Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Basa Sunda 0 1018 708696 708135 2026-04-28T14:24:39Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dwiaksara Latén ka Sunda|ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}{{Kotak info basa |name=Basa Sunda |nativename= ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ |familycolor=Austronesian |states=[[Indonésia]] |region=[[Jawa Kulon]], [[Banten]], [[Jakarta]], sabagéan [[Jawa Tengah]] ([[Indonésia]]) |speakers=42 yuta (2016) |fam1=[[Rungkun basa Austronésia|Austronésia]] |fam2=[[Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia|Malayu-Polinésia]] |fam3=[[Rungkun basa Indonésia Kulon|Indonésia Kulon]] |fam4=[[Rungkun basa Bornéo Kalér Ageung|Bornéo Kalér Ageung]] |nation=[[Jawa Kulon]]<br>[[Banten]] |iso1=su |iso2=sun |iso3=sun |sil=SUN |pronunciation={{IPA-su|basa sʊnda|}}|agency=Lembaga Basa Jeung Sastra Sunda|script=[[Alfabét Latin]] (kiwari)<br />[[Aksara Sunda Baku]] (ti sakitar abad ka-17 nika kiwari; pilihan)<br />[[Aksara Sunda Kuna]] (abad ka 14 nepi abad ka-18, pilihan)<br />[[Cacarakan]] (abad ka-17 nepi abad ka-19 dina sababaraha wewengkon)<br />[[Abjad Jawi|Aksara Pégon]] (abad ka-17 nepi abad ka-20; pikeun kaperyogian ageman, pilihan)<br />}} {{Contains Sundanese text}}'''Basa Sunda''' (ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ) nyaéta [[basa]] nu dipaké ku kurang leuwih 41 juta jalma di wewengkon kulon pulo [[Jawa (pulo)|Jawa]] atawa 13,6 persén ti populasi [[Indonésia]].<ref name="“Lulu”">{{Cite book| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| first =Lulu| last =Lutfiyani| publisher =Frasa Lingua| location =Jakarta| year =2016| pages =2| ISBN =9786026475275| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bahasa+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig4Jvfv7zoAhXXWisKHRA-DoUQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=bahasa%20sunda&f=false| accessdate =26 Maret 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414213953/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bahasa+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig4Jvfv7zoAhXXWisKHRA-DoUQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=bahasa%20sunda&f=false |date=2021-04-14 }}</ref> Basa Sunda kaasup kana kulawarga basa [[Austronésia]] - [[Malayo-Polinésia]] - [[Malayo Kulon-Polinésia]] - Sundik nu mibanda sababaraha dialék/logat dumasar padumukan jalmana: * [[Banten]], * [[Bogor]], * [[Parahyangan]], * [[Ciamis]], * [[Cirebon]], jeung * [[Brebes]] [[Parahiangan]] téh wilayah nu panglobana di Tatar Sunda, minangka dialék utama (basa lulugu) basa Sunda nu diajarkeun ti mimiti [[Sakola Dasar]] (SD) nepi ka SMA (Sekolah Menengah Atas) sanggeus kaluar kaputusan ti [[Gubernur|Gupernur]] [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref name="“kamus”">{{Cite book| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| first =Lulu| last =Luthfiyani| publisher =Frasa Lingua, Arvin Mahardika, Tsalaisye N.F.| location =Jakarta| year =2016| pages =1| ISBN =9786026475275| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nYPJ88TpAhUZXisKHUqbCNMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=sunda&f=false| accessdate =(disungsi – 21 Mei 2020)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221758/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nYPJ88TpAhUZXisKHUqbCNMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=sunda&f=false |date=2021-04-14 }}</ref> == Kalungguhan Basa Sunda == Basa Sunda mangrupa basa indung urang Sunda, boh anu dumuk di Jawa Kulon, boh di saluareunana nu aya teureuh Jawa Kulon. Jumlah panyaturna ogé kaitung réa, malah kaasup basa daérah kadua panggedéna di Indonésia sanggeus basa [[Jawa]]. === Basa Lulugu === Sabada puseur dayeuh Karésidénan Priangan dipindahkeun ti [[Cianjur]] ka [[Bandung]], Kalungguhan basa Sunda téh jadi ''basa pribumi.'' Basa Sunda di wewengkon Bandung leuwih luhung kalungguhanana tibatan basa Sunda wewengkon séjénna. Samalah dina Lambaran Nagara (''Staatsblad'') No. 125 Taun 1893, Ayat 6, ditetepkeun yén "basa pribumi anu diajarkeun di Jawa Kulon téh nyaéta "Basa Sunda Bandung". Nya ti harita munculna sesebutan ''[[basa]] sakola'', nyaéta basa anu diajarkeun di sakola-sakola. Ti dinya sesebutan basa sakola téh robah deui jadi ''[[basa lulugu]]'' atawa ''basa baku''. Atuh basa Sunda wewengkon Bandung ogé robah jadi ''basa Sunda lulugu'' atawa ''basa Sunda baku.'' === Basa Wewengkon === Istilah basa lulugu (baku) téh kuduna mah dipateungteungkeun jeung ''basa teu lulugu (teu baku)''. Ngan pédah dina kahirupan masarakat Sunda muncul istilah ''basa Sunda wewengkon'' minangka lalawanan tina basa Sunda lulugu. Ari [[basa wewengkon]] lumakuna ukur di wilayah-wilayah nu tangtu wungkul, kadang ku urang Bandung mah kurang ngarti lamun urang saluareun Bandung komunikasi ngagunakeun basa wewengkon. Dina basa wewengkon téh nu khasna lain ukur [[diksi]]<nowiki/>na wungkul, tapi [[lentong]] atawa lagu kalimahna ogé kadang béda-béda ungga wewengkonna. Contona kieu. Anu dikurungan (x) basa lulugu, anu teu dikurungan basa wewengkon. * [[Ciamis]]: kosi (kungsi), cuang (urang), tukeur torog (tukeur tambah), jeung sajabana. * [[Kuningan]]: nembok (ninyuh), béca ([[kicimpring]]), déwék (manéh), agéh (tangtu), menit (lieur), jeung sajabana. * Jeung wewengkon séjénna. == Sajarah == ===Mangsa I (saméméh abad ka-16 M)=== Nepi ka taun 1600 Maséhi, basa Sunda téh mangrupa basa nagara di [[karajaan Salakanagara]], [[Galuh|Galuh]], [[Kawali]], jeung [[Pajajaran]]. Dina ieu mangsa, basa Sunda kaasupan kana basa [[Sansakerta]] saperti anu katémbong dina [[prasasti]] titinggal [[Purnawarman]], malah aksarana ogé maké [[aksara Pallawa]]. Basa Sunda alam harita dipaké dina widang kanagaraan, [[kasenian]], jeung kahirupan sapopoé, loba [[kitab]] ageman anu ditulis dina basa Sunda sarta ngagunakeun [[aksara Sunda]] kuna saperti ''Naskah [[Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian]]'', ''[[Carita Parahyangan]]'', ''[[Amanat Galunggung]]'', jeung ''[[Guru Talapakan]]''.<ref name=”Rus”/> ===Mangsa II (sabada abad ka-16 M)=== Dina ieu mangsa, tatar Sunda kacicingan ku [[Mataram]]. Nu kapangaruhan panggedéna dina widang pamaréntahan, basa, jeung kasusastraan. Dina ieu abad, mimiti aya konsép undak-usuk basa nu sarua jeung unggah-ungguh boso (Jawa). Lian ti éta, basa Sunda loba dimekarkeun dina widang kasusastraan, utamana wangun [[puisi]] ([[pupuh]]). Malah kasusastraan harita (pupuh) dianggap pangagungna ku sabab dipaké ku para [[ménak]] jeung cendikiawan alam harita.<ref name=”Rus”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pP2yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5&dq=SUNDA&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIgNalocaHAxWASWwGHXoECyIQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=SUNDA&f=false| title =Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya SundaRustandi| last =Rustandi| first =Yuyus | publisher =Ideas Publishing| location =Jakarta| year =2022|ISBN=9786232342538|pages =4}} Disungsi 27 Juli 2024</ref> ===Mangsa III (1800-1900 M)=== Dina ieu mangsa, basa Sunda mimiti kaseselan ku basa [[Walanda]], ngaliwatan para [[bupati]] jeung pagawé Walanda. Mémang harita mah wewengkon Sunda téh geus aya dina genggeman pamaréntah Hindia Walanda, nya harita medalna buku basa Sunda anu ditulis ku [[aksara Latén]] téh. Basa Sunda mimiti dijadikeun ulikan bangsa deungeun utamana bangsa Walanda, salian ti éta basa Sunda ogé mimiti kaasupan basa Malayu deuih. Harita aya katangtuan ti bangsa Walanda sangkan bangsa pribumi, kaasup urang Sunda kudu ngagunakeun basa Malayu minangka ''lingua franca''-na (contona aya dina [[Wawacan Panji Wulung]] taun 1876).<ref name=”Rus”/> ===Mangsa IV (1900-1945 M)=== Dina ieu mangsa, sakola-sakola beuki réa, basa Sunda terus digunakeun sarta diajarkeun di sakola-sakola. Para panalungtik basa Sunda beuki loba deuih, boh bangsa deungeun atawa urang Sundana sorangan, beuki témbong baé pangaruh basa Walanda kana basa Sunda téh, nepi ka harita mah teu saeutik urang Sunda nu nyaritana direumbeuy ku basa Walanda, utamana kaom palajar. Basa Sunda pacampur jeung basa Arab, Jawa, Malayu, jeung Walanda dipaké dina widang atikan jeung kabudayaan, pikeun nuliskeunana geus prah maké aksara Latén. Dina ieu mangsa, medal [[pustakamangsa]] jeung [[kalawarta]] dina basa Sunda saperti ''[[Papaés Nonoman]]'' (1915), ''[[Pasoendan]]'' (1917), ''[[Poesaka Soenda]]'' (1923), jeung ''[[Sipatahoenan]]'' (1923).<ref name=”Rus”/> ===Mangsa V (1945-kiwari)=== Mangsa ti taun 1945 nepi ka kiwari sok disebut ogé mangsa sabada [[perang]], basa Sunda dipaké dina kahirupan sapopoé, pustakamangsa, [[sastra]], [[kabudayaan]], jeung buku-buku atawa kapustakaan. Mangsa ieu basa Sunda loba kapangaruhan ku basa Indonésia. Dina istilah-istilah basa kosta méméh asup kana basa Sunda téh umumna ngaliwatan heula basa Indonésia, utamana nu dipaké ku masarakat [[kota]], nepi ka aya istilah "Sunda kamalayon" geuning, nyaéta basa Sunda anu reumbeuy kapangaruhan ku basa [[Malayu]] (Indonésia).<ref name=”Rus”/> == Fonologi == Unggal basa diwujudkeun ku [[sora]]. Ku kituna, ulikan sora basa atawa tata sora sok dijadikeun dasar ulikan tulisan atawa tata [[aksara]]. Sora nu diulik téh teu sagawayah, tapi sora nu diwangun ku alat ucap, anu sok disebut ''sora basa (fon)''. Sora basa aya nu béda kadéngéna, aya anu mirip. Sora basa anu kadéngé béda atawa mirip tur bisa ngabédakeun harti kecap disebut ''[[foném]]''. Foném so ditulis di antara dua gurat condong /.../. Upamana baé, sora /a/, /i/, /u/, /o/, jeung /e/ dina basa Sunda mangrupa foném lantaran opatanana bisa ngabédakeun harti kecap. Geura tengetan contona dina pasangan minimal ieu di handap.<ref>Sudaryat, Yayat. Tata Basa Sunda Kiwari. 2011. Bandung: Yrama Widia.</ref><br /> /bat''a''k/<br /> /bat''i''k/<br /> /bat''u''k/<br /> /bat''o''k/<br /> /bat''e''k/ Foném dina basa Sunda bisa mibanda rupa-rupa ucapan luyu jeung tempatna dina engang atawa [[kecap]], ilaharna teu ngabédakeun harti. Variasi ucapan foném anu teu ngadédakeun harti disebutna ''[[alofon]]'', sarta sok ditulis di antara dua kurung siku [...]. Upamana baé, sora /o/ dina kecap ''[[boboko]]'' jeung dina kecap ''noong'' aya bédana. Sora /o/ anu kahiji mah gembleng [o]; ari anu kadua mah teu gembleng, semu ngirung [ɔ]. <br/> Kiwari, sakumaha di sakabéh wewengkon Indonésia, basa Sunda ditulis dina [[aksara Latin]]. Aya tujuh sora vokal: a, e (pepet), é, i, o, u, jeung eu; tanpa diftong. Konsonan kawakilan ku aksara b, c, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y, ny, jeung ng. Konsonan séjén nu datang ti basa deungeun, misalna basa Arab atawa [[basa Inggris]], lolobana dialihbasakeun kana konsonan utama tadi: f -> p, v -> p, sy -> s, sh -> s, z -> j, jeung kh -> h. == Tata Basa == {{utama|Tata Basa Sunda}} Tata basa Sunda kaasup anu basajan dibandingkeun basa-basa lainna. Aya sawatara ciri basa Sunda, nyaéta: * taya parobahan kecap dumasar waktu, anu dina [[basa Inggris]] disebut ''tenses''. Pikeun nangtukeun waktu, [[kalimah]] cukup diwuwuhan ku sawatara kecap saperti ''kamari'', ''ayeuna'', ''tadi'', jsb. * teu mibanda ''gender'' dina kecap-kecapna. ku kituna taya parobahan dina kecap-kecapna lantaran ditujukeun ka ''[[gender]]'' nu béda. == Sistem Tinulis == {{tempo ogé|Aksara Sunda}} Dina sajarahna, basa Sunda kungsi ditulis ku rupa-rupa aksara, di antarana: * [[aksara Pallawa]] atawa aksara Pra-Nagari anu dipaké pikeun nuliskeun basa Sangsakerta, dipaké nepi ka abad ka-7, * [[aksara Sunda Kuna]] anu diturunkeun tina aksara Pallawa. * [[aksara Cacarakan]] atawa aksara Jawa pikeun basa Sunda, sacara umum marengan asupna Islam jeung kaadaban Jawa ka [[Cirebon]] (abad ka-16) jeung Priangan (abad ka-17), * [[aksara Pegon]], utamana di lingkungan [[pasantrén]], ku asupna ajaran [[Islam]] ti tatar Arab, * [[aksara Latin]], mimiti dipaké ahir abad ka-19, diwanohkeun ku pangjajah Walanda, *[[aksara Sunda Baku]], anu diturunkeun tina aksara Sunda Kuna sakaligus dibakukeun dina taun 1990an nu kiwari geus ilahar dipaké salaku alternatif tina aksara Latin. Sacara resmi, pamaréntah Jawa Kulon ngaliwatan Perda taun 2014 geus ngarojong aksara Sunda pikeun pakéeun sapopoé. == Tata Krama == {{utama|Tatakrama Basa Sunda}} Tatakrama minangka hiji hal anu ogé leket dina basa Sunda, utamana dina dialék utamana ([[Parahiangan]]). Sanajan sawatara nonoman Sunda kiwari nganggap yén diajar [[tatakrama]] basa Sunda téh hésé, tatakrama tetep diajarkeun di sakola-sakola lantaran ku tatakrama ieu diharepkeun sikep silihormat jeung silihajénan. == Gaya Basa == {{utama|Gaya Basa (Sunda)}} Kawas [[basa Indonésia]], dina basa Sunda ogé aya sababaraha gaya basa, (''majas'') anu mindeng dipaké pikeun ngageulisan kalimah atawa negeskeun maksud. Ieu di handap daptar istilah gaya basa dumasar kana rujukan tatabasa Sunda, <ref name="Danadibrata">Danadibrata, R.A. (2006). ''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Bandung: Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref><ref name="Sudaryat">Sudaryat, Yayat. (2005). ''Pamekar Basa: Tatabasa Sunda Pikeun Murid SMP/MTs''. Bandung: Geger Sunten.</ref>Contona: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background:#f2f2f2" | Istilah Sunda ! style="background:#f2f2f2" | Istilah Umum (Laten) ! style="background:#f2f2f2" | Tuladan (Conto Kalimah) |- | [[ngupamakeun]] ||''similé''|| "Lumpatna tarik pisan '''lir''' tiisusul ku kuda." |- | [[lalandian]] || ''métafora'' || "Si '''Raja Leuweung''' keur nyumput nungguan mangsana." |- | [[mijalma]] || ''personifikasi'' || "Pucuk kalapa '''ngagajajay''' kawas nu ngagentraan." |- | [[rautan]] || ''eufimisme'' || "Pun biang nembe pisan '''tilar dunya''' tadi subuh." |- | [[ngasor]] || ''litotés'' || "Mangga atuh ka rorompok, sanajan '''mung saung butut'''." |- | [[rarahulan]] || ''hiperbol'' || "Ambekna kacida, nepi ka '''getihna asa neureuy jagat'''." |- | [[kadalon]] || ''pleonasme'' || "Mangga atuh '''sok ka lebet''' ka jero imah." |- | [[silib-sindir]] || ''alégori'' || Ngagunakeun sakabéh eusi carita salaku siloka (contona dina [[Guguritan]]). |- | [[mindoan]] || ''repetisi'' || "'''Dagoan''' di dieu, '''dagoan''' nepi ka kuring datang deui." |} == Réferénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Gaya Basa]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] == Sastra == {{utama|Sastra Sunda}} Basa Sunda euyeub ku rupa-rupa karya sastra, boh anu ''klasik'' atawa anu ''moderen'', di antarana: * Puisi # [[mantra]]: jampé, singlar, jangjawokan, rajah, asihan, pélét. # [[sisindiran]]: [[paparikan]], [[wawangsalan]], [[sésébréd]] # [[pupuh]]: 17 Pupuh # [[kakawihan|kawih jeung kakawihan]] # [[guguritan]] # [[pupujian]] # [[wawacan]] # [[carita pantun]] # Sajak * Prosa # [[Dongéng]] # [[Novel]] # [[Carita Pondok]] # [[Drama]] # [[Fiksimini]] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_iso639.asp?code=sun Laporan ngeunaan basa Sunda ti Ethnologue.com] * [http://kamus.sabilulungan.org Kamus ''Online'' basa Sunda ti LSS ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221758/http://kamus.sabilulungan.org/ |date=2021-04-14 }} * [http://diajarbasasunda.com Web Diajar Basa Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214060524/http://diajarbasasunda.com/ |date=2009-12-14 }} * [http://sundakuring.niartsdesign.com Sunda Kuring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201080206/http://sundakuring.niartsdesign.com/ |date=2013-12-01 }} * [http://sundakuring.niartsdesign.com/forum Sawala atanapi Diskusi di Sunda Kuring]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Sudaryat, Yayat. Tata Basa Sunda Kiwari. 2011. Bandung: Yrama Widia. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Basa Austronésia|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Kulon|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Tengah|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Wétan|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa Sunda| ]] 7mxm8mn7saxzf668z6m9m967e5017ur Tabél periodik 0 1113 708740 698042 2026-04-29T06:46:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tabel periodik unsur kimiawi''' nyaéta pintonan tabular [[unsur kimiawi]] nu dipikanyaho. Unsur-unsur disusun dumasar struktur [[éléktron]] antukna rupa-rupa [[sipat kimiawi]]na puguh susunanana sapanjang tabelna. Nu ditémbongkeun utamana [[nomer atom]] sarta [[lambang kimiawi]]na. [[Tabel periodik#Tabel periodik baku|Tabel baku]] nyadiakeun dasar-dasar nu perlu. Aya ogé [[Tabel periodik#Métode séjén pikeun mintonkeun unsur-unsur kimiawi|Métode séjén pikeun mintonkeun unsur-unsur kimiawi]] pikeun leuwih rinci atawa sawangan séjénna. == Golongan == [[Golongan tabel periodik|Golongan]] mangrupa kolom vértikal dina tabel periodik. Aya 18 golongan dina tabel periodik baku. Unsur-unsur nu sagolongan mibanda konfigurasi éléktron [[cangkang valénsi|valénsi]] nu sarua/mirip, nepi ka sipat-sipatna ogé mirip. === Nomer golongan === Aya tilu sistim [[golongan tabél periodik#Nomer golongan|nomer golongan]]; hiji maké wilangan Arab, sedengkeun nu séjénna wilangan Romawi. Ngaran wilangan Romawi mangrupa ngaran tradisional asli golongan; ngaran wilangan Arab mangrupa skéma nu leuwih anyar nu dirékoméndasikeun ku [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]]. Ieu skéma dijieun pikeun ngaganti dua sistim wilangan Romawi nu heubeul sabab ngalieurkeun ku ayana ngaran nu sarua pikeun maksud nu béda. == Tabél periodik baku == <table style="width: 80%;"> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Golongan tabel periodik|'''Golongan'''&nbsp;→]]</td> <td>[[Logam alkali|'''1''']]</td> <td>[[Logam alkali taneuh|'''2''']]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 3|'''3''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 4|'''4''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 5|'''5''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 6|'''6''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 7|'''7''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 8|'''8''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 9|'''9''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 10|'''10''']]</td> <td>[[Coinage metal|'''11''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 12|'''12''']]</td> <td>[[Golongan boron|'''13''']]</td> <td>[[Golongan karbon|'''14''']]</td> <td>[[Pniktogén|'''15''']]</td> <td>[[Kalkogén|'''16''']]</td> <td>[[Halogén|'''17''']]</td> <td>[[Gas mulya|'''18''']]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Periode tabel periodik|'''Periode'''&nbsp;↓]]</td> <td colspan="20"><br /> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 1|'''1''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">1</span><br />[[Hidrogén|H]]</td> <td colspan="17"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">2</span><br />[[Hélium|He]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 2|'''2''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">3</span><br />[[Litium|Li]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">4</span><br />[[Berilium|Be]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">5</span><br />[[Boron|B]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">6</span><br />[[Karbon|C]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">7</span><br />[[Nitrogén|N]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">8</span><br />[[Oksigén|O]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:green;">9</span><br />[[Florin|F]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">10</span><br />[[Néon|Ne]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 3|'''3''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">11</span><br />[[Natrium|Na]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">12</span><br />[[Magnesium|Mg]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">13</span><br />[[Aluminium|Al]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">14</span><br />[[Silikon|Si]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">15</span><br />[[Fosfor|P]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">16</span><br />[[Walirang|S]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:green;">17</span><br />[[Klorin|Cl]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">18</span><br />[[Argon|Ar]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 4|'''4''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">19</span><br />[[Kalium|K]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">20</span><br />[[Kalsium|Ca]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">21</span><br />[[Skandium|Sc]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">22</span><br />[[Titanium|Ti]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">23</span><br />[[Vanadium|V]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">24</span><br />[[Kromium|Cr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">25</span><br />[[Mangan|Mn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">26</span><br />[[Beusi|Fe]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">27</span><br />[[Kobalt|Co]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">28</span><br />[[Nikel|Ni]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">29</span><br />[[Tambaga|Cu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">30</span><br />[[Séng|Zn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">31</span><br />[[Galium|Ga]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">32</span><br />[[Germanium|Ge]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">33</span><br />[[Arsén|As]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">34</span><br />[[Sélénium|Se]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:blue;">35</span><br />[[Bromin|Br]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">36</span><br />[[Kripton|Kr]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 5|'''5''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">37</span><br />[[Rubidium|Rb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">38</span><br />[[Stronsium|Sr]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">39</span><br />[[Itrium|Y]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">40</span><br />[[Zirkonium|Zr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">41</span><br />[[Niobium|Nb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">42</span><br />[[Molibdenum|Mo]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">43</span><br />[[Téhnetium|Tc]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">44</span><br />[[Rutenium|Ru]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">45</span><br />[[Rodium|Rh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">46</span><br />[[Paladium|Pd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">47</span><br />[[Pérak|Ag]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">48</span><br />[[Kadmium|Cd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">49</span><br />[[Indium|In]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">50</span><br />[[Tin|Sn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">51</span><br />[[Antimony|Sb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">52</span><br />[[Telurium|Te]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:black;">53</span><br />[[Iodin|I]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">54</span><br />[[Xenon|Xe]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 6|'''6''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">55</span><br />[[Sesium|Cs]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">56</span><br />[[Barium|Ba]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 191, 255);">*<br /></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192);"><span style="color:black;">71</span><br />[[Lutetium|Lu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">72</span><br />[[Hafnium|Hf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">73</span><br />[[Tantalum|Ta]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">74</span><br />[[Tungsten|W]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">75</span><br />[[Rhenium|Re]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">76</span><br />[[Osmium|Os]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">77</span><br />[[Iridium|Ir]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">78</span><br />[[Platinum|Pt]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">79</span><br />[[Emas|Au]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:blue;">80</span><br />[[Raksa (unsur)|Hg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">81</span><br />[[Thallium|Tl]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">82</span><br />[[Timbal|Pb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">83</span><br />[[Bismut|Bi]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">84</span><br />[[Polonium|Po]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:black;">85</span><br />[[Astatin|At]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">86</span><br />[[Radon|Rn]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 7|'''7''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">87</span><br />&nbsp;[[Francium|Fr]]&nbsp;</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">88</span><br />[[Radium|Ra]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 204);">**<br /></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192);"><span style="color:red;">103</span><br />[[Lawrencium|Lr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">104</span><br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">105</span><br />[[Dubnium|Db]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">106</span><br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">107</span><br />[[Bohrium|Bh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">108</span><br />[[Hassium|Hs]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">109</span><br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">110</span><br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">111</span><br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">112</span><br />[[Ununbium|Uub]]</td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:red;">113<br />[[Ununtrium|Uut]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:red;">114</span><br />[[Ununquadium|Uuq]]</td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:red;">115<br />[[Ununpentium|Uup]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:#cccccc;">116<br />[[Ununhexium|Uuh]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#fcfecc"><span style="color:#cccccc;">117<br />[[Ununseptium|Uus]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#ecfefc"><span style="color:#cccccc;">118<br />[[Ununoctium|Uuo]]</span></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="21"><br /> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" align="right">* '''[[Lantanida]]'''</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">57<br />[[Lanthanum|La]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">58<br />[[Cerium|Ce]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">59<br />[[Praseodymium|Pr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">60<br />[[Neodymium|Nd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:red;">61</span><br />[[Promethium|Pm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">62</span><br />[[Samarium|Sm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">63</span><br />[[Europium|Eu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">64</span><br />[[Gadolinium|Gd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">65</span><br />[[Terbium|Tb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">66</span><br />[[Dysprosium|Dy]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">67</span><br />[[Holmium|Ho]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">68</span><br />[[Erbium|Er]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">69</span><br />[[Thulium|Tm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">70</span><br />[[Ytterbium|Yb]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" align="right">** '''[[Aktinida]]'''</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">89</span><br />[[Actinium|Ac]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">90</span><br />[[Thorium|Th]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">91</span><br />[[Protactinium|Pa]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">92</span><br />[[Uranium|U]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">93</span><br />[[Neptunium|Np]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">94</span><br />[[Plutonium|Pu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">95</span><br />[[Americium|Am]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">96</span><br />[[Curium|Cm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">97</span><br />[[Berkelium|Bk]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">98</span><br />[[Californium|Cf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">99</span><br />[[Einsteinium|Es]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">100</span><br />[[Fermium|Fm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">101</span><br />[[Mendelevium|Md]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">102</span><br />[[Nobelium|No]]</td> </tr> </table> <table align="center"> <caption>[[Dérét tabel periodik|Dérét Kimia Tabel Periodik]]</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">[[Logam alkali]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">[[Logam alkali taneuh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">[[Lantanida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">[[Aktinida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">[[Logam transisi]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">[[Poor metal]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">[[Métaloid]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">[[Nonlogam]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">[[Halogén]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">[[Gas mulya]]</td> </tr> </table> Sandi warna pikeun wilangan atom: * Unsur nu wilanganana <span style="color:blue;">'''biru'''</span> mangrupa cair na [[suhu jeung tekenan baku]] (standard temperature and pressure, STP); * nu <span style="color:green;">'''héjo'''</span> mangrupa gas na STP; * nu <span style="color:black;">'''hideung'''</span> mangrupa padet na STP; * nu <span style="color:red;">'''beureum'''</span> mangrupa [[Unsur sintétik|sintétik]] (sadayana padet na STP). * nu <span style="color:#808080;">'''abu-abu'''</span> can kapanggih. == Cara séjén ngabéréndélkeun unsur-unsur kimia == * [[Tabél periodik (baku)|Tabel baku]] (sarua jeung di luhur) nyadiakeun dasar. * [[Tabél periodik (konfigurasi éléktron)|Konfigurasi Éléktron]] * [[Tabél periodik (logam jeung nonlogam)|Logam jeung Nonlogam]] * [[Tabél periodik (balok)|Tabel periodik eusi balok]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar ngaran]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar lambang]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar wilangan atomik]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar titik golak]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar titik lééh]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar dénsitas]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar beurat atom]] == Dadaran ngeunaan struktur tabel periodik == Jumlah [[cangkang éléktron]] hiji atom nangtukeun kaasup périodeu sabaraha. Unggal cangkang kabagi kana subcangkang nu béda-béda, di mana nambahna wilangan atom ngeusian nuturkeun urutan nu sacara kasar kawas kieu: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p ... ku sabab éléktron pangluarna nangtukeun pasipatan kimiana, unsur-unsur nu sagolongan téh mibanda pasipatan nu mirip. Unsur-unsur sagolongan nu natangga mibanda pasipatan fisika nu sarupa, najan [[massa]]na mah béda jauh. Unsur-unsur nu natangga dina hiji périodeu mibanda massa nu ampir sarua, tapi pasitapanana béda. Pikeun conto, unsur tatangga [[nitrogén]] (N) dina périodeu kadua dina tabel nyaéta [[karbon]] (C) jeung [[oksigén]] (O). Najan massana ampir sarua (ukur sababaraha [[unit massa atom]]), pasipatanana mah béda pisan, sakumaha nu katempo dina [[alotrop]]na: oksigén diatomik [[gas]] nu ngarojong durukan, sedengkeun nitrogén diatomik teu ngarojong durukan, sarta karbon mah mangrupa padetan nu teu bisa diduruk. Nu di luhur kontras pisan jeung kasus [[klorin]] (Cl) nu natangga jeung [[halogén]] séjén (golongan halogén), nyaéta [[florin]] (F) jeung [[bromin]] (Br). Najan massana béda pajauh, sipat alotropna mah sarupa pisan: kabéhanana [[tai hiang|korosif]] (nu ngandung harti gampang ngagabung jeung [[logam]] jadi [[uyah (kimia)|uyah]] [[halida logam]]); klorin jeung florin mangrupa gas, sedengkeun bromin cair. == Sajarah == ''Artikel utama: [[Sajarah tabel periodik]]'' Tabel asli dijieunna tanpa pangaweruh ngeunaan struktur jero [[atom]]: mun urang nyusun unsur-unsur dumasar [[massa atom]], lajeng ngaplot salah sahiji sipat séjénna kana massa atomna, one sees an undulation or ''periodicity'' to these properties as a function of atomic mass. Nu munggaran nengetan pola ieu nyaéta kimiawan [[Jérman]] [[Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner]], nu taun [[1829]], ngiberkeun sababaraha ''triad'' unsur-unsur nu sarupa: <table cellspacing="5"> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="3">Sababaraha triad</th> </tr><tr> <th>Unsur</th> <th>Massa atomik</th> <th>Dénsitas</th> </tr><tr> <td>klorin</td> <td>35.5</td> <td>0.00156 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr><tr> <td>bromin</td> <td>79.9</td> <td>0.00312 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr><tr> <td>iodin</td> <td>126.9</td> <td>0.00495 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr> <td>kalsium</td> <td>40.1</td> <td>1.55 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr><tr> <td>strontium</td> <td>87.6</td> <td>2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr><tr> <td>barium</td> <td>137</td> <td>3.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> </table> Ieu tuluy dituturkeun ku kimiawan Inggris [[John Alexander Reina Newlands]], nu taun [[1865]] ngémbarkeun yén unsur-unsur nu tipena sarua kaulang unggal selang dalapan unsur, nu ceuk manéhna bet mirip [[oktaf|oktaf musik]], najan ''hukum oktaf''na diseungseurikeun ku batur-baturna. Tungtungna, taun [[1869]] kimiawan Jérman [[Lothar Meyer]] jeung Rusia [[Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev]] ampir bareng ngembangkeun tabel periodik munggaran, nyusun unsur-unsur dumasar massa. Ngan, Mendeleev nempatkeun sababaraha unsur di luareun runtuyan massa nu geus maneuh sangkan papasanganana leuwih cocog pasipatanana antartatangga satabel, menerkeun kasalahan sababaraha massa atom, sarta ngaduga unsur-unsur séjén nu can kapanggih nu posisina aya dina sél-sél nu kosong kénéh. Mendeleev lajeng dihargaan ku papanggihanana ngeunaan struktur éléktronik unsur dina ahir [[abad ka-19]] jeung awal [[abad ka-20]]. == Sumberdaya séjén == * Mazurs, E.G., "''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years''". University of Alabama Press, Alabama. 1974. * Bouma, J., "''An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements''". J. Chem. Ed., 66 741 (1989). == Baca ogé == * [[Golongan tabel periodik]] * [[Periode tabel periodik]] * [[Dérét kimiawi]] * [[Blok tabel periodik]] * [[Tabel isotop]] * [[Papanggihan unsur kimia]] * [[Unsur kimia di alam]] * Ngaran unsur sistimatik [[IUPAC]] * [[Tabel Periodik Unsur Kosmokimia dina Surya Mandala]] == Tumbu kaluar == * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm Presentation forms of the periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804040618/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm |date=2004-08-04 }}''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503003958/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm |date=2015-05-03 }}''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Visual Periodic Table]''". ChemSoc.org. * Barbalace, Kenneth L., "''[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Biochemical Periodic Tables]''". KLBProductions.com. * "''[http://www.webelements.com Periodic table] (professional edition)''". WebElements. * Counterman, Craig, "''Periodic Table of the Elements : [http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ Atomic Number] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118200639/http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ |date=2006-01-18 }}''". MIT Course 3.091. * Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, "''[http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/ Periodic Table of Comic Books]''". Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002. * Heilman, Chris, "''[http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html The Pictorial Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407011620/http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html |date=2004-04-07 }}''". (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev) * "''[http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm |date=2005-01-19 }}''". Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division. * "''[http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids]''". [http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ The Fermi Surface Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210041747/http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ |date=2020-12-10 }} * "''[http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi Interactive NMR Frequency Map]''". Texas A&M. * "''[https://www.science.co.il/elements/ Periodic Table Elements]''". Israel Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics) * Barthelmy, David, "''[http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml Periodic table]"'' Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis) * Gray, Théodore, "''[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ Wooden Periodic Table Table]''" (with samples) * "''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html Periodic table applet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811140659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html |date=2004-08-11 }}''". Dartmouth College. ([[Java programming language|Java]]) * Jacobs, Bob, "''[http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm Periodic Tables] (in case you were thinking that the Internet needed one more)''". The Chemistry Coach. * "''[http://periodictable.com/ Periodic Table].Com''". {{CabangKimia}} {{TabelPeriodik}} [[Kategori:Tabel periodik| ]] 1xam1tlkqd1uq7w0mesfhq19chu9xtz Basa Jawa 0 6041 708690 626833 2026-04-28T14:16:38Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{basa |name=Basa Jawa |nativename=Basa Jawa, Båså Jåwå, Basa Jawi |familycolor=pink |fontcolor=black |states=[[pulo Jawa|Jawa]] ([[Indonésia]]), [[Suriname]], [[Malaysia]], [[Kalédonia Anyar]] |region=[[pulo Jawa|Jawa]] |speakers=80 –100 |family=[[Austronésia]]<br /> &nbsp;[[Melayu-Polinésia]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Melayu-Polinésia Kulon]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sundik]]<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Basa Jawa''' |nation=[[Hindia Walanda]] (nepi ka [[1942]]) |iso1=jv |iso2=jav |iso3= |sil=JAN, JAS, JVS, OS, TES |rank=11 |agency= }} '''Basa Jawa''' kagolong kana basa [[Austronesia]], nyaéta basa-basa nu dipaké ku bangsa [[pribumi]] di kapuloan di beulah kidul-wétaneun buana Asia. Basa Jawa sumebar ti mulai pucuk kulon pulo Jawa, [[Banten]] nepi ka pucuk wétan [[Banyuwangi]]. Lian ti éta, basa ieu sumebar ogé di [[Walanda]], [[Suriname]], [[Curacao]] jeung [[Kalédonia Anyar]]. Sajaba ti éta Basa Jawa ogé dikedalkeun di [[Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]] nepi ka [[Irian Jaya]]. Basa Jawa mangrupa kontributor panggedéna keur tuwuhna basa Indonésia. Sanajan lain basa resmi pamaréntahan, kadang-kadang istilah-istilah jeung kosakecapna dicokot tina basa Jawa. == Sumebarna Basa Jawa == Padumuk Jawa nu pindah ka Malaysia mawa basa tur kabudayaan Jawa ka [[Malaysia]], antukna aya wewengkon padumukan keur maranéhannana nu katelah kampung Jawa, padang Jawa. Lian ti eta, masarakat pamake Basa Jawa ogé sumebar di sababaraha wewengkon Nagara Kahijian Républik [[Indonésia]]. Wewengkon-wewengkon luar Jawa anu didominasi etnis Jawa atawa dina persentase anu cukup signifikan nyaéta: [[Lampung]] (61%), [[Bengkulu]] (25%), [[Sumatra Kalér]] (antara 15%-25%). Husus balaréa Jawa di [[Sumatra Kalér]] ieu, maranéhanana mangrupa turunan para kuli kontrak anu dipekerjakeun di sagala rupa wewengkon pakebonan [[bako]], hususna di wewengkon [[Deli]] ku kituna mindeng disebut minangka ''Jawa Deli'' atawa ''Pujakesuma'' (Putra Jawa Kalahiran Sumatera). Sedengkeun balaréa Jawa di wewengkon séjén disebarkeun ngaliwatan program [[transmigrasi]] anu diayakeun saprak jaman pangjajahan Walanda. Sajaba di wewengkon [[Nusantara]] atawa Malaysia. Balaréa Jawa ogé kapanggih dina jumlah badag di [[Suriname]], anu ngahontal 15% ti nu nyicingan sakabéhna, saterusna di [[Kaledonia Anyar]] komo nepi ka wewengkon [[Aruba]] sarta [[Curacao]] sarta [[Walanda]]. Sabagéan leutik sumebar ka wewengkon [[Guyana Perancis]] sarta [[Venezuela]]. == Fonologi == Dialek baku basa Jawa, nyaéta anu didasarkan dina dialek Jawa Tengah, utamana ti kira-kira dayeuh [[Surakarta]] sarta [[Yogyakarta]] mibanda [[fonem]]-fonem: <center> '''Vokal:''' {| {{prettytable}} |- | ''' Depan''' | '''Tengah''' | '''Belakang''' |- | {{IPA|i}} | &nbsp; &nbsp; | {{IPA|u}} |- | {{IPA|e}} | {{IPA|ə}} | {{IPA|o}} |- | {{IPA|(ɛ)}} | &nbsp; | {{IPA|(ɔ)}} |- | &nbsp; | {{IPA|a}} | &nbsp; |} </center> <center> '''Konsonan:''' {| {{prettytable}} |<br /> | '''Labial''' | '''Dental''' | '''Alvéolar ''' | '''Retrofleks ''' | '''Palatal''' | '''Velar''' | '''Glotal''' |- | Eksplosiva | p b | t d | <br /> | {{IPA|ʈ}} {{IPA|ɖ}} | {{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}} | k g | ʔ |- | Frikatif | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | s | ({{IPA|ʂ}}) | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | h |- | Likuida & semivokal | w | l | r | &nbsp; | j | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- | Sengau | m | n | <br /> | ({{IPA|ɳ}}) | {{IPA|ɲ}} | {{IPA|ŋ}} | &nbsp; |} </center> ''Perhatian:'' Fonem-fonem antara tanda kurung mangrupa alofon. === Guaran Vokal: === Tekanan kecap (''stress'') diréalisasikeun dina suku kecap kadua ti tukang, kajaba lamun suku kecap mibanda hiji pepet minangka vokal. Dina kasus kawas ieu, tekanan kecap tumiba dina suku kecap pamungkas, sanajan suku kecap pamungkas ogé ngamuat pepet. Lamun hiji kecap geus diimbuhan ku afiks, tekanan kecap tetep miluan tekanan kecap kecap dasar. Conto: /jaran/ (kuda) dilapadkuen minangka [j'aran] sarta /pajaranan/ (tempat kuda) dilapadkeun minangka [paj'aranan]. Kabéh vokal kajaba /ə/, mibanda [[alofon]]. Fonem /a/ dina posisi katutup dilapadkeun minangka [a], tapi dina posisi kabuka minangka [ɔ]. Conto: /lara/ (gering) dilapadkeun minangka [l'ɔrɔ], tapi /larane/ (geringna) dilapadkeun minangka [l'arane] Fonem /i/ dina posisi kabuka dilapadkeun minangka [i] tapi dina posisi katutup lapadna kurang leuwih jiga [e]. Conto: /panci/ dilafazkan minangka [p'aɲci], tapi /kancil/ kurang leuwih dilafazkan minangka [k'aɲcel]. Fonem /u/ dina posisi kabuka dilapadkeun minangka [u] tapi dina posisi katutup lapadna kurang leuwih jiga [o]. Conto: /wulu/ (bulu) dilapadkeun minangka [w'ulu], tapi /ʈuyul/ (tuyul) kurang leuwih dilafazkan minangka [ʈ'uyol]. Fonem /e/ dina posisi kabuka dilapadkeun minangka [e] tapi dina posisi katutup minangka [ɛ]. Conto: /lele/ dilafazkan minangka [l'ele], tapi /bebek/ dilafazkan minangka [b'ɛbɛʔ]. Fonem /o/ dina posisi kabuka dilapadkeun minangka [o] tapi dina posisi katutup minangka [ɔ]. Conto: /loro/ dilafazkan minangka [l'oro], tapi /boloŋ/ dilafazkan minangka [b'ɔlɔŋ]. === Guaran konsonan: === Fonem /k/ mibanda hiji [[alofon]]. Dina posisi pamungkas, dilafazkan minangka [ʔ]. Sedengkeun dina posisi tengah sarta mimiti tetep minangka [k]. Fonem /n/ mibanda dua [[alofon]]. Dina posisi mimiti atawa tengah lamun aya di hareup fonem [[eksplosiva]] [[palatal]] atawa [[retrofleks]], mangka fonem sengau ieu baris robah luyu jadi fonem [[homorgan]]. Saterusna lamun fonem /n/ miluan hiji /r/, mangka baris jadi [ɳ] (fonem sengau retrofleks). Conto: /panjaŋ/ dilafazkan minangka [p'aɲjaŋ], tuluy /anɖap/ dilafazkan minangka [ʔ'aɳɖap]. Kecap /warna/ dilapadkeun minangka [w'arɳɔ]. Fonem /s/ mibanda hiji alofon. Lamun /s/ miluan fonem /r/ atawa aya di hareup fonem eksplosiva retrofleks, mangka baris diréalisasikeun minangka [ʂ]. Conto: /warsa/ dilapadkeun minangka [w'arʂɔ], tuluy /esʈi/ dilafazkan minangka [ʔ'eʂʈi]. === Fonotaktik === Dina basa Jawa baku, hiji suku kecap bisa mibanda wangun kawas kieu: (n)-K1-(l)-V-K2. Hartina nyaéta kawas kieu: * (n) nyaéta fonem sengau homorgan. * K1 nyaéta konsonan eksplosiva ata likuida. * (l) nyaéta likuida nyaéta /r/ atawa /l/, tapi ngan bisa mecenghul lamun K1 ngawangun eksplosiva. * V nyaéta kabéh vokal. Tapi lamun K2 euweuh mangka fonem /ə/ henteu bisa aya dina posisi ieu. * K2 nyaéta kabéh konsonan kajaba eksplosiva palatal sarta retrofleks; /c/, /j/, /ʈ/, sarta /ɖ/. Conto: * a * an * pan * prang * njlen == Dialek-dialek Basa Jawa == Basa Jawa kabagi jadi dua klasifikasi dialek, nyaéta: * Dialek wewengkon * Dialek sosial === Dialek wewengkon === Dialek wewengkon ieu didasarkeun kana wewengkon, sipat sarta budaya satempat. Béda antara dialek hiji jeung dialek séjénna bisa antara 0-70%. Pikeun klasifikasi dumasar dialek wewengkon, pengelompokanana ngarujuk ka pamadegan E.M. Uhlenbeck, 1964, di jero bukuna: "A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Java and Madura", The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. '''Jumplukan Basa Jawa Bagian Kulon:''' # [[Dialek Banten]] # [[Dialek Cirebon|Dialek Indramayu-cirebon]] # [[Dialek Tegal]] # [[Dialek Banyumasan]] # [[Dialek Bumiayu]] (peralihan Tegal jeung Banyumas) ''Jumplukan kahiji di luhur mindeng disebut [[Dialek Banyumasan|basa Jawa ngapak-ngapak]].'' '''Jumplukan Basa Jawa Bagian Tengah:''' # [[Dialek Pekalongan]] # [[Dialek Kedu]] # [[Dialek Bagelén]] # [[Dialek Semarang]] # [[Dialek Basisir Kalér Wétan]] (Jepara, Rembang, Demak, Kudus, Pati) # [[Dialek Blora]] # [[Dialek Surakarta]] # [[Dialek Yogyakarta]] ''Jumplukan kadua di luhur mindeng disebut Basa Jawa Standar, hususna dialek Surakarta sarta Yogyakarta.'' '''Jumplukan Basa Jawa Bagian Wétan:''' # [[Dialek Madiun]] # [[Dialek Pantura Jawa Wétan]] (Tuban, Bojonegoro) # [[Dialek Surabaya]] # [[Dialek Malang]] # [[Dialek Tengger]] # [[Basa Osing|Dialek Banyuwangi]] (atawa disebut Basa Osing) ''Jumplukan katilu di luhur mindeng disebut Basa Jawa Timuran.'' === Dialek sosial === Klasifikasi ieu aya ku sabab basa ieu kawangun tina gradasi-gradasi nu kacida bédana jeung Basa Indonésia atawa Malayu, sok sanajan sarua kagolongkeun kana rungkun Austronesia oge. '''Dialek sosial dina Basa Jawa ngawangun minangka katut:''' # [[Ngoko]] # [[Ngoko andhap]] # [[Madhya]] # [[Madhyantara]] # [[Kromo]] # [[Kromo Inggil]] # [[Bagongan]] # [[Kedhaton]] === Basa walikan (basa jawa prokem) === Basa walikan (basa babalikan) nyaéta basa nu digantian aksara konsonanna dumasar kana runtuyan HANACARAKA. Contona: '''DAGADU''' (hartina panon anjeun), '''JAPE METHE''' (hartina cahe dewe (barudak urang, barudak sorangan)), jsb. == Bilangan dina basa Jawa == Lamun dibandingkeun jeung [[basa Malayu]] atawa [[basa Indonésia|Indonésia]], basa Jawa mibanda sistim bilangan anu rada rumit. {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Basa !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- |align=center| Jawa Kuna || sa || rwa || telu || pat || lima || nem || pitu || wwalu || sanga || sapuluh |- |align=center| [[Kawi]] || eka || dwi || tri || catur || panca || sad || sapta || as.t.a || nawa || dasa |- |align=center| [[Krama]] || setunggal || kalih || tiga || sekawan || gangsal || nem || pitu || wolu || sanga || sedasa |- |align=center| [[Ngoko]] || siji || loro || telu || papat || lima || nem || pitu || wolu || sanga || sepuluh |} {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Angka !! Ngoko !! Krama |- |align=center| 11 || sewelas || setunggal welas |- |align=center| 12 || rolas || kalih welas |- |align=center| 13 || telulas || tiga welas |- |align=center| 14 || patbelas || sekawan welas |- |align=center| 15 || limalas || gangsal welas |- |align=center| 16 || nembelas || sekawan welas |- |align=center| 17 || pitulas || pitulas |- |align=center| 18 || wolulas || wolulas |- |align=center| 19 || sangalas || sangalas |- |align=center| 20 || rongpuluh || kalih dasa |- |align=center| 21 || selikur || selikur |- |align=center| 22 || rolikur || kalih likur |- |align=center| 23 || telulikur || tigang likur |- |align=center| 24 || patlikur || sekawan likur |- |align=center| 25 || selawe || selangkung |- |align=center| 26 || nemlikur || nemlikur |- |align=center| 30 || telung puluh || tigang dasa |- |align=center| 31 || telung puluh siji || tigang dasa setunggal |- |align=center| 32 || telung puluh loro || tigang dasa kalih |- |align=center| 40 || patang puluh || sekawan dasa |- |align=center| 41 || patang puluh siji || sekawan dasa setunggal |- |align=center| 42 || patang puluh loro || sekawan dasa kalih |- |align=center| 50 || séket || séket |- |align=center| 51 || séket siji || séket setunggal |- |align=center| 52 || séket loro || séket kalih |- |align=center| 60 || swidak || swidak |- |align=center| 61 || swidak siji || swidak setunggal |- |align=center| 62 || swidak loro || swidak kalih |- |align=center| 70 || pitung puluh || pitung dasa |- |align=center| 100 || satus || setunggal atus |- |align=center| 101 || satus siji || setunggal atus tunggal |- |align=center| 102 || satus loro || setunggal atus kalih |- |align=center| 120 || satus rong puluh || setunggal atus kalih dasa |- |align=center| 121 || satus rong puluh siji || setunggal atus kalih dasa setunggal |- |align=center| 200 || rong atus || kalih atus |- |align=center| 500 || limang atus || gangsal atus |- |align=center| 1.000 || séwu || setunggal éwu |- |align=center| 1.001 || séwu siji || setunggal éwu setunggal |- |align=center| 1.002 || séwu loro || setunggal éwu kalih |- |align=center| 1.500 || séwu limang atus || setunggal éwu gangsal atus |- |align=center| 1.520 || séwu limang atus rong puluh || setunggal éwu gangsal atus kalih dasa |- |align=center| 1.550 || séwu limang atus séket || setunggal éwu gangsal atus séket |- |align=center| 1.551 || séwu limang atus séket siji|| setunggal éwu gangsal atus séket setunggal |- |align=center| 2.000 || rong éwu || kalih éwu |- |align=center| 5.000 || limang éwu || gangsal éwu |- |align=center| 10.000 || sepuluh éwu || sedasa éwu |- |align=center| 100.000 || satus éwu || setunggal atus éwu |- |align=center| 500.000 || limang atus éwu || gangsal atus éwu |- |align=center| 1.000.000 || sayuta || setunggal yuta |- |align=center| 1.562.155 || sayuta limang atus swidak loro éwu satus séket lima || setunggal juta gangsal atus swidak kalih éwu setunggal atus séket gangsal |} === Fraksi === * 1/2 setengah, separo, sepalih (Krama) * 1/4 seprapat, seprasekawan (Krama) * 3/4 telung prapat, tigang prasekawan (Krama) * 1,5 karo tengah, kalih tengah (Krama) == Perbedaan gaya dina basa Jawa == Basa Jawa nyaéta basa anu ngabédakeun gaya basa sacara sosial jadi tilu tingkatan, nyaéta: [[ngoko]], [[madya]] sarta [[krama]]. Sajaba ti éta dipikawanoh ogé naon anu disebut kecap-kecap honorifik pikeun ngahandapkeun manéh sarta ngaluhurkeun lawan ngomong. Kecap-kecap ieu disebut kecap-kecap krama andhap sarta krama inggil. Basa-basa séjén anu ogé ngabédakeun gaya-gaya basa nyaéta basa Sunda, basa Madura sarta basa Bali. Di handapeun ieu dippidangkeun conto hiji kalimah dina sawatara gaya basa anu béda-béda ieu. * [[Basa Sunda]]: “Hampura, kuring rék nanya imah kang Budi éta, di mana?” # Ngoko dugal: “Éh, kuring arep takon, omahé Budi kuwi, néng*ndi?’ # Ngoko alus: “Aku nyuwun pirsa, dalemé mas Budi kuwi, néng endi?” # Ngoko ngaluhurkeun diri sorangan: “Aku kersa ndangu, omahé mas Budi kuwi, néng ndi?” # Madya: “Nuwun séwu, kula ajeng tanglet, griyané mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” # Madya alus: “Nuwun séwu, kula ajeng tanglet, dalemé mas Budi niku, teng pundi?” # Krama andhap: “Nuwun séwu, dalem badhé nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?” # Krama: “Nuwun sewu, kula badhé takén, griyanipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?” # Krama inggil: “Nuwun sewu, kula badhe nyuwun pirsa, dalemipun mas Budi punika, wonten pundi?” * néng nyaéta wangun percakapan sapopoé sarta mangrupa pondokna tina wangun baku ana ing anu disingkat jadi (a)nêng. Kalawan maké kecap-kecap anu béda, dina hiji kalimah anu sacara tatabasa hartina sarua, hiji jalma bisa ngungkabkeun status sosialna ka lawan ngomongna sarta ogé ka anu diomongkeun. Tapi kudu diaku yén henteu kabéh panyatur basa Jawa mikawanoh kabéhanana. Biasana maranéhanana ngan mikawanoh ''ngoko'' sarta sajenis ''madya''. == Sastra jeung tata basa Jawa Papak == * [[Sastra Jawa]] * [[Aksara Jawa]] * [[Paribasa jeung siloka Jawa]] == Baca ogé == {{InterWiki|code=jv}} * [[Jawanisme]] * [[Sastra Jawa]] * [[Basa Jawa Papak]] {{basa-pondok}} [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa wewengkon di Indonésia|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jawa Tengah|Jawa]] [[Kategori:Basa Jawa| ]] lnmb4rvr0fk5qaqj1fcwitjiv5rdlhn Kategori:Basa Sunda 14 14972 708697 426597 2026-04-28T14:26:18Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{artikelutama|Basa Sunda}} [[Kategori:Sunda|Basa]] [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Sunda]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Sunda]] 6ng8zhhu9cqdk61bx0xbkd4x5yllf50 Solat 0 16947 708704 708405 2026-04-28T22:17:23Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sarat-sarat solat */ 708704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]]. Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]]. Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim). Umat muslim diperintahkan untuk ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam. == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat {{Islam-pondok}} [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] lefngreh2dc40hg651b6e5k8vnpz6st 708705 708704 2026-04-28T22:36:11Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]]. Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]]. Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim). Umat muslim diperintahkan untuk ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam. == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # Niat. # Takbiratul ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat Al-Fatihah. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawe sacara berurutan). {{Islam-pondok}} [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] 9gbea4rp42i9yo572b0led2i4cf51tx 708706 708705 2026-04-28T22:44:35Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan untuk ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # Niat. # Takbiratul ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat Al-Fatihah. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawe sacara berurutan). {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] ru9a27ch42q01bjxohx0416jeyd9iah 708708 708706 2026-04-28T23:03:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan untuk ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # Niat. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawe sacara berurutan). {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] 8r1vvndbzlqb661dqac9y73ckyemonj 708709 708708 2026-04-29T00:15:51Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # Niat. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika takbiratul ihram, nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa Iftitah:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] e9kx4qz0sqqbfzkzds6d8slk5gj7q4j 708718 708709 2026-04-29T02:54:14Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika takbiratul ihram, nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa Iftitah:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] 6v1jvpe347t5w3q1xntdr4fwkhjoja8 708720 708718 2026-04-29T03:01:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at */ 708720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa Iftitah:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] 396zpob9wmxm3f1rq7vv05pm4a3ctt0 708721 708720 2026-04-29T03:04:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at */ 708721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # Ruku kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] h3klepb6vb4vgeqxdig80upjb68n6lo 708723 708721 2026-04-29T03:20:39Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # I'tidal kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] sy9jn6quy6u55soo1rll3ghx1vez4bh 708729 708723 2026-04-29T05:50:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # Sujud dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] okw198wt5es1stlehiklsvvoeyvzar7 708733 708729 2026-04-29T06:05:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[Sujud]] dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk tahiyat ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] lgpwu55ievjnm9fzngqhdps7nmyd6ka 708734 708733 2026-04-29T06:06:31Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 708734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[[[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]]]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[Sujud]] dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk [[tahiyat]] ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] okwlnrd8lfgpsw0vz9y9gwrafe5p0w5 Swédia 0 17032 708738 665535 2026-04-29T06:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = {{lang|sv|''Konungariket Sverige''}} |conventional_long_name = Karajaan Swédia |common_name = Swédia |image_flag = Flag of Sweden.svg |image_coat = Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg |symbol_type = Lambang Nagara |image_map = EU location SWE.png |national_motto = [[Motto Karajaan Swédia|(Karajaan)]]&nbsp;{{lang|sv|''För Sverige - I tiden''}}&nbsp;<sup>a</sup><br /><small>"Keur Swédia - jeung wanci"</small> |national_anthem = {{lang|sv|''[[Du gamla, du fria]]''}}<br /><small>"Thou ancient, thou free"</small><br />[[Lagu karajaan]]: {{lang|sv|''[[Kungssången]]''}}<br /><small>"Lagu Raja"</small> |official_languages = [[basa Swédia|Swédia]]<br />(''[[de facto]]'')<sup>b</sup> |capital = [[Stockholm]] |latd=59 |latm=21 |latNS=N |longd=18 |longm=4 |longEW=E |largest_city = Stockholm |government_type = <small>Démokrasi&nbsp;[[Sistim parleméntér|parleméntér]]&nbsp;[[Démokrasi Perwakilan|perwakilan]]<br />dina panangtayungan [[karajaan konstitusional]]</span></small> |leader_title1 = [[Raja Swédia|Raja]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Swédia|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[:sv:Carl XVI Gustaf|Carl XVI Gustaf]] |leader_name2 = [[:sv:Ulf Kristersson|Ulf Kristersson]] ([[:sv:Moderaterna|M]]) |accessionEUdate = [[1 Januari]] [[1995]] |area_rank = ka-55 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area = 449,964 |areami² = 173,732 |percent_water = 8.67 |population_estimate = 10,402,070<ref name=population>[https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629104711/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/ |date=2021-06-29 }} [[Statistics Sweden]]. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-88 |population_estimate_year = 2021 |population_census = 8,587,353 |population_census_year = 1990 |population_density = 20 |population_densitymi² = 52 |population_density_rank = ka-185 |GDP_PPP = $285.1 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-35 |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $31,600 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-19 |GDP_nominal = $371.5 [[miliar]] |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-20 |GDP_nominal_year = 2006 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $42,694 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-9 |sovereignty_type = [[Gabungan Swédia|Gabungan]] |sovereignty_note = Prasajarah |HDI = {{increase}} 0.951 |HDI_rank = ka-5 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">luhur</font> |currency = [[Krona Swédia|Krona]] |currency_code = SEK |country_code = SWE |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.se]]<sup>c</sup> |calling_code = 46 |footnotes = <sup>a</sup> {{lang|sv|''För Sverige - I tiden''}} has been adopted by Carl XVI Gustaf as his personal motto. Former king Gustaf VI Adolf's motto was {{lang|sv|''Plikten framför allt''}}, "Duty above all".<br /><sup>b</sup> The [[Swedish language]] is ''[[de facto]]'' the national language. Five other languages are officially recognized as minority languages.<br /><sup>c</sup> The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. The [[.nu]] domain is another commonly used TLD ("nu" means "now" in Swedish). }} '''Karajaan Swédia''' ([[basa Swédia|Swédia]]: ''{{Audio|Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg|Konungariket Sverige}}'') nyaéta hiji [[nagara Nordik]] di [[Skandinavia]]. Diwatesan ku [[Norwégia]] di beulah kulon, [[Finlandia]] di wétan kalér, Selat [[Skagerrak]] jeung Selat [[Kattegat]] di kulon kidul, sarta [[Laut Baltik]] jeung [[Teluk Bothnia]] di beulah wétaneunnana. Swédia dihubungkeun jeung [[Denmark]] di beulah wétan kiduleunnana ku [[Sasak Oresund]]. Swédia miboga [[kapadetan pangeusi]] nu handap kajaba di [[:Kategori:Wewengon métropolitan di Swédia|wewengkon métropolitan]], nu mana lolobana daratannana mangrupa [[leuweung]]. Nagara ieu miboga sumber alam [[cai]], [[kayu]] jeung [[beusi]] nu réa. Wargana ngarasakeun ngeunahna standar kahirupan nu luhur di hiji nagara nu sacara umum karasa modéren jeung liberal. Dina pertengahan Abad Panengah (1397), miturut pungkasannana [[Jaman Viking]] (ca. 800-1100), Swédia jadi bagian tina [[Uni Kalmar]] babarengan jeung [[Dénmark]] sarta [[Norwégia]] ([[Finlandia]] kiwari mangrupa bagian tina karajaan Swédia). Swédia ninggalkeun uni dina abad ka-16, sarta ampir henteu eureun-eureun perang jeung tatanggana salila sababaraha taun, hususna Rusia jeung [[Dénmark-Norwégia]] nu ngahiji kénéh, nu henteu kungsi narima kaluarna Swédia tina gabungan. Dina abad ka-17 Swédia nambah wilayahna alatan [[perang]] sarta jadi [[Kakuatan Gedé]], dua kalieun ukurannana kiwari. Taun 1814 Swédia leungiteun karajaannana saperti Finlandia, nu saméméhna mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Swédia. Ti 1814, Swédia jadi nagara daméy, maké kawijakan luar nagri [[non-blok]] dina waktu daméy sarta [[nagara nétral|nétralitas]] dina waktuna aya perang. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Sweden has been a major Européan exporter of [[beusi]], [[tambaga]] jeung [[kayu]] since the [[Middle Ages]]. However, [[transportation in Sweden|improved transportation]] and [[communications in Sweden|communication]] allowed it to utilize natural assets from different parts of the country on a far larger scale, most notably [[Logging|timber]] and [[iron ore]]. Economic liberalization as well as universal schooling contributed to the rapid industrialization, and by the 1890s the country had begun to develop an advanced manufacturing industry. In the 20th century, Sweden emerged as a [[welfare state]]; consequently, it usually ranks among the top countries in the [[UN Human Development Index]]. == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Swédia}} === Prasajarah === {{further|Prasajarah Swédia}} [[Gambar:Royal mounds.JPG|thumb|350px|Tilu "gundukan karajaan" di [[Gamla Uppsala]].]] The first population came to Sweden from the éast. In the beginning the land was populated by Sami péople (see Fenno-Ugrian languages and cultures). Generally we can see that soon after the end of the last ice age, Sweden became populated by Indo-Européan [[hunter-gatherer]]s and then farmers during the [[Nordic Stone Age]] (10 000 BC – 1700 BC). This was followed by the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] (1700 - 500 BC) and [[Iron Age]] (500 BC - AD 1050). Societies in Sweden remained on the preliterate tribal and [[chiefdom]] levels to the 1st millennium AD. At this time a lot of péople had access to this aréa. As the water was the best traveling connection, the new land of Sweden had many accessors. The inhabitants of this time frame are péople from all over surrounding aréas. The country borders did not exist. It is not known when and how the kingdom of Sweden was born.<ref name="sh">Hadenius, S; Nilsson, T and Åselius, G. (1996:13): {| |- | &nbsp; |Hur och när det svenska riket uppstod vet vi inte. Först under 1100-talet börjar skriftliga dokument produceras i Sverige i någon större uppfattning [...] | &nbsp; |How and when the Swedish kingdom appeared is not known. It is not until the 12th century that written document begin to be produced in Sweden in any larger extent [...] |}</ref> Sweden was first mentioned in the 1st century, by Roman historian [[Tacitus]], who wrote that the [[Suiones]] tribe lived out in the séa and were powerful in both arms and ships. Tacitus expressed concern that these Swedes might ally with neighboring tribes and cause trouble for the Roman Empire. This referred to the inhabitants of éastern Sweden: [[Svealand]], primarily around lake [[Mälaren]]. From this tribe, Sweden derived its name (see [[Etymology of Sweden]]). The southern parts, on the other hand, were inhabited by the [[Geat]]s in the [[Götaland]] territory, and ''[[Beowulf]]'' spéaks of semi-legendary [[Swedish-Geatish wars]] in the [[6th century]]. The northern part, [[Norrland]], was according to him, populated by [[Sami]] and possibly péople related to the Finns (the northern men). The Vikings were antigent travellers who were skillful tradesmen and even robbers. During the [[Viking Age]] of the 9th and 10th century, [[Varangian|Swedish vikings]] travelled éast starting from Sweden and Finland going to Baltic countries, and Russia, whose name probably comes from the [[Slavic]] name for these Vikings: ''Rus''. There are reséarchers who are having strong evidence for the name "Roslagen" being taken into the Finnish language as the country name "Ruotsi." The name "Ruotsi" has been latterly referred to word Ryssi (foreigners). Their routes passed the [[The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks|rivers of Russia]] down south to [[Constantinople]]. === Jaman Pertemgahan === {{further | [[Sajarah Swédia baheula]] jeung [[Ngadegna Swédia Modéren]]}} [[Gambar:Gripsholmslott.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kastil Gripsholm]] di saluareun [[Mariefred]].]] With [[Christianization]] in the 11th century, the country became [[Consolidation of Sweden|consolidated]], with its centre in the agricultural regions of Östergötland and Västergötland and later on also in the water-ways of the northern Baltic and the [[Gulf of Finland]]. In the 14th century Sweden, like the rest of Europe, was struck by the [[Black Death]] (the Plague), with all its effect. During the [[Middle Ages]], Christianity came to Sweden from the south by Catholic monks and nuns. Christianity came from the éast to Finland possibly via the Vikings. Sweden expanded towards the northern part of the country, Lappland. Finland was still a part of Sweden from 1155 until 1809. In 1389, [[Norway]], [[Denmark]] and Sweden were united under a single [[monarch]] in a tréaty known as the [[Kalmar Union]]. After several wars and disputes between these nations, King [[Gustav I of Sweden]] ([[House of Vasa]]) broke free from it in 1521 and established a nation state, considered the [[foundation of modern Sweden]]. Shortly afterwards he rejected [[Catholicism]] and led Sweden to the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Gustav I is considered to be Sweden's "[[Father of the Nation]]". === The Emergence of a Great Power === {{further|Tuwuhna Swédia minangka Kakuatan Gedé|Karajaan Swédia|Swédia jeung Great Northern War|Absolute Monarchy in Sweden|Sweden-Finland|Union between Sweden and Norway}} [[Gambar:Sweden in 1658.PNG|right|160px|thumb|[[Karajaan Swédia]] taun 1658 (konéng) dilapisan ku Swédia kiwari (oranye).]] The 17th century saw [[Rise of Sweden as a Great Power|the rise of Sweden]] as one of the [[Great Power]]s in Europe, because of successful participation, initiated by King [[Gustav II Adolph of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph]], in the [[Thirty Years' War]] and by [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] in the [[The Deluge (Polish history)|The Deluge]] of [[Poland]]. During this time Sweden was a nation of some importance in northern Europe, but its overall standing was not comparable to that of Europe's léading nations. Sweden also acquired several mighty enemies and the gréat power status crumbled in the 18th century, after the [[Great Northern War]] (1700 - 1721). Finally in 1809 there was a shift of the rule. The part of the country that was once named [[Österland]] (éastern district) was left by Swedish forces in a battle 1809 in [[Sveaborg]] in Finland. Finland became an [[Grand Duchy of Finland|autonomous Duchy]] of [[Imperial Russia]]. After Denmark was deféated in the [[Napoleonic wars]], Norway was ceded to Sweden in the [[Treaty of Kiel]]. Norway had méanwhile declared itself independent and this led to the [[Campaign against Norway]], which was fought in 1814. It ended with the [[Convention of Moss]], which forced Norway into a union with Sweden that was not dissolved until 1905. But the campaign also signified the last of the Swedish wars. === Sajarah modéren === {{further|Modérnisasi Swédia}} The 18th and 19th centuries saw a significant population incréase, which the writer [[Esaias Tegnér]] in 1833 famously attributed to ''"the peace, the ([[smallpox]]) [[vaccine]], and the [[potatoes]]"'',<ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = Paul Robert Magocsi | year = 1998 | title = Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = | pages = 1220 | id = ISBN 0-8020-2938-8 }}</ref> with the population doubling between 1750 and 1850. Many looked towards America for a better life, and although not affluent, many Swedes had sufficiently high incomes to be able to afford the boat tickets necessary to maké the journey across the Atlantic. It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the [[United States]]. In the éarly 20th century, more Swedes lived in [[Chicago]] than in [[Gothenburg]] (Sweden's second largest city). Most Swedish immigrants moved to the Midwestern United States, with a large population in [[Minnesota]]. Some Swedes also moved to [[Canada]]. Sweden was traditionally less developed than [[Western Europe]] (though more affluent than much of éastern and Southern Europe); industrialization began in éarnest after 1870. During the late 19th century, Sweden was influenced by Protestant [[temperance movement]]s, mainly of American origin. As a result of their intense propaganda, it is often claimed that alcohol consumption was unusually high in Sweden at this time.<ref>For instance expressed thus: ''As regards social evils generally, however, the low, though undoubtedly improving, standard of Sweden has had one of its chief reasons in the national intemperance.'' [http://25.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SW/SWEDEN.htm Article ''Sweden'' in the online 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516133114/http://25.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SW/SWEDEN.htm |date=2006-05-16 }}.</ref> However, there is no factual ground for believing that alcohol consumption was higher than in other comparable countries. Strong grassroots movements sprung up during the latter half of the 19th century (unions, temperance groups, and independent religious groups). They were all based on democratic principles and built a strong base for Sweden's migration into a modérn parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of [[World War I]]. As the [[Industrial Revolution]] progressed during the century, péople gradually began moving into [[Cities of Sweden|cities]] to work in [[factory|factories]], and became involved in [[Socialist]] [[trade union|unions]]. A [[Socialist]] [[revolution]] was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of [[Parliamentarism]], and the country was [[democratization|democratized]]. === Sajarah terahir === {{further|Swédia satutasna perang}} By the 1930s Sweden had achieved one of Europe's highest living standards. [[Swedish neutrality|Sweden remained neutral]] during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] as claimed by itself, although its neutrality during World War II has been highly debated. Sweden was forcibly under German influence for most of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades. The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly disagree with Germany, but it did attempt to help the Allies in secret. Many refugees were saved partly because of Sweden's neutrality, among them many Jews. (''See further [[Sweden during World War II]]''). Following the war, Sweden took advantage of intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources, making it possible to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe, léading it to be one of the richest countries in the world by 1960. Sweden was part of the [[Marshall Plan]] but continued to stay non-aligned during the [[Cold War]], and is still not a member of any [[military alliance]]. During most of the post-war era, the country was governed by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] (in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Socialdemokraterna'') and established a [[welfare state]], striving for a "well being for all"-policy. Sweden joined the [[European Union]] in 1995. During the Cold War, Europe's non-aligned Western countries, except Ireland, had considered membership unwise as the then Européan Community, although not involved in military co-operation, was strongly associated with NATO countries; following the end of the Cold War, Sweden, Austria and Finland joined. However, in a 2003 consultative referendum, Swedish citizens declined to adopt the [[Euro]]. Sweden remains non-aligned militarily although it participates in some joint military exercises with NATO (and other) countries and has extensive cooperation with other Européan countries in the aréa of defence technology and defence industry. Sweden has a long history of participating in international military operations, including most recently, Afghanistan, where Swedish troops are under NATO command, and in EU sponsored péace keeping operations in Kosovo and Bosnia. Sweden's economic performance worsened beginning in the 1970s. Following a recession in the éarly 1990s as a result of global economic slowdown, méasures were taken to liberalize the economy. Although the basis of the welfare state have been maintained a number of economic reforms have been implemented, including a reform of the pension system, privatization of state-owned companies and liberalization of markets. The economic situation has improved significantly since then with growth rates outpacing those of the Eurozone. Sweden has had two political murders in recent history: those of Prime Minister [[Olof Palme]] in 1986 and foreign-minister [[Anna Lindh]] in 2003. == Géografi == {{utama|Géografi Swédia}} [[Gambar:Sweden cia old.png|thumb|221px|left|A map of Sweden with largest cities and lakes and most important roads and railroads, from a printed [[CIA World Factbook]]]] [[Gambar:Gamla Stan swe.jpg|right|thumb|View of [[Gamla Stan]] in [[Stockholm]]]] At 449,964&nbsp;km² (173,720 square miles), Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world, the 3rd largest in Europe and the 1st largest in [[Northern Europe]]. The country is somewhat larger than the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]], and in 2006 it had a population of 9.1 million péople. [[Gambar:Sarek Skierffe Rapadelta.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Laponian area|Laponia]] is the largest tract of unspoiled natural land in [[Europe]]]] éast of Sweden lies the [[Baltic Sea]] and the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], providing a long coastline, and mellowing the climate. To the west is the [[Scandinavian mountain chain]] (Skanderna), a range that separates Sweden from [[Norway]]. The southern part of the country is predominantly agricultural, with forests covering a larger percentage of the land the further north one goes. Population density is also higher in southern Sweden, with centres being in the valley of lake [[Mälaren]] and the [[Öresund]] region. [[Gotland]] and [[Öland]] are the largest [[islands of Sweden]]. Sweden enjoys a mostly [[temperate climate]] despite its northern [[latitude]], mainly because of the [[Gulf Stream]]. In the south of Sweden, léaf-béaring [[tree]]s are prolific, further north [[pine]]s, [[spruce]]s and in the very north hardy [[birch]]es dominate the landscape. In the mountains of northern Sweden a sub-Arctic climate predominates. North of the [[Arctic Circle]], the sun never sets for part of éach summer, and in the winter, night is unending for a corresponding period. == Babagian administratif == === County === {{utama|County di Swédia}} [[Gambar:Tarfala.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar deukeuteun [[Kebnekaise]] ti [[Lappland]] di beulah kalér [[Norrland]].]] Swédia kabagi jadi 21 [[county]] atawa {{lang|sv|''[[län]]''}}, nyaéta [[County Stockholm]], [[County Uppsala]], [[County Södermanland]], [[County Östergötland]], [[County Jönköping]], [[County Kronoberg]], [[County Kalmar]], [[County Gotland]], [[County Blekinge]], [[County Skåne]], [[County Halland]], [[County Västra Götaland]], [[County Värmland]], [[County Örebro]], [[County Västmanland]], [[County Dalarna]], [[County Gävleborg]], [[County Västernorrland]], [[County Jämtland]], [[County Västerbotten]] and [[County Norrbotten]]. éach has a [[County Administrative Boards of Sweden|County Administrative Board]] or ''länsstyrelse'' (the first Swedish County Administrative Board was made up by the Swedish Prime minister Axel Oxenstierna in 1634), which is appointed by the Government. In éach county there is also a separate [[County Councils of Sweden|County Council]] or ''landsting'', which is the municipal representation appointed by the county electorate. éach county further divides into a number of [[Municipalities of Sweden|municipalities]] or ''kommuner'', making a total of 290 municipalities, in 2004. There are also older historical divisions of Sweden, primarily into the 25 [[Provinces of Sweden|provinces]] and three [[Lands of Sweden|lands]]. These divisions are still significant. {{clear}} === Munisipalitas panglegana === [[Gambar:Halso island.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar ti [[kapuloan]] [[Göteborg]] di beulah kalér [[Götaland]].]] [[Gambar:Scania outside Malmö at Lockeby.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar ti [[Skåne]] di beulah kidul [[Götaland]].]] Di handap nunjukkeun pangeusi di wewengkon [[munisipalitas]] (''kommun''). Lega diitung dina [[km²]]. Gambar dumasar data 31 Maret 2006.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____167883.aspx 2006 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731025034/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____167883.aspx |date=2009-07-31 }} ti loka [[Statistics Sweden]].</ref> {| class="wikitable" |-style="background: #efefef;" !align=right| Réngking !align=left| Munisipalitas !align=right| Pangeusi !align=right| Wewengkon darat !align=right| Kapadetan |-align=right |1 ||align=left| [[Stockholm]] || '''774,411''' || 187.74 || 4,124.91 |-align=right |2 ||align=left| [[Göteborg]] || '''487,028''' || 450.71 || 1,080.58 |-align=right |3 ||align=left| [[Malmö]] || '''272,634''' || 155.56 || 1,752.60 |-align=right |4 ||align=left| [[Uppsala]] || '''183,911''' || 2,189.10 || 84.01 |-align=right |5 ||align=left| [[Linköping]] || '''137,949''' || 1,435.80 || 96.08 |-align=right |6 ||align=left| [[Västerås]] || '''132,344''' || 962.78 || 137.46 |-align=right |7 ||align=left| [[Örebro]] || '''128,170''' || 1,380.11 || 92.87 |-align=right |8 ||align=left| [[Norrköping]] || '''124,729''' || 1,503.61 || 82.95 |-align=right |9 ||align=left| [[Helsingborg]] || '''122,349''' || 346.25 || 353.35 |-align=right |10 ||align=left| [[Jönköping]] || '''121,229''' || 1,488.75 || 81.43 |-align=right |11 ||align=left| [[Umeå]] || '''110,919''' || 2,331.39 || 47.58 |-align=right |12 ||align=left| [[Lund]] || '''102,452''' || 430.27 || 238.11 |-align=right |13 ||align=left| [[Borås]] || '''99,645''' || 915.22 || 108.88 |-align=right |14 ||align=left| [[Sundsvall]] || '''94,121''' || 3,208.70 || 29.33 |-align=right |15 ||align=left| [[Gävle]] || '''92,257''' || 1,615.07 || 57.12 |} {{further|Daptar munisipalitas di Swédia dumasar pangeusi}} == Démografi == {{details|Démografi Swédia}} Sweden has one of the world's highest [[life expectancies]]. As of approximately [[12 Agustus]] [[2004]], the total population of Sweden for the first time exceeded 9,000,000, according to the [[Statistics Sweden|SCB]]. As of February 2006, the population was 9,060,430.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx Swedish Statistical Agency statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714003037/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx |date=2009-07-14 }}</ref> About 86.7% of the population is [[Ethnic Swedes|ethnic Swedish]]. The largest non-Swedish ethnic group are the Finns, who maké up about 5% of the whole population and in the aréas néar the border to Finland 50% of the population. A big group that has immigrated is from former Yugoslavia and the Middle éast. The original population of [[Sami people]] (a folk group living in 4 countries) is only about 20 000 persons. Approximately 77,500 of the nation's population is of [[sub-Saharan]] [[African]] ancestry. Sweden has been transformed from a nation of [[emigration]] ending after [[World War I]] to a nation of [[immigration]] from [[World War II]] onwards. Currently, almost 12% of the residents were born abroad, and about one fifth of Sweden's population are either immigrants or the children of immigrants. The largest immigrant groups are from [[Finland]], the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavia]], the [[Middle East]] and other [[Nordic Countries]], in that order. This reflects the inter-Nordic migrations, éarlier periods of labour immigration, and later decades of refugee and family immigration. [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]] intervention against the [[1956 Hungarian Revolution]] and the [[Prague Spring|1968 Czechoslovak liberalization]] resulted in the first surges of intellectual [[political refugee]]s. Some [[United States|American]] deserters from the [[Vietnam War]] also found refuge among the Swedes, who in international politics took a cléar stand against what they typically viewed as [[imperialism]] executed by both the Soviet Union and the United States. Following the [[Chilean coup of 1973|1973 coup]] in [[Chile]], a large number of political refugees arrived in Sweden. Others came from [[South America]]n countries like [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] following the rise of military dictatorships. Sweden has also taken in refugees from [[Iran]], [[Irak]] jeung [[Palestinian territories|those from the Palestinian territories]]. == Basa == {{details|basa Swédia}}{{details|basa-basa di Swédia}} Swedish is a [[north Germanic languages|North Germanic language]], related and very similar to [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], but differing in pronunciation and [[orthography]]. Sweden has no [[basa resmi]] but Swedish holds a [[de facto]] status as such. The dominant language has always been Swedish and there has previously never been a political need to maké it an [[official language]]. However, with the recognition of five [[minority languages of Sweden]] ([[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Meänkieli]], [[basa Sami|Sami]], [[Romany language|Romani]] and [[Yiddish]]) on [[1 April]], [[2000]], the issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language was raised. On [[7 Désémber]] [[2005]], the parliament voted on this issue, but with a count of 147 to 145 because of voting errors by some members of parliament the proposal to maké Swedish the official language failed.{{citation needed}} It was, however, strengthened as the principal language in that same proposal. A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and spéak [[English language|English]] thanks to trade links, the popularity of overséas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitling]] rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English became a compulsory subject for [[Secondary education|secondary school]] students studying [[natural science]]s as éarly as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www3.lu.se/info/lum/LUM_07_99/01_engelska.html | title = English spoken - fast ibland hellre än bra | publisher = Lund University newsletter 7/1999 | language = Swedish }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106110733/http://www3.lu.se/info/lum/LUM_07_99/01_engelska.html |date=2006-01-06 }}</ref> Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from [[third grade|third]] until [[ninth grade]], and all students continuing in secondary school study English for at léast another yéar. Most students also léarn one and sometimes two additional languages; the most popular being [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]]. Some [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] is, at times, also taught as part of the Swedish course taught to native spéakers of Swedish to emphasize differences and similarities between the two languages. == Pulitik == <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{morepolitics|country=Sw Swédia}} === Sistim pulitik === Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, in which [[King Carl XVI Gustaf]] is héad of state, but royal power has long been limited to official and ceremonial functions. The nation's legislature is the Swedish Parliament ([[Riksdag]]), with 349 members. Parliamentary elections are held every four yéars, on the third Sunday of September. Sweden has been a [[monarchy]] for almost a [[millennium]], with its [[taxation]] controlled by the [[Riksdag]] (parliament). It consisted of [[Riksdag of the Estates|two chambers]], made up by representatives from the 4 [[Estates of the realm|estates]]: ''clergy, [[Swedish nobility|nobility]], townsmen'' and ''[[peasants]]'', until 1866 when Sweden became a [[Constitutional monarchy]] with a [[bicameral]] parliament. Its First Chamber was indirectly elected by [[local government]]s, and the Second Chamber directly elected in national elections every four yéars. [[Gambar:Riksdagen June 2011.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Riksdag]] building, Stockholm .]] [[Gambar:Riksdag assembly hall 2006.jpg|thumb|220px|Inside the Riksdag, after the 2006 renovation]] Legislative power was (symbolically) shared between king and parliament until 1975. In 1971 the Riksdag became [[unicameral]]. Constitutionally, the 349-member Riksdag holds supreme authority in Sweden, and its acts are not subject to compulsory [[judicial review]], although the review carried out by ''lagrådet'' (Law Council) is typically respected. Acts of the parliament must be made inapplicable at every level if they are obviously against constitutional laws. Legislation may be initiated by the [[Government of Sweden|Cabinet]] or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of [[proportional representation]] for a four-yéar term. The [[Constitution of Sweden]] can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires a [[supermajority]] and confirmation after the following general elections. Sweden has three other constitutional laws: the Act of Royal Succession, the Freedom of Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression. Executive power was shared between the King and a noble [[Privy Council]] until 1680, followed by the King's [[autocracy|autocratic rule]] initiated by the common estates of the Parliament. As a réaction to the failed [[Great Northern War]], [[Parliamentarism]] was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of [[Constitutional Monarchy]] in 1772, 1789 and 1809, [[Swedish constitution of 1809|the latter]] granting several civil liberties. The monarch remains as the formal, but merely symbolic [[head of state]] with [[ceremony|ceremonial]] duties. The [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] has played a léading political role since 1917, after [[Reformist]]s had confirmed their strength and the [[Left Party (Sweden)|revolutionaries]] left the party. After 1932, the [[Government of Sweden|Cabinets]] have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only four general elections (1976, 1979, 1991 and 2006) have given the centre-right bloc enough séats in Parliament to form a government. It is considered the réason for the Swedish post-war [[welfare state]],{{fact}} with government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the [[gross domestic product]]. In the 2006 general election the Moderate Party, allied with the Centre Party, Liberal Péople's Party, and the Christian Democrats, with a common political platform, won a majority of the votes. Together they have formed a majority government under the léadership of the Moderate party's léader [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]]. The following political parties hold séats in the Riksdag (the most recent elections were held in September 2006; the next elections will be held in [[Sweden general election, 2010|September 2010]]): * [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Socialdemokraterna]] (s, Social Democrats): 130 séats, 35.0% (2002: 39.8% of votes, 144 séats) * [[Moderate Party|Moderaterna]] (m, Moderates): 97 séats, 26.2% (2002: 15.2% of votes, 55 séats) * [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centerpartiet]] (c, Centre Party): 29 séats, 7.9% (2002: 22 séats, 6.1% of votes) * [[Liberal People's Party (Sweden)|Folkpartiet liberalerna]] (fp, Liberal Party): 28 séats, 7.5% (2002: 13.3% of votes, 48 séats) * [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Kristdemokraterna]] (kd, Christian Democrats): 24 séats, 6.6% (2002: 33 séats, 9.1% of votes) * [[Left Party (Sweden)|Vänsterpartiet]] (v, Left Party): 22 séats, 5.8% (2002: 28 séats, 8.3% of votes) * [[Green Party (Sweden)|Miljöpartiet]] (mp, Greens): 19 séats, 5.2% (2002: 17 séats, 4.6% of votes) * Other parties ([[Sweden Democrats|Sverigedémokraterna]], Feministiskt initiativ, [[Piratpartiet]], Junilistan, Sjukvårdspartiet) 5.7% Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary péople through its "popular movements" ("Folkrörelser" in Swedish), the most notable being [[trade unions]], the [[women's movement]], the [[temperance movement]], and - more recently - the sports movement. Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is currently around 80% (80.11 in [[Sweden general election, 2002]], 81.99 in [[Sweden general election, 2006]]). Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include [[Raoul Wallenberg]], [[Folke Bernadotte]], [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] former [[Secretary General]] of the United Nations, [[Olof Palme]], former Prime Minister, [[Carl Bildt]] former Prime Minister and currently [[Foreign minister]], [[Jan Eliasson]] the présidént of the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly of the United Nations]] and [[Hans Blix]] former [[IAEA]] inspector in Iraq. === Pulitik énérgi === :''Keur katerangan leuwih jéntré ngeunaan jejer ieu, tempo: [[Nuclear power phase-out#Sweden|Nuclear power phase-out in Sweden]]; [[Oil phase-out in Sweden]]'' The [[1973 oil crisis]] strengthened Sweden's commitment to decréase dependence on imported fossil fuels. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from [[hydropower]] and nucléar power. Among other things, the accident of [[Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station]] ([[AS]]) prompted the [[Swedish parliament]] to hold a [[referendum]] on nucléar power. The referendum led to a decision that no further nucléar power plants should be built and that a [[nuclear power phase-out]] should be completed by 2010. [[As of 2005]], the use of [[renewable energy|renewables]] amounted to 26% of the energy supply in Sweden, most important being [[hydroelectricity|hydropower]] and, on a far smaller scale, [[biomass]]. In 2003, electricity from hydropower accounted for 53 [[TWh]] and 40% of the country's production of [[electricity]] with nucléar power delivering 65 TWh (49%). At the same time, the use of [[biofuel]]s, [[peat]] etc. produced 13 TWh of electricity.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____24270.aspx SCB figures about energy production and usage 1994-2003 - in Swedish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090536/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____24270.aspx |date=2011-05-15 }}</ref> In Maret 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or incréasing nucléar power.<ref>[http://www.uic.com.au/nip39.htm "Nuclear Power in Sweden" - Uranium Information Centre, Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712203350/http://www.uic.com.au/nip39.htm |date=2007-07-12 }}</ref> Since then however, reports about radioactive léakages at a nucléar waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2005/06/29/afx2116521.html "Swedish nuclear power station leaks high levels of radioactive waste into Baltic" - Forbes June 29, 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011001919/http://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2005/06/29/afx2116521.html |date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref> This does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nucléar power. Sweden decided to phase out [[nuclear fission]] before 2020, although it is very unlikely that this will happen. === Kawijakan luar nagri === Throughout the 20th century, [[Swedish foreign policy]] was based on the principle of [[non-alignment]] in péacetime and [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in wartime. Sweden has been known as one of, if not the most, diplomatically [[Neutral country|neutral]] state during times of war. Dating back to [[World War II]] Sweden did not favour any one side. This has been disputed by many since in effect Sweden allowed the Nazi regime to use its railroad system to transport troops and goods, especially iron ore from the rich mines in northern Sweden, something the German war machine was in desperate need of. This also carries on to [[Cold War]] éra politics in which Sweden was not under the [[Warsaw Pact]] and received only minimal aid from the [[Marshall Plan]] and remained neutral for quite some time. Sweden was also known to be the first western nation to detect unusually high [[radiation]] levels in the atmosphere, which later was confirmed to have been the residual nucléar fallout from the [[Chernobyl]] accident. During the éarly Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment with a low profile in international affairs. At the same time, the country maintained relatively close informal connections with the Western bloc, especially in the réalm of intelligence exchange. In 1952 a Swedish [[DC-3]] was [[Catalina affair|shot down]] over the Baltic séa by a Soviet Fighter. Later investigations revéaled that the plane was actually gathering information for [[NATO]]. Another plane, a [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] [[search and rescue]] craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by the Soviets as well. Beginning in the late 1960s, Sweden for a period attempted to play a more significant and independent role in international relations. This involved significant activity in international péace efforts, especially through the [[United Nations]], and in support to the [[Third World]]. Since the murder of [[Olof Palme]] in 1986 and the end of the Cold War, this has been significantly toned down, although Sweden is still comparatively active in péace keeping missions and maintains a generous foreign aid budget. In 1981 a Soviet [[Whiskey class submarine]] ran aground close to the Swedish naval base at [[Karlskrona]] in the southern part of the country. It has never been cléarly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if it was a matter of [[espionage]] against Swedish military potential. The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union. Since 1995 Sweden has been a member of the [[European Union]], and as a consequence of a new world security situation the country's foreign policy doctrine has been partly modified, with Sweden playing a more active role in Européan security co-operation as well. == Militér == {{utama|Swedish Armed Forces}} The '''Swedish Armed Forces''' (Swedish: ''Försvarsmakten'') is a Government agency responsible for the péacetime operation of the armed forces of Sweden. The primary task of the agency is to train and deploy péace support forces abroad, while maintaining the long-term ability to refocus on the defense of the country in the event of war. The Armed Forces is branched into Army, Air Force and Navy. As a Government agency, it reports to the Swedish Ministry of Defence. The héad of armed forces is the Commander-in-Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces (Överbefälhavaren, ÖB), beside the Sovereign the most senior officer in the country. Sweden's military is built on conscription, and until the end of the Cold War néarly all males réaching the age of military service were conscripted. In recent yéars, the number of conscripted males has reduced dramatically, while the number of female volunteers has incréased slightly. Recruitment has generally shifted towards finding the most motivated recruits, rather than solely on the otherwise most fit for service. All soldiers serving abroad are by law required to be volunteers. In 1975 the total number of conscripts was 45,000. By 2003 it was down to 15,000. After the Defense Proposition 2004, the number of troops in training will decréase even more to between 5000 and 10000 éach yéar, which emphasizes the need to recruit only the soldiers later prepared to volunteer for international service. During the yéars Swedish units have taken part in péacekeeping operations, in [[Congo]], [[Cyprus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Kosovo]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Currently, one of the most important tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces is to form a Swedish-led EU Battle Group to which Norway, Finland and Estonia will also contribute. The [[Nordic Battlegroup]] (NBG) is to have a 10-day deployment réadiness during the first half of 2008. == Ékonomi == {{utama|Ékonomi Swédia}} [[Gambar:Sweden GRP per Capita2004.svg|thumb|right|275px|[[Gross Regional Product]] (GRP) per capita in thousands of crowns (2004)]] Sweden is an export oriented market economy féaturing a modérn distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force. [[Timber]], [[hydropower]], and [[iron ore]] constitute the resource base of an [[economics|economy]] héavily oriented toward [[foreign trade]]. The engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are of gréat importance. [[Agriculture]] accounts for 2% of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] and employment. Sweden's industry is overwhelmingly in private control; unlike some other industrialized Western countries, such as Austria and Italy, publicly owned enterprises were always of minor importance. 