diamala, diganti ku runner-up kahijina, Fatoumata Coulibaly. Miss World Cayman Islands 2024, Latecia Bush, diganti ku runner-up kadua, Jada Ramoon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/miss-world-2025-participants-take-head-to-head-challenge-at-hyderabads-t-hub-enn25052105113|title=Miss World 2025 Participants Take 'Head To Head Challenge' At Hyderabad's T-Hub|last=Bharat|first=E. T. V.|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Manita Hang ti Kamboja mundur alatan alesan pribadi sarta diganti ku Julia Russell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501660189/cambodian-beauty-announces-reasons-for-withdrawal-from-miss-world-2025-competition/|title=Cambodian Beauty announces reasons for withdrawal from Miss World 2025 competition - Khmer Times|last=Lhoyd|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Ariet Sanjarova ti Kyrgyzstan mundur ku alesan anu teu jelas sarta diganti ku Aizhan Chanacheva. Albertina Haimbala ti Namibia mundur tina kompetisi ku alesan anu teu dipikanyaho sarta diganti ku Selma Kamanya. Micaela Nikolalev ti Moldova diganti ku Anghelina Chitaica tanpa katerangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://namibiadailynews.info/miss-namibia-organization-announces-top-four-contestants-to-represent-the-nation-internationally/|title=Miss Namibia Organization Announces Top Four Contestants to Represent the Nation Internationally|last=Mupiri|first=Mathias|website=Namibia Daily News|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Kimberly Joseph ti Mauritius diganti ku Wenna Rumnah ku alesan anu teu jelas. Elvira Yordanova ti Bulgaria mundur sanggeus nandatangan kontrak jeung organisasi anu teu aya patalina jeung Miss World Bulgaria, nu nyababkeun manehna kudu nyerahkeun gelar nasionalna. Manehna diganti ku Teodora Miltenova. Di sababaraha nagara, wakil anyar ditunjuk sanggeus masa jabatan pemenang saméméhna réngsé: Miss Polonia 2024, Maja Klajda, ngagantikeun Ewa Jakubiec minangka wakil Polandia sanggeus masa jabatan Jakubiec réngsé. Miss World Japan 2024, Kiana Tomita, ngagantikeun Maya Negishi (juara 2023) anu teu bisa ilubiung sacara internasional lantaran masa jabatanna geus réngsé. Ismeli Jarquín, anu asalna dinobatkeun jadi Miss World Nicaragua 2024, mundur ku alesan anu teu diungkabkeun. Manehna diganti ku runner-up kahijina, Julia Aguilar, anu ahirna henteu ilubiung. Duanana tuluy diganti ku Miss World Nicaragua 2025, Virmania Rodríguez. Milla Magee ti Inggris mundur nalika kompetisi keur lumangsung alatan pertimbangan étika sarta diganti ku runner-up kahijina, Charlotte Grant. === Balik deui jeung mundur === Édisi ieu nandaan balikna Suriname (pamungkas ilubiung taun 2012), North Macedonia (sakumaha Macedonia) taun 2015, Latvia jeung Zambia taun 2018, Kyrgyzstan taun 2019, sarta Albania, Armenia, jeung Equatorial Guinea taun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/joy-raimi-represents-nigeria-at-the-72nd-miss-world-pageant-2025051512151953877|title=Joy Raimi represents Nigeria at the 72nd Miss World pageant|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Guinea-Bissau, Irak, Liberia, Makau, Maroko, jeung Uruguay mundur tina kompetisi lantaran organisasi nasionalna teu nunjuk wakil, teu ngayakeun kontes nasional, atawa teu deui nyekel lisénsi Miss World. Miss Lesotho 2023, Lerato Masila, mundur ku alesan anu teu diungkabkeun. Tracy Nabukeera ti Tanzania mundur alatan kurangna sponsor. Daniela Vojtasová ti Slovakia nyebutkeun komitmen akademik salaku alesan. Min Jung ti Koréa Kidul mundur alatan cilaka. Fabiola Vindas ti Kosta Rika mundur sanggeus organisasina kaleungitan lisénsi Miss World sarta gantina ilubiung dina Miss Supranational 2025. Nikoline Andresen ti Norwégia mundur alatan jadwal anu bentrok sarta gantina ilubiung dina Miss International 2025. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] 5huuxnrm78arkunb4nqew0ax33qty1l 0 108189 708577 707699 2026-04-26T05:33:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gagak Amérika | image = Corvus caurinus (profile).jpg | image_caption = Propil hiji gagak (''Corvus brachyrhynchos''), némbongkeun pamatuk sarta bulu hideungna anu has. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Corvidae]] | genus = ''[[Corvus]]'' | species = '''''C. brachyrhynchos''''' | binomial = ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' | binomial_authority = [[Christian Ludwig Brehm|Brehm]], 1822 | color = #FFFFFF }} '''Gagak Amérika''' (''Corvus brachyrhynchos'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis manuk tina kulawarga [[Corvidae]] anu asalna ti wilayah [[Amérika Kalér]].<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705990/131934983 |title=Corvus brachyrhynchos: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=IUCN |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> Ieu manuk kawéntar ku kapinteranana sarta kamampuhna pikeun nyaluyukeun diri (adaptasi) dina rupa-rupa lingkungan, ti mimiti leuweung dugi ka kota gedé.<ref name="Cornell">{{cite web |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Crow/overview |title=American Crow Overview |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> == [[Nami Vérnakular]] == * '''Basa Sunda:''' Gagak Amérika. * '''Basa Inggris:''' ''American crow''.<ref name="Audubon">{{cite web |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/american-crow |title=Guide to North American Birds: American Crow |publisher=Audubon |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> * '''Catetan:''' Spésiés anu kapungkur disebut ''Northwestern crow'' (''Corvus caurinus'') ayeuna parantos dianggap sarua (taksonomi tunggal) sareng Gagak Amérika dumasar kana tés génétik.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birdingwire.com/releases/477464 |title=AOS 2020 Taxonomy Supplement |publisher=American Ornithological Society |accessdate=2026-04-02 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == [[Sora]] == Sora gagak Amérika anu paling umum nyaéta sora "kak-kak" anu tarik, pondok, sarta serak (parau).<ref name="Cornell" /> Dina usum semi (''spring''), ieu manuk leuwih aktif ngaluarkeun sora pikeun komunikasi sosial sarta nandaan wilayah kakawasaanana.<ref name="Audubon" /> Pék dangukeun sora gagak Amérika di handap: [[File:American crow in spring.ogg]] == [[Morfologi]] == Gagak Amérika miboga ciri fisik anu mandiri: * '''Warna:''' Sakujur awakna, kalebet pamatuk sarta sukuna, miboga warna hideung cakueum.<ref name="Cornell" /> * '''[[Pamatuk]]:''' Miboga pamatuk anu kuat, kandel, sarta rada melengkung di bagian tungtungna.<ref name="Audubon" /> * '''Ukuran:''' Panjang awakna rata-rata antara 40 dugi ka 53 cm.<ref name="IUCN" /> == [[Baranahan]] == Gagak Amérika miboga sistem sosial anu kompléks nalika usum baranahan: * '''[[Sayang]]:''' Sayangna dijieun tina dahan [[kai]], [[jukut]], sarta leutak anu biasana diteundeun dina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="Audubon" /> * '''[[Sosial|Gotong-royong]]:''' Ieu spésiés mindeng ngalakukeun ''cooperative breeding'', di mana anak ti taun samémanéhna mantuan kolotna ngurus anak anu nembé mekar.<ref name="Cornell" /> == [[Habitat]] sarta [[Paripolah]] == * '''[[Kapinteran]]:''' Hasil panalungtikan némbongkeun yén gagak ieu sanggup mikawanoh beungeut manusa sarta bisa migunakeun alat saderhana pikeun meunangkeun hakaneun.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html |title=Crows Recognize Individual Human Faces |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2026-04-02}}</ref> * '''[[Kadaharan]]:''' Mangrupa sato [[Omnivora|omnivora]] anu ngahakan gegerrmet, sisikian, bungbuahan, endog manuk sanés, dugi ka bangké.