80% of the workforce is organized through the trade-unions which have the right to elect two representatives to the board in all Swedish companies with more than 25 employees.<ref>http://www.samhallsguiden.riksdagen.se/sg-295.asp#P1687_231108 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925055310/http://www.samhallsguiden.riksdagen.se/sg-295.asp#P1687_231108 |date=2006-09-25 }}</ref> The Swedish [[Sveriges Riksbank|Riksbank]] - founded in 1668 and thus making it the oldest central bank in the world - is focusing on price stability with its inflation target of 2%. Growth is expected to réach 3.3% in 2006. High taxes have however ensured a higher degree of government influence on household consumption decisions than in most other Western nations. Public sector spending amounts to 53% of the GDP; the high figure primarily reflects the large transfer payments of the Swedish welfare state. <!-- Note that it is wrong to say that public sector spending contributes 53% to GDP, as much of that is transfer payments --> Swedish unemployment figures are highly contested, with the Social-Democrats defending the official figure of 5.4% (as of 2006) and the centre-right [[Alliance for Sweden]] claiming a much higher figure. These numbers do not, however, include unemployed péople in government programmes (about 2% of the workforce), péople on extended sick-léave, those in éarly retirement or those outside the unemployment system. Unemployment is higher amongst younger péople. Many Swedes work abroad in [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and even the [[UK]], where they are desired and viewed as a skilled workforce. Because of the contradiction - unemployment and a growing commercial enterprise economy, politicians and analysts often spéak of the "jobless growth". Sweden is known for having an even distribution of income, with a [[Gini coefficient]] at 0.21 in 2001 (one of the most even income distributions in the industrialized world). However Sweden still béars scars from the economic crisis in the 1990s, induced by a glitch in the economic system and poor léadership. The crisis resulted in thousands of péople unemployed and a gréat national debt. Two remnants of the event are the gréat economic segregation in the country and the national debt of approximately 1245 billion [[Swedish Krona]] (approx. €133 billion , 09.2006).<ref>[http://www.rgk.se/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120231748/http://www.rgk.se/ |date=2007-01-20 }}(2006).</ref> == Kasajahtraan == {{further|Kasajahtraan Swédia}} [[Gambar:Hjalmar Brantings porträtt av Richard Bergh.jpg|160px|thumb|right|[[Hjalmar Branting]], the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Sweden]] In recent yéars, economic liberalization has ensured that Sweden is now more similar to other high tax Européan countries. However, some still claim that the [[Scandinavian model]] is mid-way between [[socialism]] and [[capitalism]]. Like many other industrialized countries, especially in Western Europe, Sweden has a large welfare state. However, it is unusually extensive in Sweden. The state provides for tax-funded childcare, parental léave, a ceiling on héalth care costs, tax-funded education (all levels up to, and including university), retirement pensions, tax-funded dental care up to 20 yéars of age and [[sick leave]] (partly paid by the employer). Parents are entitled to a total of 480 days partly paid léave between birth and the child's eighth birthday, with 60 days reserved specifically for éach parent, in effect providing the father with two so-called "daddy-months". In addition, the ceiling on héalth care costs makes it éasier, relative to other nations, for Swedish workers to take time off for medical réasons. The Swedish welfare system remains extensive, but a recession in the 1990s forced an introduction of a number of reforms, such as [[education voucher]]s in 1992 and decentralization of some types of héalthcare services to municipal control.<ref>[http://fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=814 "Law of the Labour Back Benches" - New Statesman September 6, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124122229/http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=814 |date=January 24, 2008 }}</ref> The welfare state requires high taxes. Since the late 1960s, Sweden has had the highest tax quota (as percentage of GDP) in the industrialized world, but today the difference is only a couple of percentage points of GDP above that of other high-tax countries such as France, Belgium and Denmark. Sweden has a two step [[progressive tax]] scale with a municipal income tax of about 30% and an additional high-income state tax of 20-25% when a salary exceeds roughly 300 000 SEK per yéar. The employing company pays an additional 32% of an "employer's fee". In addition, a national [[Value added tax|VAT]] of 25% or 18% is added to many things bought by private citizens, with the exception of food (12% VAT), transportation, and books (6% VAT). Certain items are taxed at higher rates, e.g. petrol/diesel and alcoholic beverages. == Pangatikan == {{utama|Pangatikan di Swédia}} As part of its social welfare system, Sweden provides an extensive [[childcare]] system that guarantees a place for all young children from 1–5 yéars old in a public day-care facility (''förskola'' or ''dagis''). Between ages 6–16, children attend compulsory comprehensive school, divided in three stages. After completing the ninth grade, 90% continue with a three-yéar upper secondary school (''gymnasium'') léading sometimes to a vocational diploma and often to qualifications for further studies at a [[List of universities in Sweden|university or university college (''högskola'')]]. Both upper secondary school and university studies are financed by taxes. Some Swedes go straight to work after secondary school. == Ageman == {{utama|Garéja Swédia}} Before the 11th century, péople of Sweden adhered to [[Norse paganism]], worshiping [[Æsir]] gods, with its centre at the [[temple at Uppsala|Temple in Uppsala]]. With [[Christianization]] in the 11th century, the laws of the country were changed, forbidding worship of other deities. After the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 1530s the Church and State were separated, abolishing the authority of the Roman Catholic bishops, and in the long run allowed only [[Lutheranism]] to prevail. This process was not completed until the [[Uppsala|Uppsala Synod 1593]]. During the éra following the Reformation, usually known as the period of [[Lutheran Orthodoxy]], in the 17th century, small groups of non-Lutherans, especially [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[Dutch people|Dutchmen]] and [[Walloon]]s who played a significant role in trade and industry, were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low religious profile. The [[Sami people|Sami]] originally had their own shamanistic religion, but they were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. Not until liberalization in the late 18th century, were believers of other faiths, including [[Judaism]] and [[Catholicism]], allowed to openly live and work in Sweden, although it remained [[illegal]] until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another religion. The 19th century saw the arrival of various [[Low church|evangelical]] [[free church]]es, and, towards the end of the century [[secularism]] began attracting attention, léading péople to distance themselves from Church rituals. Léaving the [[Church of Sweden]] became legal with the so-called dissenter law of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another denomination. The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the Law on Freedom of Religion in 1951. Today about 78% of Swedes belong to the Church of Sweden, but the number is decréasing by about one per cent every yéar, and Church of Sweden services are sparsely attended (hovering in the single digit percentages of the population).<ref>[http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/ Church of Sweden], [http://web.archive.org/web/20080309122514/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik/pdf/medlemmar.pdf Members 1978-2004, PDF document in Swedish]</ref> The réason for the large number of inactive members is that until 1996, all children became members automatically at birth, if at léast one of their parents were a member. Since 1996, all children that are baptised become members. Some 275,000 Swedes are today members of various free churches (where congregation attendance is much higher), and, in addition, [[immigration]] has méant that there are now some 92,000 [[Roman Catholics]] and 100,000 [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] living in Sweden.<ref>[http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikyrka Statistics about free churches and immigration churches from Swedish Wikipedia - in Swedish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530152849/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikyrka |date=2008-05-30 }}</ref> Due to [[immigration]], Sweden also has a significant [[Muslim]] population. As many as 500,000 are Muslims by tradition<ref>[http://sydsvenskan.se/sverige/article140868.ece Swedish Newspaper - in Swedish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113112554/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/article140868.ece |date=2012-01-13 }}</ref> and between 80,000 - 400,000 of these are practicing Muslims. ''(See also [[Islam in Sweden]])'' According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005,<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf Eurostat poll on the social and religious beliefs of Europeans Eurobarometer,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813012458/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |date=2011-08-13 }} ([[PDF]] format)</ref> 23% of Swedish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", wheréas 53% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 23% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". == Budaya == [[Gambar:Redswedenred.sommar.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Traditional Swedish rural house, painted in the traditional Swedish [[Falu red]].]] [[Gambar:Turning Torso 3.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The award winning [[Turning Torso]] skyscraper in [[Malmö]], is 190 metres tall and is the highest [[skyscraper]] in Sweden and the second-highest residential one in [[Europe]].]] <!--[[Image:Ebbaflagga12.jpg|thumb|none|200px|right|[[Ebba Grön]], early Swedish punk band]]--> Swedish authors of worldwide recognition include [[Henning Mankell]], [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (the father of botany), [[Emanuel Swedenborg]], [[August Strindberg]], [[Selma Lagerlöf]], [[Vilhelm Moberg]], [[Harry Martinson]] and [[Astrid Lindgren]], the author of the [[Pippi Longstocking]] books. Sweden made its first contributions to Western culture and science in the mid 18th century. The nation's most well-known artists are painters [[Carl Larsson]], [[Anders Zorn]], and [[Alexander Roslin]], and the sculptors [[Tobias Sergel]] and [[Carl Milles]]. Some well-known inventions and discoveries, historical and modérn, were made by Swedes. Some notable figures are [[Alfred Nobel]], [[Anders Celsius]], [[Baltzar von Platen]], [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]], [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]], [[John Ericsson]], [[Anders Jonas Ångström]], [[Lars Magnus Ericsson]], [[Svante Arrhenius]], [[Arvid Carlsson]], [[Håkan Lans]]. Swedish 20th century culture is noted by pioneering works in the éarly days of [[Film|cinema]], with [[Mauritz Stiller]] and [[Victor Sjöström]]. In the 1920s–1980s, the filmmakers [[Ingmar Bergman]] and [[Bo Widerberg]] received [[Academy Awards]], and actresses [[Greta Garbo]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], [[Ann-Margret]], [[Lena Olin]], [[Zarah Leander]], and [[Anita Ekberg]] made careers abroad. The actors [[Max von Sydow]], [[Stellan Skarsgård]], [[Dolph Lundgren]] and [[Peter Stormare]] are also worth mentioning. More recently, the films of [[Lukas Moodysson]] and [[Lasse Hallström]] have received international recognition. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was perceived as an international léader in what is now referred to as the "[[sexual revolution]]",{{citation needed}} with gender equality particularly promoted.{{citation needed}} At the present time, the number of single péople is one of the highest in the world. Some Swedish films reflected a liberal view of sexuality, including scenes of love making that caught international attention, and introduced the concept of the "Swedish sin". However, Sweden was at that time not as sexually liberal as péople believed. Sweden has also become, in recent decades, fairly liberal regarding homosexuality, as is reflected in the popular acceptance of films such as ''[[Fucking Åmål]]'' (In English: ''Show Me Love''), and the popular writer [[Jonas Gardell]], among others. In Sweden many gay and lesbian celebrities live openly without causing a stir, much as in many other Western countries. Sweden has a civil union for same sex couples ("registered partnership"), and since 2006, allows same-sex marriages. === Musik === {{further|Musik Swédia}} Swédia beunghar ku tradisi musik, ti mimiti balada kuno abad pertengahan nepikeun ka [[house music]]. The music of the pre-Christian Norse has been lost to history, although there have been historical attempts to recréate how it could have sounded based on instruments found in Viking sites. Instruments used were the [[Lur|lur (a sort of trumpet)]], simple string instruments, wooden flutes and drums. It is possible that the Viking musical legacy lives on in some of the old [[Music of Sweden|Swedish folk music]]. [[Carl Michael Bellman]], [[Wilhelm Stenhammar]], [[Wilhelm Peterson-Berger]], [[Hugo Alfvén]], [[Franz Berwald]], jeung [[Johan Helmich Roman]] are among Sweden's gréat classical composers. The best-known [[opera]] singers are the 19th century [[soprano]] [[Jenny Lind]] and the 20th century [[tenor]] [[Jussi Björling]], who had gréat success abroad. Björling is considered by many to be the epitome of a gréat tenor. Also [[soprano]]s [[Christina Nilsson]], [[Birgit Nilsson]], and [[tenor]] [[Nicolai Gedda]], [[baritone]] [[Håkan Hagegård]] and the contemporary [[mezzo-soprano]] [[Anne-Sofie von Otter]] have become known in the world of opera. [[Evert Taube]], [[Povel Ramel]], [[Cornelis Vreeswijk]] are all popular modérn troubadours, considered to be classics in Swedish music. [[ABBA]] is without a doubt the most well-known popular music group from Sweden, and the only one that ranks among the most well-known in the world. [[ABBA]] were [[Agnetha Fältskog]], [[Björn Ulvaeus]], [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]], and [[Benny Andersson]], and whose first name initials créate the palindrome "ABBA." With [[ABBA]], Sweden entered into a new era, in which Swedish pop music gained international prominence. Sweden is, after the US and the UK, the largest exporter of pop music in the world.{{fact}}Some of the most successful post-ABBA popular music artists from Sweden are [[Roxette]], [[Ace of Base]], [[Carola Häggkvist]], [[Army of Lovers]], [[Robyn]], [[A*Teens]], [[The Cardigans]], [[Europe (band)|Europe]], [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]], [[Play]], and guitarist [[Yngwie J. Malmsteen|Yngwie Malmsteen]]. A number of bands with less emphasis on pop music have come out of the country in recent yéars, including [[Eskobar]], [[Clawfinger]], [[The Sounds]], [[José González]], [[The Hives]], [[Hardcore Superstar]], [[Millencolin]], [[Sahara Hotnights]], [[The Hellacopters]], [[Kent (band)|Kent]], [[The Ark (band)|The Ark]], [[Infinite Mass]], [[Love is All]], [[I'm From Barcelona]], [[The Knife]],[[The Shout Out Louds]], [[Looptroop]], [[Caesars (band)|Caesars]] and [[Stefan Olsdal]] of [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]]. Such has been the success of music abroad that clubs specializing in Swedish music have sprung up in major cities like, Berlin, Barcelona and London where the likes of [http://www.myspace.com/tacktacktack Tack!Tack!Tack!] the Monthly Swedish Music club is produced. In underground circles, Sweden is known for a large number of [[heavy metal]] (mostly [[death metal]] and [[melodic death metal]]), as well as [[progressive music|Progressive]] bands. Prominent metal acts include [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]], [[Dark Tranquillity]], [[Opeth]], [[Hypocrisy (band)|Hypocrisy]], [[In Flames]], [[Meshuggah]], [[The Haunted]], [[At the Gates]], [[Soilwork]], [[Scar Symmetry]], [[Evergrey]], [[Ravaged]], [[Katatonia]], [[Pain of Salvation]], [[Hammerfall]], [[Therion (band)|Therion]], [[Arch Enemy (band)|Arch Enemy]], [[Blindside]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Unleashed (band)|Unleashed]], [[Amon Amarth (band)|Amon Amarth]], [[Vintersorg]], [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]], [[Lost Horizon]], [[Tiamat (band)|Tiamat]], [[Nocturnal Rites]] and [[Deathstars]]. Successful progressive/psychedelic acts are for example Bo Hansson, Dungen, Anekdoten, Morte Macabre, Paatos, Trettioåriga Kriget and Mecki Mark Men In the [[Synth (culture)|synth world]], the band [[S.P.O.C.K]] is still active after 18 yéars. Sweden is also responsible for the Swechno scene, offering a distinct house and techno sound, of which artists like [[Adam Beyer]] is famous. More recently, the so-called Swedish House Mafia including [[Steve Angello]], Sebastian Ingrosso, [[Axwell]], and [[Eric Prydz]] have topped the house music charts and DJ top 10s around the world. Also worth mentioning are [[Joakim Thåström]] and his punk band [[Ebba Grön]]. Sweden is also home to several influential [[Emo (music)|emo]] and [[hardcore punk]] bands, such as [[Fireside (band)|Fireside]], [[The Last Days Of April]], [[Kelly 8]] and landmark post-hardcore band [[Refused]]. In the last yéar, [[Basshunter]] has become popular with his eurodance songs, mostly about computer games. Sweden is also known in the hardcore world for more aggressive bands like [[Mob 47]], [[Anti Cimex]] and [[The S**tlickers]]. In the world of [[jazz]], [[Monica Zetterlund]] achieved international renown, both as a singer and as an actress. Other names worth mentioning are [[Alice Babs]], [[Jan Johansson]], [[Arne Domnerus]], [[Georg Riedel]], [[Putte Wickman]], [[George Wadenius]], [[Bengt Hallberg]], [[Lars Gullin]], [[Ulf Wakenius]], [[Magnus Lindgren]], and [[Esbjörn Svensson Trio]]. Some groups and artists who are not as well-known internationally but are recognized in Sweden include [[Peter Jöback]], [[Lill-Babs|Lill-Babs Svensson]], [[Ted Gärdestad]], [[Gyllene Tider]], [[Helen Sjöholm]], and [[Patrik Isaksson]]. Sweden also has a significant [[Music of Sweden|folk-music]] scene, both in the traditional style as well as more modérn interpretations which often mix in elements of rock and jazz. [[Väsen]] is more of a traditionalist group, using a unique traditional Swedish instrument called the [[:en:nyckelharpa|nyckelharpa]] while [[Garmarna]], [[Nordman]], and [[Hedningarna]] have more modérn elements. [[Lena Willemark]] is a popular folk musician. There is also [[Saami]] music, called the [[joik]], which is actually a type of chant which is part of the traditional Saami animistic spirituality but has gained recognition in the international world of folk music as well. [[ABBA]]-members [[Benny Andersson]] and [[Björn Ulvaeus]] have been very successful in musical théatre, with their international hit [[Mamma Mia!]], as well as [[Chess (musical)|Chess]], and [[Kristina från Duvemåla]], which was a huge success in Sweden. An English version is expected to hit Broadway in 2007. === Média === {{details|Média di Swédia}} Swedes are among the gréatest consumers of [[newspaper]]s in the world, and néarly every town is served by a local paper. The country's main quality morning papers are [[Dagens Nyheter]] (liberal), [[Göteborgs-Posten]] (liberal), [[Svenska Dagbladet]] (conservative) and [[Sydsvenska Dagbladet]] (liberal). The two largest evening [[tabloid]]s are [[Aftonbladet]] (social democratic) and [[Expressen]] (centrist). The ad-financed, free international morning paper, [[Metro International]], was originally founded in Stockholm, Sweden. The country's news is reported in English by, among others, [[The Local]] (liberal). For many yéars Swedish [[television]] consisted solely of the two channels broadcast by the public service company [[Sveriges Television]], which, as in most other Européan countries, is financed through a [[TV license|radio and TV license]]. In 1987 the first commercial Scandinavian channel, [[TV3 (Viasat)|TV3]], started transmitting from London, and today there are five free broadcast channels in the [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial network]], which is currently switching from [[Analog television|analogue]] to [[Digital terrestrial television|digital]], However, most Swedes have access to numerous other free or pay channels through [[cable TV|cable]] or [[satellite TV]]. === Poé peré === {{details|Poé peré di Swédia}} [[Gambar:Midsommardans av Anders Zorn 1897.jpg|thumb|none|200px|right|Midsummer's Eve, lukisan [[Anders Zorn]].]] Apart from traditional Protestant [[Liturgical year|Christian holidays]], Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition. They include [[Midsummer]], celebrating the summer [[solstice]]; [[Walpurgis Night]] on [[30 April]] lighting bonfires; [[Labour Day]] on [[May 1]] is dedicated to socialist demonstrations; and [[13 Désémber]], the day of [[Saint Lucy|Saint Lucia]] the lightgiver. [[6 Juni]] is [[National holiday of Sweden|National Day of Sweden]] and as of 2005 a public holiday. Furthermore, there are [[Flag days in Sweden|official flag day]] observances and a [[Namesdays in Sweden]] calendar. In August many Swedes have kräftskivor (crayfish dinner parties). More regional variants are the surströmming parties in Northern Sweden (surströmming is a type of fermented fish), and ålagillen (eel parties) in [[Skåne]]. The [[Sami people|Sami]], one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on [[6 Pébruari]]. === Kadaharan === {{utama|Kadaharan urang Swédia}} Swedish cuisine, like that of the other [[Skandinavia]]n countries ([[Cuisine of Denmark|Denmark]] and [[Cuisine of Norway|Norway]]), is traditionally simple. [[Lauk]], [[daging]] jeung [[kentang]] mangrupa kadaharan utama. Spices are sparse. Famous dishes include Swedish méatballs (köttbullar — traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and [[lingonberry jam]]), plättar (Swedish pancakes, served with jam), [[lutefisk|lutfisk]], the smörgås (open-faced sandwich), and the famous '[[Smörgåsbord]]' or lavish buffet. Aquavit, or akvavit, is a popular celebratory alcoholic drink made with potatoes and herbs such as caraway seeds. == Kaséhatan publik == Sweden ranks in the top five countries with respect to [[infant mortality]]. It also ranks high in life expectancy and in safe [[drinking water]]. Héalthcare in Sweden is viewed as very developed. The [[Lund University|university hospital]] of [[Lund]], the [[Karolinska University Hospital]] in [[Solna]], and the [[Sahlgrenska university hospital]] in [[Gothenburg]] are examples of world-class hospitals in Sweden. == Olahraga == {{utama|Olahraga di Swédia}} Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating, much thanks to the héavy government subsidies of sport associations ("föreningsstöd"). The two main spectator sports are [[football (soccer)]] and [[ice hockey]]. Some notable Swedish football stars include [[Fredrik Ljungberg]], [[Henrik Larsson]], [[Olof Mellberg]] and [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]]. Swedish hockey players have often been regarded as some of the best in their sport. Famous Swedish hockey players include: [[Sven Tumba]], [[Leif Holmqvist]] "Honken", [[Roland Stoltz]], [[Lasse Björn]], [[Ulf Sterner]], [[Bengt-Åke Gustafsson]], [[Håkan Loob]], [[Mats Näslund]], [[Peter Forsberg]], [[Henrik Zetterberg]], [[Markus Näslund]], [[Mats Sundin]], [[Tommy Salo]], [[Daniel Alfredsson]], [[Nicklas Lidström]], [[Tomas Holmström]], [[Daniel Sedin]], [[Henrik Sedin]], [[Börje Salming]], [[Mattias Norström]], [[Tomas Sandström]], [[Kent Nilsson]], [[Pelle Lindbergh]] and [[Henrik Lundqvist]]. Second to football, [[Horse#Horses in sport today|horse sports]] have the highest number of practitioners, mostly women. Theréafter follow [[golf]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], and the [[team sport]]s of [[handball]], [[floorball]], [[basketball]] and [[bandy]]. American sports such as [[baseball]] and [[American football]] are also practiced but have no widespréad popularity. Successful [[tennis]] players include former world No. 1's [[Björn Borg]], [[Mats Wilander]] and [[Stefan Edberg]]; in [[skiing]] sports, [[Pernilla Wiberg]] and [[Anja Pärson]] have all had dominating periods in [[alpine skiing]], as have [[Sixten Jernberg]], [[Gunde Svan]], [[Torgny Mogren]], [[Per Elofsson]] and [[Thomas Wassberg]] in [[cross country skiing|cross country]] skiing. In [[ski jumping]], [[Jan Boklöv]] revolutionized the sport with his new technique, the V-style. A number of Swedes have been internationally successful in [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]]. In the 1940s runner [[Gunder Hägg]] dominated [[Middle distance track event|middle distance]]. In recent yéars, stars include [[high jump]]ers such as the Européan record holder [[Patrik Sjöberg]], [[Kajsa Bergqvist]], and Athens Olympic gold medalist [[Stefan Holm]]. Two other Swedish athletes won gold medals in the [[2004 Olympic Games]]: [[heptathlon|heptathlete]] [[Carolina Klüft]] and [[triple jump]]er [[Christian Olsson]]. Other famous Swedish athletes include the [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion [[Ingemar Johansson]], [[golf]]ers [[Jesper Parnevik]] and [[Henrik Stenson]], former five times World [[table tennis]] Champion [[Jan-Ove Waldner]], the World Speedway Champion [[Tony Rickardsson]] and [[Magnus Wislander]] a player who has been voted as the [[Handball]] Player of the Century. Professional [[Skateboarding|skateboarders]] include [[Pontus Alv]], [[Matthias Ringström]], and Tony Magnuson. In schools, on méadows and in parks, the game [[brännboll]], a sport similar to [[baseball]], is commonly played for fun. Other leisure sports are the historical game of [[kubb]] and [[boules]] among the older generation. Sweden hosted the [[1912 Summer Olympics]] and the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]]. Other big sports events held here include [[1992 UEFA European Football Championship]], [[FIFA Women's World Cup 1995]], and several championships of [[ice hockey]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[skiing]] and [[bandy]]. == Réngking internasional == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214113825/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/swe-summary-eng Sweden Summary] Amnesty Report 2005 * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.html CIA World Factbook - GDP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519210928/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.html |date=2020-05-19 }} - [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] per capita ** 2005: 19th of 232 countries [http://www.imf.org] * [[Save the Children]]: [http://www.savethechildren.org/mothers/report_2004/images/pdf/SOWM_2004_final.pdf State of the World's Mothers (2004) Report] ([[PDF]] file) ** Mothers' index rank: 1st of 119 countries ** Women's index rank: 1st of 119 countries ** Children's index rank: 10th of 119 countries ** [[Infant mortality rate]]: 2nd lowest ** % séats in the national government held by women: 50% (highest) * [[UN]] [[Human Development Index]] (2006) ** 5th of 177 countries * [[World Economic Forum]] Global Competitiveness Report [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm] (2006-2007) ** 3rd <!-- 5.72 --> of 125 countries * [[Reporters Without Borders]] world-wide press freedom index 2006: ** 8th of 168 countries * [[The Economist]] Intelligence Unit's [http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf democracy index 2006] ([[PDF]] file): ** 1st of 167 countries * [[The Economist]] Intelligence Unit's [http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf worldwide quality-of-life index 2005] ([[PDF]] file): ** 5th of 111 countries * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_eco_imp Nation Master] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530085218/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_eco_imp |date=2006-05-30 }}'s list by economic importance: ** 19th of 25 countries * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_tec_ach Nation Master] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011083820/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_tec_ach |date=2007-10-11 }}'s list by technological achievement: ** 4th of 68 countries == Tempo ogé == {{wikiatlas|Swédia}} * [[Right of public access to the wilderness|Allemansrätten]] (Right of public access to the wilderness) * [[Komunikasi di Swédia]] * [[Suku bangsa di Swédia]] * [[Perwakilan pamaréntahan di Swédia]] * [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Swédia]] * [[Angkatan Bersenjata Swédia]] ** [[Daptar résimén Swédia]] * [[NGO di Swédia]] ** [[Perangko jeung sajarah pos Swédia]] * [[Wisata di Swédia]] == Catetan == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the<ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist}} == Rujukan == * [http://www.datesofhistory.com/Sweden.index.html World History Database - Sweden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101104339/http://www.datesofhistory.com/Sweden.index.html |date=2009-01-01 }} * [[CIA World Factbook]] - [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.html Sweden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519210928/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.html |date=2020-05-19 }} * [[United States Department of State]] - [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm Sweden] == Tumbu luar == * {{wikivoyage|Swédia}} * [http://www.sprakradet.se/andrasprak/english.htm Swedish Language Council]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.visitsweden.com/ VisitSweden.com] - Official travel and tourism website for Sweden * [http://www.sweden.se/ SWEDEN.SE] - The Official Gateway to Sweden * [http://www.thelocal.se/ The Local] - Sweden's news in English, commercial * [http://www.radiosweden.org/ Radio Sweden (in English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511191705/http://www.radiosweden.org/ |date=2008-05-11 }} - Public service * [http://www.sweden.gov.se/ The Swedish Government] - Official site * [http://www.studyinsweden.se/ Study in Sweden] - Official guide to studying in Sweden * [http://www.scb.se/ Statistiska Centralbyrån] - Swedish Central Buréau of Statistics (governmental) * [http://www.trettontrettisju.se/ Trettontrettisju] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329024727/http://www.trettontrettisju.se/ |date=2007-03-29 }} - Official leetwebsite {{Sweden_ties}} {{Europe}} {{Baltic}} {{EU members}} {{Nordic Council|Nordic countries}} {{Monarchies}} {{Germanic Europe}} [[Kategori:Swédia| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Éropa]] [[Kategori:Karajaan konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Nagara palaut]] exmg4y0txdzbb2wqni53s7k1w1z3fcw Gyula Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek 0 19795 708714 663314 2026-04-29T02:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Count Gyula István Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek'''; (Hongaria: ''vitéz cseszneki és milványi gróf Cseszneky Gyula István'', [[1914]], Nagymajor, Austria-Hungaria—?) nyaéta saurang penyair [[Hongaria]], panarjamah, pulitikus, sarta minangka Julius I, [[Kepangeranan Pindos|Pangeran Pindus jeung Moglena]]. Dina taun [[1941]], salila [[Perang Dunya II]], manéhna jadi panasehat pikeun Aimone Aosta anu harita jadi Raja Tomislav II ti Nagri Merdika [[Kroasia]]. Di Kroasia, manéhna jadi [[count]]. Dina [[1943]], alatan réncang Italina nu boga pangaruh sarta kulawarga Balkanna, Count Cseszneky diangkat jadi [[pangeran]] di nagara bagian [[Vlach]] nu kabentuk di sakumna Pindus sarta Moglena landeuh ku kolaborator urang [[Itali]], Alcibiade Diamandi (anu baheulana geus ngawasa daérah éta minangka Alcibiades I). Pangeran Julius mah ngan ukur ngaranna wungkul jadi pangawasa teh, da manéhna berhubungan jeung pamaréntah Sekutu. Maksudna mah anjeunna hayang mastikeun wewengkon otonom pikeun Aromania sarta Megleno-romania. Dina 1943, ku sabab [[Nazi Jerman]] ngarebut ti soldadu Itali, manéhna dipaksa pikeun ngundurkeun diri alatan kakulawargaan [[Yahudi]]na, sarta ditéwak ku [[Gestapo]]. Manéhna junun kabur balik ka Hongaria tur milu ulubiung dina nulungan urang Yahudi. Sanggeus [[perang]], manéhna indit babarengan jeung Aimone Aosta ka [[Argentina]]. == Rujukan == * José Andréanu, ''Los secretos del Balkan'' * L. Sankó, ''A csallóközi nemesi közbirtokosság'' * Fiorenzo Toso, ''Frammenti d'Europa'' * Déan Kalimniou:, ''Alkiviadis Diamandis di Samarina'' == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Greece.html Worldstatesmen] * [http://www.hostkingdom.net/soubalk2.html Royal chronologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609100442/http://www.hostkingdom.net/soubalk2.html |date=2007-06-09 }} * [http://ferenczygen.tripod.com/id6.html Hungarian aristocracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141320/http://ferenczygen.tripod.com/id6.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.atlaswords.com/GRECIA%20%202.htm#Principato_1940/1944__ Georulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164109/http://www.atlaswords.com/GRECIA%20%202.htm#Principato_1940/1944__ |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://decseszneg.tribalpages.com/ The Cseszneky de Milvany et Csesznek family] * [http://balkanroyalty.tripod.com/id9.html Balkan Royalty] {{pondok}} fhx8mvw4ao8ml6aez14ptde50dukvay Kategori:Basa Jawa 14 20638 708689 452355 2026-04-28T14:15:54Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[kategori:basa di Indonésia|Jawa]] [[kategori:basa di Malaysia|Jawa]] [[kategori:basa di Jawa Tengah|Jawa]] [[kategori:basa di Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[kategori:basa di Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] jgeeahfz5pdatcog9qhg4a7ij4w74pv Abu Raihan al-Biruni 0 24968 708710 703705 2026-04-29T00:47:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Muslim scholars | <!-- Philosopher Category --> notability = [[Sains Islam|Élmuwan Muslim]]| era = [[Jaman Kaemasan Islam]] | color = #cef2e0 | <!-- Images --> image_name =| image_caption = Biruni on a 1973 post stamp commemorating his one thousandth anniversary| signature = | <!-- Information --> name = '''Abū Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad Bīrunī '''| title = '''Abu-Rayhan Biruni'''| birth = [[15 September]] [[973]] M| death = [[13 Desember]] [[1048]] M| Maddhab = | school tradition = [[Asy'ariyah]]| Ethnicity = [[urang Pérsia|Pérsia]]| Region = | notable idea= Bapa [[antropologi]], [[géodési]] jeung [[Indologi]]. Nu manggihan [[mékanika]] [[ékspérimén]]tal sarta [[astronomi]] ékspérimental. Boga kontribusi dina sababaraha widang pangaweruh lianna.| main_interests = [[Antropologi]], [[Astrologi Islam|astrologi]], [[Astronomi Islam|astronomi]], [[Alchemy (Islam)|chemistry]], [[geodesy]], [[géologi]], [[sajarah]], [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], [[Islamic medicine|medicine]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[pharmacology]], [[fisika]], [[Islamic science|science]]| influences = [[Aristotle]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Aryabhata]], [[Muhammad]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari|al-Ash'ari]], [[al-Sijzi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], [[Avicenna]] | influenced = [[Al-Sijzi]], [[Avicenna]], [[Omar Khayyam]], [[al-Khazini]], [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], [[Maragha observatory]], [[Islamic science]], [[Islamic philosophy]] | works = ''Ta'rikh al-Hind'', ''The Mas'udi Canon'', ''Understanding Astrology'', and many other books | }}<!--End of the template--> {{redirect|Al-Biruni|kawah di bulan|Al-Biruni (kawah)}} '''{{transl|ar|ALA|Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī}}''' (babar [[15 September]] [[973]] di Kath, [[Khwarezm]] – pupus [[13 Desember]] [[1048]] di [[Ghazni]]) salah saurang [[Persian people|Persian]] ([[Tajiks|Tajik]])<ref name=Habib>Rahman Habib, ''A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE'', Mansell Publishing, p. 167: <br />{{quote|"A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages."}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015394 Biruni] (2007). [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved April 22, 2007.</ref><ref>David C. Lindberg, ''Science in the Middle Ages'', [[University of Chicago Press]], p. 18: <br />{{quote|"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive of Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."}}</ref> [[Muslim]] [[polymath]]<ref>Mr Koïchiro Matsuura. [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001206/120699E.pdf United Nations: Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization], [[UNESCO]]. {{quote|"Biruni, a scholar in many disciplines - from [[linguistics]] to [[mineralogy]] - and perhaps medieval [[Uzbekistan]]'s most universal genius."}}</ref> dina abad ka-11, nu [[experiment|naliti]] jeung pamanggihna méh sajajar jeung nuséjéna saperti [[Leonardo da Vinci]] jeung [[Galileo]], lima ratus taun saméméh ''[[Renaissance]]''; Biruni dipikawanoh salah saurang ''[[Muslim]]'', tapi teu kawas Muslim kontémporér (saperti [[Abu al-Qasim|Abulcasis]], [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhacen]], jeung [[Avicenna]]), ngaran Biruni teu pati dipikawanoh ku dunya kulon ''[[Western world]]''. Anjeunna saurang [[élmuwan Islam]], anu mibanda kaahlian dina sagala widang élmu : [[anthropologi]], [[astronomi]], [[astrologi]], [[kimia]], [[énsklikopedi]], [[ sajarah]], [[geographer]], [[Geodesy]], [[géologi]], [[matématika]], [[kadokteran]], [[filsuf]], [[Ash'ari]] [[teologi]], [[panalungtik]] jeung [[teacher|guru]], sarta ''[[traveller]]'' mibanda pangaruh anu gedé kana sakabéh widang tadi. Anjeunna ogé salah saurang panalungtik Muslim nu munggaran naliti [[India]] jeung adat kabiasaan [[Brahmin]],<ref name=Dyczkowski1988>{{cite book | author = Dyczkowski, M.S.G. | year = 1988 | title = The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition | publisher = State University of New York Press | isbn = }}</ref> dipikawanoh salaku bapa [[élmu India]],<ref name=Khan> Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref> bapak [[geodesi]], sarta "[[anthropology|ahli anthropologi munggaran]]".<ref name=Ahmed/> Meh bareng jeung [[Geber]] sarta [[Ibn al-Haytham]], al-Biruni salah saurang nu mingpin percobaan dina [[scientific method|metoda ilmiah]].<ref name=MacTutor>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Biruni|title=Al-Biruni}}</ref> Anjeunna nu mimiti ngawanohkeun métodeu percobaan kana [[mechanics|mekanika]],<ref name=Rozhanskaya-642/> sarta nu mimiti nerangkeun percobaan pakait jeung kajadian astronomi.<ref name=Zahoor/> [[George Sarton]], bapak élmu sajarah, nyebat Biruni saperti: {{quote|"Ngaran salah satu élmuwan Islam yang paling hebat, jeung kedah dipertimbangkeun, anjeuna téh salah saurang élmuwan pang hébatna sapanjang waktu."<ref>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science'', Vol. 1, p. 707.</ref>}} [[A. I. Sabra]] nyebat Biruni: {{quote|"Salah sahiji pamikir ilmiah anu hébat sapanjang sajarah."<ref>[[A. I. Sabra]], [http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090351.html Ibn al-Haytham], ''[[Harvard Magazine]]'', September-October 2003.</ref>}} [[Al-Biruni (crater)|Kawah Al-Biruni]], di [[bulan]], ngaran nu dipaké sanggeus Biruni. Universita téhnik [[Tashkent]] (ngaran saméméhna Tashkentskiy Politexnicheskiy Institut) ogé dumasar kana jenengan Abu Rayhan al-Biruni. == Riwayat hirup == Anjeunna dibabarkeun di [[Khwarazm]] (saméméhna bagéan kaler-wetan [[dinasti Samaniyah]] [[Persian Empire|Persia]]) ayeuna di [[Khiva]], [[Uzbekistan]]. anjeunna diajar [[matematika]] jeung [[astronomi]] ku [[Abu Nasr Mansur]]. Anjeunna bareng jeung filsu tur ahli fisika [[Muslim]] [[Persian people|Persia]] [[Abū Alī ibn Sīnā]] (Avicenna), ahli sajarah, filsuf jeung ahli etnik [[Ibn Miskawayh]], di universitas jeung pusat elmu nu diwangun ku raja Abu al-Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. Anjeunna ogé datang ka [[Asia Kidul]] jeung [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (nu putrana jeung gaganti Masud, kulawarga deukeutna), sarta bareng jeung manéhna dina kampanye di [[India]] (dina taun 1030), diajar [[Languages of India|basa India]], sarta nalungtik agama jeung filosofi masarakatna. Di dinya, anjeunna ogé nulis ''Ta'rikh al-Hind'' ("Chronicles of India"). Biruni nulis bukuna dina [[Arabic language|basa Arabi]] tur dina basa indungna nyaéta [[Persian language|Basa Persia]], sanajan bisa ngagunakeun opat basa séjén nyaéta : [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Syriac]], sarta [[Berber languages|Berber]].<ref name=Habib/> Anjeunna dikurebkeun di [[Ghazni]] di [[Afganistan]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}} == Karya == [[Gambar:Lunar phases al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gambar tina buku Persia Beruni. Nembongkeung beda fase bulan.]] Karya Biruni lobana 146, ieu kaasup 35 buku dina widang [[Islamic astronomy|astronomi]], 4 dina widang ''[[astrolabe]]'', 23 dina widang [[Islamic astrology|astrologi]], 5 dina widang [[chronology|kronologi]], 2 dina widang [[time measurement|ukuran waktu]], 9 dina widang [[geografi]], 10 dina widang [[geodesi]] tur téori [[map|pemetaan]], 15 dina widang [[Islamic mathematics|matematika]] (8 dina [[aritmetika]], 5 dina widang [[geometri]], 2 dina widang [[trigonometri]]), 2 dina widang [[mekanika]], 2 dina [[Islamic medicine|kadokteran]] jeung [[pharmacology|farmakologi]], 1 dina widang [[meteorology|meteorologi]], 2 dina widang [[mineralogi]] jeung [[gem|batu mulia]], 4 dina widang [[sajarah]], 2 dina widang [[India (disambiguation)|India]], 3 dina widang [[religion|agama]] jeung [[Early Islamic philosophy|filsuf]], 16 dina widang [[Islamic literature|karya literatur]], 2 buku dina widang [[magic]], sarta 9 buku séjénna. Tina karya ieu, ngan 22 nu masih kénéh aya, sarta ngan 13 karyana nu geus dicitak.<ref>E. S. Kennedy (1970). "Al-Biruni", ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', Vol. II, p. 152.</ref> 6 hasil karyana nu masih aya dina widang astronomi.<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=232 An overview of Muslim Astronomers], Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref> Karyana nu masih aya nyaéta: * ''Critical study of what India says, whether accepted by reason or refused'' (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - catetan singget ngeunaan ageman jeung filsup di India * ''The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries'' (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - ngeunaan pangaweruh babandingan kalender dina budaya jeung kahirupan nu béda-béda, dumasar kana matematik, astronomi jeung sajarah. * ''The Mas'udi Canon'' (Persian قانون مسعودي) - [[encyclopedia]] nu lengkep ngeunaan astronomi, géografi, jeung rekayasa, judul nu dipaké keur ngahormat ka Mas'ud, putrana [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] * ''Understanding Astrology'' (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - tanya jawab ngeunaan matematik jeung astronomi, dina basa Arab jeung Persia ''Pharmacy'' - ngeunaan ubar jeung kasehatan * ''Gems'' (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) ngeunaan géologi, mineral, tur batu mulia, keur ngahormat Mawdud putra Mas'ud * ''Astrolabe'' * Buku Kumpulan Sajarah * ''History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father'' * ''History of Khawarazm'' == Antropologi == Biruni mangrupa "[[Anthropology|ahli antropologi]]" munggaran.<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> Anjeunna nyerat sacara lengkep babandingan elmu dina [[anthropology|antropologi]] masarakat, ageman jeung budaya di [[Middle East|Timur Tengah]], [[Mediterranean Basin|wewengkon Mediterania]] jeung [[South Asia|Asia Kidul]]. Antrologi Biruni dina widang ageman ngan mungkin keur élmuwan nu neuleuman leuwih teleb adat jeuing pangaweruh bangsa séjén.<ref>J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''59''' (3), p. 389-403.</ref> Biruni ogé dipuji ku sababaraha élmuwan keur karyana dina antropologi [[Islam]].<ref>Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.</ref> == Astronomi == === Alat-alat astronomi === Dina widang [[Islamic astronomy|astronomi]], al-Biruni nyieun jeung nulis acuan munggaran dina [[planisphere]] jeung [[Orthographic projection (cartography)|orthographical]] [[astrolabe]], nu sarua alusna jeung [[armillary sphere]], sarta mampuh sacara matematika keur nangtukeun arah [[Qibla]] ti unggal tempat di dunya.<ref name=Khwarizm>[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 Khwarizm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104101845/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 |date=2010-01-04 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.</ref><ref name=Wiet>G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, [[UNESCO]].</ref> Anjeunna ogé nu nulis acuan munggaran ngeunaan [[Sextant (astronomical)|sextant]].<ref>Jean Claude Pecker (2001), ''Understanding the Heavens: Thirty Centuries of Astronomical Ideas from Ancient Thinking to Modern Cosmology'', p. 311, Springer, ISBN 3-540-63198-4.</ref> Anjeunna ogé nyieun [[hodometer]] munggaran,<ref>D. De S. Price (1984). "A History of Calculating Machines", ''IEEE Micro'' '''4''' (1), p. 22-52.</ref> sarta [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]] [[lunisolar calendar]] [[Analog computer|computer]] nu ngagunakeun [[gear train]] jeung dalapan [[gear]]-wheels.<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar", ''Annals of Science'' '''42''', p. 139-163.</ref> These were éarly examples of fixed-[[wire]]d knowledge processing [[machine]]s.<ref>Tuncer Oren (2001). "Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents", ''Turk J Elec Engin'' '''9''' (1), p. 63-70 [64].</ref> [[Gambar:Biruni-russian.jpg|thumb|left|1973 [[USSR]] stamp commemorating the 1000th anniversary of Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] === Teori-teori === Biruni nu ngamimitian ngalaksanakeun [[experiment|percobaan]] nu rumit dina fénoména[[Astronomy|astronomi]]. Anjeunna nu mendak [[galaxy|galaksi]] [[Milky Way]] jadi sakumpulan [[star|bentang-bentang]] [[Nebula|nebulous]]. Di [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], anjeunna nalungtik jeung ngajelaskeun [[solar eclipse|gerhana panon poe]] dina 8 April 1019, sarta [[lunar eclipse|gerhana bulan]] dina 17 September 1019, sacara lengkep, tur méré garis [[latitude|lintang]] bentang nu pas salila gerhana bulan.<ref name=Zahoor>Dr. A. Zahoor (1997), [http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626074150/http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html |date=2008-06-26 }}, [[Hasanuddin University]].</ref> Dina taun 1030, Biruni ngadiskusikeun [[heliocentrism|heliosentris]] [[Indian astronomy|astronomi India]] téori [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]] jeung [[Varahamihira]] dina ''Indica''. Biruni nyebatkeun yén patarosan heliosentris leuwih nujul kana filosofis batan masalah matematis.<ref name=Saliba>[[George Saliba|Saliba, George]] (1999). [http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?] [[Columbia University]].</ref> Dina taun 1031, Biruni namatkeun enslikopedi astronomi ''Kitab al-Qanun al-Mas'udi'' (di Basa [[Latin]]-keun jadi ''Canon Mas’udicus''),<ref name=Covington>Richard Covington (May-June 2007). "Rediscovering Arabic science", ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', p. 2-16.</ref> nu mangrupa catetan ngeunaan pamanggihna jeung tabel rumus astronomi. Buku ieu ngawanohkeun téhnik matematika keur analisa ''[[acceleration|percepatan]] planet'', tur hukum kahiji nyaéta gerak [[Apsis|titik pangjauhna ti panonpoe]] jeung [[precession|gerak dina orbitna]] teu sarua. Biruni ogé manggihkeun jarak antara Bumi jeung Panonpoe leuwih gedé tinimbang nu ditaksir ku [[Ptolemy]], dumasar kana yén Ptolemy ngabaikeun [[solar eclipse|gerhana panonpoe taunans]].<ref name=Khwarizm/><ref>[[George Saliba]] (1980), "Al-Biruni", in Joseph Strayer, ''Dictionary of the Middle Ages'', Vol. 2, p. 249. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.</ref> [[Al-Sijzi|Abu Said al-Sijzi]], sajaman jeung Biruni, méré pamadegan [[heliocentrism|heliosentris]] gerak Dunya ngurilingan panonpoe, hal ieu teu ditampik ku Biruni.<ref name=Baker>A. Baker and L. Chapter (2002), "Part 4: The Sciences". In M. M. Sharif, "A History of Muslim Philosophy", ''Philosophia Islamica''.</ref> Biruni satuju yén [[Earth's rotation|muterna Dunya]] dina porosna, tur dina waktu nu sarua Biruni nempo kalayan netral [[heliocentrism|heliosentris]] jeung [[geocentric mode|model geosentris]],<ref name=Marmura>Michael E. Marmura (1965). "''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Biruni, and Ibn Sina'' by Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]]", ''Speculum'' '''40''' (4), p. 744-746.</ref> pamadegan anjeunna yén heliosentris bakal jadi masalah filosopi.<ref name=Saliba/> Anjeunna nyatet yén lamun Dunya muter dina porosna tur ngurilingan panonpoe, ieu bakal sarua jeung paraméter astronomina, nyaéta:<ref name=Khwarizm/><ref name=Wiet/> {{quote|"Rotation of the earth would in no way invalidate astronomical calculations, for all the astronomical data are as explicable in terms of the one theory as of the other. The problem is thus difficult of solution."}} [[Will Durant]] nuliskeun saperti di handap ngeunaan kontribusi Biruni dina widang astronomi: {{quote|"He wrote treatises on the astrolabe, the planisphere, the armillary sphere; and formulated astronomical tables for Sultan Masud. He took it for granted that the earth is round, noted “the attraction of all things towards the center of the earth,” and remarked that astronomic data can be explained as well by supposing that the earth turns daily on its axis and annually around the sun, as by the reverse hypothesis."<ref>[[Will Durant]] (1950). ''[[The Story of Civilization]] IV: The Age of Faith'', p. 239-45.</ref>}} == Kimia == Bareng jeung [[al-Kindi]] jeung [[Ibnu Sina]], Biruni salah saurang [[chemist|ahli kimia]] munggaran nu nolak téori [[Philosopher's stone|transmuation of metals]] didukung ku sababaraha urang [[Alchemy (Islam)|ahli kimia muslim]].<ref name=Marmura/> == Élmu bumi == Biruni méré sababaraha kontribusi dina widang [[Élmu bumi]]. Anjeunna dileler ogé salaku bapak [[géodesi]],<ref name=Ahmed/><ref>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> sarta méré kontribusi nyara dina [[kartograpfi]], [[géografi]], jeung [[géologi]]. === Kartografi === Dina umur 22 taun, anjeunna nulis sababaraha karya tulis pondok, nyaéta ngeunaan [[map projections|proyeksi peta]], ''[[Cartography|Kartografi]]'', nu kaasuo kana métodeu keur proyéksi [[Sphere|hemisphere]] dina [[plane (mathematics)|plane]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} === Geodesy and Geography === At the age of 17, Biruni calculated the [[latitude]] of Kath, [[Khwarazm]], using the maximum altitude of the Sun. Biruni also solved a complex [[Geodesy|geodesic]] equation in order to accurately compute the [[Earth]]'s [[circumference]], which were close to modérn values of the éarth's circumference.<ref name=Khwarizm/><ref>James S. Aber (2003). [http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/biruni/biruni.htm Abu Rayhan al-Biruni], [[Emporia State University]].</ref> His estimate of 6,339.9&nbsp;km for the [[Earth radius]] was only 16.8&nbsp;km less than the modérn value of 6,356.7&nbsp;km. John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson write in the ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]'': {{quote|"Important contributions to [[geodesy]] and [[geography]] were also made by Biruni. He introduced techniques to measure the earth and distances on it using [[triangulation]]. He found the [[Earth radius|radius of the earth]] to be 6339.6 km, a value not obtained in the West until the 16th century. His ''Masudic canon'' contains a table giving the coordinates of six hundred places, almost all of which he had direct knowledge."<ref name=MacTutor/>}} In mathematical géography, Biruni, around [[1025]], was the first to describe a polar equi-[[azimuthal equidistant projection]] of the [[celestial sphere]].<ref>David A. King (1996), "Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, gnomics and timekeeping", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 1, p. 128-184 [153]. [[Routledge]], London and New York.</ref> === Geology === Among his writings on [[geology]], Biruni wrote the following on the [[geology of India]]: {{quote|"But if you see the soil of [[India (disambiguation)|India]] with your own eyes and meditate on its nature, if you consider the rounded stones found in earth however deeply you dig, stones that are huge near the mountains and where the rivers have a violent current: stones that are of smaller size at a greater distance from the mountains and where the streams flow more slowly: stones that appear pulverised in the shape of sand where the streams begin to stagnate near their mouths and near the sea - if you consider all this you can scarcely help thinking that India was once a sea, which by degrees has been filled up by the alluvium of the streams."<ref>[[Abdus Salam|A. Salam]] (1984), "Islam and Science". In C. H. Lai (1987), ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam'', 2nd ed., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213.</ref>}} == History == === Chronology === By the age of 27, in the yéar [[1000]], he had written a book called ''[[Chronology]]'' which referred to other works he had completed (now lost) that included one book about the [[astrolabe]], one about the [[decimal system]], four about [[astrology]], and two about [[history]]. He discussed more on his idéa of [[history]] in another work, ''The Chronology of the Ancient Nations''.<ref name=Khan>M. S. Khan (1976). "al-Biruni and the Political History of India", ''Oriens'' '''25''', p. 86-115.</ref> === Indology === Until the 10th century, [[history]] most often méant political and military history, but this was not so with [[Persian people|Persian]] historian [[Abu-Rayhan Biruni|Biruni]] (973-1048). In his ''Kitab fi Tahqiq ma l'il-Hind'' (''Researches on India''), he did not record political and military history in any detail, but wrote more on [[History of India|India]]'s [[Culture of India|cultural]], [[Science and technology in ancient India|scientific]], social and [[Religion in India|religious]] history.<ref name=Khan/> Biruni is now regarded as the father of [[Indology]].<ref name=Khan/> == Mathematics == He made significant contributions to [[mathematics]], especially in the fields of théoretical and practical [[arithmetic]], summation of [[Series (mathematics)|series]], [[Combinatorics|combinatorial analysis]], the [[Rule of three (mathematics)|rule of three]], [[irrational number]]s, [[ratio]] théory, [[algebra]]ic definitions, method of solving [[algebraic equation]]s, [[geometry]], and the development of [[Archimedes]]' théorems. == Medicine == Biruni's ''Kitab-al-Saidana'' was an extensive medical encyclopedia which synthesized [[Islamic medicine]] with [[Ayurveda|Indian medicine]]. His medical investigations included one of the éarliest descriptions on [[Conjoined twins|Siamese twins]].<ref name=Zahoor/> == Physics == === Astrophysics === In [[astrophysics]] and the [[celestial mechanics]] field of [[physics]], Biruni described the [[Earth]]'s [[gravitation]] as:<ref name=Khwarizm/> {{quote|"The attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth."}} He also discovered that gravity exists within the [[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]] and [[celestial sphere]]s, and he criticized [[Aristotle]]'s views of them not having any [[levity]] or gravity and of [[circular motion]] being an [[Intrinsic and extrinsic properties|innate property]] of the héavenly bodies.<ref name=Berjak/> === Mechanics === [[Biruni]] was the first to apply [[experiment]]al [[scientific method]]s to [[mechanics]], especially the fields of [[statics]] and [[dynamics]], particularly for determining [[specific weight]]s, such as those based on the théory of [[balance]]s and [[Weighing scale|weighing]].<ref name=Rozhanskaya-642>Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [642], [[Routledge]], London and New York: {{quote|"Numerous fine experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and weighing. The classical works of al-Biruni and [[al-Khazini]] can by right be considered as the beginning of the application of experimental methods in [[Science in the Middle Ages|medieval science]]."}}</ref> In the [[dynamics]] and [[kinematics]] fields of [[mechanics]], Biruni was the first to réalize that [[acceleration]] is connected with non-uniform [[Motion (physics)|motion]], which is part of [[Newton's second law of motion]].<ref name=MacTutor/> In [[statics]], Biruni méasured the [[Relative density|specific gravities]] of eighteen [[gemstone]]s, and discovered that there is a correlation between the specific gravity of an object and the [[volume]] of water it displaces.<ref>[[Will Durant]] (1950). ''The Age of Faith'', p. 244. Simon and Shuster, New York. ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 Khwarizm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104101845/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 |date=2010-01-04 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.)</ref> He also introduced the method of checking [[test]]s during [[experiment]]s, méasured the [[weight]]s of various liquids, and recorded the differences in weight between [[fresh water]] and [[salt water]], and between hot water and cold water.<ref name=Rozhanskaya>M. Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova, "Statics", in R. Rashed (1996), ''The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science'', p. p. 614-642 [639], [[Routledge]], London. ([[cf.]] [http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 Khwarizm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104101845/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 |date=2010-01-04 }}, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.)</ref> During his [[experiment]]s, he invented the [[conical measure]],<ref>Marshall Clagett (1961). ''The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages'', p. 64. [[University of Wisconsin Press]].</ref> in order to find the ratio between the [[weight]] of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced, and to accurately méasure the specific weights of the gemstones and their corresponding [[metal]]s, which are very close to modérn méasurements.<ref name=Rozhanskaya/> === Natural philosophy === Biruni and [[Abū Alī ibn Sīnā]] (Avicenna), who are regarded as two of the gréatest [[polymath]]s in Persian history, were both colléagues and knew éach other since the turn of the millennium. Biruni later engaged in a written debate with Avicenna, with Biruni criticizing [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] [[natural philosophy]] and the [[Peripatetic school]], while Avicenna and his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi respond to Biruni's criticisms in writing. Biruni began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[On the Heavens]]'', with his first question criticizing Aristotle's réasons for denying the existence of [[levity]] or [[Gravitation|gravity]] in the [[celestial sphere]]s and the Aristotelian notion of [[circular motion]] being an [[Intrinsic and extrinsic properties|innate property]] of the [[Astronomical object|heavenly bodies]].<ref name=Berjak>Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", ''Islam & Science'', June 2003.</ref> Biruni's second question criticizes Aristotle's over-reliance on more ancient views concerning the [[heaven]]s, while the third criticizes the Aristotelian view that [[space]] has only six directions. The fourth question déals with the continuity and discontinuity of [[Physical body|physical bodies]], while the fifth criticizes the [[Peripatetic school]]'s denial of the possibility of there existing another [[world]] completely different from the world known to them.<ref>Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", ''Islam & Science'', December 2003.</ref> In his sixth question, Biruni rejects Aristotle's view on the [[celestial sphere]]s having [[circular orbit]]s rather than [[elliptic orbit]]s. In his seventh question, he rejects Aristotle's notion that the motion of the héavens begins from the right side and from the [[east]], while his eighth question concerns Aristotle's view on the [[Fire (classical element)|fire element]] being [[Sphere|spherical]]. The ninth question concerns the movement of [[heat]], and the tenth question concerns the transformation of [[element]]s.<ref>Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", ''Islam & Science'', Summer 2004.</ref> The eleventh question concerns the burning of bodies by [[radiation]] reflecting off a [[flask]] filled with [[water]], and the twelfth concerns the natural tendency of the [[classical element]]s in their upward and downward movements. The thirteenth question déals with [[Visual perception|vision]], while the fourteenth concerns [[habitation]] on different parts of [[Earth]]. His fifteenth question asks how two opposite [[square]]s in a square divided into four can be [[tangent]]ial, while the sixteenth question concerns [[vacuum]]. His seventeenth question asks "if things expand upon heating and contract upon cooling, why does a flask filled with water break when water freezes in it?" His eighteenth and final question concerns the observable phenomenon of [[ice]] floating on water.<ref>Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", ''Islam & Science'', Winter 2004.</ref> After Avicenna responded to the questions, Biruni was unsatisfied with some of the answers and wrote back commenting on them, after which Avicenna's student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi wrote back on béhalf of Avicenna.<ref name=Berjak/> === Optics === In [[optics]], Biruni was one of the first, along with [[Ibn al-Haytham]], to discover that the [[speed of light]] was finite. Biruni was also the first to discover that the speed of light is much faster than the [[speed of sound]].<ref name=MacTutor/><ref>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science'', "The Time of Al-Biruni".</ref> == Psychology == Along with [[al-Kindi]] and [[Ibn al-Haytham]], al-Biruni was a pioneer of [[experimental psychology]], as he was the first to [[Empiricism|empirically]] describe the concept of [[reaction time]]:<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601071319/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/ |date=2009-06-01 }} and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120094810/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm |date=2008-11-20 }})</ref> {{quote|"Not only is every sensation attended by a corresponding change localized in the sense-organ, which demands a certain time, but also, between the stimulation of the organ and consciousness of the perception an interval of time must elapse, corresponding to the transmission of stimulus for some distance along the nerves."}} == Theology == === Islamic theology === Biruni was a supporter of the orthodox [[Ash'ari]] school of [[Kalam|Islamic theology]].<ref name=Sardar>[[Ziauddin Sardar]], [http://www.cgcu.net/imase/islam_science_philosophy.htm Science in Islamic philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505185046/http://www.cgcu.net/imase/islam_science_philosophy.htm |date=2009-05-05 }}</ref> He assigned to the [[Qur'an]] a separate and autonomous réalm of its own and held that:<ref>"Qur'an and Science", ''[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]''.</ref> {{quote|"[the Qur'an] does not interfere in the business of [[Islamic science|science]] nor does it infringe on the realm of science."}} === Comparative religion === He wrote works on both Islamic théology and [[Indian philosophy|Indian theology]], and wrote on the topic of [[comparative religion]], comparing both religions. His comparisons included the following comparison between the Qur'an and the [[Indian literature|Indian religious scriptures]] in the "On the Configuration of the Heavens and the Earth According to [Indian] astrologers" chapter of the ''Indica'':<ref>Prof. Ahmad Dallal (2004), "Science and the Qur'an", in Jane McAuliffe, ''Encyclopedia of the Qur'an'', vol. 4, p. 540-558.</ref> {{quote|"[The views of Indian astrologers] have developed in a way which is different from those of our [Muslim] fellows; this is because unlike the scriptures revealed before it, the Qur'an does not articulate on this subject [of astronomy], or any other [field of] necessary [knowledge] any assertion that would require erratic interpretations in order to harmonize it with that which is known by necessity."}} {{quote|"[In contrast, the religious and transmitted books of the Indians do indeed speak] of the configuration of the universe in a way which contradicts the truth which is known to their own astrologers."}} Al-Biruni also had an interest in studying [[Hermeticism]] and criticizing its religious views. He showed an interest in comparative religion, comparing Islam with pre-Islamic religions, and was willing to accept certain elements of pre-Islamic wisdom which would conform with his understanding of the Islamic spirit.<ref>Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]] (1993), ''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines'', p. 166. [[State University of New York Press]], ISBN 0-7914-1516-3.</ref> == Tempo ogé== * [[Islamic Golden Age]] * [[Islamic science]] * [[List of Islamic studies scholars]] * [[List of Muslim scientists]] * [[List of Iranian scientists and scholars]] * [[Ibnu Sina]] * [[Ibn al-Haytham]] * [[Shen Kuo]] == References == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> {{reflist}} </div> == Bacaan salajengna == * {{DSB|first=E. S.|last=Kennedy|title=Bīrūnī, {{IAST|Abū Rayḥān}} al-}} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Biruni|title=Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.skyscript.co.uk/albiruni.html Extensive biography on Biruni]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753(195912)50%3A4%3C459%3AOTPDOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Did Al-Biruni discover evolution by natural selection 800 years before Darwin?] * [http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/biruni-book-gemstones/page_001 "On Stones": Biruni's work on geology, medical properties of gemstones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008134830/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/biruni-book-gemstones/page_001 |date=2014-10-08 }} full text version + comments {{DEFAULTSORT:Biruni, Abu Rayhan}} [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 973]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1048]] [[Kategori:Ahli matematika abad ka-10]] [[Kategori:Ahli matematika abad ka-11]] [[Kategori:Ahli kronologi]] [[Kategori:Ahli énsiklopédi]] [[Kategori:Astronomi Islam]] [[Kategori:Géografi Islam]] [[Kategori:Matematika Islam]] [[Kategori:Ahli astrologi Muslim]] [[Kategori:Ahli filsafat Muslim]] [[Kategori:Ahli astrologi urang Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Ahli astronomi urang Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Ahli matematika urang Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Ahli filsafat urang Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Nu nyieun jam]] cawz0rjn2h9721yolj1pgqx28ci9o7l Kalénder Yahudi 0 29982 708724 704986 2026-04-29T03:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex}} '''Kalénder Yahudi''' nyaéta [[kalénder]] nu dipaké dina ageman [[Yahudi]]. Kalender ieu nangtukeun tanggal [[poé peré Yahudi]], nangtukeun tanggal umum keur maca bagéan [[Taurot]], ''[[Yahrzeit]]'' (tanggal mieling pupusna baraya), jeung [[Psalms]] poéan husus. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris Basajan}} Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used before the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|destruction]] of the [[Second Temple]] in 70 [[Common era|CE]], and based on witnesses observing the phase of the moon, and a rule-based form first fully described by [[Maimonides]] in 1178 CE, which was adopted over a transition period between 70 and 1178. The "modern" form is a fixed arithmetic [[lunisolar calendar]]. Because of the roughly 11 day difference between twelve lunar months and one [[solar year]], the calendar repéats in a 19-yéar cycle of 235 lunar months, with an extra lunar month added once every two or three yéars, for a total of 7 times per 19 yéars. As the Hebrew calendar was developed in the region éast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], references to séasons reflect the times and climate of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. [[Gambar:Beit alfa01.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Mosaic pavement of a zodiac in the 6th century synagogue at Beit Alpha, Israel.]] [[Gambar:DetailOfMedievalHebrewCalendar.jpg|thumb|This figure, in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar, reminded Jews of the [[palm tree|palm branch]] ([[Lulav]]), the myrtle twigs, the willow branches, and the [[citron]] ([[Etrog]]) to be held in the hand and to be brought to the synagogue during the holiday of [[sukkot]], near the end of the autumn holiday season.]] Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times. The first commandment the Jewish Péople received as a nation was the commandment to determine the New Moon. The beginning of Exodus Chapter 12 says "This month (Nissan) is for you the first of months.". The months were originally referred to in the Bible by number rather than name. Only four pre-exilic month names appéar in the [[Tanakh]] (the [[Hebrew Bible]]): ''[[Aviv]]'' (first; literally "Spring", but originally probably méant the ripening of barley), ''Ziv'' (second; literally "Light"), ''Ethanim'' (seventh; literally "Strong" in plural, perhaps referring to strong rains), and ''Bul'' (eighth), and all are [[Canaan]]ite names. == Rujukan == * ''The Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah), Book Three, Treatise Eight: Sanctification of the New Moon''. Translated by Solomon Gandz. Yale Judaica Series Volume '''XI''', Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1956. * Bonnie Blackburn and Léofranc Holford-Strevens. ''The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-reckoning''. Oxford University Press; USA, 2000. pp 723–730. == Loka ramat lianna == * [http://desiretoshare.com/amazing.htm Ancient Jewish Text calculates Lunar Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105082658/http://desiretoshare.com/amazing.htm |date=2008-11-05 }} * [http://elkind.net/calendar/ Perpetual Hebrew / Civil Calendar] * [http://www.angelfire.com/pa2/passover/jewish-calendar-hebrew.html Jewish Calendar] Details various Jewish points-of-view about the history of the Jewish calendar/Hebrew calendar. Includes several charts. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026233649/http://geocities.com/Athens/1584/ Hebrew Calendar Science and Myth] gives complete rules of the Hebrew calendar and a lot more. * [http://www.abcog.org/saadia.htm The Jewish Controversy about Calendar Postponements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307075423/http://www.abcog.org/saadia.htm |date=2021-03-07 }} * [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/ Jewish Calendar with Zmanim - Halachic times and date converter] chabad.org * [http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sjewcale.htm Jewish calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618001657/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sjewcale.htm |date=2020-06-18 }} scientific explanation at the [[NASA]] web site * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&letter=C&search=Year%20of%20Creation Jewish Encyclopedia: Calendar] * [http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Holidays/Calendar/calendar.html Calendar] Hebrew for Christians website * [http://www.karaite-korner.org/holiday_dates.shtml Karaite Holidays] [[Karaite]] website * [http://www.cgate.co.il/calendar/calendar_diaspora.asp Hebrew Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202225942/http://www.cgate.co.il/calendar/calendar_diaspora.asp |date=2006-12-02 }} Dates and Holydays (Diaspora or Israel) * [http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ The Lengths of the Seasons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218221421/http://www.sym454.org/seasons/ |date=2008-12-18 }} (numerical integration analysis) * [http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/ The Hebrew Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206021256/http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/molad.htm |date=2012-02-06 }} (astronomical analyses) * [http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/molad.htm The ''Molad'' of the Hebrew Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206021256/http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/molad.htm |date=2012-02-06 }} (astronomical analysis) * [http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/rect.htm The Rectified Hebrew Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401115432/http://www.sym454.org/hebrew/rect.htm |date=2009-04-01 }} (calendar reform proposal, includes full arithmetic algorithms for both the Traditional and the Rectified calendars) ==== Konverter tanggal ==== * [http://www.gassner.co.il/jewish-calendar Jewish Calendar for Outlook]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - A solution for incorporating Jewish dates and holidays into [[Microsoft Office Outlook]]. * [http://molad.palmcrust.com/ Molad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143657/http://molad.palmcrust.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }} - Free Jewish Calendar with Zmanim and holidays for [[Mobiles]]. * [http://kaluach.org/ Kaluach - Hebrew/civil calendars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919014237/http://www.kaluach.org/ |date=2005-09-19 }} * [http://www.hebcal.com/converter/ Hebcal Hebrew Date Converter] * [http://www.abdicate.net/cal.aspx Jewish/Gregorian/Julian Perpetual Calendar Converter] - Also contains a full yéar view for the Hebrew Calendar. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071125180434/http://www.geocities.com/DafAWeek/HebCal.html Sample VB.Net and Javascript code to convert the Hebrew Date to the Gregorian Date] * [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/1000year.asp?AID=6225 Use this powerful tool to convert any regular calendar date to its corresponding Jewish-calendar date, or vice versa.] * [http://www.diagnosis2012.co.uk/conv.htm Gregorian-Mayan-Julian-Islamic-Persian-Hebrew Calendar Converter] * [http://www.sym454.org/kalendis/ The ''Kalendis'' Calendar Calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110015903/http://www.sym454.org/kalendis/ |date=2010-01-10 }} (freeware) * [http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/~zukerm/hebdate/ any Gregorian to Hebrew with weekly Parshat HaShavua noted. Prints nice monthly plates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223173426/http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/~zukerm/hebdate/ |date=2007-02-23 }} (freeware) {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Kalénder]] [[Kategori:Yahudi]] 7uh7mhre1lxi3o67a21hrh69n5cjkcg Basa Minangkabau 0 32607 708694 652649 2026-04-28T14:23:24Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{InterWiki|code=min}} {{Kotak info basa | name=Minangkabau | nativename=Baso Minangkabau | states=[[Sumatra Kulon]] ([[Indonesia]]), {{nowrap|[[Negeri Sembilan]]}} ([[Malaysia]]), {{nowrap|[[Banten]]}} ([[Indonesia]]) | region=[[Sumatra Kulon]], [[Riau]] beulah kulon, [[Jambi]] beulah kalér, [[Jawa Kulon]] beulah kulon, [[Banten]], [[DKI Jakarta]] | speakers=± 6,5 yuta<ref>Moeliono, A.M., (2000), ''Kajian serba linguistik: untuk Anton Moeliono, pereksa bahasa'', BPK Gunung Mulia, ISBN 9796870045.</ref> | familycolor=Austronesian | fam2=[[Rungkun basa Melayu-Polinésia|Melayu-Polinésia]] | fam3=[[Rungkun basa Melayu-Sumbawa|Melayu-Sumbawa]] | fam4=Kalér jeung Wétan | fam5=[[Rungkun basa Malay|Malay]] | fam6=[[Rungkun basa Melayu|Melayu]] | iso2=min | iso3=min }} '''Basa Minangkabau''' ('''Baso Minang''') nyaéta salah sahiji basa ti rungkun [[basa Malayu]] anu diomongkeun hususna di wewengkon [[Sumatra Kulon]], bagian kulon propinsi [[Riau]] sarta sumebar di sagala rupa dayeuh di sakumna [[Indonésia]]. Sempet aya pertentangan ngeunaan hubungan basa Minangkabau jeung basa Malayu. Sawaréh pakar basa nganggap basa ieu minangka dialek Malayu, alatan lobana sasaruaan kosakata sarta wangun tuturan di jerona, samentara anu séjén malahan béranggapan basa ieu mangrupa basa teuneung anu béda jeung Malayu. Kérancuan ieu disebabkan alatan basa Malayu dianggap hiji basa. Lolobana pakar kiwari nganggap yén basa Malayu lain hiji basa, tapi mangrupa hiji jumplukan basa di jero [[rungkun basa Melayik]]. Dina jumplukan Malayu kasebut, basa Minangkabau nyaéta salah sahiji basa. == Wewengkon sebar ceuk == Sacara historis, wewengkon sebar ceuk Basa Minangkabau ngawengku urut wewengkon kakawasaan Karajaan Pagaruyung anu berpusat di Batusangkar, Sumatra Kulon. Batas-batasnya dawam dinyatakeun dina babasan Minang di handap ieu: : ''Dari Sikilang Aia Bangih'' : ''hingga Taratak Aia Hitam.'' : ''Dari Durian Ditakuak Rajo'' : ''hingga Sialang Balantak Basi.'' ''Sikilang Aia Bangih'' nyaéta wates kalér, ayeuna di wewengkon [[Pasaman Kulon]], berbatasan jeung [[Kabupatén Mandailing Natal|Natal]], [[Sumatra Kalér]]. ''Taratak Aia Hitam'' nyaéta wewengkon [[Bengkulu]]. ''Durian Ditakuak Rajo'' nyaéta wewengkon di [[Kabupatén Bungo]], [[Jambi]]. Anu pamungkas, ''Sialang Balantak Basi'' nyaéta wewengkon di Rantau Barangin, [[Kabupatén Kampar]], [[Riau]] ayeuna.{{fact}} Basa Minangkabau ogé jadi basa ''lingua franca'' di wewengkon basisir kulon [[Sumatra Kalér]], komo ngahontal laér nepi ka basisir kulon [[Acéh]]. Di Acéh, penutur basa ieu disebut minangka [[Suku Aneuk Jamee|Aneuk Jamee]]. Sajaba ti éta, basa [[Minangkabau]] ogé diomongkeun ku masarakat [[Negeri Sembilan]], Malaysia anu nini moyangnya mangrupa pendatang asal ''ranah Minang'' saprak bérabad-abad tiheula. Dialek basa Minangkabau Negeri Sembilan ieu disebut ''Baso Nogoghi''. == Dialék == Basa Minang mibanda loba dialék, komo antarkampung anu dipisahkeun ku walungan ogé bisa miboga dialék anu béda.{{citation needed}} Béda pangbadagna nyaéta dialék anu diomongkeun di wewengkon Basisir Kidul sarta dialek di wewengkon [[Kabupatén Mukomuko|Mukomuko]], [[Bengkulu]]. Sajaba ti éta dialek basa Minangkabau ogé diomongkeun ku sawaréh nu nyicingan di sapanjang basisir kulon pulo Sumatéra mimitian ti [[Natal]], [[Sibolga]], [[Barus]] di Sumatéra Kalér nerus ka [[Singkil]], [[Simeulue]], [[Acéh Kidul]], [[Acéh Kulon Daya]] sarta [[Meulaboh]] di Acéh. Di Acéh dialek Basa Minang ieu disebut kalayan [[Basa Jamee]]. Di handap ieu nyaéta perbandingan béda antara sawatara dialek: {| | Basa Sunda | Naon cenah ka anjeun? |-- | Basa Minangkabau "baku" | A keceknyo jo kau? |-- | Mandahiling Kuti Anyie | Apo kecek o kö gau? |-- | Padang Panjang | Apo keceknyo ka kau? |-- | Pariaman | A kato e bakeh kau? |-- | Ludai | A kecek o ka rau? |-- | Sungai Batang | éa janyo ke kau? |-- | Kurai | A jano kale gau? |-- | Kuranji | Apo kecek e ka kau? |-- | Salimpaung Batusangkar | Poh ceknyoh kah khau duh? |-- | Rao-Rao Batusangkar | Aa keceknyo ka awu tu? |-- |} Pikeun komunikasi antar penutur basa Minangkabau anu sakitu rupa-rupa ieu, pamustunganana dipergunakanlah dialek [[Padang]] minangka basa baku Minangkabau atawa disebut ''Baso Padang'' atawa ''Baso Urang Awak''. Basa Minangkabau dialek Padang ieu pisan anu jadi acuan baku (standar) dina ngawasa basa Minangkabau.{{fact}} == Conto == {| | Basa Minangkabau: | '''Sadang kayu di rimbo tak samo tinggi, kok kunun manusia''' (peribahasa) |- | Basa Sunda: | ''Sedengkeun tangkal di leuweung henteu sarua luhur, naon deui manusa'' |- | |- | Basa Minangkabau: | '''Co a koncek baranang co itu inyo''' (peribahasa) |- | Basa Sunda: | ''Kumaha katak ngojay, kawas éta pisan manéhna'' |- | |- | Basa Minangkabau: | '''Indak buliah mambuang sarok di siko!''' |- | Basa Sunda: | ''Henteu kaci miceun runtah di dieu!'' |- | |- | Basa Minangkabau: | '''Bungo indak satangkai, kumbang indak sa ikua''' (peribahasa) |- | Basa Sunda: | ''Kembang henteu setangkai, kumbang henteu sabuntut'' |- | |- | Basa Minangkabau: | '''A tu nan ang karajoan<nowiki>*</nowiki> ?''' |- | Basa Sunda: | ''Naon anu keur manéh kerjakan?'' |- | | * perhatosan: kecap ang (manéh) nyaéta kecap garihal, kecap ''Naon'' dina basa Minangkabau nyaéta ''Apo'' tapi leuwih mindeng disingget kalayan kecap ''A''{{fact}} | |} <!-- == Sistem pelafalan == == Tata basa == --> == Karya sastra == Karya [[Sastra Minangkabau|sastra tradisional]] berbasa Minang mibanda persamaan wangun kalayan karya sastra tradisional berbahasa Malayu umumna, nyaéta ngawangun pantun, carita rahayat, hikayat nini moyang (''tambo'') sarta adat-istiadat Minangkabau. Penyampaiannya biasana dipigawé dina wangun carita (''kaba'') atawa dinyanyikan (''dendang''). == Perbandingan jeung sawatara basa séjén ti rungkun Malayu == Urang Minangkabau umumna boga pamadegan loba persamaan antara Basa Minangkabau jeung Basa Malayu/Indonésia. M. Rusli dina ''Peladjaran Bahasa Minangkabau'' nyebutkeun dina pokona béda antara Basa Minangkabau sarta Basa Indonésia nyaéta dina béda lafal, sajaba béda sawatara kecap. Conto-conto béda lafal Basa Malayu/Indonésia sarta Basa Minangkabau nyaéta kieu: * ''ul-ua'', conto: bandul-''bandua'' * ''ut-uik'', conto: rumput-''rumpuik'' * ''us-uih'', conto: putus -''putuih'' * ''is-ih'', conto: baris -''barih'' * ''it-ik'', conto: sakit -''sakik'' * ''as-eh'', conto: batas -''bateh'' * ''ap-ok'', conto: atap -''atok'' * ''at-ek'', conto: rapat-''rapek''. Pikeun kecap-kecap asalna ti basa kosta ''at-aik'', conto: adat-''adaik'' * ''al/ar-a'', conto: jual-''jua'', kabar-''kaba'' * ''e(pepet)-a'', conto: beban-''baban'' * ''a-o'', conto: kuda-''kudo'' * awalan ter-, ber-, per- jadi ta-, ba-, pa-. Conto: berlari, termakan, perdalam (Basa Malayu/Indonésia) jadi balari, tamakan, padalam (Basa Minangkabau)<ref>[http://dbp.gov.my/mabbim/download.php?FilePoolID=73 Edwar Djamaris, ''Beberapa masalah dalam penerjemahan naskah Sastra Minangkabau''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428155055/http://dbp.gov.my/mabbim/download.php?FilePoolID=73 |date=2015-04-28 }}</ref> Persamaan antara basa Minangkabau sarta sagala rupa basa séjén ti rungkun Malayu bisa contona ditempo dina perbandingan kosakata katut: {| class="prettytable" width="70%" style="text-align:center" |----- | '''Basa Indonésia''' | apa | laut | lihat | kucing | pergi | ular | kéras | manis | lutut |----- | '''Basa Minangkabau''' | apo | laui{{polytonic|ʔ}} | liai{{polytonic|ʔ}}/calia{{polytonic|ʔ}} | kuciang | pai | ula | kareh | manih | lutui{{polytonic|ʔ}} |------ | '''[[Basa Pekal]]''' | apo | lawik | liek | kucing | lalui | ulah | kehas | manis | lutuik |----- | '''[[Basa Urak Lawoi']]''' | nama | lawoi{{polytonic|ʔ}} | lihai{{polytonic|ʔ}} | mi'aw | pi | ulal | kras | manéh | lutoi{{polytonic|ʔ}} |} Béda bisa ditempo dina vérsi unggal ti [[Pernyataan Umum ngeunaan Hak-hak Asasi Manusa]]: {| class="wikitable" ! Basa Inggris !! Basa Indonésia !! Basa Sunda !! Basa Minangkabau |- |'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia''' || '''Pernyataan Umum ngeunaan Hak-hak Asasi Manusa]''' || '''Deklarasi Sadunia Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia''' |- |'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Pasal 1''' |- |''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' || ''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' || ''Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.'' || ''Sadonyo manusia dilahiakan mardeka dan punyo martabat sarato hak-hak nan samo. Mareka dikaruniai aka jo hati nurani, supayo satu samo lain bagaul sarupo urang badunsanak.'' |} == Catetan == {{reflist}} == Référénsi == * ''Tata Bahasa Minangkabau'', Gérard Moussay{{br}} (Judul pituin: ''La Langue Minangkabau'', ditarjamahkeun ti basa Pérancis ku Rahayu S. Hidayat), ISBN 979-9023-16-5. == Tingali ogé == * [[Kerajaan Pagaruyung]] * [[Basa di Indonésia]] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/mpu.htm Deklarasi Sadunya Hak Asasi Manusa dina Basa Minangkabau] (Asal: [http://www.un.org/ Halaman PBB]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040507133813/http://asia.geocities.com/mo3ly4d1/hbahasa.htm Basa Minangkabau] * [http://www.ranah-minang.com/artikel/ranahminang/kategori/50.html Artikel Kategori Basa Minang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125050708/http://www.ranah-minang.com/artikel/ranahminang/kategori/50.html |date=2010-11-25 }} (Asal: [http://www.ranah-minang.com/ Ranah-Minang.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101714/http://ranah-minang.com/ |date=2011-02-02 }}) * [http://editthis.info/Kamus_minang Sawatara kecap hésé Basa Minangkabau] {{DEFAULTSORT:Minangkabau}} [[Kategori:Basa Minangkabau| ]] [[Kategori:Basa Melayu-Polinésia]] [[Kategori:Basa Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa di Sumatra]] [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Basa jejer-caritaan-objék]] 8pyi8oia83ubu7qiz9yl3i56kj7v09p Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah 3 32855 708702 684939 2026-04-28T20:11:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ bagean anyar 708702 wikitext text/x-wiki Sampurasun == Sip == Sip Ham, ulah bosen we nyeratna. Mun tiasa, format referensi ngagunakeun footnotes sapertos dina artikel Lutung Kasarung. éta format Artikel Sampurna pikeun pasanggiri. Salam ==Re:Sip== muhun sip kang, pan ieu ge bari rarampa keneh di wiki, nya pasti rada tegtog keneh.Bade diusahakeun di-improove ka payunna mah kang.nuhun. :Kalah ngalobrol geuning ieu teh... sok-sok atuh nyerat... --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar|sawala]]) 03:13, 8 Agustus 2011 (UTC) :Pipilueun wae ah .. ::mun tas mairan, ulah poho make <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki> nya, ngarah puguh saha nu ngomong. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar|sawala]]) 05:38, 8 Agustus 2011 (UTC) :::muhun punten kang, numawi lelengkah halu keneh --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham.nurwansah]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 08:58, 8 Agustus 2011 (UTC) :: Heuheu --[[Pamaké:Aditia.Gunawan|Aditia.Gunawan]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aditia.Gunawan|sawala]]) 10:28, 8 Agustus 2011 (UTC) Punten Kang, abdi ngiring calik di tepas badé mulungan luang ti papada urang manawi aya manfaat anu mapat.. Aamiin. Hatur Nuhun. :: Salam ka dulur sadaya --[[Pamaké:Syusuf2016|Syusuf2016]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Syusuf2016]]) 11:21, 24 Februari 2016 (UTC) == panganteur == hadéna mah, artikel dimimitian ku panganteur kira saalinéa, laju diteruskeun ku bab/bagian-bagianana. Ku kituna, pidanganana ogé dibuka ku alinéa panganteur, henteu langsung daptar eusi. nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar|sawala]]) 14:21, 9 Agustus 2011 (UTC) :sapuk Kang :D Hayu urang ngamumule kasenian jeung kabudayaan, yasana sanes lumayan.. --[[Pamaké:Aditia.Gunawan|Aditia.Gunawan]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aditia.Gunawan|sawala]]) :muhun mangga kang, sippp. nuhun --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham.nurwansah]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 17:43, 9 Agustus 2011 (UTC) == Penduan mengunggah berkas == Agan, diantos usulanana di [[Obrolan:Penduan mengunggah berkas]]. Nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 22 Séptémber 2014 03.55 (UTC) == Re: Sabanda == Sok waé heula Kang dijalankeun proyekna, upami nuju onlen mah in sya Allah dibantos (nu mawi yeuh rada jarang onlena). Tangtos dirojong lah pokona mah --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 23 Séptémber 2014 02.01 (UTC) :Hatur nuhun pangrojongna Kang. Abdi pasti seueur tataros ka Akang, engké. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilham_noer1]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 23 Séptémber 2014 12.35 (UTC) == Patalékan == Kang, manawi tiasa maparin bongbolongan. Sababaraha atawa hampir sadaya judul artikel nu kedah dicumponan téh aya anu masih langsung di oper tina wikipedia [[Bahasa Indonesia]]. Sapertos artikel sim kuring anu [[Tanah]] padahal di Wikipedia Sunda tos aya [[Taneuh]]. Teras sim kuring ogé nyobaan ngeureuyeuh ngeunaan [[Topeng]] (teu maké curek da di daptar judul teu maké curek) ari pék di séarching téh parantos aya nu ngadamel ngeunaan éta ku judul [[Kedok]]. Janten sim kuring téh bingung. Padahal kereteg nulis mah seueur, tapi pagedrug waé jeung judul anu masih kamalayon jeung pas di check geuning tos aya ku judul séjén. Hatur nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|Rakhmanhakim]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|sawala]]) 4 Oktober 2014 02.16 (UTC) :*Daptar judul mémang dicandak tina basa Indonésia. ku kituna lamun tiasa disundakeun, nya dirobih heula kana basa Sunda. Lamun horéng tos aya dina basa Sunda, artikel teu tiasa diklaim. :*Judul dina Wikipédia sipatna spésifik atawa dipangaruhan ku karakter anu dianggo waktu ngetik. Jadi judul '''Topéng''', '''Topeng''', '''topeng''', sareng '''topéng''' dianggap judul anu béda. Ku kituna, éjahan anu dianggo dina Wikipédia Basa Sunda, upama aya '''é''' téléng dina judul, mangka kedah diserat nganggo '''é''' --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilham_noer1]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 6 Oktober 2014 05.58 (UTC) ::: Manawi tiasa dibéwarakeun deui ka nu sanés, kumargi bakal jadi kabingung kanggo pamilon nu séjén. Sakantenan pami kitu, judul artikel tiasa di robih e pepetna? Atanapi sim kuring kedah ngulang deui ku judul nu sami nu ngabédakeun ngan é na hungkul? Hatur nuhun. [[Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|Rakhmanhakim]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|sawala]]) 6 Oktober 2014 08.34 (UTC) ==Fanpage== A', aya akun Facebook teu? Sangkan engké tiasa ku urang jadikeun admin dina fanpage WBS di Facebook. <span style="-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF">[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''ᮍᮛᮧᮘᮢᮧᮜ᮪''']] </span> 31 Oktober 2014 10.53 (UTC) :Aya, pilari wé '''Ilham Nurwansah''' dina FB. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 31 Oktober 2014 14.56 (UTC) == nambihan judul == tiasa tu pami ngadamel judul atanapi jejer nyalira?--[[Pamaké:Ryandi kartasoemantri|Ryandi kartasoemantri]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ryandi kartasoemantri|sawala]]) 5 Nopémber 2014 11.12 (UTC) :muhun tiasa ngadamel judul nyalira. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 5 Nopémber 2014 11.16 (UTC) ::hatur nuhun pisan.--[[Pamaké:Ryandi kartasoemantri|Ryandi kartasoemantri]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ryandi kartasoemantri|sawala]]) 5 Nopémber 2014 11.17 (UTC) == Nyuhunkeun Cawadan == Sampurasun, rumaos seueur ''kakirangan'' sinareng nembé ''ngalalanyahan'' di '''Wikipedia [[Basa Sunda]]''', nyuhunkeun cawadannana perkawis artikel anu nyobi ku simabdi dipidamel dihandap ieu. Panuhun. Nanjeur! --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 8 Nopémber 2014 11.39 (UTC) {{Pamaké:Uchup19/Daptar artikel}} :Sip, umumna mah tos saé pisan. Kantun nambihan référénsina tina sumber anu diterbitkeun ku pihak katilu anu wangunna fisik (buku, kamus, é-book jsb). Ieu hal diperyogikeun kanggé validitas sumber rujukan. Salam --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 10 Nopémber 2014 14.20 (UTC) == Ngajabungkeung Artikel Ganda == Sampurasun kang! Kanggé artikel anu ganda, cara pikeun ngahijikeunna kumaha tah kang? Panuhun. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 08.20 (UTC) :Manawi aya conto kasusna?--[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 08.23 (UTC) ::abdi ngadambel [[Otto Iskandar Dinata]], padahal mah tos aya [[Oto Iskandar di Nata]], kumaha tah? --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 08.41 (UTC) :::Rupina saran ti kang Kumincir sareng kang Tedi dina [[Obrolan_pamaké:Kumincir#Ngahijikeun_Anu_Ganda|kaca obrolan kang Kumincir]] tiasa dijantenkeun rujukan. Dihijikeun baé artikelna kana [[Oto Iskandar di Nata]] ku cara manual. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 08.47 (UTC) == Re: Kopi Darat == Sakaterang simkuring mah teu acan kantos ngayakeun kopi darat Kang. Duka tah upami simkuring nu teu terang téa, da entot embol geuning simkuring mah :) Upami bade ngayakeun mah, mangga ah, dirojong (sanaos teu acan tangtos tiasa dongkap ogé :(). --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 19 Nopémber 2014 08.48 (UTC) == Re:Hiji artikel deui kanggo lulus undak 2 == :Siap kang...... --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 14 Januari 2015 04.43 (UTC) == Re:"Kutip sumber tulisan" atanapi "Béré sumber tulisan"? == tapi enya ogé sih kang, mending langsung prak wé kang. Héhé --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 27 Januari 2015 12.54 (UTC) == Mundut Panyawad == Sampura kang, nyuhunkeun cawadanana kanggé sawatara artikel ieu, supados langkung écés. Hatur nuhun #[[Adam Malik]] #[[Adnan Buyung Nasution]] #[[Al-Ghazali]] #[[Amien Rais]] #[[Din Syamsuddin]] #[[Ibnu Khaldun]] #[[Ismail Marzuki]] #[[Jaya Suprana]] #[[Purwacaraka]] #[[Surya Paloh]] --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 1 Pébruari 2015 14.35 (UTC) == Hoyong Pangilikankeun Deui == Rumaos masih pabaliut dina basa Sundana kang, tangtosna seueur pisan nu kedah diropéa téh. Numawi nembé téh tos dikotéktak ka sadaya atikelna. Sugan masih kénéh aya anu tacan merenah, ogé bilihna aya nu teu kakémot. Hapunten ngabadéga hoyong dipangilikankeun deui. Hatur nuhun sateuacanna. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 3 Pébruari 2015 06.36 (UTC) == Ronda == Sampurasun kang!<br /> Manawi kersa ngaronda kana [[Wiki Sabanda:Klaim Undak 3|artikel]] sim kuring kang? Diantos pengdeudeulna. :D :Kang punten hilap ditawisan. Sakantenan wéh sareng nu ieu nya kang. Ngeunaan sarat ka dua, sim kuring téh bingung kang. Margi sapertosna sesah milari koméntar ti nu sanés. Matak bingung nyumponana, sigana pamaké nu sanés ogé rieut riwayat éditan dina tutumbu anyar robah téh sim kuring deui sim kuring deui. Mugia aya bongbolongana kang (kantenan curhat). Sareng sapertosna akang hilap, yén sim kuring teu nganggo wikifikasi sareng interwiki di sadaya artikel. Hehehe. Nuhun kang. [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 12 April 2015 14.10 (UTC) ::Kanggo koméntar, teu sawios nyuhunkeun ka panitia, atanapi ka saha waé anu aktif. Aéh, muhun nya, hapunten aya nu kalangkung, tangtos kedah aya kategori, wikifisasi sareng interwiki. Dina sapalih artikel tos aya anu diwikifisasi rupina. Mangga ropéa wé langsung, janten tiasa lebet kana sarat kadua --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 April 2015 14.19 (UTC) :::Kang, meredih pisan kanggo teu off heula. Sangkan tuluy tiasa disawang deui. hehehe. [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 12 April 2015 14.35 (UTC) ::::Mangga. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 April 2015 14.37 (UTC) :::::Kang, parantos ditambihan kategori, wikifikasi sareng interwiki. Manawi parantos nyumponan? Sim kuring tdi hilap nambihan rujukan unggal kalimah. Panginten kin sakantenan ngasupkeun artikel deui, sim kuring édit deui. Bilih minuhan kaca Anyar Robah. Hahaha. nuhun kang. [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 12 April 2015 14.48 (UTC) : Kang Imam, artikelna nembé parantos diparios. Ieu hasilna: :#[[Platyhelminthes]] OK :#[[Kota Padang]] OK :#[[Kasultanan Acéh]] OK :#[[Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie]] OK :#[[Déklarasi_Bangkok]] OK :#[[Perang_Balkan]] OK :#[[Perang_Candu]] OK :#[[Swastika]] (teu aya gambar) :#[[Sunan_Bonang]] OK :#[[Sunan_Ampél]] OK :*Catetan umum: Kantun ngeuyeuban wikifisasi wungkul. Eusi sareng basana mah tos saé. Cobi émutan deui kecap "minangka" dina paragraf bubuka, mungkin tiasa nganggo variasi nu sanés, misalna "nyaéta" atanapi "mangrupa". --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 April 2015 15.11 (UTC) :::Astagfirullah muhun kang di [[Swastika]] teu acan aya gambar. Punteeeen. Katampi pisan kang :) [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 12 April 2015 15.22 (UTC) ::::Sip. Sumanget, kang Imam! :) --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 12 April 2015 15.29 (UTC) :::::Muhun kang! Pasti! :) [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 12 April 2015 15.38 (UTC) == Kumaha kabar? == '''Salam kang''', '''''Kumaha damang?''''' <br/> Tos lami acan ngalajengkeun deui undak 4 na, jalaran nuju seueur padamelan jabaning kitu dipercanten ogé janten kuncén di [[q:Tepas|Wikiquote basa Sunda]] :D. Hatur nuhun ogé kang tos masihan béntang pangajén, padahal rumaos simkuring mah seueur kirangna kénéh, eusi sinareng bahasa anu dianggéna ogé masih tebih ti sampurna. Sakali deui hatur nuhun pisan kang [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham]]--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 13 April 2015 06.27 (UTC) == Ngédit sareng Ngoméan == Punten kang sateuacanna,<br> Nyuhunkeun pangdeudeulna perkawis Ngédit sareng Ngoméan anu janten pancén dina Undak 4 éta téh aya béntenna henteu? Hatur nuhun!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 15 April 2015 07.18 (UTC) : Aya béntenna. '''Ngédit (ngaropéa)''' mah sipatna <u>téknis</u>, mung saukur ngarobah artikel anu teu pati ngarobah struktur eusi. Misalna, nambihan spasi, koma, titik, kecap, wikifisasi, interwiki jsb. Ari <b>ngoméan</b> mah langkung kana <u>kalayakan eusi</u>, nyaéta ngajantenkeun hiji artikel luyu sareng sarat minimal artikel taratas, atanapi artikel anu langkung sampurna, sangkan eusina jadi layak disebut artikel énsiklopédis. Prinsipna, <b>ngédit</b> hiji artikel sangkan jadi artikel sampurna susunan eusina, anu asalna salah jadi bener, anu asalna butut jadi saé, disebut <b>ngoméan</b>. Kitu kinten-kintenna. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 15 April 2015 07.27 (UTC) :: Sumuhun Pami kitu mah, béngras. Nuhun kang!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 15 April 2015 07.33 (UTC) == Sehat kang? == Kang, heu bade curhat heula. Punten, teu acan tiasa produktif deui. Karugrag euy kang. Weureu laptop sigana. :( manawi kagungan waktos kanggo patroli klaim sim kuring kang? Nuhun kang. [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 22 April 2015 02.44 (UTC) :Euleuh, sing énggal damang atuh. Muhun, ieu kaleresan nuju marios anu Kang Imam. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 22 April 2015 02.45 (UTC) ::Hatur nuhun kang. Hehe taaaaaaah kelompokna lieu nu aktif sakitu hungkul :D [[Gambar:Mysignrkh.png|80px|link=Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|alt=Rakhman Hakim]][[Gambar:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Obrolan Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim]] 22 April 2015 04.23 (UTC) :::Tah ieu tangtosna ngandelkeun strategi ti Kang Imam. Misalna baé, tiasa ngajakan réréncangan anu sawilayah ngiringan ieu pasanggiri, teras diarahkeun kanggo janten anggota kelompok Kang Imam. Upami ngantosan mah bilih janten kahambat. Numawi kedah jemput bola. Ogé, bilih peryogi, abdi tiasa ngahaja dongkap ka kelompok Kang Imam kanggo ngayakeun sesi sharing dina ngédit wiki. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 24 April 2015 13.36 (UTC) == Patroli == Salam!</br> Diantos kang patrolina. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 24 April 2015 02.50 (UTC) == Parantos == Salam!</br> Parantos kang, cobi hoyong diparios deui. *[[Kabupatén Sukabumi]] *[[Mang Koko]] Hatur nuhun--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 25 April 2015 03.19 (UTC) == Muat Berkas == Sampurasun, <br/> Punten Kang, pami muat berkas/gambar téh kedah waé ka commons? Henteu tiasa langsung di wiki Sunda? Pami tiasa kumaha carana? Nuhun. [[Pamaké:Abee Arturo|Abee Arturo]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Abee Arturo|sawala]]) 27 April 2015 05.31 (UTC) == Bungbu == Salam,</br> Kang pami dina istilah [[Bungbu]], upami nganggona kecap [[Samara]] kumaha tah?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 8 Méi 2015 04.28 (UTC) :Rupina saheulaanan teu peryogi, kumargi dina kamus boh [[bungbu]], boh [[samara]], duanana dianggo, atanapi sinonim téa. Malah dina kamus Jonathar Rigg mah diseratna "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_Sunda_language/B bumbu]". --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 8 Méi 2015 04.41 (UTC) ::Siap kang, :D--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 8 Méi 2015 05.25 (UTC) == Kategori? == Kang pami wangunan bersejarah basa Sundana janten wangunan sajarah? Apa kumaha? Nuhun [[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 27 Méi 2015 15.42 (UTC) :Muhun, anggo '''wangunan sajarah''' we. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 27 Méi 2015 15.47 (UTC) == Gabung ka Kelompok == Alhamdulillah kang, hatur nuhun kang. Ngabantos pisan, perkawis naon baé kang anu tiasa ku abdi dikonsulkeun ka akang téh?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 26 Juni 2015 13.50 (UTC) == Re:Ronda:Beubeuritan == Muhun kang, siipp.... tapi kecap obahan téh asal tina kecap ''"Teknik Gerakan"'' éta téh. Tah kinten2 cocokna Robahan atanapi naon?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 29 Juni 2015 06.31 (UTC) :Oh, upami kitu mah tiasa nganggo kecap "téhnik gerakan" waé. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 29 Juni 2015 10.25 (UTC) == Kategori tempat wisata/tempat pelesir == Kang, kanggé katégori tempat wisata saleresna tos aya tempat pelesir. <br/> Pami ningal tina harti kecapna, sami waé kan pelesir sareng wisata téh? Janten badé nganggé nu mana? Pados teu aya katégori ganda. <br/> Nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 2 Juli 2015 01.20 (UTC) == Re: Uleman Buka Puasa Sareng == Hatur nuhun Kang Ilham kana ulemanana. Nanging nyuhunkeun hapunten rupina moal tiasa dongkap kana acarana. Mung tiasa ngarojong ku pidu'a mugi-mugi acarana tiasa lancar. Diantos waé réportase sinareng poto-poto dokuméntaésina. Mangga --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 6 Juli 2015 01.02 (UTC) == Re: Wikisource: Wawacan Kidung Sunda == Ceuk simkuring mah, dika-Wikisource-keun bagéan tingkesanana wungkul Kang. Bagéan tingkesanana éta pan nu matak panjang téh. Sajabi ti bagéan éta mah (bagéan saméméh sareng saatosna bagéan tingkesan), keun waé antep di suwiki kanggo nyeueuran artikel. Kitu ceuk pamendak simkuring mah. --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 7 Juli 2015 02.18 (UTC) :: Okré déééh :) --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 7 Juli 2015 02.32 (UTC) == Serangga == Punten kang, dupi kecap '''Serangga''' aya kecap basa Sundana teu?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 15 Juli 2015 08.20 (UTC) :teu aya, paling "sabangsaning simeut" atawa "sisimeutan" tapi da teu luyu. Mun bade, sigana merenah keneh "insekta". --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 15 Juli 2015 08.27 (UTC) ::muhun kang, leres mending '''insékta''' sigana, margi pami <strike>'''serangga'''</strike> mah asa Malayu teuing.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 15 Juli 2015 08.31 (UTC) ::Sip, lebetkeun komentarna kana kaca obrolan [[Serangga]], oge dina kategori [[:Kategori:Serangga]]. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 15 Juli 2015 08.33 (UTC) :::muhun, urang kumpulkeun heula votingna--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 15 Juli 2015 08.36 (UTC) ::::Kapanggih tah dina kamus pas neangan [[bolokotondo]], serangga teh Sundana [[gegeremet]]. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 11 Nopémber 2015 07.47 (UTC) :::::Taah geuning. Sip lah Kang. Nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 11 Nopémber 2015 15.03 (UTC) ::::::Ngoréhanana gé bangun banga nya, mun melak jagong téh kabujeng panén mantén sigana, hihi--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 14 Maret 2016 17.29 (UTC) == nuhun == hatur nuhun kang... [[Pamaké:Falahtea|Falahtea]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Falahtea|sawala]]) 22 Oktober 2015 12.34 (UTC) [[Pamaké:Falahtea|Falahtea]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Falahtea|sawala]]) 22 Oktober 2015 12.34 (UTC) :sami-sami kang [[Pamaké:Falahtea|Falah]]. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 28 Oktober 2015 09.37 (UTC) ==Perkara Caraka== Sim kuring henteu bade nyunting, tapi rek tatalepa néang pangarti. Utamana perkara "Caraka" atawa purwa-na nu sabagian tina éta caraka tos kaharti sawareh harti purwa caraka-na nu ilaharna bihari éta purwacaraka dirancang keur ngawangun hiji kecap nu merenah dina babasan. Mugia sim kuring nyambung ka ahlina. Sim kuring sok nalungtik hiji kecap nu aya kaitanana jeung purwcaraka, contona : "Ra" téh hartina daya atawa énérgi. Di yunani ge dewa api atawa dewa matahari disebut dewa Ra. Ra ngayakeun réaksi jeung bahan lain jadi bara. "Ha" hartina hirup, hurup nu hirup nyaéta "A", "I", "U", gabungan a+i= e, u+a= o, gabungan e+u dipaké basa tatar sunda, e' hurup hirup nu disebut aya tapi teu aya jeung disebut teu aya da aya (amprok> antara p jeung r aya e'). Upama digabung jeung "Ha" jadi RaHa ( daya nu hirup) diucapkeun Rah atawa Roh nu tandana aya dina darah (getih), warnana merah (beureum), ari napsu nu mudal disebut amarah jeung gairah, daya pancarna aurah (aura), nepi karingetan gerah (kapanasan), garis katurunan terah (trah = turunan sadarah), atawa conto-conto lianna nu aya hubunganana jeung "Ra" nu hartina daya / énérgi. Tah, sim kuring teu acan apal harti pisan purwacaraka-na caraka-caraka lianna di antara "Ha" nepi ka "Nga". Aya heunteu nu weruh perkara eta?. Ari Caraka téh ku ummat hindu mah disebut basa Brahmi (cek sahibul hikayat mah Brahma téh cenah nabi Ibrahim).... : Kanggo hal anu kieu,biasana lebet kana paririmbon atanapi mungkin lebet kana élmu Falsafah. Kanggo Falsafah Sunda anu nganggo sistem éjahan tiasa ngarujuk kana buku ''Rawayan Jati Kasundaan'' karya R. Hidayat Suryalaga. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 11 Désémber 2015 01.29 (UTC) == Panghargaan == {{Panulis Hébat}} {{BéntangWiki Soméah}} [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 21 Désémber 2015 08.52 (UTC) :Hatur nuhun kanggo pangajénna. :) [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 21 Désémber 2015 15.59 (UTC) == Muat berkas. == Kang, kumaha carana muat berkas di Common? Diantos waleranana. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 23 Désémber 2015 00.12 (UTC) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 23 Désémber 2015 00.12 (UTC) :Mangga buka kaca [[Wikipedia:Pituduh_muat_berkas#Lengkah_muatkeun_ka_Commons]]. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 23 Désémber 2015 06.36 (UTC) == Wiki Sabanda == Kang, simkuring tos ngeusian formulirna, teras tos ngalebetkeun poto dina kaca pamaké, teras kumaha deui kang? [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 23 Désémber 2015 07.17 (UTC) == Penilaian ditilik tina kualitas artikel == Sampurasun!<br/> Dina penilaian wiki sabanda anu kiwari janten paloba-loba nulis artikel, sanaos taratas, kumaha lamun ayeuna aya user1 ngadamel 200 artikel taratas sedengkeun user2 ngadamel 100 artikel lanjutan anu kawilang rada euyeub eusi tur pedaranna, kinten-kinten sistem paniléanna ngacu kana jumlah waé atanapi unsur kaeuyeuban artikel ogé diperhitungkeun?<br/> Hatur nuhun.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 22 Pébruari 2016 23.25 (UTC) :Kanggo artikel, jumlah total salami diayakeun Wiki Sabanda kanggo unggal pamilon 300 artikel (ideal). 200 artikel taratas, 100 artikel sampurna. Upami aya kasus sapertos kitu, sakumaha anu janten patarosan kang [[Pamaké:Rakhmanhakim|Rakhmanhakim]], hanjakalna ku sistem ieu nu dietang teh tina jumlah absen kontribusi, henteu kana eusina. Tapi ieu janten perhatian kanggo panitia, supado engke dietang kana kategori nu sanes. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 23 Pébruari 2016 14.47 (UTC) == Pitaroseun == pa punten.. ari nulis kecap orong orong nganggo strip teu.. nami sato ieu téh [[Pamaké:Sopianwar|Sopianwar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Sopianwar|sawala]]) 4 Maret 2016 08.36 (UTC) :Nganggo, '''orong-orong'''.--4 Maret 2016 08.54 (UTC) == Pitaroseun == Pa, pami kecap areuy téh nuduhkeun kana sagala tutuwuhan liar ngarambat atanapi husus kango spesies ''Mikania micranta'' [[Pamaké:Sopianwar|Sopianwar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Sopianwar|sawala]]) 9 Maret 2016 13.12 (UTC) == Panutupan Wiki Sabanda == Sampurasun!<br> Kang Ilham.<br> Panginten tos ditutupnya ti dinten ayeuna Wiki Sabanda téh?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 14 Maret 2016 17.26 (UTC) :Sumuhun, sanaos tos ditutup. Tapi kontribusi mah ulah pegat nya. Hasilna nuju teras direkap.Diantos we engke pengumumanna. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 15 Maret 2016 02.46 (UTC) == Uleman Panutupan Wiki Sabanda == Alhamdu lillah parantos réngsé nya. Hatur nuhun kana sagala rupi daya sinareng upaya ti panitia kanggo nyukséskeun ieu pasanggiri. Wilujeng ka singsaha waé anu hasil janten jawarana. Punten pisan upami sim kuring kirang maksimal dina ngarojong ieu saémbara. Punten ogé saupami kaleresan dina dinten Kemis, ping 24 Maret 2016 téh, sim kuring teu tiasa ngantunkeun padamelan. Pamugi sagala rupi acara nu baris kalaksanakeun dipaparin kalancaran tug dugi ka réngséna. Der ah, saha waé nu tos maparin kontribusi di ieu Wikipédia, mugi-mugi dipaparin sumanget kanggo teras ngédit, ngabebenah, sareng nanjeurkeun Wikipédia urang. --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 17 Maret 2016 08.50 (UTC) == Thanks== We are very grateful for your help in keeping the page of the Movement "Immagine & Poesia". Thank you so much --[[Pamaké:Oberon12|Oberon12]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Oberon12|sawala]]) 23 Maret 2016 06.52 (UTC) :You are welcome. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 25 Maret 2016 11.53 (UTC) == Wikipedia:Kotrétan == Kang, kumaha upami kaca [[Wikipedia:Kotrétan]] eusina hupus wéh, lantaran ku simkuring ditingal parantos pinuh. Hatur nuhun! [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 24 Maret 2016 20.35 (UTC) :Muhun, urang hapus. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 25 Maret 2016 11.53 (UTC) == Share your experience and feedback as a Wikimedian in this global survey == Hello! Sorry for writing in English. The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey. We want to know how well we are supporting your work on and off wiki, and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. You have been randomly selected to take this survey as we would like to héar from your Wikimedia community. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes. <big>'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=PL Take the survey now]'''</big> You can find more information about this survey [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Engagement_Insights/About_CE_Insights|on the project page]] and see how your feedback helps the Wikimedia Foundation support editors like you. This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this [[:foundation:Community_Engagement_Insights_2018_Survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]] (in English). Pléase visit our [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Engagement_Insights/Frequently_asked_questions|frequently asked questions page]] to find more information about this survey. If you need additional help, or if you wish to opt-out of future communications about this survey, send an email through the EmailUser féature to [[:m:Special:EmailUser/WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]] to remove you from the list. Thank you! --[[User:WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]] ([[User talk:WMF Surveys|talk]]) 31 Maret 2018 01.32 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2018/pl&oldid=17888276 --> == Reminder: Share your feedback in this Wikimedia survey == Every response for this survey can help the Wikimedia Foundation improve your experience on the Wikimedia projects. So far, we have héard from just 26% of Wikimramedia contributors who Wikimedia programs like the Education program, editathons, or image contests. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes to be completed. '''[https://www.example.com Take the survey now.]''' If you are not fluent in English, I apologize again for posting in English. If you have alréady taken the survey, we are sorry you've received this reminder. We have designed the survey to maké it impossible to identify which users have taken the survey, so we have to send reminders to everyone.If you wish to opt-out of the next reminder or any other survey, send an email through EmailUser féature to [[:m:Special:EmailUser/WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]]. You can also send any questions you have to this user email. [[m:Community_Engagement_Insights/About_CE_Insights|Learn more about this survey on the project page.]] This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this Wikimedia Foundation [[:foundation:Community_Engagement_Insights_2018_Survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]. Thank you! —[[m:User:WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]] ([[:User talk:WMF Surveys|talk]]) 15 April 2018 17.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2018/pl&oldid=17888276 --> == Reminder: Wikimedia survey (corrected link) == Every response for this survey can help the Wikimedia Foundation improve your experience on the Wikimedia projects. So far, we have héard from just 26% of Wikimramedia contributors who Wikimedia programs like the Education program, editathons, or image contests. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes to be completed.'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=PL Take the survey now.]''' If you are not fluent in English, I apologize for posting in English. If you have alréady taken the survey, we are sorry you've received this reminder. We have designed the survey to maké it impossible to identify which users have taken the survey, so we have to send reminders to everyone. If you wish to opt-out of the next reminder or any other survey, send an email through EmailUser féature to [[:m:Special:EmailUser/WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]]. You can also send any questions you have to this user email. [[m:Community_Engagement_Insights/About_CE_Insights|Learn more about this survey on the project page.]] This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this Wikimedia Foundation [[:foundation:Community_Engagement_Insights_2018_Survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]. Thanks! —[[m:User:WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]] ([[m:User talk:WMF Surveys|talk]]) 15 April 2018 17.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2018/pl&oldid=17888276 --> == Your feedback matters: Final reminder to take the global Wikimedia survey == Hello! This is a final reminder that the Wikimedia Foundation survey will close on '''23 April, 2018 (07:00 UTC)'''. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes. '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=PL Take the survey now.]''' If you are not a native spéaker of English, I apologize for writing in English. '''If you alréady took the survey - thank you! We will not bother you again.''' We have designed the survey to maké it impossible to identify which users have taken the survey, so we have to send reminders to everyone. To opt-out of future surveys, send an email through EmailUser féature to [[:m:Special:EmailUser/WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]]. You can also send any questions you have to this user email. [[m:Community_Engagement_Insights/About_CE_Insights|Learn more about this survey on the project page.]] This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this Wikimedia Foundation [[:foundation:Community_Engagement_Insights_2018_Survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]. Thank you!! --[[m:User:WMF Surveys|WMF Surveys]] ([[m:User_talk:WMF Surveys|talk]]) 20 April 2018 05.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2018/pl&oldid=17888276 --> ==Pangésto== Haturan Kang [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]], Nuhun Pisan kana perhatosana. Ngeureuyeuh waé sakedik-sakedik Kang... :) ::[[Pamaké:Dinototosugiarto|Dinototosugiarto]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Dinototosugiarto|sawala]]) 30 April 2019 22.27 (UTC) == request penghapusan == Sampurasun Mang Ilham! Mohon kepada jelema kuncén haturan mupus halaman [[Pamaké:Azmi1995|ieu]] margi request ti user. Hatur nuhun! [[Obrolan pamaké:Azmi1995|Azmi]] 8 Juni 2019 04.31 (UTC) :Rampés. Hatur nuhun tos nguningakeun. Mung, kacana nu mana? Cobi nganggo citakan hapus wé, engké ku abdi ditingali deui. Ketikkeun ieu dina artikelna: '''<nowiki>{{Hapus}}</nowiki>'''. Cag. [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah#top|sawala]]) 10 Juni 2019 02.39 (UTC) == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act4) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 6 Séptémber 2019 14.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act4)&oldid=19352604 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! '''Your voice matters to us.''' Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act4) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 20 Séptémber 2019 15.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act4)&oldid=19395158 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act4) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 3 Oktober 2019 19.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act4)&oldid=19407026 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:id:Lagu Kebangsaan RSS Azerbaijan]] in Sundanese Wikipedia? Yours sincerely, [[Pamaké:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Multituberculata|sawala]]) 24 Juni 2021 16.34 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 4 Januari 2022 18.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you create the article [[:id:Danau Laacher]], which is the third most powerful volcano in Europe after Campi Flegrei and Santorini, in Sundanese Wikipedia? Yours sincerely, [[Pamaké:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Multituberculata|sawala]]) 13 Juni 2023 12.13 (UTC) == Manuscripts on Wikidata == Hi! I noticed you were at one point active on Wikidata. We're currently in the process of improving our data model on manuscripts there. If you are still interested in this area, I could keep you posted, or you just have a look at our [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Books|project talk page]]. Best, Jonathan [[Pamaké:Jonathan Groß|Jonathan Groß]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Jonathan Groß|sawala]]) 30 Séptémber 2023 07.16 (UTC) == GFDL == Hello! You have uploaded some files and licensed them with GFDL. GFDL is not a good license for media files. So perhaps you would be willing to relicense and also add Cc-by-sa-4.0? [[Pamaké:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MGA73|sawala]]) 28 Agustus 2024 10.24 (UTC) == Peralatan CampaignEvents akan diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Sunda == Halo, pengurus Wikipedia bahasa Sunda! Pertama-tama, kami meminta maaf karena mengirimkan pesan ini dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Melalui pengumuman ini, kami dari [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|Tim Kampanye Wikimedia Foundation]] menginformasikan bahwa Wikipedia bahasa Sunda telah diusulkan menjadi bagian dari tahap kedua [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|peluncuran peralatan CampaignEvents]]. Peralatan ini akan membantu memudahkan dalam mengelola acara maupun kegiatan yang berlangsung di wiki. Sebagai pengurus, masukan Anda sangat penting karena peralatan ini akan menyertakan hak pengguna baru yang bernama “Penyelenggara acara”. Hak pengguna ini akan diberikan oleh Anda yang dapat memberikan pengguna akses sebagai berikut: * Menghubungi peserta acara melalui surel dalam jumlah besar (untuk Pendaftaran acara). * Mengumpulkan data demografi peserta acara (untuk Pendaftaran acara). * Membuat daftar undangan acara berdasarkan riwayat penyuntingan pengguna (untuk Daftar undangan). Ketika peralatan CampaignEvents diluncurkan di wiki ini, kontributor dengan hak pengguna tersebut dapat [[mediawikiwiki:Event_Center/Registration/Instructions/id#Cara_menggunakan_perkakas:_dari_sisi_penyelenggara|mengatur acara yang dibuat]]. Satu-satunya perkakas yang langsung tersedia setelah CampaignEvents diaktifkan adalah “Daftar acara”, yaitu berupa halaman istimewa yang menampilkan seluruh acara (baik akan dan sedang berlangsung) maupun ProyekWiki yang tersedia. Sebagai persiapan tahap awal, kami menyarankan untuk membuat draf kebijakan atau pedoman berupa kriteria yang diperlukan bagi pengguna dalam mendapatkan hak pengguna “Penyelenggara acara”. Silakan kunjungi halaman terkait di [[metawiki:Meta:Event_organizers|Meta]], [[wikidata:Wikidata:Event_organizers|Wikidata]], dan [[:id:Wikipedia:Penyelenggara_acara|Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]] untuk contohnya. Untuk korespondesi selengkapnya, jangan sungkan untuk mengunjungi [[metawiki:Talk:CampaignEvents|halaman pembicaraan peralatan]], atau kirimkan surel ke Benedict Udeh (budeh-ctr@wikimedia.org) dan Bonaventura Aditya Perdana (baperdana-ctr@wikimedia.org). Kami mohon bantuannya untuk menyebarkan pesan ini kepada pengurus lainnya. Salam. [[Pamaké:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:BAPerdana-WMF|sawala]]) 24 April 2025 17.40 (UTC) {{subst:proposed deletion notify|1=Mugiri|concern=}} [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 2 Juni 2025 01.55 (UTC) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.03 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 April 2026 20.11 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> iyzo0g3p25nih0ycghjvzde0fnbu6dg São Tomé jeung Príncipe 0 36318 708739 685600 2026-04-29T06:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = ''República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Démokratik<br />São Tomé jeung Príncipe |common_name = São Tomé jeung Príncipe |image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg |national_motto = ''Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho'' |image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg |national_anthem = ''[[Independência total]]'' |languages_type = [[Basa resmi]]<br />{{nobold|([[Basa régional]])}} |languages = [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]]<br />([[Basa Forro|Forro]], [[Basa Angolar|Angolar]], [[Basa Principense|Principense]]) |demonym = Santomean |capital = [[São Tomé]] |latd=0 |latm=20 |latNS=N |longd=6 |longm=44 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Républik]] [[démokrasi répréséntatif|démokratik]] [[sistim semi-présidénsial|semi-présidénsial]] |leader_title1 = [[Pupuhu Nagara São Tomé jeung Príncipe|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[:pt:Carlos Vila Nova|Carlos Vila Nova]] |leader_title2 = [[Pupuhu Pamaréntahan São Tomé jeung Príncipe|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name2 = [[:pt:Jorge Bom Jesus|Jorge Bom Jesus]] |sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] |established_event1 = ti [[Portugal]] |established_date1 = 12 Juli 1975 |area = 1001 |areami² = 372 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-183 |area_magnitude = |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 163.000<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_estimate_rank = ka-188 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 169,1 |population_densitymi² = 438,2 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-69 |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $311&nbsp;yuta<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=716&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=43&pr.y=9 |title=São Tomé and Príncipe|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-06-11}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1.880<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $196 yuta<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2010 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1.183<ref name=imf2/> |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI = {{increase}} 0,488 |HDI_rank = ka-127 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |currency = [[Dobra São Tomé jeung Príncipe|Dobra]] |currency_code = STD |time_zone = [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.st]] |calling_code = 239 }} '''São Tomé jeung Príncipe''', resmina '''Républik Démokratik São Tomé jeung Príncipe''', nyaéta hiji [[nagara kapuloan]] di [[Teluk Guinéa]], leupas basisir [[Afrika]]. Nagara ieu miboga 2 pulo: [[Pulo São Tomé|São Tomé]] jeung [[Príncipe]], kapisah kira-kira {{convert|140|km|mi|0}} jeung kira-kira {{convert|250|and|225|km|mi|0}} kalér-kuloneun basisir [[Gabon]]. Ngaran dina basa Portugisna, ''São Tomé e Príncipe'', dilapalkeun {{IPA-pt|sɐ̃w̃ tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ|}}. == Propinsi jeung distrik == {{utama|Propinsi di São Tomé jeung Príncipe|Distrik di São Tomé jeung Príncipe}} São Tomé jeung Príncipe dibagi kana 2 [[propinsi]]: [[Príncipe]], [[Pulo São Tomé|São Tomé]]. Propinsi-propinsina teras dibagi kana [[distrik]], 6 di São Tomé jeung 1 di Príncipe. == Tempo ogé == * [[Teluk Bonny]] * [[Daptar manuk di São Tomé jeung Príncipe]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|São Tomé and Príncipe}} {{Wiktionary}} ; Pamaréntahan * [http://www.gov.st/ Página Oficial do Governo de São Tomé e Príncipe] - Kaca Resmi Pamaréntah São Tomé jeung Príncipe {{Pt icon}} * [http://www.presidencia.st/ Presidência da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022122318/http://www.presidencia.st/ |date=2005-10-22 }} - Présidén Républik Démokratik São Tomé jeung Príncipe (loka resmi) {{Pt icon}} * [http://www.parlamento.st/ Assembleia Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430035407/http://www.parlamento.st/ |date=2011-04-30 }} - Majelis Nasional São Tomé jeung Príncipe (loka resmi) {{Pt icon}} ; Informasi umum * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064541.stm Propil Nagara] ti [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|tp|São Tomé and Príncipe}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/saotomeprincipe.htm São Tomé and Príncipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611122237/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/saotomeprincipe.htm |date=2010-06-11 }} ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Sao_Tome_and_Principe|São Tomé jeung Príncipe}} * {{Wikiatlas|São Tomé and Príncipe}} * [http://www.saotome.st/ São Tomé e Príncipe]—Informasi wisata * {{wikivoyage|São Tomé and Príncipe}} {{São Tomé and Príncipe topics}} {{Education in Africa}} {{Template group |title = Géografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = Sajarah jeung kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{African Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Latin Union}} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Tome Jeung Principe}} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:São Tomé jeung Príncipe| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Portugis]] [[Kategori:Nagara kapuloan]] [[Kategori:Pulo-pulo di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]] [[Kategori:Démokrasi liberal]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Anggota CPLP]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Panjajahan Portugis di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Portugis]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1975]] {{nagara-geo-stub|São Tomé jeung Príncipe}} q95p7bm1z3k64bafwxqx6dumdaqqhn3 Yazidi 0 36932 708742 705762 2026-04-29T07:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Redirect|Yezidi|kagunaan lian|Yazid (disambiguasi)}} {{Infobox Religious group |group = Yazidi<br />''Êzidîtî'' |image = [[Gambar:CAEIPDS0.jpg|250px]] |caption = Urang Yazidi di Gunung [[Sinjar]], wates [[Irak]]/[[Suriah]], 1920-an. |population = 500.000–700.000<ref name="iranica"> {{cite web |first=Christine |last=Allison |date=2004-02-20 |accessdate=August 20, 2010 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1 |title=Yazidis i: General |work=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |quote=Kira-kira aya 200.000-300.000 urang Yazidi sadunya. }} </ref><ref name="adherents">{{cite web |accessdate=2008-03-31 |url=http://adherents.com/Na/Na_670.html#4286 |title=Yezidi |work=Adherents.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107080150/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_670.html#4286 |date=2019-01-07 }} Cites estimates between 100,000 and 700,000.</ref><ref> {{cite news |accessdate=2008-03-31 |title=Deadly Iraq sect attacks kill 200 |date=2007-08-15 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6946028.stm }} </ref> |region1 = [[Gambar:Flag of Iraq.svg|25px]] [[Iraq]] |pop1 = 300.000 - 650.000 |ref1 =<ref name="adherents"/><ref>[http://www.aina.org/reports/yezidiscpt.pdf Iraq Yezidis: A Religious and Ethnic Minority Group Faces Repression and Assimilation By Christian Peacemaker Teams in Iraq (25 September 2005)]</ref><ref>[Idan Barir: www.dayan.org/The%20Yezidis%20of%20Iraq.pdf The Yezidis of Iraq: an Endangered Minority] Citation: The number of Yezidis residing in Iraqi Kurdistan is estimated at 300,000 residents</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Jérman}} |pop2 = 40.000–60.000 |ref2 =<ref name="iranica"/><ref name=Megalommatis>{{cite news|title= Dispersion of the Yazidi Nation in Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia and Europe: Call for UN Action|first= Muhammad Shamsaddin|last= Megalommatis|newspaper= American Chronicle|date= February 28, 2010|url= http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/143737|accessdate= August 20, 2010|archiveurl= http://archive.is/cmWN|archivedate= December 16, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306023528/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/143737 |date=March 6, 2010 }}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Arménia}} |pop3 = 40.000 |ref3 =<ref name= Armenia> {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|am|Armenia}} 1.3% of 2,971,650 (July 2007 est.) = 38631.45. </ref> |region4 = {{flag|Rusia}} |pop4 = 31.273 |ref4 =<ref name=Russiancensus>[http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm 2002 Russian census]</ref> |region5 = {{flag|Géorgia}} |pop5 = 18.329 <small>(17.116 di [[Tbilisi]])</small> |ref5 = <ref>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Georgia_Census_2002-_Ethnic_group_by_major_administrative-territorial_units.pdf</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Suriah}} |pop6 = kira-kira 12.000–15.000 |ref6 = <ref name="iranica"/><ref name=HDS>{{cite book |title= Historical Dictionary of Syria|last= Commins|first= David Dean|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2004|publisher= Scarecrow Press|location= |isbn= 0810849348|page=282 |pages= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_EhACvcqVXkC&printsec=frontcover&q|accessdate=August 20, 2010}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagicon|Swédia}} |pop7 = 4.000 |ref7 = <ref name=Megalommatis/> |languages = [[Basa Kurdi]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Eszter |last=Spat |title=[[The Yezidis]] |publisher=Saqi Books |year=2005 |isbn=08635356593x |pages=17–21 }}</ref> |scriptures = [[Kitêba Cilwe]], [[Mishefa Reş]] |religions = [[Yazdânisme]] (Yazidisme) }} Urang '''Yazidi''' (atanapi '''Yezidi''', [[Basa Kurdi]]: ئێزيدي atanapi ''Êzidî'' ) nyaéta komunitas agama anggota [[masarakat Kurdi]] kalawan akar [[Indo-Iran]]. Masarakat ieu mangrupa masarakat nu maké [[Basa Kurdi]], midumukan wewengkon [[Mosul]] di [[Irak]] beulah kalér, ogé kalawan sababaraha komunitas di antarana di [[Transkaukasia]], [[Arménia]], [[Turki]], jeung [[Suriah]] nu ngirang saprak 1990-an – masarakatna migrasi ka Eropa, utamina ka [[Jérman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://journalstar.com/articles/2007/02/28/news/local/doc45e4c4211d311953438645.txt |title=Lincoln Iraqis call for protection from terrorism |last=Reeves |first=Bob |publisher=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |date=2007-02-28 |accessdate=2007-02-28 }}</ref> Agemanna, '''Yazidisme''', nyaéta cabang ti [[Yazdânisme]], sarta katempo salaku hiji doktrin kapercayaan lokal Kurdi nu rumit jeung [[sinkrétisme|sinkrétis]] jeung [[Islam]] [[Sufi]] dipikawanohkeun ka wewengkonna ku [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir]] dina abad ka-12. Urang Yazidi percaya kana [[Gusti]] salaku nu nyieun alam. == Tingali ogé == *[[Yazidi di Arménia]] *[[Pulitik minoritas di Irak]] *[[Bom Qahtaniya 2007]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan salajengna == * Cumont, Franz. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism. New York: Dover Publications, 1956, p.&nbsp;152-153. * Drower, E.S. [E.S. Stevens]. ''[http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their Sanctuaries]''. London: John Murray, 1941. * Joseph, I. "Yezidi Texts". ''The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures'', 1908–1909/XXV, 2, pp.&nbsp;111–156. * Kreyenbroek, F.G. "Yezidism - its Background, Observances and Textual Tradition". ''Texts and Studies in Religion'', 62. Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1995. * Kurdoev, K.K. "Ob alfavite ezidskikh religioznykh knig" (Report on the alphabet of the Yezidi religious books). Pis'mennye pamiatniki i problemy istorii kul'tury narodov Vostoka. VIII godichnaia nauchnaia sessiia LO IV AN SSSR. Leningrad, 1972, pp.&nbsp;196–199. In Russian. * Kurdoev, K.K. "Ob avtorstve i iazyke religioznykh knig kurdov XI-XII vv. predvaritel'noe soobshchenie" (Preliminary report on the Kurdish religious books of the eleventh-twelfth centuries: their author and language). VII godichnaia nauchnaia sessiia LO IV AN SSSR. Leningrad, 1971, pp.&nbsp;22–24. In Russian. * Marie, A. 1911. "La découverte récente des deux livres sacrés des Yêzîdis". ''Anthropos'', 1911/VI, 1. pp.&nbsp;1–39. * Menzel, Th. "Yazidi, Yazidiya" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. * Omarkhali, Kh. "Yezidizm. Iz glubini tisyachaletiy" (Yezidism. From the éarly millennia). Sankt Peterburg, 2005. In Russian. * Omarkhali, Kh. "Yezidism: Society, Symbol, Observance". Istanbul, 2007. In Kurdish. * Reshid, T. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_1-2_19/ai_n15954362 Yezidism: historical roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609085442/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_1-2_19/ai_n15954362/ |date=2009-06-09 }}, ''International Journal of Kurdish Studies'', January 2005. * Reshid, R., Etnokonfessionalnaya situasiya v sovremennom Kurdistane. Moskva-Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka, 2004, p.&nbsp;16. In Russian. * Wahbi, T., Dînî Caranî Kurd, ''Gelawej Journal'', N 11-12, Baghdad, 1940, pp.&nbsp;51–52. In Kurdish. * Williams, Kayla, and Michael E. Staub. 2005. ''[[Love My Rifle More Than You]]''. W.W. Norton, New York. ISBN 0-393-06098-5 * Ph.G. Kreyenbroek in collaboration with Z. Kartal, Kh. Omarkhali, and Kh.J. Rashow. Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Spéak about their Religion. Wiesbaden, 2009. * Omarkhali Khanna in collaboration with Kovan Khanki. A method of the analysis of the Yezidi Qewls: On the example of the religious hymn of Omar Khala and Hesin Chineri. Avesta, Istanbul, 2009. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.yezidis.am/ Uni Nasional Yezidis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618055200/http://www.yezidis.am/ |date=2009-06-18 }} * [http://www.yeziditruth.org/ The Truth about the Yezidis], a Humanitarian Organization, [[Sedona, Arizona]]. * ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/rty/index.htm An Inquiry into the Religious Tenets of the Yezeedees]'' by [[George Percy Badger]] (1852). * ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/sby/index.htm Devil Worship: The Sacred Books and Traditions of the Yezidiz]'' by Isya Joseph (1919). * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050110091415/http://www.mellenpress.com/emp/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=1585&pc=9 Yezidism: Its Background, Observances and Textual Tradition]'' by Philip G. Kreyenbroek (1995). ISBN 0-7734-9004-3. * ''[http://www.pen-kurd.org/englizi/zorab/zorab-SheikhAdi-Sufizm.html Shaikh ‘Adi, Sufism and the Kurds]'', by Dr. Zourab Aloian. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214055638/http://www.lalish.com/helac.htm Al-Hallaj in Kurdish Tradition]", essay on [[al-Hallaj]], presented by Dr. Zorab Aloian at the 35th International Congress of Asian and North African Studies, [[Budapest]] (July 1997). * "[http://www.oneworld.am/journalism/articles/yezidi.html Being Yezidi]", on Yezidi [[identity politics]] in Armenia, by Onnik Krikorian, first published by Transitions Online (2004). * [http://michaelyon.blogspot.com/2005/06/lost-in-translation.html Lost in Translation], interviews with Yazidi by [[Michael Yon]] in Yezdinar Village, Iraq (June 6, 2005). * [http://www.michaeltotten.com/archives/001064.html The Beginning of the Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222224300/http://www.michaeltotten.com/archives/001064.html |date=2007-12-22 }}, photos and a description of Yezidi life in Lalish, Iraq, by [[Michael J. Totten]] (February 22, 2006). * "[http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=325045&apc_state=henh Armenia: Yezidi Identity Battle]" by Onnik Krikorian, in [[Yerevan]], [[Institute for War & Peace Reporting]] (2 November 2006). * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/yazdani.html Yazidi and Yazdani] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031026113221/http://www.yezidi.net/ Yezidi Web] (via the [[Internet Archive#Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]]) *"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071202102940/http://altreligion.about.com/library/faqs/bl_yezidism.htm]", Alternative Religions profile at [[About.com]]. * {{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21603740-663,00.html |title=Gunmen kill 23 members of Yazidi religious minority |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=2007-04-23 |accessdate=2009-08-04 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070728091913/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21603740-663,00.html |archivedate=2007-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728091913/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21603740-663,00.html |date=2007-07-28 }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/world/middleeast/14iraq.html |title=Persecuted Sect in Iraq Avoids Its Shrine |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alissa J. |last=Rubin |authorlink= Alissa J. Rubin |date=2007-10-14 |accessdate=2009-08-04 }} {{Religion topics}} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Irak]] [[Kategori:Grup étnoréligius]] [[Kategori:Ageman Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Sékte Islam]] [[Kategori:Basa Kurdi]] [[Kategori:Ageman monotéistik]] [[Kategori:Kabatinan]] [[Kategori:Ageman di Irak]] [[Kategori:Ageman di Iran]] [[Kategori:Yazidi| ]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Jérman]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Géorgia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Rusia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Suriah]] e09qlrwdz6u2vvvvhpt5769rc2ovjxk Honda 0 39228 708717 705864 2026-04-29T02:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the multinational corporation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox company | name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd. |native_name= 本田技研工業株式会社<br>''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha'' | logo = [[File:Honda-logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.35]] | caption = | type = [[Public company]] | traded_as = {{tyo|7267}}<br />{{nyse|HMC}} | foundation = [[Hamamatsu]], Japan ({{Start date|1948|09|24}}) | founder = [[Soichiro Honda]]<br />[[Takeo Fujisawa]] | location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan | key_people = [[Takanobu Ito]] ([[President]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Representative Director) | area_served = Worldwide | industry = [[Automotive]]<br />[[Aviation]]<br/>[[Telematics]] | products = [[Automobile]]s<br />[[Motorcycle]]s<br />[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]s<br />[[Electrical generator]]s<br />[[Water pumps]]<br />[[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and garden equipment]]s<br />[[Rotary tiller|Tiller]]s<br />[[Outboard motor]]s<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Jet aircraft]]s<br />[[Jet engine]]s<br />[[Thin-film solar cell]]s<br/>[[Internavi]] | divisions = [[List of Honda vehicles|Honda]]<br/>[[List of Honda motorcycles|Honda Motorcycles]] | subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| '''Transportation''' * [[American Honda Motor Company]] ** [[Acura]] ** [[Honda Aircraft Company]] ** [[Honda Performance Development|HPD]] * [[Honda Automobile (China) Company]](50%) ** [[Guangqi Honda Automobile]](50%) *** Li Nian ([[Everus]]) * [[Honda India|Honda Seil Cars India]] ** [[Hero MotoCorp]] ** [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] * [[Dongfeng Honda]](50%) '''Air Transportation''' * [[Honda Airport|Honda Airways]] '''Sports''' * [[Honda Racing F1]] * [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda Racing]] '''Engines''' * [[GE Honda Aero Engines]](50%) International * [[Honda Atlas|Honda Pakistan]] * [[Honda Canada Inc.]] * [[Honda Taiwan]] * [[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|Honda UK ltd.]]}} | revenue = {{loss}} {{yen|7.948 trillion|link=yes}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:HMC&fstype=ii|title=FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company |accessdate=15 June 2011 |year=2011 |month=May}}</ref> | operating_income = {{loss}} {{yen|231.36 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|211.48 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --> | assets = {{gain}} {{yen|11.780 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | equity = {{loss}} {{yen|4.402 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> |num_employees = 179,060 (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=29 September 2008}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL|http://world.honda.com/}} }} {{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō [[Kabushiki gaisha|KK]]|{{IPA-ja|honꜜda|IPA|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|ɒ|n|d|ə}}}} nyaéta [[pausahaan publik multinasional]] Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén [[mobil]] jeung [[motor]]. Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cases in contemporary strategy analysis |first1= Robert M. |last1= Grant |first2= Kent E. |edition= 3rd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4051-1180-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&pg=PA172 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |last2= Neupert |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Six men who built the modern auto industry |first= Richard Alan |last= Johnson |publisher=[[MotorBooks International]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-7603-1958-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CArfq7tV0OIC&pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> sarta pangbadagna sadunya produsén [[internal combustion engine]]s diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.<ref name="Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc., Marysville, Ohio - Press room">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174|title=FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD|last=Miller|first=Edward|date=18 April 2008|publisher=Honda.com|accessdate=28 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda ngéléhkeun [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&ref=archive |title=Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |accessdate=22 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |title=The History of Honda |publisher=Cars-directory.net |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075512/https://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> {{As of|August 2008}} Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun [[Chrysler]] minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news|last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html |title=Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=1 January 2011 |date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen AG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], ssarta [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, [[Acura]], taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot [[ASIMO]] taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun [[GE Honda Aero Engines]] taun 2004 sarta [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet]], dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.<ref name="America's Most Admired Companies: Honda">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Honda|last=Taylor|first=Alex III|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> == Sajarah == {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, [[Soichiro Honda]] (本田 宗一郎, ''Honda Sōichirō'') (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun [[Tōkai region|Tōkai]] Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun [[piston ring]]s sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun [[Toyota]], tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ''ring piston'' ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/> Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali [[Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri]] (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .<ref name=Alexander2008/> Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]'' sarta ''[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'' baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Serangan pasawat bomber ''US [[B-29]]'' ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku [[gempa bumi Mikawa 1945]], sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun ''Honda Technical Research Institute'' bulan Oktober 1946.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Falloon2005/> Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana {{convert|172|sqft|adj=on}} , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual [[sapédah motor]] improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin [[two-stroke]] ''50&nbsp;cc'' [[Tohatsu]] [[sésa perang]] radio ''[[Engine-generator|generator engines]]''.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Ieu téh [[Honda Model A]], katelahna ''Bata Bata'' pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 [[Honda Model D|Model D]], Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran ''Dream'' .<ref name=Falloon2005/> Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964. Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda T360|T360]] Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1962autoproduction/text/05.html |title=Honda Worldwide, History |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah ''[[Kei car]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/hondas-wild-9000-rpm-mid-engine-rwd-t360-pickup-of-1963/ |title=Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963 |date=30 March 2010 |author=Paul Niedermeyer |publisher=The Truth about Cars }}</ref> Produksi mobil sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda S500|S500]], anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |title=Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide |date=21 September 2010 |author= |publisher=New Zealand Classic Car magazine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205600/http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya. Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k [[Acura]] ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar [[kandaraan mentéréng]]. Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar [[Honda NSX]] , kandaraan ''monocoque'' munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1990thensx/text01/index.html|title=Let’s Build a Sportscar!|publisher=Honda|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun ''[[Honda Aircraft Company]]'' kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/|title=The History of Honda Motor Company|date=18 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> == Corporate profile and divisions == [[File:Honda aoyama.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Minato, Tokyo|Honda headquarters]] building in [[Minato, Tokyo]]]] '''Honda''' is héadquartered in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]], as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], London, Paris and Switzerland. The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> '''Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007'''<ref>[[Wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Breakdown Net Sales Other Operating Revenue Geographical Markets|Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs]]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Géographic Region ! Total revenue (in millions of [[Japanese yen|¥]]) |- | Japan || 1,681,190 |- | North America || 5,980,876 |- | Europe || 1,236,757 |- | Asia || 1,283,154 |- | Others || 905,163 |} [[American Honda Motor Company]] is based in Torrance, California. [[Honda Canada Inc.]] is héadquartered in [[Markham, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mangion | first = Patrick | title = Markham saves Honda deal | newspaper=Yorkregion.com | page = 1 | year = 2007 | date = 08-27 | url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }} It was originally planned to be located in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], but delays led them to look elsewhere.</ref> their manufacturing division, [[Honda of Canada Manufacturing]], is based in [[Alliston, Ontario]]. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda Siel Cars]] and [[Hero Honda|Hero Honda Motorcycles]] in India,<ref>Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429013427/http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda |date=29 April 2010 }}</ref> [[Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group|Guangzhou Honda]] and [[Dongfeng Honda]] in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and [[Honda Atlas]] in Pakistan. Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period. == Leadership == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" width="175" | Name ! scope="col" width="70" | Yéars |- | [[Soichiro Honda]] || 1948–1973 |- | Kiyoshi Kawashima || 1973–1983 |- | Tadashi Kume || 1983–1990 |- | [[Nobuhiko Kawamoto]] || 1990–1998 |- | Hiroyuki Yoshino || 1998–2004 |- | [[Takeo Fukui]] || 2004–2009 |- | Takanobu Ito || 2009— |} == Products == === Automobiles === {{For|a list of vehicles|List of Honda vehicles}} [[File:Hondajazzsport.JPG|thumb|right|2011 [[Honda Jazz]] (Indian rampart)]] [[File:2008 Honda Accord.jpg|thumb|right|2008 [[Honda Accord]] (USA-Canada)]] [[File:2006-2009 Honda Civic VTi sedan (2018-10-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Eighth Generation [[Honda Civic]] (Asian Version)]] Honda's global lineup consists of the [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]], [[Honda Legend|Legend]] and two versions of the Odyssey, [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|one for North America]], and [[Honda Odyssey (international)|a smaller vehicle]] sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] [[minivan]] and the [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], Honda's first light-duty uni-body [[pickup truck]]. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)#Europe|Honda Civic five-door hatchback]] sold in Europe. Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the [[Honda T360]], a [[kei car]] truck built for the Japanese market.<ref name=tjra>{{cite journal | editor-first = Jonathan | editor-last = Barr | title = 1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility | journal = The Japanese Restorer in Australia | month = July/September | year = 2003 | issue = 4 | location = [[Bald Hills, Queensland]], Australia | page = 15 }}</ref> This was followed by the two-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], the [[Honda S500]] also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the [[Honda L700]]. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered [[Honda 1300]] in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the [[Honda N360]], another ''Kei car'' that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the [[Honda Life]] that was water-cooled. The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the ''kei'' car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The [[Honda Life#Life Step Van|Life StepVan]] had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain. As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after [[World War II]], where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed [[front-wheel-drive]] powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain [[Acura]], and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the [[Honda NSX]], which also introduced [[variable valve timing]] technology, Honda calls [[VTEC]]. The Civic is a line of [[compact car]]s developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the [[Toyota Corolla]], introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/our_history/product_history/pdf/corolla.pdf|title=Toyota Corolla History|work=Toyota Motor Corp}}</ref> The Civic, along with the Accord and [[Honda Prelude|Prelude]], comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more [[upmarket]], and it currently slots between the [[Honda Fit|Fit]] and Accord. Honda produces [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Civic hybrid]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]] that competes with the [[Toyota Prius]], and also produces the [[Honda Insight|Insight]] and [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]]. In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for [[small car]]s and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer [[minivan]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s as [[light-truck|light truck]] sales fell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1|title=The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding|last=Vlasic|first=Bill|coauthors=Bunkley, Nick|date=20 June 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors. It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/honda-20101127.html |title=Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Green Car Congress }}</ref> Five of [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight ({{convert|53|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF ({{convert|46|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX ({{convert|43|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid ({{convert|42|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), and 2010– Honda Insight ({{convert|41|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined).<ref>Scott Doggett [http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/"EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present" Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194846/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/ |date=20 October 2010 }}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|ACEEE]] has also rated the [[Honda Civic GX|Civic GX]] as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |title=the greenest vehicles of 2008 |publisher=greenercars.org |accessdate=1 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |date=10 September 2007 }}</ref> === Motorcycles === {{For|a list of motorcycle products|List of Honda motorcycles}} Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.<ref name=Alexander2008/> At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.<ref name=Alexander2008/> During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency [[Grey Advertising]], Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan "You meet the nicest people on a Honda." In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.<ref name="Frank2003">{{cite book|author=Aaron Frank|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA42|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=12 July 2003|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|pages=41–43}}</ref> Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.<ref name="Richard P. Rumelt">http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA</ref> The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from [[economies of scale]] and [[learning curve]] effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and [[economies of scope|scope]].<ref name="MorrisonDivision1993">{{cite book|author1=Allen J. Morrison|author2=United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division|title=Transnational corporations and business strategy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvQcQFFONzkC&pg=PA64|accessdate=1 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-08537-3|pages=65–66}}</ref> [[File:2004supercub.jpg|thumb|right|2004 [[Honda Super Cub]]]] The second explanation was offered in 1984 by [[Richard Pascale]], who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of "miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning" – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.<ref name="PascaleHondaEffect">{{cite book | title=Transnational corporations and business strategy | publisher=Taylor & Francis | author=Morrison, Allen J. | authorlink=Richard Pascale | pages=64–92 | isbn=0-415-08537-3}}</ref> For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300&nbsp;cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.<ref name="Frank2003"/> When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of [[San Francisco]] attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]] instéad.<ref name="Frank2003"/> The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by [[Gary Hamel]] and [[C. K. Prahalad]] in 1989. Créating the concept of [[core competency|core competencies]] with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.<ref name="HamelPrahalad1994">{{cite book|author1=Gary Hamel|author2=C. K. Prahalad|title=Competing for the future|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PlML2w8dhJ0C&pg=PA204|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-416-9|page=204}}</ref> For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a [[case study]] for téaching introductory strategy at [[business school]]s worldwide.<ref name="ClarkeLamoreaux2009">{{cite book|author1=Sally H. Clarke|author2=Naomi R. Lamoreaux|author3=Steven W. Usselman|title=The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho6hmHrCjCEC&pg=PA223|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=10 March 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5892-5|page=223}}</ref> === Power equipment === Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/power/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><br> Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308002707/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf |date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> By 2010 <small>([[Fiscal year]] ended 31 March)</small> this figure had decréased to 4,7&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf |date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/power/overview/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref> Honda power equipment includes: {{columns-list|3| *[[Engine]] *[[Tiller]] * [[Lawn mower]] * [[Lawn mower|Riding mower]] * [[String trimmer|Trimmer]] * [[Mower]] * [[Leaf blower|Blower]] * [[Sprayer]] * [[Hedge trimmer]] * [[Snowthrower]] * [[Engine-generator|Generator]], [[welding power supply]] * [[Honda pumps|Pumps]] * [[Outboard engine]] * [[Inflatable boat]] * [[Mobility scooter|Electric 4-wheel Scooter]] * Compact Household [[Cogeneration]] Unit }} === Engines === {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} [[File:Hondaoutboard.jpg|thumb|right|Honda [[Outboard motor]] on a [[pontoon boat]]]] Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the [[2010 Indianapolis 500]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/about/engine.aspx |title=Honda Racing Engines |publisher=Racing.honda.com |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.<ref name="INDY1">{{cite web |publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway |url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/ |title=Indy 500 }}</ref> Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a [[V8 engine|V8]] for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and [[Acura]]s), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of [[V8 (beverage)|V8 beverage]]s to silence them.<ref>{{cite web|last=News |first=Automotive |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |title=Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=17 October 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2009}}</ref> Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/06/honda-s2000-cr-z-convertible-follow-acura-nsx-and-v8-to-scrap-h/ |accessdate=25 October 2010 |first= Sam |last= Abuelsamid |date= 6 January 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> === Robots === [[File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[ASIMO]] at [[Expo 2005]]]] [[ASIMO]] is the part of Honda's [http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/history/history.html Research & Development robotics program]. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with [[Honda E0]] moving through the ensuing [[Honda E series]] and the [[Honda P series]]. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small [[astronaut]] wéaring a backpack, and can walk on [[biped|two feet]] in a manner resembling human [[Walking|locomotion]], at up to {{convert|6|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}. ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.<ref>Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-faq.pdf]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref> However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase. Honda's robot [[ASIMO]] (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move [[ASIMO]]. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.<ref>http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices</ref> === Aircraft === {{utama|Honda HA-420 HondaJet}} Honda has also pioneered new technology in its [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet|HA-420 HondaJet]], manufactured by its subsidiary [[Honda Aircraft Company]], which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} === Solar cells === Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of [[thin-film solar cells]] for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/news/2008/c081023Thin-Film-Solar-Cells |title=Honda Worldwide &#124; October 23, 2008 "Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use" |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> === Mountain bikes === {{See also|Honda RN-01 G-cross}} Honda has also built a [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill racing bicycle]] known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur]] found on most bikes. Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them [[Greg Minnaar]]. The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda. === ATV === {{See also|Honda Rincon}} Honda also builds [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV). == Motorsports == Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others. === Automobile === {{See also|Honda Racing F1}} [[File:Rubens Barrichello 2006 Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rubens Barrichello]] driving for Honda]] Honda entered [[Formula One]] as a constructor for the first time in the [[1964 Formula One season|1964 season]] at the [[1964 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]] with [[Ronnie Bucknum]] at the wheel. [[1965 Formula One season|1965]] saw the addition of [[Richie Ginther]] to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]], and Honda's first win at the [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican Grand Prix]]. [[1967 Formula One season|1967]] saw their next win at the [[1967 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] with [[John Surtees]] as their driver. In [[1968 Formula One season|1968]], [[Jo Schlesser]] was killed in a Honda RA302 at the [[1968 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]]. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar. After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered [[Brabham]]s dominated the 1966 French [[Formula Two]] championship in the hands of [[Jack Brabham]] and [[Denny Hulme]]. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to [[Ron Tauranac]]'s [[Ralt]] téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's [[Judd (engine)|Engine Developments]] company produced a turbo "Brabham-Honda" engine for use in [[open wheel car|IndyCar]] racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for [[Bobby Rahal]] at Pocono. Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the [[Spirit (racing team)|Spirit]] téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive [[Formula One]] Constructors Championships. [[WilliamsF1]] won the crown in [[1986 Formula One season|1986]] and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam [[McLaren]] won the title in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1989 Formula One season|1989]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related [[Mugen-Honda]] company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] and [[Jordan Grand Prix]]. Honda debuted in the [[Champ Car|CART IndyCar World Series]] as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival [[Indy Racing League|IRL]] [[IndyCar Series]]. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the [[2006 Indianapolis 500]], for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/results/detail.aspx?date=2006_05_28|title=Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title|accessdate=14 January 2008}}</ref> During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, [[Harvey Postlethwaite]]. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to [[British American Racing]] (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix]] with driver [[Jenson Button]]. It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322|title=Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out |accessdate=5 December 2008 | work=Autosport}}</ref> The téam was sold to former téam principal [[Ross Brawn]], renamed [[Brawn GP]] and subsequently [[Mercedes GP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21227.html|title=Brawn GP arrives |accessdate=6 March 2009}}</ref> Honda became an official works téam in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] in 2010. === Motorcycles === {{utama|Honda Racing Corporation}} [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda RC212V]] raced by [[Dani Pedrosa]]]] [[Honda Racing Corporation]] (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs. Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international [[motorsport]]. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the [[Isle of Man TT]] race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow [[Mike Hailwood]] to claim their first [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] victories in the 125 and 250&nbsp;[[Cubic centimetre|cc]] classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and [[1967 British motorcycle Grand Prix|1967]]. Honda's race bikes were known for their "sleek & stylish design" and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000&nbsp;rpm, 125&nbsp;cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250&nbsp;cc and 297&nbsp;cc bikes. In 1979, Honda returned to [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] with the [[monocoque]]-framed, [[four-stroke]] [[NR500]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant [[two-stroke]] racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in [[1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1983]], Honda won their first 500&nbsp;cc [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] World Championship with [[Freddie Spencer]]. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as [[Mick Doohan]] and [[Valentino Rossi]]. In the [[Motocross World Championship]], Honda has claimed six world championships. In the [[World Enduro Championship]], Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with [[Stefan Merriman]] in 2003 and with [[Mika Ahola]] from 2007 to 2010. In [[observed trials]], Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider [[Eddy Lejeune]]. == Electric and alternative fuel vehicles == [[File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2009 [[Honda Civic GX]] hooked up to Phill refueling system]] [[File:Honda Civic Clean Models USA & BRA.jpg|thumb|right|Top: Brazilian [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] [[Honda Civic]]. Below: U.S. [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].]] <!--[[File:HondaInsight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (First generation).]]--> [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (Second generation).]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cell]] vehicle]] === Compressed natural gas === The [[Honda Civic GX]] is the only purpose-built [[natural gas vehicle]] (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |title=2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available |author=Christine Gable and Scott Gable |publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels |accessdate=18 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214336/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/ |title=2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle |publisher=Honda |accessdate=18 October 2008}}</ref> The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on [[compressed natural gas]]. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary [[Honda Civic]] LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf "Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas"], p.5.</ref><ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ "Natural Gas Myths"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150337/http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ |date=29 September 2011 }}, Myth 2.</ref> First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only [[fleet vehicles|fleets]] were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.<ref>[http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=2006101966979 "Honda Press Release"], 19 October 2006</ref> Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the [[Phill Home Refueling Appliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215084754/http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archivedate=15 February 2008 |title=FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=15 February 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> === Flexible-fuel === Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] versions for the [[Honda Civic]] and [[Honda Fit]] in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of [[hydrous]] ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]) and [[w:common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20-E25 gasoline]].<ref name="HondaFlex">{{cite news |url=http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |author=Ricardo Ghigonetto |publisher=Honda (Brazil) |title=Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex |date=November 20061 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20081116122534/http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |date=16 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name="4Rodas">{{cite news |url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |author=Marcelo Moura |publisher=Revista Quatro Rodas |title=Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS |date=January 2007 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220054457/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.<ref name="HondaFlex"/><ref name="4Rodas"/> Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.<ref name="4Rodas"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317 |author=Luís Felipe Figueiredo |publisher=WebMotors |title=Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl |author=Alberto Polo Junior |publisher=Interpress Motor |title=Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref> In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the [[Honda City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/07/29/honda-starts-building-flex-fuel-city-sedan-in-brazil/|title=Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil|publisher=AutoblogGreen|date=29 July 2009|accessdate=3 August 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,<ref name="ANFAVEA06">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104144/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales''.</ref> jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,<ref name="ANFAVEA07">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041043/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> and réaching 93,361 in 2008.<ref name="ANFAVEA08">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.<ref name="ANFAVEA09">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html|title=Autoveículos – Produção em 2009|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215230/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html |date=13 August 2006 }} ''Up to February 2009. See "Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível " Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009)''.</ref> In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the [[CG 150 Titan Mix]] is sold for around US$2,700.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html |publisher=G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo |title=Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml |author=Agencia EFE |publisher=Folha Online |title=Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d|publisher=UNICA|title=Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo|date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629122624/http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7B5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7D |date=29 June 2012 }}</ref> === Hybrid electric === In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial [[hybrid electric car]] sold in the U.S. market, the [[Honda Insight]], just one month before the introduction of the [[Toyota Prius]], and initially sold for US$20,000.<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite document | last = Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages= 28, 64–65, and 168–168 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], New York | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7}}</ref><ref name=NYT2/> The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of {{convert|70|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name=NYT2/> Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.<ref name=NYT2>{{Cite news|title=The Once and Future Mileage King |author=Jerry Garrett |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&st=cse&oref=slogin}}</ref> Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800|work=Honda|publisher=Motor Authority|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html|accessdate=21 March 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041609/http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=4510 |title=Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases |publisher=Corporate.honda.com |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the [[Honda Civic Hybrid]] (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.<ref name="TwoBillion"/> It was followed by the [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the [[Honda CR-Z]] began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.<ref name=GCC0210>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/crz-20100227.html|title=Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=13 March 2010|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html |title=Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon |date=2 February 2011 |author=Yoshio Takahashi |publisher=Dow Jones newswire }}</ref> === Hydrogen fuel cell === In [[Takanezawa]], Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line [[Honda FCX Clarity|FCX Clarity]], a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle]]. More efficient than a [[hybrid electric vehicle|gas-electric hybrid vehicle]], the FCX Clarity combines [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor. The vehicle itself does not emit any [[pollutants]] and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an [[internal combustion engine]] to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a [[lithium ion battery]] to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through [[regenerative braking]], thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title=Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum | author=Fackler, Martin |work=New York Times | date=17 June 2008 | accessdate=17 June 2008}}</ref> Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) granted $6.8&nbsp;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7&nbsp;million USD éach.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&ref=magazine| title=Batteries Not Included |work=New York Times | author=Clive Thompson|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/| title=CARB grants $6.8&nbsp;million for four hydrogen refueling stations| publisher=[[Autobloggreen]] | author=Sebastian Blanco|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=17 June 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> == Marketing == === Japan === [[File:Honda CLIO Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|right|Honda Clio ([[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan)]] Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated '''Honda Verno''', which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.<ref name="n5">[http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2005/c051214.html Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表] Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日</ref><ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/guide/corporate-profile/global/japan/ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本] Honda公式サイト</ref> The establishment of ''Honda Verno'' coincided with its new sports compact, called the [[Honda Prelude]]. Later, the [[Honda Vigor]], the [[Honda Ballade]], and the [[Honda Quint]] were added to ''Honda Verno'' stores. As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called '''Honda Clio''' in 1984, and '''Honda Primo''' in 1985. The ''Honda Clio'' chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the [[Honda Accord]], and ''Honda Primo'' sold the [[Honda Civic]], [[kei cars]], such as the [[Honda Today]], [[supermini]]s like the [[Honda Capa]], along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when ''Honda Primo'' and ''Clio'' began operations, in that all ''Verno'' products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while ''Primo'' and ''Clio'' products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans. As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese "[[Japan "bubble economy"|bubble economy]]", "supermini" and "kei" vehicles that were specific to ''Honda Primo'' were "[[badge engineered]]" and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both ''Honda Verno'' and ''Honda Clio'' locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of ''Honda Cars'' déalerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/japan/ |title=Honda Timeline |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called ''[[:ja:ホンダアクセス|Honda Access]]'' for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate "[[keiretsu]]" partner [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name [[:ja:ギャザズ|Gathers]], which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as [[Autobacs]]. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called ''[[:ja:Auto Terrace|Honda Auto Terrace]].'' *All cars sold at [[:ja:ベルノ店|Honda Verno]] [[Honda Prelude]], [[Honda Integra]], [[Honda CR-X]], [[Honda Vigor]], [[Honda Saber]], [[Honda Ballade]], [[Honda Quint]], [[Honda Crossroad]], [[Honda Element]], [[Honda NSX]], [[Honda HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio Spike]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda CR-V]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda MDX]], [[Honda Rafaga]], [[Honda Capa]], and the [[Honda Torneo]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:クリオ店|Honda Clio]] [[Honda Accord]], [[Honda Legend]], [[Honda Inspire]], [[Honda Avancier]], [[Honda S-MX]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Lagreat]], [[Honda Stepwgn]], [[Honda Elysion]], [[Honda Stream]], [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey (int'l)]], [[Honda Domani]], [[Honda Concerto]], [[Honda Accord Tourer]], [[Honda Logo]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Honda Insight]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda Mobilio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |title=Honda Mobilio |publisher=PT Honda Prospect Motor |date= |accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref>, and the [[Honda City]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:プリモ店|Honda Primo]] [[Honda Civic]], [[Honda Life]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Honda Vamos]], [[Honda Vamos|Honda Hobio]], [[Honda Ascot]], [[Honda Ascot#Ascot Innova (CB3/4)|Honda Ascot Innova]], [[Honda Torneo]], [[Honda Civic Ferio]], [[Honda Freed]], [[Honda Mobilio]], [[Honda Orthia]], [[Honda Capa]], [[Honda Today]], [[Honda Z]], and the [[Honda Beat]] {{commons category|Honda dealerships}} === International efforts === In 2003, Honda reléased its ''[[Cog (television commercial)|Cog]]'' advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a [[Rube Goldberg Machine]] made entirely out of car parts from a [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Touring]]. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled [[Pre-production car|pre-production]] modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and [[Garrison Keillor]] spéaking the tagline, "Isn't it nice when things just... work?" It took 606 takes to get it perfect.<ref name="Honda 2003 UK Ad campaign">{{cite web|title=Lights! Camera! Retake!|publisher=Telegraph |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080129213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/13/nhonda13.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/04/13/ixhome.html |accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> In 2004, they produced the ''[[Grrr (advertisement)|Grrr]]'' advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 ''Impossible Dream'' advert. [[File:MonctonHonda.JPG|thumb|A post 2005 style Honda dealership in [[Moncton]], Canada]] In December 2005, Honda reléased ''[[Impossible Dream (Honda advert)|The Impossible Dream]]'' a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song "[[The Impossible Dream (The Quest)|Impossible Dream]]", a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a [[hot air balloon]], with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical ''[[Man Of La Mancha]]'', sung by [[Andy Williams]]. In 2006, Honda reléased its ''Choir'' advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown. In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new [[model year]], Honda's advertising has féatured an [[animated character]] known simply as [[Mr. Opportunity]], voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]]. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as [[Tetris]] and [[Thomas The Tank Engine]]. In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with [[ASIMO]] exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an [[astronaut]] suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: "More forwards please". Honda also sponsored [[ITV Sport|ITV's]] coverage of [[Formula One]] in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high. In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as "Hondamentalism". The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its [http://www.honda.co.uk/hondamentalism/?campaignid=CM059600W01G Hondamentalism] campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, "An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey", while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics. At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the ''Problem Playground''. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the [[FCX Clarity]], a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving [[Rubik's Cube]]s, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle. On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with [[Channel 4]], broadcast a live advertisement. It showed [[skydivers]] jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a [[2008 Spain Pilatus PC-6 crash|fatal crash]] as the plane broke apart in mid-air.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Sweney |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain |title=Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 2 June 2008|accessdate=27 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, American Honda reléased the ''Dream the Impossible'' documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: ''The Secret to Success'', ''Kick Out the Ladder'' and ''Mobility 2088''. They féature Honda employees as well as [[Danica Patrick]], [[Christopher Guest]], [[Ben Bova]], Chee Péarlman, [[Joe Johnston]] and [[Orson Scott Card]]. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com. === Sports === In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel "Ten". In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 [[Indy Racing League]] séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it "built" cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics{{Who|date=July 2009}} have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda ''powered'' (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} The late F1 driver [[Ayrton Senna]] stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda "the greatest company in the world".{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the NHL, and the arena named after it: [[Honda Center]]. Honda also sponsors [[The Honda Classic]] golf tournament and is a sponsor of [[Major League Soccer]]. The "[[Honda Player of the Year]]" award is presented in United States soccer. The "[[Honda Sports Award]]" is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], as "Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year." Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]] since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free [[Honda Accord]]. Since 1989, the [[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] has been a [[quizbowl]] tournament for [[Historically black colleges and universities]]. == Facilities (partial list) == {{utama|List of Honda facilities}} == Mainstream models == {{See also|List of Honda motorcycles|List of Honda vehicles}} == Sales == {{refimprove section|date=December 2011|reason=Only one year is referenced. If references are not supplied then the whole table should be deleted}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Calendar yéar ! Total US sales |- | 1999 | 1,076,893 |- | 2000 | 1,158,860 |- | 2001 | 1,207,639 |- | 2002 | 1,247,834 |- | 2003 | 1,349,847 |- | 2004 | 1,394,398 |- | 2005 | 1,462,472 |- | 2006 | 1,509,358 |- | 2007 | 1,551,542<ref name=sales2008/> |- | 2008 | 1,284,261<ref name=sales2008>[http://www.hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723041408/http://hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 |date=23 July 2012 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | 1,150,784<ref name=sales2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |title=Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107094813/http://hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |date=7 January 2011 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | 1,230,480<ref name=sales2010/> |- | 2011 | 1,147,285 |- | 2012 | 1,422,785 |} == See also == {{Portal|Japanese Car|Tokyo|Companies}} *[[Comparison of Honda water-pumps]] *[[Honda advanced technology]] *[[Honda Airport]] *[[Honda Battle of the Bands]] *[[Honda F.C.]] (Football (soccer) club) *[[Honda Heat]] (Rugby union club) *[[Honda Type R]] *[[List of Honda assembly plants]] *[[List of Honda transmissions]] *[[Internavi]] == Notes == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name= Alexander2008>{{Citation |title= Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History |first= Jeffrey W. |last= Alexander |publisher= UBC Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3328-2 |pages= 112–116, 197–211 }}</ref> <ref name=Falloon2005>{{Citation |first=Ian |last= Falloon |title= The Honda Story |publisher= Haynes |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-85960-966-X |pages= 9–13}}</ref> <ref name=Sakiya1982>{{Citation |title= Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines |first= Tetsuo |last= Sakiya |editor-first= Timothy |editor-last= Porter |publisher= [[Kodansha]] |year= 1982 |isbn= 978-0-87011-522-6 }}</ref> <ref name=Frank2003>{{cite book | title= Honda Motorcycles | first= Aaron | last= Frank | publisher= MotorBooks International | year= 2003 | page=42 | isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> }} == References == *"Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself", an article in the "News" section of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', on [[page (paper)|page]] 32 *[http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html 2004 Annual Corporate Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502074402/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html |date=2 May 2010 }} *The story of Honda's entry and growth in the American market is documented in [[Terry Sanders]]' film [[The Japan Project: Made in Japan]]. [http://www.honda.lv/ Honda] *[http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033605/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 |date=10 July 2006 }} *[http://corporate.honda.com/america/history.aspx Honda's Corporate History] == External links == {{Commons category|Honda}} *[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site] *[http://www.honda.co.jp/pressroom/library/ Honda Press Library] (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike modéls) *{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Automobiles}} *{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Motorcycles}} {{Honda}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Honda Timeline}} {{Honda motorcycles}} {{Japanese Automobile Industry}} {{Major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers}} {{TOPIX 100}} {{Nikkei 225}} }} [[Kategori:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Kategori:Honda| ]] [[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]] [[Kategori:Boat builders]] [[Kategori:Car manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Companies based in Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Companies established in 1948]] [[Kategori:Lawn and garden tractors]] [[Kategori:Moped manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Scooter manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Tractor manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Truck manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Marine engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Indy Racing League engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:1948 establishments in Japan]] ao6elktp96l1lhqfskresrcjchm73aj Madrid 0 43674 708725 707040 2026-04-29T05:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Madrid | native_name = {{lang|es|''Villa de Madrid''}} | settlement_type = | image_skyline = CollageMadrid.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Ti luhur kénca: sawangan distrik bisnis [[AZCA]] katut [[Cuatro Torres Business Area|CTBA]], jalan [[Gran Vía (Madrid)|Gran Vía]] katut [[Metropolis Building]], [[Karaton Cybele|Karaton Komunikasi]], sawangan [[Karaton Madrid|Istana Karajaan]] katut [[Katedral Almudena]]. | image_flag = | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Bandéra Kota Madrid | image_shield = Escudo de Madrid.svg | shield_size = 75px | shield_link = Lambang Madrid | motto = {{lang|es|''"Fui sobre agua edificada,<br/>mis muros de fuego son.<br/>Esta es mi insignia y blasón"''}}<br/>{{small|("Dina cai kuring diwangun, pinding kuring dijieun tina seuneu.<br/> Ieu lambang jeung taméng kuring")}} | pushpin_map = Spanyol | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Madrid di Spanyol | pushpin_map1 = Madrid Spanyol | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = Peta Madrid | latd = 40 | latm =23| lats =| latNS =N | longd = 3 | longm =43| longs =| longEW =W | coordinates_display = title | coordinates_region = ES-M | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara merdika|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Spanyol]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Komunitas otonom di Spanyol|Komunitas<br/>otonom]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Komunitas Madrid]] | established_title = Ngadeg | established_date = Abad ka-9<ref name="History of Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid-traveller.com/history-of-madrid/ |title=History of Madrid |publisher=Madrid Traveller |accessdate=27 August 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829024423/http://www.madrid-traveller.com/history-of-madrid/ |date=29 August 2014 }}</ref> | government_type = | governing_body = Ayuntamiento de Madrid | leader_party = [[Ahora Madrid]] | leader_title = [[Alcalde|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Manuela Carmena]] | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 605.77 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 667 | population_total = 3,165,235 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_rank = 1st | population_note = | population_density_km2 = 5390 | population_urban = 6,183,000<ref>[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf World Urban Areas] - Demographia, March 2013</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_metro = 6,489,162<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu Population by sex and age groups] - [[Eurostat]], 2012</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_demonym = Madrilenian, Madrilene <br/> {{nowrap|{{lang|es|''madrileño'', ''-ña''; ''matritense'' ([[Basa Spanyol|es]])}}}} | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Kodeu pos]] | postal_code = 28001–28080 | area_code = +34 ([[Spanyol|ES]]) + 91 ([[Komunitas Madrid|M]]) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Panangtayung]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Buruh Isidore]]<br/>[[Parawan Almudena]] | website = [http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/en/Home?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextchannel=1ccd566813946010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idioma=en&idiomaPrevio=en&combo=1 www.madrid.es] | footnotes = }} '''Madrid''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|d|r|ɪ|d|}}, {{IPA-es|maˈðɾið<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation - Do not change symbols-->|lang}}, {{IPA-es|maˈðɾiθ, -ˈðɾi|local}}) nya ta salah sahiji dayeuh di [[Éropah]] tur mangrupa ibu kota sarta dayeuh panggedéna di [[Spanyol]]. Populasi ieu dayeuh ampir 3,2&nbsp;yuta<ref>[http://biblioteca.ucjc.edu-stat.info/ine.es INE.es] [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] (National Statistics Institute)</ref> sarta pangeusi [[wewengkon métropolitan Madrid]], aya kira-kira 6,3 yuta. Ieu kota mangrupa [[Kota panggedéna di Uni Éropah dumasar populasi dina sajeroeun wates kota|kota panggedéna katilu]] di [[Uni Éropa]], sanggeus [[London]] jeung [[Bérlin]], sedengkeun [[wewengkon métroppolitan Madrid|wewengkon métropolitanana]] mah mangrupa [[Daptar wewengkon mtropolitan di Éropa dumasar kana populasina|nu katilu panggedéna]] di Uni Éropah sanggeus [[Paris aire urbaine|Paris]] jeung [[Wewengkon Urban London Raya|London]].<ref name="Demographia">{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=World Urban Areas: Population & Density|publisher=[[Wendell Cox|Demographia]]|accessdate=10 August 2008|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="UrbanAudit.org">[[Eurostat]], [http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx UrbanAudit.org]. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Data for 2004.</ref><ref name="citypopulation.de">Brinkoff, Thomas [http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html "Principal Agglomerations of the World"]. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Data for 1 January 2009.</ref><ref name="un.org">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf World Urbanization Prospects (2007 revision)], (United Nations, 2008), Table A.12. Data for 2007.</ref> Legana total {{convert|604.3|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/MadridEconomia/Ficheros/MadridEconomia2010Ingles.pdf |title=Member of the Governing Council. Delegate for Economy, Employment and Citizen Involvement|page=6 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012}}</ref> Ieu kota perenahna di [[Manzanares (walungan)|Walungan Manzanares]] di tengah [[Spanyol|nagara]] katut [[Komunitas Madrid]] (nu ngawengku dayeuh Madrid, konurbasina katut kota satelit jeung désa sabudeureunana); ieu komunitas diwatesan ku [[Komunitas otonom di Spanyol|komunitas otonom]] [[Castile katut León]] jeung [[Castile-La Mancha]]. Minangka ibu kota Spanyol, [[tempat kantor pamaréntahan]], katut [[tempat karajaan Spanyol|padumukan]] [[Karajaan Spanyol]], Madrid ogé mangrupa puseur pulitik, ékonomi katut budayana Spanyol.<ref name="Madrid">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~overseas/flyers/mad_ies.html|publisher=Indiana.edu|title=Madrid|date=10 July 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312021025/http://www.indiana.edu/~overseas/flyers/mad_ies.html |date=12 March 2010 }}</ref> Walikota kiwari nyaéta [[Manuéla Carmena]] ti [[Ahora Madrid]]. Kelompok urban Madrid boga [[Daptar kota dumasar GDP|GDP panggedéna katilu]]<ref name="pricewater">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers|accessdate=20 November 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> di [[Uni Éropa]] pangaruhna kana [[pulitik]], [[atikan]], [[hiburan]], [[lingkungan]], [[média massa|média]], [[fésyen]], [[pangaweruh]], [[budaya]], katut [[seni]] sakabéhanana boga kontribusi kana statusna minangka salah sahiji [[kota global]] nu gedé di dunya.<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524193101/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref><ref name="mori-m-foundation.or.jp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=14 April 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629143736/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> Alatan [[output (ékonomi)|kaluaran ékonomi]], [[standar kahirupan]] nu luhur, katut ukuran pasar, Madrid dianggap [[puseur kauangan]] nu gedé di [[Éropa Kidul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629143736/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> katut [[Bojong Iberia]]; tempat kantor puseur lolobana pausahaan Spanyol nu gedé, kayaning [[Telefónica]], [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] jeung [[Repsol]]. Madrid mangrupa [[kota pangbisaditempatananana di Dunya|kota ka-17 pangbisaditempatananan di dunya]] dumasar kana majalah Monocle, dina indéksna taun 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monocle.com/Magazine/volume-3/Issue-25/ |title=Monocle's World's Most Liveable Cities Index 2009 |publisher=Monocle.com |date=10 June 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708041931/http://www.monocle.com/Magazine/volume-3/issue-25/ |date=8 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Top-20-liveable-cities---10-Madrid/ |title=Top 20 liveable cities&nbsp;– 10 Madrid |publisher=Monocle.com |date= |accessdate=18 October 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715111257/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Top-20-liveable-cities---10-Madrid/ |date=15 July 2007 }}</ref> Madrid jadi tempat ayana kantor puseur [[World Tourism Organization]] (WTO), bogana [[Persauan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (UN), the SEGIB, [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), katut [[Public Interest Oversight Board]] (PIOB). ogé jadi tempat para pangatur Spanyol internasional nu galede: the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, kantor puseur [[Royal Spanish Academy]] (RAE), [[Institut Cervantes]] katut [[Foundation of Urgent Spanish]] (Fundéu BBVA). Madrid ngorganisir pameran saperti FITUR,<ref name="FITUR">[http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620120435/http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html |date=2012-06-20 }}</ref> ARCO,<ref name="ARCO">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/arco/default.html |title=Arte Contemporaneo en España - ARCOmadrid |publisher=Ifema.es |date= |accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref> [[SIMO TCI]]<ref>[http://www.ifema.es/simonetwork_06/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231907/http://www.ifema.es/simonetwork_06/ |date=2016-08-25 }} [[SIMO TCI]]</ref> jeung [[Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week]].<ref>[http://www.mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411150907/http://mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng/ |date=2012-04-11 }}[[Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week]]</ref> Sanajan Madrid boga infrastruktur modéren, ieu kota ngajaga sawangan katut rasa lingkungan katut jajalaneunana nu bersejarah. Cicirén kawas [[Istana Karajaan Madrid]]; [[Teatro Real|Royal Theatre]] kalan Opera House nu dihadéan taun 1850; [[Taman Buen Retiro]], nu ngadeg taun 1631; wangunan [[Biblioteca Nacional de España|Perpustakaan Nasional]] abad ka-19 (ngadeg taun 1712) nu ngandung sababaraha arsip sajarah Spanyol; hiji musieum nasional nu loba eusina,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcu.es/museos/CE/MuseosEstatales/Arquitectura/ListadoMusEstMadrid.html |title=Arquitectura. Edificios de los Museos Estatales |publisher=Mcu.es |date=25 January 2012 |accessdate= 7 August 2012}}</ref> jeung [[Golden Triangle of Art]], nu perenahna sapanjang [[Paseo del Prado]] nu ngawengku tilu musieum seni: [[Museo del Prado|Musieum Prado]], [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Musieum Reina Sofía]], hiji musieum [[seni modéren]], katut [[Musieum Thyssen-Bornemisza]], nu ngalengkepan kakurangan dua musieum liana.<ref name="Overview of Madrid">{{cite news|url=http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_geography.htm|publisher=Easy expat|title=Geography of Madrid|date=11 August 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722145816/http://www.easyexpat.com/en/madrid/overview/geography.htm |date=22 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Plaza de Cibeles|Karaton katut Cai mancer Cibeles]] jadi lambang ieu dayeuh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spain.info/en/lugares_de_interes/madrid/plaza_de_cibeles.html |title=Plaza de Cibeles &#124; Spain.info in english |publisher=Spain.info |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inhabitat.com/madrids-palacio-de-cibeles-renovated-into-jaw-dropping-centrocentro-cultural-center/ |title=Madrid's Palacio de Cibeles Renovated Into Jaw-Dropping CentroCentro Cultural Center &#124; Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building |publisher=Inhabitat |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turismomadrid.es/en/component/guides/?view=monumento&id=13 |title=Cibeles Fountain – Tourism in Madrid |publisher=Turismomadrid.es |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121218024540/http://www.turismomadrid.es/en/component/guides/?view=monumento&id=13 |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> Madrid jadi tempat kleub [[Association football|maén bal]] nu kasohor, [[Real Madrid]] katut [[Atlético de Madrid]]. ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Madrid}} {{see also|Gurat wanci Madrid}} ==Hubungan mancanagara== {{See also|Daptar kota kembar jeung kota sadulur di Spanyol}} ===Kota kembar jeung sadulur=== Daptar kota kembaranana Madrid, kota sadulur katut kota babaturananan:<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |title= Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas |publisher= Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url= http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]] *{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]] *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athéna]], [[Yunani]] *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[China]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bérlin]], [[Jérman]]<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|title=Berlin - City Partnerships|accessdate=17 September 2013|work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|archivedate=21 May 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogotá]], [[Kolombia]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Perancis]]<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|title=Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Mairie de Bordeaux|language=French|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|archivedate=7 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |date=7 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministére des Affaires étrangéres)|language=French|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|archivedate=7 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913015514/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux |date=13 September 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], [[Bélgia]] *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]] *{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argéntina]] *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Caracas]], [[Vénézuéla]] *{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]] *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[La Habana]], [[Kuba]] *{{flagicon|BOL}} [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] *{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kozhikode]], [[India]] || *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], [[Péru]] *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]<ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100 |date=1 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|NCA}} [[Managua]], [[Nikaragua]] *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], [[Filipina]] *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami]], [[Amérika Serikat]] *{{flagicon|URU}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Rusia]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]]<ref name="New York sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml|title=NYC's Partner Cities|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=16 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|MTN}} [[Nouakchott]], [[Mauritania]] *{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama City]], [[Panama]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] *{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Quito]], [[Ékuador]] *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], [[Républik Céko]] || *{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], [[Maroko]] *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], [[Itali]] *{{flagicon|CRC}} [[San José, Kosta Rika|San José]], [[Kosta Rika]] *{{flagicon|PUR}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]] *{{flagicon|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], [[Él Salvador]] *{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Santiago de Chile]], [[Chili]] *{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], [[Républik Dominika]] *{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajévo]], [[Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina]] *{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] *{{flagicon|HON}} [[Tégucigalpa]], [[Honduras]] *{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] *{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Tripoli]], [[Libia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] |} ==Jalma penting== {{Main|Daptar jalma ti Madrid}} <gallery> File:Penélope Cruz - Cannes 2011.jpg|[[Penélope Cruz]] File:Enrique Iglesias 2011, 2.jpg|[[Enrique Iglesias]] File:Julio Iglesias09.jpg|[[Julio Iglesias]] File:'Andrés Manuel de Río' (1825) by Rafael Ximeno y Planes - Museo Tolsá - Palacio de Minería - Mexico 2024.jpg|[[Andrés Manuel del Río]] File:Federico Chueca.jpg| [[Federico Chueca]] File:LopedeVega.jpg|[[Félix Lope de Vega]] File:Fernando Trueba (Guadalajara) 2.jpg|[[Fernando Trueba]] File:Fernando Verdasco - water polo player.jpg|[[Fernando Verdasco]] File:Quevedo (copia de Velázquez).jpg|[[Francisco de Quevedo]] File:Dr. Ayala.jpg|[[Francisco J. Ayala]] File:Gregorio Marañón - retrato.png|[[Gregorio Marañón]] File:JoseAntonioFEJONS.jpg|[[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] File:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz.jpg| [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Juan Caramuel]] File:JoseOrtegayGasset.jpg |[[José Ortega y Gasset]] File:Amedeo Modigliani - Portrait of Juan Gris.jpg| [[Juan Gris]] File:MARIA GUERRERO.JPG|[[María Guerrero]] File:Plácido Domingo, 2008.jpg|[[Plácido Domingo]] File:Raúl Aspire4Sport Conference 2012.jpg|[[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]] File:RODRIGO RATO RT-8 01.JPG|[[Rodrigo Rato]] |[[Tirso de Molina]] </gallery> ==Wangunan sajarah liana== <gallery> File:Plaza de la Villa - 02.jpg|Plaza de la Villa File:Puente de Toledo 0011.JPG|Bridge of Toledo File:Basílica of San Miguel.jpg|[[St. Michael's Basilica (Madrid)|St. Michael's Basilica]] File:Iglesia Parroquial de Santa Bárbara (Madrid) 08.jpg|[[Convent of the Salesas Reales|St. Barbara's Church]]. File:Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid 01.jpg|[[Spanish National Observatory|Royal Observatory]] File:Puerta de Toledo (2009).jpg|[[Gate of Toledo]] File:Congreso de los Diputados.jpg|[[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] File:Ministerio de Agricultura (Madrid) 02.jpg|Spanish Ministry of Agriculture File:Edificio del Banco de España 2 Madrid.jpg|[[Bank of Spain]] File:Estación de Delicias.JPG| Delicias Train Station File:Hospital de Maudes (Madrid) 02.jpg|[[Hospital of Maudes]] File:Iglesia de San Manuel y San Benito (Madrid) 08.jpg|San Manuel & San Benito church File:Palacio Longoria (Madrid) 16.jpg|[[Palace of Longoria|SGAE Seat]] File:TelefonicaMadrid.jpg|[[Telefónica Building]] File:Palacio de la Prensa (Madrid) 06.jpg|Palacio de la Prensa File:Edificio Carrión (Madrid) 03.jpg|Carrión Building File: Madrid Ejercito del Aire.jpg|[[Spanish Air Force]] Héadquarters File:Edificio Girasol (Madrid) 01.jpg|Edificio Girasol File:Torres Blancas en Madrid.jpg|Torres Blancas File:Caja Mágica exterior.jpg|[[Caja Mágica]] </gallery> ==Pangajén== *[[Momolo Madrid]] di [[Basisir Oscar II]] di [[Lemah Graham]], [[Antartika]] dingaranan dumasar kana ieu dayeuh.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137423 Madrid Dome.] [[SCAR]] [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]. </ref> ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Ékonomi|Spanyol}} *[[Grup Kapamingpinan Iklim Kota C40]] *[[Ibukota Madrid]] *[[Konférénsi Madrid 1991]] *[[Walikota Madrid]] *[[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Madrid]] *[[OPENCities]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tutumbu luar== {{Sister project links|wikt=Madrid|commons=Madrid|n=Category:Madrid|voy=Madrid|d=Q2807}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.esmadrid.com/en/ Official website of Madrid on tourism and business] * [http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/ciudades-pueblos/grandes-ciudades/madrid.html Official website of Madrid in the Spain's national tourism portal] * [http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/madrid-barajas/en Official website of Madrid–Barajas International Airport]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.metromadrid.es/en/index.html Official website of Metro Madrid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115024623/http://www.metromadrid.es/en/index.html |date=2018-11-15 }} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=40420000&x=-3710000&z=11&l=1&m=a WikiSatellite view of Madrid at WikiMapia] {{Navboxes |title=Artikel nu patali jeung Madrid |list= {{Districts of Madrid}} {{Madrid MA}} {{Municipalities in the Community of Madrid}} {{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}} {{Autonomous Community capitals of Spain}} {{Navboxes |title= Madrid in the [[European Union]] |list= {{List of European capitals by region}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{European Capital of Sport}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} }} {{World Book Capital}} }} {{Authority control|GND=1021984-5}} [[Kategori:Madrid| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Kategori:Ibu kota di Éropa]] [[Kategori:Munisipalitas di Komunitas Madrid]] [[Kategori:Tempat padet di Komunitas Madrid]] [[Kategori:Tempat padet nu ngadeg abad ka-9]] [[Kategori:Kota universitas di Spanyol]] s7m643nlj2qf8h24p26wao5qvj3emi8 Obrolan pamaké:A2613 3 46049 708703 684938 2026-04-28T20:11:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ bagean anyar 708703 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; padding:0em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;background-color:#FFF;"> <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; background-color:#438EDF;border-radius: 0.2em;">Nyangkem Wikipédia</p> * [[Pamaké:Jimbo Wales/Kedalan prinsip dadasar Wikipédia|Kedalan pangadeg]] * [[Wikipedia:Ngeunaan|Dadaran singget Wikipédia]] * [[Pitulung:Eusi|Pituduh lengkep]] <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#E47B10;border-radius: 0.2em;">Jadi Éditor</p> * [[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun artikel|Ngamimitian nyieun artikel]] * [[Wikipedia:Pitulung|Pitulung]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Artikel munggaran Anjeun|Artikel munggaran Anjeun]] * [[Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan|Cutat rujukan]] ku cara [[Wikipedia:Nyutat Wikipédia|Nyutat Wikipédia]] * [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala (wangkongan)]] <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#4DB93A;border-radius: 0.2em;">Kaca Pamaké Anjeun</p> * [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|Kaca pamaké anjeun]] <small>([[Wikipedia:Pituduh (kaca pamake)|pitulung]])</small> * [[Wikipedia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]] <!--<small>([[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun kotrétan|pitulung]])</small>--> <p style="color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#A972D8;border-radius: 0.2em;">Panglawungan</p> * [[Portal:Panglawungan|Kaca utama panglawungan]]<!-- * [[Portal:Kagiatan panglawungan|Sarupaning kagiatan panglawungan]] * [[Portal:Proyèk panglawungan|Sarupaning proyèk panglawungan]]--> </div> <big><big>Wilujeng sumping di Wikipédia, {{PAGENAME}}!</big></big><hr /> Sampurasun, simkuring baris nyamat anjeun minangka Wikipédiawan. Wikipédia mangrupa énsiklopédi bébas anu digarap réréongan, terus-tumerus diwangun ku sadaya pamaké. Wikipèdia basa Sunda kiwari kakarék {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&nbsp;artikel. Sakabéh artikel di Wikipédia basa Sunda ditulis tur dimumulé ku para rélawan siga anjeun. Mangga lakonan lèngkah munggaran anjeun ku sawatara pituduh anu aya di lebah katuhu, atawa nulis di kaca [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]. Wikipédia neueul kana sawatara prinsip dasar anu dipihormat ku sakumna: # énsiklopedis tur anteb (ngandelkeun sumber anu sohéh) # jihat sawangan nétral (teu ngandung unsur promosi) # watekna nembrak sarta mihormat hak cipta (teu asal nyalin atawa plagiat) # étika (lumuhung kana kasopanan tur konsénsus) # bébas pikeun ngarobah (nyimpen sakabéh jujutan) Hayu urang ngaronjatkeun Wikipédia basa Sunda sangkan leuwih hadé, kontribusi anjeun diantos pisan. Mugia anjeun sugema boh macana boh nulisna di Wikipédia. Wilujeng ngontribusi! <div style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tw Cen MT; letter-spacing: 0px;">Pikeun nanda tangan obrolan, dina panungtung obrolan anjeun ketikeun '''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>''' (opat kali tanda gelombang/tilde).</div><div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Segoe Script; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align:right;">[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|don't speak Sundanese?]]</div><hr style="width:65%; height:18px; background-color:#2EFEF7; color:#444; margin-top:-46px;" ><br/> –-[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 10 Agustus 2015 13.58 (UTC) ---- == Sayembara Nulis "Wiki Sabanda" == Sampurasun, {{PAGENAME}}!<br> Kiwari nuju lumangsung sayembara nulis dina Wikipédia Basa Sunda anu dijejeran "Wiki Sabanda". Sadérék gaduh kasempetan kanggo ilubiung dina ieu sayembara nulis. Informasi salengkepna, mangga buka kaca '''[[Wikipedia:Wiki Sabanda]]'''. Cag.<br> --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 20 Désémber 2015 15.10 (UTC) : Hatur nuhun kang, Insya Alloh simkuring badé ngiringan '''Wiki Sabanda'''. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 21 Désémber 2015 00.24 (UTC) ::Sip. Diantos pisan nya. Bilih aya nu peryogi dibantos, mangga wartosan simkuring wé. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 21 Désémber 2015 03.53 (UTC) == Konfirmasi Pendaftaran Wiki Sabanda == {{Bagéa undak1}} --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2015 10.35 (UTC) == Salam Pangwanoh == Sampurasun Ahmad Fauzi, Tepangkeun, sim kuring Anisa Rahma salasahiji pamaké di Wiki Sunda. Sim kuring reueus pisan ningal kaparigelan Ahmad nulis artikel nganggo perangkat wiki, kereeen pokokna mah. Mugi urang tiasa sasarengan ngabebenah sareng ngaronjatkeun artikel di Wiki Sunda, margi masih kénéh seueur pisan artikel nu dipikabutuh ku Wiki Sunda. Cag ah --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2015 10.51 (UTC) == Ngaronda Artikel Undak 1 == Wilujeng wengi Ahmad, Tina 5 artikel nu disetorkeun ku Ahmad dina kaca klaim artikel, aya sababaraha catetan nu kedah diperhatoskeun utamina perkawis rujukan/referensi. # Tina sisi basa nu dianggo tos saé, tos ngaguluyur. Mung perhatoskeun deui éjahan '''é''' sareng '''e'''. # Wikifisasi OK # Kategori OK # Interwiki OK # Rujukan OK (tos nganggo 2 rujukan atanapi langkung tina sumber anu tiasa dipercaya). Mung dina unggal tungtung kalimah teu acan dipasihan rujukanana, ku sim kuring tos dicirian kalimah mana waé nu teu acan nganggo rujukan di antarana [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Argo_Parahyangan&curid=48544&diff=464974&oldid=464956 Argo Prahyangan], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Argo_Wilis&curid=48475&diff=464977&oldid=464961 Argo Wilis], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Mutiara_Selatan&curid=48532&diff=464980&oldid=464966 Mutiara Selatan], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Turangga&curid=48533&diff=464982&oldid=464970 Turangga], jeung [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Pangrango&curid=48611&diff=464984&oldid=464979 Pangrango]. Mangga lengkepan heula kakiranganan supados tiasa lolos undak 1. Tetep sumanget nya nyeratna, komo ayeuna nuju liburan, étang-étang ngeusi liburan bari kénging hadiah ti Wiki Sabanda. :) --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2015 13.51 (UTC) == Gabung kana grup FB Wikipedia Basa Sunda == Sampurasun Ahmad, Supados langkung raket deui, dihaturan pisan gabung kana grup [[File:Facebook-icon.png|20px]]'''[https://www.facebook.com/groups/Wikipedia.Basa.Sunda/ Facebook Wikipedia Basa Sunda]''' Diantos nya. Nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2015 13.59 (UTC) == Ronda Artikel Undak 1 Bagéan 2 == Hallo Ahmad, # Révisianana tos saé, mung kanggé wikipédia basa Indonésia sareng basa-basa sanésna teu tiasa dianggo sumber rujukan sacara langsung. Pami badé gé nu dianggona rujukan anu dianggo dina Wikipedia anu dirujuk. Conto dina artikel Kereta Api Argo Parahyangan {{id}} nu tiasa dianggé sumber rujukan kanggé artikel Ahmad dina basa Sunda nya éta '''[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api_Argo_Parahyangan#Referensi referensi-referensina]''', sanés artikel Argo Parahyangan sacara langsung. # Kanggo penulisan rujukan jeung catetan suku sacara lengkep tiasa ditingal di '''[[Pitulung:Catetan_suku]]''' # Hiji rujukan tiasa dianggo kanggé sababaraha kalimah. Mangga lengkepan heula nya. Ulah bosen-bosen diajar. Ganbatte :) --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 25 Désémber 2015 02.36 (UTC) :Muhun, téh {{ping|A.R Dipusparaga}}. Ku simkuring parantos dilereskeun, punten parios deui ;) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 25 Désémber 2015 10.07 (UTC) == Revisi artikel undak 1 == Wilujeng wengi Ahmad, Saé pisan yeuh sumanget nyeratna, pertahankeun nya :). Perkawis artikel di undak 1, aya sababaraha catetan: #Basa dina sumber rujukan kedah ditambihkeun. <code><nowiki>{{id}}</nowiki></code> (pikeun basa Indonesia) <code><nowiki>{{en}}</nowiki></code> (pikeun basa Inggris). --> <code><nowiki><ref>{{id}}Sumber rujukan</ref></nowiki></code> #Wangun lengkep sumber rujukan (tunggal-online): --> <code><nowiki><ref>{{id}}sumber rujukan (tanggal diakses)</ref></nowiki></code>. Ayeuna urang cék per artikel nya. *[[Karéta api Pangrango]] tos OK. Mung lengkepan deui penulisan rujukanana ku tanggal akses website. Ku sim kuring tos dilereskeun, mangga tiasa ditingal di [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Pangrango&curid=48611&diff=465145&oldid=465069 dieu] *[[Karéta api Turangga]] tos OK. Penulisan rujukan kedah [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Turangga&curid=48533&diff=465144&oldid=465136 dilengkepan] *[[Karéta api Mutiara Selatan]] OK. Penulisan rujukan kedah dilengkepan. Ku sim kuring tos dipasihan contona[https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Mutiara_Selatan&curid=48532&diff=465143&oldid=465142 1] [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Mutiara_Selatan&curid=48532&diff=465142&oldid=465132 2] *[[Karéta api Argo Wilis]], aya sababaraha rujukan anu teu tiasa dianggo tur kedah digentos. Kanggé sumber rujukan teu tiasa nganggo tina blog pribadi sapertos blogspot, wordpress jsb. Janten kedah tina website resmi. Ku sim kuring tos dicirian, mangga tingal di [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Argo_Wilis&curid=48475&diff=465141&oldid=465093 dieu] *[[Karéta api Argo Parahyangan]], idem sareng [[Karéta api Argo Wilis]]. Mangga tingal di [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C3%A9ta_api_Argo_Parahyangan&curid=48544&diff=465140&oldid=465139 dieu nu kedah dirobih] Sok ah sakedik deui kanggo lulus undak 1. Sumangeeeetttt... --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 25 Désémber 2015 12.47 (UTC) :Muhun téh {{ping|A.R Dipusparaga}}, parantos dilereskeun. Tétéh ogé ulah bosen-bosen ngarondana. Sumanget! ;) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 25 Désémber 2015 14.18 (UTC) ::Siaapp lah {{gero|A2613}}.. 😁--[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 26 Désémber 2015 00.30 (UTC) == Wilujeng Anjeun Lulus Undak 1 == {{Bagéa undak2}} --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 26 Désémber 2015 00.38 (UTC) == Konfirmasi No.HP == Wilujeng nya, Ahmad tos lulus undak 1. Kanggo kalancaran pengiriman hadiah undak 1 nu mangrupi pulsa 50.000, mangga konfirmasi heula nomer HP nu aktif. Diantos nya. Hatur nuhun 😊 --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 26 Désémber 2015 00.52 (UTC) == Wilujeng Anjeun Lulus Undak 2 == {{Bagéa undak3}} --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 27 Désémber 2015 15.34 (UTC) == Téhnis Pengiriman Hadiah == Wilujeng wengi Ahmad, Perkawis hadiah undak 2 sareng hadiah di undak salajengna, badé dicicil dikintunkeunana atanapi disakaliguskeun engké di ahir pasanggiri ping 14 Maret 2016? Hatur nuhun. --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 28 Désémber 2015 16.21 (UTC) :Wilujeng énjing téh {{ping|A.R Dipusparaga}}. Punten nembé dibales ayeuna. Dicicil wéh hadiahna téh. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 29 Désémber 2015 01.52 (UTC) ::Oké pami kitu mah, punten nyuhunkeun alamat lengkepna margi dina data di panitia teu aya, rupina Ahmad teu ngalebetkeun alamat dina formulir pendaftaran nya. Nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 30 Désémber 2015 12.08 (UTC) == Wilujeng Anjeun Lulus Undak 3 == {{Bagéa undak4}} --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 6 Januari 2016 08.51 (UTC) == Konfirmasi Hadiah Undak 2 & 3 == Sampurasun Ahmad, Kumaha damang? Dupi hadiah undak 2 & 3 tos katampi teu acan? Hatur nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 20 Januari 2016 15.24 (UTC) :Atos {{ping|A.R Dipusparaga}}. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 24 Januari 2016 02.13 (UTC) == Parobahan Sistem Lomba == Sampurasun Ahmad Dumasar hasil rapat panitia Wiki Sabanda jeung Wikimedia Indonesia, Sayembara Nulis dina Wikipedia Basa Sunda dipajukeun nepi ka tanggal 14 Maret 2016 jam 23.59. Ieu alatan aya parobahan anggaran sakumna proyek di Wikimedia Indonesia. Alatan kitu, perlu aya sababaraha parobahan teknis sayembara: * Sistem sayembara anu tadina make undakan (level), dirobah jadi paloba-loba artikel, kalawan kudu nyumponan [[Wikipedia:Wiki_Sabanda/Tugas/Sarat_artikel_minimal|kriteria minimal]]. * Sakumna artikel kudu dilaporkeun kana kaca '''[[Wiki_Sabanda:Klaim_Total|Klaim Total]]'''. Hatur nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 24 Januari 2016 13.49 (UTC) == Ngalaporkeun artikel == Ngémutan deui kanggo sadaya artikel énggal nu badé dipeunteun dina lomba, kedah dilaporkeun kana kaca '''[[Wiki_Sabanda:Klaim_Total|Klaim Total]]'''. Nuhun --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 29 Januari 2016 10.37 (UTC) :Oh mangga téh. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 29 Januari 2016 12.01 (UTC) == Lengkepan Artikel ku Gambar == Wilujeng wengi Ahmad, Sim kuring reueus pisan ningal sumanget Ahmad dina ngadamelan artikel-artikel énggal di Wiki Sunda. Tah, langkung saé artikel téh dilengkepan ku gambar nu saluyu sareng eusi artikel, supados nyumponan sarat artikel nu saé tur lengkep. Nuhun. --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 11 Pébruari 2016 13.51 (UTC) :Punten téh {{gero|A.R Dipusparaga}} nembé diwaler, internetna sering kaganggu waé. Upami gambar mah, di WBI ogé seueur. Mung, di-upload-na henteu liwat Commons, janten teu tiasa dianggo di WBS, tapi, Insya Allah ku simkuring diusahakeun. Hatur nuhun :) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 15 Pébruari 2016 06.50 (UTC) ::mangga dilajeng. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 15 Pébruari 2016 09.58 (UTC) ::ieu mangrupa hiji hambatan ogé, kusabab ngalebetkeun gambar kana suwiki téh teu sagampang kitu, gambar nu dilebetkeun kedah gaduh lisénsi anu jelas utamina mah lisénsi nyalira atawa lisénsi ''creative commons''. Tangtuna ieu alatan katangtuan ngunjal berkas anu kedah ka Wikicommons. Sedengkeun sababaraha wiki basa lian mah tiasa upload di wikilang na nyalira, janten teu kedah ka commons, tapi keukeuh pangawasan lisénsina kedah tos enya-enya.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Pébruari 2016 13.19 (UTC) == Salam pangwanoh == Wilujeng tepang cep Fauzi!<br/> Nepangkeun simabdi minangka pamilon Wiki Sabanda ogé, hayu ah urang réréongan ngaramékeun ieu suwiki kalawan ku kontén-konténna nu langkung réa deui tur mundel. Mugia urang tisa digawé bareng kalawan kompak nya. Salam pangwanoh!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Pébruari 2016 13.12 (UTC) == Ngagarap artikel stasion karéta api == Simkuring nyuhunkeun widi badé ngagarap artikel ngeunaan stasion karéta api, supados tiasa keuna atanapi ngadeukeutkeun kana targét. Mugia tiasa sapuk kana pamundut kuring. Nuhun Cep Fauzi!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Pébruari 2016 13.23 (UTC) :Oh mangga upami kitu mah, kang {{ping|Uchup19}}. Dilajeng ah nyerat artikelna :) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613#top|sawala]]) 23 Pébruari 2016 21.34 (UTC) ==Panutupan Wiki Sabanda== <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;"> Sampurasun!<br> Sayembara Wiki Sabanda '''parantos ditutup kaping 14 Maret 2016 jam 23.59 WIB'''. Hatur nuhun kana ilubiung sadérék [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] dina ieu sayembara. Sadaya hasil anu parantos dipidamel ku sadérék nuju dirékap.<br> Hasil ahir tina ieu sayembara diumumkeun langsung dina acara panutupan. Ku kituna, panata calagara Wiki Sabanda seja ngulem sadérék [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] kanggo sumping dina acara nu dimaksad, dina: : '''Dinten, kaping : Kemis, 24 Maret 2016. '''' : '''Jam : 13.00-14.00 WIB''' : '''Tempat: Aula Perpustakaan Ajip Rosidi, Jl. Garut No. 2, Kota Bandung.''' Sanaos sayembara tos lekasan, kontribusi sadérék dina ngokolakeun Wikipéda teras diantos pisan, sangkan Wikipedia Basa Sunda tiasa teras hirup. Cag. Panata Calagara<br> [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 15 Maret 2016 03.01 (UTC) </div><br/> == Wilujeng janten pinunjul! == Sampurasun, Ahmad!<br> Wilujeng janten pinunjul dina sayembara nulis artikel Wiki Sabanda. Mugia janten panyumanget kanggo teras masihan kontribusi dina Wikipedia Basa Sunda. Hayu urang teras ngokolakeun ieu loka. Sumanget!--[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 26 Maret 2016 08.39 (UTC) == Pertahankeun sumber rujukan == Patali sareng mertahankeun kualitas artikel dina Wikipedia Basa Sunda, mugi teras diperhatoskeun sumber rujukan anu dianggo dina artikel. Sakumaha anu parantos dilaksanakeun dina Wiki Sabanda, yen unggal kalimah kedah mibanda rujukan anu tiasa dipercaya. Nu mawi, satiasa-tiasa teras ngadamel artikel anu aya sumber rujukanna. <br> Hatur nuhun. Sumanget!! :) --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 26 Maret 2016 08.39 (UTC) ==Kontributor Aktif Pisan (''very active contributor'')== Kanggo mertahankeun statistik Wikipedia Basa Sunda, urang usahakeun dina sabulan teras nyunting minimal 100x. Ieu utamina kanggo teras nembongkeun aktifitas kontributor aktif pisan (''very active contributors''). Mangga dilajeng. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 19 April 2016 07.56 (UTC) == Share your experience and feedback as a Wikimedian in this global survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello! The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey. We want to know how well we are supporting your work on and off wiki, and how we can change or improve things in the future.<ref group=survey>This survey is primarily meant to get feedback on the Wikimedia Foundation's current work, not long-term strategy.</ref> The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. You have been randomly selected to take this survey as we would like to hear from your Wikimedia community. To say thank you for your time, we are giving away 20 Wikimedia T-shirts to randomly selected people who take the survey.<ref group=survey>Legal stuff: No purchase necessary. Must be the age of majority to participate. Sponsored by the Wikimedia Foundation located at 149 New Montgomery, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94105. Ends January 31, 2017. Void where prohibited. [[m:Community Engagement Insights/2016 contest rules|Click here for contest rules]].</ref> The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes. <big>'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_6mTVlPf6O06r3mt&Aud=VAE&Src=53VAEAI Take the survey now!]'''</big> You can find more information about [[m:Community_Engagement_Insights/About_CE_Insights|this project]]. This survey is hosted by a third-party service and governed by this [[:foundation:Community_Engagement_Insights_2016_Survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]. Please visit our [[m:Community_Engagement_Insights/Frequently_asked_questions|frequently asked questions page]] to find more information about this survey. If you need additional help, or if you wish to opt-out of future communications about this survey, send an email to surveys@wikimedia.org. Thank you! --[[:m:User:EGalvez (WMF)|EGalvez (WMF)]] ([[:m:User talk:EGalvez (WMF)|talk]]) 13 Januari 2017 22.01 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2016/53-VAEAI&oldid=16205394 --> <references group=survey /> == Your feedback matters: Final reminder to take the global Wikimedia survey == (''Sorry for writing in English'') <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello! This is a final reminder that the Wikimedia Foundation survey will close on '''28 February, 2017 (23:59 UTC)'''. The survey is available in various languages and will take between 20 and 40 minutes. 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'''About the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The [[:wmf:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]] supports you by working on the software and technology to keep the sites fast, secure, and accessible, as well as supports Wikimedia programs and initiatives to expand access and support free knowledge globally. Thank you! --[[:m:User:EGalvez (WMF)|EGalvez (WMF)]] ([[:m:User talk:EGalvez (WMF)|talk]]) 21 Pébruari 2017 19.39 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:EGalvez (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Engagement_Insights/MassMessages/Lists/2016/53-VAEAI&oldid=16205394 --> == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 6 Séptémber 2019 14.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19352606 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! '''Your voice matters to us.''' Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 20 Séptémber 2019 15.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19395159 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] 3 Oktober 2019 19.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19433228 --> == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 4 Januari 2022 18.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> == [[Maurice Novoa]] == Halo! Abdi nyuhunkeun bantosan pikeun ngahapus halaman Maurice Novoa sabab parantos dipiceun tina Wikipédia Indonésia, Inggris, Malayu sareng Wikipédia sanés. [[Pamaké:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Badak Jawa|sawala]]) 7 April 2023 15.01 (UTC) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.01 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 April 2026 20.11 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> gtf9n9btkkxjha90jy0qenrtlyqs1co New York (nagara bagéan) 0 46426 708727 657484 2026-04-29T05:32:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |Fullname = Nagara Bagéan New York |Name = New York |Flag = Flag of New York.svg |Seal = Seal of New York.svg |Nickname = The Empire State |Motto = [[Seal of New York|Excelsior]] ([[Bahasa Latin|Latin]])<ref>{{cite web|title=New York State Motto|publisher=New York State Library|date=2001-01-29|url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm|accessdate=2007-11-16|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http%3A//www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm|archivedate=June 08, 2007|deadurl=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm |date=2007-06-08 }}</ref><br />Ever upward |Demonym = New Yorker |OfficialLang = None |Map = Map_of_USA_NY.svg |Capital = [[Albany, New York|Albany]] |LargestCity = [[New York City]] |LargestMetro = [[Kawasan metropolitan New York]] |AreaRank = 27th |TotalAreaUS = 54,555 |TotalArea = 141,299 |WidthUS = 285 |Width = 455 |LengthUS = 330 |Length = 530 |PCWater = 13.3 |Latitude = 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N |Longitude = 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W |2000Pop = 19,541,453 (2009 est.)<ref name=09CenEst>{{cite web | title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 | publisher = United States Census Bureau | accessdate = 2009-12-30 | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2009-01.csv}}</ref><br />18,976,457 (2000) |PopRank = 3rd |2000DensityUS = 408.7 |2000Density = 157.81 |DensityRank = ke-7 |HighestPoint = [[Mount Marcy]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web |date=April 29, 2005 |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=U.S Geological Survey |accessdate=November 6, 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601170143/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |date=June 1, 2008 }}</ref> |HighestElevUS = 5,344 |HighestElev = 1,629 |MeanElevUS = 1,000 |MeanElev = 305 |LowestElevUS = 0 |LowestElev = 0 |AdmittanceDate = [[26 Juli]] [[1788]] |AdmittanceOrder = ke-11 |Governor = [[David Paterson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Richard Ravitch]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <ref>{{cite news| url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/22/court-upholds-patersons-appointment-of-lieutenant-governor/?hp | work=The New York Times | title=In 4-3 Vote, Court Says Paterson Can Appoint Lt. Governor | first1=Jeremy W. | last1=Peters | first2=Sewell | last2=Chan | date=September 22, 2009 | accessdate=May 20, 2010}}</ref> |Legislature = [[New York Legislature]] |Upperhouse = [[New York State Senate|State Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[New York State Assembly|State Assembly]] |Senators = [[Charles Schumer]] (D)<br />[[Kirsten Gillibrand]] (D) |Representative = 27 Democrats,<br />2 Republicans |TimeZone = [[Waktu Timur|Timur]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5/[[Waktu musim panas|-4]] |PostalAbbreviation = NY |ISOCode = US-NY |Website = www.ny.gov }} '''New York''' téh salah sahiji wewengkon anu pernahna di wétaneun laut [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Lega wilayah New York ka-27, sedengkeun kapadetna pangeusina ka opat, sarta katujuh paling padet pangeusina tina 50 nagara di Amérika Sarikat, New York diwawatesan ku [[New Jersey]] jeung [[Pennsylvania]] beulah kidulna jeung [[Connecticut]], [[Massachusetts]], jeung [[Vermont]] beulah wétanna. Wates maritimna jeung [[Rhode Island]] wétaneun [[Long Island]], kitu ogé hiji wates internasional jeung ''propinsi'' [[Quebec]] di [[Kanada kalér]] jeung [[Ontario]] di kulon jeung kalér. Nagara bagéan New York mindeng disebut salaku Propinsi New York atawa Nagara New York pikeun ngabédakeun ti [[New York City]], mangrupa kaayaan kota anu pangpadetna sarta jadi puseur ékonomi. Dina taun [[2014]] Nurutkeun catetan anu aya. Pangeusina ampir kana 8,5 juta urang,<ref name=2014NYCest2>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRSIP.US12A|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2014 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - United States -- Places of 50,000+ Population - 2014 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 23, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213005015/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRSIP.US12A |date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=census-est-nyc-ny>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US36.05000|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 26, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150404140829/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US36.05000 |date=April 4, 2015 }}</ref> Kota New York mangrupa hiji kota anu pang padetna di Amérika Serikat. Kota ieu ogé merupakan jalan utama pikeun imigrasi hukum ka Amérika Serikat <ref name=Immigrants2013est>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Immigrants2012est>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Immigrants2011est>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2011/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=May 29, 2015}}</ref> Kota New York mangrupa Aréa Metropolitan, puseur kota anu pangeusina pangpadetna sadunya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/cities_urban_01.htm|title=World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population]|publisher=Rhett Butler |accessdate=August 2, 2014}}</ref> Kota New York kasohor ogé ku Ellis Island (“tempat anu loba wanoja-na”), Hiji kota anu mibanda kakuatan global,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf|title=Global power city index 2009|publisher=The Mori Memorial Foundation|accessdate=August 2, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629143736/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |date=June 29, 2014 }}</ref> kota New York mangrupa cukang lantaran kana ngaronjatkeun balantik, media, pakéan, seni, teknologi, hiburan jeung sajabana. kota New York ogé mangrupa tempat dumuk PBB,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visit.un.org/wcm/content/|title=United Nations Visitors Centre|publisher=United Nations |year=2011|accessdate=August 2, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924091240/http://visit.un.org/wcm/content |archivedate=September 24, 2010}}</ref> New York City is an important center for international diplomacy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/home/home.shtml|title=Office of the Mayor Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol|publisher=The City of New York |year=2012|accessdate=August 2, 2014}}</ref> Kota New York mangrupa tempat di mana babalagempagan/diplomasi internasional jeung deui ieu kota digambarkeun hiji puseur budaya jeung ekonomi dinya.<ref name = "culture1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/|title=Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture|publisher=Consulate General of Iceland New York|accessdate=August 2, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205061848/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/ |date=February 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="culture2">{{cite web|url=http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/|title=Consulate of Latvia in New York|publisher=Consulate of Latvia|accessdate=February 17, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024104315/http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/ |date=October 24, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="culture3">{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture/intro.htm|title=Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011|accessdate=August 2, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002134013/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/culture/intro.htm |date=October 2, 2018 }}</ref><ref name = "culture4">{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497|title=New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton&nbsp;... [et al.]|publisher=NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA|accessdate=August 2, 2014}}</ref> ==Sajarah== ===Abad ka-17=== Taya lian Henry Hudson dina taun [[1609]] mangrupa mimiti aubna bangsa [[Éropa]] jeung daerah sején. Balayar pikeun pausahaan [[Walanda]] pernahna di [[India Timur]] tuluy néangan nepikeun ka [[Asia]], manéhna ngulampreng saluareun basisir New York dina [[11 Séptémber]] taun éta kénéh.<ref name="Scheltema 2011">Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),''Exploring Historic Dutch New York''. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6</ref> Béja ngeunaan éta pamangihna ngarojong sodagar Walanda pikeun maluruh éta basisir dina enggoning néangan kauntungan tina dagang jeung warga éta tempat. Salila [[abad ka-17]] ieu sodagar Walanda ngadegkeun benteng dagang jeung suku-suku séjén anu diwadahan dina [[koloni]] [[New Netherland]] tuluy nerekab nepikeun ka jadi padumukan Beverwijck dina taun [[1647]], saterusna ieu tempat katelah [[Albany]]; [[Fort Amsterdam]] ([[1625]], ngarekahan anu antukna jadi [[New Amsterdam]] kiwari katelah New York City); saterusna [[Esopus]], ([[1653]], ayeuna jadi [[Kingston]]). Hasilna ''patroonship'' tina Rensselaerswyck ([[1630]]), anu dikurilingan Albany tur lumangsung nepika [[abad ka-19]], ieu mangrupa hiji kaayaan anu ngarojong hasilna sistem koloni. Salila [[perang Inggris-Walanda]] Kadua ngaranna dirobah jadi Provinsi New York. Kota New York direbut deui ku Walanda dina taun [[1673]] dina mangsa perang anu ka tilu Inggris-Belanda ([[1672]]-[[1674]]) ganti deui ngarana jadi New Orange. Saterusna sataun tuluy balik deui ka Inggris ku ayana janji pasini Westminster .<ref name="Scheltema 2011"/> ===Abad ka-19=== Dina [[abad ka-19]] jalan Urang Kulon ka wewengkon New york pikeun leuwih gampang ku diwangun hiji ''kanal'', ku lantaran hiji-hijina jalan ngaliwatan ''Great Lakes'' kahalangan ku curug [[Niagara]] (Niagara Falls). Gubernur ''DeWitt Clinton'' kacida ngarojong pikeun diwangun hiji kanal anu baris nepungkeun susukan ''Hudson'' jeung situ ''Erie'', ku alatan kitu engkéna bakal jadi hiji situ anu gedé pisan (Gréat Lakes). Pangwangunanna dimimitian dina taun [[1817]] réngsé taun [[1825]]. Saréngséna ieu kanal dimangpaatkeun leuwih jembar pikeun kaperluan tali marga ogé transportasi komérsial. Ku ngaronjatna hubungan ngaliwatan ieu kanal ngajadikeun pilihan séjén pikeun migrasi atawa pindahna warga jeung barang tikulon ka New York atawa sabalikna anu biasanamah ngamangpaatkeu karéta. Nincak mangsa taun-taun saméméh perang, Kota New York ngayakeun usaha bareng anu lega jeung pabrik [[tékstil]] bagéan kalér ogé kidul. Ampir kana satengah tina ékspor New York éta patalina jeung [[kapas]], jeung hasil [[kebon]] ti kidul. Sodagar anu mindeng pisan ka New York pikeun mibanda [[hotél]] favorit. Dina waktu anu sarua , ''aktivisme'' pikeun ''abolisionisme'' kuat di kota jeung bagéan [[kalér]], Underground Railroad (ngaran anu dipaké pikeun sakumpulan masarakat dilakukeun susulumputan di [[Amerika Serikat]] dina taun [[1830]]) di mana masyarakat ogé loba ngadukung. Dina poé-poé mimiti peperangan sadulur di Amérika, wali kota New York ngarojong pikeun kota mah misahkeun manéh supaya henteu ngaruksak kalumangsungan usaha dagang, ngan dina ahirna ngadukung ogé kana perang. Salila lumangsungna perang sadulur ieu, nagara bagéan New York nyayagikeun leuwih ti 370.000 prajurit pikeun pasukan gabungan. Leuwih ti 53.000 warga New York tilar dunya dina ieu pangperangan<ref>Phisterer, Frederick, ''New York in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 To 1865'', Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1890, p. 88.</ref> '''Serangan 11 September 2001''' Dina tanggal [[11 September]] [[2001]], dua tina opat [[pesawat]] dirampog saterusna diteumragkeun kana ''Menara Kembar'' ''World Trade Center'' di ''Lower'' ''Manhattan'' nepikeun ka runtuhna. anu ngabalukarkeun 2.753 korban tilar dunya Runtuhna ieu ''Menara Kembar'' dibalukarkeun ku ruksakna ''extensiveness'' anu ngabalukarkeun 147-panumpang tina dua pesawat tilar dunya. Ti saprak 11 September 2001 ieu, sabagian gedé ''Lower Manhattan'' geus di bebenah deui. Loba pagawé anu mantuan nyalametkeun korban dina éta kajadian katut masarakat anu aya dina éta [[aréa]] sababaraha taun saenggeusna ngalamanna ''overdeveloped'' sababara di antarana keuna ku panyakit, teu saeutik ogé anu tilar dunya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20121029/east-village/video-dramatic-explosion-at-east-village-con-ed-plant|title=VIDEO: Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant|author=Mary Johnson|publisher=Copyright © 2009–2012, DNAinfo.com. All Rights Reserved|date=October 29, 2012|accessdate=December 2, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203212639/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20121029/east-village/video-dramatic-explosion-at-east-village-con-ed-plant |date=December 3, 2012 }}</ref> Dina 11 September 2011 Hiji ''situs'' pikrun miéling ieu kajadian dibuka pikeun balaréa. muséum nu matuh dibuka ogé dina urut éta kajadian tanggal [[21 Maret]] [[2014]]. ''One World Trade Center'' réngsé dina taun 2014, ngajadikeun ''pencakar langit'' pangjangkungna anu aya di benua beulah kulon mah, di 1776 ''kaki'' wangunan anu séjénna keur dikeureuyeuh diwangun di éta lokasi. ==Tutumbu Kaluar== {{Commonscat|New York}} * {{en}} [http://www.state.ny.us/ Ramat Loka New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131171152/http://www.state.ny.us/ |date=2014-01-31 }} {{pondok}} ==Tempo Ogé== *[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_bagian_di_Amerika_Serikat Nagara-nagara Bagean Amerika] ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:New York| ]] 6cryhf0ug9s2xoswbxb23xa2jw652xb Basa Malayu 0 47300 708692 631063 2026-04-28T14:20:52Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove}}{{distinguish|basa Malaysia}} {{basa|name=Bahasa Malayu |nativename=بهاس ملايو |states=[[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], kidul [[Filipina]], [[Thailand]] Kidul, [[Timor Leste]], [[Sri Langka]], [[Afrika Selatan]], jeung [[Australia]] ([[Pulau Christmas]] jeung [[Kepulauan Cocos]]). {{br}}''Dialek standar nasional di Indonésia dipikawanoh minangka [[Basa Indonésia]]''. |region= |speakers=Panyatur asli: 60 juta {{br}}total 300 juta |rank=6 (kaasup panyatur non-basa indung) |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[rungkun basa Malayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] (MP) |fam3=[[rungkun basa Melayu-Polinesia Inti|MP Inti]] |fam4=[[rungkun basa Melayu-Sumbawa|Melayu-Sumbawa]] |fam5=[[rungkun basa Melayik|Melayik]] |fam6=[[basa-basa Malayu|Melayu-Melayu]] |nation={{flag|Brunei}}, {{flag|Indonesia}} (minangka Basa Indonesia)<br />{{flag|Malaysia}} (mindeng ditelah [[basa Malaysia]])<br />{{flag|Singapura}} |agency=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Malaysia), [[Pusat Bahasa]] (Indonesia), [[MABBIM|Majelis Bahasa Brunei Darussalam – Indonésia – Malaysia (MABBIM)]] (gabungan) |iso1=ms|iso2=may/msa|sil=MLI}} '''Malayu''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> ''{{lang|ms|Bahasa Malayu}}''; [[aksara Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}) mangrupa basa utama dina kulawarga [[basa Austronésia|Austronésia]]. Ieu basa téh mangrupa basa nasional di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], jeung basa di [[Singapura]]. Panyaturna leuwih ti 270 juta urang <ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonésia as "Malay" plus 230 million as "Indonesian", etc.</ref> sapanjang [[selat Malaka]], kaasup basisir [[tanjung Malayu]] di Malaysia jeung basisir wétan [[Sumatra]] di Indonésia, sarta geus dikukukeun minangka basa asli pikeun wewengkon basisir kulon [[Sarawak]] jeung [[Kalimantan Kulon]] di [[Kalimantan]]. [[file:Malayophone world.svg|frameless|left]] {{pondok}} ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[kategori:basa di Asia]] [[Kategori:Basa Malayu| ]] [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia]] eulpf39efa16ww8bz6dqek63i6781ex Goréngan 0 72308 708713 705714 2026-04-29T02:06:48Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihan kategori 708713 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#e8e8e8;" | Goréngan |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Penjual gorengan Jakarta.JPG|200px]]<br /><small>Rupa-rupa goréngan anu biasa dijual di sisi jalan.</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis kadaharan | Kadaharan hampang (''Snack'') |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Bahan utama | Tipung, rupa-rupa eusi (tahu, témpé, cau, jsb.) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Cara masak | Digoréng (''Deep frying'') |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Asal | [[Asia Tenggara]], hususna [[Indonésia]] |} '''Goréngan''' nyaéta istilah umum anu dianggo pikeun nyebat rupa-rupa kadaharan anu prosés masakna ku cara dikeueum dina minyak panas (''deep frying''). Ieu kadaharan téh mangrupa salasahiji ''kuliner'' anu kacida populérna di [[Indonésia]], hususna di tatar [[Sunda]].<ref name="kompas-sejarah">[https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/03/19/120000079/sejarah-gorengan-kapan-mulai-ada-di-indonesia "Sejarah Gorengan: Kapan Mulai Ada di Indonesia?"]. Kompas.com. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> == Asal-usul == Goréngan geus lila jadi bagian tina kabudayaan leueuteun masarakat. Sanajan rupa-rupa bahan bisa digoréng, tradisi ngagunakeun adonan tipung pikeun mumbuan bahan kadaharan téh miboga pangaruh ti kabudayaan luar, sapertos pangaruh ''kuliner'' [[Tiongkok]] (dina tahu sarta témpé) jeung [[Éropa]]. Mekarna konsumsi goréngan di Nusantara ogé aya patalina sareng sajarah sumebarna kebon kalapa sawit sarta ''produksi'' minyak goréng sacara ''massal'' dina abad ka-19.<ref name="fadly-historia">Fadly Rahman. (2016). ''Rijsttafel: Budaya Kuliner di Indonesia Masa Kolonial 1870-1942''. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</ref> == Bahan sarta Cara Masak == Bahan dasar pikeun nyieun goréngan umumna ngagunakeun adonan tipung tarigu anu dicampur sareng rupa-rupa samara. Bahan anu sering dijantenkeun eusi goréngan di antarana: * '''[[Témpé]]''' sarta '''[[Tahu]]''' (tahu isi atanapi tahu sumedang). * '''[[Bala-bala]]''' (campuran kol, wortel, sarta tipung). * '''[[Gehu]]''' (tahu anu dieusi togé sarta lada). * '''[[Comro]]''' sarta '''[[Misro]]''' (bahan dasarna tina sampeu). * '''[[Cireng]]''' (aci digoréng). * '''[[Pisang Goréng]]''' (cau anu dibaluran tipung). Sangkan téksturna ''rangu'' (''crispy''), goréngan kedah digoréng dina minyak anu seueur sarta panasna manceg. Prosés ieu dina istilah téknis disebut ''deep frying''. == Aspék Sosial sarta Kaséhatan == Goréngan miboga peran penting dina kahirupan sosial masarakat [[Indonésia]]. Ieu kadaharan sering dijantenkeun ''snack'' nalika rapat, ngobrol santai, dugi ka menu buka puasa. Hargana anu mirah ngajadikeun goréngan tiasa dipésér ku sakumna lapisan masarakat. Nanging, tina aspék kaséhatan, konsumsi goréngan anu kaleuleuwihi henteu saé margi ngandung ''koléstérol'' sarta ''lemak jenuh'' (''saturated fat'') anu luhur. Para ahli ''nutrisi'' nyarankeun sangkan masarakat wijaksana dina ngonsumsi ieu kadaharan sangkan teu ngabalukarkeun panyakit ''kardiovaskular''.<ref name="kes-gorengan">[https://www.alodokter.com/bahaya-gorengan-bagi-kesehatan-dan-tips-mengonsumsinya "Bahaya Gorengan bagi Kesehatan"]. Alodokter. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> == Di Sakuliah Dunya == === Afrika Kidul === '''Goréng waluh''' (''pumpkin fritters''), anu biasana disuguhkeun sareng gula [[kayu manis]], mangrupa salasahiji katuangan anu kacida kasohorna di [[Afrika Kidul]].<ref>[http://www.rainbowcooking.co.nz/recipes/pumpkin-fritters "Rainbow cooking: Pumpkin fritters (pampoenkoekies)"]. Rainbow Cooking. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref><ref>[https://tastyrecipes.sapeople.com/pumpkin-fritters/ "Tasty Recipes for SA People: Pumpkin fritters"]. SA People Tasty Recipes. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531044200/https://tastyrecipes.sapeople.com/pumpkin-fritters/ |date=2023-05-31 }}. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> === Amérika Sarikat === Di [[Amérika Sarikat]], goréngan téh nyaéta sarupaning caneuteun anu dijieun tina adonan campuran endog, tipung tarigu, tipung jagong, sarta susu. Ieu adonan téh tuluy digoréng sangkan téksturna liket sarta ngahiji.<ref name="Verstille 2014 p. 168">[http://books.google.com/books?id=2S9rAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 ''Verstille's Southern Cookery'']. American Antiquarian Society. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Aya sababaraha jinis goréngan anu kasohor di Amérika, di antarana: * '''[[Goréng jagong]]''' (''corn fritters''): Wangununa ampir sarupa sareng [[bala-bala]], nanging bahan utamana tina jagong anu parantos dipocélan. * '''[[Goréng apel]]''' (''apple fritters''): Ieu kadaharan téh kacida populérna. Kapungkur mah cara nyieunna téh sarupa sareng di [[Inggris]], nyaéta ku cara nyiksikan apel, tuluy dikanclomkeun kana adonan sateuacan digoréng. * '''Kuéh kerang''' sarta '''kuéh keuyeup''': Ieu ogé kalebet kana jinis goréngan hasil laut. * '''Goréngan ''zucchini''''': Salasahiji goréngan has ti sababaraha wewengkon (lokal) anu ngagunakeun bahan dasar tina samangka waluh (''zucchini''). === Britania Raya === Di toko-toko '''lauk sarta kiripik kentang''' (''fish and chips'') di [[Inggris]], ménu utamana sok dibaturan ku rupa-rupa "goréngan". Bahan anu sering digoréng téh di antarana siksikan [[kentang]], cingcin [[ganas]], cingcin [[apel]],<ref name="Raffald 1808 p. 118">[http://books.google.com/books?id=PPAHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA118 ''The experienced English house-keeper'']. 1808. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> atanapi kacang polong anu parantos dilembutkeun (''mushy peas'') anu tuluy digoréng maké adonan tipung. Éta katuangan téh dingaranan dumasar kana bahanna, sapertos: "goréng kentang", "goréng ganas", "goréng apel", sarta "goréng polong". Salian ti éta, boh di imah boh di sakola, goréngan ogé sakapeung sok dijieun tina bahan daging, utamana tina [[spam (kadaharan)|spam]] (daging kaléng) sarta [[daging kornét]]. === India === [[File:The Bajji maker.jpg|thumb|upright|Wanoja nuju ngadamel ''bajji'' di Mylapore.]] Goréngan mangrupa jajanan sisi jalan anu kacida kasohorna di sakuliah [[Asia Kidul]]. Dina basa lokal, ieu katuangan téh biasana disebut '''pakora''' (''pakoda'') atanapi '''bhajji''' (''bhajia''). Salah sahiji jinis anu paling populér boh di jero nagara boh di mancanagara nyaéta '''bhaji bawang'''. Di nagara bagian [[Kerala]] anu aya di bagian kidul, goréngan cau (''banana fritters'') kacida populérna sarta dipikawanoh ku sebutan '''Pazhampori''' (പഴംപൊരി). === Iran === Goréngan has [[Iran]] disebut '''Kuku''', anu miboga rupa-rupa vérsi, sapertos anu dijieun tina [[kentang]] (''Kuku Sibzamini'') atanapi anu dicampur sareng rupa-rupa bungbu daun (''Kuku Sabzi''). Ieu jinis goréngan téh wangunna ampir sarupa sareng dadar kandel (''frittata''), tapi miboga tékstur anu leuwih hampang margi ngagunakeun endog anu sakedik.<ref name="kuku-iran">Shafia, L. (2013). ''The New Persian Kitchen''. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1607743576.</ref><ref name="britannica-kuku">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/kuku-Persian-dish "Kuku: Persian dish"]. Encyclopedia Britannica. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> === Jepang === Dina dunya asakan [[Jepang]], '''Témpura''' nyaéta rupa-rupa sayuran atanapi kadaharan laut (''seafood'') anu dikanclomkeun kana adonan tipung, tuluy digoréng nepi ka téksturna garing sarta ''renyah''. Témpura mangrupa katuangan anu kacida umumna sarta sering disuguhkeun salaku deungeun sangu atanapi panambih dina [[mie]] sapertos [[soba]] sareng [[udon]].<ref name="tempura-history">[https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2038.html "Tempura: Japanese Fried Food"]. Japan-Guide. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Sanajan ayeuna dipikawanoh salaku kadaharan has Jepang, asal-usul téknik ngagoréng témpura téh sabenerna meunang pangaruh tina tradisi misionaris [[Portugal]] di [[Nagasaki]] dina abad ka-16.<ref name="kodansha">Itosho, H. (2015). ''Traditional Japanese Cooking''. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4770029712.</ref> === Koréa === Dina dunya asakan [[Koréa]], goréngan téh dipikawanoh ku sebutan '''twigim''' (튀김). Ieu katuangan sering dijadikeun jajanan sisi jalan (''street food'') anu kacida populérna. Sababaraha jinis ''twigim'' anu kasohor di antarana:<ref name="korean-food">[https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Official-Symbols/Cuisine "Korean Cuisine: Twigim"]. Korea.net (Laman Resmi Pamaréntah Koréa). Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> * '''Dak-twigim''': Hayam digoréng. * '''Gim-mari-twigim''': Jukut laut (''seaweed'') anu digulung sarta digoréng. * '''Goguma-twigim''': Huwi amis (''sweet potato'') anu digoréng. * '''Gul-twigim''': Tiram digoréng. * '''Ojingeo-twigim''': Cumi-cumi digoréng. * '''Saeu-twigim''': Udang digoréng.<ref name="korean-cooking">Noh, C. (2011). ''Traditional Korean Cooking: Snacks & Drinks''. Hollym International. ISBN 978-1565913165.</ref> Prosés nyieun ''twigim'' ampir sarupa sareng témpura, nyaéta ngagunakeun adonan tipung anu tiis sarta éncér supados hasilna garing sarta henteu seueur teuing nyerep minyak. === Malaysia sarta Filipina === Di [[Malaysia]] sarta [[Brunéi Darussalam]], jinis goréngan anu umum dipikawanoh nyaéta '''cucur''' (sapertos cucur sayur, kentang, sarta cau).<ref name="Musa 2016 p. 90">[http://books.google.com/books?id=nxeCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90 ''Amazing Malaysian: Recipes for Vibrant Malaysian Home-Cooking'']. 2016. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Ieu katuangan biasana dijual di sisi jalan ngagunakeun katél (''wok'') anu ageung.<ref name="Albala 2011">[http://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=RA2-PA161 ''Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia'']. 2011. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Samentara éta di [[Filipina]], aya sababaraha jinis goréngan anu has: * '''Kwek-kwek''': Endog puyuh anu dibaluran adonan tipung sarta digoréng. * '''Tokneneng''': Endog hayam anu digoréng ku cara anu sami sareng kwek-kwek. * '''Kalamares''': Cumi-cumi digoréng (''fried calamari''). * '''Okoy''': Goréngan udang. * '''Maruya''': Goréngan cau (cau anu dijajarkeun janten wangun kipas). === Myanmar === [[File:Fritters in Hainan - 03.ogv|thumb|right|150px|Nu nuju ngadamel goréngan di [[Hainan]], [[Tiongkok]].]] Dina ''kuliner'' [[Myanmar]] (Burma), goréngan disebutna '''a-kyaw''' ({{lang-my|အကြော်}}), sedengkeun rupa-rupa goréngan campur disebutna '''a-kyaw-sone''' ({{lang-my|အကြော်စုံ}}). Salasahiji anu pang populérna nyaéta goréngan labu (''gourd fritter''). Bahan sanésna anu sering dianggo nyaéta bawang bombay, kentang, rupa-rupa sayuran daun, tahu Burma, sarta cau. Aya ogé katuangan anu disebut '''bayagyaw''', nyaéta goréngan tina témpél kacang hideung anu dicampur sareng daun kari, wangunna ampir sarupa sareng ''falafel''.<ref name="Marks Thein 1994 p. 35">[http://books.google.com/books?id=T9aOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 ''The Burmese Kitchen: Recipes from the Golden Land'']. 1994. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Goréngan di Myanmar biasana didahar salaku jajanan nalika nginum téh atanapi dijantenkeun panambih katuangan nasionalna, nyaéta '''Mohinga'''. Salian ti éta, goréngan ogé sering disuguhkeun sareng ''Kao hnyin baung'' (sangu ketan) sarta saos husus anu dijieun tina campuran cabé, cuka, bawang bodas, sarta daun ''ketumbar'' (cilantro). === Selandia Anyar === Goréngan lauk leutik (''whitebait fritters'') kacida populérna di [[Selandia Anyar]].<ref name="Bloom Wechter 2010 p. 53">[http://books.google.com/books?id=kpJ7O_Y3IY4C&pg=PA53 ''Fodor's New Zealand'']. 2010. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Ieu katuangan biasana dijieun tina campuran lauk ''whitebait'' seger sareng endog, tuluy digoréng nepi ka asak. === Tiongkok === Di sakuliah [[Tiongkok]], rupa-rupa goréngan (''youzha'') seueur dijual di sisi jalan salaku jajanan. Ieu goréngan téh sakapeung mah aya anu eusina daging babi, nanging umumna mah mangrupa katuangan ''vegetarian'' (tina sayuran atanapi adonan tipung). Salah sahiji goréngan anu paling kasohor pikeun sarapan di Tiongkok nyaéta '''You-tiao''', nyaéta goréngan tipung anu wangunna panjang sarta miboga rasa anu gurih.<ref name="china-food">[https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/chinese-food/breakfast.htm "Traditional Chinese Breakfast Food"]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. China Highlights. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> ===== Selandia Anyar === Goréngan lauk leutik (''whitebait fritters'') kacida populérna di [[Selandia Anyar]].<ref name="Bloom Wechter 2010 p. 53"/> Ieu katuangan biasana dijieun tina campuran lauk ''whitebait'' seger sareng endog, tuluy digoréng nepi ka asak. === Tiongkok === Di sakuliah [[Tiongkok]], rupa-rupa goréngan (''youzha'') seueur dijual di sisi jalan salaku jajanan. Ieu goréngan téh sakapeung mah aya anu eusina daging babi, nanging umumna mah mangrupa katuangan ''vegetarian'' (tina sayuran atanapi adonan tipung). Salah sahiji goréngan anu paling kasohor pikeun sarapan di Tiongkok nyaéta '''You-tiao''', nyaéta goréngan tipung anu wangunna panjang sarta miboga rasa anu gurih.<ref name="china-food"/> === Indonésia === Di [[Indonésia]], goréngan mangrupa salasahiji jajanan anu paling populér sarta gampil ditéang di mamana, ti mimiti padagang goréngan rodaan di sisi jalan dugi ka réstoran. Goréngan di Indonésia miboga rupa-rupa variasi gumantung kana bahan dasarna. Sababaraha jinis goréngan anu geus jadi katuangan sapopoé di tatar [[Sunda]] di antarana: * '''[[Bala-bala]]''': Campuran tipung tarigu sareng siksikan sayur sapertos kol sarta wortel. Di luar Jawa Kulon, ieu katuangan sering disebut ''bakwan''. * '''[[Gehu]]''' (Gorengan Tahu): Tahu anu dieusi ku togé sarta sakapeung dicampur sambel lada, tuluy dibalur ku adonan tipung. * '''[[Témpé Mendoan]]''': Témpé anu digoréng satengah mateng nganggo adonan tipung anu seueur samara daun bawangna. Ieu katuangan asalna ti wewengkon [[Banyumas]]. * '''[[Cireng]]''' (Aci Digoréng): Jajanan has Sunda anu dijieun tina adonan tipung aci ([[tapioka]]). * '''[[Pisang Goréng]]''': Cau anu dibaluran ku adonan tipung amis. * '''[[Comro]]''' sarta '''[[Misro]]''': Goréngan tina parudan sampeu. Comro dieusi oncom (oncom di jero), sedengkeun misro dieusi gula beureum (amis di jero). Di sababaraha daérah, goréngan biasana didahar sareng céngék atanapi sambel kacang. Goréngan ogé sering dijadikeun deungeun sangu atanapi panambih nalika tuang [[mie instan]] atanapi [[bakso]].<ref name="kuliner-indo">Gardjito, M., dkk. (2018). ''Profil Struktur Bumbu dan Bahan Makanan Indonesia''. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.</ref> == Bahaya sarta Résiko Kaséhatan == === Kandungan Nutrisi === Kadaharan anu digoréng umumna miboga kandungan lemak, kalori, sarta uyah anu luhur.<ref name="alodokter-bahaya">[https://www.alodokter.com/bahaya-gorengan-bagi-kesehatan-dan-tips-mengonsumsinya "Bahaya Gorengan bagi Kesehatan"]. Alodokter. Diakses ping 13 Pébruari 2026.</ref> Prosés ngagoréng tiasa ngarobah kualitas nutrisi sarta ngaronjatkeun kandungan kalori dina katuangan. Anu langkung bahaya, upami minyak anu dipakéna téh minyak urut (jelantah) anu dianggo sacara terus-terusan, éta minyak bakal ngandung '''lemak trans''' anu picilakaeun pikeun awak. === Résiko Panyakit === Ngonsumsi goréngan dina porsi anu kaleuleuwihi sering dikaitkeun sareng sababaraha résiko panyakit, di antarana: * '''Panyakit Jantung sarta Koléstrol''': Mingkin luhur tingkat koléstrol dina getih, mingkin ageung résiko katarajang panyakit jantung sarta gangguan pembuluh getih. Koléstrol anu numpuk tiasa nyababkeun kabentukna plék anu ngahambat aliran getih, ibarat paralon anu kapeungpeuk. Upami teu diatasi, ieu kaayaan tiasa ngabalukarkeun ''strok'', ''aterosklérosis'', sarta serangan jantung. * '''Diabétes sarta Obésitas''': Panalungtikan némbongkeun yén kabiasaan ngonsumsi goréngan tiasa ningkatkeun résiko diabétes sarta kaleuwihan beurat awak (obésitas). * '''Kangker''': Husus pikeun lalaki, aya panalungtikan anu nyebutkeun yén konsumsi goréngan anu sering (leuwih ti saminggu sakali sacara rutin) tiasa ngaronjatkeun résiko katarajang kangker prostat. === Pikeun Ibu Hamil === Ibu anu nuju kakandungan kedah langkung milih-milih dina ngonsumsi goréngan. Kabiasaan ngonsumsi goréngan anu kaleuleuwihi sateuacan atanapi nalika masa kakandungan tiasa ningkatkeun résiko '''diabétes gestasional''' (diabétes anu lumangsung nalika hamil). Dumasar kana panalungtikan, awéwé anu ngonsumsi goréngan langkung ti tilu kali dina saminggu miboga résiko 13 persén langkung luhur katarajang diabétes gestasional dibandingkeun sareng anu ngonsumsi kirang ti sakali dina saminggu. === Nu keur kakandungan === Terutama bagi wanita hamil, mengonsumsi gorengan secara berlebihan memiliki risiko tersendiri. Berdasarkan penelitian, kebiasaan mengonsumsi gorengan sebelum hamil ditengarai dapat meningkatkan risiko diabetes selama kehamilan. Diabetes yang terjadi selama masa kehamilan disebut dengan diabetes gestasional. Dibandingkan dengan wanita yang mengonsumsi gorengan kurang dari satu kali per minggu sebelum masa kehamilan, risiko untuk mengalami diabetes gestasional lebih tinggi 13 persen khusus bagi yang mengonsumsi gorengan sebanyak tiga kali per minggu. Risiko tersebut meningkat seiring dengan jumlah gorengan yang dikonsumsi per minggu. === Ngaminimalisir Résiko === Pikeun ngirangan dampak awon tina ngonsumsi goréngan, aya sababaraha cara anu tiasa dilakukeun: * '''Milih Minyak anu Sehat''': Gantos minyak trans atanapi minyak jelantah ku jinis minyak anu langkung sehat, sapertos minyak zaitun, kanola, jagung, siki kembang srangéngé, atanapi minyak wijen. * '''Nyaluyukeun Suhu Masak''': Sangkan minyak teu seueur teuing nyerep kana katuangan, disarankeun ngagoréng dina suhu 176–190°C. Upami suhuna handap teuing, minyak bakal rembes kana jero katuangan. Sabalikna, upami panas teuing, katuangan bakal garing teuing sarta minyakna tiasa ngalaman ''oksidasi''. * '''Anggo Téknik Masak Sanés''': Cara séjén pikeun ngaminimalisir prosés ngagoréng nyaéta ku cara dipanggang nganggo ''oven''. Sateuacan dipanggang, daging tiasa diulasan heula ku minyak zaitun sangkan hasilna tetep ''renyah''. * '''Sakedahna Sakali Paké''': Hindari ngagunakeun minyak sacara terus-terusan (minyak urut). Disarankeun pisan minyak téh ngan ukur dianggo sakali kanggé ngagoréng. * '''Ngagunakeun Tisu Kertas''': Sanggeus katuangan bérés digoréng, anggo tisu kertas kanggé nyerep sésa minyak anu kaleuleuwihi. * '''Ngadamel Sorangan di Bumi''': Ngadamel goréngan sorangan di bumi langkung saé dibandingkeun mésér ti luar. Urang tiasa langkung wijaksana dina milih bahan, jinis minyak, sarta cara ngagoréngna. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kuliner Sunda]] [[Kategori:Goréngan]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] [[Kategori:Taratas dahareun]] 3a6vd3qnl3bny2x4t4tp13swywr02sm Basa Kerinci 0 76282 708688 671694 2026-04-28T14:14:30Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info basa |name=Basa Kerinci<br/>بهاس كرينچي |nativename=Basa Kerinci |states=[[Indonésia]]<br/>[[Malaysia]]<br/>[[Bahrain]] |region=Sumatra |speakers= |familycolor=Papuan |fam1= |fam2= |fam3= |fam4= |script= |iso3=kvr}} '''Basa Kerinci''' ({{lang-ms|'''Bahasa Kerinci'''}}; [[Jawi]]: بهاس كرينچي) nyaéta [[basa]] wewengkon anu aya di [[Indonésia]]. Panyaturna aya di 1 propinsi nyaéta propinsi [[Jambi]], nu sumebar di 2 [[kabupaten]]/[[kota]]. == Tumbu kaluar == * [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=1884 ''Baselang Nuai''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009160642/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=1884 |date=2022-10-09 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329072640/http://www.indonesia-heritage.net/2014/05/bupati-perintahkan-dinas-porabudpar-dan-dinas-pendidikan-untuk-gali-prasasti-kerinci-2/ Bupati Perintahkan Dinas Pemuda, Olahraga, dan Pariwisata dan Dinas Pendidikan untuk Gali Prasasti Kerinci] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025220/http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/5690/09E01338.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Jati Diri Masyarakat Kerinci dalam Sastra Lisan Kerinci] * [https://properti.kompas.com/read/2011/04/12/1647567/kerinci.sekepal.tanah.surga Kerinci, Sekepal Tanah Surga] * [http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/research/tambo-kerinci/ Tambo Kerinci] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerinci}} [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia]] {{basa-stub}} aug5xy1opqx359tvuwg7rw4wk7m525z München 0 88225 708726 689438 2026-04-29T05:27:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses of|Munich" atawa "München|München (disambiguasi)}} {{short description|Puseur dayeuh jeung kota nu pendudukna panglobana di Bayern, Jérman}} {{Infobox German location |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 62 000 |Stand = 31 Oktober 2015 |pop_urban = 2606021 |pop_metro = 5,991,144<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München |trans-title=Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region |work=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=20 Juni 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620161149/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |date=2019-06-20 }}</ref> |pop_ref = http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/muenchen-in-zahlen.html |name = Munich |German_name = ''München'' |image_photo={{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Stadtbild_München.jpg | photo3a = Schloss Nymphenburg Münich.jpg | photo3b = Englischer_Garten_München.jpg | photo5a = BMW Welt Night cropped.jpg | photo5b = Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg | photo6a = Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = white | border = 0 | foot_montage = {{nowrap|Ti luhur: [[Marienplatz]] sareng [[Neues Rathaus]]<br /> jeung [[Frauenkirche München|Frauenkirche]] dina latar,}}<br />[[Istana Nymphenburg]], [[Englischer Garten]], [[BMW Welt]], [[Feldherrnhalle]], jeung [[Allianz Aréna]]<br />}} |type = 69 |image_coa = DEU München COA.svg |image_flag = Flag of Munich (striped).svg|120px |coordinates = {{coord|48|08|N|11|34|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Höhe = 520 |state = Bayern |region = Bayern Luhur |district = urban |elevation = 519r |area = 310.43 <!-- |population = 1548319 fetched via Gemeindeschlüssel --> |postal_code = 80331–81929 |PLZ-alt = 8000 |area_code = 089 |licence = M |LOCODE = DE MUC |borough = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title='''[[Séktor di München|25 séktor]]''' |{{nowrap|[[Altstadt-Lehel]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Maxvorstadt]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-West]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Au-Haidhausen]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Sendling]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Sendling-Westpark]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Schwanthalerhöhe]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Moosach (München)|Moosach]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-Freimann]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Bogenhausen]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Berg am Laim]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Trudering-Riem]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Ramersdorf-Perlach]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Obergiesing]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Hadern]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Pasing-Obermenzing]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Allach-Untermenzing]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]}} |{{nowrap|[[Laim]]}} }} |Adresse = Marienplatz 8<br />80331 München |website = [http://www.muenchen.de/ www.muenchen.de] |mayor = [[Dieter Reiter]] |party = SPD |ruling_party1 = SPD |ruling_party2 = CSU |year_of_first_mention = 1158 }} [[Gambar:MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg|thumb|Mariensäule di [[Marienplatz]]]] [[Gambar:Www.gerhard-blank.de_münchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg|thumb|Pamandangan München ti luhur]] [[Gambar:München und die Alpen bei Föhn.jpg|thumb|[[Alpen]] di belakang langit München]] [[Gambar:Lions at the Feldherrnhalle in Munich.JPG|thumb|Patung singa dibuat ku [[Wilhelm von Rümann]] di [[Feldherrnhalle]]]] '''München''' ({{IPA-de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München.ogg}}; {{lang-en|Munich}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}};<ref>[[Ngaran kota Éropa dina basa séjén: M–P#M]]</ref> {{lang-bar|Minga}} {{IPA-bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ|}} atawa leuwih umum disebut ''Minna'' {{IPA-bar|ˈmɪna|}}; {{lang-la|Monachium}}) nyaéta dayeuh puseur jeung kota nu miboga pangeusi panglobana di [[Bayern]], sarta [[Nagara bagéan di Jérman|nagara bagéan féderal]] kadua nu miboga pangeusi panglobana di [[Jérman]]. Miboga pangeusi kurang leuwih 1,5 juta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html|title=Landeshauptstadt München – Bevölkerung|author=Landeshauptstadt München, Redaktion|work=Landeshauptstadt München|accessdate=12 Pébruari 2016}}</ref> ieu kota jadi [[Daptar kota di Jérman dumasar pangeusi|kota katilu panggedéna]] di Jérman, saanggeus [[Bérlin]] jeung [[Hamburg]], sarta [[Daptar kota di Uni Éropa dumasar pangeusi dina bates kota|kota ka-12 panggedéna]] di [[Uni Éropa]]. [[Wewengkon Métropolitan München|Wewengkon métropolitan]] ieu kota miboga 6 juta pangeusi.<ref name="mmr_official_site">{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=The Munich Metropolitan Region |publisher=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=17 April 2017 |language=de }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531145114/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |date=31 May 2017 }}</ref> Pernahna di tepi [[Walungan Isar]] ([[budak walungan]] [[Danube]]) di kalér [[Alpen Gamping Kalér|Alpen Bayern]], ieu kota mangrupa puseur [[Regierungsbezirk|wewengkon administratif]] [[Oberbayern|Bayern Luhur]], jadi munisipalitas di Jérman nu miboga pangeusi [[kapadetan pangeusi|pangpadetna]] (4.500 jelema per km²). München mangrupa kota kadua panggedéna di [[Dialék Bayern|wewengkon dialék Bayern]], saanggeus dayeuh puseur [[Austria]], [[Wina]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em}} == Tutumbu luar == * [http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/home_en Ramatloka Kota München] * [http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408142147/http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html |date=2007-04-08 }} – jaringan transportasi umum * [http://www.muenchenwiki.de/ München Wiki] – wiki kota nu kabuka pikeun München nu miboga leuwih ti 15.000 artikel {{de icon}} * [http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005051255/http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html |date=2011-10-05 }} * [http://www.munichfound.com/ Munichfound] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613144725/http://www.munichfound.com/ |date=2019-06-13 }} – majalah pikeun penduduk München nu nuturkeun basa Inggris * [http://www.destination-munich.com/ Destination Munich] – Panduan daring * [https://www.munich-airport.com Bandara München] – Ramatloka Bandara Franz Josef Strauss * [http://www.muenchen.tv/ münchen.tv] – stasion TV lokal * [http://www.his-muenchen.de/ Atlas München Historis] {{de icon}} ; Poto * [http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/germany/munich/photos Europe Pictures – München] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211518/http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/germany/munich/photos |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.photrax.com/index.php?page=user.view.image&imageId=454 Gambar Geocoded München] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702051051/http://www.photrax.com/index.php?page=user.view.image&imageId=454 |date=2017-07-02 }} * [http://www.panorama-cities.net/munich/munich.html Panorama Kota München] – Pamandangan panorama jeung tur virtual * [http://www.globosapiens.net/germany-travel/Bayern/Munich_pictures.html Globosapiens Travel Community] – Tips Travel * [https://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Poto München * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624233320/http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/germany/munichphotogallery.html Galeri poto München] {{Geographic location |Centre =München |North =[[Nürnberg]], [[Regensburg]],<br />[[Ingolstadt]] |Northeast= [[Praha]] ([[Céko|Républik Céko]]),<br />[[Landshut]] |East =[[Linz]] ([[Austria]]) |Southeast= [[Rosenheim]],<br />[[Salzburg]] ([[Austria]]) |South =[[Innsbruck]] ([[Austria]]),<br />[[Bolzano]] ([[Italia]]) |Southwest= [[Vaduz]] ([[Liechtenstein]]),<br />[[Zürich]] ([[Swiss]]) |West =[[Memmingen]] |Northwest= [[Stuttgart]], [[Ulm]], [[Augsburg]] }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:München]] [[Kategori:Dayeuh puseur nagara bagéan Jérman]] m9uk4ebjz8elxbnqq7mmj9olo2qiang Basa Batawi 0 98337 708695 690056 2026-04-28T14:23:54Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 708695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Basa |name=Basa Batawi |nativename=''basè Betawi'', ''basa Betawi''</br>بهاس بتاوى |region=[[Jakarta]], [[Bogor]], [[Dépok]], [[Tangerang]], [[Bekasi]] ([[Indonesia]]) |speakers=2,7 juta (1993) |rank= |familycolor=Creole |fam1=[[Basa Melayu#Melayu Kreol|Melayu Kreol]] |script= * [[Alfabét Latin]] * [[Abjad Jawi]] |iso1=''taya''|iso2=bew|iso3=bew }} {{Incubator|code= bew/Main Page}} '''Basa Batawi''' atawa '''Melayu Dialék Jakarta''' atawa '''Melayu Batavia''' ('''bew''') ([[Aksara Sunda Baku]]: {{sund|ᮘᮞ ᮘᮒᮝᮤ}}) nyaéta salah sahiji [[basa]] anu mangrupa basa ti [[basa Melayu|Melayu]]. Mararehna anu ngagunakeun basa ieu disebut [[Betawi|urang Batawi]]. Basa ini hampir saumur jeung ngaran daérah tempat basa ieu dikembangkeun, nyaéta [[Jakarta]]. Basa Batawi nyaéta [[basa kreol]] (Siregar, 2005) anu didasarkeun dina [[basa Melayu Pasar]] ditambah jeung unsur-unsur [[basa Sunda]], [[basa Bali]], basa ti Cina Kidul (utamana [[basa Hokkian]]), [[basa Arab]], sarta basa ti Eropa, utamana [[basa Walanda]] jeung [[basa Portugis]]. Basa ieu mimitina dipaké ku kalangan masyarakat mangengah ka handap dina masa-masa awal parkembangan Jakarta. Komunitas budak sarta padagang anu paling sering ngagunahkeun. Sabab barkembang sacara alila, euweuh struktur baku anu jelas ti basa ieu anu ngabedakeun ti basa Melayu, lantaran aya sabaraha unsur linguistik diciri anu bisa dipaké, misalna ti sakabéh awalan ''me-'' (sapetos halna basa Melayu, kaasup basa Indonésia), panggunaan akhiran ''-in'' (sarua saperti basa Bali), sarta ngalihan bunyi /a/ dibuka di akhir kecap jadi /e/ atawa /ɛ/ dina sabaraha dialék lokal. == Kosakata basa Batawi == {| class=prettytable |- !Basa Batawi (dialék Méstér) !Basa Sunda |- ||sapè||saha |- ||apè||naon |- |pegimanè |kumaha |- |napè |kunaon |- ||adè||aya |- ||ajè/baé||wungkul |- ||guè/ayè||abdi/kuring |- ||lo/lu||manéh/anjeun |- |langgar/mesjid||Masjid |- |atu |hiji |- ||cuntang||gelas |- ||tési||sendok |- ||èmang/tengtu||tengtu |- ||kaga'/ora||teu |- ||kaya'/kè'||siga |- ||bagèn/tepin||kajeun |- ||cecongor||beungeut |- ||gringsangan||teu bisa cicing |- ||babè||bapa |- ||enya'||ema |- ||encang/ua'||ua |- ||engkong||aki |- ||Nyai'||Nini |- ||Empo'||Tétéh |- ||Abang||Kakang |- ||encing||adina bapa/indung |- ||Tawké||Majikan/Panguasa |- ||cèntong||sendok nasi |- ||centèng||Panjaga |- ||sahi||téh |- ||Pangkèng||kamar |- ||gulem||mendung |- ||bupèt||laci |- ||kempèk||tas |- ||ponten||peunteun |- ||bikin||jieun/nyieun |- ||iyè||heueuh |- ||danta||jelas |- ||bègo||bodo |- ||songong||songong |} == Tokoh == Tokoh-tokoh basa Batawi modérn: * [[Firman Muntaco]], anu kawentar carpon/artikel di koran taun 1960an nepi ka 1980an * [[Ganes TH.]], anu kawentar komik "Si-Jampang: Jago Batawi" anu eusina basa batawi, taun 1965an * [[Benyamin Sueb]], anu kawentar peranan film-film anu genre "basa Batawi", taun 1970an * [[Sjumandjaja]], anu kawentar kalawan sutradara film "Si Doel: Anak Batawi", taun 1970an == Bacaan == Sakabéh tokoh di luhur nyumbang kana SASTRA ANYAR, nyaéta "Sastra Batawi" (Batawi Literature). Jadi tokoh sastra akademik anu perjuangkeun "Sastra Batawi" nyaéta: * [[Muhadjir]] (1979 dan 2002) * [[K. Ikranegara]] (1980). Melayu Batawi Grammar. Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonésia 9. Jakarta: NUSA. * [[S. Wallace]] (1976). Linguistic and Social Dimensions of Phonological Variation in Jakarta Malay. PhD. Dissertation, Cornell University. * [[Klarijn Loven]] (2009). Watching Si Doel: Television, Language and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Indonesia, 477 halaman, ISBN 90-6718-279-6. Penerbit: The KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southéast Asian and Caribbéan Studies at Leiden. * [[Lilie M. Roosman]] (April 2006). Lilie Roosman: Phonetic experiments on the word and sentence prosody of Batawi Malay and Toba Batak, Penerbit: Universiteit Leiden Buku-buku anu jadi patokan "Sastra Batawi" nyaéta: * [[Bang Bandot Mati Lantaran Aids]] (Juli 2008 - Program Kerja Sama Dep-Sos) * Buku anu penting dina élmu makna nyaéta: [[Pengantar Sosiolinguistik.]] (Aslinda, dan Syafyahya, Leni. 2007. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama) * Buku anu penting dina élmu makna nyaéta: [[Si Jampang Jago Betawi.|Si Jampang Jago Batawi.]] (Ganesh TH. 1968. Komik 10 Jilid, Tentang Ganesh lihat: http://kabartop.com/berita-395-ganesh-th-legenda-komik-indonesia.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127233648/http://kabartop.com/berita-395-ganesh-th-legenda-komik-indonesia.html |date=2012-01-27 }}) == Acara televisi jeung Youtube == Acara TV ([[Televisi]]) anu jadi patokan "Sastra Batawi" nyaéta: * [[JakTV|Program JAK-TV]] (BANDAR-JAKARTA) == Tumbu luar == {{InterWiki|code=su}} * {{id}} [http://www.kamusdaerah.com/ Kamus Lengkap Terjemahan Bahasa Daerah Indonésia Online] {{DEFAULTSORT:Betawi, Bahasa}} [[Kategori:Batawi| ]] [[Kategori:Basa Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa Austronésia]] [[Kategori:Basa di Jakarta]] {{basa-stub}} oea8v2qgucs9a9d6t8zutvfy49a8g7c Bandar Udara Nusawiru 0 98907 708712 708679 2026-04-29T01:36:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport| name=Cijulang Nusawiru Airport| website={{URL|www.indonesiaairport.com}}| r1-surface=[[Asphalt]]| r1-length-f=| r1-length-m=1,400| r1-number=07/25| metric-rwy=y| pushpin_label_position=top| pushpin_label='''CJN'''| pushpin_map_caption=Location of the airport in Java| pushpin_map=Indonesia Java| image_map_caption=| image_map=| coordinates={{coord|07|43|12|S|108|29|19|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}| nativename=<small>{{lang|id|Bandar Udara Cijulang Nusawiru}}</small>| elevation-f=|elevation-m=5|metric-elev=y| location=[[Cijulang]], [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]|city-served=[[Pangandaran]]| operator=UPT Ditjen Hubud Kementerian Perhubungan RI| owner=| type=Publik| ICAO=WICN<!--WI1A-->|IATA=CJN| image=|footnotes=Sources: Airport Guide<ref>[http://www.the-airport-guide.com/airport.php?airports_id=9574 The Airport Guide :: Airport Information for NUSAWIRU<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195832/http://www.the-airport-guide.com/airport.php?airports_id=9574 |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref>}} '''Bandar''' '''Udara Nusawiru (IATA: CJN, ICAO: WICN''') atawa '''Bandar Udara Pangandaran'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indonesiaairport.com/provinces/java/cijulang_nusawiru_airport.htm|title=Cijulang Nusawiru Airport - IndonesiaAirport.com|website=indonesiaairport.com|accessdate=2020-02-08}}</ref> nyaéta salah sahiji bandar udara di kacamatan [[Cijulang, Pangandaran|Cijulang]], [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]], [[Jawa Kulon|Propinsi Jawa Kulon]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url = http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1106&lang=id | title = Bandara Nusawiru-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat | website = disparbud.jabarprov.go.id | access-date = 2020-02-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120153000/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1106&lang=id | archive-date = 2021-01-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref>. Bandar Udara Pangandaran kaasup salah sahiji bandar udara perintis anu aya di [[Indonésia]]. == Sajarah == Bandar Udara Nusawiru diwangun jeung diresmikeun Pamaréntah Jawa Kulon di taun 1996. Bandar Udara ieu dikokola ku Dinas Perhubungan Jawa Barat. Bandar Udara Nusawiru muka sababaraha rute penerbangan, saperti ka [[Jakarta]] ([[Bandar Udara Halim Perdanakusuma]]), [[Cilacap]] ([[Bandar Udara Tunggul Wulung]]), jeung [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] ([[Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara|Bandar Udara Husein Sastranegara]])<ref name=":1" />. Di awal masa reformasi, Bandar Udara Nusawiru kungsi ditutup terus dibuka deui taun 2004. Di taun 2016, Bandar Udara Nusawiru dirénovasi dina rangka nyiapkeun [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2016|Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) 2016]] di Provinsi Jawa Kulon. Sejauh ieu ngan aya hiji maskapai penerbangan di bandar udara ieu, nyaéta [[Susi Air]]. Di taun 2019, Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Kulon bakal ngembangkeun kawasan Bandar Udara Nusawiru jadi ''transit oriented development'' (TOD). Babaraha rencana anu dicanangkeun Pamaréntah nyaéta pangwangunan aréa wisata di sabudeureun Bandar Udara Nusawiru, panataan ulang aréa Basisir Pangandaran, jeung panambahan landasan pacu nepi panjangna 1.800 méter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20181008/78/846765/jabar-tawarkan-bandara-nusawiru-jadi-tod|title=Jabar Tawarkan Bandara Nusawiru Jadi TOD {{!}} Kabar24|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-02-08}}</ref> Di taun ieu ogé, pengelolaan Bandar Udara Nusawiru bakal diserahkeun ka pihak swasta, pikeun ngarojong Kabupatén Pangandaran jadi salah sahiji Kawasan Ékonomi Khusus di Jawa Kulon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radartasikmalaya.com/bandara-nusawiru-dialihkan-ke-swasta/|title=Bandara Nusawiru Dialihkan ke Swasta|last=Tasikmalaya|first=Admin Radar|website=Radar Tasikmalaya|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-02-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205080756/https://www.radartasikmalaya.com/bandara-nusawiru-dialihkan-ke-swasta/ |date=2020-12-05 }}</ref>. == Fasilitas == Bandar Udara Nusawiru aya di tingkat kaluhuran 5 méter di luhureun beungeut sagara. Bandar udara ieu boga hiji landasan pacu anu panjang jeung lébarna 1,400 m x 30 m<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.majalahbandara.com/2019/03/05/bandara-nusawiru-dukung-program-kek-pangandaran/ | title = BANDARA NUSAWIRU Dukung Program KEK Pangandaran | website = MAJALAH BANDARA | language = id | access-date = 2020-02-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102450/https://www.majalahbandara.com/2019/03/05/bandara-nusawiru-dukung-program-kek-pangandaran/ | archive-date = 2021-06-19 | url-status = dead }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, anu dilapisan ku aspal<ref name=":0" />. Bandar Udara Nusawiru dikokola ku UPT Ditjen Hubud, di handapeun [[Kementerian Perhubungan RI]]. Bandar Udara Nusawiru ngagaduhan lega ''runway'' 42,000 m², ''taxiway'' 100 m², jeung ''apron'' 150 m²<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hubud.dephub.go.id/website/BandaraDetail.php?id=204|title=Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara {{!}} Data Bandar Udara|website=hubud.dephub.go.id|accessdate=2020-02-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207202018/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/website/BandaraDetail.php?id=204 |date=2020-02-07 }}</ref>. Umumna, pesawat saperti [[Cessna CN-235]] digunakeun pikeun ngalayanan panerbangan di bandar udara ieu.