<ref name="Audubon" /> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Passeriformes]] [[Kategori:Corvidae]] [[Kategori:Corvus]] [[Kategori:Manuk Amérika]] [[Kategori:Sato Neotropis]] [[Kategori:Gagak]] d9wivtkjemxy75evs3096xkk73h3fhh 0 108197 708588 707721 2026-04-26T08:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chalcopsitta atra | image = Black lory (Chalcopsitta atra), Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta 2015-03-15 01.jpg | image_caption = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' di Kebon Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Kakatua|Psittaciformes]] | familia = [[Psittaculidae]] | genus = ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' | species = '''''C. atra''''' | binomial = ''Chalcopsitta atra'' | binomial_authority = (Scopoli, 1786) }} '''Kakatua hidrung'''; ''Chalcopsitta atra'' nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[manuk]] nuri anu kaasup kana kulawarga [[Psittaculidae]].<ref name="IOC">Gill, F., D. Donsker & P. Rasmussen. ''[https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ IOC World Bird List]''. Version 14.1.</ref> Ieu manuk munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku Giovanni Antonio Scopoli dina taun 1786.<ref name="Scopoli1786">Scopoli, G.A. (1786). ''Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae''.</ref> == Vérnakular == Dina basa Sunda, ieu manuk bisa disebut '''nuri hideung''' atawa '''kakatua hideung''' dumasar kana warna buluna anu dominan hideung.<ref name="ITIS">ITIS. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177413 ITIS Report: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''black lory''.<ref name="IUCN">BirdLife International. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684483/93032220 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Taksonomi == Spésiés ieu asup kana génus ''[[Chalcopsitta]]'' anu anggotana kawates di wilayah [[Papua]] jeung sabudeureunana.<ref name="IOC"/> Aya tilu sub-spésiés anu dipikawanoh dumasar kana variasi warna saeutik dina buluna, nyaéta ''C. a. atra'', ''C. a. insignis'', sarta ''C. a. bernsteini''.<ref name="ITIS"/> == Sebaranna == Sebaranna pohara kawates ([[éndemik]]), ngan aya di wilayah bagian kulon pulo [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="GBIF">GBIF.org. [https://www.gbif.org/species/2479714 Chalcopsitta atra (Scopoli, 1786)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Ieu manuk bisa kapanggih di [[Semenanjung Vogelkop]] (Kepala Burung) sarta sababaraha pulo leutik di sakurilingna saperti [[Misool]] jeung [[Batanta]].<ref name="GBIF"/> == Habitat == Habitat alami ieu manuk nyaéta di leuweung dataran rendah, leuweung [[babakoan]] (*mangrove*), sarta [[sabana]] kabuka anu loba tatangkalanana.<ref name="IUCN"/> Maranéhna mindeng katingal hirup dina kelompok leutik di luhur tajuk tatangkalan.<ref name="NCBI">NCBI. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=274063 Taxonomy Browser: Chalcopsitta atra].</ref> == Ciri fisik == Hampir sakuliah awakna ditutupan ku bulu warna hideung lestreng, iwal ti bagian handap buntutna anu sok nembongkeun warna semu beureum atawa konéng.<ref name="ITIS"/> Pamatukna warna hideung kuat sarta boga letah anu husus pikeun nyusu madu (*nektar*) tina kembang.<ref name="IOC"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Psittaculidae]] [[Kategori:Psittaciformes]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato éndemik Papua]] [[Kategori:Aves]] glhfwveam5tbtd0t1s5ufxkzy591xk7 0 108231 708568 707913 2026-04-26T01:59:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708568 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Bagridae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Hemib capit 100614-3501 awr.JPG|250px]]<br/>''Lauk Baung (Hemibagrus nemurus).'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Actinopterygii]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Siluriformes]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | '''Bagridae''' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis | [[Lauk Cai Tawar]] |} '''Bagridae''' nyaéta salah sahiji kulawarga [[Lauk]] kumis (ordo [[Siluriformes]]) anu sumebar di perairan tawar [[Afrika]] sarta [[Asia]]. Anggota kulawarga ieu anu paling kawéntar di [[Indonésia]] nyaéta rupa-rupa jinis lauk '''[[Baung]]'''.