<ref name=":2" /> [[Gambar:PKVVKnusawiru.JPG|jmpl|300x300px|Pesawat [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter]] anu [[Susi Air]] di Bandar Udara Nusawiru]] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Bandar udara di Jawa Kulon]] 0hdp7fkq7pe3j2hmw51rgsz78nn7ydu Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Kazakhstan 0 100058 708730 662880 2026-04-29T05:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandemi koronavirus 2020 di Kazakhstan | map1 = Kazakhstan COVID-19 cases map.svg | legend1 = Kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di divisi-divisi administratif Kazakhstan {{legend|#FCEED3|1~9 kakonfirmasi}} {{legend|#F2A88D|10~19 kakonfirmasi}} {{legend|#E36654|20~49 kakonfirmasi}} {{legend|#E5354B|50~99 kakonfirmasi}} {{legend|#87353F|100~199 kakonfirmasi}} {{legend|#630606|>200 kakonfirmasi}} | map2 = | legend2 = | map3 = | legend3 = | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[Kazakhstan]] | first_case = [[Almaty]] | arrival_date = 13 Maret 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], Tiongkok | recovery_cases = ref name="coronavirus2020" /> | deaths = 97<ref name="coronavirus2020" /> | confirmed_cases = 21819. People without symptoms =16639<ref name="coronavirus2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.coronavirus2020.kz/ |title=Ситуация с коронавирусом Официально |publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Kazakhstan)]] |language=ru |access-date=17 June 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111232111/https://www.coronavirus2020.kz/ |date=11 January 2021 }}</ref> | suspected_cases = | total_ill = | website = {{URL|https://www.coronavirus2020.kz/kz}} }} '''Pandemi koronavirus 2019 di Kazakhstan'''' dikonfirmasi ngahontal [[Kazakhstan]] dina tanggal 13 Maret 2020. Kajadian éta ngalibatkeun dua Kazakhs di [[Almaty]] anu nembé nembalan ti [[Jerman]]. Dina dinten anu sami, kasus anu sanés dikonfirmasi sareng saurang awéwé anu asalna ti [[Italia]] di [[Nur-Sultan]] sareng ogé ti Jerman di Almaty<ref>{{cite web|url=https://informburo.kz/stati/koronavirus-v-kazahstane-hronologiya-sobytiy-den-pervyy.html|title=Коронавирус в Казахстане: хронология событий. День первый|first=Махаббат|last=Енсебаева|date=13 March 2020|website=informburo.kz}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174505/https://informburo.kz/stati/koronavirus-v-kazahstane-hronologiya-sobytiy-den-pervyy.html |date=2 July 2020 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] nu314s6kp6ukwrram6s4to687r0qbep Obrolan pamaké:Zulf 3 103810 708701 708488 2026-04-28T20:11:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ bagean anyar 708701 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Reundeu]] jeung [[Piléa pumila]] == Éta pada benerkeun heula artikelna heunteu hiji kalimah hungkul, maké ContentTranslation hungkul. Engké bisa dihapus. Éta gé mun ngaran takson teu kedah ditambahkeun curek di ngranna pan lain basa Sunda. [[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RXerself|sawala]]) 13 Séptémber 2022 00.17 (UTC) {{ping:RXerself}} ouh enya kang ,hampura acan bener.terkendala kouta sareung tranlate jwung informasina😁 <span style="border:2px solid #000;padding:2px;"><font style="color:#00D6ff;background:#000;">'''[[Pamaké:VpuipV|🌹VpuipV ]]'''</font> <font style="color:#000;background:#00D6ff;">'''[[Obrolan Pamaké:VpuipV|&nbsp;✉&nbsp;]]'''</font></span> 13 Séptémber 2022 01.11 (UTC) == Gening ka anjeun! == Wilujeng janten kuncen, kang Rarani. Mudah-mudahan tiasa ngagunakeun alat-alat ieu sacara bijaksana. Ku jalan kitu, kuring nganggo Google Tarjamah 🗿 [[Pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|Serigala Sumatera]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Serigala Sumatera|sawala]]) 16 Juni 2025 13.39 (UTC) : siap hatur nuhun kang [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 16 Juni 2025 13.47 (UTC) == Protecting pages in MediaWiki namespace == Just as a note, you don't need to add admin protection to MediaWiki: namespace pages. They can by default only be edited by admins and interface admins. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 18 Juni 2025 15.37 (UTC) :ok sir, thank you for the information [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 18 Juni 2025 22.57 (UTC) == Revdels == Hello, could you explain why have you been hiding log entries from some time? I don't see anything that needs to be removed in those logs. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 30 Juni 2025 04.06 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] where exactly? [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 03.03 (UTC) :Okay sir, I don't think that's something that needs to be worried about. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 03.10 (UTC) ::[https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=119149], [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:HapusRevisi&target=Husus%3ACatatan%2Frights&type=logging&ids=117326]. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.23 (UTC) :::I tried the tool myself so there should be no significant problem sir. and I know the policy regarding sysop, if you monitor me please go ahead. but if you continue to question it of course I will defend. I know you are a global sysop but for small wikis there are also policies. thank you [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 05.43 (UTC) ::::If you mean that you were trying / testing the tool, then please revert your tests after it so that the logs can remain visible as there is no clear reason to hide the logs. Thanks, --[[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.05 (UTC) == Permablocking IPs == Please do not permablock (or for any excessively long duration when not appropriate) IPs like you did at [[Husus:Kontribusi/89.248.248.82]] as in most cases IPs are not permanently assigned and can vary. [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 03.28 (UTC) :I don't think there is a policy on suwiki, I borrowed or based on idwiki's policy, because it is still under idwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 05.37 (UTC) ::The IP was identified as LTA and should be permanently blocked. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 05.38 (UTC) ::Is there a policy on idwiki that permit indefinitely blocking IPs? [[Pamaké:Svartava|Svartava]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Svartava|sawala]]) 1 Juli 2025 06.01 (UTC) :::@yes there is, and it's up to the sysos. for fatal cases and such as LTA [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 1 Juli 2025 10.38 (UTC) == sorry == Why am I [[w:id:wikipedia:Blokir|blocked]] what did I do wrong? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 04.53 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di wiki lain..waktu itu saya blok anda..tapi sudah saya buka. [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 27 Juli 2025 05.14 (UTC) ::kenapa saya diblokir apakah saya salah? [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 05.15 (UTC) :::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] anda di blokir di jawiki dan enwiki [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 27 Juli 2025 05.34 (UTC) ::::Ohhh itu saya diblokir gara punya akun bernama “maaf jika saya tidak apal dengan kata norwegia ininya gitu” ::::sedangkan di enwiki saya diblok karena mengedit halaman pengguna saya sendiri sebanyak2 sampe diblokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.22 (UTC) ::::Makanya jika menangani hal semacam ini bicara dulu dengan saya jangan asal blokir [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.24 (UTC) ::::Sepertinya saya kenal dengan kamu di idwiki bernama [[w:id:User:rarani|rarani]] [[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2025 06.26 (UTC) :::::@[[Pamaké:Mistsplitter Reforged|Mistsplitter Reforged]] lah memang saya rarani 😆😆 [[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] <sup> [[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]</sup> 27 Juli 2025 21.55 (UTC) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.04 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] baik,sebisa mungkin saya akan mengusahakanya. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 6 Agustus 2025 19.03 (UTC) == Dilindungi dan rusak: "Citakan:Tl" == Mohon memperbaiki [[Citakan:Tl]] yang sama sekali rusak setelah "impor" terkini. Mungkin juga jangan melindungi halaman tanpa alasan '''sangat keras'''. [[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Taylor 49|sawala]]) 9 Agustus 2025 16.33 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Taylor 49|Taylor 49]] baik pak, saya lihat itu hanya kesalahan kata yang seharunya "citakan" dan bukan " templat". <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 9 Agustus 2025 23.06 (UTC) :Saya lihat juga halaman tidak dilindungi kok. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 9 Agustus 2025 23.42 (UTC) == [[ᮃᮎᮥᮤᮊᮦᮨᮖ ᮝᮆᮒᮥᮕ (ᮒᮥᮜᮂᮦᮔ᮪)]] and [[Citakan:ᮊᮜᮥ]] == Hi. Could you please have a look at these two pages and delete them if necessary? I think they are test pages, but I'm not sure. [[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|sawala]]) 14 Oktober 2025 21.57 (UTC) :ok, i will review it soon <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 14 Oktober 2025 22.23 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] The page has been deleted, thank you for your report. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 14 Oktober 2025 22.30 (UTC) == Nyuhunkeun PIPAS == Sampurasun, wilujeng wengi Kang @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]]. Tiasa nyunhunkeun hak Pamaca IP Akun Samentara ka abdi di Wikipédia Sunda? [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 31 Oktober 2025 13.03 (UTC) :@[[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] kudu leuwih di tingkatkeun deui bangunamah kang kontribusina, di ayeunamah acan tiasa. <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 31 Oktober 2025 23.35 (UTC) ::Siap kang 🫡 [[Pamaké:Apri DAV|Apri DAV]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Apri DAV|sawala]]) 1 Nopémber 2025 13.18 (UTC) == Pengecualian blokir IP == Hi Bung @[[Pamaké:Zulf|Zulf]], Bisakah anda memberi saya hak Pengecualian blokir IP? Soalnya akun saya keluar muluh ketika sudah login dan saya ingin berkontribusi disini. Salam hangat! [[Pamaké:Nathan Veritas|Nathan Veritas]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Nathan Veritas|sawala]]) 20 April 2026 23.53 (UTC) :{{Done}} [https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husus:Catatan&logid=127815] <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 22 April 2026 13.54 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 April 2026 20.11 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Obrolan pamaké:Rarani]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> 7nogvgf4u2820x40ljafggk3t3aq80a Taksonomi (biologi) 0 105331 708698 705668 2026-04-28T15:37:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708698 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.2em; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background: #ccf;" | Taksonomi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip nij.svg|220px]]<br /><small>Hierarki klasifikasi biologis.</small> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Widang élmu | [[Biologi]], [[Sistematika]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Objék | Organisme (Hirup & Fosil) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Konsep konci | [[Takson]], [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]], [[Nomenklatur]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Inohong | [[Carl Linnaeus]], [[A.P. de Candolle]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf;" | Tingkatan Takson |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | * [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] * [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]] * [[Filum]] / [[Divisi (biologi)|Divisi]] * [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]] * [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] * [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] * [[Marga (biologi)|Marga]] * [[Spésiés]] |} '''Taksonomi (biologi)''' nyaéta élmu pangaweruh anu maluruh ngeunaan tata ngaran papasingan (klasifikasi), sarta idéntifikasi [[organismeu]] dumasar kana kasarimbagan ciri-cirina. Dina sistem ieu, organismeu digolongkeun kana sababaraha tingkatan anu disebut [[taksa]] (tunggal: [[takson]]). Organismeu disusun sacara ngaruntuy (hirarki) ti mimiti tingkatan anu paling umum nepi ka anu paling spésifik. Ku ayana ieu hirarki, unggal golongan taksonomi; grup tina pangkat nu tangtu bisa dikumpulkeun pikeun ngabentuk grup anu undakanna leuwih luhur sarta ''inklusif'', sahingga nyiptakeun rundayan/''hirarki'' taksonomi. Rundayan poko dina pamakéan modérn nyaéta: * ''[[Domain]]'' * [[Karajaan]] * ''[[Filum]]'' (pikeun sato) atawa [[Divisi]] (pikeun tutuwuhan), * [[Kelas]], * ''[[Ordo]]'' * [[Kulawarga]] * ''[[Génus]]'' * [[Spésiés]] Ahli botani ti [[Swédia]], [[Carl Linnaeus]] dianggap salaku anu mitembeyan dina ngadegkeun sistem taksonomi nu aya kiwari, sakumaha anjeunna ngembangkeun sistem réngking nu katelah ''[[Linnaean taxonomy]]'' pikeun ngategorikeun organismeu, sarta sistem tata ngaran [[binomial nomenklatur]] pikeun méré ngaran ilmiah ka mahluk hirup. Balukarna ayana kamajuan dina téori, data, sareng téknologi ''analitik sistematika biologis'', sistem Linnaéan téh kiwari geus mekar jadi ''sistem klasifikasi biologis'' modérn, Ieu sistem anyar miboga tujuan pikeun nembongkeun hubungan [[évolusi]] di antara rupa-rupa organismeu, boh nu masih hirup boh anu geus tumpur. Wangenan (définisi) ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama, nyaéta: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] (klasifikasi) golongan organismeu. == Harti taxonomi == Wangenan définisi ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] ngaklasifikasikeun golongan organismeu.<ref name="Wilkins2011">{{Cite web |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |date=5 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Salaku bahan babandingan, ieu di handap aya sababaraha wangenan panganyarna ngeunaan taksonom taksonomi saperti handap ieu: # Téori sarta prakték dina ngagolongkeun individu kana tingkatan spésiés, nu tuluy disusun jadi kelompok anu leuwih gedé, sarta dibéré ngaran éta grup, sahingga ngahasilkeun klasifikasi anu jéntré.<ref name="Judd">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |last1=Judd |first1=W. S. |last2=Campbell |first2=C. S. |last3=Kellogg |first3=E. A. |last4=Stevens |first4=P. F. |last5=Donoghue |first5=M. J. |date=2007 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |edition=3rd |location=Sunderland |chapter=Taxonomy}}</ref> # Hiji widang élmu (sarta komponén utama [[sistematika]]) anu ngawengku katerangan, idéntifikasi, [[tata ngaran]], jeung klasifikasi<ref name="Simpson">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123743800 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 1 Plant Systematics: an Overview}}</ref> # Élmu klasifikasi, dina susunan organismeu biologi kana hiji klasifikasi.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=P. M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=P. F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=D. W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=J. A. |date=2008 |chapter=Taxonomy |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI}}</ref> # "Élmu klasifikasi sakumaha dilarapkeun ka organismeu hirup, kaasup élmu ngeunaan cara ''formasi'' spésiés, jsb."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |date=1988 |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=P. M. B.}}</ref> # "Analisis karakteristik hiji organismeu pikeun tujuan klasifikasi"<ref name="Henderson">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-PLgy6DWe0wC |title=Henderson's Dictionary Of Biology |last=Lawrence |first=E. |date=2005 |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=9780131273849}}</ref> # "Studi sistimatika [[filogéni]] pikeun nyadiakeun pola nu bisa ditarjamahkeun kana klasifikasi jeung ngaran widang taksonomi nu leuwih inklusif" (didaptarkeun salaku harti nu dipikahoyong tapi teu ilahar)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=Quentin D. |title=Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny |date=2004 |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |editor1-first=H. C. J. |editor1-last=Godfray |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Knapp |volume=359: Taxonomy for the twenty-first century |pages=571–583 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1452 |pmc=1693342 |pmid=15253345 |author-link=Quentin D. Wheeler |issue=1444}}</ref> Watesan anu rupa-rupa boh nempatkeun taksonomi salaku sub-wewengkon sistematika (harti 2), balikkeun éta hubungan (harti 6), atawa sigana nganggap dua istilah sinonim. Aya sababaraha kaayaan teu satuju naha ''[[nomenclature biologis]]'' dianggap bagian tina taksonomi (definisi 1 jeung 2), atawa bagian tina sistematika luar taksonomi.<ref name="Herbarium">{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy |url= http://herbarium.usu.edu:80/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |date=2005 |website=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161123030604/http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=9781003092827 |pages=xv + 209 |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140719/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |url-status=live }}</ref> Salaku conto, harti 6 dipasangkeun jeung harti sistematika handap nu nempatkeun tata ngaran luar taksonomi:<ref name="Henderson" /> * ''Sistimétika'': "Ulikan ngeunaan idéntifikasi, taksonomi, jeung tata ngaran organisme, kaasup klasifikasi mahluk hirup nu patali jeung hubungan alam maranéhanana sarta ulikan ngeunaan variasi jeung évolusi taksa". Dina taun 1970, Michener '' jeung nu lian.'' ngadéfinisikeun "biologi sistimatis" jeung "taksonomi" (istilah anu mindeng bingung tur dipaké silih tukeur) patalina jeung nu séjénna saperti ieu di handap:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michener |first1=Charles D. |first2=John O. |last2=Corliss |first3=Richard S. |last3=Cowan |first4=Peter H. |last4=Raven |first5=Curtis W. |last5=Sabrosky |first6=Donald S. |last6=Squires |first7=G. W. |last7=Wharton |date=1970 |title=Systematics In Support of Biological Research |publisher=Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> <blockquote> sistimatis biologi (engkéna disebut saukur sistematika) nyaéta widang anu: (a) nyadiakeun ngaran ilmiah pikeun organismeu, (b) ngajelaskeun aranjeunna, (c) ngawétkeun koléksi aranjeunna, (d) nyadiakeun klasifikasi pikeun organismeu, konci pikeun idéntifikasi maranéhanana, sarta data ngeunaan sebaran maranéhanana, (é) nalungtik sajarah évolusionér maranéhna, jeung (f) tinimbangan adaptasi lingkungan maranéhanana. Ieu mangrupikeun kaayaan anu gaduh sajarah panjang anu dina taun-taun ayeuna parantos ngalaman ronjotan anu kasohor, utamana ngeunaan eusi téoritis. Bagian tina bahan téoritis aya hubunganana sareng daérah évolusionér (jéjér é sareng f di luhur), sésana patali utamana jeung masalah klasifikasi. Taksonomi nyaéta bagian tina Sistematika anu patali jeung jejer (a) nepi ka (d) di luhur. </blockquote> Sakabeh sét istilah kaasup taksonomi, biologi sistimatis, [[sistematika]], klasifikasi ilmiah, klasifikasi biologis, jeung [[filogenetik]] sakapeung mibanda maksud anu papalimpang– sakapeung sarua, sakapeung beda saeutik, ngan sok pacorok.<ref name="Wilkins2011" /><ref name="Small1989">{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Ernest |date=1989 |title=Systematics of Biological Systematics (Or, Taxonomy of Taxonomy) |journal=Taxon |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.2307/1222265 |jstor=1222265}}</ref> Harti anupang legana "taksonomi" dipaké didieu. Istilah ieu di tepangkeun dina taun 1813 ku [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]], dina milikna ''[[Théorie élémentaire de la botanique]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA20 |title=Plant systematics: An integrated approach |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |date=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578083510 |page=20 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[John Lindley]] disadiakeun définisi awal sistematika dina taun 1830, sanajan manéhna nulis ngeunaan "sistematis botani" tinimbang ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |work=EvolvingThoughts.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Urang Éropa resep ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika" jeung "biosistematika" pikeun ulikan ngeunaan ''biodiversity'' sacara gembleng, sedengkeun Amérika Kalér leuwih remen ngagunakeun "taksonomi".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brusca |first1=R. C. |last2=Brusca |first2=G. J. |date=2003 |title=Invertebrates |edition=2nd |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |publisher=Sinauer Associates |page=27}}</ref> Tapi, taksonomi, sareng hususna ''[[taksonomi alfa]]'', langkung spésifikna idéntifikasi, déskripsi, sareng nami (nyaéta, nomenklatur/tata ngaran) organismeu.<ref name="Fortey">{{Cite book |last=Fortey |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Fortey |date=2008 |title=Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum |location=London |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=9780007209897}}</ref> Sedengkeun "klasifikasi" museurkeun kana nempatkeun organismeu dina grup hirarki anu némbongkeun hubungan maranéhanana jeung organismeu séjén. === Monograf jeung révisi taksonomi === Hiji '''révisi taksonomi''' atawa '''résénsi taksonomi''' mangrupa pedaran analisis ngeunaan pola variasi dina [[takson]] anu tinangtu. Analisis ieu tiasa dilaksanakeun dumasar kana kombinasi naon waé tina sababaraha jinis karakter anu sayogi, sapertos [[morfologis]], [[anatomi]], [[palinologis]], [[biokimia]] sareng [[génetik]]. [[monograf]] atanapi révisi lengkep nyaéta révisi anu kompréhénsif keur takson pikeun inpormasi anu dipasihkeun dina waktos anu tangtu, sareng pikeun sakuliah dunya. Révisi séjén (parsial) bisa diwatesan dina harti yén maranéhna ngan bisa ngagunakeun sababaraha sét karakter sadia atawa boga wates wengkuan husus. Révisi ngahasilkeun konformasi atanapi wawasan anyar dina hubungan antara subtaksa dina takson anu ditalungtik, nu bisa ngakibatkeun parobahan dina klasifikasi subtaxa ieu, idéntifikasi subtaxa anyar, atawa ngahiji tina subtaxa saméméhna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxted |first=Nigel |date=1992 |title=Towards Defining a Taxonomic Revision Methodology |journal=Taxon |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.2307/1222391 |jstor=1222391}}</ref> === Aksara taksonomi === Karakter taksonomi nyaéta mangrupa ''atribut taksonomi'' anu bisa dipaké pikeun méré bukti di mana hubungan ([[filogéni]]) antara taksa dipuguhkeun.<ref name="Hennig 1965">{{cite journal |last1=Hennig |first1=Willi |title=Phylogenetic Systematics |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 1965 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |issn=0066-4170 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101423/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1991 |title=Principles of Systematic Zoology |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=159}}</ref> Jinis karakter taksonomi ngawengku:<ref>Mayr, Ernst (1991), p. 162.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] Karakter; ciri mandiri ** Umum éksternal [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] ** Struktur husus (misalna., [[alat sanggama]]) ** Morfologi internal ([[anatomi]]) ** [[Émbriologi]] ** [[Karyologi]] jeung lianna ''[[cytological]]'' ''faktor'' * [[Fisiologis]] karakter ** [[paktor métabolik]] ** sékrési awak ** ''Faktor'' sterility gén * [[Molekul]] karakter ** Jarak imunologis ** Béda éléktroforétik ** Runtuyan protéin asam amino ** DNA ''hibridisasi'' ** Runtuyan DNA jeung RNA ** Watesan ''endonuclease'' nganalisa ** Bédana molekular séjén * ''[[Behavioral]]'' karakter ** Tatacara jeung mékanismeu isolasi ''ethological'' séjén ** Pola kabiasaan séjén * ''[[Ecological]]'' karakter ** Kabiasaan jeung habitat ** Kadaharan ** Robahna usum-usuman ** Sabangsaning parasit * [[Géografis]] karakter ** Umum ''[[biogeographic distribution]]'' pola ** hubungan populasi [[Simpatric]]-[[allopatric]] {{div col end}} === Alfa jeung béta taksonomi === {{distinguish|Alpha diversity}} Syaratna "'''taksonomi alfa'''" utamana dipaké pikeun ngarujuk kana disiplin tatacarana manggihan, ngajéntrékeun, jeung ngaranan [[taxa]]na, spésiés utamana .<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Dina litelatur saméméhna, istilah éta miboga harti anu béda, jeung produk panalungtikan nepi ka ahir abad ka-19.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselló-Mora |first1=Ramon |last2=Amann |first2=Rudolf |date=1 January 2001 |title=The species concept for prokaryotes |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x |issn=1574-6976 |pmid=11152940|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[William Bertram Turrill]] ngawanohkeun istilah "taksonomi alfa" dina runtuyan makalah anu medal dina taun 1935 ogé 1937 di mana anjeunna ngaguar filsafat jeung nyawang disiplin taksonomi dina mangsa nu baris datang. {{sfn|Turrill|1938}}<blockquote> ... Aya kahayang anu beuki gedé diantara para ahli taksonomi pikeun nganggap masalahna dina panempo anu langkung lega, pikeun nalungtik kemungkinan gawé babarengan leuwih deukeut jeung cytological maranéhanana, koléga ékologis jeung genetika sarta pikeun ngaku yén sababaraha révisi atawa ékspansi, meureun alam drastis, tujuan jeung métode maranéhanana, bisa jadi desirable ... Turrill (1935) geus ngusulkeun yén bari narima taksonomi invaluable heubeul, dumasar kana struktur, jeung merenah ditunjuk "alfa", kasebut nyaéta dimungkinkeun pikeun sawangan urang anu jauh taxonomy diwangun dina salega dasar fakta morfologis jeung fisiologis jéntré, jeung hiji nu "tempat kapanggih pikeun sakabéh data observasi jeung ékspérimén patali, sanajan teu langsung, kana konstitusi, kana konstitusi, asal, jeung kabiasaan spésiés jeung grup taksonomi séjén". Cita-cita tiasa, bisa disebutkeun, pernah jadi sagemblengna sadar. Aranjeunna ngagaduhan, anu mana, niléy hébat akting salaku stimulan permanén, jeung lamun urang boga sababaraha, malah samar, idéal hiji "omega" taksonomi urang bisa maju saeutik handap alfabét Yunani. Sababaraha urang nyenangkeun diri sorangan ku mikir urang ayeuna groping dina taksonomi "béta".{{sfn|Turrill|1938}}</blockquote> Turrill antukna sacara éksplisit ngaluarkeun tina alfa taksonomi sagala rupa wewengkon tina ulikan yén anjeunna kaasup kana taksonomi sakabéhna, kayaning ékologi, fisiologi, génétika, jeung sitologi. Anjeunna salajengna ngaluarkeun rekonstruksi filogenetik tina taksonomi alfa.{{sfn|Turrill|1938|pp=365–366}} Engké pangarang geus dipaké istilah dina hiji béda rasa, hartina wates spésiés (sanés subspésiés atawa taksa tina jajaran séjén), ngagunakeun naon waé téhnik investigative sadia, jeung kaasup téhnik komputasi atawa laboratorium canggih.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyskal |first=G. C. |date=1965 |title=Trend curves of the rate of species description in zoology |journal=Science |volume=149 |issue=3686 |pages= 880–882 |bibcode=1965Sci...149..880S |doi=10.1126/science.149.3686.880 |pmid=17737388|s2cid=36277653}}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Ku kituna, [[Ernst Mayr]] dina taun 1968 didefinisikeun "'''beta taxonomy'''" salaku klasifikasi pangkat leuwih luhur ti spésiés (jenis).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Role of Systematics in Biology: The study of all aspects of the diversity of life is one of the most important concerns in biology |date=9 February 1968 |journal=Science |volume=159 |issue=3815 |pages=595–599 |bibcode=1968Sci...159..595M |doi=10.1126/science.159.3815.595 |pmid=4886900 |author-link=Ernst Mayr}}</ref><blockquote>Hiji pamahaman biologis hartina tina variasi jeung tina nu évolusionér asal grup spésiés patali malah leuwih penting pikeun tahap kadua aktivitas taksonomi, diurutkeun spésiés kana grup baraya ("taxa") jeung susunan maranéhanana dina hirarki kategori luhur. Kagiatan ieu anu dimaksud klasifikasi istilah; Éta ogé disebut "taksonomi béta".</blockquote> === Mikrotaksonomi jeung makrotaksonomi === {{Main|Species problem}} Kumaha spésiés kudu dihartikeun dina hiji grup husus organisme méré naék kana masalah praktis jeung téoritis anu disebut salaku [[masalah spésiés]]. Karya ilmiah mutuskeun kumaha nangtukeun spésiés geus disebut microtaxonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |date=1982 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674364462 |chapter=Chapter 6: Microtaxonomy, the science of species |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |title=Result of Your Query |website=biological-concepts.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion">{{Cite news |url= http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |title=Taxonomy: Meaning, Levels, Periods and Role |date=27 May 2016 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Ku éksténsi, makrotaksonomi nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan grup dina subgenus [[pangkat taksonomi]] nu leuwih luhur.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> atawa ngan saukur dina clades nu ngawengku leuwih ti hiji takson dianggap specie as, dinyatakeun dina istilah [[nomenklatur filogenetik]].<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020">{{cite book |last1=Cantino |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Kevin |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode): A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature |date=29 April 2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0429821356 |pages=xl + 149 |url=https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042402/https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sajarah == Sedengkeun sawatara pedaran ngeunaan taksonomi sajarah nyoba tanggal taksonomi ka peradaban kuna, usaha sabenerna ilmiah pikeun ngaklasifikasikeun organismeu teu lumangsung nepi ka abad ka-18, iwal mungkin Aristoteles, nu karya pituduh di taksonomi. <ref name="Voultsiadou & Vafidis 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Vafidis |first2=Dimitris |title=Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology |journal=Contributions to Zoology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602004 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07602004 |issn=1875-9866 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425063507/https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/76/2/article-p103_4.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Voultsiadou et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Gerovasileiou |first2=Vasilis |last3=Vandepitte |first3=Leen |last4=Ganias |first4=Kostas |last5=Arvanitidis |first5=Christos |title=Aristotle's scientific contributions to the classification, nomenclature and distribution of marine organisms |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=468–478 |doi=10.12681/mms.13874 |issn=1791-6763 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Karya-karya saméméhna utamana déskriptif sarta museur kana tatangkalan anu mangpaat dina tatanén atawa ubar. Aya sababaraha tahap dina pamikiran ilmiah ieu. Taksonomi mimiti dumasar kana kritéria saayana, nu disebut "sistem jieunan", kaasup [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s Sistim klasifikasi seksual pikeun tutuwuhan (Linnaeus's 1735 classification of animals was entitled "[[Sistema Alam]]" ("the System of Nature"), implying yén manéhna, sahenteuna, percaya yén éta leuwih ti hiji "sistem jieunan"). Kadieunakeun sumping sistem dumasar kana tinimbangan leuwih lengkep tina ciri taksa, disebut salaku "sistem alam", kayaning tina pamadegan [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] (1789), de Candolle (1813) sarta [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1862–1863). Klasifikasi ieu ngajelaskeun pola émpiris sareng pra-[[évolusi]] dina pamikiran. Publikasi tina [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859) ngabalukarkeun katerangan anyar pikeun klasifikasi, dumasar kana hubungan évolusionér. Ieu konsép [[filotik]] sistem, ti 1883 saterusna. Ieu dumasar pamadegan [[August Eichler|Eichler]] (1883) sarta [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1886–1892). Datangna tina [[cladistic]] metodologi dina 1970an ngarah kana klasifikasi dumasar kana hiji-hijina kritéria [[monofil]], dirojong ku ayana [[synapomorphies]]. Ti saprak éta, dasar evidentiary geus dimekarkeun kalawan data ti [[genetik molekular]] nu keur sabagian complements tradisional [[Morfologi]].{{sfn|Datta|1988}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stace|1989}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stuessy|2009}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}} === Saméméh-Linnaean === ==== Ahli taksonomi mimiti ==== Ngaran jeung klasifikasi lingkungan manusa kawasnamah dimimitian ku awal basa. Ngabédakeun tutuwuhan kana pepelakan matak weureu sareng anu tiasa didahar tayalian integral pikeun kalumangsungan hirup tina masarakat manusa. Ilustrasi tutuwuhan ubar muncul dina lukisan témbok Mesir ti {{Circa|1500 BC}}, nunjukkeun yén pamakéan spésiés béda anu dipikaharti sarta yén hiji taksonomi dasar aya dina tempat.<ref name="Manktelow">{{cite web |last=Manktelow |first=M. |date=2010 |url=http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |title=History of Taxonomy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Dept. of Systematic Biology, [[Uppsala University]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}</ref> ==== Jaman Baheula ==== {{further|Aristotle's biology#Classification}} [[File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''Gambaran tina sato langka'' (写生珍禽图), ti [[Song dinasti]] digambar ku [[Huang Quan (painter)|Huang Quan]] (903–965)]] Organismeu munggaran digolongkeun ku [[Aristoteles]] ([[Yunani]], 384–322 BC) salila anjeunna maneuh di [[Lesbos|Pulo Lesbos]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1982 |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref name="Palaeos">{{Cite web |url= http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |title= History of Taxonomy |website= Palaeos |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |archive-date= 31 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |date=31 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Anjeunna ngagolongkeun mahluk dumasar bagian maranéhanana, atawa dina istilah modern ''atribut'', kayaning hirup tina anakan, ngabogaan opat suku, [[endog]], [[getih]] atawa panas awaka.[38] Anjeunna ngabagi sakabeh mahluk hirup kana dua golongan: tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan..<ref name="Roanoke">{{Cite web |url= http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |title=Biology 101, Ch 20 |date=23 March 1998 |website=cbs.dtu.dk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628023508/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He divided all living things into two groups: [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Sawatara kelompokna sato, sapertos ''Anhaima'' (sato henteu mibanda getih, ditarjamahkeun salaku [[invertebrata]]) sarta ''Enhaima'' (sasatoan anu mibanda [[getih]], kasarna téh sabangsaning [[vertebrata]]), sakumaha ogé kawas grup sabangsaning [[hiu]] jeung [[cetacean]], anu ilahar dipaké.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408836224 |pages=384–395 |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref><ref name="von Lieven & Humar 2008">{{cite journal |last1=von Lieven |first1=Alexander Fürst |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium" |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=227–262 |jstor=23334371 |pmid=19203017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |issn=0391-9714 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laurin & Humar 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1 |language=fr |doi-access=free }}</ref> muridna [[Theophrastus]] (Yunani, 370–285 BC) ngalaksanakeun tradisi ieu, mentioning sababaraha 500 tutuwuhan jeung kagunaan maranéhanana di na ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]''. Sababaraha tutuwuhan [[Genus|genera]] bisa disusud deui ka Theophrastus, sapertos ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]'', ''[[Crocus]]'', sarta ''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]''.<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Abad Pertengahan==== Taksonomi dina [[Abad Pertengahan]] ieu sakitu legana dumasar kana[[Sistim Aristoteles]],<ref name="Roanoke" /> kalawan tambahan ngeunaan tatanan filosofis jeung ''existential'' mahluk. Ieu kalebet konsép sapertos éta [[ranté sasatoan anu ageung]] tradisi ​​di Kulon ''[[skolastik]]'',<ref name="Roanoke" /> deui deriving pamustunganana ti Aristoteles. Sistim Aristotelian teu ngaklasifikasikeun tutuwuhan anapon sabangsaning [[supa]], alatan kurangna mikroskop dina waktos éta.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> sakumaha gagasan na dumasar kana nyusun dunya lengkep dina hiji kontinum tunggal, sapertos 'scala naturae'' (tangga alam).<ref name="Palaeos" /> Ieu, ogé, dibawa kana tinimbangan dina ranté gedé sasatoan.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Kamajuan anu dilakukeun ku élmuwan sapertos [[Procopius]], [[Timotheus of Gaza]], [[Demetrios Pepagomenos]], ogé [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Pamikir abad ''pertengahan'' ngagunakeun ''categorizations filosofis'' jeung ''logis abstrak'' leuwih cocog kana filsafat abstrak batan taksonomi pragmatis..<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Renaissance jeung mimiti modern ==== Dina mangsa [[Renaissance]] atawa ''[[Jaman Pencerahan]],'' categorizing organismeu janten langkung umum,<ref name="Palaeos" /> jeung karya taksonomi jadi cukup ambisius pikeun ngaganti téks kuna. Ieu dipangaruhan ku ayana ngembangkeun lénsa optik canggih, nu ngidinan morfologi organismeu bisa diulik leuwih jéntré. Salah sahiji pangarang pangheubeulna pikeun ngamangpaatkeun ieu téhnologi éta dokter ti Italia [[Andrea Cesalpino]] (1519–1603), anu disebut "the first taxonomist".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu hasil gawé anu onjoy ''De Plantis'' diguar di taun 1583, sarta digambarkeun leuwih ti 1500 spésiés tutuwuhan.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/deplantislibrixv00cesa |title=De plantis libri XVI |last1=Cesalpino |first1=Andrea |last2=Marescotti |first2=Giorgio |date=1583 |publisher=Apud Georgium Marescottum |location=Florence |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>Dua kulawarga pepelakan ageung anu kiwari mimiti dikenal sarta dianggo nepi ka ayeuna : [[Asteraceae]] jeung [[Brassicaceae]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Edition Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (Handbook of Plant Breeding) |last=Jaime |first=Prohens |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781441924742}}</ref> Dina abad ka 17 [[John Ray]] ([[Inggris]], 1627–1705) nulis loba karya taksonomi penting.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |title=taxonomy {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075451/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Bisa disebut hasil gawé anu pang gedéna tayalian ''Methodus Plantarum Nova'' (1682),<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |first=Ray |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |title=Methodus plantarum nova |publisher=impensis Henrici Faithorne & Joannis Kersey, ad insigne Rofæ Coemeterio D. Pauli |date=1682 |language=la |trans-title=New Method of Plants |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170929060003/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> dimana anjeuna ngaguar lewih ti 18,000 spésiés tutuwuhan. Dina waktos éta, meureun moal aya deui hasil ti ahli taksonomi anu pang rumitna, nalika anjeuna ngagolongkeun taksana dina loba karakter gabungan. Karya taksonomi séjén anu henteu éléh kasohor dijieun ku [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] (France, 1656–1708).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |title=Joseph Pitton de Tournefort {{!}} French botanist and physician |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075951/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu karyana taun 1700, ''Institutiones Rei Herbariae'', kaasup leuwih ti 9000 spésiés 698 genera, nu langsung mangaruhan Linnaeus, sakumaha éta téks anjeunna dipaké salaku murid ngora.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Mangsa Linnaean === {{Main|Linnaean taxonomy}} [[File:Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', Leiden, 1735]] Ahli botani Swedia [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778)<ref name="Roanoke" /> ushered in a new era of taxonomy. With his major works ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' 1st Edition in 1735,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> ''[[Spésiés Plantarum]]'' dina taun 1753,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1753 |title=Species Plantarum |language=la |location=Stockholm}}</ref> and [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'' 10th Edition]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |edition=10th |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> anjeunna ngarévolusi taksonomi modern. Karya-karyana ngalaksanakeun sistem tata ngaran binomial standar pikeun spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan,<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |title=taxonomy – The Linnaean system {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405074215/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> anu geus kabukti ngajadi solusi ampuh pikeun literatur taksonomi anu kacau jeung henteu puguh éntép sureuhna. Anjeunna henteu ngan nepangkeun standar kelas, order, genus, and&nbsp;spésiés, tapi ogé ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngaidentipikasi pepelakan sareng sasatoan tina bukuna, kalayan ngagunakeun sabagean leutik tina kembang (dipikawanoh salaku [[Linnaean system]]).<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean" /> ''Taxonomists'' tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan regard Linnaeus' dianggo salaku "titik mimiti" pikeun ngaran anu loyog (at 1753 and 1758 respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donk |first=M. A. |date=December 1957 |title=Typification and later starting-points |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Taxon |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/1217493 |jstor=1217493 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091529/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Ngaran anu diterbitkeun sateuacan tanggal ieu disebut "pra-Linnaean", tur teu dianggap ''valid'' (iwal spiders diterbitkeun dina ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]''. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carl |first1=Clerck |last2=Carl |first2=Bergquist |last3=Eric |first3=Borg |last4=L. |first4=Gottman |last5=Lars |first5=Salvius |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |title=Svenska spindlar |publisher=Literis Laur. Salvii |date=1757 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish Spiders |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201181959/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>). Malah ngaran taksonomi dipedalkeun ku Linnaeus sorangan saméméh tanggal ieu dianggap ''pra-Linnaean''.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Jaman taksonomi digital=== Taksonomi modern dipangaruhan pisan ku téknologi sapertos [[DNA sequencing]], [[bioinformatics]], [[Biological database|databases]], sareng [[imaging]]. == Sistem klasifikasi modern == {{Main|Evolutionary taxonomy|Phylogenetic nomenclature}} [[File:Spindle diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Evolution of the [[vertebrates]] at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are typical for [[evolutionary taxonomy]].]] [[File:Cladogram vertebrata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hubungan anu sarua, ditepikeun salaku hiji [[cladogram]] has pikeun [[cladistics]]]] Hiji pola pikeun golongan anu nyayang sajeroning golongan anu geus ditangtukeun ku Linnaeus' klasifikasi tina tutuwukan tur sasatoan, sarta pola ieu mimiti jadi salaku gambaran [[dendrograms]] pikeun sasatoan sarta tutuwuhan [[Kingdom (biology)|karanaa]] lajeng dugi ka ahir abad ka 18, ogé saméméh Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species'' dipedalkeun.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Hiji pola "Natural System" teu merlukeun prosés generating , saperti dina evolusi, tapi bisa waé geus kasawang, mereun pamikir transmutationist. Diantara karya mimiti neuleuman tina pamikiran [[transmutation of species]] anu tayalian ''[[Zoonomia]]'' dina taun 1796 ku [[Erasmus Darwin]] ( akina Charles Darwin's), jeung [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s ''[[Philosophie zoologique]]'' dina taun 1809.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hiji ideu anu geus dipopulerkeun dina dunya Anglophone sanajan loba anu sipatna spekulatif tapi loba ogé anu maraca ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'', dipedalkeun sacara anonim ku [[Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)|Robert Chambers]] in 1844.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |title=Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation |last=Secord |first=James A. |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226744100 |author-link=James A. Secord |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> Ayana téori Darwin, hiji anu disaluyuan kalawan gancang ditarima tayalian hiji klasifikasi kudu numutkeun kana prinsip Darwinian [[katangtuan umum]].<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |title=taxonomy – Classification since Linnaeus {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075916/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Tangkal kahirupan]] élmu pangaweruh Répréséntasi jadi populér dina karya ilmiah, kalawan grup fosil dipikawanoh diasupkeun. Salah sahiji grup modéren munggaran anu dihijikeun ka karuhun fosil nyaéta manuk.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Black |first=Riley |date=7 December 2010 |title=Thomas Henry Huxley and the Dinobirds |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110094503/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngagunakeun fosil lajeng anyar kapanggih tina ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' jeung ''[[Hesperornis]]'', [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] Nyebutkeun yén maranéhna geus mekar tina dinosaurus, hiji group resmi anu dingaranan ku [[Richard Owen]] taun 1842.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley |last=Huxley |first=Thomas Henry |date=1876 |chapter=Lectures on Evolution |title=Collected Essays |volume=IV |pages=46–138 |url= http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224543/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}} Original text w/ figures. First published as ''New York Tribune'', Extra no. 36.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |title=Thomas Henry Huxley {{!}} British biologist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114405/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |archive-date=6 February 2018 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Pedaran anu dihasilkeun, éta dinosaurus "nimbulkeun" atawa mahluk "karuhun ti" manuk, mangrupa ciri penting tina pamikiran [[taksonomi évolusionér]]. Beuki loba grup fosil anu kapanggih sarta bisa dipikanyaho sahenteuna dina akhir abad ka 19 jeung mimiti abad 20, [[palaeontologists]] digawé pikeun mikanyaho sajarahna sasatoan ngaliwatan umur ku cara ngaitkeun babarengan jeung grup anu geus dipikawanoh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NuYXr8BszwC&pg=PA24 |last=Rudwick |first=M. J. S. |date=1985 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226731032 |page=24}}</ref> kitu deui [[sintésis évolusionér modern]] ti mimiti 1940-an, dasarna pamahaman modérn ngeunaan évolusi tina grup utama di éta tempat. Salaku taksonomi évolusionér dumasar kana jajaran taksonomi Linnaean, dua istilah anu sakitu legana ditukeurkeun dina pamakéan modern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paterlini |first=Marta |date=September 2007 |title=There shall be order. The legacy of Linnaeus in the age of molecular biology |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=814–816 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401061 |doi-access=free |pmc=1973966 |pmid=17767191}}</ref> Métode [[kladistik]] muncul ti taun 1960-an.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Dina taun 1958, [[Julian Huxley]] ngagunakeun istilah ''clade''.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Engké, dina 1960, Cain jeung Harrison ngawanohkeun istilah "cladistic".<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Fitur anu penting nyaéta nyusun taksa dina hirarki [[tangkal évolusionér]], kalawan desideratum yén sakabéh taksa ngaranna téh monophyletic.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Hiji takson disebut monophyletic lamun ngawengku sakabéh turunan tina wangun karuhun.<ref name="Mike Taylor">{{Cite web |url= http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |date=17 July 2003 |title=What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |last=Taylor |first=Mike |website=miketaylor.org.uk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801072310/http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |archive-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCSE">{{Cite web |url= https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |title=Polyphyletic vs. Monophyletic |website=National Center for Science Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170039/https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Grup anu ngagaduhan grup turunan dikaluarkeun tina aranjeunna disebut [[paraphyletic]],<ref name="Mike Taylor" /> sedengkeun grup nu ngawakilan leuwih ti hiji cabang tina tangkal kahirupan disebut [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Mike Taylor" /><ref name="NCSE" /> Grup monophyletic dipikawanoh tur didiagnosis dumasar kana [[synapomorphies]], kaayaan karakter turunan dibagikeun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Andrew V. Z. |first2=Randall T. |last2=Schuh |date=2021 |title=Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications |edition=3rd |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |page=13}}</ref> Klasifikasi kladistik taksonomi Linnean cocog sareng Kodeu tradisional ‘’ [[Nomenklatur Zoologis]] ‘’ jeung [[nomenklatur botani]], ka extent tangtu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuh |first=Randall T. |title=The Linnaean system and its 250-year persistence |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |date=2003 |page=59|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0059:TLSAIY]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Sistem tata ngaran alternatip, nyaéta PhyloCod/ ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Filogénétik]]'' atawa ''PhyloCode'' geus diajukeun, nu ngatur ngaran formal klad.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |title=The PhyloCode |last1=Queiroz |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Cantino |first2=Kevin |website=Ohio.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160510200022/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> Jajaran Linnaean téh pilihan jeung teu boga status resmi dina ''PhyloCode'', nu dimaksudkeun pikeun hirup babarengan jeung kode ayeuna, dumasar-rank..<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /> Samentara popularitas nomenklatur filogenetik parantos ningkat sacara stabil dina sababaraha dekade katukang, <ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> tetep katingalna seuseueurna ahli sistematis antukna ngadopsi ''PhyloCode'' atanapi neraskeun ngagunakeun sistem tatangaran kiwari anu parantos dianggo (sareng dirobih, tapi panginten henteu sakumaha anu dipikahoyong ku sababaraha sistematis)<ref name="Dubois 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=Naming taxa from cladograms: A cautionary tale |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 February 2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |pmid=16949307 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |issn=1055-7903 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101502/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790306002375?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dubois et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Bauer |first2=Aaron M. |last3=Ceríaco |first3=Luis M. P. |last4=Dusoulier |first4=François |last5=Frétey |first5=Thierry |last6=Löbl |first6=Ivan |last7=Lorvelec |first7=Olivier |last8=Ohler |first8=Annemarie |last9=Stopiglia |first9=Renata |last10=Aescht |first10=Erna |title=The Linz Zoocode project: A set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019) |journal=Bionomina |date=17 December 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–111 |doi=10.11646/BIONOMINA.17.1.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> sahenteuna leuwih 250 taun. === Karajaan jeung domain === [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg|thumb|upright|Skéma dasar klasifikasi modérn. Seueur tingkatan anu sanés tiasa dianggo; domain, tingkat pangluhurna dina kahirupan, duanana anyar jeung dibantah.]] {{Main|Kingdom (biology)|Domain (biology)}} Sateuacan kapanggihna Carl Linnaeus (Botanist) tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan dianggap Karajaan anu misah.<ref name="Kingdom classification">{{Cite news |url= http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |title=Kingdom Classification of Living Organism |date=2 December 2014 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073641/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} Linnaeus ngagunakeun ieu salaku pangkat luhur, ngabagi dunya fisik kana sayur, karajaan sato jeung mineral. Salaku kamajuan dina mikroskop ngajadikeun klasifikasi mikroorganismeu, jumlah karajaan ngaronjat, sistem lima jeung genep karajaan anu paling umum. [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] mangrupa grup nu kawilang anyar. Mimiti diajukeun dina 1977, [[Carl Woese]] [[sistem tilu domain]] sacara umum teu ditarima nepi ka engké.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |title=Carl Woese {{!}} Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology |website=www.igb.Illinois.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |archive-date=28 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>Salah sahiji ciri utama metode tilu domain nyaéta pamisahan [[Archaea]] sareng [[Baktéri]], anu sateuacana dikelompokkeun kana karajaan tunggal Baktéri (hiji karajaan anu sok disebut [[Monera]]),<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> kalawan [[Eukariota]] pikeun sakabéh organisme anu sélna ngandung [[Inti (biologi)|inti]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-link=Joel Cracraft |editor1-last=Cracraft |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Donaghue |editor2-first=Michael J. |date=2004 |title=Assembling the Tree of Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195172345 |pages=45, 78, 555}}</ref> Sajumlah leutik élmuwan kalebet karajaan kagenep, Archaea, tapi henteu nampi metode domain.<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]], anu dipedalkeun sacara éksténsif ngeunaan klasifikasi [[protista]], taun 2002<ref name="pmid11931142">{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |title=The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=297–354 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11931142 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11931142 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> ngusulkeun yén [[Neomura]], clade anu ngahijikeun Archaea jeung [[Eukariota|Eucarya]]<!--yeah, Woese used a 'c' here-->, bakal mekar tina Baktéri, langkung tepatna tina [[Actinomycetota]]. Klasifikasi na 2004 nganggap [[archaeobacteria]] salaku bagian tina subkingdom karajaan Baktéri, nyaéta, anjeunna nampik sistem tilu domain sagemblengna.<ref name="CavalierSmith2004" /> Stefan Luketa di 2012 ngusulkeun lima sistem "dominion", nambahan [[Prion]]obiota ([[kahirupan non-sélular|asélular]] jeung tanpa [[asam nukléat]]) jeung [[Virus]]obiota (asélular tapi ' 'kalayan'' asam nukléat) kana tilu domain tradisional.<ref name="Luketa2012">{{Cite journal |last=Luketa |first=S. |date=2012 |title=New views on the megaclassification of life |url= http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Protistology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=218–237 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150257/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> {{center|{{Biological systems}}}} === Klasifikasi komprehensif panganyarna === Klasifikasi lengkep; parsial aya pikeun loba grup individu organismeu sarta dirévisi jeung diganti sakumaha informasi anyar anu sadia; kumaha ogé, kompréhénsif, diterbitkeun lumaku sawaréh atawa sagemblengna; conto panganyarna nyaéta jeung sajabana., 2012 jeung 2019,<ref name="Adl-et-al-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Simpson |first2=A. G. B. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Bass |first5=D. |last6=Bowser |first6=S. S. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2015 |title=The revised classification of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x |pmc=3483872 |pmid=23020233}}</ref><ref name="Adl-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Bass |first2=D. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Schoch |first5=C. L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691 |pmc= 6492006|pmid=30257078|doi-access=free}}</ref> nu ngawengku eukariot wungkul kalawan tekenan kana protista, sarta Ruggiero jeung sajabana. taun 2015,<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=D. P. |last3=Orrell |first3=T. M. |last4=Bailly |first4=N. |last5=Bourgoin |first5=T. |last6=Brusca |first6=R. C. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=A higher level classification of all living organisms |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0119248 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R |bibcode-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 |pmc=4418965 |pmid=25923521|doi-access=free}}</ref> ngawengku boh eukariot jeung [[prokariot]]s kana pangkat Orde, sanajan duanana ngaluarkeun wawakil fosil.<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015" /> Kompilasi anu misah (Ruggiero, 2014)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Markus |title=Families of Living Organisms (FALO) |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |website=GBIF |date=August 13, 2015 |doi=10.15468/tfp6yv |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302232032/https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |url-status=live }}</ref> nambahkeun taksa anu masih aya pikeun pangkat Kulawarga. Lain, Pangobatan dumasar basis data kalebet [[Ensiklopedia Kahirupan]], éta [[Fasilitas Émbaran Keanekaragaman Hayati Global]], [[database taksonomi NCBI]], [[Pendaptaran Interim Genera Kelautan sareng Nonmarine]], éta [[Buka Tangkal Kahirupan]], jeung [[Katalog Kahirupan]]. [[Database Paleobiologi]] mangrupa sumber pikeun fosil. == Aplikasi== Taksonomi biologis mangrupa sub-disiplin [[biologi]], sareng umumna dipraktékkeun ku ahli biologi anu katelah "ahli taksonomi", sanajan antusias [[Sajarah alam|naturalis]] ogé sering kalibet dina publikasi taksa anyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |first1=Benjamin |last1=Jones |date=September 7, 2017 |title=A Few Bad Scientists Are Threatening to Topple Taxonomy |website=Smithsonian |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208041357/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusabab taksonomi boga tujuan pikeun ngajelaskeun tur ngatur [[kahirupan]], karya anu dilakukeun ku ahli taksonomi penting pisan pikeun ulikan ngeunaan [[biodiversitas]] jeung hasil widang [[biologi konservasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |title=What is taxonomy? |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001152618/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2002 |title=The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversity |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1078/1617-1381-00015 |bibcode=2002JNatC..10..145M |s2cid=16953722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |via=Semantic Scholar }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi organismeu === {{Main|Taxonomic rank}} Klasifikasi biologis mangrupakeun komponén kritis prosés taksonomi. Hasilna, éta informs pamaké sakumaha naon baraya tina takson nu dihipotesiskeun. Klasifikasi biologis ngagunakeun pangkat taksonomi, kaasup antara séjén (urutan ti paling inklusif ka nu henteu inklusif): [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]], [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]], [[Filum]], [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]], [[Urutan (biologi)|Urutan]], [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]], [[Genus]], [[Spésiés]], jeung [[Galur (biologi)|Galur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |title=Mnemonic taxonomy / biology: Kingdom Phylum Class Order... |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170606171902/https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>{{NoteTag|This ranking system, except for "Strain", can be remembered by the mnemonic "Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets?"}} === Katerangan taksonomi === {{See also|Species description}} [[File:Nepenthes smilesii type specimen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tipe]] spécimén tina ''[[Nepenthes smilesii]]'', hiji tutuwuhan lokal sok disebut [[kantong semar]] [[pitcher plant]]]] Pedaran takson ieu di encapsulated ku déskripsi atawa diagnosis na atawa gabungan ku duanana. Henteu aya aturan anu diatur anu ngatur definisi taksa, tapi ngaran jeung publikasi taksa anyar diatur ku susunan aturan.<ref name="Herbarium" /> Dina [[zoologi]], [[nomenklatur]] pikeun jajaran anu leuwih ilahar dipaké ([[Superfamili (taksonomi)|superfamili]] nepi ka [[subspésiés]]), diatur ku ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Zoologis]]'' (''Kode ICZN'').<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |title=ICZN Code |website=animalbase.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055350/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dina widang [[phycology]], [[mycology]], jeung [[botani]], ngaran taksa diatur ku ''[[Kode Nomenklatur Internasional pikeun ganggang, fungi, jeung tutuwuhan]]'' (''ICN'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |work=IAPT-Taxon.org |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130111104255/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> Katerangan awal hiji takson ngalibatkeun lima sarat utama:<ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I describe new species? |url= http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |work=ICZN.org |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133052/http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> # Taksonna kudu dibéré ngaran dumasar kana 26 hurup alfabét Latin ([[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] pikeun spésiés anyar, atawa uninomial pikeun jajaran séjén). # Ngaranna kudu unik (nyaéta lain [[homonim (biologi)|homonim]]). # Katerangan kudu dumasar kana sakurang-kurangna hiji [[Spésiés Tipe|spésimén]]. #Éta kedah kalebet pernyataan ngeunaan atribut anu cocog pikeun ngajelaskeun (ngahartikeun) takson atanapi ngabédakeun tina takson anu sanés. (diagnosis, ''Kode ICZN'', Pasal 13.1.1, ''ICN'', Pasal 38, anu tiasa atanapi henteu dumasar kana morfologi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lawley |first1=Jonathan W. |last2=Gamero-Mora |first2=Edgar |last3=Maronna |first3=Maximiliano M. |last4=Chiaverano |first4=Luciano M. |last5=Stampar |first5=Sérgio N. |last6=Hopcroft |first6=Russell R. |last7=Collins |first7=Allen G. |last8=Morandini |first8=André C. |date=19 September 2022 |title=Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) |url=https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=118 |issue=9/10 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2022/14495 |s2cid=252562185 |issn=1996-7489 |doi-access=free |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063714/https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |url-status=live }}</ref>). Kadua kodeu ngahaja misahkeun nangtukeun eusi takson ([[circumscription (taksonomi)|circumscription]]) tina nangtukeun ngaranna. # Opat sarat munggaran ieu kedah dipedalkeun dina karya anu tiasa dicandak dina sababaraha salinan anu sami, salaku catetan ilmiah anu permanén. Nanging, sering langkung seueur inpormasi anu kalebet, sapertos rentang geografis takson, catetan ékologis, kimia, kabiasaan, jsb Kumaha panaluntik anjog di taksa maranéhna béda-béda: gumantung kana data anu sadia, jeung sumber, métode béda ti basajan [[Sipat kuantitatif|kuantitatif]] atawa [[Sipat kualitatif|kualitatif]] babandingan fitur-fitur anu aya, pikeun ngajéntrékeun analisa komputer tina jumlah badag data [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taxonomy – Evaluating taxonomic characters |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143927/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |archive-date=22 April 2019 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> === cutatan pangarang === {{Main|Author citation (botany)|Author citation (zoology)}} "Otoritas" tiasa ditempatkeun saatos nami ilmiah.<ref name="AJE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |title=Editing Tip: Scientific Names of Species |publisher=American Journal Experts, Research Square Company |website=AJE.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021714/http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Wewenang nyaéta ngaran élmuwan atawa élmuwan anu mimiti sah medalkeun ngaran éta.<ref name="AJE" /> Contona, dina taun 1758 Linnaeus méré ngaran ilmiahna [[gajah Asia]]; ''Elephas maximus'', jadi ngaran ieu sakapeung ditulis jadi "''Elephas maximus'' Linnaeus, 1758".<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |title=Carolus Linnaeus: Classification, Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology – Video & Lesson Transcript |website=Study.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021600/http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Ngaran pangarang mindeng disingget: singketan ''L.'', keur ''Linnaeus,'' ilahar dipaké. Dina botani, kanyataanna, aya daptar singketan standar anu diatur (tingali [[daptar ahli botani dumasar singgetan pangarang]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |title=Biological Classification |last=Biocyclopedia.com |website=biocyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |archive-date=14 May 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |date=14 May 2017 }}</ref> Sistem pikeun nangtukeun otoritas rada béda antara [[Kutipan pangarang (botani)|botani]] jeung [[Kutipan pangarang (zoologi)|zoologi]].<ref name="Herbarium" /> Sanajan kitu, éta standar yén lamun genus spésiés geus robah ti déskripsi aslina, ngaran otoritas aslina urang disimpen dina kurung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |title=Zoological nomenclature: a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors |website=Annelida.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |date=16 March 2017 }}</ref> == Pénétika == [[File:Phylogenetics.svg|thumb|300px|A comparison of phylogenetic and phenetic (character-based) concepts]] {{Main|Phenetics}} Dina phenetics, ogé katelah taximetrics, atawa taksonomi numerik, organismeu digolongkeun dumasar kana kasaruaan sakabéh, paduli filogeni atawa hubungan évolusionér maranéhanana.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hasilna dina ukuran hypergeometric "jarak" antara taksa. Métode fénétik geus kawilang jarang di jaman modéren, lolobana diganti ku analisis [[Kladistik|kladistik]], sabab métode fénétik teu ngabédakeun sipat karuhun (atawa [[plesiomorph]] ic) tina turunan babarengan (atawa [[apomorphic]]). ) ciri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification |url= https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163250/https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, métode phenetic tangtu, kayaning [[tatangga gabung]], tetep, salaku estimators gancang tina hubungan lamun métode leuwih canggih (saperti [[Bayesian inferensi]]) teuing komputasi mahal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Molecular Marker Glossary |url= http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/mcdgloss.html |last=McDonald |first=David |date=Fall 2008 |publisher=[[University of Wyoming]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610123503/http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/McDGloss.html |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> == Basis data == {{Main|Taxonomic database}} Taksonomi modern ngagunakeun téknologi database pikeun milarian sareng katalog ''klasifikasi'' sareng dokuméntasina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Dylan |last2=King |first2=Margaret |last3=Landis |first3=Drew |last4=Courtney |first4=William |last5=Wang |first5=Runtang |last6=Kelly |first6=Ross |last7=Turner |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Calhoun |first8=Vince D. |date=26 August 2014 |title=Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |volume=8 |pages=71 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2014.00071 |issn=1662-5196 |pmc=4144441 |pmid=25206330|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bari euweuh database ilahar dipaké, aya pangkalan data anu ''komprehensif'' sapertos ''[[Katalog Kahirupan]]'', nu tos nyoba ngadaptar unggal spésiés.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |title= About – The Plant List |website= theplantlist.org |access-date= 8 April 2017 |archive-date= 21 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621190909/http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Katalog didaptarkeun 1,64&nbsp;juta spésiés pikeun sadaya karajaan {{as of|2016|4|lc=on}}, ngaku liputan leuwih ti tilu-suku tina estimasi spésiés dipikawanoh pikeun élmu modern.<ref name="About the Catalogue of Life">{{Cite web |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |title=About the Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé== {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Automated species identification]] * [[Bacterial taxonomy]] * [[Cluster analysis]] * [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life]] * [[Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities]] * [[Genetypes]] * [[Glossary of scientific naming]] * [[Identification (biology)]] * ''[[Incertae sedis]]'' * [[Open Tree of Life]] * [[Parataxonomy]] * [[Phenogram]] * [[Set theory]] * [[Taxonomy]] (general) * [[Virus classification]] {{div col end}} == Catetan == {{NoteFoot}} == Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |title=Systematic Botany |last=Datta |first=Subhash Chandra |date=1988 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122400137 |edition=4 |location=New Delhi |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101351/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521427852 |edition=2nd. |location=Cambridge |author-link=Clive A. Stace |access-date=19 April 2015 |orig-year=1980 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113180249/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data |last=Stuessy |first=Tod F. |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231147125 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101356/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Turrill |first=W. B. |date=1938 |title=The Expansion Of Taxonomy With Special Reference To Spermatophyta |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=342–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1938.tb00522.x|s2cid=84905335}} * {{cite book |last1=Wiley |first1=Edward O. |first2=Bruce S. |last2=Lieberman |date=2011 |title=Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |edition=2nd |isbn=9780470905968}} {{refend}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html What is taxonomy?] at the [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ ''Natural History Museum London''] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] the ''National Center for Biotechnology Information'' * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] the ''Universal Protein Resource'' * [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] the ''Integrated Taxonomic Information System'' * [http://www.cetaf.org/ CETaF] the ''Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities'' * [http://species.wikimedia.org/ Wikispecies] ''free species directory'' * [https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html Biological classification.] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180358/https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html |date=13 August 2020}} {{Branches of biology}} {{Subject bar |wikt = yes |wikt-search = taxonomy |commons = yes |q = yes |s = yes |v = yes |d = yes |portal1 = Biology }} [[Kategori:biologi ]] [[Kategori :Élmu]] [[Kategori :Élmu Alam]] 09zq288a35r9aqgwcoljxhyhq9038s8 708699 708698 2026-04-28T16:09:23Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708699 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.2em; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background: #ccf;" | Taksonomi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip nij.svg|220px]]<br /><small>Hierarki klasifikasi biologis.</small> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Widang élmu | [[Biologi]], [[Sistematika]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Objék | Organisme (Hirup & Fosil) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Konsep konci | [[Takson]], [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]], [[Nomenklatur]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Inohong | [[Carl Linnaeus]], [[A.P. de Candolle]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf;" | Tingkatan Takson |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | * [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] * [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]] * [[Filum]] / [[Divisi (biologi)|Divisi]] * [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]] * [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] * [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] * [[Marga (biologi)|Marga]] * [[Spésiés]] |} '''Taksonomi (biologi)''' nyaéta élmu pangaweruh anu maluruh ngeunaan tata ngaran papasingan (klasifikasi), sarta idéntifikasi [[organismeu]] dumasar kana kasarimbagan ciri-cirina. Dina sistem ieu, organismeu digolongkeun kana sababaraha tingkatan anu disebut [[taksa]] (tunggal: [[takson]]). Organismeu disusun sacara ngaruntuy (hirarki) ti mimiti tingkatan anu paling umum nepi ka anu paling spésifik. Ku ayana ieu hirarki, unggal golongan taksonomi; grup tina pangkat nu tangtu bisa dikumpulkeun pikeun ngabentuk grup anu undakanna leuwih luhur sarta ''inklusif'', sahingga nyiptakeun rundayan/''hirarki'' taksonomi. Rundayan poko dina pamakéan modérn nyaéta: * ''[[Domain]]'' * [[Karajaan]] * ''[[Filum]]'' (pikeun sato) atawa [[Divisi]] (pikeun tutuwuhan), * [[Kelas]], * ''[[Ordo]]'' * [[Kulawarga]] * ''[[Génus]]'' * [[Spésiés]] Ahli botani ti [[Swédia]], [[Carl Linnaeus]] dianggap salaku anu mitembeyan dina ngadegkeun sistem taksonomi nu aya kiwari, sakumaha anjeunna ngembangkeun sistem réngking nu katelah ''[[Linnaean taxonomy]]'' pikeun ngategorikeun organismeu, sarta sistem tata ngaran [[binomial nomenklatur]] pikeun méré ngaran ilmiah ka mahluk hirup. Balukarna ayana kamajuan dina téori, data, sareng téknologi ''analitik sistematika biologis'', sistem Linnaéan téh kiwari geus mekar jadi ''sistem klasifikasi biologis'' modérn, Ieu sistem anyar miboga tujuan pikeun nembongkeun hubungan [[évolusi]] di antara rupa-rupa organismeu, boh nu masih hirup boh anu geus tumpur. Wangenan (définisi) ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama, nyaéta: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] (klasifikasi) golongan organismeu. == Harti taxonomi == Wangenan définisi ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] ngaklasifikasikeun golongan organismeu.<ref name="Wilkins2011">{{Cite web |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |date=5 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Salaku bahan babandingan, ieu di handap aya sababaraha wangenan panganyarna ngeunaan taksonom taksonomi saperti handap ieu: # Téori sarta prakték dina ngagolongkeun individu kana tingkatan spésiés, nu tuluy disusun jadi kelompok anu leuwih gedé, sarta dibéré ngaran éta grup, sahingga ngahasilkeun klasifikasi anu jéntré.<ref name="Judd">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |last1=Judd |first1=W. S. |last2=Campbell |first2=C. S. |last3=Kellogg |first3=E. A. |last4=Stevens |first4=P. F. |last5=Donoghue |first5=M. J. |date=2007 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |edition=3rd |location=Sunderland |chapter=Taxonomy}}</ref> # Hiji widang élmu (sarta komponén utama [[sistematika]]) anu ngawengku katerangan, idéntifikasi, [[tata ngaran]], jeung klasifikasi<ref name="Simpson">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123743800 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 1 Plant Systematics: an Overview}}</ref> # Élmu klasifikasi, dina susunan organismeu biologi kana hiji klasifikasi.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=P. M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=P. F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=D. W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=J. A. |date=2008 |chapter=Taxonomy |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI}}</ref> # "Élmu klasifikasi sakumaha dilarapkeun ka organismeu hirup, kaasup élmu ngeunaan cara ''formasi'' spésiés, jsb."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |date=1988 |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=P. M. B.}}</ref> # "Analisis karakteristik hiji organismeu pikeun tujuan klasifikasi"<ref name="Henderson">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-PLgy6DWe0wC |title=Henderson's Dictionary Of Biology |last=Lawrence |first=E. |date=2005 |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=9780131273849}}</ref> # "Studi sistimatika [[filogéni]] pikeun nyadiakeun pola nu bisa ditarjamahkeun kana klasifikasi jeung ngaran widang taksonomi nu leuwih inklusif" (didaptarkeun salaku harti nu dipikahoyong tapi teu ilahar)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=Quentin D. |title=Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny |date=2004 |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |editor1-first=H. C. J. |editor1-last=Godfray |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Knapp |volume=359: Taxonomy for the twenty-first century |pages=571–583 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1452 |pmc=1693342 |pmid=15253345 |author-link=Quentin D. Wheeler |issue=1444}}</ref> Watesan anu rupa-rupa boh nempatkeun taksonomi salaku sub-wewengkon sistematika (harti 2), balikkeun éta hubungan (harti 6), atawa sigana nganggap dua istilah sinonim. Aya sababaraha kaayaan teu satuju naha ''[[nomenclature biologis]]'' dianggap bagian tina taksonomi (definisi 1 jeung 2), atawa bagian tina sistematika luar taksonomi.<ref name="Herbarium">{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy |url= http://herbarium.usu.edu:80/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |date=2005 |website=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161123030604/http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=9781003092827 |pages=xv + 209 |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140719/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |url-status=live }}</ref> Salaku conto, harti 6 dipasangkeun jeung harti sistematika handap nu nempatkeun tata ngaran luar taksonomi:<ref name="Henderson" /> * ''Sistimétika'': "Ulikan ngeunaan idéntifikasi, taksonomi, jeung tata ngaran organisme, kaasup klasifikasi mahluk hirup nu patali jeung hubungan alam maranéhanana sarta ulikan ngeunaan variasi jeung évolusi taksa". Dina taun 1970, Michener '' jeung nu lian.'' ngadéfinisikeun "biologi sistimatis" jeung "taksonomi" (istilah anu mindeng bingung tur dipaké silih tukeur) patalina jeung nu séjénna saperti ieu di handap:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michener |first1=Charles D. |first2=John O. |last2=Corliss |first3=Richard S. |last3=Cowan |first4=Peter H. |last4=Raven |first5=Curtis W. |last5=Sabrosky |first6=Donald S. |last6=Squires |first7=G. W. |last7=Wharton |date=1970 |title=Systematics In Support of Biological Research |publisher=Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> <blockquote> sistimatis biologi (engkéna disebut saukur sistematika) nyaéta widang anu: (a) nyadiakeun ngaran ilmiah pikeun organismeu, (b) ngajelaskeun aranjeunna, (c) ngawétkeun koléksi aranjeunna, (d) nyadiakeun klasifikasi pikeun organismeu, konci pikeun idéntifikasi maranéhanana, sarta data ngeunaan sebaran maranéhanana, (é) nalungtik sajarah évolusionér maranéhna, jeung (f) tinimbangan adaptasi lingkungan maranéhanana. Ieu mangrupikeun kaayaan anu gaduh sajarah panjang anu dina taun-taun ayeuna parantos ngalaman ronjotan anu kasohor, utamana ngeunaan eusi téoritis. Bagian tina bahan téoritis aya hubunganana sareng daérah évolusionér (jéjér é sareng f di luhur), sésana patali utamana jeung masalah klasifikasi. Taksonomi nyaéta bagian tina Sistematika anu patali jeung jejer (a) nepi ka (d) di luhur. </blockquote> Sakabeh sét istilah kaasup taksonomi, biologi sistimatis, [[sistematika]], klasifikasi ilmiah, klasifikasi biologis, jeung [[filogenetik]] sakapeung mibanda maksud anu papalimpang– sakapeung sarua, sakapeung beda saeutik, ngan sok pacorok.<ref name="Wilkins2011" /><ref name="Small1989">{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Ernest |date=1989 |title=Systematics of Biological Systematics (Or, Taxonomy of Taxonomy) |journal=Taxon |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.2307/1222265 |jstor=1222265}}</ref> Harti anupang legana "taksonomi" dipaké didieu. Istilah ieu di tepangkeun dina taun 1813 ku [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]], dina milikna ''[[Théorie élémentaire de la botanique]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA20 |title=Plant systematics: An integrated approach |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |date=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578083510 |page=20 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[John Lindley]] disadiakeun définisi awal sistematika dina taun 1830, sanajan manéhna nulis ngeunaan "sistematis botani" tinimbang ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |work=EvolvingThoughts.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Urang Éropa resep ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika" jeung "biosistematika" pikeun ulikan ngeunaan ''biodiversity'' sacara gembleng, sedengkeun Amérika Kalér leuwih remen ngagunakeun "taksonomi".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brusca |first1=R. C. |last2=Brusca |first2=G. J. |date=2003 |title=Invertebrates |edition=2nd |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |publisher=Sinauer Associates |page=27}}</ref> Tapi, taksonomi, sareng hususna ''[[taksonomi alfa]]'', langkung spésifikna idéntifikasi, déskripsi, sareng nami (nyaéta, nomenklatur/tata ngaran) organismeu.<ref name="Fortey">{{Cite book |last=Fortey |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Fortey |date=2008 |title=Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum |location=London |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=9780007209897}}</ref> Sedengkeun "klasifikasi" museurkeun kana nempatkeun organismeu dina grup hirarki anu némbongkeun hubungan maranéhanana jeung organismeu séjén. === Monograf jeung révisi taksonomi === Hiji '''révisi taksonomi''' atawa '''résénsi taksonomi''' mangrupa pedaran analisis ngeunaan pola variasi dina [[takson]] anu tinangtu. Analisis ieu tiasa dilaksanakeun dumasar kana kombinasi naon waé tina sababaraha jinis karakter anu sayogi, sapertos [[morfologis]], [[anatomi]], [[palinologis]], [[biokimia]] sareng [[génetik]]. [[monograf]] atanapi révisi lengkep nyaéta révisi anu kompréhénsif keur takson pikeun inpormasi anu dipasihkeun dina waktos anu tangtu, sareng pikeun sakuliah dunya. Révisi séjén (parsial) bisa diwatesan dina harti yén maranéhna ngan bisa ngagunakeun sababaraha sét karakter sadia atawa boga wates wengkuan husus. Révisi ngahasilkeun konformasi atanapi wawasan anyar dina hubungan antara subtaksa dina takson anu ditalungtik, nu bisa ngakibatkeun parobahan dina klasifikasi subtaxa ieu, idéntifikasi subtaxa anyar, atawa ngahiji tina subtaxa saméméhna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxted |first=Nigel |date=1992 |title=Towards Defining a Taxonomic Revision Methodology |journal=Taxon |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.2307/1222391 |jstor=1222391}}</ref> === Aksara taksonomi === Karakter taksonomi nyaéta mangrupa ''atribut taksonomi'' anu bisa dipaké pikeun méré bukti di mana hubungan ([[filogéni]]) antara taksa dipuguhkeun.<ref name="Hennig 1965">{{cite journal |last1=Hennig |first1=Willi |title=Phylogenetic Systematics |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 1965 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |issn=0066-4170 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101423/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1991 |title=Principles of Systematic Zoology |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=159}}</ref> Jinis karakter taksonomi ngawengku:<ref>Mayr, Ernst (1991), p. 162.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] Karakter; ciri mandiri ** Umum éksternal [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] ** Struktur husus (misalna., [[alat sanggama]]) ** Morfologi internal ([[anatomi]]) ** [[Émbriologi]] ** [[Karyologi]] jeung lianna ''[[cytological]]'' ''faktor'' * [[Fisiologis]] karakter ** [[paktor métabolik]] ** sékrési awak ** ''Faktor'' sterility gén * [[Molekul]] karakter ** Jarak imunologis ** Béda éléktroforétik ** Runtuyan protéin asam amino ** DNA ''hibridisasi'' ** Runtuyan DNA jeung RNA ** Watesan ''endonuclease'' nganalisa ** Bédana molekular séjén * ''[[Behavioral]]'' karakter ** Tatacara jeung mékanismeu isolasi ''ethological'' séjén ** Pola kabiasaan séjén * ''[[Ecological]]'' karakter ** Kabiasaan jeung habitat ** Kadaharan ** Robahna usum-usuman ** Sabangsaning parasit * [[Géografis]] karakter ** Umum ''[[biogeographic distribution]]'' pola ** hubungan populasi [[Simpatric]]-[[allopatric]] {{div col end}} === Alfa jeung béta taksonomi === {{distinguish|Alpha diversity}} Syaratna "'''taksonomi alfa'''" utamana dipaké pikeun ngarujuk kana disiplin tatacarana manggihan, ngajéntrékeun, jeung ngaranan [[taxa]]na, spésiés utamana .<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Dina litelatur saméméhna, istilah éta miboga harti anu béda, jeung produk panalungtikan nepi ka ahir abad ka-19.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselló-Mora |first1=Ramon |last2=Amann |first2=Rudolf |date=1 January 2001 |title=The species concept for prokaryotes |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x |issn=1574-6976 |pmid=11152940|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[William Bertram Turrill]] ngawanohkeun istilah "taksonomi alfa" dina runtuyan makalah anu medal dina taun 1935 ogé 1937 di mana anjeunna ngaguar filsafat jeung nyawang disiplin taksonomi dina mangsa nu baris datang. {{sfn|Turrill|1938}}<blockquote> ... Aya kahayang anu beuki gedé diantara para ahli taksonomi pikeun nganggap masalahna dina panempo anu langkung lega, pikeun nalungtik kemungkinan gawé babarengan leuwih deukeut jeung cytological maranéhanana, koléga ékologis jeung genetika sarta pikeun ngaku yén sababaraha révisi atawa ékspansi, meureun alam drastis, tujuan jeung métode maranéhanana, bisa jadi desirable ... Turrill (1935) geus ngusulkeun yén bari narima taksonomi invaluable heubeul, dumasar kana struktur, jeung merenah ditunjuk "alfa", kasebut nyaéta dimungkinkeun pikeun sawangan urang anu jauh taxonomy diwangun dina salega dasar fakta morfologis jeung fisiologis jéntré, jeung hiji nu "tempat kapanggih pikeun sakabéh data observasi jeung ékspérimén patali, sanajan teu langsung, kana konstitusi, kana konstitusi, asal, jeung kabiasaan spésiés jeung grup taksonomi séjén". Cita-cita tiasa, bisa disebutkeun, pernah jadi sagemblengna sadar. Aranjeunna ngagaduhan, anu mana, niléy hébat akting salaku stimulan permanén, jeung lamun urang boga sababaraha, malah samar, idéal hiji "omega" taksonomi urang bisa maju saeutik handap alfabét Yunani. Sababaraha urang nyenangkeun diri sorangan ku mikir urang ayeuna groping dina taksonomi "béta".{{sfn|Turrill|1938}}</blockquote> Turrill antukna sacara éksplisit ngaluarkeun tina alfa taksonomi sagala rupa wewengkon tina ulikan yén anjeunna kaasup kana taksonomi sakabéhna, kayaning ékologi, fisiologi, génétika, jeung sitologi. Anjeunna salajengna ngaluarkeun rekonstruksi filogenetik tina taksonomi alfa.{{sfn|Turrill|1938|pp=365–366}} Engké pangarang geus dipaké istilah dina hiji béda rasa, hartina wates spésiés (sanés subspésiés atawa taksa tina jajaran séjén), ngagunakeun naon waé téhnik investigative sadia, jeung kaasup téhnik komputasi atawa laboratorium canggih.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyskal |first=G. C. |date=1965 |title=Trend curves of the rate of species description in zoology |journal=Science |volume=149 |issue=3686 |pages= 880–882 |bibcode=1965Sci...149..880S |doi=10.1126/science.149.3686.880 |pmid=17737388|s2cid=36277653}}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Ku kituna, [[Ernst Mayr]] dina taun 1968 didefinisikeun "'''beta taxonomy'''" salaku klasifikasi pangkat leuwih luhur ti spésiés (jenis).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Role of Systematics in Biology: The study of all aspects of the diversity of life is one of the most important concerns in biology |date=9 February 1968 |journal=Science |volume=159 |issue=3815 |pages=595–599 |bibcode=1968Sci...159..595M |doi=10.1126/science.159.3815.595 |pmid=4886900 |author-link=Ernst Mayr}}</ref><blockquote>Hiji pamahaman biologis hartina tina variasi jeung tina nu évolusionér asal grup spésiés patali malah leuwih penting pikeun tahap kadua aktivitas taksonomi, diurutkeun spésiés kana grup baraya ("taxa") jeung susunan maranéhanana dina hirarki kategori luhur. Kagiatan ieu anu dimaksud klasifikasi istilah; Éta ogé disebut "taksonomi béta".</blockquote> === Mikrotaksonomi jeung makrotaksonomi === {{Main|Species problem}} Kumaha spésiés kudu dihartikeun dina hiji grup husus organisme méré naék kana masalah praktis jeung téoritis anu disebut salaku [[masalah spésiés]]. Karya ilmiah mutuskeun kumaha nangtukeun spésiés geus disebut microtaxonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |date=1982 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674364462 |chapter=Chapter 6: Microtaxonomy, the science of species |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |title=Result of Your Query |website=biological-concepts.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion">{{Cite news |url= http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |title=Taxonomy: Meaning, Levels, Periods and Role |date=27 May 2016 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Ku éksténsi, makrotaksonomi nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan grup dina subgenus [[pangkat taksonomi]] nu leuwih luhur.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> atawa ngan saukur dina clades nu ngawengku leuwih ti hiji takson dianggap specie as, dinyatakeun dina istilah [[nomenklatur filogenetik]].<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020">{{cite book |last1=Cantino |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Kevin |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode): A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature |date=29 April 2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0429821356 |pages=xl + 149 |url=https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042402/https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sajarah == Sedengkeun sawatara pedaran ngeunaan taksonomi sajarah nyoba tanggal taksonomi ka peradaban kuna, usaha sabenerna ilmiah pikeun ngaklasifikasikeun organismeu teu lumangsung nepi ka abad ka-18, iwal mungkin Aristoteles, nu karya pituduh di taksonomi. <ref name="Voultsiadou & Vafidis 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Vafidis |first2=Dimitris |title=Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology |journal=Contributions to Zoology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602004 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07602004 |issn=1875-9866 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425063507/https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/76/2/article-p103_4.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Voultsiadou et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Gerovasileiou |first2=Vasilis |last3=Vandepitte |first3=Leen |last4=Ganias |first4=Kostas |last5=Arvanitidis |first5=Christos |title=Aristotle's scientific contributions to the classification, nomenclature and distribution of marine organisms |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=468–478 |doi=10.12681/mms.13874 |issn=1791-6763 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Karya-karya saméméhna utamana déskriptif sarta museur kana tatangkalan anu mangpaat dina tatanén atawa ubar. Aya sababaraha tahap dina pamikiran ilmiah ieu. Taksonomi mimiti dumasar kana kritéria saayana, nu disebut "sistem jieunan", kaasup [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s Sistim klasifikasi seksual pikeun tutuwuhan (Linnaeus's 1735 classification of animals was entitled "[[Sistema Alam]]" ("the System of Nature"), implying yén manéhna, sahenteuna, percaya yén éta leuwih ti hiji "sistem jieunan"). Kadieunakeun sumping sistem dumasar kana tinimbangan leuwih lengkep tina ciri taksa, disebut salaku "sistem alam", kayaning tina pamadegan [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] (1789), de Candolle (1813) sarta [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1862–1863). Klasifikasi ieu ngajelaskeun pola émpiris sareng pra-[[évolusi]] dina pamikiran. Publikasi tina [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859) ngabalukarkeun katerangan anyar pikeun klasifikasi, dumasar kana hubungan évolusionér. Ieu konsép [[filotik]] sistem, ti 1883 saterusna. Ieu dumasar pamadegan [[August Eichler|Eichler]] (1883) sarta [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1886–1892). Datangna tina [[cladistic]] metodologi dina 1970an ngarah kana klasifikasi dumasar kana hiji-hijina kritéria [[monofil]], dirojong ku ayana [[synapomorphies]]. Ti saprak éta, dasar evidentiary geus dimekarkeun kalawan data ti [[genetik molekular]] nu keur sabagian complements tradisional [[Morfologi]].{{sfn|Datta|1988}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stace|1989}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stuessy|2009}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}} === Saméméh-Linnaean === ==== Ahli taksonomi mimiti ==== Ngaran jeung klasifikasi lingkungan manusa kawasnamah dimimitian ku awal basa. Ngabédakeun tutuwuhan kana pepelakan matak weureu sareng anu tiasa didahar tayalian integral pikeun kalumangsungan hirup tina masarakat manusa. Ilustrasi tutuwuhan ubar muncul dina lukisan témbok Mesir ti {{Circa|1500 BC}}, nunjukkeun yén pamakéan spésiés béda anu dipikaharti sarta yén hiji taksonomi dasar aya dina tempat.<ref name="Manktelow">{{cite web |last=Manktelow |first=M. |date=2010 |url=http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |title=History of Taxonomy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Dept. of Systematic Biology, [[Uppsala University]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}</ref> ==== Jaman Baheula ==== {{further|Aristotle's biology#Classification}} [[File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''Gambaran tina sato langka'' (写生珍禽图), ti [[Song dinasti]] digambar ku [[Huang Quan (painter)|Huang Quan]] (903–965)]] Organismeu munggaran digolongkeun ku [[Aristoteles]] ([[Yunani]], 384–322 BC) salila anjeunna maneuh di [[Lesbos|Pulo Lesbos]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1982 |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref name="Palaeos">{{Cite web |url= http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |title= History of Taxonomy |website= Palaeos |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |archive-date= 31 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |date=31 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Anjeunna ngagolongkeun mahluk dumasar bagian maranéhanana, atawa dina istilah modern ''atribut'', kayaning hirup tina anakan, ngabogaan opat suku, [[endog]], [[getih]] atawa panas awaka.[38] Anjeunna ngabagi sakabeh mahluk hirup kana dua golongan: tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan..<ref name="Roanoke">{{Cite web |url= http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |title=Biology 101, Ch 20 |date=23 March 1998 |website=cbs.dtu.dk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628023508/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He divided all living things into two groups: [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Sawatara kelompokna sato, sapertos ''Anhaima'' (sato henteu mibanda getih, ditarjamahkeun salaku [[invertebrata]]) sarta ''Enhaima'' (sasatoan anu mibanda [[getih]], kasarna téh sabangsaning [[vertebrata]]), sakumaha ogé kawas grup sabangsaning [[hiu]] jeung [[cetacean]], anu ilahar dipaké.