<ref name="FishBaseBag">Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2024). ''Family Bagridae - Bagrid catfishes''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=145</ref> == Vérnakular == Lauk dina kulawarga Bagridae miboga rupa-rupa ngaran lokal (vérnakular) gumantung ka wewengkonna: * Di [[Jawa Barat]], lauk ieu sacara umum disebut '''[[Baung]]'''.<ref name="Kottelat">Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions. https://archive.org/details/freshwaterfishes0000kott</ref> * Di sababaraha daérah séjén di Indonésia, aya anu nyebutna lauk '''[[Sénggal]]''', '''[[Singgul]]''', atanapi '''[[Tageh]]''' pikeun jinis anu langkung leutik.<ref name="KemenkeuBaung">Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Profil Ikan Baung (Hemibagrus nemurus)''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/artikel/1647-profil-ikan-baung{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Dina basa Inggris, kulawarga ieu sacara internasional katelah ku sebutan '''[[Bagrid catfishes]]'''.<ref name="BritBag">Encyclopaedia Britannica. ''Bagrid catfish''. https://www.britannica.com/animal/bagrid-catfish</ref> == Sebaran == Wewengkon sebaran Bagridae kacida legana, nyakup dua buana utama: * '''[[Afrika]]''': Kapanggih ampir di sakuliah walungan badag di buana Afrika, ti mimiti walungan [[Nil]] dugi ka walungan [[Kongo]].<ref name="FishBaseBag"/> * '''[[Asia]]''': Sumebar ti wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] (saperti [[India]] sarta [[Pakistan]]), [[Asia Timur]] ([[Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]]), dugi ka sakuliah Kapuloan [[Indo-Malaya]] di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref name="Ferraris">Ferraris, Carl J. (2007). ''Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil''. Zootaxa. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p628.pdf</ref> * Di Indonésia sorangan, pusat karagamanna aya di pulo-pulo badag saperti [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], sarta [[Kalimantan]].<ref name="Kottelat"/> == Baranahan == Prosés baranahan (réproduksi) lauk Bagridae gumantung pisan kana parobahan usum sarta kaayaan cai: * '''[[Usum Ngendog]]''': Lolobana anggota Bagridae mimiti baranahan nalika datangna [[usum hujan]], dimana debit cai walungan mimiti naék sarta suhu cai robah.<ref name="LiputanBaung">Pusat Riset Perikanan KKP. ''Biologi Reproduksi Ikan Baung''. http://pusriskan.kkp.go.id/berita/124{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''[[Tipe Sayang]]''': Sababaraha jinis baung [[walungan]] resep nyimpen endogna dina liang-liang di sisi walungan atanapi dina sela-sela akar tangkal anu kakeueum ku cai.<ref name="KemenkeuBaung"/> * '''[[Fekunditas]]''': Jumlah endog anu dihasilkeun ku bikangna bisa nepi ka rébuan siki, gumantung kana ukuran awak sarta tingkat kadewasaan gonadna.<ref name="LiputanBaung"/> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Bagridae]] [[Kategori:Lauk cai tawar]] [[Kategori:Siluriformes]] [[Kategori:lauk]] [[Kategori:lauk darat]] 463lpvujbucw724j5ybgnkul63twe08 0 108236 708575 707945 2026-04-26T04:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708575 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Cyprinidae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Common carp.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Lauk Mas (Cyprinus carpio), salah sahiji anggota Cyprinidae anu kawéntar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Actinopterygii]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Cypriniformes]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | '''Cyprinidae''' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis | [[Lauk Cai Tawar]] |} '''Cyprinidae''' nyaéta kulawarga [[Lauk]] cai tawar (lauk darat) pangbadagna anu ngawengku leuwih ti 3.000 spésiés dina sakuliah dunya. Kulawarga ieu miboga ajén ékonomi anu kacida pentingna, boh salaku lauk konsumsi utama pon kitu deui salaku lauk hias anu populer.<ref name="FishBaseCyp">Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2024). ''Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=122</ref> == [[Vérnakular]] == * Di [[Indonésia]], anggota kulawarga ieu sacara umum katelah ku sebutan kulawarga '''[[Lauk emas|Lauk Mas]]''' atanapi '''[[Karper]]'''.<ref name="KemenkeuCyp">Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Data Statistik Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Dina basa [[Sunda]], seueur anggotana anu miboga nami husus dumasar jinisna saperti '''[[Nilem|Lauk Nilem]]''', '''[[Kancra|Lauk Kancra]]''', '''[[Ampa|Lauk Beureum Panon]]''', sarta '''[[Paray|Lauk Paray]]'''.<ref name="Kottelat">Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions. https://archive.org/details/freshwaterfishes0000kott</ref> == [[Habitat]] == Lauk dina kulawarga Cyprinidae miboga daya tahan anu kiat sarta tiasa hirup dina rupa-rupa lingkungan cai tawar: * '''[[Cai Palid]] sarta [[Cai Tenang]]''': Maranéhna kapanggih di walungan anu palidna tarik (saperti habitat kancra) nepi ka [[situ]], [[ranca]], sarta [[balong]] anu caina tenang (saperti habitat lauk mas).<ref name="BritCyp">Encyclopaedia Britannica. ''Cyprinidae fish family''. https://www.britannica.com/animal/cyprinid</ref> * '''[[Kualitas Cai]]''': Seueur anggotana anu tiasa hirup dina cai anu kirang oksigén, sanajan kitu, jinis-jinis nu tangtu saperti nilem langkung resep ka cai anu beresih sarta ngalir.<ref name="SeriouslyFishCyp">Seriously Fish. ''Cyprinidae Species Profile''. https://www.seriouslyfish.com/group/cyprinids/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''[[Jerona cai]]''': Umumnya hirup di lapisan tengah dugi ka dasar cai, milari hakaneun di sela-sela batu atanapi [[tutuwuhan]] cai.<ref name="FishBaseCyp"/> == [[Karakteristik]] == * '''[[Huntu Pharyngeal]]''': Ciri utama Cyprinidae nyaéta teu miboga huntu dina rahangna, nanging miboga huntu dina tikoro (pharyngeal teeth) pikeun ngaliutkeun hakaneun.<ref name="NelsonFish">Nelson, J.S. (2006). ''Fishes of the World''. John Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119174844</ref> * '''[[Sisit]]''': Lolobana miboga sisit tipe sikloid anu leueur sarta teu miboga cucuk teuas (patil) dina cécépétna.<ref name="BritCyp"/> == [[Baranahan]] == * '''[[Tipe Mijah]]''': Umumunana Cyprinidae mijah ku cara neundeun [[endog]] dina tutuwuhan cai atawa ''subtrat'' dasar walungan.<ref name="KemenkeuCyp"/> * '''[[Siklus Usum]]''': Mangsa mijahna sering dipangaruhan ku parobahan debit cai sarta suhu nalika datangna usum hujan.<ref name="Kottelat"/> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Cypriniformes]] [[Kategori:Lauk cai tawar]] [[Kategori:Lauk konsumsi]] [[Kategori:Lauk darat]] [[Kategori:Lauk]] 4bdtixze68w940yj1audq4fc2tzwuxu 0 108297 708570 708083 2026-04-26T02:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bignoniaceae | image = Chilopsis linearis Rio Salado 2.jpg | image_caption = Kembang ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'', salah sahiji anggota Bignoniaceae anu kawentar. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clade = [[Angiospermae]] | clade2 = [[Eudikotil]] | clade3 = [[Asterid]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = '''Bignoniaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Juss.]] }} '''Bignoniaceae''' nyaéta salah sahiji kulawarga tutuwuhan kembangan ([[familia]]) anu asup kana ordo [[Lamiales]]<ref name="POWO">Plants of the World Online (POWO). "Bignoniaceae Juss." [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000300-2 Diaksés 10 April 2026]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>. Ieu kulawarga diwangun ku kira-kira 80 [[genus]] sarta leuwih ti 800 [[spésiés]]<ref name="Britannica">Britannica. "Bignoniaceae: Plant Family." [https://www.britannica.com/plant/Bignoniaceae Diaksés 10 April 2026].