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408836224 |pages=384–395 |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref><ref name="von Lieven & Humar 2008">{{cite journal |last1=von Lieven |first1=Alexander Fürst |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium" |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=227–262 |jstor=23334371 |pmid=19203017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |issn=0391-9714 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laurin & Humar 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1 |language=fr |doi-access=free }}</ref> muridna [[Theophrastus]] (Yunani, 370–285 BC) ngalaksanakeun tradisi ieu, mentioning sababaraha 500 tutuwuhan jeung kagunaan maranéhanana di na ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]''. Sababaraha tutuwuhan [[Genus|genera]] bisa disusud deui ka Theophrastus, sapertos ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]'', ''[[Crocus]]'', sarta ''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]''.<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Abad Pertengahan==== Taksonomi dina [[Abad Pertengahan]] ieu sakitu legana dumasar kana[[Sistim Aristoteles]],<ref name="Roanoke" /> kalawan tambahan ngeunaan tatanan filosofis jeung ''existential'' mahluk. Ieu kalebet konsép sapertos éta [[ranté sasatoan anu ageung]] tradisi ​​di Kulon ''[[skolastik]]'',<ref name="Roanoke" /> deui deriving pamustunganana ti Aristoteles. Sistim Aristotelian teu ngaklasifikasikeun tutuwuhan anapon sabangsaning [[supa]], alatan kurangna mikroskop dina waktos éta.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> sakumaha gagasan na dumasar kana nyusun dunya lengkep dina hiji kontinum tunggal, sapertos 'scala naturae'' (tangga alam).<ref name="Palaeos" /> Ieu, ogé, dibawa kana tinimbangan dina ranté gedé sasatoan.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Kamajuan anu dilakukeun ku élmuwan sapertos [[Procopius]], [[Timotheus of Gaza]], [[Demetrios Pepagomenos]], ogé [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Pamikir abad ''pertengahan'' ngagunakeun ''categorizations filosofis'' jeung ''logis abstrak'' leuwih cocog kana filsafat abstrak batan taksonomi pragmatis..<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Renaissance jeung mimiti modern ==== Dina mangsa [[Renaissance]] atawa ''[[Jaman Pencerahan]],'' categorizing organismeu janten langkung umum,<ref name="Palaeos" /> jeung karya taksonomi jadi cukup ambisius pikeun ngaganti téks kuna. Ieu dipangaruhan ku ayana ngembangkeun lénsa optik canggih, nu ngidinan morfologi organismeu bisa diulik leuwih jéntré. Salah sahiji pangarang pangheubeulna pikeun ngamangpaatkeun ieu téhnologi éta dokter ti Italia [[Andrea Cesalpino]] (1519–1603), anu disebut "the first taxonomist".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu hasil gawé anu onjoy ''De Plantis'' diguar di taun 1583, sarta digambarkeun leuwih ti 1500 spésiés tutuwuhan.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/deplantislibrixv00cesa |title=De plantis libri XVI |last1=Cesalpino |first1=Andrea |last2=Marescotti |first2=Giorgio |date=1583 |publisher=Apud Georgium Marescottum |location=Florence |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>Dua kulawarga pepelakan ageung anu kiwari mimiti dikenal sarta dianggo nepi ka ayeuna : [[Asteraceae]] jeung [[Brassicaceae]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Edition Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (Handbook of Plant Breeding) |last=Jaime |first=Prohens |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781441924742}}</ref> Dina abad ka 17 [[John Ray]] ([[Inggris]], 1627–1705) nulis loba karya taksonomi penting.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |title=taxonomy {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075451/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Bisa disebut hasil gawé anu pang gedéna tayalian ''Methodus Plantarum Nova'' (1682),<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |first=Ray |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |title=Methodus plantarum nova |publisher=impensis Henrici Faithorne & Joannis Kersey, ad insigne Rofæ Coemeterio D. Pauli |date=1682 |language=la |trans-title=New Method of Plants |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170929060003/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> dimana anjeuna ngaguar lewih ti 18,000 spésiés tutuwuhan. Dina waktos éta, meureun moal aya deui hasil ti ahli taksonomi anu pang rumitna, nalika anjeuna ngagolongkeun taksana dina loba karakter gabungan. Karya taksonomi séjén anu henteu éléh kasohor dijieun ku [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] (France, 1656–1708).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |title=Joseph Pitton de Tournefort {{!}} French botanist and physician |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075951/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu karyana taun 1700, ''Institutiones Rei Herbariae'', kaasup leuwih ti 9000 spésiés 698 genera, nu langsung mangaruhan Linnaeus, sakumaha éta téks anjeunna dipaké salaku murid ngora.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Mangsa Linnaean === {{Main|Linnaean taxonomy}} [[File:Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', Leiden, 1735]] Ahli botani Swedia [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778)<ref name="Roanoke" /> ushered in a new era of taxonomy. With his major works ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' 1st Edition in 1735,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> ''[[Spésiés Plantarum]]'' dina taun 1753,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1753 |title=Species Plantarum |language=la |location=Stockholm}}</ref> and [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'' 10th Edition]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |edition=10th |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> anjeunna ngarévolusi taksonomi modern. Karya-karyana ngalaksanakeun sistem tata ngaran binomial standar pikeun spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan,<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |title=taxonomy – The Linnaean system {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405074215/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> anu geus kabukti ngajadi solusi ampuh pikeun literatur taksonomi anu kacau jeung henteu puguh éntép sureuhna. Anjeunna henteu ngan nepangkeun standar kelas, order, genus, and&nbsp;spésiés, tapi ogé ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngaidentipikasi pepelakan sareng sasatoan tina bukuna, kalayan ngagunakeun sabagean leutik tina kembang (dipikawanoh salaku [[Linnaean system]]).<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean" /> ''Taxonomists'' tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan regard Linnaeus' dianggo salaku "titik mimiti" pikeun ngaran anu loyog (at 1753 and 1758 respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donk |first=M. A. |date=December 1957 |title=Typification and later starting-points |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Taxon |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/1217493 |jstor=1217493 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091529/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Ngaran anu diterbitkeun sateuacan tanggal ieu disebut "pra-Linnaean", tur teu dianggap ''valid'' (iwal spiders diterbitkeun dina ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]''. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carl |first1=Clerck |last2=Carl |first2=Bergquist |last3=Eric |first3=Borg |last4=L. |first4=Gottman |last5=Lars |first5=Salvius |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |title=Svenska spindlar |publisher=Literis Laur. Salvii |date=1757 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish Spiders |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201181959/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>). Malah ngaran taksonomi dipedalkeun ku Linnaeus sorangan saméméh tanggal ieu dianggap ''pra-Linnaean''.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Jaman taksonomi digital=== Taksonomi modern dipangaruhan pisan ku téknologi sapertos [[DNA sequencing]], [[bioinformatics]], [[Biological database|databases]], sareng [[imaging]]. == Sistem klasifikasi modern == {{Main|Evolutionary taxonomy|Phylogenetic nomenclature}} [[File:Spindle diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Evolution of the [[vertebrates]] at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are typical for [[evolutionary taxonomy]].]] [[File:Cladogram vertebrata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hubungan anu sarua, ditepikeun salaku hiji [[cladogram]] has pikeun [[cladistics]]]] Hiji pola pikeun golongan anu nyayang sajeroning golongan anu geus ditangtukeun ku Linnaeus' klasifikasi tina tutuwukan tur sasatoan, sarta pola ieu mimiti jadi salaku gambaran [[dendrograms]] pikeun sasatoan sarta tutuwuhan [[Kingdom (biology)|karanaa]] lajeng dugi ka ahir abad ka 18, ogé saméméh Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species'' dipedalkeun.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Hiji pola "Natural System" teu merlukeun prosés generating , saperti dina evolusi, tapi bisa waé geus kasawang, mereun pamikir transmutationist. Diantara karya mimiti neuleuman tina pamikiran [[transmutation of species]] anu tayalian ''[[Zoonomia]]'' dina taun 1796 ku [[Erasmus Darwin]] ( akina Charles Darwin's), jeung [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s ''[[Philosophie zoologique]]'' dina taun 1809.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hiji ideu anu geus dipopulerkeun dina dunya Anglophone sanajan loba anu sipatna spekulatif tapi loba ogé anu maraca ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'', dipedalkeun sacara anonim ku [[Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)|Robert Chambers]] in 1844.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |title=Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation |last=Secord |first=James A. |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226744100 |author-link=James A. Secord |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> Ayana téori Darwin, hiji anu disaluyuan kalawan gancang ditarima tayalian hiji klasifikasi kudu numutkeun kana prinsip Darwinian [[katangtuan umum]].<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |title=taxonomy – Classification since Linnaeus {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075916/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Tangkal kahirupan]] élmu pangaweruh Répréséntasi jadi populér dina karya ilmiah, kalawan grup fosil dipikawanoh diasupkeun. Salah sahiji grup modéren munggaran anu dihijikeun ka karuhun fosil nyaéta manuk.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Black |first=Riley |date=7 December 2010 |title=Thomas Henry Huxley and the Dinobirds |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110094503/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngagunakeun fosil lajeng anyar kapanggih tina ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' jeung ''[[Hesperornis]]'', [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] Nyebutkeun yén maranéhna geus mekar tina dinosaurus, hiji group resmi anu dingaranan ku [[Richard Owen]] taun 1842.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley |last=Huxley |first=Thomas Henry |date=1876 |chapter=Lectures on Evolution |title=Collected Essays |volume=IV |pages=46–138 |url= http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224543/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}} Original text w/ figures. First published as ''New York Tribune'', Extra no. 36.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |title=Thomas Henry Huxley {{!}} British biologist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114405/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |archive-date=6 February 2018 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Pedaran anu dihasilkeun, éta dinosaurus "nimbulkeun" atawa mahluk "karuhun ti" manuk, mangrupa ciri penting tina pamikiran [[taksonomi évolusionér]]. Beuki loba grup fosil anu kapanggih sarta bisa dipikanyaho sahenteuna dina akhir abad ka 19 jeung mimiti abad 20, [[palaeontologists]] digawé pikeun mikanyaho sajarahna sasatoan ngaliwatan umur ku cara ngaitkeun babarengan jeung grup anu geus dipikawanoh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NuYXr8BszwC&pg=PA24 |last=Rudwick |first=M. J. S. |date=1985 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226731032 |page=24}}</ref> kitu deui [[sintésis évolusionér modern]] ti mimiti 1940-an, dasarna pamahaman modérn ngeunaan évolusi tina grup utama di éta tempat. Salaku taksonomi évolusionér dumasar kana jajaran taksonomi Linnaean, dua istilah anu sakitu legana ditukeurkeun dina pamakéan modern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paterlini |first=Marta |date=September 2007 |title=There shall be order. The legacy of Linnaeus in the age of molecular biology |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=814–816 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401061 |doi-access=free |pmc=1973966 |pmid=17767191}}</ref> Métode [[kladistik]] muncul ti taun 1960-an.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Dina taun 1958, [[Julian Huxley]] ngagunakeun istilah ''clade''.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Engké, dina 1960, Cain jeung Harrison ngawanohkeun istilah "cladistic".<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Fitur anu penting nyaéta nyusun taksa dina hirarki [[tangkal évolusionér]], kalawan desideratum yén sakabéh taksa ngaranna téh monophyletic.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Hiji takson disebut monophyletic lamun ngawengku sakabéh turunan tina wangun karuhun.<ref name="Mike Taylor">{{Cite web |url= http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |date=17 July 2003 |title=What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |last=Taylor |first=Mike |website=miketaylor.org.uk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801072310/http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |archive-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCSE">{{Cite web |url= https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |title=Polyphyletic vs. Monophyletic |website=National Center for Science Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170039/https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Grup anu ngagaduhan grup turunan dikaluarkeun tina aranjeunna disebut [[paraphyletic]],<ref name="Mike Taylor" /> sedengkeun grup nu ngawakilan leuwih ti hiji cabang tina tangkal kahirupan disebut [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Mike Taylor" /><ref name="NCSE" /> Grup monophyletic dipikawanoh tur didiagnosis dumasar kana [[synapomorphies]], kaayaan karakter turunan dibagikeun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Andrew V. Z. |first2=Randall T. |last2=Schuh |date=2021 |title=Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications |edition=3rd |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |page=13}}</ref> Klasifikasi kladistik taksonomi Linnean cocog sareng Kodeu tradisional ‘’ [[Nomenklatur Zoologis]] ‘’ jeung [[nomenklatur botani]], ka extent tangtu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuh |first=Randall T. |title=The Linnaean system and its 250-year persistence |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |date=2003 |page=59|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0059:TLSAIY]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Sistem tata ngaran alternatip, nyaéta PhyloCod/ ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Filogénétik]]'' atawa ''PhyloCode'' geus diajukeun, nu ngatur ngaran formal klad.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |title=The PhyloCode |last1=Queiroz |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Cantino |first2=Kevin |website=Ohio.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160510200022/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> Jajaran Linnaean téh pilihan jeung teu boga status resmi dina ''PhyloCode'', nu dimaksudkeun pikeun hirup babarengan jeung kode ayeuna, dumasar-rank..<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /> Samentara popularitas nomenklatur filogenetik parantos ningkat sacara stabil dina sababaraha dekade katukang, <ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> tetep katingalna seuseueurna ahli sistematis antukna ngadopsi ''PhyloCode'' atanapi neraskeun ngagunakeun sistem tatangaran kiwari anu parantos dianggo (sareng dirobih, tapi panginten henteu sakumaha anu dipikahoyong ku sababaraha sistematis)<ref name="Dubois 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=Naming taxa from cladograms: A cautionary tale |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 February 2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |pmid=16949307 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |issn=1055-7903 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101502/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790306002375?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dubois et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Bauer |first2=Aaron M. |last3=Ceríaco |first3=Luis M. P. |last4=Dusoulier |first4=François |last5=Frétey |first5=Thierry |last6=Löbl |first6=Ivan |last7=Lorvelec |first7=Olivier |last8=Ohler |first8=Annemarie |last9=Stopiglia |first9=Renata |last10=Aescht |first10=Erna |title=The Linz Zoocode project: A set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019) |journal=Bionomina |date=17 December 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–111 |doi=10.11646/BIONOMINA.17.1.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> sahenteuna leuwih 250 taun. === Karajaan jeung domain === [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg|thumb|upright|Skéma dasar klasifikasi modérn. Seueur tingkatan anu sanés tiasa dianggo; domain, tingkat pangluhurna dina kahirupan, duanana anyar jeung dibantah.]] {{Main|Kingdom (biology)|Domain (biology)}} Sateuacan kapanggihna Carl Linnaeus (Botanist) tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan dianggap Karajaan anu misah.<ref name="Kingdom classification">{{Cite news |url= http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |title=Kingdom Classification of Living Organism |date=2 December 2014 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073641/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} Linnaeus ngagunakeun ieu salaku pangkat luhur, ngabagi dunya fisik kana sayur, karajaan sato jeung mineral. Salaku kamajuan dina mikroskop ngajadikeun klasifikasi mikroorganismeu, jumlah karajaan ngaronjat, sistem lima jeung genep karajaan anu paling umum. [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] mangrupa grup nu kawilang anyar. Mimiti diajukeun dina 1977, [[Carl Woese]] [[sistem tilu domain]] sacara umum teu ditarima nepi ka engké.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |title=Carl Woese {{!}} Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology |website=www.igb.Illinois.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |archive-date=28 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>Salah sahiji ciri utama metode tilu domain nyaéta pamisahan [[Archaea]] sareng [[Baktéri]], anu sateuacana dikelompokkeun kana karajaan tunggal Baktéri (hiji karajaan anu sok disebut [[Monera]]),<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> kalawan [[Eukariota]] pikeun sakabéh organisme anu sélna ngandung [[Inti (biologi)|inti]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-link=Joel Cracraft |editor1-last=Cracraft |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Donaghue |editor2-first=Michael J. |date=2004 |title=Assembling the Tree of Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195172345 |pages=45, 78, 555}}</ref> Sajumlah leutik élmuwan kalebet karajaan kagenep, Archaea, tapi henteu nampi metode domain.<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]], anu dipedalkeun sacara éksténsif ngeunaan klasifikasi [[protista]], taun 2002<ref name="pmid11931142">{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |title=The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=297–354 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11931142 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11931142 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> ngusulkeun yén [[Neomura]], clade anu ngahijikeun Archaea jeung [[Eukariota|Eucarya]]<!--yeah, Woese used a 'c' here-->, bakal mekar tina Baktéri, langkung tepatna tina [[Actinomycetota]]. Klasifikasi na 2004 nganggap [[archaeobacteria]] salaku bagian tina subkingdom karajaan Baktéri, nyaéta, anjeunna nampik sistem tilu domain sagemblengna.<ref name="CavalierSmith2004" /> Stefan Luketa di 2012 ngusulkeun lima sistem "dominion", nambahan [[Prion]]obiota ([[kahirupan non-sélular|asélular]] jeung tanpa [[asam nukléat]]) jeung [[Virus]]obiota (asélular tapi ' 'kalayan'' asam nukléat) kana tilu domain tradisional.<ref name="Luketa2012">{{Cite journal |last=Luketa |first=S. |date=2012 |title=New views on the megaclassification of life |url= http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Protistology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=218–237 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150257/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> {{center|{{Biological systems}}}} === Klasifikasi komprehensif panganyarna === Klasifikasi lengkep; parsial aya pikeun loba grup individu organismeu sarta dirévisi jeung diganti sakumaha informasi anyar anu sadia; kumaha ogé, kompréhénsif, diterbitkeun lumaku sawaréh atawa sagemblengna; conto panganyarna nyaéta jeung sajabana., 2012 jeung 2019,<ref name="Adl-et-al-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Simpson |first2=A. G. B. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Bass |first5=D. |last6=Bowser |first6=S. S. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2015 |title=The revised classification of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x |pmc=3483872 |pmid=23020233}}</ref><ref name="Adl-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Bass |first2=D. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Schoch |first5=C. L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691 |pmc= 6492006|pmid=30257078|doi-access=free}}</ref> nu ngawengku eukariot wungkul kalawan tekenan kana protista, sarta Ruggiero jeung sajabana. taun 2015,<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=D. P. |last3=Orrell |first3=T. M. |last4=Bailly |first4=N. |last5=Bourgoin |first5=T. |last6=Brusca |first6=R. C. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=A higher level classification of all living organisms |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0119248 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R |bibcode-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 |pmc=4418965 |pmid=25923521|doi-access=free}}</ref> ngawengku boh eukariot jeung [[prokariot]]s kana pangkat Orde, sanajan duanana ngaluarkeun wawakil fosil.<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015" /> Kompilasi anu misah (Ruggiero, 2014)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Markus |title=Families of Living Organisms (FALO) |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |website=GBIF |date=August 13, 2015 |doi=10.15468/tfp6yv |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302232032/https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |url-status=live }}</ref> nambahkeun taksa anu masih aya pikeun pangkat Kulawarga. Lain, Pangobatan dumasar basis data kalebet [[Ensiklopedia Kahirupan]], éta [[Fasilitas Émbaran Keanekaragaman Hayati Global]], [[database taksonomi NCBI]], [[Pendaptaran Interim Genera Kelautan sareng Nonmarine]], éta [[Buka Tangkal Kahirupan]], jeung [[Katalog Kahirupan]]. [[Database Paleobiologi]] mangrupa sumber pikeun fosil. == Aplikasi== Taksonomi biologis mangrupa sub-disiplin [[biologi]], sareng umumna dipraktékkeun ku ahli biologi anu katelah "ahli taksonomi", sanajan antusias [[Sajarah alam|naturalis]] ogé sering kalibet dina publikasi taksa anyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |first1=Benjamin |last1=Jones |date=September 7, 2017 |title=A Few Bad Scientists Are Threatening to Topple Taxonomy |website=Smithsonian |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208041357/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusabab taksonomi boga tujuan pikeun ngajelaskeun tur ngatur [[kahirupan]], karya anu dilakukeun ku ahli taksonomi penting pisan pikeun ulikan ngeunaan [[biodiversitas]] jeung hasil widang [[biologi konservasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |title=What is taxonomy? |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001152618/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2002 |title=The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversity |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1078/1617-1381-00015 |bibcode=2002JNatC..10..145M |s2cid=16953722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |via=Semantic Scholar }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi organismeu === {{Main|Taxonomic rank}} Klasifikasi biologis mangrupakeun komponén kritis prosés taksonomi. Hasilna, éta informs pamaké sakumaha naon baraya tina takson nu dihipotesiskeun. Klasifikasi biologis ngagunakeun pangkat taksonomi, kaasup antara séjén (urutan ti paling inklusif ka nu henteu inklusif): [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]], [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]], [[Filum]], [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]], [[Urutan (biologi)|Urutan]], [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]], [[Genus]], [[Spésiés]], jeung [[Galur (biologi)|Galur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |title=Mnemonic taxonomy / biology: Kingdom Phylum Class Order... |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170606171902/https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>{{NoteTag|This ranking system, except for "Strain", can be remembered by the mnemonic "Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets?"}} === Katerangan taksonomi === {{See also|Species description}} [[File:Nepenthes smilesii type specimen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tipe]] spécimén tina ''[[Nepenthes smilesii]]'', hiji tutuwuhan lokal sok disebut [[kantong semar]] [[pitcher plant]]]] Pedaran takson ieu di encapsulated ku déskripsi atawa diagnosis na atawa gabungan ku duanana. Henteu aya aturan anu diatur anu ngatur definisi taksa, tapi ngaran jeung publikasi taksa anyar diatur ku susunan aturan.<ref name="Herbarium" /> Dina [[zoologi]], [[nomenklatur]] pikeun jajaran anu leuwih ilahar dipaké ([[Superfamili (taksonomi)|superfamili]] nepi ka [[subspésiés]]), diatur ku ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Zoologis]]'' (''Kode ICZN'').<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |title=ICZN Code |website=animalbase.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055350/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dina widang [[phycology]], [[mycology]], jeung [[botani]], ngaran taksa diatur ku ''[[Kode Nomenklatur Internasional pikeun ganggang, fungi, jeung tutuwuhan]]'' (''ICN'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |work=IAPT-Taxon.org |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130111104255/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> Katerangan awal hiji takson ngalibatkeun lima sarat utama:<ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I describe new species? |url= http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |work=ICZN.org |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133052/http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> # Taksonna kudu dibéré ngaran dumasar kana 26 hurup alfabét Latin ([[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] pikeun spésiés anyar, atawa uninomial pikeun jajaran séjén). # Ngaranna kudu unik (nyaéta lain [[homonim (biologi)|homonim]]). # Katerangan kudu dumasar kana sakurang-kurangna hiji [[Spésiés Tipe|spésimén]]. #Éta kedah kalebet pernyataan ngeunaan atribut anu cocog pikeun ngajelaskeun (ngahartikeun) takson atanapi ngabédakeun tina takson anu sanés. (diagnosis, ''Kode ICZN'', Pasal 13.1.1, ''ICN'', Pasal 38, anu tiasa atanapi henteu dumasar kana morfologi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lawley |first1=Jonathan W. |last2=Gamero-Mora |first2=Edgar |last3=Maronna |first3=Maximiliano M. |last4=Chiaverano |first4=Luciano M. |last5=Stampar |first5=Sérgio N. |last6=Hopcroft |first6=Russell R. |last7=Collins |first7=Allen G. |last8=Morandini |first8=André C. |date=19 September 2022 |title=Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) |url=https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=118 |issue=9/10 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2022/14495 |s2cid=252562185 |issn=1996-7489 |doi-access=free |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063714/https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |url-status=live }}</ref>). Kadua kodeu ngahaja misahkeun nangtukeun eusi takson ([[circumscription (taksonomi)|circumscription]]) tina nangtukeun ngaranna. # Opat sarat munggaran ieu kedah dipedalkeun dina karya anu tiasa dicandak dina sababaraha salinan anu sami, salaku catetan ilmiah anu permanén. Nanging, sering langkung seueur inpormasi anu kalebet, sapertos rentang geografis takson, catetan ékologis, kimia, kabiasaan, jsb Kumaha panaluntik anjog di taksa maranéhna béda-béda: gumantung kana data anu sadia, jeung sumber, métode béda ti basajan [[Sipat kuantitatif|kuantitatif]] atawa [[Sipat kualitatif|kualitatif]] babandingan fitur-fitur anu aya, pikeun ngajéntrékeun analisa komputer tina jumlah badag data [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taxonomy – Evaluating taxonomic characters |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143927/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |archive-date=22 April 2019 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> === Cutatan pangarang === {{Main|Author citation (botany)|Author citation (zoology)}} "Otoritas" tiasa ditempatkeun saatos nami ilmiah.<ref name="AJE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |title=Editing Tip: Scientific Names of Species |publisher=American Journal Experts, Research Square Company |website=AJE.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021714/http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Wewenang nyaéta ngaran élmuwan atawa élmuwan anu mimiti sah medalkeun ngaran éta.<ref name="AJE" /> Contona, dina taun 1758 Linnaeus méré ngaran ilmiahna [[gajah Asia]]; ''Elephas maximus'', jadi ngaran ieu sakapeung ditulis jadi "''Elephas maximus'' Linnaeus, 1758".<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |title=Carolus Linnaeus: Classification, Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology – Video & Lesson Transcript |website=Study.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021600/http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Ngaran pangarang mindeng disingget: singketan ''L.'', keur ''Linnaeus,'' ilahar dipaké. Dina botani, kanyataanna, aya daptar singketan standar anu diatur (tingali [[daptar ahli botani dumasar singgetan pangarang]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |title=Biological Classification |last=Biocyclopedia.com |website=biocyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |archive-date=14 May 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |date=14 May 2017 }}</ref> Sistem pikeun nangtukeun otoritas rada béda antara [[Kutipan pangarang (botani)|botani]] jeung [[Kutipan pangarang (zoologi)|zoologi]].<ref name="Herbarium" /> Sanajan kitu, éta standar yén lamun genus spésiés geus robah ti déskripsi aslina, ngaran otoritas aslina urang disimpen dina kurung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |title=Zoological nomenclature: a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors |website=Annelida.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |date=16 March 2017 }}</ref> == Pénétika == [[File:Phylogenetics.svg|thumb|300px|A comparison of phylogenetic and phenetic (character-based) concepts]] {{Main|Phenetics}} Dina phenetics, ogé katelah taximetrics, atawa taksonomi numerik, organismeu digolongkeun dumasar kana kasaruaan sakabéh, paduli filogeni atawa hubungan évolusionér maranéhanana.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hasilna dina ukuran hypergeometric "jarak" antara taksa. Métode fénétik geus kawilang jarang di jaman modéren, lolobana diganti ku analisis [[Kladistik|kladistik]], sabab métode fénétik teu ngabédakeun sipat karuhun (atawa [[plesiomorph]] ic) tina turunan babarengan (atawa [[apomorphic]]). ) ciri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification |url= https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163250/https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, métode phenetic tangtu, kayaning [[tatangga gabung]], tetep, salaku estimators gancang tina hubungan lamun métode leuwih canggih (saperti [[Bayesian inferensi]]) teuing komputasi mahal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Molecular Marker Glossary |url= http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/mcdgloss.html |last=McDonald |first=David |date=Fall 2008 |publisher=[[University of Wyoming]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610123503/http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/McDGloss.html |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> == Basis data == {{Main|Taxonomic database}} Taksonomi modern ngagunakeun téknologi database pikeun milarian sareng katalog ''klasifikasi'' sareng dokuméntasina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Dylan |last2=King |first2=Margaret |last3=Landis |first3=Drew |last4=Courtney |first4=William |last5=Wang |first5=Runtang |last6=Kelly |first6=Ross |last7=Turner |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Calhoun |first8=Vince D. |date=26 August 2014 |title=Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |volume=8 |pages=71 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2014.00071 |issn=1662-5196 |pmc=4144441 |pmid=25206330|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bari euweuh database ilahar dipaké, aya pangkalan data anu ''komprehensif'' sapertos ''[[Katalog Kahirupan]]'', nu tos nyoba ngadaptar unggal spésiés.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |title= About – The Plant List |website= theplantlist.org |access-date= 8 April 2017 |archive-date= 21 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621190909/http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Katalog didaptarkeun 1,64&nbsp;juta spésiés pikeun sadaya karajaan {{as of|2016|4|lc=on}}, ngaku liputan leuwih ti tilu-suku tina estimasi spésiés dipikawanoh pikeun élmu modern.<ref name="About the Catalogue of Life">{{Cite web |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |title=About the Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé== {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Automated species identification]] * [[Bacterial taxonomy]] * [[Cluster analysis]] * [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life]] * [[Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities]] * [[Genetypes]] * [[Glossary of scientific naming]] * [[Identification (biology)]] * ''[[Incertae sedis]]'' * [[Open Tree of Life]] * [[Parataxonomy]] * [[Phenogram]] * [[Set theory]] * [[Taxonomy]] (general) * [[Virus classification]] {{div col end}} == Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |title=Systematic Botany |last=Datta |first=Subhash Chandra |date=1988 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122400137 |edition=4 |location=New Delhi |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101351/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521427852 |edition=2nd. |location=Cambridge |author-link=Clive A. Stace |access-date=19 April 2015 |orig-year=1980 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113180249/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data |last=Stuessy |first=Tod F. |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231147125 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101356/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Turrill |first=W. B. |date=1938 |title=The Expansion Of Taxonomy With Special Reference To Spermatophyta |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=342–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1938.tb00522.x|s2cid=84905335}} * {{cite book |last1=Wiley |first1=Edward O. |first2=Bruce S. |last2=Lieberman |date=2011 |title=Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |edition=2nd |isbn=9780470905968}} {{refend}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html What is taxonomy?] at the [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ ''Natural History Museum London''] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] the ''National Center for Biotechnology Information'' * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] the ''Universal Protein Resource'' * [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] the ''Integrated Taxonomic Information System'' * [http://www.cetaf.org/ CETaF] the ''Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities'' * [http://species.wikimedia.org/ Wikispecies] ''free species directory'' * [https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html Biological classification.] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180358/https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html |date=13 August 2020}} {{Branches of biology}} {{Subject bar |wikt = yes |wikt-search = taxonomy |commons = yes |q = yes |s = yes |v = yes |d = yes |portal1 = Biology }} [[Kategori:biologi ]] [[Kategori :Élmu]] [[Kategori :Élmu Alam]] 46fo4lnp0ijtdfz2uineb6nwduv3gqe Acanthus 0 108295 708711 708079 2026-04-29T00:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Acanthus | image = Acanthus arboreus (plant).jpg | image_caption = Kembang ''Acanthus mollis'', salah sahiji spésiés anu paling kawentar. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | clade = [[Angiospermae]] | clade2 = [[Eudikotil]] | clade3 = [[Asterid]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Acanthaceae]] | genus = '''Acanthus''' | genus_authority = [[L.]] }} '''Acanthus''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[genus]] tutuwuhan kembangan tina kulawarga [[Acanthaceae]]<ref name="POWO">Plants of the World Online (POWO). "Genus Acanthus L." [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001099-2 Diaksés 10 April 2026]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>. Genus ieu diwangun ku kira-kira 30 [[spésiés]] tutuwuhan [[terna]] (herba) permanén anu asalna ti wewengkon [[tropis]] sarta haneut di [[Éropa]], [[Afrika]], sarta [[Asia]]<ref name="Britannica">Britannica. "Acanthus: Plant Genus." [https://www.britannica.com/plant/Acanthus-plant-genus Diaksés 10 April 2026].</ref>. == Morfologi == Tutuwuhan dina genus ''Acanthus'' miboga ciri mandiri anu katingali tina wujud daunna: * '''Daun:''' Daunna miboga ukuran anu badag, miboga gerigi anu jero, sarta miboga bentuk anu éndah (lobate). Sababaraha spésiés miboga daun anu tungtungna seukeut atawa cucukan<ref name="POWO" />. * '''Kembang:''' Kembangna tumuwuh dina gagang anu jangkung (spika), biasana warnana bodas atawa semu bungur, sarta ditutupan ku [[daun panyalindung]] (braktea) anu kaku sarta sakapeung miboga cucuk. * '''Ukuran:''' Jangkungna bisa rupa-rupa, ti mimiti 40 cm nepi ka 2 méter gumantung kana jinisna sarta kasuburan taneuhna. == Sajarah sarta Budaya == Dina sajarah arsitéktur, daun ''Acanthus'' (utamana ti spésiés ''Acanthus mollis'') miboga peran anu kacida pentingna: * '''Arsitéktur Klasik:''' Bentuk daunna dijadikeun inspirasi pikeun hiasan (ornamén) dina tihang-tihang gaya Korinta (Corinthian order) di [[Yunani Kuno]] sarta [[Romawi]]<ref name="Britannica" />. * '''Seni Ornamén:''' Nepi ka ayeuna, motif daun acanthus masih loba dipaké dina ukiran kayu, perhiasan, sarta desain interior klasik. == Mangfaat == # '''Tutuwuhan Hias:''' Loba dipaké di taman-taman kulon sabab daunna anu éstétis sarta kembangna anu jangkung merenah pikeun titik fokus taman. # '''Ubar Tradisional:''' Dina sababaraha kabudayaan, akarna dipaké pikeun ubar raheut atawa tatu luar sabab dianggap miboga sipat astringén. == Réferénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Acanthaceae]] [[Kategori:Lamiales]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan hias]] [[Kategori:Arsitéktur Klasik]] 5z9xydrr4exhnesuuuyhduh78e5z5sz Kangker kulit 0 108396 708743 708686 2026-04-29T11:46:39Z Pijri Paijar 27067 708743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Basal cell carcinoma.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran kangker kulit]] '''Kangker kulit''' nyaéta kaayaan tumuwuhna sél-sél dina kulit anu teu normal. Panyababna rupa-rupa, kitu deui tingkat parahna ogé béda-béda. Kangker kulit paling ilahar kapanggih dina lapisan [[sél skuamosa]], basal, jeung mélanosit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/penyakit/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=ayosehat.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Biasana, kangker ieu tumuwuh dina [[épidermis]] (lapisan pangluarna kulit), ku kituna tumor atawa benjolanana bisa katingali ti luar. Ku sabab kitu, gejalana kaasup anu paling gampang katingali ti mimiti tahapan awal. Salian ti éta, kangker kulit ogé kaasup jinis kangker anu résiko maotna leuwih leutik, lantaran biasana hésé nyebar nepi ka organ-organ vital saperti [[jantung]], [[paru-paru]], [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]], jeung batang otak dina awak manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspondokindah.co.id/id/news/kanker-kulit-penyebab-gejala-penanganan|title=Kanker Kulit: Gejala, Penyebab, dan Penanganan {{!}} RS Pondok Indah|website=www.rspondokindah.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iccc.id/sekilas-kanker-kulit|title=Sekilas Kanker Kulit|website=iccc.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> == Patofisiologi == Tumor épitél ganas anu utamana asalna tina épidermis, dina mukosa skuamosa atawa dina daérah métaplasia skuamosa disebut minangka karsinoma sél skuamosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/squamous-cell-carcinoma-skin.php|title=Squamous cell carcinoma (skin)|website=www.pathologyatlas.ro|accessdate=2026-04-28}}</ref> Sacara makroskopis, tumor biasana katingali nonjol, kawas jamur (fungating), atawa bisa ogé aya luka (ulkus) kalayan wates anu henteu rata. Sacara mikroskopis, sél tumor ngaruksak mémbran dasar sarta ngabentuk lapisan atawa massa padet anu nyerang jaringan panyambung di handapeunna (dermis). Dina karsinoma anu diferensiasina hadé, sél tumor sipatna pleomorfik/atipik, tapi masih mirip jeung keratinosit normal tina lapisan prickle (gedé, bentukna poligonal, miboga sitoplasma eosinofilik (warna pink) anu loba sarta inti di tengah).<ref name=":0" /> Susunanana condong sarupa jeung épidermis normal: sél anu masih ngora/basal aya di bagian pinggir, tuluy beuki asak ka arah tengah massa tumor. Sél tumor robah jadi sél skuamosa anu ngakeratin sarta ngabentuk nodul buleud kalayan lapisan konsentris (berlapis), anu disebut “sarang sél” atawa “mutiara épitél/keratin”. Stroma di sabudeureunna ngurangan sarta ngandung infiltrasi radang (limfosit). Karsinoma skuamosa anu diferensiasina goréng ngandung leuwih loba sél pleomorfik sarta teu ngabentuk keratin.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sahiji faktor molekular anu aub dina prosés panyakit ieu nyaéta mutasi dina gén PTCH1 anu miboga peran penting dina jalur sinyal Sonic hedgehog.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kormi|first=Seyed Mohammad Amin|last2=Ardehkhani|first2=Shima|date=2017-03-29|title=Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Mini Review|url=http://thecancerpress.com/index.php/cp/article/view/40|journal=The Cancer Press|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.15562/tcp.40|issn=2476-3748}}</ref> == Référénsi == 1m8zhjc9ewspv31szruodzr0vy4wp9v 708744 708743 2026-04-29T11:57:44Z Pijri Paijar 27067 708744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Basal cell carcinoma.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran kangker kulit]] '''Kangker kulit''' nyaéta kaayaan tumuwuhna sél-sél dina kulit anu teu normal. Panyababna rupa-rupa, kitu deui tingkat parahna ogé béda-béda. Kangker kulit paling ilahar kapanggih dina lapisan [[sél skuamosa]], basal, jeung mélanosit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/penyakit/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=ayosehat.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Biasana, kangker ieu tumuwuh dina [[épidermis]] (lapisan pangluarna kulit), ku kituna tumor atawa benjolanana bisa katingali ti luar. Ku sabab kitu, gejalana kaasup anu paling gampang katingali ti mimiti tahapan awal. Salian ti éta, kangker kulit ogé kaasup jinis kangker anu résiko maotna leuwih leutik, lantaran biasana hésé nyebar nepi ka organ-organ vital saperti [[jantung]], [[paru-paru]], [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]], jeung batang otak dina awak manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspondokindah.co.id/id/news/kanker-kulit-penyebab-gejala-penanganan|title=Kanker Kulit: Gejala, Penyebab, dan Penanganan {{!}} RS Pondok Indah|website=www.rspondokindah.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iccc.id/sekilas-kanker-kulit|title=Sekilas Kanker Kulit|website=iccc.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Leuwih ti 90% kasus disababkeun ku paparan radiasi [[ultraviolét]] ti [[panonpoé]]. Paparan ieu ningkatkeun résiko tina tilu jenis utama kangker kulit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-29-no-1-2008/supplement/ultraviolet-radiation.html|title=Ultraviolet radiation|last=Canada|first=Service|website=www.canada.ca|doi=10.24095/hpcdp.29.S1.04|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Paparan siga kieu terus ningkat ti mimiti jaman [[révolusi industri]], sabagian mah gara-gara [[Ozon|lapisan ozon]] nu mimiti ipis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cakir|first=Burak Ömür|last2=Adamson|first2=Peter|last3=Cingi|first3=Cemal|date=2012-11-01|title=Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064740612000818|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|series=Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–422|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004|issn=1064-7406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maverakis|first=Emanual|last2=Miyamura|first2=Yoshinori|last3=Bowen|first3=Michael P.|last4=Correa|first4=Genevieve|last5=Ono|first5=Yoko|last6=Goodarzi|first6=Heidi|date=2010-05|title=Light, including ultraviolet|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2835849/|journal=Journal of Autoimmunity|volume=34|issue=3|pages=J247–257|doi=10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.011|issn=1095-9157|pmc=2835849|pmid=20018479}}</ref> Alat paranti moé awak (''tanning beds'') ogé jadi sumber séjén radiasi ultraviolét.<ref name=":1" /> Pikeun kangker mélanoma jeung sél basal, kakeunaan paparan waktu keur leutik téh bahaya pisan. Ari keur kangker kulit sél skuamosa mah, total paparan (teu paduli iraha kajadianana) jauh leuwih mangaruhan. Sakitar 20% nepi ka 30% mélanoma tumuwuh tina tahi laleur. Jalma nu kulitna caang boga résiko leuwih luhur,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-treatment-pdq|title=Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer—The Role of Sunlight|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|publisher=Springer|date=2008|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-387-77574-6|pages=89–103|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|language=en|first=Ulrike|last=Leiter|first2=Claus|last2=Garbe|editor-first=Jörg|editor-last=Reichrath}}</ref> kitu ogé jalma nu sistem imunna lemah gara-gara ubar atawa HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chiao|first=Elizabeth Y.|last2=Krown|first2=Susan E.|date=2003-09|title=Update on non–acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–defining malignancies:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00001622-200309000-00008|journal=Current Opinion in Oncology|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=389–397|doi=10.1097/00001622-200309000-00008|issn=1040-8746}}</ref> Cara nangtukeun diagnosana nyaéta ku jalan [[biopsi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq|title=Melanoma Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> == Patofisiologi == Tumor épitél ganas anu utamana asalna tina épidermis, dina mukosa skuamosa atawa dina daérah métaplasia skuamosa disebut minangka karsinoma sél skuamosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/squamous-cell-carcinoma-skin.php|title=Squamous cell carcinoma (skin)|website=www.pathologyatlas.ro|accessdate=2026-04-28}}</ref> Sacara makroskopis, tumor biasana katingali nonjol, kawas jamur (fungating), atawa bisa ogé aya luka (ulkus) kalayan wates anu henteu rata. Sacara mikroskopis, sél tumor ngaruksak mémbran dasar sarta ngabentuk lapisan atawa massa padet anu nyerang jaringan panyambung di handapeunna (dermis). Dina karsinoma anu diferensiasina hadé, sél tumor sipatna pleomorfik/atipik, tapi masih mirip jeung keratinosit normal tina lapisan prickle (gedé, bentukna poligonal, miboga sitoplasma eosinofilik (warna pink) anu loba sarta inti di tengah).<ref name=":0" /> Susunanana condong sarupa jeung épidermis normal: sél anu masih ngora/basal aya di bagian pinggir, tuluy beuki asak ka arah tengah massa tumor. Sél tumor robah jadi sél skuamosa anu ngakeratin sarta ngabentuk nodul buleud kalayan lapisan konsentris (berlapis), anu disebut “sarang sél” atawa “mutiara épitél/keratin”. Stroma di sabudeureunna ngurangan sarta ngandung infiltrasi radang (limfosit). Karsinoma skuamosa anu diferensiasina goréng ngandung leuwih loba sél pleomorfik sarta teu ngabentuk keratin.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sahiji faktor molekular anu aub dina prosés panyakit ieu nyaéta mutasi dina gén PTCH1 anu miboga peran penting dina jalur sinyal Sonic hedgehog.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kormi|first=Seyed Mohammad Amin|last2=Ardehkhani|first2=Shima|date=2017-03-29|title=Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Mini Review|url=http://thecancerpress.com/index.php/cp/article/view/40|journal=The Cancer Press|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.15562/tcp.40|issn=2476-3748}}</ref> == Référénsi == cihojhsvfeivq46sj7bstvfh28lqf2b 708745 708744 2026-04-29T11:58:01Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Référénsi */ 708745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Basal cell carcinoma.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran kangker kulit]] '''Kangker kulit''' nyaéta kaayaan tumuwuhna sél-sél dina kulit anu teu normal. Panyababna rupa-rupa, kitu deui tingkat parahna ogé béda-béda. Kangker kulit paling ilahar kapanggih dina lapisan [[sél skuamosa]], basal, jeung mélanosit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/penyakit/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=ayosehat.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Biasana, kangker ieu tumuwuh dina [[épidermis]] (lapisan pangluarna kulit), ku kituna tumor atawa benjolanana bisa katingali ti luar. Ku sabab kitu, gejalana kaasup anu paling gampang katingali ti mimiti tahapan awal. Salian ti éta, kangker kulit ogé kaasup jinis kangker anu résiko maotna leuwih leutik, lantaran biasana hésé nyebar nepi ka organ-organ vital saperti [[jantung]], [[paru-paru]], [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]], jeung batang otak dina awak manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspondokindah.co.id/id/news/kanker-kulit-penyebab-gejala-penanganan|title=Kanker Kulit: Gejala, Penyebab, dan Penanganan {{!}} RS Pondok Indah|website=www.rspondokindah.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iccc.id/sekilas-kanker-kulit|title=Sekilas Kanker Kulit|website=iccc.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Leuwih ti 90% kasus disababkeun ku paparan radiasi [[ultraviolét]] ti [[panonpoé]]. Paparan ieu ningkatkeun résiko tina tilu jenis utama kangker kulit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-29-no-1-2008/supplement/ultraviolet-radiation.html|title=Ultraviolet radiation|last=Canada|first=Service|website=www.canada.ca|doi=10.24095/hpcdp.29.S1.04|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Paparan siga kieu terus ningkat ti mimiti jaman [[révolusi industri]], sabagian mah gara-gara [[Ozon|lapisan ozon]] nu mimiti ipis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cakir|first=Burak Ömür|last2=Adamson|first2=Peter|last3=Cingi|first3=Cemal|date=2012-11-01|title=Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064740612000818|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|series=Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–422|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004|issn=1064-7406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maverakis|first=Emanual|last2=Miyamura|first2=Yoshinori|last3=Bowen|first3=Michael P.|last4=Correa|first4=Genevieve|last5=Ono|first5=Yoko|last6=Goodarzi|first6=Heidi|date=2010-05|title=Light, including ultraviolet|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2835849/|journal=Journal of Autoimmunity|volume=34|issue=3|pages=J247–257|doi=10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.011|issn=1095-9157|pmc=2835849|pmid=20018479}}</ref> Alat paranti moé awak (''tanning beds'') ogé jadi sumber séjén radiasi ultraviolét.<ref name=":1" /> Pikeun kangker mélanoma jeung sél basal, kakeunaan paparan waktu keur leutik téh bahaya pisan. Ari keur kangker kulit sél skuamosa mah, total paparan (teu paduli iraha kajadianana) jauh leuwih mangaruhan. Sakitar 20% nepi ka 30% mélanoma tumuwuh tina tahi laleur. Jalma nu kulitna caang boga résiko leuwih luhur,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-treatment-pdq|title=Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer—The Role of Sunlight|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|publisher=Springer|date=2008|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-387-77574-6|pages=89–103|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|language=en|first=Ulrike|last=Leiter|first2=Claus|last2=Garbe|editor-first=Jörg|editor-last=Reichrath}}</ref> kitu ogé jalma nu sistem imunna lemah gara-gara ubar atawa HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chiao|first=Elizabeth Y.|last2=Krown|first2=Susan E.|date=2003-09|title=Update on non–acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–defining malignancies:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00001622-200309000-00008|journal=Current Opinion in Oncology|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=389–397|doi=10.1097/00001622-200309000-00008|issn=1040-8746}}</ref> Cara nangtukeun diagnosana nyaéta ku jalan [[biopsi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq|title=Melanoma Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> == Patofisiologi == Tumor épitél ganas anu utamana asalna tina épidermis, dina mukosa skuamosa atawa dina daérah métaplasia skuamosa disebut minangka karsinoma sél skuamosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/squamous-cell-carcinoma-skin.php|title=Squamous cell carcinoma (skin)|website=www.pathologyatlas.ro|accessdate=2026-04-28}}</ref> Sacara makroskopis, tumor biasana katingali nonjol, kawas jamur (fungating), atawa bisa ogé aya luka (ulkus) kalayan wates anu henteu rata. Sacara mikroskopis, sél tumor ngaruksak mémbran dasar sarta ngabentuk lapisan atawa massa padet anu nyerang jaringan panyambung di handapeunna (dermis). Dina karsinoma anu diferensiasina hadé, sél tumor sipatna pleomorfik/atipik, tapi masih mirip jeung keratinosit normal tina lapisan prickle (gedé, bentukna poligonal, miboga sitoplasma eosinofilik (warna pink) anu loba sarta inti di tengah).<ref name=":0" /> Susunanana condong sarupa jeung épidermis normal: sél anu masih ngora/basal aya di bagian pinggir, tuluy beuki asak ka arah tengah massa tumor. Sél tumor robah jadi sél skuamosa anu ngakeratin sarta ngabentuk nodul buleud kalayan lapisan konsentris (berlapis), anu disebut “sarang sél” atawa “mutiara épitél/keratin”. Stroma di sabudeureunna ngurangan sarta ngandung infiltrasi radang (limfosit). Karsinoma skuamosa anu diferensiasina goréng ngandung leuwih loba sél pleomorfik sarta teu ngabentuk keratin.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sahiji faktor molekular anu aub dina prosés panyakit ieu nyaéta mutasi dina gén PTCH1 anu miboga peran penting dina jalur sinyal Sonic hedgehog.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kormi|first=Seyed Mohammad Amin|last2=Ardehkhani|first2=Shima|date=2017-03-29|title=Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Mini Review|url=http://thecancerpress.com/index.php/cp/article/view/40|journal=The Cancer Press|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.15562/tcp.40|issn=2476-3748}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} t6upahw7f0ghv8l7hkpgmp1va2k9sjo Warren G. Harding 0 108405 708687 2026-04-28T13:57:54Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Kénging narjamahkeun 708687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Warren G. Harding | image = Warren G. Harding 1920s portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption = Potrét, {{circa|1920–1923}} | order = Présidén Amérika Sarikat ka-29 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | term_start = 4 Maret 1921 | term_end = 2 Agustus 1923 | predecessor = [[Woodrow Wilson]] | successor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | vice_president = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | jr/sr1 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state1 = [[Ohio]] | term_start1 = 4 Maret 1915 | term_end1 = 13 Januari 1921 | predecessor1 = [[Theodore E. Burton]] | successor1 = [[Frank B. Willis]] | order2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio ka-28 | office2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio | governor2 = [[Myron T. Herrick]] | term_start2 = 11 Januari 1904 | term_end2 = 8 Januari 1906 | predecessor2 = [[Harry L. Gordon]] | successor2 = [[Andrew L. Harris]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = ka-13 | term_start4 = 1 Januari 1900 | term_end4 = 4 Januari 1904 | predecessor4 = Henry May | successor4 = [[Samuel H. West]] | birth_name = Warren Gamaliel Harding | birth_date = {{birth date|1865|11|2}} | birth_place = [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]], AS | death_date = {{death date and age|1923|8|2|1865|11|2}} | death_place = San Francisco, Kalifornia, AS | resting_place = [[Makam Harding]] | party = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Florence Kling]]|8 Juli 1891}} | children = [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing|Elizabeth]] (sareng [[Nan Britton]]) | father = [[George Tryon Harding]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Wartawan * politikus }} | education = [[Ohio Central College]] ([[Sarjana Sastra|BA]]) | signature = Warren G Harding Signature2.svg | signature_alt = Tanda tangan kursif dina mangsi | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Portion of a speech by Harding.ogg|title=Sora Warren G. Harding|type=speech|description=Sempalan biantara Harding<br />Dirékam taun 1920}} }} '''Warren Gamaliel Harding''' (2 Nopémber 1865 – 2 Agustus 1923) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-29, anu ngajabat ti taun 1921 dugi ka pupusna dina taun 1923. Salaku anggota [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]], anjeunna mangrupa salah sahiji présidén anu pangpopulérna nalika harita. Nanging saatos anjeunna pupus, sababaraha skandal mimiti kabongkar anu ahirna ngaruksak pisan kana reputasi sarta jenenganana dina sajarah. Harding matuh di padésan [[Ohio]] saumur hirupna, iwal nalika pancén politik nganteur anjeunna ka daérah sanés. Nalika anom kénéh, anjeunna mésér surat kabar ''[[The Marion Star]]'' sarta ngawangun éta média dugi ka suksés. Harding ngajabat di [[Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio]] ti taun 1900 dugi ka 1904, sarta janten [[Létnan Gubernur Ohio]] salami dua taun. Sanajan anjeunna kawon dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1910|pamilihan gubernur taun 1910]], Harding hasil kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio|taun 1914]]—anu mangrupa pamilihan langsung munggaran pikeun éta kalungguhan di nagara bagian kasebut. Dina taun 1920, Harding maju janten calon présidén ti Partéy Républik, nanging mimitina mah anjeunna henteu pati diunggulkeun sateuacan [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920|konvénsi]] dimimitian. Nalika para calon utama henteu tiasa kénging sora mayoritas sarta konvénsi nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''), dukungan ka Harding teras ningkat, dugi ka ahirna anjeunna dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kasapuluh. Dina mangsa kampanye, anjeunna ngagunakeun stratégi ''[[front porch campaign]]'', nyaéta cicing di Marion bari ngantosan jalma-jalma nu sumping ka anjeunna. Harding ngajanjikeun "[[mulih deui kana kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy'') sapertos mangsa sateuacan [[Amérika Sarikat dina Perang Dunya I|Perang Dunya I]]. Anjeunna hasil ngéléhkeun calon ti [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]], [[James M. Cox]], kalayan sora anu mutlak (''landslide''), sarta janten sénator munggaran anu nuju ngajabat anu kapilih janten présidén. Harding ngangkat sababaraha inohong anu dipihormat pikeun ngeusian [[Kabinet Warren G. Harding|kabinetna]], di antarana [[Andrew Mellon]] di [[Departemén Kauangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Kauangan]], [[Herbert Hoover]] di [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Perdagangan]], sarta [[Charles Evans Hughes]] di [[Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Luar Nagri]]. Salah sahiji préstasi utama dina kawijakan luar nagrina nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] 1921–1922, dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama dunya sapuk kana program pangwatesan pakarang laut anu lumangsung salami dasawarsa. Harding ogé ngabébaskeun tahanan politik anu ditéwak alatan [[Oposisi kana Perang Dunya I di Amérika Sarikat|nampik Perang Dunya I]]. Dina taun 1923, anjeunna pupus alatan serangan jantung di San Francisco nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan ka wilayah kulon, sarta kalungguhanana ditéruskeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Kabongkarna rupa-rupa skandal saatos Harding pupus, kalebet [[Skandal Teapot Dome]], sarta ayana hubungan di luar nikah sareng [[Nan Britton]], parantos ngaleungitkeun popularitas anjeunna. Sekretaris jero nagrina, [[Albert B. Fall]], sarta [[Jaksa Agung Amérika Sarikat|Jaksa Agungna]], [[Harry Daugherty]], duanana dikiatkeun kana dakwaan korupsi nalika nuju ngajabat; Fall kabuktian salah sarta dihukum, sedengkeun Daugherty mah henteu. Ieu runtuyan prosés hukum téh parantos ngaruksak pisan kana [[Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding|reputasi Harding saatos anjeunna pupus]]. Dina [[Peringkat sajarah Présidén AS]] salami sababaraha dasawarsa saatos anjeunna ngajabat, Harding sering pisan ditempatkeun dina jajaran présidén anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina dasawarsa-dasawarsa salajengna, sababaraha ahli sajarah mimiti marios deui sarta ngajén deui catetan préstasi Harding salami anjeunna ngajabat. == Awal kahirupan sarta karir == === Mangsa budak sarta atikan === {{Warren G. Harding series}} [[File:Home of Warren G. Harding 2011.jpg|jmpl|kénca|Imah Harding di [[Marion, Ohio]]]] Warren Harding lahir dina ping 2 Nopémber 1865, di [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]].{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Nalika alit, anjeunna kagungan jujuluk "Winnie". Harding mangrupa putra cikal ti dalapan sadulur pasangan [[George Tryon Harding]] (biasana nelah Tryon) sareng Phoebe Elizabeth (née Dickerson) Harding.{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Phoebe téh saurang [[paraji]] anu miboga lisénsi ti nagara bagian. Tryon damel salaku patani sarta ngajar sakola caket [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]]. Ngaliwatan magang, diajar mandiri, sarta sataun kuliah di sakola kedokteran, Tryon ahirna janten dokter sarta muka prakték alit.{{sfn|Russell|p=35}} Karuhun munggaran Harding di Amérika nyaéta Richard Harding, anu sumping ti [[Inggris]] ka [[Teluk Massachusetts]] sakitar taun 1624.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New England Historical and Genealogical Register|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society|year=1922}}</ref> Harding ogé ngagaduhan garis katurunan ti Wales sarta Skotlandia,<ref>The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volumes 76–77. October 1923, p. 244</ref> sarta sawatara karuhun ti pihak ibuna mah asalna ti Walanda, kalebet kulawarga Van Kirk anu beunghar.<ref>{{cite book |title=The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States |last=Russell |first=Thomas |page=51 |year=1923 |publisher=the University of Wisconsin–Madison}}</ref> Aya béja (rumor) ti lawan politikna di Blooming Grove yén salah saurang nini buyut Harding téh mangrupa urang [[Afrit-Amérika]].<ref name = "first black president">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Beverly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/magazine/06wwln-essay-t.html?ref=warrengharding|title=Our First Black President?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 6, 2008|access-date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Aki buyutna, Amos Harding, nétélakeun yén éta béja téh mimiti ditiupkeun ku saurang bangsat anu kanyahoan maling ku kulawargana, kalayan tujuan pikeun meres atanapi males dendam.{{sfn|Russell|p=26}} Dina taun 2015, [[tés genetik]] ka turunan Harding ngabuktikeun kalayan akurasi langkung ti 95%, yén anjeunna henteu gaduh katurunan Afrika sub-Sahara dina opat generasi ka tukang.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=Baker18Aug>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|first=Peter|last=Baker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/us/politics/dna-that-confirmed-one-warren-harding-rumor-refutes-another.html|title=DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn't America's First Black President|date=August 18, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Dina taun 1870, kulawarga Harding anu mangrupa panganut [[Abolisionismeu di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionismeu]] (gerakan anti-perbudakan), pindah ka [[Caledonia, Ohio|Caledonia]]. Di dinya, Tryon ngokolakeun ''The Argus'', hiji surat kabar mingguan lokal. Ti yuswa 11 taun, Harding mimiti neuleuman dunya surat kabar di ''The Argus''.{{sfn|Dean|p=6}} Dina ahir taun 1879, nalika yuswana 14 taun, anjeunna sakola di ''alma mater'' ramana—[[Ohio Central College]] di [[Iberia, Ohio|Iberia]]. Di dinya, anjeunna kabuktian salaku murid anu parigel. Dina taun pamungkasna, anjeunna sareng rerencanganana medarkeun surat kabar alit, ''Iberia Spectator''. Dina taun éta kénéh, kulawarga Harding pindah ka [[Marion, Ohio|Marion]], sakitar 6 mil ti Caledonia, sarta saatos lulus dina taun 1882, anjeunna nyusul kulawargana ka dinya.{{sfn|Dean|pp=7–9}} Dina ping 6 Méi 1883, Harding janten anggota [[Garéja Baptis Bébas]] (''Free Baptist Church'') di Marion. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku wali (''trustee'') salami 25 taun sarta tetep janten anggota dugi ka pupusna.<ref name="TBC">{{citation |title=Trinity Baptist Church — Marion, Ohio: History and Development |publisher=Trinity Baptist Church, Marion, Ohio |url=http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325184835/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|6}} Ieu jamaah garéja ngagabung sareng [[Konvénsi Baptis Kalér]] dina taun 1911<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|4}} sarta katelah ku nami Garéja Baptis Trinity dina taun 1912.<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|7}} === Éeditor === Nalika Harding anom kénéh, sabagian ageung padumuk Amérika Sarikat masih kénéh matuh di padésan sarta kota-kota alit. Harding méakkeun ampir sakabéh hirupna di Marion, hiji kota alit di wilayah désa puseur Ohio, sarta janten raket pisan sareng éta kota. Nalika anjeunna nincak kalungguhan luhur, anjeunna nétélakeun kacida nyaahna ka Marion sarta cara hirup di dinya; anjeunna nyarioskeun seueur nonoman Marion anu angkat sarta suksés di tempat sanés, bari nyebatkeun yén jalma anu kantos janten "kareueus sakola" nanging milih tetep di lembur sarta janten purah beberesih (''janitor''), saenyana mangrupa "jalma anu pangbagajana ti sakabéh kelompok".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=6–9}} Saatos lulus, Harding kantos nyobian damel janten guru sarta agén asuransi, ogé sakedap neuleuman widang hukum. Anjeunna teras ngumpulkeun modal $300 (sarimbag sareng {{Inflation|US|300|1883|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) babarengan sareng rénjangna pikeun mésér hiji surat kabar anu ampir bangkrut, ''[[The Marion Star]]'', média panglemahna ti tilu surat kabar anu aya di éta kota. Harding anu harita yuswana 18 taun ngagunakeun kartu pas karéta api anu janten fasilitas éta média pikeun sumping ka [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1884]]. Di dinya, anjeunna gaul sareng wartawan-wartawan anu langkung kawentar sarta ngadukung calon présidén, mantan [[Menteri Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Luar Nagri]] [[James G. Blaine]]. Nalika Harding mulang ti Chicago, anjeunna mendakan yén pihak kaamanan parantos nyita éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Salami kampanye pamilihan, Harding damel di ''Democratic Mirror'' Marion sarta ngarasa keuheul margi kedah muji calon présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New York [[Grover Cleveland]], anu ahirna meunang [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1884|pamilihan]].{{sfn|Nevins|p=252}} Saatos éta, kalayan bantuan kauangan ti ramana, Harding hasil ngagaduhan deui éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Dina ahir taun 1880-an, Harding ngawangun sarta ngamajukeun ''Star''. Kota Marion mémang condong milih Républik, nanging [[Wewengkon Marion, Ohio|Wewengkon Marion]] mah condong ka Démokrat. Ku kituna, Harding nyandak sikep ééditorial anu adil; anjeunna nyatakeun yén ''Star'' édisi harian mah nétral (non-partisan), sedengkeun édisi mingguan mah condong ka Républik. Ieu kabijakan hasil narik minat pamasang iklan sarta ngajantenkeun mingguan Républik sanésna di éta kota gulung tikar. Nurutkeun nu nulis biografina, Andrew Sinclair: {{blockquote| Kasuksésan Harding sareng ''Star'' mémang luyu sareng modél [[Horatio Alger]]. Anjeunna ngamimitian tina nol, sarta ngaliwatan rupa-rupa cara—digawe teuas, nunda pamayaran, nambut deui gajih, nepi ka pinter maénkeun kaayaan—anjeunna ngarobah média anu ampir paéh janten surat kabar kota alit anu pangaruhna kuat. Sabagian ageung kasuksésanna aya patalina sareng rupa anu kasép, sipat anu soméah, sumanget, sarta katatabanana, nanging anjeunna ogé kawilang untung. Sakumaha anu kantos ditepikeun ku [[Machiavelli]], kacalakan tiasa mawa jalma kana kasuksésan, nanging moal sampurna upami teu dibarengan ku kaberuntungan.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=12–13}}}} Padumuk Marion ningkat tina 4.000 jiwa dina taun 1880 janten dua kalieunana dina taun 1890, sarta janten 12.000 dina taun 1900. Ieu kamekaran nguntungkeun pisan pikeun ''Star''. Harding ogé satékah polah ngamajukeun éta kota ku cara nanem modal dina rupa-rupa usaha lokal. Nepi ka ayeuna, Harding mangrupa hiji-hijina Présidén AS anu miboga pangalaman pinuh dina widang jurnalistik.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Anjeunna ogé janten pangrojong satia Gubernur [[Joseph B. Foraker]] ti Partéy Républik.{{sfn|Russell|pp = 56–68}} Harding mimiti wanoh ka [[Florence Harding|Florence Kling]], anu yuswana lima taun langkung sepuh, salaku putra ti bankir lokal, [[Amos Kling]]. Amos téh jalma anu biasa kedah diturutan kahayangna, nanging Harding sering nyerang anjeunna ngaliwatan tulisan dina surat kabar. Florence miboga sipat anu teuas sapertos ramana, nu ngajantenkeun anjeunna bentrok sareng ramana saatos mulang ti kuliah musik. Saatos Florence pirak (divorce) dina taun 1886, anjeunna sareng Harding mimiti aya hubungan (''courting'').{{sfn|Dean|pp=14–19}} Ieu hubungan téh ngabalukarkeun Amos Kling murka. Amos percanten yén kulawarga Harding miboga [[Urang Amérika Multirasial|getih turunan Afrika]], sarta anjeunna ogé ngarasa kaganggu ku tulisan-tulisan Harding. Amos mimiti nyebarkeun béja (rumor) ngeunaan turunan Afrika Harding sarta ngajurung para pangusaha pikeun ngaboikot usaha Harding. Nalika Harding terang kana peta Amos, anjeunna ngingetan Amos sangkan eureun nyebarkeun éta béja upami teu hoyong ditarajang fisik ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=18–19}} Pasangan Harding nikah dina ping 8 Juli 1891,{{sfn|Russell|p=81}} di bumi énggalna di Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion. Éta bumi téh dirancang babarengan ku maranéhna nganggo gaya [[Arsitéktur gaya Queen Anne di Amérika Sarikat|Queen Anne]].<ref name=MarionHome>{{cite news|url=http://www.marionstar.com/story/news/local/2015/08/13/genetic-testing-confirms-hardings-daughter/31639995/|title=Genetic testing confirms Harding's daughter|work=The Marion Star|author=Marion Star staff report|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> tina pernikahan ieu, maranéhna henteu dipasihan putra.<ref name = "anb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Warren Gamaliel|work=American National Biography Online|last=Hawley|first=Ellis W.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00253.html?a=1&n=Warren%20G.%20Harding&d=10&ss=0&q=1}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Harding gaduh jujuluk kadeudeuh pikeun pamajanana, nyaéta "the Duchess" (''Sang Adipatni''), dumasar kana karakter dina carita nyambung tina ''[[The New York Sun]]'' anu sok taliti ngawaskeun "the Duke" sarta kauangan maranéhna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=20–21}} Florence Harding janten inohong anu kalintang aubna dina karir carogéna, boh nalika di ''Star'' atanapi saatos Harding lebet ka dunya politik.<ref name = "floranb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Florence Kling deWolfe|work=American National Biography Online|last=Gutin|first=Myra G.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00764.html?from=../06/06-00253.html&from_nm=Harding%2C%20Warren%20Gamaliel}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Kalayan némbongkeun sipat katataban sarta kacalakan bisnis sapertos ramana, anjeunna ngabantosan ''Star'' janten pausahaan anu nguntungkeun ngaliwatan manajemén anu ketat dina bagian sirkulasi surat kabar.{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} Florence dianggap boga andil ageung dina ngabantosan Harding ngahontal kasuksésan anu leuwih luhur dibandingkeun upami Harding bajuang nyalira; sawatara pihak malah nyebutkeun yén Florence anu nyorong anjeunna dugi ka bisa lebet ka [[Gedong Bodas]].{{sfn|Schlesinger|p=50}} === Ngawitan di dunya politik === Teu lami saatos mésér ''Star'', Harding mimiti museurkeun perhatianana kana dunya politik ku cara ngadukung Foraker dina usaha munggaranna anu suksés janten gubernur dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1885|pamilihan taun 1885]]. Foraker mangrupa bagian tina [[Ohio dina Perang Sipil Amérika|generasi perang]] anu nangtang kelompok senior Partéy Républik di Ohio, sapertos Sénator [[John Sherman]], dina parebutan kakawasaan politik di nagara bagian. Harding, anu salawasna satia ka partéy, ngadukung Foraker dina campuhna konflik internal politik Républik di Ohio. Harding tiasa toléransi ka urang Démokrat salaku bagian tina [[sistem dua partéy]], nanging anjeunna kacida cua (ngéwa) ka jalma-jalma anu kaluar ti Partéy Républik demi ngagabung ka gerakan partéy katilu.{{sfn|Russell|pp=68–70}} Dina yuswa 22 taun (taun 1888), anjeunna janten utusan (delegasi) dina [[konvénsi politik]] nagara bagian ngawakilan Wewengkon Marion, sarta terus kapilih janten delegasi ampir unggal taun dugi ka anjeunna janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=35}} Kasuksésan Harding salaku ééditor méré pangaruh kana kaséhatanana. Antara taun 1889 (nalika yuswana 23 taun) dugi ka taun 1901, anjeunna lima kali dirawat di [[Sanatorium Battle Creek]] kalayan alesan anu disebut ku Sinclair salaku "kacapéan, kaleuleuwihi gawé, sarta gangguan saraf".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=286}} Dean nyindekkeun yén ieu pangobatan téh aya patalina sareng gejala awal panyakit jantung anu engkéna bakal ngabalukarkeun Harding pupus dina taun 1923. Nalika anjeunna nuju teu aya di Marion dina taun 1894, manajer bisnis ''Star'' mundur, sarta kalungguhanana digantikeun ku Florence Harding. Florence janten asisten utama carogéna di ''Star'' dina widang bisnis, sarta terus ngajalanan éta peran dugi ka maranéhna pindah ka Washington dina taun 1915. Kamampuh Florence dina ngokolakeun pausahaan ngajantenkeun Harding tiasa laluasa indit-inditan pikeun biantara—panganggoan kartu pas karéta api gratisna ogé ningkat pisan saatos nikah.{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} Florence Harding nerapkeun sistem ékonomi anu ketat{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} sarta kantos nyerat ngeunaan Harding, "anjeunna bakal hasil upami ngupingkeun abdi, sarta bakal gagal upami henteu."{{sfn|Sibley|p=20}} Dina taun 1892, Harding angkat ka Washington, di dinya anjeunna pendak sareng anggota Kongrés Démokrat ti Nebraska, [[William Jennings Bryan]], sarta ngupingkeun biantara éta inohong dina sidang [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR AS]]. Harding ogé angkat ka [[Éksposisi Kolumbia]] di Chicago dina taun 1893. Duanana dilakukeun tanpa dibarengan ku Florence. Urang Démokrat biasana unggul dina kalungguhan-kalungguhan di Wewengkon Marion; nalika Harding maju janten calon [[auditor daérah]] dina taun 1895, anjeunna kawon, nanging hasil sorana langkung saé tinimbang anu disangka-sangka. Taun salajengna, Harding janten salah saurang orator anu ngurilingan Ohio salaku bagian tina [[Kampanye présidén William McKinley 1896|kampanye]] calon présidén Républik, [[William McKinley]]. Nurutkeun Dean, "nalika digawe pikeun McKinley, [Harding] mimiti kasohor jenenganana di sakuliah Ohio".{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} == Politikus anu nuju nanjeur (1897–1919) == {{salajengna|Sajarah pamilihan Warren G. Harding}} === Sénator nagara bagian === [[File:Warren Gamaliel Harding.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1900-an]] Harding gaduh kahoyong pikeun nyobian deui maju dina pamilihan jabatan publik. Sanajan anjeunna parantos lami janten pangagum Foraker (nu harita parantos janten Sénator AS), anjeunna tetep ati-ati dina ngajaga hubungan saé sareng faksi partéy anu dipingpin ku Sénator AS Ohio sanésna, [[Mark Hanna]], anu mangrupa manajer politik McKinley sakaligus pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC). Boh Foraker boh Hanna ngadukung Harding pikeun maju ka Sénat nagara bagian dina taun 1899; anjeunna kénging nominasi ti Partéy Républik sarta kalayan gampang kapilih pikeun masa jabatan dua taun.{{sfn|Russell|pp=105–108}} Harding ngamimitian opat taun janten sénator nagara bagian salaku inohong anu teu pati dipikawanoh; nanging anjeunna mungkas éta jabatan kalayan janten salah sahiji tokoh pangpopulérna di Partéy Républik Ohio. Anjeunna salawasna katingal tenang sarta némbongkeun sikep handap asor, ciri has anu ngajantenkeun anjeunna dipikaresep ku sasama urang Républik sanajan karir politikna terus nanjak ngaleuwihan maranéhna. Para pamingpin législatif sering badami sareng anjeunna ngeunaan rupa-rupa pasualan anu hésé.{{sfn|Dean|pp=23–24}} Harita mémang geus ilahar pikeun sénator nagara bagian di Ohio ngan ukur ngajabat salaku sataun, nanging Harding hasil kéngingkeun deui nominasi dina taun 1901. Saatos kajadian [[Assassination of William McKinley|pamaténi McKinley]] dina bulan Séptémber (anu digantikeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Theodore Roosevelt]]), gairah politik di Ohio sempet suda sakedap. Dina bulan Nopémber, Harding unggul dina masa jabatan kadua, kalayan hasil sora anu ningkat dua kali lipat dugi ka sélisih 3.563 sora.{{sfn|Russell|pp=172–173}} Dina mangsa ieu, Harding janten anggota [[Freemasonry|Freemason]]. Dina taun 1901, anjeunna diinisiasi kana ''Marion Lodge No. 7''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GWMNMA |title=Preparing to Lay the Memorial's Cornerstone |url=https://gwmemorial.org/blogs/news/preparing-to-lay-the-cornerstone |access-date=January 27, 2025 |publisher=[[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]]}}</ref> Sapertos sabagian ageung politikus dina mangsana, Harding nampi yén sistem patronase sarta panyogokan (''graft'') biasa dianggo pikeun males jasa politik. Anjeunna ngatur supados lanceukna, Mary (anu tunanétra), diangkat janten guru di [[Sakola pikeun nu Lolong di Ohio]], sanajan aya calon sanés anu langkung mumpuni. Dina transaksi sanésna, anjeunna nawarkeun publikasi dina surat kabarna salaku gaganti kartu pas karéta api gratis pikeun anjeunna sarta kulawargana. Nurutkeun Sinclair, "diragukeun naha Harding kantos mikir yén aya anu teu jujur dina nampi fasilitas jabatan atanapi kantor kasebut. Patronase sarta jasa bales budi katingalna dianggap salaku balesan anu wajar pikeun pangabdian ka partéy dina jaman Hanna."{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=40–42}} Teu lami saatos pamilihan munggaran Harding salaku sénator, anjeunna pendak sareng [[Harry M. Daugherty]], anu engkéna bakal nyepeng peran penting dina karir politikna. Salaku jalma anu remen maju dina pamilihan sarta kantos ngajabat dua kali di DPR nagara bagian dina awal taun 1890-an, Daugherty parantos janten calo politik (''political fixer'') sarta lobiis di ibu kota nagara bagian, Columbus. Saatos munggaran pendak sarta ngobrol sareng Harding, Daugherty masihan koméntar, "Geuning, katingalna bakal gagah pisan upami anjeunna janten Présidén."{{sfn|Russell|pp=108–112}} === Inohong nagara bagian Ohio === [[File:Warren G. Harding 1910 gubernatorial button.png|jmpl|katuhu|Pin kampanye Warren G. Harding pikeun Gubernur taun 1910]] Dina awal taun 1903, Harding ngumumkeun badé maju janten [[Gubernur Ohio]], dipicu ku mundurna calon utama, anggota Kongrés [[Charles W. F. Dick]]. Hanna sareng George Cox ngaraos yén Harding moal tiasa kapilih alatan hubunganana sareng Foraker—nalika [[Éra Progrésif]] dimimitian, masarakat mimiti méré pandangan négatif kana prakték jual-beuli jasa politik sarta ayana "bos" politik sapertos Cox. Ku kituna, maranéhna ngajurung bankir ti Cleveland, [[Myron T. Herrick]], anu mangrupa rénjang McKinley, pikeun maju. Herrick ogé dianggap langkung tiasa narik sora ti calon kuat Démokrat, Wali Kota Cleveland anu réformis, [[Tom L. Johnson]]. Alatan lolongkrangna alit pikeun janten calon gubernur, Harding ahirna milari nominasi janten létnan gubernur, sarta boh Herrick boh Harding dicalonkeun sacara aklamasi.{{sfn|Russell|pp=147–155}} Foraker sareng Hanna (nu pupus alatan [[tipes]] dina Pébruari 1904) duanana milu kampanye pikeun pasangan anu disebut "Tikét Empat-H" kasebut. Herrick sareng Harding unggul kalayan sélisih sora anu mutlak.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Saatos anjeunna sareng Herrick dilantik, Herrick nyandak sababaraha kaputusan anu kirang merenah sahingga ngabalukarkeun para pangrojong Républik malik cua, utamana para patani anu teu sapuk kana kawijakanana nampik pangwangunan sakola luhur tatanén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Di sisi sanésna, nurutkeun Sinclair, "Harding mah teu pati seueur padamelan, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeunana kalayan saé pisan".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Tanggung jawabna pikeun mingpin Sénat nagara bagian ngalegaan jaringan hubungan politikna anu nuju mekar.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Harding sareng sababaraha pihak ngabayangkeun kasuksésan maju janten gubernur dina taun 1905, nanging Herrick nampik pikeun mundur. Dina awal taun 1905, Harding ngumumkeun badé nampi nominasi gubernur upami ditawarkeun, nanging nyanghareupan amarah ti para pamingpin sapertos Cox, Foraker sarta Dick, anjeunna ahirna mutuskeun moal milari jabatan naon waé dina taun 1905. Herrick kawon dina pamilihan, nanging pasangan énggalna, [[Andrew L. Harris]], kapilih sarta janten gubernur lima sasih ti saprak harita saatos gubernur ti Partéy Démokrat, [[John M. Pattison]], pupus. Saurang pajabat Républik nyerat ka Harding, "Naha anjeun henteu hanjelu yén Dick henteu ngidinan anjeun maju janten Létnan Gubernur?"{{sfn|Russell|pp=163–168}} [[File:Foraker in 1908.png|jmpl|katuhu|lebar=0.8|Sénator [[Joseph B. Foraker]] dina taun 1908]] Salian ti milih présidén, para pamilih di Ohio dina taun 1908 ogé kedah milih anggota législatif anu bakal nangtukeun naha Foraker bakal kapilih deui janten sénator. Éta sénator parantos parébat sareng Présidén Roosevelt ngeunaan [[Insidén Brownsville]]. Sanajan Foraker miboga lolongkrang anu alit pikeun meunang, anjeunna tetep milari nominasi présidén ti Partéy Républik ngalawan batur salemburna ti Cincinnati, Menteri Perang [[William Howard Taft]], anu mangrupa calon anu dipilih ku Roosevelt.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=42–45}} Dina ping 6 Januari 1908, surat kabar ''Star'' kagungan Harding masihan dukungan ka Foraker sarta nyempad Roosevelt anu dianggap nyobian ngaruksak karir éta sénator. Nanging dina ping 22 Januari, Harding ngaliwatan ''Star'' malik haluan sarta nyatakeun dukungan ka Taft, bari nganggap Foraker parantos kawon.{{sfn|Russell|p=188}} Nurutkeun Sinclair, parobahan sikep Harding ka Taft téh "lain alatan anjeunna ningal bebeneran (''the light''), nanging alatan anjeunna ngarasakeun panasna tekenan (''the heat'')".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=46}} Ku cara milu ngarojong Taft, Harding hasil salamet tina kahancuran nu kaalaman ku nu ngajaga karirna (Foraker)—Foraker gagal kéngingkeun nominasi présidén sarta kawon dina pamilihan sénator periode katilu. Hal sanés anu ngabantu nyalametkeun karir Harding nyaéta anjeunna dipikaresep ku kelompok progrésif anu harita mimiti ngawasa Partéy Républik di Ohio.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=46–47}} Harding maju sarta kéngingkeun nominasi gubernur ti Partéy Républik dina taun 1910. Harita, partéy nuju kabagi pisan antara kelompok progrésif sareng konservatif, sahingga teu tiasa ngéléhkeun kakuatan Démokrat anu ngahiji; anjeunna kawon ku petahana [[Judson Harmon]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=197, 208–210}} Harry Daugherty janten manajer kampanye Harding, nanging Harding henteu nyalahkeun Daugherty alatan éta kakawonanna. Sanajan aya perpecahan, boh Présidén Taft boh mantan présidén Roosevelt sumping ka Ohio pikeun kampanye pikeun Harding, nanging parébatna maranéhna malah ngabagi sora Partéy Républik sarta mastikeun kakawonanna Harding.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=47–49}} Perpecahan partéy beuki jero, sarta dina taun 1912, Taft sareng Roosevelt janten saingan dina parebutan nominasi Républik. [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1912]] lumangsung kalayan pajeuet. Atas paménta Taft, Harding masihan biantara nominasi pikeun sang présidén, nanging para delegasi anu nuju ambek henteu pati nampi orasi Harding. Taft ahirna dicalonkeun deui, nanging para pangrojong Roosevelt kaluar ti partéy. Harding, salaku urang Républik anu satia, tetep ngadukung Taft. Sora Républik ahirna kabagi antara Taft sareng Roosevelt anu maju ngaliwatan [[Partéy Progrésif (Amérika Sarikat, 1912)|Partéy Progrésif]]. Ieu hal ngajantenkeun calon ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New Jersey [[Woodrow Wilson]], kapilih janten présidén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=227–235}} === Sénator AS === ==== Pamilihan taun 1914 ==== {{salajengna|Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio}} Anggota Kongrés [[Theodore E. Burton]] parantos kapilih janten sénator ku parlemén nagara bagian pikeun ngagentos Foraker dina taun 1909, sarta anjeunna ngumumkeun badé nyalonkeun deui pikeun periode kadua dina pamilihan taun 1914. Nalika harita, [[Amandemén ka-17 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] parantos disahkeun, anu masihan hak ka rahayat pikeun milih sénator sacara langsung, sarta Ohio parantos ngamimitian [[Pamilihan primér|pamilihan primér]] pikeun éta jabatan. Foraker sarta mantan anggota kongrés [[Ralph D. Cole]] ogé milu daptar dina primér Républik. Nalika Burton mundur, Foraker janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun, nanging paham Républikan ''Old Guard'' (kolot) anjeunna dianggap parantos tinggaleun jaman, sahingga Harding didorong pikeun milu mitembeyan. Daugherty ngaku yén anjeunna anu hasil ngolo Harding sangkan kersa maju: "Abdi mendakan anjeunna sapertos penyu anu nuju moyan dina luhureun kai, teras ku abdi disuntrungkeun ka jero cai."{{sfn|Russell|p=246}} Nurutkeun panulis biografi Harding, Randolph Downes, "anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye anu kacida leuleuy sarta matak pikaresepeun sahingga bakal kénging pangpuji ti para malaikat. Éta kampanye dirancang sangkan teu nyinggung sasaha, iwal ti urang Démokrat."{{sfn|Dean|pp=34–35}} Sanajan Harding henteu nyerang Foraker, para pangrojongna mah teu miboga rasa sungkan sapertos kitu. Harding ahirna meunang dina primér kalayan sélisih 12.000 sora saluhureun Foraker.{{sfn|Walters|pp=291–293}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 19em | salign = right | quote = Baca ''The Menace'' sarta panyahoan eusina,<br />Sumping ka TPS sarta éléhkeun Pausna. | source =Slogan anu ditalis dina témbok sarta pager di Ohio, 1914{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=54–55}}}} Lawan Harding dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat di Ohio, 1914|pamilihan umum]] nyaéta Jaksa Agung Ohio, [[Timothy Sylvester Hogan (politikus)|Timothy Hogan]], anu hasil naék kana jabatan tingkat nagara bagian sanajan aya [[Anti-Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|prasangka anti-Katolik]] anu lega di wewengkon padésan. Dina taun 1914, dimimitianna [[Perang Dunya I]] sarta ayana lolongkrang saurang Katolik janten sénator ti Ohio ningkatkeun sentimén [[nativismeu (politik)|nativis]]. Selebaran propaganda kalayan nami sapertos ''The Menace'' sarta ''The Defender'' eusina mangrupa peringatan yén Hogan téh utusan dina hiji plot anu dipingpin ku Paus [[Benediktus XV]] ngaliwatan [[Knights of Columbus]] pikeun ngawasa Ohio. Harding henteu nyerang Hogan (anu mangrupa rénjang lami anjeunna) ngeunaan ieu pasualan, nanging anjeunna ogé henteu nyempad kana rasa kaceuceub nativis ka lawanna kasebut.{{sfn|Russell|pp=250–251}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} Gaya kampanye Harding anu [[wikt:conciliatory|leuleuy (konsiliatori)]] ngabantu pisan ka anjeunna;{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} salah saurang rénjang Harding nganggap [[Biantara kampanye|biantara]] Harding salami kampanye usum gugur 1914 salaku "campuran tina omongan kosong anu gaya, patriotismeu, sarta hal-hal anu teu aya hartosna pisan".{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Dean nyatet, "Harding ngagunakeun orasina kalayan hasil anu saé; éta ngajantenkeun anjeunna kapilih, bari miboga musuh anu saeutik pisan dina éta prosés."{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Harding unggul leuwih ti 100.000 sora dina sora mutlak (''landslide'') anu ogé mawa gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Frank B. Willis]], kana korsi jabatan.{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} ==== Sénator junior ==== Nalika Harding gabung ka Sénat AS, Partéy Démokrat nuju ngawasa duanana [[Kongrés ka-64 Amérika Sarikat|majelis Kongrés]], sarta dipingpin ku Présidén Wilson. Salaku sénator junior ti partéy minoritas, Harding nampi pancén dina komite-komite anu henteu pati penting, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeun éta tugas kalayan daria.{{sfn|Dean|p=44}} Anjeunna mangrupa sora Républikan anu aman sarta konservatif.{{sfn|Nevins|p=253}} Sakumaha nalika anjeunna di Sénat Ohio, Harding janten inohong anu dipikaresep ku seueur jalma.{{sfn|Dean|pp=38, 44}} Dina dua pasualan utama, nyaéta [[hak pilih awéwé]] sarta [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|prohibisi (larangan) alkohol]], dimana upami salah milih pihak bakal ngaruksak lolongkrangna janten présidén dina taun 1920, Harding hasil salamet ku cara nyandak sikep anu parigel. Salaku sénator-kapilih, anjeunna mimitina nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal ngadukung hak pilih pikeun awéwé sateuacan Ohio ngalakukeunana. Nanging, nalika dukungan pikeun hak pilih ningkat di Ohio sarta di kalangan Sénator Républik, dina waktos Kongrés ngayakeun sora ngeunaan éta pasualan, Harding parantos janten pangrojong anu teguh. Harding, anu saenyana sok nginum alkohol ogé,{{sfn|Russell|p=141}} mimitina milih nolak larangan alkohol. Anjeunna milih ngadukung [[Amandemén ka-18 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu nerapkeun prohibisi, saatos hasil ngusulkeun parobahan pikeun nerapkeun wates waktos ratifikasi—anu mimitina disangka bakal ngagagalkeun éta amandemén. Nanging, saatos éta amandemén tetep disahkeun, Harding milih pikeun ngabatalkeun véto Wilson kana [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], anu janten dasar palaksanaan amandemén kasebut. Ieu léngkah mastikeun anjeunna kéngingkeun dukungan ti ''[[Anti-Saloon League]]''.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=63–65}} Harding, salaku politikus anu dipihormat ku urang Républik boh kelompok Progrésif, dipénta janten pupuhu samentara dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1916]] sakaligus nepikeun [[biantara utama]] (''keynote address''). Anjeunna ngajurung para delegasi sangkan ngahiji salaku partéy anu kuat. Éta konvénsi ahirna nyalonkeun Hakim [[Charles Evans Hughes]].{{sfn|Dean|pp=37–39}} Harding ogé ngayakeun hubungan sareng Roosevelt nalika mantan présidén éta [[Konvénsi Nasional Progrésif 1916|nampik nominasi ti Partéy Progrésif taun 1916]], hiji panolakan anu sacara éféktif ngabubarkeun éta partéy. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916|pamilihan présidén Nopémber 1916]], sanajan Partéy Républik beuki ngahiji, Hughes kawon tipis ku Wilson.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=70}} Harding nepikeun biantara sarta milih ngarojong [[Deklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Jérman (1917)|résolusi perang]] anu dipénta ku Wilson dina April 1917, anu ngalibetkeun Amérika Sarikat kana Perang Dunya I.{{sfn|Russell|p=283}} Dina bulan Agustus, Harding boga pamandangan yén Wilson kedah dipasihan kakawasaan anu méh diktatorial, kalayan nyatakeun yén démokrasi teu pati miboga tempat dina mangsa perang.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=77}} Harding milih ngarojong sabagian ageung undang-undang perang, kalebet [[Undang-Undang Éspionase 1917]], anu ngawatesan kabébasan sipil, sanajan anjeunna nampik [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] alatan dianggap anti-bisnis. Dina Méi 1918, Harding anu mimiti kurang panuju ka Wilson, nampik rancangan undang-undang pikeun ngalegaan kakawasaan présidén.{{sfn|Russell|p=299}} Dina pamilihan législatif sela taun 1918, anu dilaksanakeun sateuacan [[Gencatan sanjata 11 Nopémber 1918|gencatan sanjata]], Partéy Républik hasil ngawasa Sénat kalayan sélisih sora anu saeutik.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Harding diangkat janten anggota [[Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri Sénat]].{{sfn|Dean|p=47}} Wilson henteu nyandak saurang-urang acan anggota Sénat nalika angkat ka [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris 1919]], kalayan kayakinan yén anjeunna tiasa maksa [[Perjangjian Versailles]] sangkan disahkeun ku Sénat ku cara ménta dukungan langsung ti rahayat.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Nalika Wilson mulang bari mawa perjangjian anu netepkeun perdamaian sakaligus ngadegkeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sabagian ageung masarakat mémang mihak ka anjeunna. Nanging, seueur sénator anu teu sapuk kana Pasal X tina [[Kovénan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], anu marentahkeun nagara-nagara anggotana pikeun ngabela nagara anggota sanés anu ditarajang; maranéhna nganggap hal ieu bakal maksa Amérika Sarikat milu perang tanpa kasapukan ti Kongrés. Harding mangrupa salah sahiji ti 39 sénator anu nandatanganan surat [[Round-robin (dokumén)|''round-robin'']] anu nampik éta Liga. Nalika Wilson ngondang Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri ka Gedong Bodas pikeun sawala informal ngeunaan éta perjangjian, Harding kalayan parigel nanyakeun Wilson ngeunaan Pasal X; nanging présidén kalah nyingkahan éta patarosan. Sénat ngayakeun perdebatan ngeunaan Versailles dina Séptémber 1919, sarta Harding nepikeun biantara utama pikeun nampik éta perjangjian. Nalika harita, Wilson katerap stroke nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan biantara. Kalayan kaayaan [[Kandeganana Woodrow Wilson 1919–1921|présidén anu teu daya]] di Gedong Bodas sarta dukungan masarakat anu mimiti suda, éta perjangjian ahirna kawon (teu disahkeun).