</ref>. Lolobana anggotana mangrupa tutuwuhan kai (tangkal atawa rungkun) sarta tutuwuhan merambat (liana) anu asalna tina wewengkon [[tropis]] sarta subtropis. == Morfologi == Tutuwuhan dina kulawarga Bignoniaceae miboga ciri has anu mandiri: * '''Kembang:''' Kembangna biasana badag, bentukna kawas trompét atawa loncéng, sarta miboga simétri dua sisi ([[zigomorfik]])<ref name="POWO" />. Kembangna sering tumuwuh dina gundukan anu mencolok. * '''Daun:''' Daunna ilaharna majemuk sarta perenahna silih papasang (oposit). Dina sababaraha jinis liana, sabagian daunna robah jadi alat pikeun ngaréngkél (tendril) sangkan bisa naék ka luhur tangkal séjén. * '''Buah sarta Siki:''' Buahna mangrupa kapsul panjang anu bakal beulah nalika geus asak. Sikina biasana miboga jangjang (sayap) ipis sangkan gampang hiber kabawa angin ([[anemokori]])<ref name="Britannica" />. == Genus nu Kawentar == Sababaraha genus anu kawentar dina kulawarga ieu di antarana: * ''[[Jacaranda]]'': Tangkal kembangan bungur anu éndah pisan. * ''[[Tabebuia]]'': Mindeng disebut "Sakura tropis" sabab kembangna anu rupa-rupa warna (konéng, pink, bodas) sarta loba dipelak di sisi jalan di Indonésia. * ''[[Crescentia]]'': Tangkal berenuk anu buahna badag sarta buleud. * ''[[Spathodea]]'': Tangkal kembang kecrét (African Tulip Tree). == Mangfaat == # '''Tutuwuhan Hias:''' Sabab kembangna éndah, kulawarga ieu mangrupa "bentang" dina tata taman kota. # '''Kai:''' Sababaraha jinis ''Tabebuia'' ngahasilkeun kai anu kacida teuasna sarta tahan ruksak, mindeng dipaké pikeun konstruksi. # '''Kajajadén:''' Kulit buah berenuk (''Crescentia cujete'') sering dipaké salaku wadah cai tradisional atawa karajinan sanggeus digaringkeun. == Réferénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Bignoniaceae]] [[Kategori:Lamiales]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan hias]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonésia]] n2bscoekmt4srisdqowoc6xwyv1tq3i 14 108391 708526 2026-04-25T12:36:55Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nyieun kategori 708526 wikitext text/x-wiki Katégori ieu ngandung artikel proyék Dana Wiki Komunitas Wikimédia Bandung GSF25 nyaéta WikiSuarana. 8izcbdxkrwthyyz5dexmk7xxmys15wr 708527 708526 2026-04-25T12:37:06Z Raflinoer32 26400 added [[Category:WikiSuarana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 708527 wikitext text/x-wiki Katégori ieu ngandung artikel proyék Dana Wiki Komunitas Wikimédia Bandung GSF25 nyaéta WikiSuarana. [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] 7o3jy3em26tuzi75rqzmificftljk3k 0 108392 708553 2026-04-25T15:52:47Z Raflinoer32 26400 Raflinoer32 mindahkeun kaca [[Pembongkaran imah adat Toraja]] ka [[Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 708553 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja]] 3xqmp8zoed60xe09u3qscicer43ez8l 10 108393 708556 2026-04-25T15:58:59Z Raflinoer32 26400 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Infobox |name = Kotak info kontes kecantikan |bodystyle = |title = |titlestyle = |above = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} |abovestyle = |image = {{{photo|{{{image|}}}}}} |imagestyle = |caption = {{{caption|}}} |captionstyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Tanggal |data1 = {{{date|}}} |header2 = |label2 = Tempat |data2 = {{{venue|}}} |header3 = |label3 = Pembawa&nbsp;acara... 