{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=91–100}} == Pamilihan présidén taun 1920 == {{utama|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}} === Kampanye primér === [[File:Sen. Warren S. (G.) Harding LCCN2016819939 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1919]] Kusabab sabagian ageung kelompok Progrésif parantos ngagabung deui ka Partéy Républik, mantan pamimpin maranéhna, Theodore Roosevelt, dianggap bakal maju deui pikeun katilu kalina ka Gedong Bodas dina taun 1920, sarta janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun pikeun kéngingkeun nominasi Républik. Nanging, rencana ieu lirén nalika Roosevelt pupus sacara ngadadak dina ping 6 Januari 1919. Sababaraha calon gancang bermunculan, kalebet Jenderal [[Leonard Wood]], Gubernur Illinois [[Frank Lowden]], Sénator Kalifornia [[Hiram Johnson]] (anu kantos janten pasangan Roosevelt dina pamilihan taun 1912), sarta sababaraha calon sanésna sapertos [[Herbert Hoover]] (kawentar alatan jasa kamanusaanana dina Perang Dunya I), Gubernur Massachusetts [[Calvin Coolidge]], sarta Jenderal [[John J. Pershing]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=21}} Sanaos Harding hoyong janten présidén, motivasina maju téh sabagian ageung didorong ku kahoyongna pikeun tetep ngawasa politik Républik di Ohio, anu bakal ngajamin anjeunna kapilih deui janten Sénator dina taun 1920. Di antara jalma-jalma anu nuju ngincer korsi Harding téh nyaéta mantan gubernur Willis (anu kawon ku [[James M. Cox]] dina taun 1916) sarta Kolonél [[William Cooper Procter]] (pamingpin [[Procter & Gamble]]). Dina ping 17 Désémber 1919, Harding ngayakeun bewara basajan ngeunaan pencalonan présidénna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=49–51}} Pamingpin Républik teu pati mikaresep Wood sarta Johnson, anu duanana asalna ti faksi progrésif partéy; Lowden ogé, anu miboga sipat indepénden, dianggap teu pati hadé. Harding jauh leuwih bisa ditarima ku para pamingpin "Old Guard" (kelompok senior konservatif) di éta partéy.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=659–660}} Daugherty, anu janten manajer kampanye Harding, yakin yén moal aya calon sanés anu tiasa kéngingkeun sora mayoritas. Stratégina nyaéta ngajantenkeun Harding salaku pilihan anu bisa ditarima ku para delegasi nalika para calon utama mimiti laleuleus (falter). Daugherty ngadegkeun kantor kampanye "Harding for President" di Washington (anu dikokolakeun ku jalma kapercayaanana, [[Jess Smith]]), sarta ngawangun jaringan rérénjang sarta pangrojong Harding, kalebet [[Frank Scobey]] ti Téksas (panitera Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio nalika Harding ngajabat di dinya).{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=26–27}} Harding ogé diikhtiar ku cara terus-terusan nyerat surat pikeun nguatkeun dukunganana. Nurutkeun Russell, "tanpa usaha [[Mépistopéléan]] (cerdik sarta licik) ti Daugherty, Harding moal kungsi bisa nincak kana nominasi."{{sfn|Russell|pp=336–339}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 26em | salign = right | quote = Kabutuh Amérika ayeuna téh sanés hal-hal anu hébat (heroics), nanging pamulihan (healing); sanés ubar mujarab (nostrums), nanging kayaan normal (normalcy); sanés révolusi, nanging réstorasi; sanés agitasi, nanging panyaluyuan; sanés bédah, nanging katengtreman; sanés hal anu dramatis, nanging hal anu tenang (dispassionate); sanés ékspérimén, nanging kasaimbangan (equipoise); sanés kalelep dina internasionalitas, nanging ketahanan dina kamilangan nasional anu unggul. | source =Warren G. Harding, biantara di payuneun Home Market Club, Boston, 14 Méi 1920{{sfn|Dean|p=56}}}} === Konvénsi === {{salajengna|Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920]] dibuka di [[Chicago Coliseum#The third Coliseum|Chicago Coliseum]] dina ping 8 Juni 1920. Éta konvénsi ngumpulkeun para delegasi anu nuju papaséan kacida rongkahna, utamana alatan ayana laporan hasil panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan waragad kampanye anu nembé pisan dipedalkeun. Éta laporan nétélakeun yén Wood parantos ngaluarkeun modal $1,8 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|1.8|1920|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}), anu nguatkeun tuduhan Johnson yén Wood nuju nyobian "mésér" korsi présidén. Sabagian tina $600.000 anu dikaluarkeun ku Lowden tétéla ngocor ka saku dua delegasi konvénsi. Samentara éta, Johnson ngaluarkeun $194.000, sarta Harding mung $113.000. Johnson dianggap janten aktor di balik éta panalungtikan, sarta amarah ti faksi Lowden sareng Wood nutup sagala lolongkrang kompromi di antara para calon unggulan. Ti ampir 1.000 delegasi, 27 di antarana nyaéta awéwé—[[Amandemén ka-19 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu ngajamin hak pilih pikeun awéwé, nuju ngantosan persatujuan ti hiji nagara bagian deui pikeun diratifikasi, sarta bakal disahkeun sateuacan ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=351–356, 363}} Ieu konvénsi henteu gaduh "bos" (pamingpin tunggal), seueur delegasi anu milih sakahayangna sorangan, sarta kusabab di Gedong Bodas nuju aya urang Démokrat, para pamingpin partéy henteu tiasa ngagunakeun sistem patronase pikeun ngatur sora.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=33}} Para wartawan nganggap Harding moal mungkin dicalonkeun alatan hasilna anu goréng dina pamilihan primér, sarta nempatkeun anjeunna dina jajaran [[Kuda hideung|kuda hideung]].{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}} Harding, anu sapertos calon sanésna nuju aya di Chicago pikeun ngawas kampanyena, nempatan urutan kagenep dina hasil poling opini publik panganyarna, di handapeun tilu calon utama sarta mantan Hakim Hughes sarta Herbert Hoover, sarta mung rada unggul sakedik ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Russell|p=335}}{{sfn|Dean|p=60}} Saatos konvénsi ngabahas pasualan sanésna, prosés nominasi présidén dibuka dina Jumaah énjing, ping 11 Juni. Harding parantos ménta Willis pikeun ngajukeun namina dina nominasi. Mantan gubernur éta ngalaksanakeunana kalayan biantara anu dipikaresep ku para delegasi, boh alatan gaya basana anu deukeut ka rahayat (''folksiness'') boh alatan ringkesna éta biantara di tengah hawa Chicago anu kacida panasna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=374–375}} Wartawan Mark Sullivan anu hadir di dinya nyebat éta biantara salaku campuran anu hébat antara "orasi, opera agung, sarta [[Nyalukan babi|sorat panyalukan babi]] (''hog calling'')." Willis nyarita bari condong kana pager podium, "Dangu, barudak—kaasup nu gareulis ogé—naha urang teu milih Warren Harding waé?"{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} Seuri sarta keprok anu nuturkeun éta ucapan nyiptakeun suasana anu haneut sarta simpati pikeun Harding.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 23em | salign = right | quote = Abdi henteu ngarepkeun Sénator Harding bakal dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kahiji, kadua, atanapi katilu, nanging abdi mikir urang tiasa nyandak lolongkrang nalika sakitar tabuh dua sabelas menit dina Jumaah énjing-énjing di konvénsi, nalika lima belas atanapi dua puluh urang, anu parantos lungse, nuju diuk ngariung dina méja, salah saurang di antarana bakal nyarios: "Saha anu bakal ku urang dicalonkeun?" Dina waktos anu nangtukeun éta, rerencangan Sénator Harding tiasa ngajukeun namina sarta nampi naon waé hasilna. | source =Harry M. Daugherty{{sfn|Bagby|p=661}}}} Opat kali prosés sora (''ballot'') dilaksanakeun dina Jumaah sonten ping 11 Juni, sarta tétéla hasilna nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''). Kalayan 493 sora anu diperlukeun pikeun dicalonkeun, Wood mangrupa anu pangcaketna kalayan 314{{frac|1|2}} sora; Lowden kénging 289{{frac|1|2}}. Hasil pangsaéna pikeun Harding mung 65{{frac|1|2}}. Pupuhu [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] ti Massachusetts, anu mangrupa [[Pamingpin Mayoritas Sénat]], nutup sidang konvénsi sakitar tabuh 7 sonten.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}}{{sfn|Dean|p=61}} Wengi ping 11–12 Juni 1920 janten kasohor dina sajarah politik salaku wengi "[[kamar anu pinuh ku haseup]]" (''[[smoke-filled room]]''). Numutkeun carita anu sumebar, para sesepuh partéy sapuk pikeun maksa konvénsi nyalonkeun Harding. Para sejarawan museurkeun perhatian kana sési anu dilaksanakeun di suite Pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC) [[Will H. Hays|Will Hays]] di [[Hotél Blackstone]]. Di dinya, para sénator sarta inohong sanésna sumping silih ganti, sarta sawatara calon poténsial dibahas. Sénator Utah [[Reed Smoot]], sateuacan angkat dina awal wengi, ngadukung Harding sarta nyarios ka Hays yén jalaran Partéy Démokrat kamungkinan ageung bakal nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox, maranéhna kedah milih Harding supados tiasa unggul di Ohio. Smoot ogé nyarios ka ''[[The New York Times]]'' yén parantos aya kasapukan pikeun nyalonkeun Harding, nanging hal éta moal langsung kajantenan dina sababaraha sora (''ballot'') munggaran.{{sfn|Bagby|pp=662–663}} Hal ieu saenyana henteu leres: sawatara pamilon mémang ngadukung Harding (nu sanésna mah ngadukung sainganna), nanging teu aya pakta resmi pikeun nyalonkeun anjeunna, sarta para sénator ogé teu miboga kakawasaan pikeun maksa éta kasapukan. Dua pamilon sanésna dina éta diskusi, Sénator Kansas [[Charles Curtis]] sarta Kolonél [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey]], ngaramalkeun ka pers yén Harding bakal dicalonkeun margi calon sanés miboga kakurangan anu dianggap ngabeuratkeun (''liabilities'').{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=38}} Judul-judul dina surat kabar énjingna méré kesan yén aya intrik di balik layar. Sejarawan Wesley M. Bagby nyerat, "Rupa-rupa kelompok saenyana digawe masing-masing pikeun ngawujudkeun éta nominasi—tanpa ayana gabungan sarta mung sakedik pisan ngayakeun kontak." Bagby nyatakeun yén faktor konci dina dicalonkeunana Harding nyaéta kawentarna anjeunna di kalangan delegasi umum (''rank and file'').{{sfn|Bagby|pp=657-674}} Para delegasi anu kumpul deui parantos nguping béja yén Harding mangrupa pilihan ti sakelompok sénator (''cabal''). Sanajan hal ieu henteu leres, para delegasi percanten sarta milari jalan kaluar ku cara milih Harding. Nalika prosés sora dimimitian deui dina énjing-énjing ping 12 Juni, sora pikeun Harding terus ningkat dina opat sora salajengna, dugi ka nincak 133{{frac|1|2}} sora, sedengkeun dua calon unggulan mah henteu seueur robah. Lodge teras ngumumkeun reureuh (''recess'') salami tilu jam, anu ngajantenkeun Daugherty ambek. Daugherty lumpat ka podium sarta nyanghareupan Lodge, "Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma ku cara kieu! Éta usulan teu disahkeun! Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma!"{{sfn|Russell|pp=387–390}} Lodge sarta nu sanésna ngagunakeun waktu reureuh pikeun nyobian ngeureunkeun moméntum Harding sarta nyalonkeun Pupuhu RNC Hays, nanging Hays nampik sarta embung kalibet.{{sfn|Dean|p=65}} Dina prosés sora kasalapan, saatos aya sakedik tegangan, hiji-hiji delegasi mimiti malik ngadukung Harding. Anjeunna mingpin kalayan 374{{frac|1|2}} sora, dibandingkeun Wood (249) sarta Lowden (121{{frac|1|2}}). Lowden ahirna ngaleupaskeun delegasina pikeun milih Harding, sarta dina sora kasapuluh anu dilaksanakeun tabuh 6 sonten, prosésna mung kantun formalitas; Harding mungkas kalayan 672{{frac|1|5}} sora ngalawan 156 pikeun Wood. Nominasi kasebut ahirna disatujuan sacara buleud (unanimous). Para delegasi, anu hoyong énggal mulang supados teu kedah mayar deui biaya hotél, teras neraskeun kana nominasi wakil présidén. Harding hoyong Sénator [[Irvine Lenroot]] ti Wisconsin, nanging Lenroot teu kersa. Sateuacan nami Lenroot ditarik sarta calon sanés diputuskeun, delegasi Oregon [[Wallace McCamant]] ngusulkeun Gubernur Coolidge sarta nampi dukungan anu kacida raména. Coolidge, anu kasohor alatan peranna dina ngeureunkeun [[Mogok pulisi Boston|mogokna pulisi Boston]] taun 1919, dicalonkeun janten wakil présidén kalayan kénging sora anu langkung seueur tinimbang Harding. James Morgan nyerat dina ''[[The Boston Globe]]'': "Para delegasi embung cicing di Chicago dugi ka dinten Minggu... para nu nyieun Présidén (''President makers'') malah parantos teu gaduh kaos bersih deui. Dumasar kana hal-hal sapertos kitu, Rollo, nasib bangsa-bangsa ditangtukeun."{{sfn|Russell|pp=392–394}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=66–67}} === Kampanye pamilihan umum === [[File:Harding front porch campaign.jpg|jmpl|lebar=1.2|Harding ngamimitian kampanye "téras hareup" (front porch) ku cara nampi nominasi Républik, 22 Juli 1920.]] Pasangan Harding/Coolidge gancang meunang dukungan tina surat kabar Républik, nanging koran-koran anu gaduh pamandangan sanés mah nyatakeun rasa kuciwana. ''[[New York World]]'' nganggap Harding salaku calon anu pangsaeutikna kualifikasi saprak jaman [[James Buchanan]], bari nyebat sénator Ohio éta téh saurang jalma anu "lemah sarta médiocére" (biasa waé) anu "teu kantos gaduh ideu orisinal."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} Surat kabar [[Hearst Corporation]] nyebat Harding salaku "pamawa bandera otokrasi Sénatorial énggal."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=156}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' ngagambarkeun calon présidén Républik éta salaku "politikus Ohio kelas dua anu cukup dipihormat."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1920]] dibuka di San Francisco dina ping 28 Juni 1920, di handapeun kalangkang Woodrow Wilson anu saenyana hoyong dicalonkeun deui pikeun periode katilu. Para delegasi yakin yén kaséhatan Wilson moal ngidinan anjeunna ngajabat deui, sahingga maranéhna milari calon sanés. Mantan Menteri Kauangan [[William G. McAdoo]] janten calon utama, nanging anjeunna téh minantu Wilson, sarta nampik pikeun dicalonkeun salami présidén masih kénéh hoyong ngajabat. Sanajan kitu, seueur delegasi anu tetep milih McAdoo, sahingga kajantenan jalan buntu (''deadlock'') sareng Jaksa Agung [[A. Mitchell Palmer]]. Dina sora (''ballot'') ka-44, Partéy Démokrat ahirna nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox janten présidén, kalayan pasanganna nyaéta [[Asistén Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Jalaran Cox ogé saurang nu gaduh sarta ééditor surat kabar, ieu hal ngajantenkeun dua ééditor ti Ohio silih hareupan pikeun korsi présidén. Sababaraha pihak ngarasula yén teu aya pilihan politik anu nyata margi boh Cox boh Harding dianggap salaku jalma anu konservatif dina widang ékonomi.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=157–159}} Nanging sacara idéologi, duanana miboga bédana anu nyata, dimana Cox saurang liberal sarta Harding saurang konservatif. [[File:Harding Cox and Ruth.jpg|jmpl|kenca|"Kumaha Anjeunna Tiasa Ngalakukeunana?" Dina kartun [[Clifford Berryman]] ieu, Harding sareng Cox nuju mikiran wartos ageung sanésna dina taun 1920: rékor ''home run'' [[Babe Ruth]].]] Harding milih pikeun ngayakeun [[Kampanye téras hareup|kampanye téras hareup]] (''front porch campaign''), sapertos McKinley dina taun 1896.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Sababaraha taun sateuacan éta, Harding parantos ngaropéa téras hareup bumina sangkan nyarupaan téras bumina McKinley, anu nurutkeun tatanggana mah éta téh mangrupa tanda anjeunna gaduh ambisi janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=61}} Éta calon présidén tetep cicing di bumina di Marion, sarta nepikeun biantara ka para delegasi anu sumping nganjang. Samentara éta, Cox sareng Roosevelt ngurilingan nagara (''stumped the nation'') bari nepikeun ratusan biantara. Coolidge kampanye di wewengkon Timur Laut, sarta engkéna di kidul, nanging anjeunna henteu janten faktor anu signifikan dina éta pamilihan.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Di Marion, Harding ngokolakeun kampanyena. Salaku saurang wartawan, anjeunna miboga hubungan anu akrab (''camaraderie'') sareng para pers anu ngaliput anjeunna, hiji hubungan anu jarang bisa disaruaan ku présidén-présidén sanésna. Téma kampanye anjeunna, nyaéta "[[Mulang ka kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy''), dibantuan ku suasana kota Marion anu méré kesan tempat anu tartib sarta méré rasa nostalgia pikeun seueur pamilih. Kampanye téras hareup ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding nyingkahan rupa-rupa kasalahan, sarta nalika waktu pamilihan beuki deukeut, kakuatanana beuki ningkat. Lalampahan calon ti Partéy Démokrat ahirna maksa Harding pikeun ngayakeun sababaraha kunjungan biantara anu pondok, nanging sabagian ageung waktosna mah anjeunna tetep aya di Marion. Amérika Sarikat henteu peryogi inohong sapertos Wilson deui, saur Harding, bari ngajukeun présidén anu "deukeut ka kaayaan normal".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=163–165}} [[File:FDR and James M Cox cph.3b03395.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Calon ti Démokrat, Cox (katuhu) sarta Roosevelt nalika kampanye di Washington, D.C., 1920]] Orasi Harding anu sakapeung "teu jelas" eusina ngajantenkeun sababaraha pihak ngarasa keuheul; McAdoo ngagambarkeun biantara Harding salaku "pasukan kalimah anu gaya nuju leumpang ngurilingan bentang alam pikeun milari hiji ideu. Sakapeung, éta kecap-kecap anu ngulampreng téh hasil nangkep hiji pamikiran anu sasar sarta mawa éta pamikiran kalayan bangga, janten tahanan di tengah-tengah maranéhna, dugi ka éta pamikiran téh maot alatan dijadikeun budak sarta gawé kaleuleuwihi."{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} [[H. L. Mencken]] ogé satuju, "ieu ngingetkeun kuring kana rupa-rupa spons baseuh, ngingetkeun kuring kana poéan anu parantos soék dina tali jemuran; ngingetkeun kuring kana sop kacang anu parantos haseum, kana gogorowokan mahasiswa, kana anjing anu ngagogog tanpa hartos salami wengi. Ieu téh sakitu goréngna dugi ka aya sakedik kesan kaagungan di jerona... Ieu téh sora anu ngageleter (''rumble'') sarta ngahiung (''bumble''). Ieu téh ngan ukur basa basi anu kosong (''balderdash'')."{{efn|Mencken sanajan kitu tetep milih Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Sinclair|p=165}}.}}{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} ''The New York Times'' méré pandangan anu langkung positip, nyebutkeun yén dina biantara Harding, sabagian ageung masarakat tiasa mendakan "eunteung tina pamikiran maranéhna sorangan anu can pati jelas."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=166}} Wilson parantos nyatakeun yén pamilihan taun 1920 bakal janten "referendum anu agung sarta khidmat" ngeunaan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, anu ngajantenkeun Cox hésé pikeun nyandak sikep—sanajan Roosevelt kacida ngadukungna, Cox mah kurang sumanget.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=43–45}} Harding nolak asup ka Liga Bangsa-Bangsa sakumaha anu parantos dirundingkeun ku Wilson, nanging anjeunna sapuk kana hiji "asosiasi nagara-nagara,"<ref name = "anb" /> dumasar kana [[Mahkamah Arbitrasé Permanén]] di [[Den Haag]]. Ieu hal dianggap cukup umum pikeun muaskeun sabagian ageung urang Républik. Dina bulan Oktober, Cox mimiti sadar yén aya panolakan masarakat anu lega kana Pasal X, sarta nyebutkeun yén [[reservasi (hukum)|catetan-catetan]] dina éta perjangjian mungkin diperlukeun; parobahan sikep ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding pikeun henteu kedah nyarios seueur deui ngeunaan éta pasualan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=27–28}} [[File:WGHarding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju kampanye dina taun 1920]] RNC nyéwa [[Albert Lasker]], saurang éksékutif iklan ti Chicago, pikeun ngapublikasikeun Harding. Lasker ngaluncurkeun kampanye iklan anu jembar sarta ngagunakeun rupa-rupa téhnik iklan standar nu harita mah nembe pisan dilarapkeun dina pamilihan présidén. Pendekatan Lasker ngawengku warta film (''newsreels'') sarta rékaman sora. Para pangunjung ka Marion dipoto sareng Sénator sarta Ibu Harding, teras salinan potona dikirimkeun ka surat kabar di kota asalna masing-masing.{{sfn|Dean|p=69}} Poster papan reklame (''billboard''), surat kabar, sarta majalah dianggo salian ti film layar lébar. [[Telemarketer]] ogé dianggo pikeun ngayakeun telepon kalayan naskah dialog nu parantos disusun pikeun ngamajukeun Harding.{{sfn|Morello|pp=64–65}} Salami kampanye, pihak lawan nyebarkeun béja lami yén aki buyut Harding téh saurang [[Hindia Kulon]] [[Wanoja atawa lalaki hideung|turunan hideung]] sarta yén aya [[Turunan Amérika-Afrika présidén Amérika Sarikat|turunan hideung sanésna dina tangkal kulawargana]].{{sfn|Russell|p=372}} Manajer kampanye Harding nolak éta tuduhan. Profésor ti [[Wooster College]], [[William Estabrook Chancellor]], ngapublikasikeun éta béja dumasar kana panalungtikan kulawarga anu sakapeung mah ngan ukur mangrupa gosip lokal hungkul.{{sfn|Russell|pp=403–405}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1920.svg|katuhu|jmpl|Hasil sora éléktoral 1920]] Dina poéan pamilihan, 2 Nopémber 1920, ampir teu aya anu mangmang yén pasangan Républik bakal unggul.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=62}} Harding kéngingkeun 60,2 persén sora rahayat (''popular vote''), perséntase pangluhurna ti saprak mekarna [[Sistem dua partéy]], sarta kéngingkeun 404 sora [[Lembaga Pamilihan (Amérika Sarikat)|éléktoral]]. Cox mung kéngingkeun 34 persén sora nasional sarta 127 sora éléktoral.{{sfn|Russell|p=418}} Kampanye ti jero panjara fédéral alatan nolak perang, tokoh [[Partéy Sosialis Amérika|Sosialis]] [[Eugene V. Debs]] kéngingkeun 3 persén sora nasional. Partéy Républik ogé hasil ngaronjatkeun mayoritasna di unggal majelis Kongrés sacara signifikan.{{sfn|Russell|p=420}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=66}} == Masa jabatan Présidén (1921–1923) == {{utama|Masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} {{Pikeun|garis waktu|Garis waktu masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} === Pelantikan sarta pangangkatan jabatan === [[File:Harding swearing in.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan.]] {{salajengna|Transisi kapersidénan Warren G. Harding|Pelantikan Warren G. Harding}} Harding dilantik dina ping 4 Maret 1921, disaksian ku pamajikan sarta ramana. Harding langkung milih pelantikan anu basajan tanpa parade adat, sahingga mung aya upacara inti sarta resépsi singget di Gedong Bodas. Dina biantara pelantikanana, anjeunna nyatakeun, "Kacenderungan urang anu paling bahaya nyaéta ngarep-ngarep teuing ka pamaréntah, nanging dina waktos anu sami mung sakedik masihan kontribusi ka pamaréntah."{{sfn|Russell|pp=2,14}} Saatos pamilihan, Harding ngumumkeun yén moal aya kaputusan ngeunaan pangangkatan jabatan dugi ka anjeunna mulang ti liburan dina bulan Désémber. Anjeunna indit ka Téksas pikeun nguseup sarta maén golf sareng rénjangna, [[Frank Scobey]] (anu engkéna janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]), teras balayar ka [[Zona Terusan Panama]]. Anjeunna nganjang ka Washington nalika [[Kongrés ka-66 Amérika Sarikat]] dibuka dina awal Désémber, sarta anjeunna nampi pangbagéa anu luar biasa salaku sénator aktif munggaran anu kapilih janten présidén.{{efn|Harding mundur tina Sénat dina Januari 1921, ngantosan dugi ka masa jabatan Cox salaku gubernur réngsé. Gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Harry L. Davis]], ngangkat Willis pikeun ngalengkepan sésa masa jabatan Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Dean|p=92}}.}} Nalika mulang ka Ohio, Harding ngarencanakeun pikeun ngayakeun konsultasi sareng jalma-jalma pinter di nagara éta, anu sumping ka Marion pikeun masihan naséhat ngeunaan pangangkatan kabinét.{{sfn|Russell|pp=420–424}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=181}} Harding milih Charles Evans Hughes anu pro-Liga Bangsa-Bangsa salaku Menteri Luar Nagri, bari teu maliré kana naséhat Sénator Lodge sarta nu sanésna. Saatos [[Charles G. Dawes]] nampik jabatan Menteri Kauangan, Harding milih bankir ti Pittsburgh, [[Andrew W. Mellon]], salah saurang jalma pangbeungharna di nagara éta. Anjeunna ogé ngangkat Herbert Hoover janten [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Perdagangan]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=38–39}} Pupuhu RNC Will Hays diangkat janten [[Menteri Pos Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Pos]], anu harita mah masih kénéh mangrupa jabatan kabinét; anjeunna mundur saatos sataun ngajabat pikeun janten kapala sénsor industri film.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Dua jalma anu diangkat ku Harding kana kabinét anu engkéna ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahanana alatan kalibet skandal nyaéta rénjang Harding di Sénat, [[Albert B. Fall]] ti New Mexico salaku [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Jero Nagri]], sarta Daugherty salaku jaksa agung. Fall nyaéta saurang peternak sarta mantan penambang ti wewengkon Kulon anu langkung mihak kana pangwangunan lahan.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Anjeunna ditentang ku para konservasionis sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], anu nyerat, "mungkin waé pikeun milih jalma anu leuwih goréng ti Fall pikeun janten Menteri Jero Nagri, nanging éta hal téh moal gampil pisan."{{sfn|Noggle|p=242}} ''The New York Times'' ogé nyempad pangangkatan Daugherty, bari nyerat yén tinimbang milih salah saurang jalma anu pinter, Harding kalah "milih ukur saurang rénjang panghadéna."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=188}} Eugene P. Trani sarta David L. Wilson nyebutkeun yén éta pangangkatan téh asup akal harita, margi Daugherty nyaéta "saurang pengacara kompetén anu paham pisan kana sisi 'poék' politik... saurang paleres masalah (''troubleshooter'') politik kelas hiji sarta jalma anu tiasa dipercaya ku Harding."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=43}} === Kawijakan luar nagri === [[File:Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington, salah sahiji kasuksésan kawijakan luar nagri Harding.]] Harding negeskeun yén anjeunna nolak asupna Amérika Sarikat kana Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sanajan Hughes hayang aya gawé bareng anu leuwih raket. Hughes ngirimkeun catetan resmi ka Jenéwa (markas Liga) anu nétélakeun yén Amérika Sarikat moal milu aub, nanging Hughes tetep nempatkeun "pangawas" ti Amérika dina sababaraha komisi Liga. Harding ogé nandatanganan résolusi gabungan Kongrés anu sacara resmi mungkas kaayaan perang sareng Jérman, Austria, sarta Hungaria dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=108–109}} Puncak tina kawijakan luar nagri Harding nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] (1921–1922). Hughes nepikeun usulan anu wani pikeun ngawatesan pangwangunan kapal perang gedé ku kakuatan-kakuatan utama dunya (AS, Britania Raya, Jepang, Perancis, sarta Itali). Ieu konférénsi hasil ngahasilkeun [[Perjangjian Washington (1922)|Perjangjian Washington]] anu hasil nyegah lomba pakarang laut salami ampir sapuluh taun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–105}} Dina urusan Amérika Latin, Harding nyobian menerkeun hubungan anu ruksak alatan kawijakan Wilson. Anjeunna narik pasukan Marinir ti Kuba dina taun 1921 sarta ngarencanakeun panarikan pasukan ti Républik Dominika. Harding ogé nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Thomson-Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan santunan $25 juta ka nagara éta salaku pamulihan hubungan saatos kajantenan pamisahan Panama taun 1903.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=225–226}} ==== Hubungan sareng Éropa sarta mungkas perang sacara resmi ==== [[File:League of Nations (Warren G. Harding).ogg|jmpl|Warren G. Harding nerangkeun naha anjeunna embung Amérika Sarikat asup ka [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]].]] Harding negeskeun nalika anjeunna ngangkat Hughes janten Menteri Luar Nagri yén mantan hakim éta anu bakal ngokolakeun kawijakan luar nagri, hiji parobahan tina gaya Wilson anu campur tangan langsung dina urusan internasional.{{sfn|Russell|p=43}} Hughes kedah damel dina garis-garis ageung anu parantos ditangtukeun; saatos ngajabat, Harding mingkin teges kana sikepna nolak Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sarta mutuskeun yén AS moal gabung sanajan kana vérsi Liga anu parantos dirévisi. Jalaran Perjangjian Versailles teu diratifikasi ku Sénat, AS sacara téknis masih kénéh dina kaayaan perang sareng [[Républik Weimar|Jérman]], [[Républik Austria Kahiji|Austria]], sarta [[Karajaan Hungaria (1920–1946)|Hungaria]]. Prosés perdamaian dimimitian ku [[Résolusi Knox–Porter]], anu nyatakeun yén AS parantos daméy sarta tetep nyepeng hak-hak anu dipasihkeun ku Versailles. Perjangjian daméy [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Jérman (1921)|sareng Jérman]], [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Austria (1921)|Austria]], sarta [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Hungaria (1921)|Hungaria]], anu masing-masing eusina ngawengku rupa-rupa katangtuan non-Liga tina Perjangjian Versailles, ahirna diratifikasi dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=142–145}} Ieu hal masih nyésakeun patarosan ngeunaan hubungan antara AS sareng Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Departemén Luar Nagri pimpinan Hughes mimitina mah teu maliré kana komunikasi ti Liga, atanapi nyobian nyingkahanana ku cara ngayakeun kontak langsung sareng nagara-nagara anggota. Nanging dina taun 1922, AS ngaliwatan konsulna di Jenéwa mimiti ngayakeun hubungan sareng Liga. Sanajan AS nolak milu aub dina rapat-rapat anu aya pakuat-pakaitna sareng politik, AS ngirimkeun pangawas (''observers'') kana sési-sési ngeunaan urusan téknis sarta kamanusaan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=145–147}} Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat, aya tungtutan ti pamaréntah luar nagri pikeun ngurangan hutang perang anu kacida badagna ka Amérika Sarikat, sarta pamaréntah Jérman nyobian ngurangan [[Réparasi Perang Dunya I|réparasi]] (ganti rugi perang) anu kedah dibayar ku maranéhna. AS nolak mertimbangkeun sagala jinis kacindekan multilateral. Harding nyobian ngasahkeun rencana anu diajukeun ku Mellon pikeun masihan kakawasaan anu lega ka pamaréntah dina negosiasi pangurangan hutang perang, nanging [[Kongrés ka-67 Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1922 kalah ngasahkeun undang-undang anu langkung ketat. Hughes hasil negosiasi kasapukan sangkan [[Karajaan Ngahiji Britania Raya sarta Irlandia|Britania]] mayar hutang perangna salami 62 taun kalayan bunga anu alit, anu sacara éféktif ngurangan [[ajén ayeuna]] (''present value'') tina éta kawajiban. Ieu kasapukan, anu disatujuan ku Kongrés dina taun 1923, janten modél pikeun negosiasi sareng nagara-nagara sanés. Sawala sareng Jérman ngeunaan pangurangan pamayaran réparasi ahirna ngahasilkeun [[Rencana Dawes]] dina taun 1924.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=162–163}} Pasualan anu can réngsé dina jaman Wilson nyaéta kawijakan AS ka Rusia [[Bolshevik]]. AS mangrupa salah sahiji nagara anu [[Pasukan Ékspédisi Amérika, Rusia Kalér|ngirimkeun pasukan ka dinya]] saatos [[Révolusi Rusia]]. Saatosna, Wilson nolak ngaku kadaulatan [[RSFS Rusia]]. Menteri Perdagangan pimpinan Harding, Hoover, anu miboga pangalaman jembar dina urusan Rusia, janten pamingpin dina nangtukeun kawijakan. Nalika [[Kalaparan Rusia 1921|kalaparan narajang Rusia dina taun 1921]], Hoover ngagunakeun [[Administrasi Relief Amérika]], anu dipingpin ku anjeunna, pikeun negosiasi sareng urang Rusia dina masihan bantuan. Para pamingpin [[U.S.S.R.]] (anu diadegkeun taun 1922) miboga harepan yén éta kasapukan bakal mawa kana pangakuan diplomatik, nanging harita mah teu kawujud. Hoover ngadukung ayana perdagangan sareng Soviét margi sieun pausahaan-pausahaan AS moal bisa asup ka pasar Soviét, nanging Hughes nolak hal ieu, sahingga éta pasualan can réngsé salami Harding ngajabat.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=116–126}} ==== Pangeureunan pakarang (Disarmament) ==== {{utama|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington}} [[File:Charles Evans Hughes-01.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles Evans Hughes]], mantan hakim Agung sarta Menteri Luar Nagri pimpinan Harding]] Harding ngajurung ayana pangeureunan pakarang (''disarmament'') sarta pangurangan biaya pertahanan salami mangsa kampanye, nanging hal éta sanés mangrupa pasualan utama harita. Anjeunna nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan Kongrés dina April 1921, netepkeun prioritas législatifna. Di antara sababaraha pasualan luar nagri anu disabit ku anjeunna nyaéta pangeureunan pakarang; anjeunna nyatakeun yén pamaréntah moal tiasa "teu maliré kana panyambat pikeun ngirangan pengeluaran" dina widang pertahanan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=149–150}} Sénator Idaho [[William Borah]] parantos ngusulkeun hiji konférénsi dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama, nyaéta AS, Britania, sarta Jepang, bakal sapuk pikeun ngurangan jumlah armada kapalna. Harding satuju, sarta saatos ngayakeun sawala diplomatik, wawakil ti salapan nagara kumpul di Washington dina bulan Nopémber 1921. Sabagian ageung diplomat mimitina ngahadiran upacara [[Poé Veteran|Poé Gencatan Sanjata]] di [[Pasaréan Nasional Arlington]], dimana Harding nepikeun biantara dina upacara pamakaman [[Makam Prajurit Teu Dikenal|Prajurit Teu Dikenal Perang Dunya I]]. Harding nyarios yén identitas éta prajurit, "mumbul babarengan sareng jiwana anu langgeng. Urang teu terang ti mana anjeunna asalna, mung terang yén maotna méré tanda kamulyaan anu langgeng salaku urang Amérika anu gugur pikeun nagarana."{{sfn|Dean|pp=130–131}} Hughes, dina biantarana nalika bubuka konférénsi ping 12 Nopémber 1921, ngajukeun usulan Amérika—yén AS bakal ngeureunkeun operasi atanapi moal ngawangun 30 kapal perang upami Britania Raya ngalakukeun hal anu sami pikeun 19 kapal, sarta Jepang pikeun 17 kapal.{{sfn|Russell|p=481}} Hughes sacara umum hasil, kalayan dihontalna kasapukan dina ieu pasualan sarta sababaraha poin sanésna, kalebet kacindekan tina sengketa pulo-pulo di Pasifik, sarta watesan dina panggunaan gas racun. Perjangjian angkatan laut ieu mung dilarapkeun ka kapal perang (''battleships''), sarta dina sababaraha tingkat ka kapal induk (''aircraft carriers''), sarta dina ahirna mah henteu tiasa nyegah ayana pangwangunan pakarang deui di hareupna. Sanajan kitu, Harding sarta Hughes nampi pujian anu jembar ti média alatan usahana. Sénator Lodge sarta [[Pamingpin Minoritas Sénat]], [[Oscar Underwood]] ti Alabama, mangrupa bagian ti dèlègasi AS, sarta maranéhna mantuan mastikeun yén éta perjangjian bisa ditarima ku Sénat kalayan ampir tanpa parobahan, sanajan lembaga éta nambihan sababaraha catetan (''reservations'').{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=241–245}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=132–134}} AS parantos miboga leuwih ti sarébu kapal salami Perang Dunya I, sarta masih kénéh miboga sabagian ageungna nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat. Kongrés parantos ngidinan panyingkiran éta kapal-kapal dina [[Undang-Undang Marinir Padagang 1920]], nanging Sénat henteu daék mastikeun calon-calon Wilson pikeun [[Dewan Pengiriman Amérika Sarikat|Dewan Pangiriman]] (''Shipping Board''). Harding ngangkat Albert Lasker janten pupuhuna; éta éksékutif iklan nyobian ngajalankeun éta armada sangkan meunang untung sabisa-bisa dugi ka éta kapal tiasa dijual. Nanging, mung sakedik kapal anu laku dijual kalayan harga anu nyaketan modal pamaréntah. Lasker nyarankeun ayana subsidi anu ageung pikeun [[marinir padagang]] pikeun ngagampangkeun penjualan, sarta Harding terus-terusan ngajurung Kongrés sangkan ngasahkeunana. Nanging, éta rancangan undang-undang téh henteu dipikaresep di wilayah Midwest, sarta sanajan lolos di DPR (''House''), éta usulan kawon ku [[filibuster]] di Sénat, sahingga sabagian ageung kapal pamaréntah ahirna mah dijadikeun beusi tua (''scrapped'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=174–178}} ==== Amérika Latin ==== Campur tangan (intervénsi) di Amérika Latin mangrupa pasualan kampanye anu sakedik dibahas, sanajan Harding kungsi nyarita nentang kaputusan Wilson pikeun [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Républik Dominika (1916–24)|ngirimkeun pasukan AS ka Républik Dominika]] sarta Haiti. Harding ogé narajang calon wakil présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Franklin Roosevelt, alatan peranna dina [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|intervénsi Haiti]]. Saatos Harding dilantik, Hughes digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan sareng nagara-nagara Amérika Latin anu ngarasa waspada kana panggunaan [[Doktrin Monroe]] ku Amérika pikeun menerkeun intervénsi; nalika pelantikan Harding, AS ogé masih miboga pasukan di Kuba sarta Nikaragua. Pasukan anu ditempatkeun di Kuba ditarik dina taun 1921, nanging pasukan AS tetep aya di tilu nagara sanésna salami mangsa jabatan Harding.{{efn|Nalika Hughes mundur tina jabatanna dina taun 1925, pasukan Amérika parantos ninggalkeun Républik Dominika sarta nuju prosés ninggalkeun Nikaragua. Panarikan pasukan ti Haiti masih kénéh direncanakeun. Tempo {{harvnb|Trani & Wilson|p=135}}.}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=133–135}} Dina April 1921, Harding hasil meunangkeun ratifikasi [[Perjangjian Thomson–Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan éta nagara santunan $25 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|25|1921|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) salaku kacindekan tina [[Pamisahan Panama ti Kolombia|révolusi Panama taun 1903]] anu diprovokasi ku AS.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=340–341}} Nagara-nagara Amérika Latin henteu sagemblengna sugema, jalaran AS nolak pikeun ngeureunkeun kabijakan intervénsionisme, sanajan Hughes jangji bakal ngawatesan hal éta mung ka nagara-nagara anu deukeut sareng Terusan Panama sarta bakal ngajelaskeun naon baé tujuan AS sabenerna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=136–137}} AS parantos sababaraha kali ngayakeun intervénsi di Méksiko dina jaman Wilson, sarta parantos mutuskeun hubungan diplomatik bari nangtukeun sarat-sarat pikeun pamulihanana. Pamaréntah Méksiko di handapeun Présidén [[Álvaro Obregón]] hoyong ayana pangakuan diplomatik sateuacan ngayakeun negosiasi, nanging Wilson sarta menteri luar nagri terakhirna, [[Bainbridge Colby]], nolak hal éta. Boh Hughes boh Fall nolak ayana pangakuan; Hughes kalah ngirimkeun draf perjangjian ka urang Méksiko dina Méi 1921, anu eusina kaasup jangji pikeun ngaganti rugi ka urang Amérika alatan karugian di Méksiko saprak [[Révolusi Méksiko|révolusi 1910]]. Obregón embung nandatanganan perjangjian sateuacan diaku kadaulatanana, sarta anjeunna digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan antara dunya bisnis Amérika sareng Méksiko ku cara ngayakeun kasapukan sareng para krédiur sarta ngayakeun kampanye hubungan masarakat (PR) di Amérika Sarikat. Hal ieu miboga pangaruh, sarta dina pertengahan taun 1922, pangaruh Fall mimiti ngurangan, sahingga panolakan kana pangakuan diplomatik ogé milu ngurangan. Kadua présidén teras ngangkat komisaris pikeun ngahontal kasapukan, sarta AS resmi ngaku kadaulatan pamaréntah Obregón dina ping 31 Agustus 1923, kirang ti sasasih saatos Harding pupus, kalayan katangtuan anu sabagian ageungna saluyu sareng kahoyong Méksiko.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=130–132}} === Kawijakan jero nagri === ==== Résési sarta pamulihan pasca-perang ==== {{utama|Depresi 1920–1921}} [[File:Chas G Dawes-H&E.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles G. Dawes|Charles Dawes]]—diréktur anggaran munggaran sarta engkéna janten wakil présidén dina jaman Coolidge]] Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat dina ping 4 Maret 1921, nagara nuju aya di tengah-tengah [[Déprési 1920–21|panurunan ékonomi pasca-perang]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=40–41}} Dumasar saran ti para pamingpin législatif, Harding ngayakeun sési husus Kongrés anu dimimitian dina ping 11 April. Nalika Harding nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan poé isukna, anjeunna ngajurung ayana pangurangan pajeg panghasilan (anu ditaékeun salami perang), paningkatan tarif barang tatanén pikeun ngajaga patani Amérika, sarta rupa-rupa réformasi anu leuwih jembar, sapertos rojongan pikeun pangwangunan jalan raya, penerbangan, sarta radio.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=54–57}}{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Kakara dina ping 27 Méi Kongrés ngasahkeun kanaékan tarif darurat pikeun produk tatanén. [[Undang-Undang Anggaran sarta Akuntansi 1921|Hiji undang-undang]] anu ngidinan dibentukna [[Biro Anggaran]] disatujuan dina ping 10 Juni, sarta Harding ngangkat Charles Dawes janten diréktur biro kasebut kalayan mandat pikeun neukteuk pengeluaran pamaréntah.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=51–52}} ==== Pangurangan pajeg Mellon ==== Menteri Kauangan Mellon ogé nyarankeun sangkan Kongrés nurunkeun tarif pajeg panghasilan, sarta [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] pausahaan (''excess profits tax'') dileungitkeun. [[Komite Urusan Keuangan DPR]] (''House Ways and Means Committee'') nyaluyuan usulan Mellon, nanging sababaraha anggota kongrés anu hoyong naékeun tarif pajeg pausahaan nolak éta léngkah. Harding sorangan ngarasa bingung kudu mihak ka mana, anjeunna nyarios ka rénjangna, "Kuring teu ngarti pisan kana ieu masalah pajeg. Kuring ngadéngékeun hiji pihak, maranéhna sigana bener, teras—Gusti!—kuring ngobrol sareng pihak sanésna, sarta maranéhna ogé sigana sarua benerna."{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Harding nyobian ngayakeun kompromi, sarta hasil ngasahkeun rancangan undang-undang di DPR saatos panyingkiran pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan ditunda sataun. Di Sénat, éta rancangan undang-undang janten pajeuet alatan ayana usaha pikeun masihan bonus ka para véteran Perang Dunya I. Ku sabab ngarasa kaganggu ku reureuhna prosés ieu, dina ping 12 Juli, Harding sumping ka Sénat pikeun ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang pajeg tanpa bonus kasebut. Kakara dina bulan Nopémber [[Undang-Undang Pendapatan 1921|rancangan undang-undang pendapatan]] ahirna disahkeun, kalayan tarif anu langkung luhur tinimbang anu diajukeun ku Mellon.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=55–58}}{{sfn|Dean|p=108}} [[File:AWMellon.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Menteri Kauangan [[Andrew W. Mellon]] ngajurung pangurangan tarif pajeg.]] Dina nolak bonus véteran, Harding nyatakeun dina biantarana di Sénat yén nagara parantos ngalakukeun seueur hal pikeun maranéhna salaku tanda nganuhunkeun, sarta yén éta undang-undang bakal "ngaruksak Kas Nagara urang, anu engkéna bakal dipiharep kacida badagna".{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Sénat ngirimkeun deui rancangan undang-undang bonus éta ka komite, nanging pasualan ieu muncul deui nalika Kongrés kumpul deui dina Désémber 1921.{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Hiji undang-undang anu nyadiakeun bonus, sanajan tanpa sumber waragad anu jelas, disahkeun ku kadua majelis dina Séptémber 1922, nanging véto ti Harding hasil dipertahankeun ku béda sora anu saeutik. [[Undang-Undang Kompénsasi Perang Dunya|Bonus non-tunai]] pikeun para prajurit ahirna disahkeun dina taun 1924, sanajan harita aya véto ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=78–79}} Dina [[Amanat Présidén (Amérika Sarikat)|amanat taunan munggaranna ka Kongrés]], Harding ménta kawenang pikeun nyaluyukeun tarif pajeg. Panyahkeun undang-undang tarif di Sénat sarta dina [[komite konférénsi]] janten rebutan rupa-rupa kapentingan lobi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=74–75}} Nalika Harding nandatanganan Undang-Undang [[Tarif Fordney–McCumber]] dina ping 21 Séptémber 1922, anjeunna masihan [[pernyataan nandatanganan|pernyataan singget]], anu mung muji éta undang-undang alatan masihan kawenang ka anjeunna pikeun ngarobah tarif. Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, éta undang-undang téh "henteu dipertimbangkeun kalayan asak. Hal éta ngabalukarkeun karuksakan dina perdagangan internasional sarta ngajantenkeun pamayaran hutang perang janten langkung hésé."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=74}} Mellon maréntahkeun ayana hiji panalungtikan anu némbongkeun sacara historis yén nalika tarif pajeg panghasilan ditaékeun, duit kalah "disumputkeun" (ka jero taneuh) atanapi dilarikeun ka luar nagri. Anjeunna nyimpulkeun yén tarif anu langkung handap justru bakal ningkatkeun pendapatan pajeg.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew.W.|last= Mellon|title=Taxation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UMRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|page=16|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9785879551631|year=1924}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Joel|author1-link=Joel Slemrod|last=Slemrod|title=Does Atlas Shrug?: The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mpiqxjB9AgC&pg=PA48|year=2000|publisher=Harvard UP|pages=48–49|isbn=9780674001541}}</ref> Dumasar kana éta naséhat, undang-undang pendapatan Harding neukteuk pajeg ti mimiti taun 1922. Tarif marjinal pangluhurna diréduksi sacara bertahap dina opat tahap, tina 73% dina taun 1921 janten 25% dina taun 1925. Pajeg pikeun panghasilan anu langkung handap ogé diteukteuk ti mimiti taun 1923, sarta éta tarif anu langkung handap téh sacara substansial ningkatkeun aliran duit ka kas nagara. Maranéhna ogé ngajalankeun dérégulasi sacara masif, sahingga pengeluaran fédéral dibandingkeun GDP lungsur tina 6,5% janten 3,5%. Dina ahir taun 1922, ékonomi mimiti pulih. Angka pangangguran anu tadina luhur pisan dina taun 1921 nyaéta 12%, hasil dipangkas janten rata-rata 3,3% salami sésa dékadé éta. Indéks kasangsaraan (''misery index''), gabungan antara angka pangangguran sarta inflasi, ngalaman panurunan anu pangseukeutna dina sajarah AS di handapeun pamaréntahan Harding. Gaji, kauntungan, sarta produktivitas sadayana ngalaman kanaékan anu signifikan; rata-rata kanaékan GDP taunan nincak leuwih ti 5% salami taun 1920-an. Sejarawan libertarian Larry Schweikart sarta Michael Allen boga pamandangan yén, "Kabijakan pajeg Mellon nyiapkeun panggung pikeun kamekaran anu paling narik ati anu kantos katingal dina ékonomi Amérika anu mémang parantos hébat."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Penguin|year=2004|location=New York|page=536}}</ref> ==== Nanggeuy téknologi anyar ==== Taun 1920-an mangrupa mangsa modérenisasi pikeun Amérika—panggunaan listrik janten hal anu beuki umum. Produksi masal kandaraan bermotor ogé ngarangsang industri sanésna, sapertos pangwangunan jalan raya, karét, waja, sarta konstruksi, jalaran seueur hotél diadegkeun pikeun nampung para wisatawan anu mimiti wani nyorang jalan-jalan darat. Dorongan ékonomi ieu mantuan nagara kaluar tina résési.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=206}} Pikeun ngoméan sarta ngalegaan sistem jalan raya nasional, Harding nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Jalan Raya Fédéral 1921 (Undang-Undang Phipps)]]. Ti taun 1921 dugi ka 1923, pamaréntah fédéral ngaluarkeun dana $162 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|.162|1923|r=1}} milyar dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) pikeun sistem jalan raya Amérika, anu nyuntikkeun modal kacida badagna kana ékonomi AS.{{sfn|Wynn|pp=217–218}} Dina taun 1922, Harding nyatakeun yén Amérika parantos asup kana "jaman mobil", anu "ngagambarkeun standar hirup urang sarta ngukur kacepetan hirup urang di jaman ayeuna".<ref>{{cite web|last=Harding|first=Warren G.|title=Second Annual Message to Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29563|date=December 8, 1922|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref> Harding ngajurung ayana régulasi pikeun siaran radio dina biantarana di payuneun Kongrés bulan April 1921.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=46}} Menteri Perdagangan Hoover tanggung jawab kana ieu proyék, sarta ngayakeun konférénsi para panyiar radio dina taun 1922, anu ngahasilkeun kasapukan sukarela pikeun lisénsi [[frékuénsi radio]] ngaliwatan [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]]. Boh Harding boh Hoover nyadar yén diperyogikeun hal anu langkung kiat tinimbang saukur kasapukan, nanging Kongrés rada laun dina meta, sahingga régulasi radio nembé resmi lumaku dina taun 1927.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} Harding ogé hoyong ngamajukeun dunya penerbangan, sarta deui-deui Hoover anu mingpin ku cara ngayakeun konférénsi nasional ngeunaan penerbangan komérsial. Sawala kasebut museur kana urusan kasalametan, pamariksaan kapal udara, sarta lisénsi pikeun pilot. Harding deui-deui ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang, nanging teu aya hasilna dugi ka taun 1926, nalika [[Undang-Undang Perdagangan Udara 1926]] ngadegkeun [[Biro Aéronautika]] di handapeun Departemén Perdagangan pimpinan Hoover.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} ==== Dunya bisnis sarta tanaga gawé ==== [[File:Wharding.jpeg|jmpl|katuhu|Potrét resmi Gedong Bodas Harding, {{kira-kira|1922}} ku [[Edmund Hodgson Smart]]]] {{salajengna|Mogok Gedé Karéta Api 1922}} Sikep Harding kana dunya bisnis nyaéta pamaréntah kedah ngabantuan sabisa-bisa.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=83}} Anjeunna miboga kacurigaan ka [[serikat buruh]], sarta nganggap hal éta salaku konspirasi ngalawan dunya bisnis.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=253–254}} Anjeunna nyobian sangkan dunya bisnis sarta buruh tiasa damel babarengan dina hiji konférénsi ngeunaan pangangguran anu diayakeun dina Séptémber 1921 dumasar saran ti Hoover. Harding ngingetkeun dina biantara bubukana yén moal aya dana fédéral anu disadiakeun. Teu aya undang-undang penting anu dihasilkeun, sanajan sababaraha proyék [[padamelan umum]] (''public works'') diakselérasi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=92–93}} Dina watesan anu jembar, Harding ngantepkeun unggal menteri kabinét pikeun ngokolakeun departeménna masing-masing sakumaha mistina.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=29}} Hoover ngalegaan Departemén Perdagangan sangkan langkung mangpaat pikeun dunya bisnis. Hal ieu luyu sareng pamandangan Hoover yén séktor swasta kedah janten pamingpin dina ngokolakeun ékonomi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=84}} Harding kacida ngahormatna ka Menteri Perdaganganana, sering naroskeun naséhatna, sarta ngadukung anjeunna sapinuhna, bari nyebat Hoover salaku "jalma (''[[wikt:gink|gink]]'') pangpinterna anu kuring terang".{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=32–33}} Mogok gawé anu sumebar lumaku dina taun 1922, nalika para buruh nungtut ganti rugi alatan turunna gaji sarta naékna angka pangangguran. Dina bulan April, 500.000 panambang batubara anu dipingpin ku [[John L. Lewis]] ngayakeun mogok gawé alatan pamangkasan gaji. Para éksékutif tambang nyatakeun yén industri nuju dina mangsa hésé; Lewis nuding maranéhna nuju nyobian ngancurkeun serikat buruh. Jalaran éta mogok janten lami pisan, Harding nawarkeun kompromi pikeun ngabéréskeunana. Salaku usulan ti Harding, para panambang sapuk pikeun mulang damel, sarta Kongrés ngadegkeun hiji komisi pikeun mariksa keluhan maranéhna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=97–99}} Dina ping 1 Juli 1922, 400.000 padamel karéta api ngayakeun mogok gawé. Harding nyarankeun hiji kacindekan anu masihan sababaraha konsési, nanging pihak manajemén nolak. Jaksa Agung Daugherty ngayakinkeun Hakim [[James H. Wilkerson]] pikeun ngaluarkeun paréntah pangadilan (''injunction'') anu jembar pikeun ngeureunkeun éta mogok. Sanajan aya rojongan masarakat kana paréntah Wilkerson kasebut, Harding ngarasa éta paréntah téh kaleuleuwihi, sarta ménta Daugherty sarta Wilkerson pikeun ngarobahna. Paréntah éta ahirna ngeureunkeun mogok, nanging katégangan tetep aya antara padamel karéta api sarta manajemén salami mangtaun-taun salajengna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=546–549}} Dina taun 1922, sistem [[dalapan jam gawé]] parantos janten hal anu umum dina industri Amérika. Salah sahiji pangecualianana nyaéta di [[pabrik waja]], dimana para buruh masih kénéh damel salami dua belas jam sapoé, tujuh dinten saminggu. Hoover nganggap prakték ieu biadab sarta ménta Harding ngayakeun konférénsi para produsi waja kalayan tujuan pikeun mungkas éta sistem. Konférénsi éta ngadegkeun hiji komite di handapeun pamingpin pupuhu [[U. S. Steel]], [[Elbert Gary]], anu dina awal taun 1923 nyarankeun sangkan éta prakték ulah dironjatkeun (tetep lumaku). Harding ngirimkeun surat ka Gary anu nyatakeun kuciwa kana éta hasil, anu teras dicitak dina pers. Protes ti masarakat ahirna maksa para produsi pikeun ngarobah kaputusanana sarta nerapkeun standar dalapan jam gawé.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=255–256}} ==== Hak-hak sipil sarta imigrasi ==== [[File:Harding at Birmingham.jpg|jmpl|Harding nepikeun biantara di hareupeun balaréa anu dipisahkeun dumasar ras di Birmingham, Alabama, 26 Oktober 1921.]] Sanajan dina biantara munggaranna di payuneun Kongrés Harding ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang anti-''lynching'' (pamaéhan massa sacara liar),<ref name=Baker18Aug/> mimitina mah anjeunna katingalna moal ngalakukeun leuwih loba pikeun urang Amérika-Afrika dibandingkeun para présidén Républik saméméhna; anjeunna ngan saukur ménta para menteri kabinétna milari tempat pikeun urang hideung di departeménna masing-masing. Sinclair nyebutkeun yén kanyataan Harding nampi dua per lima sora ti wilayah Kidul dina taun 1920 ngajantenkeun anjeunna ningali ayana kasempetan politik pikeun partéyna di wilayah [[Kidul anu Solid]] (''Solid South''). Dina ping 26 Oktober 1921, Harding nepikeun biantara di [[Birmingham, Alabama]], di hareupeun 20.000 urang kulit bodas sarta 10.000 urang kulit hideung anu [[Ségregasi ras|dipisahkeun diukna]]. Harding, bari nyatakeun yén bédana sosial sarta rasial antara kulit bodas sarta kulit hideung moal tiasa dijembatanan, tetep ngajurung ayana hak pulitik anu sarua pikeun urang kulit hideung. Harita, seueur urang Amérika-Afrika anu milih Républik, sarta Harding nyatakeun anjeunna teu kabéberatan upami rojongan éta réngsé asalkan hasilna nyaéta sistem dua partéy anu kiat di Kidul. Anjeunna ogé nyatujuan upami [[Uji litarasi|tés maca-tulis]] pikeun milih tetep lumaku, asalkan dilarapkeun sacara adil ka pamilih kulit bodas boh kulit hideung.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=230–234}} "Naha anjeun resep atanapi henteu," saur Harding ka hadirin, "iwal démokrasi urang téh bohong, anjeun kedah ngadukung kana kasaruaan éta."<ref name=Baker18Aug/> Kelompok kulit bodas ngadangukeun kalayan jempe, sedengkeun kelompok kulit hideung surak gumbira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radosh |first1=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Radosh |last2=Radosh |first2=Allis|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/2014/07/warren_harding_letters_could_they_spark_a_revisionist_view_of_the_much_maligned.single.html |title=What If Warren Harding Wasn't a Terrible President? |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=July 16, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> Tilu dinten saatos [[Pamaéhan rasial Tulsa]] 1921, Harding nyarios di [[Universitas Lincoln (Pennsylvania)|Universitas Lincoln]] anu mahasiswana sadayana urang kulit hideung. Anjeunna nyatakeun, "Sanajan aya para demagog, ideu ngeunaan kahijian urang salaku urang Amérika parantos unggul luhureun unggal panyambat golongan. Sarta kuring miharep éta hal lumaku ogé dina pasualan ras nasional urang." Nyarios langsung ngeunaan kajantenan di Tulsa, anjeunna nyarios, "Gusti muga maparin, dina kaayaan sadar, kaadilan, sarta kajujuran di nagara ieu, urang moal ningali deui tontonan jiga kitu."<ref>{{cite news |last=Robenalt |first=James D. |title=The Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 21, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| access-date = June 22, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| archive-date = June 22, 2020| url-status = live}}</ref> [[File:Taft Harding Robert Lincoln 1922.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding (tengah) sareng Hakim Agung [[William Howard Taft|Taft]] (kénca) sarta [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] dina upacara peresmian [[Lincoln Memorial]], 30 Méi 1922]] Harding ngadukung rancangan undang-undang anti-''lynching'' fédéral anu diajukeun ku anggota Déwan [[Leonidas Dyer]], anu lolos di DPR dina Januari 1922.{{sfn|Dean|p=123}} Nalika éta usulan dugi ka Sénat dina Nopémber 1922, éta usulan kahambat ku [[filibuster]] ti urang Démokrat wilayah Kidul. Lodge ahirna narik éta usulan supados undang-undang subsidi kapal anu dipikahoyong ku Harding tiasa dibahas, sanajan ahirna mah sarua kahambat ogé. Urang kulit hideung nyalahkeun Harding alatan kawon éta Undang-Undang Dyer; biografer Harding, Robert K. Murray, nyatet yén hal ieu gancang réngsé alatan kahayang Harding supados undang-undang subsidi kapal tiasa leuwih tiheula dibahas.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=89–90}} Kusabab masarakat harita waspada ka para imigran, utamana anu dianggap [[sosialis]] atanapi [[komunis]], Kongrés ngasahkeun [[Undang-Undang Kuota Darurat|Undang-Undang Per Centum 1921]], anu ditandatanganan ku Harding dina ping 19 Méi 1921. Ieu undang-undang ngurangan jumlah imigran janten 3% tina jumlah urang ti nagara kasebut anu parantos cicing di AS dumasar sénsus taun 1910. Sacara prakték, hal ieu henteu ngawatesan imigran ti Irlandia sarta Jérman, nanging bakal ngahalangan seueur urang Itali sarta Yahudi Éropa Wétan.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=215}} Harding sarta Menteri Tanaga Gawé [[James J. Davis]] yakin yén palaksanaan aturan ieu kedah dilakukeun sacara manusiawi, sarta dumasar saran menteri kasebut, Harding ngantepkeun ampir 1.000 imigran anu sakuduna dideportasi pikeun tetep cicing di AS.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–102}} Coolidge engkéna nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Imigrasi 1924]] anu ngawatesan imigrasi ka AS sacara permanén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=217}} ==== Eugene Debs sarta tahanan politik ==== Lawan Harding tina Partéy Sosialis dina pamilihan taun 1920, [[Eugene Debs]], nuju ngajalanan hukuman sapuluh taun di [[Panjara Atlanta]] alatan nyarita nentang perang. Wilson parantos nolak masihan pangampunan (''pardon'') ka anjeunna sateuacan lungsur kalungguhan. Daugherty pendak sareng Debs, sarta anjeunna kacida katarikna ku kapribadian Debs. Harita aya panolakan ti para véteran, kalebet ti [[Legiun Amérika]], sarta ogé ti Florence Harding. Présidén ngarasa anjeunna teu tiasa ngabébaskeun Debs dugi ka perang sacara resmi réngsé, nanging saatos perjangjian daméy ditandatanganan, Harding ngarobah (''commuted'') hukuman Debs dina ping 23 Désémber 1921. Dumasar pamundut Harding, Debs nganjang ka Présidén di Gedong Bodas sateuacan mulang ka bumina di Indiana.{{sfn|Dean|pp=126–129}} Harding ngabébaskeun 23 jalma sanésna anu nentang perang dina waktos anu sami sareng Debs, sarta terus mariksa deui rupa-rupa kasus sarta ngabébaskeun para tahanan politik salami mangsa jabatanna. Harding ngabéla kaputusanana ngabébaskeun para tahanan éta salaku hal anu diperyogikeun pikeun mulangkeun nagara kana kaayaan normal.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=168–169}} ==== Pangangkatan yudisial ==== {{salajengna|Daptar hakim fédéral anu diangkat ku Warren G. Harding|Calon Mahkamah Agung Warren G. Harding}} Harding ngangkat opat hakim ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]. Nalika Hakim Agung [[Edward Douglass White]] pupus dina Méi 1921, Harding ngarasa bingung naha kedah ngangkat mantan présidén Taft atanapi mantan sénator Utah [[George Sutherland]]—jalaran anjeunna parantos jangji bakal masihan korsi hakim ka duanana. Saatos sakedap mertimbangkeun pikeun ngantosan lowongan sanésna supados tiasa ngangkat duanana sakaligus, anjeunna milih Taft janten Hakim Agung. Sutherland ahirna diangkat ka pangadilan dina taun 1922, anu teras diteraskeun ku dua hakim konservatif ékonomi sanésna, [[Pierce Butler (hakim)|Pierce Butler]] sarta [[Edward Terry Sanford]], dina taun 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=48–49}} Harding ogé ngangkat genep hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Amérika Sarikat]], 42 hakim ka [[Pangadilan Distrik Amérika Sarikat]], sarta dua hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Béa Cukai Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |url=http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |access-date=June 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |archive-date=July 30, 2016 }} Milarian dina kaca kasebut ku cara milih "select research categories" teras pariksa "court type" sarta "nominating president", teras pilih jinis pangadilan sarta Warren G. Harding.</ref> === Kamunduran politik sarta lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon === {{Tempo ogé|Gerbong Karéta Api Harding}} [[File:President Harding in Alaska on Presidential Train.jpg|jmpl|Harding dina jero karéta kapersidénan di Alaska, Juli 1923, sareng Ibu Harding sarta menteri-menteri: Hoover, Wallace, sarta Work]] Nincak mangsa kampanye pamilihan législatif sela (''midterm'') taun 1922, Harding sarta Partéy Républik parantos ngalaksanakeun seueur jangji kampanyena. Nanging, sababaraha jangji anu parantos ditedunan, sapertos neukteuk pajeg pikeun jalma beunghar, tétéla teu dipikaresep ku para pamilih. Ékonomi ogé can mulang sagemblengna kana kaayaan normal, kalayan angka pangangguran masih dina 11 persén, sarta serikat buruh ogé ngambek alatan hasil tina mogok gawé saméméhna. Tina 303 korsi Républik di DPR hasil pamilihan 1920, dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-68]] mah éta partéy téh lungsur janten mung miboga mayoritas 221–213. Di Sénat, Républik kaleungitan dalapan korsi, sahingga mung miboga 51 tina 96 sénator dina Kongrés énggal, anu tétéla Harding sorangan teu kaburu nepungan jalaran kabujeng pupus.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Sasih saatos pamilihan, sési ''lame-duck'' (mangsa transisi) Kongrés ka-67 lumaku. Harita Harding mimiti sadar yén pamandangan mimitina ngeunaan kapersidénan—yén présidén mung saukur ngusulkeun kawijakan nanging panyahkeunana mah kumaha Kongrés—téh parantos teu cekap deui. Anjeunna teras ngalobi Kongrés, sanajan teu hasil, supados undang-undang subsidi kapalna tiasa disahkeun.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Nalika anggota Kongrés mimiti ninggalkeun kota dina awal Maret 1923, popularitas Harding mimiti pulih deui. Ékonomi mingkin saé, sarta program-program menteri kabinét Harding anu parigel sapertos Hughes, Mellon, sarta Hoover, mimiti némbongkeun hasil. Sabagian ageung urang Républik sadar yén teu aya pilihan sanés iwal ti ngadukung Harding deui dina kampanye pamilihan taun 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Dina satengah munggaran taun 1923, Harding ngalakukeun dua hal anu engkéna dianggap salaku tanda yén anjeunna parantos miboga firasat ngeunaan ajjalna: anjeunna ngajual koran ''Star'' (sanajan jangji bakal tetep janten éditor kontributor salami sapuluh taun saatos masa jabatanna réngsé), sarta anjeunna ngadamel surat wasiat énggal.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=172–173}} Harding parantos lami ngalaman masalah kaséhatan, nanging upami nuju teu karaos gejala, anjeunna sok kaleuleuwihi dina barangtuang, ngaleueut, sarta ngaroko. Dina taun 1919, anjeunna parantos terang yén anjeunna miboga panyakit jantung. Tekanan janten présidén sarta panyakit ginjal kronis anu diderita ku Florence Harding mingkin ngaleueutkeun kondisina, sarta anjeunna henteu kantos leres-leres pulih saatos katarajang influnza dina Januari 1923. Saatos éta, Harding anu tadina resep maén golf, ngarasa hésé pikeun namatkeun sakali tanding. Dina Juni 1923, Sénator Ohio Willis pendak sareng Harding, nanging mung nyabitkeun dua tina lima pasualan anu sakuduna dibahas. Nalika ditaros naha, Willis ngajawab, "Warren katingalna capé pisan."{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=438–439}} Dina awal Juni 1923, Harding ngamimitian lalampahan anu ku anjeunna dingaranan "[[Lalampahan Pamahaman]]" (''Voyage of Understanding'').{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Présidén ngarencanakeun meuntasan nagara, angkat ka kalér nuju [[Wilayah Alaska]], teras ka kidul mapay basisir Kulon, teras numpak kapal Angkatan Laut AS ti San Diego mapay basisir kulon Méksiko sarta Amérika Tengah, ngaliwatan Terusan Panama nuju Puerto Rico, sarta mulang ka Washington dina ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=441}} Harding kacida resepna kana lalampahan (''traveling'') sarta parantos lami hoyong angkat ka Alaska.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=172}} Ieu lalampahan ogé dimangpaatkeun ku anjeunna pikeun nepikeun biantara di sapanjang nagara, ngayakeun lobi politik sarta [[bloviate|ngobrol panjang lébar]] sateuacan kampanye 1924, sarta sakantenan reureuh{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=439–440}} tina panasna hawa usum panas di Washington anu nyiksa.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Para panaséhat politik Harding parantos nyusun jadwal anu kacida padetna, sanajan présidén parantos ménta supados dikirangan.{{sfn|Dean|p=147}} Di Kansas City, Harding nyarios ngeunaan pasualan transportasi; di [[Hutchinson, Kansas]], témana nyaéta tatanén. Di Denver, anjeunna nyarioskeun dukunganna kana Larangan Minuman Keras (''Prohibition''), sarta terus ka kulon nepikeun runtuyan biantara anu jumlahna moal tiasa ditandingan ku présidén sanésna dugi ka jaman Franklin Roosevelt. Harding ogé janten pangrojong [[Mahkamah Internasional Permanén]] (''World Court''), sarta hoyong AS janten anggotana. Salian ti nepikeun biantara, anjeunna ogé nganjang ka Taman Nasional [[Yellowstone]] sarta [[Zion]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=442–443}} sarta ngaresmikeun monumén di [[Jalur Oregon]] dina hiji perayaan anu diayakeun ku pionir sepuh [[Ezra Meeker]] sarta nu sanésna.{{sfn|Dary|pp=322–323}} Dina ping 5 Juli, Harding naék kapal {{USS|Henderson|AP-1|6}} di nagara bagian Washington. Anjeunna mangrupa présidén munggaran anu nganjang ka Alaska, sarta nyéépkeun waktos mangjam-jam ningali pamandangan anu éndah tina dek kapal ''Henderson''.{{sfn|Dean|p=149}} Saatos sababaraha kali eureun di basisir, rombongan présidén ninggalkeun kapal di [[Seward, Alaska|Seward]] pikeun numpak [[Jalur Karéta Api Alaska]] nuju [[Taman McKinley, Alaska|Taman McKinley]] sarta [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]], dimana anjeunna nepikeun biantara di hareupeun 1.500 jalma dina hawa panas anu nincak 34°C. Rombongan sakuduna mulang ka Seward ngaliwatan [[Richardson Highway|Jalur Richardson]], nanging alatan Harding capé pisan, maranéhna kalah numpak karéta api.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=446–447}} Dina ping 26 Juli 1923, Harding nganjang ka [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], salaku présidén AS aktif munggaran anu nganjang ka Kanada. Anjeunna dibagéakeun ku [[Gubernur Létnan British Columbia]] [[Walter Cameron Nichol|Walter Nichol]], [[Perdana Menteri British Columbia]] [[John Oliver (politikus British Columbia)|John Oliver]], sarta Walikota Vancouver, sarta nyarita di hareupeun leuwih ti 50.000 urang. Dua taun saatos pupusna, hiji monumén pikeun Harding diresmikeun di [[Taman Stanley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |website=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver |title=Warren G. Harding & Stanley Park |access-date=June 14, 2015 |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916212018/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harding sempet nganjang ka lapangan golf, nanging mung kiat namatkeun genep liang sateuacan ngarasa lungsé. Saatos reureuh sajam, anjeunna maénkeun liang ka-17 sarta ka-18 supados katingalna mah anjeunna parantos namatkeun sakali tanding. Nanging, anjeunna teu hasil nyumputkeun rasa kacapéna; saurang wartawan nyatakeun yén Harding katingal kacida lungséna sahingga reureuh sababaraha dinten ogé moal cekap pikeun mulangkeun tanagana.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=447–448}} Di [[Seattle]] poé isukna, Harding tetep ngajalankeun jadwalna anu padet, nepikeun biantara ka 25.000 urang di [[Stadion Husky|stadion]] [[Universitas Washington]]. Dina biantara terakhir anu ditepikeun ku anjeunna, Harding ngaramal yén Alaska bakal janten nagara bagian.<ref name=aaaaiblf>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=775XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bvQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5690%2C4345509 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=Washington |agency=Associated Press |title=Alaska all right is belief of president after visit |date=July 28, 1923 |page=2}}</ref>{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=448}} Présidén nepikeun biantarana kalayan rurusuhan, malah teu ngantosan surak gumbira ti para hadirin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lange|first=Greg|title=U.S. President Warren G. Harding makes his last speech in Seattle on July&nbsp;27, 1923|url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=878|publisher=HistoryLink.org|date=February 10, 1999|access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> == Pupusna sarta pamakaman nagara == {{gambar loba |lebar_total = 500 |gambar1 = HardingFuneral.jpg |katerangan1 = Iring-iringan pamakaman Harding ngaliwat ka hareupeun [[Gedong Bodas]] |gambar2 = Harding Memorial Marion Ohio.jpg |katerangan2 = [[Makam Harding]] di Marion }} Harding kulem langkung awal dina sonten ping 27 Juli 1923, sababaraha jam saatos nepikeun biantara di Universitas Washington. Peutingna, anjeunna nyaur dokterna, [[Charles E. Sawyer]], bari ngarasula nyeri dina bagian luhur beuteungna. Sawyer nyangka yén éta téh mung saukur gangguan lambung anu kumat deui, nanging Dr. [[Joel T. Boone]] nyangka aya masalah dina jantungna. Pihak pers dibéjaan yén Harding katarajang "serangan [[gastrointestinal]] akut" sahingga jadwal sabtu-minggu di Portland dibatalkeun. Anjeunna ngarasa rada mendingan poé isukna nalika karéta rurusuhan nuju ka San Francisco, dimana rombongan dugi dina éjing ping 29 Juli. Anjeunna maksa hoyong mapah tina karéta nuju mobil, nanging teras rurusuhan dibawa ka [[Hotél Palace, San Francisco|Hotél Palace]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}}<ref name="SF Gate; December 9, 2012">{{cite news |last=Ziv |first=Stav |date=December 9, 2012 |title=President Harding's mysterious S.F. death |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/President-Harding-s-mysterious-S-F-death-4097303.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Newspapers]]|location=San Francisco, California |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> dimana kaayaanana kalah mingkin parah deui. Dokter manggihan yén sanés mung jantungna anu bermasalah, nanging anjeunna ogé katarajang [[pneumonia]] (paru-paru baseuh), sahingga anjeunna kedah istirahat total (''bed rest'') di kamar hotélna. Dokter ngubaran anjeunna ku cairan [[kaféin]] sarta [[Digoxin|digitalis]], sarta kaayaanana katingalna mimiti pulih. Hoover ngumumkeun biantara kawijakan luar nagri Harding anu ngadukung kaanggotaan dina Mahkamah Internasional, sarta présidén ngarasa bungah yén éta biantara ditarima kalayan saé. Dina sonten ping 2 Agustus, kaayaan Harding katingalna masih kénéh mingkin saé sahingga dokter ngidinan anjeunna calik dina ranjangna. Kira-kira tabuh 19.30 harita, Florence nuju macakeun artikel "A Calm Review of a Calm Man" pikeun anjeunna, hiji artikel pujian ngeunaan Harding tina ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''; Florence lirén sakedap teras Harding nyarios, "Éta saé. Lajengkeun, baca deui." Éta mangrupa kekecapan terakhirna. Florence nuju lajeng maca nalika sababaraha detik saatosna, awak Harding ngeleper (konvulsi) teras ngalempréh dina ranjangna bari eungap. Florence langsung nyaur para dokter ka kamar, nanging maranéhna teu hasil nyageurkeun deui sanajan parantos nganggo rupa-rupa ubar pacu (''stimulant''). Harding dinyatakeun pupus sababaraha menit saatosna dina yuswa 57 taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=After 91 Years, President Warren Harding's Sudden Death Recalled|url=http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=February 28, 2017|date=August 1, 2014|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228171608/http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pupusna Harding mimitina disangka alatan [[pendarahan otak]], jalaran dokter harita sacara umum teu acan ngartos kana gejala [[henti jantung]]. Florence Harding henteu masihan idin supados layon présidén di-[[otopsi]].<ref name = "anb" />{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}} Pupusna Harding anu teu sangka-sangka janten reuwas ageung pikeun sakumna nagara. Anjeunna dipikaresep sarta dipikahormat, boh pers boh masarakat parantos nuturkeun panyakitna kalayan taliti, sarta parantos ngarasa tenang alatan anjeunna katingalna nuju pulih.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=450}} Layon Harding dibawa nganggo peti mati kana karétana pikeun lalampahan meuntasan nagara, anu terus diawaskeun ku koran-koran. Salapan juta jalma ngantri di sisi jalur karéta api nalika karéta anu mawa layonna angkat ti San Francisco nuju Washington, D.C., dimana anjeunna disemahkeun di [[Rotunda United States Capitol|Rotunda Capitol Amérika Sarikat]]. Saatos upacara pamakaman di dinya, layon Harding dibawa ka Marion, Ohio, pikeun dikuburkeun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=152–153}} Di Marion, layon Harding disimpen dina karéta jenazah anu ditarik ku kuda, anu dituturkeun ku Présidén Coolidge sarta Hakim Agung Taft, teras ku randa Harding sarta ramana.{{sfn|Russell|pp=601–602}} Maranéhna nuturkeun karéta jenazah mapay kota, ngalangkungan gedong koran ''Star'' sarta ahirna nepi ka Pasaréan Marion dimana peti mati disimpen dina [[Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault|rohangan panyimpenan samentara pasaréan]].{{sfn|Russell|p=602}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=454}} Tamu pamakaman kalebet panemu [[Thomas Edison]] sarta pangusaha industri [[Henry Ford]] sarta [[Harvey S. Firestone|Harvey Firestone]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ohiomagazine.com/ohio-life/article/1923-president-warren-g.-harding-s-funeral|title=1923: President Warren G. Harding's Funeral|publisher=Ohio Magazine|access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Warren Harding sarta Florence Harding, anu pupus dina taun salajengna, dimakamkeun di [[Makam Harding]], anu diresmikeun dina taun 1931 ku Présidén AS [[Herbert Hoover]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=633, 640}} == Skandal == [[File:Scobey Mint medal obv.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|Harding ngangkat rénjangna, [[Frank E. Scobey]], janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]. Medali ku Kapala Ukir [[George T. Morgan]].]] Harding ngangkat rerencangan sarta kenalanana kana rupa-rupa kalungguhan fédéral. Sababaraha di antarana digawé kalayan parigel, sapertos [[Charles E. Sawyer]], dokter pribadi kulawarga Harding ti Marion anu ngurus maranéhna di Gedong Bodas sarta méré nyaho Harding ngeunaan skandal Biro Véteran. Nu sanésna mah kabuktian teu mampuh migawé pancénna, sapertos [[Daniel R. Crissinger]], saurang pokrol (pangacara) ti Marion anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Kontroler Mata Uang]] sarta engkéna janten gubernur dewan [[Federal Reserve]]; nu sanésna deui nyaéta rénjang lawas Harding, Frank Scobey, Diréktur Percétakan Duit, anu ku Trani sarta Wilson dicatet yén anjeunna "teu pati ngabalukarkeun karuksakan salami mangsa jabatanna." Nanging, sabagian deui tina ieu babaturan téh tétéla korup sarta engkéna dijulukan salaku "[[Geng Ohio]]".{{sfn|Nevins|p=256}} Lolobana skandal anu ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahan Harding téh nembé kabuka saatos anjeunna pupus. Skandal Biro Véteran saenyana parantos kanyahoan ku Harding dina Januari 1923, nanging numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "cara présidén nanganan éta pasualan henteu méré peunteun saé ka anjeunna."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=181–182}} Harding ngantepkeun diréktur biro anu korup kasebut, [[Charles R. Forbes]], kabur ka Éropa, sanajan engkéna anjeunna mulang deui sarta dipanjara.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding ogé parantos terang yén leungeun katuhu Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan, [[Jess Smith]], kalibet dina korupsi. Présidén maréntahkeun Daugherty supados ngaluarkeun Smith ti Washington sarta ngahapus namina tina daptar lalampahan kapersidénan ka Alaska anu bakal datang. Smith ahirna maéhan manéh dina ping 30 Méi 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=179–180}} Teu kanyahoan sacara pasti sabaraha loba hal anu dipikaterang ku Harding ngeunaan kagiatan haram Smith.{{sfn|Dean|pp=139–141}} Murray nyatet yén Harding sorangan henteu kalibet dina éta korupsi sarta henteu nyatujuan hal kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=125–126}} Hoover maturan Harding dina lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon sarta engkéna nulis yén Harding kungsi naros naon anu bakal dilakukeun ku Hoover upami terang aya hiji skandal gedé, naha kedah diumumkeun ka masarakat atanapi dipendem baé. Hoover ngajawab yén Harding kedah ngumumkeunana supados kanyahoan integritasna, sarta naroskeun rincianana. Harding nyebatkeun yén éta pasualan téh aya patalina sareng Smith, nanging nalika Hoover naros naha Daugherty ogé kalibet, Harding nolak ngajawab.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=284–285}} === Teapot Dome === {{Utama|Skandal Teapot Dome}} [[File:Albert B. Fall c. 1923.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Albert B. Fall]], Menteri Jero Nagri munggaran dina jaman Harding, janten mantan anggota kabinét munggaran anu diasupkeun ka panjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.]] Skandal anu sigana paling ngaruksak reputasi Harding nyaéta [[Skandal Teapot Dome|Teapot Dome]]. Sapertos kalolobaan skandal pamaréntahanana, ieu pasualan nembé kabongkar saatos Harding pupus, sarta anjeunna henteu terang kana aspék-aspék haramna. Teapot Dome téh patali sareng cadangan minyak di Wyoming, anu mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu wilayah anu disadiakeun husus pikeun kaperluan Angkatan Laut dina kaayaan darurat nasional. Parantos lami aya perdebatan yén éta cadangan téh kedah dikokolakeun; Menteri Jero Nagri jaman Wilson, [[Franklin Knight Lane]], mangrupa salah sahiji anu ngadukung pandangan ieu. Nalika pamaréntahan Harding ngawitan ngajabat, Menteri Jero Nagri Fall neraskeun arguméntasi Lane, sarta Harding nandatanganan paréntah éksékutif dina Méi 1921 anu mindahkeun éta cadangan tina Departemén Angkatan Laut ka Departemén Jero Nagri. Hal ieu dilakukeun dumasar kana idin ti [[Menteri Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Edwin C. Denby]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=183, 185}} Departemén Jero Nagri ngumumkeun dina Juli 1921 yén [[Edward Doheny]] parantos kéngingkeun hak séwa (''lease'') pikeun ngebor di sisi cadangan angkatan laut [[Ladang Minyak Elk Hills|Elk Hills]] di California. Éta béwara henteu pati ngabalukarkeun kontrovérsi, jalaran éta minyak téh dianggap bakal "leungit" kasedot ku sumur-sumur di lahan swasta sakurilingna.{{sfn|Noggle|pp=254–256}} Sénator Wyoming [[John B. Kendrick|John Kendrick]] nampi laporan ti wargana yén Teapot Dome ogé tétéla parantos diséwakeun, nanging teu aya béwara resmi. Departemén Jero Nagri nolak masihan dokuménna, sahingga Kendrick hasil ngasahkeun résolusi Sénat pikeun maksa panyingkapan éta dokumén. Departemén teras ngirimkeun salinan séwa Teapot Dome anu masihan hak pangeboran ka pausahaan [[Mammoth Oil Company]] milik [[Harry Ford Sinclair|Harry Sinclair]], bari dibarengan ku pernyataan yén teu aya lélang kabuka (''competitive bidding'') jalaran ieu patali sareng kasiapan militer—Mammoth kedah ngawangun bak panampungan minyak pikeun Angkatan Laut salaku bagian tina kasapukan éta. Hal ieu nyugemakeun sababaraha pihak, nanging sababaraha aktivis lingkungan sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], [[Harry A. Slattery]], sarta nu sanésna, teras ngadesek supados dilakukeun panalungtikan lengkep kana kagiatan Fall. Maranéhna hasil ngayakinkeun Sénator Wisconsin [[Robert M. La Follette]] pikeun ngamimitian panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan séwa minyak kasebut. La Follette ngayakinkeun Sénator Démokrat ti Montana, [[Thomas J. Walsh]], pikeun mingpin panalungtikan, sarta Walsh mariksa sakitu lobana dokumén ti Departemén Jero Nagri sapanjang taun 1922 dugi ka 1923. Éta dokumén kalebet surat ti Harding anu nyatakeun yén pamindahan sarta séwa kasebut téh parantos kanyahoan sarta disatujuan ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=463–465}} Sidang dangu ngeunaan Teapot Dome dimimitian dina Oktober 1923, dua sasih saatos Harding pupus. Fall parantos lungsur kalungguhan ti awal taun éta, sarta anjeunna nolak yén anjeunna nampi duit ti Sinclair atanapi Doheny; Sinclair ogé nyatakeun hal anu sami. Sasih salajengna, Walsh terang yén Fall parantos méspentoskeun duit kacida seueurna pikeun ngalegaan sarta ngoméan kebon (''ranch'') milikna di New Mexico. Fall sumping deui sarta nyatakeun yén éta duit téh asalna tina injeuman ti rénjang Harding anu ogé penerbit ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[Edward B. McLean]], nanging McLean nolak hal kasebut nalika masihan kasaksian. Doheny ahirna nyarios ka komite yén anjeunna parantos masihan duit tunai ka Fall salaku injeuman pribadi dumasar kana hubungan babaturanana di mangsa ka tukang, nanging Fall [[Amandemén Kalima|ngagunakeun hak Amandemén Kalima]] pikeun nolak masihan katerangan nalika dipaksa sumping deui supados henteu ngabahayakeun dirina sorangan.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=465–471}} Para panalungtik manggihan yén Fall sarta baraya caketna parantos nampi total sakitar $400,000 ti Doheny sarta Sinclair, sarta mindahkeunna duit éta lumaku babarengan sareng séséwa anu kontrovérsial kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=471–472}} Fall dinyatakeun bersalah dina taun 1929 alatan nampi suap, sarta dina taun 1931 anjeunna janten anggota kabinét AS munggaran anu dipanjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.{{sfn|Russell|pp=497–498}} Sinclair mung dinyatakeun bersalah alatan [[panghinaan ka pangadilan]] (''contempt of court'') jalaran nyoba mangaruhan juri. Doheny dibawa ka pangadilan dina April 1930 alatan tuduhan masihan suap anu parantos ngajantenkeun Fall dipanjara, nanging anjeunna kalah dinyatakeun bébas.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=472}} === Departemén Kaadilan === [[File:Harry Daugherty, bw photo portrait 1920.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Harry M. Daugherty]] kalibet dina rupa-rupa skandal nanging anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah alatan palanggaran naon waé.]] Pangangkatan Harry M. Daugherty ku Harding janten Jaksa Agung nampi kritik anu langkung seueur tinimbang pangangkatan sanésna. Kagiatan lobi sarta manuver "di tukangeun layar" anu dilakukeun ku Daugherty di Ohio dianggap ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu pantes nempatan éta jabatan.{{sfn|Russell|p=444}} Nalika rincian ngeunaan rupa-rupa skandal mimiti kabuka dina taun 1923 sarta 1924, musuh-musuh Daugherty kacida bungahna kusabab aya harepan tiasa ngaitkeun anjeunna kana kateujujuran kasebut, sarta nyangka anjeunna milu aub dina Teapot Dome, sanajan saenyana Fall sarta Daugherty téh sanés babaturan deukeut. Dina bulan Pébruari 1924, Sénat sapuk pikeun nalungtik Departemén Kaadilan, dimana Daugherty masih ngajabat janten Jaksa Agung.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=473–475}} Sénat Démokrat ti Montana, [[Burton K. Wheeler]], janten anggota komite panalungtik sarta nyepeng lalakon janten jaksa penuntut nalika sidang dangu dimimitian dina ping 12 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=478}} Jess Smith kabuktian ngalakukeun praktik [[dagang pangaruh]] (''influence peddling''), gawé bareng sareng dua urang Ohio sanésna, Howard Mannington sarta Fred A. Caskey, pikeun nampi opahan (suap) tina [[Larangan di Amérika Sarikat|penyelundup inuman keras]] (''bootleggers'') supados maranéhna bébas tina tungtutan hukum atanapi supados inuman keras tiasa dikaluarkeun tina gudang pamaréntah. Imah padumukan Mannington sarta Caskey janten kawentar kalayan sebutan [[Imah Héjo Leutik di Jalan K]] (''Little Green House on K Street'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=180}} Sababaraha saksi, sapertos mantan pamajikan Smith, Roxy Stinson, sarta mantan agén [[FBI]] anu korup, [[Gaston Means]], nuding yén Daugherty sacara pribadi kalibet. Coolidge ahirna ménta Daugherty supados mundur nalika Jaksa Agung kasebut nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal masihan idin ka komite Wheeler pikeun mariksa catetan Departemén Kaadilan. Daugherty ahirna nurut sarta mundur dina ping 28 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=478–479}} Kagiatan haram anu paling ngabeuratkeun Daugherty nyaéta kasapukan Smith sareng Kolonél [[Thomas W. Miller]], mantan anggota Kongrés ti Delaware anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Wali Harta Banda Asing]] (''Alien Property Custodian''). Smith sarta Miller nampi suap ampir satengah juta dolar pikeun ngabébaskeun hiji pausahaan milik Jérman, American Metal Company, supados tiasa dipimilik ku nu gaduh énggal ti AS. Smith nyimpen $50,000 dina [[rekening babarengan]] sareng Daugherty, anu dianggo pikeun kapentingan politik. Catetan anu patali sareng éta rekening dimusnahkeun ku Daugherty sarta lanceukna. Miller sarta Daugherty didakwa alatan nipu pamaréntah. Sidang munggaran dina Séptémber 1926 ngahasilkeun kaputusan juri anu buntu (''[[hung jury]]''); dina sidang kadua dina awal 1927, Miller dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dipanjara, nanging juri deui-deui buntu pikeun mutuskeun nasib Daugherty. Sanajan tuduhan ka Daugherty ahirna ditarik sarta anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah, sikepna anu nolak masihan katerangan di pangadilan ngancurkeun sésa-sésa reputasina. Mantan Jaksa Agung éta tetep nangtang, nyalahkeun musuh-musuhna dina gerakan buruh sarta urang Komunis atas masalahna, bari nulis yén anjeunna "henteu ngalakukeun nanaon anu ngahalangan kuring pikeun neuteup dunya kalayan tegep."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=480–481}} === Biro Véteran === [[File:Cforbes.jpg|jmpl|kenca|lempeng=0.7|[[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur Biro Véteran, anu dipanjara alatan nipu pamaréntah]] [[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur [[Biro Véteran]] anu pinuh ku énergi, nyobian ngahijikeun kadali rumah sakit véteran sarta pangwangunanana di handapeun birona. Dina awal kapersidénan Harding, wewenang ieu aya di handapeun Departemén Kaeuangan. Organisasi [[Legiun Amérika]] anu kuat sacara politik ngadukung Forbes sarta nyawad jalma-jalma anu nolak anjeunna, sapertos Menteri Mellon. Dina April 1922, Harding sapuk pikeun mindahkeun éta kadali ka Biro Véteran.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=459–460}} Tugas utama Forbes nyaéta mastikeun rumah sakit anyar diwangun di sakumna nagara pikeun mantuan 300.000 véteran Perang Dunya I anu tatu.{{sfn|Adams|p=287}} Dina awal taun 1922, Forbes pendak sareng Elias Mortimer, agén ti Thompson-Black Construction Company asal St. Louis anu hoyong ngawangun éta rumah sakit. Duanana janten akrab, sarta Mortimer mayaran sagala lalampahan Forbes ka wilayah Kulon nalika milihan lokasi rumah sakit. Forbes ogé akrab sareng Charles F. Hurley, nu gaduh Hurley-Mason Construction Company ti nagara bagian Washington.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Harding parantos maréntahkeun supados sadaya kontrak dilakukeun dumasar kana béwara umum (lélang),{{sfn|Russell|p=526}} nanging Forbes sarta para kontraktor kalah ngatur siasat supados éta dua pausahaan kéngingkeun kontrak kalayan kauntungan anu dibagi tilu. Sabagian duitna ogé ngalir ka panaséhat hukum biro, Charles F. Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Forbes nipu pamaréntah ku cara naékkeun biaya konstruksi tina $3.000 janten $4.000 per ranjang.{{sfn|Russell|p=525}} Sapersepuluh tina biaya konstruksi anu parantos ditaékkeun téh disisihkeun pikeun para konspirator, dimana Forbes nampi sapertilu tina éta jatah.{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=2369}} Ieu korupsi teras nyebar kana urusan mésér lahan; Forbes ngaresmikeun pameseran lahan di San Francisco anu ajina kirang ti $20.000 janten $105.000. Sahenteuna $25.000 tina kaleuwihan duit éta dibagi antara Forbes sarta Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} [[File:Charles E. Sawyer (1920).jpg|jmpl|[[Charles E. Sawyer]]]] Alatan hayang meunang duit leuwih loba, dina Nopémber 1922 Forbes mimiti ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit anu hargana mahal anu aya di gudang Perryville Depot di Maryland.{{sfn|Adams|pp=289, 292}} Pamaréntah parantos nyimpen stok kabutuhan rumah sakit anu sakitu lobana salami Perang Dunya I, anu teras dijual murah pisan ku Forbes ka pausahaan Thompson and Kelly di Boston, padahal dina waktos anu sami Biro Véteran nuju mésér kabutuhan rumah sakit kalayan harga anu jauh langkung mahal.{{sfn|Russell|pp=524–525}} Anu ngahalangan wewenang Forbes di Perryville téh nyaéta Dr. Sawyer, dokter pribadi Harding anu ogé pupuhu Déwan Hospitalisasi Fédéral.{{sfn|Adams|pp=232, 292, 294}} Sawyer méré nyaho Harding yén Forbes nuju ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit ka kontraktor "jalma jero".{{sfn|Adams|p=294}} Mimitina Harding teu percaya, nanging Sawyer hasil kéngingkeun buktina dina Januari 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding anu kaget—anu parantos campur aduk antara amarah sarta rasa putus asa alatan korupsi di pamaréntahanana—nyaur Forbes ka Gedong Bodas sarta ménta anjeunna mundur. Harding teu hoyong ieu janten skandal anu kabuka, sahingga anjeunna ngantepkeun Forbes kabur ka Éropa, dimana anjeunna mundur dina ping 15 Pébruari 1923. Sanajan Harding parantos nyobian nyumputkeunana, gosip ngeunaan kalakuan Forbes ngabalukarkeun Sénat maréntahkeun ayana panalungtikan dua minggu saatosna,{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=103}} sarta dina pertengahan Maret, Cramer ahirna maéhan manéh.{{sfn|Russell|p=563}} Mortimer daék ngabongkar sadayana, jalaran Forbes tétéla boga selingkuhan sareng pamajikanana, anu ogé ngabalukarkeun karuksakan rumah tangga Forbes. Éksékutif konstruksi éta janten saksi konci dina sidang dangu dina ahir taun 1923, saatos Harding pupus. Forbes mulang deui ti Éropa pikeun masihan kasaksian, nanging teu pati ngayakinkeun. Dina taun 1924, anjeunna sarta John W. Thompson (ti Thompson–Black) disidang di Chicago alatan konspirasi nipu pamaréntah. Duanana dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dihukum dua taun panjara. Forbes mimiti ngajalanan hukumanana dina taun 1926; sedengkeun Thompson, anu miboga panyakit jantung, pupus dina taun éta kénéh sateuacan kaburu asup panjara.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=106–107}} Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "Salah sahiji aspék anu paling matak jadi masalah dina kapersidénan Harding nyaéta anjeunna katingalna langkung hariwang ku résiko politik tina hiji skandal tinimbang negakkeun kaadilan."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} === Hubungan luar nikah === Harding miboga hubungan luar nikah sareng [[Carrie Fulton Phillips]] ti Marion, anu lumangsung sakitar 15 taun sateuacan réngsé dina taun 1920. Ieu hubungan kabongkar nalika biografer Harding, [[Francis Russell (panulis)|Francis Russell]], nalika nuju nalungtik bukuna dina taun 1963, mendakan serat-serat cinta ti Harding ka Phillips. Éta serat-serat téh disumbangkeun ka [[Ohio Historical Society]], sarta sababaraha urang di dinya hoyong éta serat dimusnahkeun supados ngajaga sésa-sésa reputasi Harding. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun ayana tungtutan hukum, dimana ahli waris Harding ngaku miboga hak cipta kana éta serat. Ieu kasus ahirna réngsé dina taun 1971, sarta serat-seratna disumbangkeun ka [[Perpustakaan Kongrés]]. Éta serat-serat téh disegel dugi ka taun 2014, nanging sateuacan dibuka ogé, para sajarahwan parantos ngagunakeun salinanana di [[Western Reserve Historical Society]] sarta dina dokumén Russell di [[Universitas Wyoming]].{{sfn|Coffey|p=84}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=650–663}}{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=3207}} Russell nyimpulkeun tina éta serat yén Phillips téh mangrupa cinta sajati dina hirupna Harding. Harding ogé miboga anak, [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing]], tina hubungan luar nikah sareng selingkuhanana, [[Nan Britton]]. Dina taun 2015, [[Tés DNA silsilah|tés DNA]] ngabuktikeun yén Blaesing téh leres-leres putrana. Harding sorangan parantos sababaraha kali nolak yén anjeunna ramana. Numutkeun carita kulawarga, Harding téh mandul sarta moal tiasa miboga anak jalaran kantos katarajang panyakit [[gondongeun]] (''mumps'') nalika budak,<ref name=DNA/> sarta duduluran, kapiadi, sarta alo-alona terus nyepeng éta kayakinan salami 90 taun.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/us/dna-is-said-to-solve-a-mystery-of-warren-hardings-love-life.html |date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015|last=Baker|first=Peter|title=DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding's Love Life|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Dina taun 1927, Britton, anu ogé asalna ti Marion, nyebarkeun buku ''[[Putri Présidén (buku Britton)|The President's Daughter]]'', anu nyatakeun yén Harding téh ramana Elizabeth Ann Blaesing. Éta buku, anu didédisikasikeun pikeun "sadaya ibu anu teu nikah" sarta "barudak maranéhna anu polos anu ramana biasana teu dipikaterang ku dunya", dijual panto-ka-panto kalayan dibungkus ku kertas coklat jiga pornografi.<ref name="Robenalt13Aug">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/|title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Robenalt|first=James D.|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Reputasi Harding parantos ruksak ti saprak pupusna dina taun 1923, sarta seueur jalma anu percaya ka Britton.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Masarakat kacida katarikna ku rincian anu panas (''salacious''), sapertos klaim Britton yén maranéhna kantos hubungan badan di hiji goah (''closet'') caket [[Ruang Oval]], bari dijaga ku agén [[Secret Service]] supados teu aya nu asup.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Sanajan seueur anu percaya, Britton kawon dina gugatan hukum fitnah (''libel'') ngalawan buku anu nolak klaimna.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} Britton nyatakeun yén Harding parantos masihan santunan anak sakitar $500 per sasih pikeun putrana anu teu kantos ditepunganana,<ref name="Strochlic14Aug">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/14/our-dirtiest-president-s-mistress-tells-all.html|title=Our Dirtiest President's Mistress Tells All|work=The Daily Beast|first=Nina|last=Strochlic|date=August 14, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> nanging anjeunna parantos ngaduruk serat-serat romantis tina Harding dumasar kana pamundut Harding nyalira.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name="Strochlic14Aug" /> Sinclair nyebatkeun yén standar anu langkung beurat dilarapkeun ka Harding dibandingkeun ka [[Grover Cleveland]], anu kapilih janten présidén dina taun 1884 sanajan dipikaterang miboga selingkuhan sarta kamungkinan miboga putra luar nikah.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} == Sawangan sajarah == {{Utama|Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding}} Nalika pupusna, Harding kacida dikolébétna—sanés mung di Amérika Sarikat, nanging ogé di sakumna dunya. Anjeunna dijulukan salaku jalma anu mawa katengtreman ku seueur koran di Éropa. Wartawan Amérika muji anjeunna kalayan jor-joran, malah aya nu nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos masrahkeun jiwa ragana pikeun nagara. Rénjang-rénjangna ogé kacida kagetna ku pupusna Harding. Daugherty nulis, "Kuring hésé pisan pikeun nuliskeunana atanapi ngantepkeun diri kuring mikiran hal ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|pp=456–457}} Hughes nyatakeun, "Kuring teu nyangka yén Pamimpin urang anu dipikacinta téh parantos teu aya deui di antarana urang."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=457}} Catetan-catetan [[hagiografi]] (anu muji kaleuleuwihi) ngeunaan hirupna Harding gancang muncul saatos pupusna. Nanging harita kénéh, skandal-skandal mimiti kabongkar, sarta pamaréntahan Harding gancang janten kacapangan (''byword'') pikeun korupsi di panon masarakat. Karya-karya anu ditulis dina ahir taun 1920-an milu ngawangun reputasi sajarah Harding anu dianggap goreng: ''Masks in a Pageant'' karya [[William Allen White]] ngalecehkeun Harding, kitu ogé carita fiksi ngeunaan pamaréntahan Harding, ''Revelry'', karya [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]].{{Sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Ieu buku-buku téh ngagambarkeun masa jabatan Harding salaku mangsa dimana kakuatan présidén kacida lemahna.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=2970}} Pamedalan buku laris Nan Britton anu ngabongkar hubungan luar nikah maranéhna ogé mingkin nurunkeun ajén anjeunna di masarakat. Présidén Coolidge, anu hoyong ngajaga jarak ti nu miheulaanna, nolak ngaresmikeun Makam Harding. Hoover ogé mimitina wegah, nanging ahirna mingpin peresmian dina taun 1931. Harita, nalika [[Déprési Ageung]] nuju lumaku, Hoover ogé parantos kaleungitan kapercayaan masarakat méh jiga Harding.{{Sfn|Russell|pp=632–633, 639–640}}{{Sfn|Payne|2014|pp=125, 127}} Adams terus ngawangun sawangan négatif ngeunaan Harding ngaliwatan sababaraha karya non-fiksi dina taun 1930-an, anu puncagna dina buku ''The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren G. Harding'' (1939). Di dinya anjeunna nyebat Harding salaku "saurang wartawan kota leutik anu satengah dididik... Ieu moal jalan. Éta memang teu jalan."{{Sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=209}} John Dean ningali yén karya White sarta Adams téh "catetan anu kacida teu saimbang sarta teu adil, ngaleuleuwihi hal négatif, sarta nuding Harding salaku nu tanggung jawab kana sagala kasalahan."