708556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name = Kotak info kontes kecantikan |bodystyle = |title = |titlestyle = |above = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} |abovestyle = |image = {{{photo|{{{image|}}}}}} |imagestyle = |caption = {{{caption|}}} |captionstyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = Tanggal |data1 = {{{date|}}} |header2 = |label2 = Tempat |data2 = {{{venue|}}} |header3 = |label3 = Pembawa&nbsp;acara |data3 = {{{presenters|}}} |header4 = |label4 = Pengisi&nbsp;acara |data4 = {{{acts|}}} |header5 = |label5 = Stasiun televisi |data5 = {{{broadcaster|}}} |header6 = |label6 = Kontestan |data6 = {{{entrants|}}} |header7 = |label7 = Semifinalis |data7 = {{{placements|}}} |header8 = |label8 = Debut |data8 = {{{debuts|}}} |header9 = |label9 = Tidak&nbsp;berkompetisi |data9 = {{{withdraws|}}} |header10 = |label10 = Berkompetisi&nbsp;kembali |data10 = {{{returns|}}} |header11 = |label11 = Pemenang |data11 = {{{winner|}}}{{#if:{{{represented|}}} |<br />({{{represented}}})}} |header12 = |label12 = Persahabatan |data12 = {{{congeniality|}}}{{#if:{{{congeniality represented|}}} |<br />({{{congeniality represented}}})}} |header13 = |label13 = Kostum&nbsp;Nasional&nbsp;Terbaik |data13 = {{{best national costume|}}}{{#if:{{{best national costume represented|}}} |<br />({{{best national costume represented}}})}} |header14 = |label14 = Fotogenik |data14 = {{{photogenic|}}}{{#if:{{{photogenic represented|}}} |<br />({{{photogenic represented}}})}} |header15 = |label15 = {{{award1|}}} |data15 = {{{award1 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award1 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award1 represented}}})}} |header16 = |label16 = {{{award2|}}} |data16 = {{{award2 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award2 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award2 represented}}})}} |header17 = |label17 = {{{award3|}}} |data17 = {{{award3 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award3 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award3 represented}}})}} |header18 = |label18 = {{{award4|}}} |data18 = {{{award4 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award4 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award4 represented}}})}} |header19 = |label19 = {{{award5|}}} |data19 = {{{award5 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award5 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award5 represented}}})}} |header20 = |label20 = {{{award6|}}} |data20 = {{{award6 winner|}}}{{#if:{{{award6 represented|}}} |<br />({{{award6 represented}}})}} |label21 = Favorit |data21 = {{{favourite|}}} |label22 = {{if empty|{{{award1 label|}}}|Penghargaan khusus}} |data22 = {{{award1|}}} |label23 = {{if empty|{{{award2 label|}}}|Penghargaan khusus}} |data23 = {{{award2|}}} |label24 = Trailer pembuka |data24 = {{{opening trailer|}}} |belowstyle = |belowclass = noprint |below = {{#if:{{{previous pageant|{{{before|}}}}}}|{{align|left|&larr;&nbsp;{{{previous pageant|{{{before|}}}}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{next pageant|{{{next|}}}}}}|{{align|right|{{{next pageant|{{{next|}}}}}}&nbsp;&rarr;}} }} }}<noinclude>{{template doc}}</noinclude> iapc97q2kvvdw8kz9vyg3c57bb64rl6 14 108394 708587 2026-04-26T08:08:36Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa kategori désa di [[Indonésia]] anu geus dipasing-pasing dumasar kana kabupaténna masing-masing. [[Kategori:Désa di Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Kategori dumasar kabupatén di Indonésia|Désa]] [[en:Category:Villages in Indonesia by regency]] [[id:Kategori:Desa menurut kabupaten dan kota di Indonesia]] [[jv:Kategori:Désa ing Indonésia miturut kabupatén]] [[ms:Kategori:Kampung di Indonesia mengikut kabupaten]] 708587 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa kategori désa di [[Indonésia]] anu geus dipasing-pasing dumasar kana kabupaténna masing-masing. [[Kategori:Désa di Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Kategori dumasar kabupatén di Indonésia|Désa]] [[en:Category:Villages in Indonesia by regency]] [[id:Kategori:Desa menurut kabupaten dan kota di Indonesia]] [[jv:Kategori:Désa ing Indonésia miturut kabupatén]] [[ms:Kategori:Kampung di Indonesia mengikut kabupaten]] 92lrx1aih9vyu28dlglsyvv4rtg9wqr