{{Sfn|Dean|p=163}} [[File:President Warren G. Harding and First Lady Florence Harding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Warren sarta [[Florence Harding]], {{circa|1922}}. Florence kacida ngajaga pisan warisan sarta ngaran saé carogéna.]] Dibukana dokumén-dokumén Harding pikeun panalungtikan dina taun 1964 ngahasilkeun sababaraha biografi anyar. Anu paling kontrovérsial nyaéta buku Russell, ''The Shadow of Blooming Grove'' (1968), anu nyimpulkeun yén gosip ngeunaan katurunan kulit hideung (''shadow'' dina judulna) kacida mangaruhanana ka Harding dina mangsa rumajana. Murray dina ''The Harding Era'' (1969) méré sawangan anu leuwih positif sarta nempatkeun Harding dina kontéks jamanna. Dina dékade-dékade salajengna, aya buku-buku révisionis anu dipedalkeun. [[Robert Ferrell]] dina ''The Strange Deaths of President Harding'' (1996) nyoba ngalawan unggal carita négatif ngeunaan Harding sarta nyimpulkeun yén méh sadayana anu diajarkeun ngeunaan Harding téh salah.{{Sfn|Coffey|pp=88–89}} Dina taun 2004, John Dean, anu kawentar alatan kalibetna dina skandal [[Watergate]], nulis biografi pondok Harding anu dianggap paling révisionis nepi ka kiwari.{{Sfn|Coffey|p=89}} Harding sacara tradisional parantos [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|ditempatkeun salaku salah sahiji présidén anu paling goréng]].{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Dina jajapén (''poll'') taun 1948 ku [[Universitas Harvard]], sajarahwan [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.]] nempatkeun Harding dina urutan terakhir tina 29 présidén.{{Refn|Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Historians Rate the U.S. Presidents". ''Life'', 1 Nopémber 1948.}} Anjeunna ogé terus nempatan posisi terakhir dina rupa-rupa jajapén sanésna ti saprak harita. Ferrell nyatakeun yén peunteun négatif pikeun Harding téh alatan para sarjana anu kirang maca sumber anu substansial sarta leuwih fokus kana carita-carita anu sensasional.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Coffey ogé percaya yén "kurangna minat akademik ka Harding parantos ngaruksak reputasina."{{Sfn|Coffey|p=86}} === Peniléian deui === Dina réngking sajarah présidén AS salami sababaraha dékadé saatos masa jabatanna, Harding sering dianggap salah sahiji anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina taun 2010-an, sababaraha panulis sarta sajarahwan mimiti meunteun deui catetan jasa Harding nalika ngajabat.<ref name=Robenalt13Aug /><ref name="Reputation">{{cite journal |url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_21_01_02_pecquet-thies.pdf |title=Reputation Overrides Record: How Warren G. Harding Mistakenly Became the 'Worst' President of the United States |last1=Pecquet |first1=Gary M. |last2=Thies |first2=Clifford F. |journal=[[The Independent Review]] |publisher=[[Independent Institute]] |volume=21 |date=Summer 2016 |issn=1086-1653 |pages=29–45 }}</ref> Dina buku ''The Spoils of War'' (2016), [[Bruce Bueno de Mesquita]] sarta Alastair Smith nempatkeun Harding dina urutan kahiji dina réngking gabungan antara angka maot pangsaeutikna nalika perang sarta pertumbuhan panghasilan per kapita taunan pangluhurna salami mangsa jabatan unggal présidén.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Spoils of War |last1=Bueno de Mesquita |first1=Bruce |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |page=255 |year=2016 |publisher=PublicAffairs}}</ref> Murray ngadugikeun arguméntasi dina bukuna ''The Harding Era'' yén Harding pantes nampi pangajén anu langkung ageung tinimbang anu parantos dipaparinkeun ku para sajarahwan: "Anjeunna pastina sarimbag sareng [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], atanapi malah Calvin Coolidge. Dina hal pacaulan (''concrete accomplishments''), pamaréntahanana langkung punjul ti sabagian ageung pamaréntahan sanésna dina sajarah nagara ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}} Murray nyatet sababaraha poin umum ngeunaan posisi Harding anu goréng, anu némbongkeun yén kritik négatif ka Harding téh sabenerna mah dumasar kana hal anu kurang jero. Nyaéta, pandangan konvensional sering teuing maliré kana kritik atanapi analisis nyata tina tindakan Harding, sarta seringna mung museur sacara sawenang-wenang kana sifat jalma-jalma anu diangkat ku Harding, bari mopohokeun analisis anu langkung jembar ngeunaan fakta sajarah. Murray nyatakeun: {{Blockquote|Dina sistem Amérika, teu aya anu namina "nu lalajo anu polos" (''innocent bystander'') di Gedong Bodas. Upami Harding tiasa sacara sah ngaku kana prestasi Hughes di Departemén Luar Nagri atanapi Hoover di Departemén Perdagangan, anjeunna ogé kedah tanggung jawab ka Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan sarta Fall di Departemén Jero Nagri. Anjeunna kedah nanggung beban tina kurangna tindakan hukuman ka jalma-jalma sapertos Forbes sarta Smith. Ku sabab anjeunna cicing baé (''inaction''), anjeunna kaleungitan kasempetan naon waé pikeun ngajaga integritas posisina sarta nyalametkeun citra anu saé pikeun dirina sarta pamaréntahanana. Sakumaha anu parantos lumaku, vonis négatif ti masarakat sarta para sarjana saatosna téh mémang teu tiasa dihindari, sanajan éta téh teu sagemblengna pantes ditarima ku anjeunna.{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}}}} ==See also== {{Portal|1920s|Biography|Ohio|Politics|United States}} * [[Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding]] * [[Harding Home]] * [[Laddie Boy]], Harding's dog * [[List of memorials to Warren G. Harding]] * [[List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s|List of people on the cover of ''Time'' Magazine: 1920s]]: March 10, 1923 * [[List of presidents of the United States]] * [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]] * [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office]] * [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]] * [[Warren G. Harding Presidential Center]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Samuel Hopkins|title=The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|year=1939|isbn=0-374-90051-5|ref={{sfnRef|Adams}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Bagby|first=Wesley M.|title=The 'Smoke Filled Room' and the Nomination of Warren G. Harding|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|date=March 1955|volume=41|issue=4|pages=657–674|jstor=1889182|ref={{sfnRef|Bagby}}|doi=10.2307/1889182|issn=0161-391X }} * {{Citation | first =Justin P. | last =Coffey | editor-last =Sibley | editor-first =Katherine A. S. | contribution =Harding Biographies | title =A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover | year =2014 | pages =79–93 | publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | location =Chichester, UK| ref ={{sfnRef|Coffey}} | isbn =978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{cite book | last = Dary | first = David | title = The Oregon Trail: An American Saga | year = 2004 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-375-41399-5 | ref = {{sfnRef|Dary}} | url = https://archive.org/details/oregontrailameri00dary }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|author-link=John Dean|title=Warren Harding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12I6tyg8no4C|publisher=Henry Holt and Co|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-6956-3|edition=Kindle|ref={{sfnRef|Dean}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Downes|first=Randolph C.|title=The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1865–1920|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Columbus, OH|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8142-0140-4|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofwarrengama00down|ref={{sfnRef|Downes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Felzenberg |first=Alvin S. |author-link=Alvin S. Felzenberg |year=2010 |title=The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-4650-1890-1 }} * {{Cite book|last=Ferrell|first=Robert H.|title=The Strange Deaths of President Harding|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, MO|edition=Kindle|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8262-1202-3|ref={{sfnRef|Ferrell}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Morello, John A.|title=Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|date=2001|isbn= 978-0-275-97030-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Morello}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Harding Era 1921–1923: Warren G. Harding and his Administration|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|date=1969|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1969}}|isbn=978-0-8166-0541-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Politics of Normalcy: Governmental Theory and Practice in the Harding–Coolidge Era|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|date=1973|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1973}}|isbn=978-0-393-05474-3|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnormal00robe}} * {{cite book |ref={{sfnRef|Nevins}} |first=Allan |last=Nevins |author-link=Allan Nevins |title=Dictionary of American Biography: Harding, Warren Gamaliel |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer08ilamer#page/252/mode/1up |pages=252–257 |oclc=4171403 |date=1932 }} * {{cite journal|last=Noggle|first=Burl|title=The Origins of the Teapot Dome Investigation|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|date=September 1957|pages=237–266|publisher=Organization of American Historians|jstor=1887189|ref={{sfnRef|Noggle}}|doi=10.2307/1887189}} * {{Citation |last=Payne |first=Phillip G. |title=A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover |pages=79–93 |year=2014 |editor-last=Sibley |editor-first=Katherine A. S. |contribution=The Harding Presidency: Scandals, Legacy, and Memory |location=Chichester, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Russell (author)|title=The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding In His Times|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, CT|year=1968|isbn=0-07-054338-0|ref={{sfnRef|Russell}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|title=The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|year=1957|isbn=978-0-618-34085-9|ref={{sfnRef|Schlesinger}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sibley|first=Katherine A. S.|title=First Lady Florence Harding: Behind the Tragedy and Controversy|date=2009|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, KS|isbn=978-0-7006-1649-7|ref={{sfnRef|Sibley}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Andrew|title=The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|oclc=422550801|edition=1st Quadrangle Paperback|ref={{sfnRef|Sinclair}}|year=1969|orig-year=1965}} * Sullivan, Mark. ''Our Times: 1900-1925: Volume 6: The Twenties'' (1935) pp. 16–371. [https://archive.org/details/ourtimestwenties0000mark/page/n8/mode/1up online], by a leading journalist. * {{cite book|last1=Trani|first1=Eugene P.|last2=Wilson|first2=David L.|title=The Presidency of Warren G. Harding|publisher=The Regents Press of Kansas|series=American Presidency|location=Lawrence, KS|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7006-0152-3|ref={{sfnRef|Trani & Wilson}}|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwarr00tran}} * {{cite book | last = Walters | first = Everett | title = Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican | year = 1948 | publisher = The Ohio History Press | oclc=477641 | ref ={{sfnRef|Walters}}}} * Walters, Ryan S. ''The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Jazz-Age-President-Defending-Harding/dp/1621578844/ excerpt] also [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-jazz-age-president-review-correcting-the-record-11649020056?mod=books_arts_featured_pos2 online review] * {{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Neil|title=From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society|publisher=Holmes & Meier|location=New York|year=1986|ref={{sfnRef|Wynn}}|isbn=978-0-8419-1107-9}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links |wikt=Harding |commons=Warren G. Harding |b=no |n=no |q=Warren G. Harding |s=Author:Warren G. Harding |v=no}} * [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/warren-g-harding/ White House biography] * {{CongBio|H000192}} * [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#harding Full audio and text of a number of Harding speeches], [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] * {{NYT topic|people/h/warren_g_harding}} * ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/mp76000342/ President Harding and Calvin Coolidge]'', a film from 1920 * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/harding/ Warren Harding: A Resource Guide], [[Library of Congress]] * [http://millercenter.org/president/harding Extensive essays on Warren Harding] and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151625-1/life-portrait-warren-g-harding "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', September 20, 1999 * {{Gutenberg author | id=1660}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Warren Gamaliel Harding}} * {{Librivox author |id=11297}} * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Harding-Warren-G Warren G. Harding Personal Manuscripts] * {{IMDb name|1136403}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/007126}} {{Warren G. Harding}} {{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Woodrow Wilson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1921–1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[Calvin Coolidge]]}} {{s-bef|before= [[Theodore E. Burton]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[List of United States senators from Ohio|United States Senator (Class 3) from Ohio]]|years=1915–1921}} {{s-aft|after= [[Frank B. Willis]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harry L. Gordon|Harry Gordon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]|years=1904–1906}} {{s-aft|after=[[Andrew L. 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Harding| ]] [[Kategori:Kalahiran taun 1865]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1923]] [[Kategori:Baptis abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Baptis abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Anggota Majelis Umum Ohio abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Amérika katurunan Walanda]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Baptis ti Ohio]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga Harding|Warren G.]] [[Kategori:Létnan Gubernur Ohio]] [[Kategori:Anggota Sons of the American Revolution]] [[Kategori:Alumni Ohio Central College]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Marion, Ohio]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Morrow County, Ohio]] [[Kategori:Kapersidénan Warren G. Harding]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu mangrupa Freemason]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Nomine présidén Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)]] [[Kategori:Sénator nagara bagian Ohio ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik asal Ohio]] jni6jnxz5qtp05afg537q22mch4tr7e 708741 708687 2026-04-29T07:12:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Warren G. Harding | image = Warren G. Harding 1920s portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption = Potrét, {{circa|1920–1923}} | order = Présidén Amérika Sarikat ka-29 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | term_start = 4 Maret 1921 | term_end = 2 Agustus 1923 | predecessor = [[Woodrow Wilson]] | successor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | vice_president = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | jr/sr1 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state1 = [[Ohio]] | term_start1 = 4 Maret 1915 | term_end1 = 13 Januari 1921 | predecessor1 = [[Theodore E. Burton]] | successor1 = [[Frank B. Willis]] | order2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio ka-28 | office2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio | governor2 = [[Myron T. Herrick]] | term_start2 = 11 Januari 1904 | term_end2 = 8 Januari 1906 | predecessor2 = [[Harry L. Gordon]] | successor2 = [[Andrew L. Harris]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = ka-13 | term_start4 = 1 Januari 1900 | term_end4 = 4 Januari 1904 | predecessor4 = Henry May | successor4 = [[Samuel H. West]] | birth_name = Warren Gamaliel Harding | birth_date = {{birth date|1865|11|2}} | birth_place = [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]], AS | death_date = {{death date and age|1923|8|2|1865|11|2}} | death_place = San Francisco, Kalifornia, AS | resting_place = [[Makam Harding]] | party = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Florence Kling]]|8 Juli 1891}} | children = [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing|Elizabeth]] (sareng [[Nan Britton]]) | father = [[George Tryon Harding]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Wartawan * politikus }} | education = [[Ohio Central College]] ([[Sarjana Sastra|BA]]) | signature = Warren G Harding Signature2.svg | signature_alt = Tanda tangan kursif dina mangsi | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Portion of a speech by Harding.ogg|title=Sora Warren G. Harding|type=speech|description=Sempalan biantara Harding<br />Dirékam taun 1920}} }} '''Warren Gamaliel Harding''' (2 Nopémber 1865 – 2 Agustus 1923) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-29, anu ngajabat ti taun 1921 dugi ka pupusna dina taun 1923. Salaku anggota [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]], anjeunna mangrupa salah sahiji présidén anu pangpopulérna nalika harita. Nanging saatos anjeunna pupus, sababaraha skandal mimiti kabongkar anu ahirna ngaruksak pisan kana reputasi sarta jenenganana dina sajarah. Harding matuh di padésan [[Ohio]] saumur hirupna, iwal nalika pancén politik nganteur anjeunna ka daérah sanés. Nalika anom kénéh, anjeunna mésér surat kabar ''[[The Marion Star]]'' sarta ngawangun éta média dugi ka suksés. Harding ngajabat di [[Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio]] ti taun 1900 dugi ka 1904, sarta janten [[Létnan Gubernur Ohio]] salami dua taun. Sanajan anjeunna kawon dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1910|pamilihan gubernur taun 1910]], Harding hasil kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio|taun 1914]]—anu mangrupa pamilihan langsung munggaran pikeun éta kalungguhan di nagara bagian kasebut. Dina taun 1920, Harding maju janten calon présidén ti Partéy Républik, nanging mimitina mah anjeunna henteu pati diunggulkeun sateuacan [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920|konvénsi]] dimimitian. Nalika para calon utama henteu tiasa kénging sora mayoritas sarta konvénsi nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''), dukungan ka Harding teras ningkat, dugi ka ahirna anjeunna dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kasapuluh. Dina mangsa kampanye, anjeunna ngagunakeun stratégi ''[[front porch campaign]]'', nyaéta cicing di Marion bari ngantosan jalma-jalma nu sumping ka anjeunna. Harding ngajanjikeun "[[mulih deui kana kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy'') sapertos mangsa sateuacan [[Amérika Sarikat dina Perang Dunya I|Perang Dunya I]]. Anjeunna hasil ngéléhkeun calon ti [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]], [[James M. Cox]], kalayan sora anu mutlak (''landslide''), sarta janten sénator munggaran anu nuju ngajabat anu kapilih janten présidén. Harding ngangkat sababaraha inohong anu dipihormat pikeun ngeusian [[Kabinet Warren G. Harding|kabinetna]], di antarana [[Andrew Mellon]] di [[Departemén Kauangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Kauangan]], [[Herbert Hoover]] di [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Perdagangan]], sarta [[Charles Evans Hughes]] di [[Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Luar Nagri]]. Salah sahiji préstasi utama dina kawijakan luar nagrina nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] 1921–1922, dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama dunya sapuk kana program pangwatesan pakarang laut anu lumangsung salami dasawarsa. Harding ogé ngabébaskeun tahanan politik anu ditéwak alatan [[Oposisi kana Perang Dunya I di Amérika Sarikat|nampik Perang Dunya I]]. Dina taun 1923, anjeunna pupus alatan serangan jantung di San Francisco nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan ka wilayah kulon, sarta kalungguhanana ditéruskeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Kabongkarna rupa-rupa skandal saatos Harding pupus, kalebet [[Skandal Teapot Dome]], sarta ayana hubungan di luar nikah sareng [[Nan Britton]], parantos ngaleungitkeun popularitas anjeunna. Sekretaris jero nagrina, [[Albert B. Fall]], sarta [[Jaksa Agung Amérika Sarikat|Jaksa Agungna]], [[Harry Daugherty]], duanana dikiatkeun kana dakwaan korupsi nalika nuju ngajabat; Fall kabuktian salah sarta dihukum, sedengkeun Daugherty mah henteu. Ieu runtuyan prosés hukum téh parantos ngaruksak pisan kana [[Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding|reputasi Harding saatos anjeunna pupus]]. Dina [[Peringkat sajarah Présidén AS]] salami sababaraha dasawarsa saatos anjeunna ngajabat, Harding sering pisan ditempatkeun dina jajaran présidén anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina dasawarsa-dasawarsa salajengna, sababaraha ahli sajarah mimiti marios deui sarta ngajén deui catetan préstasi Harding salami anjeunna ngajabat. == Awal kahirupan sarta karir == === Mangsa budak sarta atikan === {{Warren G. Harding series}} [[File:Home of Warren G. Harding 2011.jpg|jmpl|kénca|Imah Harding di [[Marion, Ohio]]]] Warren Harding lahir dina ping 2 Nopémber 1865, di [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]].{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Nalika alit, anjeunna kagungan jujuluk "Winnie". Harding mangrupa putra cikal ti dalapan sadulur pasangan [[George Tryon Harding]] (biasana nelah Tryon) sareng Phoebe Elizabeth (née Dickerson) Harding.{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Phoebe téh saurang [[paraji]] anu miboga lisénsi ti nagara bagian. Tryon damel salaku patani sarta ngajar sakola caket [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]]. Ngaliwatan magang, diajar mandiri, sarta sataun kuliah di sakola kedokteran, Tryon ahirna janten dokter sarta muka prakték alit.{{sfn|Russell|p=35}} Karuhun munggaran Harding di Amérika nyaéta Richard Harding, anu sumping ti [[Inggris]] ka [[Teluk Massachusetts]] sakitar taun 1624.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New England Historical and Genealogical Register|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society|year=1922}}</ref> Harding ogé ngagaduhan garis katurunan ti Wales sarta Skotlandia,<ref>The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volumes 76–77. October 1923, p. 244</ref> sarta sawatara karuhun ti pihak ibuna mah asalna ti Walanda, kalebet kulawarga Van Kirk anu beunghar.<ref>{{cite book |title=The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States |last=Russell |first=Thomas |page=51 |year=1923 |publisher=the University of Wisconsin–Madison}}</ref> Aya béja (rumor) ti lawan politikna di Blooming Grove yén salah saurang nini buyut Harding téh mangrupa urang [[Afrit-Amérika]].<ref name = "first black president">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Beverly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/magazine/06wwln-essay-t.html?ref=warrengharding|title=Our First Black President?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 6, 2008|access-date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Aki buyutna, Amos Harding, nétélakeun yén éta béja téh mimiti ditiupkeun ku saurang bangsat anu kanyahoan maling ku kulawargana, kalayan tujuan pikeun meres atanapi males dendam.{{sfn|Russell|p=26}} Dina taun 2015, [[tés genetik]] ka turunan Harding ngabuktikeun kalayan akurasi langkung ti 95%, yén anjeunna henteu gaduh katurunan Afrika sub-Sahara dina opat generasi ka tukang.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=Baker18Aug>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|first=Peter|last=Baker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/us/politics/dna-that-confirmed-one-warren-harding-rumor-refutes-another.html|title=DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn't America's First Black President|date=August 18, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Dina taun 1870, kulawarga Harding anu mangrupa panganut [[Abolisionismeu di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionismeu]] (gerakan anti-perbudakan), pindah ka [[Caledonia, Ohio|Caledonia]]. Di dinya, Tryon ngokolakeun ''The Argus'', hiji surat kabar mingguan lokal. Ti yuswa 11 taun, Harding mimiti neuleuman dunya surat kabar di ''The Argus''.{{sfn|Dean|p=6}} Dina ahir taun 1879, nalika yuswana 14 taun, anjeunna sakola di ''alma mater'' ramana—[[Ohio Central College]] di [[Iberia, Ohio|Iberia]]. Di dinya, anjeunna kabuktian salaku murid anu parigel. Dina taun pamungkasna, anjeunna sareng rerencanganana medarkeun surat kabar alit, ''Iberia Spectator''. Dina taun éta kénéh, kulawarga Harding pindah ka [[Marion, Ohio|Marion]], sakitar 6 mil ti Caledonia, sarta saatos lulus dina taun 1882, anjeunna nyusul kulawargana ka dinya.{{sfn|Dean|pp=7–9}} Dina ping 6 Méi 1883, Harding janten anggota [[Garéja Baptis Bébas]] (''Free Baptist Church'') di Marion. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku wali (''trustee'') salami 25 taun sarta tetep janten anggota dugi ka pupusna.<ref name="TBC">{{citation |title=Trinity Baptist Church — Marion, Ohio: History and Development |publisher=Trinity Baptist Church, Marion, Ohio |url=http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325184835/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=dead }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|6}} Ieu jamaah garéja ngagabung sareng [[Konvénsi Baptis Kalér]] dina taun 1911<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|4}} sarta katelah ku nami Garéja Baptis Trinity dina taun 1912.<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|7}} === Éeditor === Nalika Harding anom kénéh, sabagian ageung padumuk Amérika Sarikat masih kénéh matuh di padésan sarta kota-kota alit. Harding méakkeun ampir sakabéh hirupna di Marion, hiji kota alit di wilayah désa puseur Ohio, sarta janten raket pisan sareng éta kota. Nalika anjeunna nincak kalungguhan luhur, anjeunna nétélakeun kacida nyaahna ka Marion sarta cara hirup di dinya; anjeunna nyarioskeun seueur nonoman Marion anu angkat sarta suksés di tempat sanés, bari nyebatkeun yén jalma anu kantos janten "kareueus sakola" nanging milih tetep di lembur sarta janten purah beberesih (''janitor''), saenyana mangrupa "jalma anu pangbagajana ti sakabéh kelompok".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=6–9}} Saatos lulus, Harding kantos nyobian damel janten guru sarta agén asuransi, ogé sakedap neuleuman widang hukum. Anjeunna teras ngumpulkeun modal $300 (sarimbag sareng {{Inflation|US|300|1883|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) babarengan sareng rénjangna pikeun mésér hiji surat kabar anu ampir bangkrut, ''[[The Marion Star]]'', média panglemahna ti tilu surat kabar anu aya di éta kota. Harding anu harita yuswana 18 taun ngagunakeun kartu pas karéta api anu janten fasilitas éta média pikeun sumping ka [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1884]]. Di dinya, anjeunna gaul sareng wartawan-wartawan anu langkung kawentar sarta ngadukung calon présidén, mantan [[Menteri Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Luar Nagri]] [[James G. Blaine]]. Nalika Harding mulang ti Chicago, anjeunna mendakan yén pihak kaamanan parantos nyita éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Salami kampanye pamilihan, Harding damel di ''Democratic Mirror'' Marion sarta ngarasa keuheul margi kedah muji calon présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New York [[Grover Cleveland]], anu ahirna meunang [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1884|pamilihan]].{{sfn|Nevins|p=252}} Saatos éta, kalayan bantuan kauangan ti ramana, Harding hasil ngagaduhan deui éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Dina ahir taun 1880-an, Harding ngawangun sarta ngamajukeun ''Star''. Kota Marion mémang condong milih Républik, nanging [[Wewengkon Marion, Ohio|Wewengkon Marion]] mah condong ka Démokrat. Ku kituna, Harding nyandak sikep ééditorial anu adil; anjeunna nyatakeun yén ''Star'' édisi harian mah nétral (non-partisan), sedengkeun édisi mingguan mah condong ka Républik. Ieu kabijakan hasil narik minat pamasang iklan sarta ngajantenkeun mingguan Républik sanésna di éta kota gulung tikar. Nurutkeun nu nulis biografina, Andrew Sinclair: {{blockquote| Kasuksésan Harding sareng ''Star'' mémang luyu sareng modél [[Horatio Alger]]. Anjeunna ngamimitian tina nol, sarta ngaliwatan rupa-rupa cara—digawe teuas, nunda pamayaran, nambut deui gajih, nepi ka pinter maénkeun kaayaan—anjeunna ngarobah média anu ampir paéh janten surat kabar kota alit anu pangaruhna kuat. Sabagian ageung kasuksésanna aya patalina sareng rupa anu kasép, sipat anu soméah, sumanget, sarta katatabanana, nanging anjeunna ogé kawilang untung. Sakumaha anu kantos ditepikeun ku [[Machiavelli]], kacalakan tiasa mawa jalma kana kasuksésan, nanging moal sampurna upami teu dibarengan ku kaberuntungan.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=12–13}}}} Padumuk Marion ningkat tina 4.000 jiwa dina taun 1880 janten dua kalieunana dina taun 1890, sarta janten 12.000 dina taun 1900. Ieu kamekaran nguntungkeun pisan pikeun ''Star''. Harding ogé satékah polah ngamajukeun éta kota ku cara nanem modal dina rupa-rupa usaha lokal. Nepi ka ayeuna, Harding mangrupa hiji-hijina Présidén AS anu miboga pangalaman pinuh dina widang jurnalistik.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Anjeunna ogé janten pangrojong satia Gubernur [[Joseph B. Foraker]] ti Partéy Républik.{{sfn|Russell|pp = 56–68}} Harding mimiti wanoh ka [[Florence Harding|Florence Kling]], anu yuswana lima taun langkung sepuh, salaku putra ti bankir lokal, [[Amos Kling]]. Amos téh jalma anu biasa kedah diturutan kahayangna, nanging Harding sering nyerang anjeunna ngaliwatan tulisan dina surat kabar. Florence miboga sipat anu teuas sapertos ramana, nu ngajantenkeun anjeunna bentrok sareng ramana saatos mulang ti kuliah musik. Saatos Florence pirak (divorce) dina taun 1886, anjeunna sareng Harding mimiti aya hubungan (''courting'').{{sfn|Dean|pp=14–19}} Ieu hubungan téh ngabalukarkeun Amos Kling murka. Amos percanten yén kulawarga Harding miboga [[Urang Amérika Multirasial|getih turunan Afrika]], sarta anjeunna ogé ngarasa kaganggu ku tulisan-tulisan Harding. Amos mimiti nyebarkeun béja (rumor) ngeunaan turunan Afrika Harding sarta ngajurung para pangusaha pikeun ngaboikot usaha Harding. Nalika Harding terang kana peta Amos, anjeunna ngingetan Amos sangkan eureun nyebarkeun éta béja upami teu hoyong ditarajang fisik ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=18–19}} Pasangan Harding nikah dina ping 8 Juli 1891,{{sfn|Russell|p=81}} di bumi énggalna di Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion. Éta bumi téh dirancang babarengan ku maranéhna nganggo gaya [[Arsitéktur gaya Queen Anne di Amérika Sarikat|Queen Anne]].<ref name=MarionHome>{{cite news|url=http://www.marionstar.com/story/news/local/2015/08/13/genetic-testing-confirms-hardings-daughter/31639995/|title=Genetic testing confirms Harding's daughter|work=The Marion Star|author=Marion Star staff report|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> tina pernikahan ieu, maranéhna henteu dipasihan putra.<ref name = "anb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Warren Gamaliel|work=American National Biography Online|last=Hawley|first=Ellis W.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00253.html?a=1&n=Warren%20G.%20Harding&d=10&ss=0&q=1}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Harding gaduh jujuluk kadeudeuh pikeun pamajanana, nyaéta "the Duchess" (''Sang Adipatni''), dumasar kana karakter dina carita nyambung tina ''[[The New York Sun]]'' anu sok taliti ngawaskeun "the Duke" sarta kauangan maranéhna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=20–21}} Florence Harding janten inohong anu kalintang aubna dina karir carogéna, boh nalika di ''Star'' atanapi saatos Harding lebet ka dunya politik.<ref name = "floranb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Florence Kling deWolfe|work=American National Biography Online|last=Gutin|first=Myra G.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00764.html?from=../06/06-00253.html&from_nm=Harding%2C%20Warren%20Gamaliel}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Kalayan némbongkeun sipat katataban sarta kacalakan bisnis sapertos ramana, anjeunna ngabantosan ''Star'' janten pausahaan anu nguntungkeun ngaliwatan manajemén anu ketat dina bagian sirkulasi surat kabar.{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} Florence dianggap boga andil ageung dina ngabantosan Harding ngahontal kasuksésan anu leuwih luhur dibandingkeun upami Harding bajuang nyalira; sawatara pihak malah nyebutkeun yén Florence anu nyorong anjeunna dugi ka bisa lebet ka [[Gedong Bodas]].{{sfn|Schlesinger|p=50}} === Ngawitan di dunya politik === Teu lami saatos mésér ''Star'', Harding mimiti museurkeun perhatianana kana dunya politik ku cara ngadukung Foraker dina usaha munggaranna anu suksés janten gubernur dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1885|pamilihan taun 1885]]. Foraker mangrupa bagian tina [[Ohio dina Perang Sipil Amérika|generasi perang]] anu nangtang kelompok senior Partéy Républik di Ohio, sapertos Sénator [[John Sherman]], dina parebutan kakawasaan politik di nagara bagian. Harding, anu salawasna satia ka partéy, ngadukung Foraker dina campuhna konflik internal politik Républik di Ohio. Harding tiasa toléransi ka urang Démokrat salaku bagian tina [[sistem dua partéy]], nanging anjeunna kacida cua (ngéwa) ka jalma-jalma anu kaluar ti Partéy Républik demi ngagabung ka gerakan partéy katilu.{{sfn|Russell|pp=68–70}} Dina yuswa 22 taun (taun 1888), anjeunna janten utusan (delegasi) dina [[konvénsi politik]] nagara bagian ngawakilan Wewengkon Marion, sarta terus kapilih janten delegasi ampir unggal taun dugi ka anjeunna janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=35}} Kasuksésan Harding salaku ééditor méré pangaruh kana kaséhatanana. Antara taun 1889 (nalika yuswana 23 taun) dugi ka taun 1901, anjeunna lima kali dirawat di [[Sanatorium Battle Creek]] kalayan alesan anu disebut ku Sinclair salaku "kacapéan, kaleuleuwihi gawé, sarta gangguan saraf".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=286}} Dean nyindekkeun yén ieu pangobatan téh aya patalina sareng gejala awal panyakit jantung anu engkéna bakal ngabalukarkeun Harding pupus dina taun 1923. Nalika anjeunna nuju teu aya di Marion dina taun 1894, manajer bisnis ''Star'' mundur, sarta kalungguhanana digantikeun ku Florence Harding. Florence janten asisten utama carogéna di ''Star'' dina widang bisnis, sarta terus ngajalanan éta peran dugi ka maranéhna pindah ka Washington dina taun 1915. Kamampuh Florence dina ngokolakeun pausahaan ngajantenkeun Harding tiasa laluasa indit-inditan pikeun biantara—panganggoan kartu pas karéta api gratisna ogé ningkat pisan saatos nikah.{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} Florence Harding nerapkeun sistem ékonomi anu ketat{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} sarta kantos nyerat ngeunaan Harding, "anjeunna bakal hasil upami ngupingkeun abdi, sarta bakal gagal upami henteu."{{sfn|Sibley|p=20}} Dina taun 1892, Harding angkat ka Washington, di dinya anjeunna pendak sareng anggota Kongrés Démokrat ti Nebraska, [[William Jennings Bryan]], sarta ngupingkeun biantara éta inohong dina sidang [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR AS]]. Harding ogé angkat ka [[Éksposisi Kolumbia]] di Chicago dina taun 1893. Duanana dilakukeun tanpa dibarengan ku Florence. Urang Démokrat biasana unggul dina kalungguhan-kalungguhan di Wewengkon Marion; nalika Harding maju janten calon [[auditor daérah]] dina taun 1895, anjeunna kawon, nanging hasil sorana langkung saé tinimbang anu disangka-sangka. Taun salajengna, Harding janten salah saurang orator anu ngurilingan Ohio salaku bagian tina [[Kampanye présidén William McKinley 1896|kampanye]] calon présidén Républik, [[William McKinley]]. Nurutkeun Dean, "nalika digawe pikeun McKinley, [Harding] mimiti kasohor jenenganana di sakuliah Ohio".{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} == Politikus anu nuju nanjeur (1897–1919) == {{salajengna|Sajarah pamilihan Warren G. Harding}} === Sénator nagara bagian === [[File:Warren Gamaliel Harding.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1900-an]] Harding gaduh kahoyong pikeun nyobian deui maju dina pamilihan jabatan publik. Sanajan anjeunna parantos lami janten pangagum Foraker (nu harita parantos janten Sénator AS), anjeunna tetep ati-ati dina ngajaga hubungan saé sareng faksi partéy anu dipingpin ku Sénator AS Ohio sanésna, [[Mark Hanna]], anu mangrupa manajer politik McKinley sakaligus pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC). Boh Foraker boh Hanna ngadukung Harding pikeun maju ka Sénat nagara bagian dina taun 1899; anjeunna kénging nominasi ti Partéy Républik sarta kalayan gampang kapilih pikeun masa jabatan dua taun.{{sfn|Russell|pp=105–108}} Harding ngamimitian opat taun janten sénator nagara bagian salaku inohong anu teu pati dipikawanoh; nanging anjeunna mungkas éta jabatan kalayan janten salah sahiji tokoh pangpopulérna di Partéy Républik Ohio. Anjeunna salawasna katingal tenang sarta némbongkeun sikep handap asor, ciri has anu ngajantenkeun anjeunna dipikaresep ku sasama urang Républik sanajan karir politikna terus nanjak ngaleuwihan maranéhna. Para pamingpin législatif sering badami sareng anjeunna ngeunaan rupa-rupa pasualan anu hésé.{{sfn|Dean|pp=23–24}} Harita mémang geus ilahar pikeun sénator nagara bagian di Ohio ngan ukur ngajabat salaku sataun, nanging Harding hasil kéngingkeun deui nominasi dina taun 1901. Saatos kajadian [[Assassination of William McKinley|pamaténi McKinley]] dina bulan Séptémber (anu digantikeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Theodore Roosevelt]]), gairah politik di Ohio sempet suda sakedap. Dina bulan Nopémber, Harding unggul dina masa jabatan kadua, kalayan hasil sora anu ningkat dua kali lipat dugi ka sélisih 3.563 sora.{{sfn|Russell|pp=172–173}} Dina mangsa ieu, Harding janten anggota [[Freemasonry|Freemason]]. Dina taun 1901, anjeunna diinisiasi kana ''Marion Lodge No. 7''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GWMNMA |title=Preparing to Lay the Memorial's Cornerstone |url=https://gwmemorial.org/blogs/news/preparing-to-lay-the-cornerstone |access-date=January 27, 2025 |publisher=[[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]]}}</ref> Sapertos sabagian ageung politikus dina mangsana, Harding nampi yén sistem patronase sarta panyogokan (''graft'') biasa dianggo pikeun males jasa politik. Anjeunna ngatur supados lanceukna, Mary (anu tunanétra), diangkat janten guru di [[Sakola pikeun nu Lolong di Ohio]], sanajan aya calon sanés anu langkung mumpuni. Dina transaksi sanésna, anjeunna nawarkeun publikasi dina surat kabarna salaku gaganti kartu pas karéta api gratis pikeun anjeunna sarta kulawargana. Nurutkeun Sinclair, "diragukeun naha Harding kantos mikir yén aya anu teu jujur dina nampi fasilitas jabatan atanapi kantor kasebut. Patronase sarta jasa bales budi katingalna dianggap salaku balesan anu wajar pikeun pangabdian ka partéy dina jaman Hanna."{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=40–42}} Teu lami saatos pamilihan munggaran Harding salaku sénator, anjeunna pendak sareng [[Harry M. Daugherty]], anu engkéna bakal nyepeng peran penting dina karir politikna. Salaku jalma anu remen maju dina pamilihan sarta kantos ngajabat dua kali di DPR nagara bagian dina awal taun 1890-an, Daugherty parantos janten calo politik (''political fixer'') sarta lobiis di ibu kota nagara bagian, Columbus. Saatos munggaran pendak sarta ngobrol sareng Harding, Daugherty masihan koméntar, "Geuning, katingalna bakal gagah pisan upami anjeunna janten Présidén."{{sfn|Russell|pp=108–112}} === Inohong nagara bagian Ohio === [[File:Warren G. Harding 1910 gubernatorial button.png|jmpl|katuhu|Pin kampanye Warren G. Harding pikeun Gubernur taun 1910]] Dina awal taun 1903, Harding ngumumkeun badé maju janten [[Gubernur Ohio]], dipicu ku mundurna calon utama, anggota Kongrés [[Charles W. F. Dick]]. Hanna sareng George Cox ngaraos yén Harding moal tiasa kapilih alatan hubunganana sareng Foraker—nalika [[Éra Progrésif]] dimimitian, masarakat mimiti méré pandangan négatif kana prakték jual-beuli jasa politik sarta ayana "bos" politik sapertos Cox. Ku kituna, maranéhna ngajurung bankir ti Cleveland, [[Myron T. Herrick]], anu mangrupa rénjang McKinley, pikeun maju. Herrick ogé dianggap langkung tiasa narik sora ti calon kuat Démokrat, Wali Kota Cleveland anu réformis, [[Tom L. Johnson]]. Alatan lolongkrangna alit pikeun janten calon gubernur, Harding ahirna milari nominasi janten létnan gubernur, sarta boh Herrick boh Harding dicalonkeun sacara aklamasi.{{sfn|Russell|pp=147–155}} Foraker sareng Hanna (nu pupus alatan [[tipes]] dina Pébruari 1904) duanana milu kampanye pikeun pasangan anu disebut "Tikét Empat-H" kasebut. Herrick sareng Harding unggul kalayan sélisih sora anu mutlak.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Saatos anjeunna sareng Herrick dilantik, Herrick nyandak sababaraha kaputusan anu kirang merenah sahingga ngabalukarkeun para pangrojong Républik malik cua, utamana para patani anu teu sapuk kana kawijakanana nampik pangwangunan sakola luhur tatanén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Di sisi sanésna, nurutkeun Sinclair, "Harding mah teu pati seueur padamelan, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeunana kalayan saé pisan".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Tanggung jawabna pikeun mingpin Sénat nagara bagian ngalegaan jaringan hubungan politikna anu nuju mekar.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Harding sareng sababaraha pihak ngabayangkeun kasuksésan maju janten gubernur dina taun 1905, nanging Herrick nampik pikeun mundur. Dina awal taun 1905, Harding ngumumkeun badé nampi nominasi gubernur upami ditawarkeun, nanging nyanghareupan amarah ti para pamingpin sapertos Cox, Foraker sarta Dick, anjeunna ahirna mutuskeun moal milari jabatan naon waé dina taun 1905. Herrick kawon dina pamilihan, nanging pasangan énggalna, [[Andrew L. Harris]], kapilih sarta janten gubernur lima sasih ti saprak harita saatos gubernur ti Partéy Démokrat, [[John M. Pattison]], pupus. Saurang pajabat Républik nyerat ka Harding, "Naha anjeun henteu hanjelu yén Dick henteu ngidinan anjeun maju janten Létnan Gubernur?"{{sfn|Russell|pp=163–168}} [[File:Foraker in 1908.png|jmpl|katuhu|lebar=0.8|Sénator [[Joseph B. Foraker]] dina taun 1908]] Salian ti milih présidén, para pamilih di Ohio dina taun 1908 ogé kedah milih anggota législatif anu bakal nangtukeun naha Foraker bakal kapilih deui janten sénator. Éta sénator parantos parébat sareng Présidén Roosevelt ngeunaan [[Insidén Brownsville]]. Sanajan Foraker miboga lolongkrang anu alit pikeun meunang, anjeunna tetep milari nominasi présidén ti Partéy Républik ngalawan batur salemburna ti Cincinnati, Menteri Perang [[William Howard Taft]], anu mangrupa calon anu dipilih ku Roosevelt.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=42–45}} Dina ping 6 Januari 1908, surat kabar ''Star'' kagungan Harding masihan dukungan ka Foraker sarta nyempad Roosevelt anu dianggap nyobian ngaruksak karir éta sénator. Nanging dina ping 22 Januari, Harding ngaliwatan ''Star'' malik haluan sarta nyatakeun dukungan ka Taft, bari nganggap Foraker parantos kawon.{{sfn|Russell|p=188}} Nurutkeun Sinclair, parobahan sikep Harding ka Taft téh "lain alatan anjeunna ningal bebeneran (''the light''), nanging alatan anjeunna ngarasakeun panasna tekenan (''the heat'')".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=46}} Ku cara milu ngarojong Taft, Harding hasil salamet tina kahancuran nu kaalaman ku nu ngajaga karirna (Foraker)—Foraker gagal kéngingkeun nominasi présidén sarta kawon dina pamilihan sénator periode katilu. Hal sanés anu ngabantu nyalametkeun karir Harding nyaéta anjeunna dipikaresep ku kelompok progrésif anu harita mimiti ngawasa Partéy Républik di Ohio.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=46–47}} Harding maju sarta kéngingkeun nominasi gubernur ti Partéy Républik dina taun 1910. Harita, partéy nuju kabagi pisan antara kelompok progrésif sareng konservatif, sahingga teu tiasa ngéléhkeun kakuatan Démokrat anu ngahiji; anjeunna kawon ku petahana [[Judson Harmon]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=197, 208–210}} Harry Daugherty janten manajer kampanye Harding, nanging Harding henteu nyalahkeun Daugherty alatan éta kakawonanna. Sanajan aya perpecahan, boh Présidén Taft boh mantan présidén Roosevelt sumping ka Ohio pikeun kampanye pikeun Harding, nanging parébatna maranéhna malah ngabagi sora Partéy Républik sarta mastikeun kakawonanna Harding.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=47–49}} Perpecahan partéy beuki jero, sarta dina taun 1912, Taft sareng Roosevelt janten saingan dina parebutan nominasi Républik. [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1912]] lumangsung kalayan pajeuet. Atas paménta Taft, Harding masihan biantara nominasi pikeun sang présidén, nanging para delegasi anu nuju ambek henteu pati nampi orasi Harding. Taft ahirna dicalonkeun deui, nanging para pangrojong Roosevelt kaluar ti partéy. Harding, salaku urang Républik anu satia, tetep ngadukung Taft. Sora Républik ahirna kabagi antara Taft sareng Roosevelt anu maju ngaliwatan [[Partéy Progrésif (Amérika Sarikat, 1912)|Partéy Progrésif]]. Ieu hal ngajantenkeun calon ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New Jersey [[Woodrow Wilson]], kapilih janten présidén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=227–235}} === Sénator AS === ==== Pamilihan taun 1914 ==== {{salajengna|Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio}} Anggota Kongrés [[Theodore E. Burton]] parantos kapilih janten sénator ku parlemén nagara bagian pikeun ngagentos Foraker dina taun 1909, sarta anjeunna ngumumkeun badé nyalonkeun deui pikeun periode kadua dina pamilihan taun 1914. Nalika harita, [[Amandemén ka-17 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] parantos disahkeun, anu masihan hak ka rahayat pikeun milih sénator sacara langsung, sarta Ohio parantos ngamimitian [[Pamilihan primér|pamilihan primér]] pikeun éta jabatan. Foraker sarta mantan anggota kongrés [[Ralph D. Cole]] ogé milu daptar dina primér Républik. Nalika Burton mundur, Foraker janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun, nanging paham Républikan ''Old Guard'' (kolot) anjeunna dianggap parantos tinggaleun jaman, sahingga Harding didorong pikeun milu mitembeyan. Daugherty ngaku yén anjeunna anu hasil ngolo Harding sangkan kersa maju: "Abdi mendakan anjeunna sapertos penyu anu nuju moyan dina luhureun kai, teras ku abdi disuntrungkeun ka jero cai."{{sfn|Russell|p=246}} Nurutkeun panulis biografi Harding, Randolph Downes, "anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye anu kacida leuleuy sarta matak pikaresepeun sahingga bakal kénging pangpuji ti para malaikat. Éta kampanye dirancang sangkan teu nyinggung sasaha, iwal ti urang Démokrat."{{sfn|Dean|pp=34–35}} Sanajan Harding henteu nyerang Foraker, para pangrojongna mah teu miboga rasa sungkan sapertos kitu. Harding ahirna meunang dina primér kalayan sélisih 12.000 sora saluhureun Foraker.{{sfn|Walters|pp=291–293}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 19em | salign = right | quote = Baca ''The Menace'' sarta panyahoan eusina,<br />Sumping ka TPS sarta éléhkeun Pausna. | source =Slogan anu ditalis dina témbok sarta pager di Ohio, 1914{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=54–55}}}} Lawan Harding dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat di Ohio, 1914|pamilihan umum]] nyaéta Jaksa Agung Ohio, [[Timothy Sylvester Hogan (politikus)|Timothy Hogan]], anu hasil naék kana jabatan tingkat nagara bagian sanajan aya [[Anti-Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|prasangka anti-Katolik]] anu lega di wewengkon padésan. Dina taun 1914, dimimitianna [[Perang Dunya I]] sarta ayana lolongkrang saurang Katolik janten sénator ti Ohio ningkatkeun sentimén [[nativismeu (politik)|nativis]]. Selebaran propaganda kalayan nami sapertos ''The Menace'' sarta ''The Defender'' eusina mangrupa peringatan yén Hogan téh utusan dina hiji plot anu dipingpin ku Paus [[Benediktus XV]] ngaliwatan [[Knights of Columbus]] pikeun ngawasa Ohio. Harding henteu nyerang Hogan (anu mangrupa rénjang lami anjeunna) ngeunaan ieu pasualan, nanging anjeunna ogé henteu nyempad kana rasa kaceuceub nativis ka lawanna kasebut.{{sfn|Russell|pp=250–251}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} Gaya kampanye Harding anu [[wikt:conciliatory|leuleuy (konsiliatori)]] ngabantu pisan ka anjeunna;{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} salah saurang rénjang Harding nganggap [[Biantara kampanye|biantara]] Harding salami kampanye usum gugur 1914 salaku "campuran tina omongan kosong anu gaya, patriotismeu, sarta hal-hal anu teu aya hartosna pisan".{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Dean nyatet, "Harding ngagunakeun orasina kalayan hasil anu saé; éta ngajantenkeun anjeunna kapilih, bari miboga musuh anu saeutik pisan dina éta prosés."{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Harding unggul leuwih ti 100.000 sora dina sora mutlak (''landslide'') anu ogé mawa gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Frank B. Willis]], kana korsi jabatan.{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} ==== Sénator junior ==== Nalika Harding gabung ka Sénat AS, Partéy Démokrat nuju ngawasa duanana [[Kongrés ka-64 Amérika Sarikat|majelis Kongrés]], sarta dipingpin ku Présidén Wilson. Salaku sénator junior ti partéy minoritas, Harding nampi pancén dina komite-komite anu henteu pati penting, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeun éta tugas kalayan daria.{{sfn|Dean|p=44}} Anjeunna mangrupa sora Républikan anu aman sarta konservatif.{{sfn|Nevins|p=253}} Sakumaha nalika anjeunna di Sénat Ohio, Harding janten inohong anu dipikaresep ku seueur jalma.{{sfn|Dean|pp=38, 44}} Dina dua pasualan utama, nyaéta [[hak pilih awéwé]] sarta [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|prohibisi (larangan) alkohol]], dimana upami salah milih pihak bakal ngaruksak lolongkrangna janten présidén dina taun 1920, Harding hasil salamet ku cara nyandak sikep anu parigel. Salaku sénator-kapilih, anjeunna mimitina nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal ngadukung hak pilih pikeun awéwé sateuacan Ohio ngalakukeunana. Nanging, nalika dukungan pikeun hak pilih ningkat di Ohio sarta di kalangan Sénator Républik, dina waktos Kongrés ngayakeun sora ngeunaan éta pasualan, Harding parantos janten pangrojong anu teguh. Harding, anu saenyana sok nginum alkohol ogé,{{sfn|Russell|p=141}} mimitina milih nolak larangan alkohol. Anjeunna milih ngadukung [[Amandemén ka-18 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu nerapkeun prohibisi, saatos hasil ngusulkeun parobahan pikeun nerapkeun wates waktos ratifikasi—anu mimitina disangka bakal ngagagalkeun éta amandemén. Nanging, saatos éta amandemén tetep disahkeun, Harding milih pikeun ngabatalkeun véto Wilson kana [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], anu janten dasar palaksanaan amandemén kasebut. Ieu léngkah mastikeun anjeunna kéngingkeun dukungan ti ''[[Anti-Saloon League]]''.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=63–65}} Harding, salaku politikus anu dipihormat ku urang Républik boh kelompok Progrésif, dipénta janten pupuhu samentara dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1916]] sakaligus nepikeun [[biantara utama]] (''keynote address''). Anjeunna ngajurung para delegasi sangkan ngahiji salaku partéy anu kuat. Éta konvénsi ahirna nyalonkeun Hakim [[Charles Evans Hughes]].{{sfn|Dean|pp=37–39}} Harding ogé ngayakeun hubungan sareng Roosevelt nalika mantan présidén éta [[Konvénsi Nasional Progrésif 1916|nampik nominasi ti Partéy Progrésif taun 1916]], hiji panolakan anu sacara éféktif ngabubarkeun éta partéy. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916|pamilihan présidén Nopémber 1916]], sanajan Partéy Républik beuki ngahiji, Hughes kawon tipis ku Wilson.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=70}} Harding nepikeun biantara sarta milih ngarojong [[Deklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Jérman (1917)|résolusi perang]] anu dipénta ku Wilson dina April 1917, anu ngalibetkeun Amérika Sarikat kana Perang Dunya I.{{sfn|Russell|p=283}} Dina bulan Agustus, Harding boga pamandangan yén Wilson kedah dipasihan kakawasaan anu méh diktatorial, kalayan nyatakeun yén démokrasi teu pati miboga tempat dina mangsa perang.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=77}} Harding milih ngarojong sabagian ageung undang-undang perang, kalebet [[Undang-Undang Éspionase 1917]], anu ngawatesan kabébasan sipil, sanajan anjeunna nampik [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] alatan dianggap anti-bisnis. Dina Méi 1918, Harding anu mimiti kurang panuju ka Wilson, nampik rancangan undang-undang pikeun ngalegaan kakawasaan présidén.{{sfn|Russell|p=299}} Dina pamilihan législatif sela taun 1918, anu dilaksanakeun sateuacan [[Gencatan sanjata 11 Nopémber 1918|gencatan sanjata]], Partéy Républik hasil ngawasa Sénat kalayan sélisih sora anu saeutik.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Harding diangkat janten anggota [[Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri Sénat]].{{sfn|Dean|p=47}} Wilson henteu nyandak saurang-urang acan anggota Sénat nalika angkat ka [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris 1919]], kalayan kayakinan yén anjeunna tiasa maksa [[Perjangjian Versailles]] sangkan disahkeun ku Sénat ku cara ménta dukungan langsung ti rahayat.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Nalika Wilson mulang bari mawa perjangjian anu netepkeun perdamaian sakaligus ngadegkeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sabagian ageung masarakat mémang mihak ka anjeunna. Nanging, seueur sénator anu teu sapuk kana Pasal X tina [[Kovénan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], anu marentahkeun nagara-nagara anggotana pikeun ngabela nagara anggota sanés anu ditarajang; maranéhna nganggap hal ieu bakal maksa Amérika Sarikat milu perang tanpa kasapukan ti Kongrés. Harding mangrupa salah sahiji ti 39 sénator anu nandatanganan surat [[Round-robin (dokumén)|''round-robin'']] anu nampik éta Liga. Nalika Wilson ngondang Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri ka Gedong Bodas pikeun sawala informal ngeunaan éta perjangjian, Harding kalayan parigel nanyakeun Wilson ngeunaan Pasal X; nanging présidén kalah nyingkahan éta patarosan. Sénat ngayakeun perdebatan ngeunaan Versailles dina Séptémber 1919, sarta Harding nepikeun biantara utama pikeun nampik éta perjangjian. Nalika harita, Wilson katerap stroke nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan biantara. Kalayan kaayaan [[Kandeganana Woodrow Wilson 1919–1921|présidén anu teu daya]] di Gedong Bodas sarta dukungan masarakat anu mimiti suda, éta perjangjian ahirna kawon (teu disahkeun).{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=91–100}} == Pamilihan présidén taun 1920 == {{utama|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}} === Kampanye primér === [[File:Sen. Warren S. (G.) Harding LCCN2016819939 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1919]] Kusabab sabagian ageung kelompok Progrésif parantos ngagabung deui ka Partéy Républik, mantan pamimpin maranéhna, Theodore Roosevelt, dianggap bakal maju deui pikeun katilu kalina ka Gedong Bodas dina taun 1920, sarta janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun pikeun kéngingkeun nominasi Républik. Nanging, rencana ieu lirén nalika Roosevelt pupus sacara ngadadak dina ping 6 Januari 1919. Sababaraha calon gancang bermunculan, kalebet Jenderal [[Leonard Wood]], Gubernur Illinois [[Frank Lowden]], Sénator Kalifornia [[Hiram Johnson]] (anu kantos janten pasangan Roosevelt dina pamilihan taun 1912), sarta sababaraha calon sanésna sapertos [[Herbert Hoover]] (kawentar alatan jasa kamanusaanana dina Perang Dunya I), Gubernur Massachusetts [[Calvin Coolidge]], sarta Jenderal [[John J. Pershing]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=21}} Sanaos Harding hoyong janten présidén, motivasina maju téh sabagian ageung didorong ku kahoyongna pikeun tetep ngawasa politik Républik di Ohio, anu bakal ngajamin anjeunna kapilih deui janten Sénator dina taun 1920. Di antara jalma-jalma anu nuju ngincer korsi Harding téh nyaéta mantan gubernur Willis (anu kawon ku [[James M. Cox]] dina taun 1916) sarta Kolonél [[William Cooper Procter]] (pamingpin [[Procter & Gamble]]). Dina ping 17 Désémber 1919, Harding ngayakeun bewara basajan ngeunaan pencalonan présidénna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=49–51}} Pamingpin Républik teu pati mikaresep Wood sarta Johnson, anu duanana asalna ti faksi progrésif partéy; Lowden ogé, anu miboga sipat indepénden, dianggap teu pati hadé. Harding jauh leuwih bisa ditarima ku para pamingpin "Old Guard" (kelompok senior konservatif) di éta partéy.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=659–660}} Daugherty, anu janten manajer kampanye Harding, yakin yén moal aya calon sanés anu tiasa kéngingkeun sora mayoritas. Stratégina nyaéta ngajantenkeun Harding salaku pilihan anu bisa ditarima ku para delegasi nalika para calon utama mimiti laleuleus (falter). Daugherty ngadegkeun kantor kampanye "Harding for President" di Washington (anu dikokolakeun ku jalma kapercayaanana, [[Jess Smith]]), sarta ngawangun jaringan rérénjang sarta pangrojong Harding, kalebet [[Frank Scobey]] ti Téksas (panitera Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio nalika Harding ngajabat di dinya).{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=26–27}} Harding ogé diikhtiar ku cara terus-terusan nyerat surat pikeun nguatkeun dukunganana. Nurutkeun Russell, "tanpa usaha [[Mépistopéléan]] (cerdik sarta licik) ti Daugherty, Harding moal kungsi bisa nincak kana nominasi."{{sfn|Russell|pp=336–339}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 26em | salign = right | quote = Kabutuh Amérika ayeuna téh sanés hal-hal anu hébat (heroics), nanging pamulihan (healing); sanés ubar mujarab (nostrums), nanging kayaan normal (normalcy); sanés révolusi, nanging réstorasi; sanés agitasi, nanging panyaluyuan; sanés bédah, nanging katengtreman; sanés hal anu dramatis, nanging hal anu tenang (dispassionate); sanés ékspérimén, nanging kasaimbangan (equipoise); sanés kalelep dina internasionalitas, nanging ketahanan dina kamilangan nasional anu unggul. | source =Warren G. Harding, biantara di payuneun Home Market Club, Boston, 14 Méi 1920{{sfn|Dean|p=56}}}} === Konvénsi === {{salajengna|Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920]] dibuka di [[Chicago Coliseum#The third Coliseum|Chicago Coliseum]] dina ping 8 Juni 1920. Éta konvénsi ngumpulkeun para delegasi anu nuju papaséan kacida rongkahna, utamana alatan ayana laporan hasil panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan waragad kampanye anu nembé pisan dipedalkeun. Éta laporan nétélakeun yén Wood parantos ngaluarkeun modal $1,8 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|1.8|1920|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}), anu nguatkeun tuduhan Johnson yén Wood nuju nyobian "mésér" korsi présidén. Sabagian tina $600.000 anu dikaluarkeun ku Lowden tétéla ngocor ka saku dua delegasi konvénsi. Samentara éta, Johnson ngaluarkeun $194.000, sarta Harding mung $113.000. Johnson dianggap janten aktor di balik éta panalungtikan, sarta amarah ti faksi Lowden sareng Wood nutup sagala lolongkrang kompromi di antara para calon unggulan. Ti ampir 1.000 delegasi, 27 di antarana nyaéta awéwé—[[Amandemén ka-19 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu ngajamin hak pilih pikeun awéwé, nuju ngantosan persatujuan ti hiji nagara bagian deui pikeun diratifikasi, sarta bakal disahkeun sateuacan ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=351–356, 363}} Ieu konvénsi henteu gaduh "bos" (pamingpin tunggal), seueur delegasi anu milih sakahayangna sorangan, sarta kusabab di Gedong Bodas nuju aya urang Démokrat, para pamingpin partéy henteu tiasa ngagunakeun sistem patronase pikeun ngatur sora.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=33}} Para wartawan nganggap Harding moal mungkin dicalonkeun alatan hasilna anu goréng dina pamilihan primér, sarta nempatkeun anjeunna dina jajaran [[Kuda hideung|kuda hideung]].{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}} Harding, anu sapertos calon sanésna nuju aya di Chicago pikeun ngawas kampanyena, nempatan urutan kagenep dina hasil poling opini publik panganyarna, di handapeun tilu calon utama sarta mantan Hakim Hughes sarta Herbert Hoover, sarta mung rada unggul sakedik ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Russell|p=335}}{{sfn|Dean|p=60}} Saatos konvénsi ngabahas pasualan sanésna, prosés nominasi présidén dibuka dina Jumaah énjing, ping 11 Juni. Harding parantos ménta Willis pikeun ngajukeun namina dina nominasi. Mantan gubernur éta ngalaksanakeunana kalayan biantara anu dipikaresep ku para delegasi, boh alatan gaya basana anu deukeut ka rahayat (''folksiness'') boh alatan ringkesna éta biantara di tengah hawa Chicago anu kacida panasna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=374–375}} Wartawan Mark Sullivan anu hadir di dinya nyebat éta biantara salaku campuran anu hébat antara "orasi, opera agung, sarta [[Nyalukan babi|sorat panyalukan babi]] (''hog calling'')." Willis nyarita bari condong kana pager podium, "Dangu, barudak—kaasup nu gareulis ogé—naha urang teu milih Warren Harding waé?"{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} Seuri sarta keprok anu nuturkeun éta ucapan nyiptakeun suasana anu haneut sarta simpati pikeun Harding.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 23em | salign = right | quote = Abdi henteu ngarepkeun Sénator Harding bakal dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kahiji, kadua, atanapi katilu, nanging abdi mikir urang tiasa nyandak lolongkrang nalika sakitar tabuh dua sabelas menit dina Jumaah énjing-énjing di konvénsi, nalika lima belas atanapi dua puluh urang, anu parantos lungse, nuju diuk ngariung dina méja, salah saurang di antarana bakal nyarios: "Saha anu bakal ku urang dicalonkeun?" Dina waktos anu nangtukeun éta, rerencangan Sénator Harding tiasa ngajukeun namina sarta nampi naon waé hasilna. | source =Harry M. Daugherty{{sfn|Bagby|p=661}}}} Opat kali prosés sora (''ballot'') dilaksanakeun dina Jumaah sonten ping 11 Juni, sarta tétéla hasilna nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''). Kalayan 493 sora anu diperlukeun pikeun dicalonkeun, Wood mangrupa anu pangcaketna kalayan 314{{frac|1|2}} sora; Lowden kénging 289{{frac|1|2}}. Hasil pangsaéna pikeun Harding mung 65{{frac|1|2}}. Pupuhu [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] ti Massachusetts, anu mangrupa [[Pamingpin Mayoritas Sénat]], nutup sidang konvénsi sakitar tabuh 7 sonten.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}}{{sfn|Dean|p=61}} Wengi ping 11–12 Juni 1920 janten kasohor dina sajarah politik salaku wengi "[[kamar anu pinuh ku haseup]]" (''[[smoke-filled room]]''). Numutkeun carita anu sumebar, para sesepuh partéy sapuk pikeun maksa konvénsi nyalonkeun Harding. Para sejarawan museurkeun perhatian kana sési anu dilaksanakeun di suite Pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC) [[Will H. Hays|Will Hays]] di [[Hotél Blackstone]]. Di dinya, para sénator sarta inohong sanésna sumping silih ganti, sarta sawatara calon poténsial dibahas. Sénator Utah [[Reed Smoot]], sateuacan angkat dina awal wengi, ngadukung Harding sarta nyarios ka Hays yén jalaran Partéy Démokrat kamungkinan ageung bakal nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox, maranéhna kedah milih Harding supados tiasa unggul di Ohio. Smoot ogé nyarios ka ''[[The New York Times]]'' yén parantos aya kasapukan pikeun nyalonkeun Harding, nanging hal éta moal langsung kajantenan dina sababaraha sora (''ballot'') munggaran.{{sfn|Bagby|pp=662–663}} Hal ieu saenyana henteu leres: sawatara pamilon mémang ngadukung Harding (nu sanésna mah ngadukung sainganna), nanging teu aya pakta resmi pikeun nyalonkeun anjeunna, sarta para sénator ogé teu miboga kakawasaan pikeun maksa éta kasapukan. Dua pamilon sanésna dina éta diskusi, Sénator Kansas [[Charles Curtis]] sarta Kolonél [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey]], ngaramalkeun ka pers yén Harding bakal dicalonkeun margi calon sanés miboga kakurangan anu dianggap ngabeuratkeun (''liabilities'').{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=38}} Judul-judul dina surat kabar énjingna méré kesan yén aya intrik di balik layar. Sejarawan Wesley M. Bagby nyerat, "Rupa-rupa kelompok saenyana digawe masing-masing pikeun ngawujudkeun éta nominasi—tanpa ayana gabungan sarta mung sakedik pisan ngayakeun kontak." Bagby nyatakeun yén faktor konci dina dicalonkeunana Harding nyaéta kawentarna anjeunna di kalangan delegasi umum (''rank and file'').{{sfn|Bagby|pp=657-674}} Para delegasi anu kumpul deui parantos nguping béja yén Harding mangrupa pilihan ti sakelompok sénator (''cabal''). Sanajan hal ieu henteu leres, para delegasi percanten sarta milari jalan kaluar ku cara milih Harding. Nalika prosés sora dimimitian deui dina énjing-énjing ping 12 Juni, sora pikeun Harding terus ningkat dina opat sora salajengna, dugi ka nincak 133{{frac|1|2}} sora, sedengkeun dua calon unggulan mah henteu seueur robah. Lodge teras ngumumkeun reureuh (''recess'') salami tilu jam, anu ngajantenkeun Daugherty ambek. Daugherty lumpat ka podium sarta nyanghareupan Lodge, "Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma ku cara kieu! Éta usulan teu disahkeun! Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma!"{{sfn|Russell|pp=387–390}} Lodge sarta nu sanésna ngagunakeun waktu reureuh pikeun nyobian ngeureunkeun moméntum Harding sarta nyalonkeun Pupuhu RNC Hays, nanging Hays nampik sarta embung kalibet.{{sfn|Dean|p=65}} Dina prosés sora kasalapan, saatos aya sakedik tegangan, hiji-hiji delegasi mimiti malik ngadukung Harding. Anjeunna mingpin kalayan 374{{frac|1|2}} sora, dibandingkeun Wood (249) sarta Lowden (121{{frac|1|2}}). Lowden ahirna ngaleupaskeun delegasina pikeun milih Harding, sarta dina sora kasapuluh anu dilaksanakeun tabuh 6 sonten, prosésna mung kantun formalitas; Harding mungkas kalayan 672{{frac|1|5}} sora ngalawan 156 pikeun Wood. Nominasi kasebut ahirna disatujuan sacara buleud (unanimous). Para delegasi, anu hoyong énggal mulang supados teu kedah mayar deui biaya hotél, teras neraskeun kana nominasi wakil présidén. Harding hoyong Sénator [[Irvine Lenroot]] ti Wisconsin, nanging Lenroot teu kersa. Sateuacan nami Lenroot ditarik sarta calon sanés diputuskeun, delegasi Oregon [[Wallace McCamant]] ngusulkeun Gubernur Coolidge sarta nampi dukungan anu kacida raména. Coolidge, anu kasohor alatan peranna dina ngeureunkeun [[Mogok pulisi Boston|mogokna pulisi Boston]] taun 1919, dicalonkeun janten wakil présidén kalayan kénging sora anu langkung seueur tinimbang Harding. James Morgan nyerat dina ''[[The Boston Globe]]'': "Para delegasi embung cicing di Chicago dugi ka dinten Minggu... para nu nyieun Présidén (''President makers'') malah parantos teu gaduh kaos bersih deui. Dumasar kana hal-hal sapertos kitu, Rollo, nasib bangsa-bangsa ditangtukeun."{{sfn|Russell|pp=392–394}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=66–67}} === Kampanye pamilihan umum === [[File:Harding front porch campaign.jpg|jmpl|lebar=1.2|Harding ngamimitian kampanye "téras hareup" (front porch) ku cara nampi nominasi Républik, 22 Juli 1920.]] Pasangan Harding/Coolidge gancang meunang dukungan tina surat kabar Républik, nanging koran-koran anu gaduh pamandangan sanés mah nyatakeun rasa kuciwana. ''[[New York World]]'' nganggap Harding salaku calon anu pangsaeutikna kualifikasi saprak jaman [[James Buchanan]], bari nyebat sénator Ohio éta téh saurang jalma anu "lemah sarta médiocére" (biasa waé) anu "teu kantos gaduh ideu orisinal."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} Surat kabar [[Hearst Corporation]] nyebat Harding salaku "pamawa bandera otokrasi Sénatorial énggal."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=156}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' ngagambarkeun calon présidén Républik éta salaku "politikus Ohio kelas dua anu cukup dipihormat."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1920]] dibuka di San Francisco dina ping 28 Juni 1920, di handapeun kalangkang Woodrow Wilson anu saenyana hoyong dicalonkeun deui pikeun periode katilu. Para delegasi yakin yén kaséhatan Wilson moal ngidinan anjeunna ngajabat deui, sahingga maranéhna milari calon sanés. Mantan Menteri Kauangan [[William G. McAdoo]] janten calon utama, nanging anjeunna téh minantu Wilson, sarta nampik pikeun dicalonkeun salami présidén masih kénéh hoyong ngajabat. Sanajan kitu, seueur delegasi anu tetep milih McAdoo, sahingga kajantenan jalan buntu (''deadlock'') sareng Jaksa Agung [[A. Mitchell Palmer]]. Dina sora (''ballot'') ka-44, Partéy Démokrat ahirna nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox janten présidén, kalayan pasanganna nyaéta [[Asistén Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Jalaran Cox ogé saurang nu gaduh sarta ééditor surat kabar, ieu hal ngajantenkeun dua ééditor ti Ohio silih hareupan pikeun korsi présidén. Sababaraha pihak ngarasula yén teu aya pilihan politik anu nyata margi boh Cox boh Harding dianggap salaku jalma anu konservatif dina widang ékonomi.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=157–159}} Nanging sacara idéologi, duanana miboga bédana anu nyata, dimana Cox saurang liberal sarta Harding saurang konservatif. [[File:Harding Cox and Ruth.jpg|jmpl|kenca|"Kumaha Anjeunna Tiasa Ngalakukeunana?" Dina kartun [[Clifford Berryman]] ieu, Harding sareng Cox nuju mikiran wartos ageung sanésna dina taun 1920: rékor ''home run'' [[Babe Ruth]].]] Harding milih pikeun ngayakeun [[Kampanye téras hareup|kampanye téras hareup]] (''front porch campaign''), sapertos McKinley dina taun 1896.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Sababaraha taun sateuacan éta, Harding parantos ngaropéa téras hareup bumina sangkan nyarupaan téras bumina McKinley, anu nurutkeun tatanggana mah éta téh mangrupa tanda anjeunna gaduh ambisi janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=61}} Éta calon présidén tetep cicing di bumina di Marion, sarta nepikeun biantara ka para delegasi anu sumping nganjang. Samentara éta, Cox sareng Roosevelt ngurilingan nagara (''stumped the nation'') bari nepikeun ratusan biantara. Coolidge kampanye di wewengkon Timur Laut, sarta engkéna di kidul, nanging anjeunna henteu janten faktor anu signifikan dina éta pamilihan.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Di Marion, Harding ngokolakeun kampanyena. Salaku saurang wartawan, anjeunna miboga hubungan anu akrab (''camaraderie'') sareng para pers anu ngaliput anjeunna, hiji hubungan anu jarang bisa disaruaan ku présidén-présidén sanésna. Téma kampanye anjeunna, nyaéta "[[Mulang ka kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy''), dibantuan ku suasana kota Marion anu méré kesan tempat anu tartib sarta méré rasa nostalgia pikeun seueur pamilih. Kampanye téras hareup ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding nyingkahan rupa-rupa kasalahan, sarta nalika waktu pamilihan beuki deukeut, kakuatanana beuki ningkat. Lalampahan calon ti Partéy Démokrat ahirna maksa Harding pikeun ngayakeun sababaraha kunjungan biantara anu pondok, nanging sabagian ageung waktosna mah anjeunna tetep aya di Marion. Amérika Sarikat henteu peryogi inohong sapertos Wilson deui, saur Harding, bari ngajukeun présidén anu "deukeut ka kaayaan normal".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=163–165}} [[File:FDR and James M Cox cph.3b03395.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Calon ti Démokrat, Cox (katuhu) sarta Roosevelt nalika kampanye di Washington, D.C., 1920]] Orasi Harding anu sakapeung "teu jelas" eusina ngajantenkeun sababaraha pihak ngarasa keuheul; McAdoo ngagambarkeun biantara Harding salaku "pasukan kalimah anu gaya nuju leumpang ngurilingan bentang alam pikeun milari hiji ideu. Sakapeung, éta kecap-kecap anu ngulampreng téh hasil nangkep hiji pamikiran anu sasar sarta mawa éta pamikiran kalayan bangga, janten tahanan di tengah-tengah maranéhna, dugi ka éta pamikiran téh maot alatan dijadikeun budak sarta gawé kaleuleuwihi."{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} [[H. L. Mencken]] ogé satuju, "ieu ngingetkeun kuring kana rupa-rupa spons baseuh, ngingetkeun kuring kana poéan anu parantos soék dina tali jemuran; ngingetkeun kuring kana sop kacang anu parantos haseum, kana gogorowokan mahasiswa, kana anjing anu ngagogog tanpa hartos salami wengi. Ieu téh sakitu goréngna dugi ka aya sakedik kesan kaagungan di jerona... Ieu téh sora anu ngageleter (''rumble'') sarta ngahiung (''bumble''). Ieu téh ngan ukur basa basi anu kosong (''balderdash'')."{{efn|Mencken sanajan kitu tetep milih Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Sinclair|p=165}}.}}{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} ''The New York Times'' méré pandangan anu langkung positip, nyebutkeun yén dina biantara Harding, sabagian ageung masarakat tiasa mendakan "eunteung tina pamikiran maranéhna sorangan anu can pati jelas."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=166}} Wilson parantos nyatakeun yén pamilihan taun 1920 bakal janten "referendum anu agung sarta khidmat" ngeunaan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, anu ngajantenkeun Cox hésé pikeun nyandak sikep—sanajan Roosevelt kacida ngadukungna, Cox mah kurang sumanget.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=43–45}} Harding nolak asup ka Liga Bangsa-Bangsa sakumaha anu parantos dirundingkeun ku Wilson, nanging anjeunna sapuk kana hiji "asosiasi nagara-nagara,"<ref name = "anb" /> dumasar kana [[Mahkamah Arbitrasé Permanén]] di [[Den Haag]]. Ieu hal dianggap cukup umum pikeun muaskeun sabagian ageung urang Républik. Dina bulan Oktober, Cox mimiti sadar yén aya panolakan masarakat anu lega kana Pasal X, sarta nyebutkeun yén [[reservasi (hukum)|catetan-catetan]] dina éta perjangjian mungkin diperlukeun; parobahan sikep ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding pikeun henteu kedah nyarios seueur deui ngeunaan éta pasualan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=27–28}} [[File:WGHarding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju kampanye dina taun 1920]] RNC nyéwa [[Albert Lasker]], saurang éksékutif iklan ti Chicago, pikeun ngapublikasikeun Harding. Lasker ngaluncurkeun kampanye iklan anu jembar sarta ngagunakeun rupa-rupa téhnik iklan standar nu harita mah nembe pisan dilarapkeun dina pamilihan présidén. Pendekatan Lasker ngawengku warta film (''newsreels'') sarta rékaman sora. Para pangunjung ka Marion dipoto sareng Sénator sarta Ibu Harding, teras salinan potona dikirimkeun ka surat kabar di kota asalna masing-masing.{{sfn|Dean|p=69}} Poster papan reklame (''billboard''), surat kabar, sarta majalah dianggo salian ti film layar lébar. [[Telemarketer]] ogé dianggo pikeun ngayakeun telepon kalayan naskah dialog nu parantos disusun pikeun ngamajukeun Harding.{{sfn|Morello|pp=64–65}} Salami kampanye, pihak lawan nyebarkeun béja lami yén aki buyut Harding téh saurang [[Hindia Kulon]] [[Wanoja atawa lalaki hideung|turunan hideung]] sarta yén aya [[Turunan Amérika-Afrika présidén Amérika Sarikat|turunan hideung sanésna dina tangkal kulawargana]].{{sfn|Russell|p=372}} Manajer kampanye Harding nolak éta tuduhan. Profésor ti [[Wooster College]], [[William Estabrook Chancellor]], ngapublikasikeun éta béja dumasar kana panalungtikan kulawarga anu sakapeung mah ngan ukur mangrupa gosip lokal hungkul.{{sfn|Russell|pp=403–405}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1920.svg|katuhu|jmpl|Hasil sora éléktoral 1920]] Dina poéan pamilihan, 2 Nopémber 1920, ampir teu aya anu mangmang yén pasangan Républik bakal unggul.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=62}} Harding kéngingkeun 60,2 persén sora rahayat (''popular vote''), perséntase pangluhurna ti saprak mekarna [[Sistem dua partéy]], sarta kéngingkeun 404 sora [[Lembaga Pamilihan (Amérika Sarikat)|éléktoral]]. Cox mung kéngingkeun 34 persén sora nasional sarta 127 sora éléktoral.{{sfn|Russell|p=418}} Kampanye ti jero panjara fédéral alatan nolak perang, tokoh [[Partéy Sosialis Amérika|Sosialis]] [[Eugene V. Debs]] kéngingkeun 3 persén sora nasional. Partéy Républik ogé hasil ngaronjatkeun mayoritasna di unggal majelis Kongrés sacara signifikan.{{sfn|Russell|p=420}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=66}} == Masa jabatan Présidén (1921–1923) == {{utama|Masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} {{Pikeun|garis waktu|Garis waktu masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} === Pelantikan sarta pangangkatan jabatan === [[File:Harding swearing in.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan.]] {{salajengna|Transisi kapersidénan Warren G. Harding|Pelantikan Warren G. Harding}} Harding dilantik dina ping 4 Maret 1921, disaksian ku pamajikan sarta ramana. Harding langkung milih pelantikan anu basajan tanpa parade adat, sahingga mung aya upacara inti sarta resépsi singget di Gedong Bodas. Dina biantara pelantikanana, anjeunna nyatakeun, "Kacenderungan urang anu paling bahaya nyaéta ngarep-ngarep teuing ka pamaréntah, nanging dina waktos anu sami mung sakedik masihan kontribusi ka pamaréntah."{{sfn|Russell|pp=2,14}} Saatos pamilihan, Harding ngumumkeun yén moal aya kaputusan ngeunaan pangangkatan jabatan dugi ka anjeunna mulang ti liburan dina bulan Désémber. Anjeunna indit ka Téksas pikeun nguseup sarta maén golf sareng rénjangna, [[Frank Scobey]] (anu engkéna janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]), teras balayar ka [[Zona Terusan Panama]]. Anjeunna nganjang ka Washington nalika [[Kongrés ka-66 Amérika Sarikat]] dibuka dina awal Désémber, sarta anjeunna nampi pangbagéa anu luar biasa salaku sénator aktif munggaran anu kapilih janten présidén.{{efn|Harding mundur tina Sénat dina Januari 1921, ngantosan dugi ka masa jabatan Cox salaku gubernur réngsé. Gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Harry L. Davis]], ngangkat Willis pikeun ngalengkepan sésa masa jabatan Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Dean|p=92}}.}} Nalika mulang ka Ohio, Harding ngarencanakeun pikeun ngayakeun konsultasi sareng jalma-jalma pinter di nagara éta, anu sumping ka Marion pikeun masihan naséhat ngeunaan pangangkatan kabinét.{{sfn|Russell|pp=420–424}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=181}} Harding milih Charles Evans Hughes anu pro-Liga Bangsa-Bangsa salaku Menteri Luar Nagri, bari teu maliré kana naséhat Sénator Lodge sarta nu sanésna. Saatos [[Charles G. Dawes]] nampik jabatan Menteri Kauangan, Harding milih bankir ti Pittsburgh, [[Andrew W. Mellon]], salah saurang jalma pangbeungharna di nagara éta. Anjeunna ogé ngangkat Herbert Hoover janten [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Perdagangan]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=38–39}} Pupuhu RNC Will Hays diangkat janten [[Menteri Pos Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Pos]], anu harita mah masih kénéh mangrupa jabatan kabinét; anjeunna mundur saatos sataun ngajabat pikeun janten kapala sénsor industri film.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Dua jalma anu diangkat ku Harding kana kabinét anu engkéna ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahanana alatan kalibet skandal nyaéta rénjang Harding di Sénat, [[Albert B. Fall]] ti New Mexico salaku [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Jero Nagri]], sarta Daugherty salaku jaksa agung. Fall nyaéta saurang peternak sarta mantan penambang ti wewengkon Kulon anu langkung mihak kana pangwangunan lahan.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Anjeunna ditentang ku para konservasionis sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], anu nyerat, "mungkin waé pikeun milih jalma anu leuwih goréng ti Fall pikeun janten Menteri Jero Nagri, nanging éta hal téh moal gampil pisan."{{sfn|Noggle|p=242}} ''The New York Times'' ogé nyempad pangangkatan Daugherty, bari nyerat yén tinimbang milih salah saurang jalma anu pinter, Harding kalah "milih ukur saurang rénjang panghadéna."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=188}} Eugene P. Trani sarta David L. Wilson nyebutkeun yén éta pangangkatan téh asup akal harita, margi Daugherty nyaéta "saurang pengacara kompetén anu paham pisan kana sisi 'poék' politik... saurang paleres masalah (''troubleshooter'') politik kelas hiji sarta jalma anu tiasa dipercaya ku Harding."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=43}} === Kawijakan luar nagri === [[File:Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington, salah sahiji kasuksésan kawijakan luar nagri Harding.]] Harding negeskeun yén anjeunna nolak asupna Amérika Sarikat kana Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sanajan Hughes hayang aya gawé bareng anu leuwih raket. Hughes ngirimkeun catetan resmi ka Jenéwa (markas Liga) anu nétélakeun yén Amérika Sarikat moal milu aub, nanging Hughes tetep nempatkeun "pangawas" ti Amérika dina sababaraha komisi Liga. Harding ogé nandatanganan résolusi gabungan Kongrés anu sacara resmi mungkas kaayaan perang sareng Jérman, Austria, sarta Hungaria dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=108–109}} Puncak tina kawijakan luar nagri Harding nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] (1921–1922). Hughes nepikeun usulan anu wani pikeun ngawatesan pangwangunan kapal perang gedé ku kakuatan-kakuatan utama dunya (AS, Britania Raya, Jepang, Perancis, sarta Itali). Ieu konférénsi hasil ngahasilkeun [[Perjangjian Washington (1922)|Perjangjian Washington]] anu hasil nyegah lomba pakarang laut salami ampir sapuluh taun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–105}} Dina urusan Amérika Latin, Harding nyobian menerkeun hubungan anu ruksak alatan kawijakan Wilson. Anjeunna narik pasukan Marinir ti Kuba dina taun 1921 sarta ngarencanakeun panarikan pasukan ti Républik Dominika. Harding ogé nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Thomson-Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan santunan $25 juta ka nagara éta salaku pamulihan hubungan saatos kajantenan pamisahan Panama taun 1903.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=225–226}} ==== Hubungan sareng Éropa sarta mungkas perang sacara resmi ==== [[File:League of Nations (Warren G. Harding).ogg|jmpl|Warren G. Harding nerangkeun naha anjeunna embung Amérika Sarikat asup ka [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]].]] Harding negeskeun nalika anjeunna ngangkat Hughes janten Menteri Luar Nagri yén mantan hakim éta anu bakal ngokolakeun kawijakan luar nagri, hiji parobahan tina gaya Wilson anu campur tangan langsung dina urusan internasional.{{sfn|Russell|p=43}} Hughes kedah damel dina garis-garis ageung anu parantos ditangtukeun; saatos ngajabat, Harding mingkin teges kana sikepna nolak Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sarta mutuskeun yén AS moal gabung sanajan kana vérsi Liga anu parantos dirévisi. Jalaran Perjangjian Versailles teu diratifikasi ku Sénat, AS sacara téknis masih kénéh dina kaayaan perang sareng [[Républik Weimar|Jérman]], [[Républik Austria Kahiji|Austria]], sarta [[Karajaan Hungaria (1920–1946)|Hungaria]]. Prosés perdamaian dimimitian ku [[Résolusi Knox–Porter]], anu nyatakeun yén AS parantos daméy sarta tetep nyepeng hak-hak anu dipasihkeun ku Versailles. Perjangjian daméy [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Jérman (1921)|sareng Jérman]], [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Austria (1921)|Austria]], sarta [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Hungaria (1921)|Hungaria]], anu masing-masing eusina ngawengku rupa-rupa katangtuan non-Liga tina Perjangjian Versailles, ahirna diratifikasi dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=142–145}} Ieu hal masih nyésakeun patarosan ngeunaan hubungan antara AS sareng Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Departemén Luar Nagri pimpinan Hughes mimitina mah teu maliré kana komunikasi ti Liga, atanapi nyobian nyingkahanana ku cara ngayakeun kontak langsung sareng nagara-nagara anggota. Nanging dina taun 1922, AS ngaliwatan konsulna di Jenéwa mimiti ngayakeun hubungan sareng Liga. Sanajan AS nolak milu aub dina rapat-rapat anu aya pakuat-pakaitna sareng politik, AS ngirimkeun pangawas (''observers'') kana sési-sési ngeunaan urusan téknis sarta kamanusaan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=145–147}} Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat, aya tungtutan ti pamaréntah luar nagri pikeun ngurangan hutang perang anu kacida badagna ka Amérika Sarikat, sarta pamaréntah Jérman nyobian ngurangan [[Réparasi Perang Dunya I|réparasi]] (ganti rugi perang) anu kedah dibayar ku maranéhna. AS nolak mertimbangkeun sagala jinis kacindekan multilateral. Harding nyobian ngasahkeun rencana anu diajukeun ku Mellon pikeun masihan kakawasaan anu lega ka pamaréntah dina negosiasi pangurangan hutang perang, nanging [[Kongrés ka-67 Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1922 kalah ngasahkeun undang-undang anu langkung ketat. Hughes hasil negosiasi kasapukan sangkan [[Karajaan Ngahiji Britania Raya sarta Irlandia|Britania]] mayar hutang perangna salami 62 taun kalayan bunga anu alit, anu sacara éféktif ngurangan [[ajén ayeuna]] (''present value'') tina éta kawajiban. Ieu kasapukan, anu disatujuan ku Kongrés dina taun 1923, janten modél pikeun negosiasi sareng nagara-nagara sanés. Sawala sareng Jérman ngeunaan pangurangan pamayaran réparasi ahirna ngahasilkeun [[Rencana Dawes]] dina taun 1924.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=162–163}} Pasualan anu can réngsé dina jaman Wilson nyaéta kawijakan AS ka Rusia [[Bolshevik]]. AS mangrupa salah sahiji nagara anu [[Pasukan Ékspédisi Amérika, Rusia Kalér|ngirimkeun pasukan ka dinya]] saatos [[Révolusi Rusia]]. Saatosna, Wilson nolak ngaku kadaulatan [[RSFS Rusia]]. Menteri Perdagangan pimpinan Harding, Hoover, anu miboga pangalaman jembar dina urusan Rusia, janten pamingpin dina nangtukeun kawijakan. Nalika [[Kalaparan Rusia 1921|kalaparan narajang Rusia dina taun 1921]], Hoover ngagunakeun [[Administrasi Relief Amérika]], anu dipingpin ku anjeunna, pikeun negosiasi sareng urang Rusia dina masihan bantuan. Para pamingpin [[U.S.S.R.]] (anu diadegkeun taun 1922) miboga harepan yén éta kasapukan bakal mawa kana pangakuan diplomatik, nanging harita mah teu kawujud. Hoover ngadukung ayana perdagangan sareng Soviét margi sieun pausahaan-pausahaan AS moal bisa asup ka pasar Soviét, nanging Hughes nolak hal ieu, sahingga éta pasualan can réngsé salami Harding ngajabat.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=116–126}} ==== Pangeureunan pakarang (Disarmament) ==== {{utama|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington}} [[File:Charles Evans Hughes-01.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles Evans Hughes]], mantan hakim Agung sarta Menteri Luar Nagri pimpinan Harding]] Harding ngajurung ayana pangeureunan pakarang (''disarmament'') sarta pangurangan biaya pertahanan salami mangsa kampanye, nanging hal éta sanés mangrupa pasualan utama harita. Anjeunna nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan Kongrés dina April 1921, netepkeun prioritas législatifna. Di antara sababaraha pasualan luar nagri anu disabit ku anjeunna nyaéta pangeureunan pakarang; anjeunna nyatakeun yén pamaréntah moal tiasa "teu maliré kana panyambat pikeun ngirangan pengeluaran" dina widang pertahanan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=149–150}} Sénator Idaho [[William Borah]] parantos ngusulkeun hiji konférénsi dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama, nyaéta AS, Britania, sarta Jepang, bakal sapuk pikeun ngurangan jumlah armada kapalna. Harding satuju, sarta saatos ngayakeun sawala diplomatik, wawakil ti salapan nagara kumpul di Washington dina bulan Nopémber 1921. Sabagian ageung diplomat mimitina ngahadiran upacara [[Poé Veteran|Poé Gencatan Sanjata]] di [[Pasaréan Nasional Arlington]], dimana Harding nepikeun biantara dina upacara pamakaman [[Makam Prajurit Teu Dikenal|Prajurit Teu Dikenal Perang Dunya I]]. Harding nyarios yén identitas éta prajurit, "mumbul babarengan sareng jiwana anu langgeng. Urang teu terang ti mana anjeunna asalna, mung terang yén maotna méré tanda kamulyaan anu langgeng salaku urang Amérika anu gugur pikeun nagarana."{{sfn|Dean|pp=130–131}} Hughes, dina biantarana nalika bubuka konférénsi ping 12 Nopémber 1921, ngajukeun usulan Amérika—yén AS bakal ngeureunkeun operasi atanapi moal ngawangun 30 kapal perang upami Britania Raya ngalakukeun hal anu sami pikeun 19 kapal, sarta Jepang pikeun 17 kapal.{{sfn|Russell|p=481}} Hughes sacara umum hasil, kalayan dihontalna kasapukan dina ieu pasualan sarta sababaraha poin sanésna, kalebet kacindekan tina sengketa pulo-pulo di Pasifik, sarta watesan dina panggunaan gas racun. Perjangjian angkatan laut ieu mung dilarapkeun ka kapal perang (''battleships''), sarta dina sababaraha tingkat ka kapal induk (''aircraft carriers''), sarta dina ahirna mah henteu tiasa nyegah ayana pangwangunan pakarang deui di hareupna. Sanajan kitu, Harding sarta Hughes nampi pujian anu jembar ti média alatan usahana. Sénator Lodge sarta [[Pamingpin Minoritas Sénat]], [[Oscar Underwood]] ti Alabama, mangrupa bagian ti dèlègasi AS, sarta maranéhna mantuan mastikeun yén éta perjangjian bisa ditarima ku Sénat kalayan ampir tanpa parobahan, sanajan lembaga éta nambihan sababaraha catetan (''reservations'').{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=241–245}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=132–134}} AS parantos miboga leuwih ti sarébu kapal salami Perang Dunya I, sarta masih kénéh miboga sabagian ageungna nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat. Kongrés parantos ngidinan panyingkiran éta kapal-kapal dina [[Undang-Undang Marinir Padagang 1920]], nanging Sénat henteu daék mastikeun calon-calon Wilson pikeun [[Dewan Pengiriman Amérika Sarikat|Dewan Pangiriman]] (''Shipping Board''). Harding ngangkat Albert Lasker janten pupuhuna; éta éksékutif iklan nyobian ngajalankeun éta armada sangkan meunang untung sabisa-bisa dugi ka éta kapal tiasa dijual. Nanging, mung sakedik kapal anu laku dijual kalayan harga anu nyaketan modal pamaréntah. Lasker nyarankeun ayana subsidi anu ageung pikeun [[marinir padagang]] pikeun ngagampangkeun penjualan, sarta Harding terus-terusan ngajurung Kongrés sangkan ngasahkeunana. Nanging, éta rancangan undang-undang téh henteu dipikaresep di wilayah Midwest, sarta sanajan lolos di DPR (''House''), éta usulan kawon ku [[filibuster]] di Sénat, sahingga sabagian ageung kapal pamaréntah ahirna mah dijadikeun beusi tua (''scrapped'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=174–178}} ==== Amérika Latin ==== Campur tangan (intervénsi) di Amérika Latin mangrupa pasualan kampanye anu sakedik dibahas, sanajan Harding kungsi nyarita nentang kaputusan Wilson pikeun [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Républik Dominika (1916–24)|ngirimkeun pasukan AS ka Républik Dominika]] sarta Haiti. Harding ogé narajang calon wakil présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Franklin Roosevelt, alatan peranna dina [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|intervénsi Haiti]]. Saatos Harding dilantik, Hughes digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan sareng nagara-nagara Amérika Latin anu ngarasa waspada kana panggunaan [[Doktrin Monroe]] ku Amérika pikeun menerkeun intervénsi; nalika pelantikan Harding, AS ogé masih miboga pasukan di Kuba sarta Nikaragua. Pasukan anu ditempatkeun di Kuba ditarik dina taun 1921, nanging pasukan AS tetep aya di tilu nagara sanésna salami mangsa jabatan Harding.{{efn|Nalika Hughes mundur tina jabatanna dina taun 1925, pasukan Amérika parantos ninggalkeun Républik Dominika sarta nuju prosés ninggalkeun Nikaragua. Panarikan pasukan ti Haiti masih kénéh direncanakeun. Tempo {{harvnb|Trani & Wilson|p=135}}.}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=133–135}} Dina April 1921, Harding hasil meunangkeun ratifikasi [[Perjangjian Thomson–Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan éta nagara santunan $25 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|25|1921|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) salaku kacindekan tina [[Pamisahan Panama ti Kolombia|révolusi Panama taun 1903]] anu diprovokasi ku AS.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=340–341}} Nagara-nagara Amérika Latin henteu sagemblengna sugema, jalaran AS nolak pikeun ngeureunkeun kabijakan intervénsionisme, sanajan Hughes jangji bakal ngawatesan hal éta mung ka nagara-nagara anu deukeut sareng Terusan Panama sarta bakal ngajelaskeun naon baé tujuan AS sabenerna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=136–137}} AS parantos sababaraha kali ngayakeun intervénsi di Méksiko dina jaman Wilson, sarta parantos mutuskeun hubungan diplomatik bari nangtukeun sarat-sarat pikeun pamulihanana. Pamaréntah Méksiko di handapeun Présidén [[Álvaro Obregón]] hoyong ayana pangakuan diplomatik sateuacan ngayakeun negosiasi, nanging Wilson sarta menteri luar nagri terakhirna, [[Bainbridge Colby]], nolak hal éta. Boh Hughes boh Fall nolak ayana pangakuan; Hughes kalah ngirimkeun draf perjangjian ka urang Méksiko dina Méi 1921, anu eusina kaasup jangji pikeun ngaganti rugi ka urang Amérika alatan karugian di Méksiko saprak [[Révolusi Méksiko|révolusi 1910]]. Obregón embung nandatanganan perjangjian sateuacan diaku kadaulatanana, sarta anjeunna digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan antara dunya bisnis Amérika sareng Méksiko ku cara ngayakeun kasapukan sareng para krédiur sarta ngayakeun kampanye hubungan masarakat (PR) di Amérika Sarikat. Hal ieu miboga pangaruh, sarta dina pertengahan taun 1922, pangaruh Fall mimiti ngurangan, sahingga panolakan kana pangakuan diplomatik ogé milu ngurangan. Kadua présidén teras ngangkat komisaris pikeun ngahontal kasapukan, sarta AS resmi ngaku kadaulatan pamaréntah Obregón dina ping 31 Agustus 1923, kirang ti sasasih saatos Harding pupus, kalayan katangtuan anu sabagian ageungna saluyu sareng kahoyong Méksiko.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=130–132}} === Kawijakan jero nagri === ==== Résési sarta pamulihan pasca-perang ==== {{utama|Depresi 1920–1921}} [[File:Chas G Dawes-H&E.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles G. Dawes|Charles Dawes]]—diréktur anggaran munggaran sarta engkéna janten wakil présidén dina jaman Coolidge]] Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat dina ping 4 Maret 1921, nagara nuju aya di tengah-tengah [[Déprési 1920–21|panurunan ékonomi pasca-perang]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=40–41}} Dumasar saran ti para pamingpin législatif, Harding ngayakeun sési husus Kongrés anu dimimitian dina ping 11 April. Nalika Harding nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan poé isukna, anjeunna ngajurung ayana pangurangan pajeg panghasilan (anu ditaékeun salami perang), paningkatan tarif barang tatanén pikeun ngajaga patani Amérika, sarta rupa-rupa réformasi anu leuwih jembar, sapertos rojongan pikeun pangwangunan jalan raya, penerbangan, sarta radio.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=54–57}}{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Kakara dina ping 27 Méi Kongrés ngasahkeun kanaékan tarif darurat pikeun produk tatanén. [[Undang-Undang Anggaran sarta Akuntansi 1921|Hiji undang-undang]] anu ngidinan dibentukna [[Biro Anggaran]] disatujuan dina ping 10 Juni, sarta Harding ngangkat Charles Dawes janten diréktur biro kasebut kalayan mandat pikeun neukteuk pengeluaran pamaréntah.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=51–52}} ==== Pangurangan pajeg Mellon ==== Menteri Kauangan Mellon ogé nyarankeun sangkan Kongrés nurunkeun tarif pajeg panghasilan, sarta [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] pausahaan (''excess profits tax'') dileungitkeun. [[Komite Urusan Keuangan DPR]] (''House Ways and Means Committee'') nyaluyuan usulan Mellon, nanging sababaraha anggota kongrés anu hoyong naékeun tarif pajeg pausahaan nolak éta léngkah. Harding sorangan ngarasa bingung kudu mihak ka mana, anjeunna nyarios ka rénjangna, "Kuring teu ngarti pisan kana ieu masalah pajeg. Kuring ngadéngékeun hiji pihak, maranéhna sigana bener, teras—Gusti!—kuring ngobrol sareng pihak sanésna, sarta maranéhna ogé sigana sarua benerna."{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Harding nyobian ngayakeun kompromi, sarta hasil ngasahkeun rancangan undang-undang di DPR saatos panyingkiran pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan ditunda sataun. Di Sénat, éta rancangan undang-undang janten pajeuet alatan ayana usaha pikeun masihan bonus ka para véteran Perang Dunya I. Ku sabab ngarasa kaganggu ku reureuhna prosés ieu, dina ping 12 Juli, Harding sumping ka Sénat pikeun ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang pajeg tanpa bonus kasebut. Kakara dina bulan Nopémber [[Undang-Undang Pendapatan 1921|rancangan undang-undang pendapatan]] ahirna disahkeun, kalayan tarif anu langkung luhur tinimbang anu diajukeun ku Mellon.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=55–58}}{{sfn|Dean|p=108}} [[File:AWMellon.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Menteri Kauangan [[Andrew W. Mellon]] ngajurung pangurangan tarif pajeg.]] Dina nolak bonus véteran, Harding nyatakeun dina biantarana di Sénat yén nagara parantos ngalakukeun seueur hal pikeun maranéhna salaku tanda nganuhunkeun, sarta yén éta undang-undang bakal "ngaruksak Kas Nagara urang, anu engkéna bakal dipiharep kacida badagna".{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Sénat ngirimkeun deui rancangan undang-undang bonus éta ka komite, nanging pasualan ieu muncul deui nalika Kongrés kumpul deui dina Désémber 1921.{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Hiji undang-undang anu nyadiakeun bonus, sanajan tanpa sumber waragad anu jelas, disahkeun ku kadua majelis dina Séptémber 1922, nanging véto ti Harding hasil dipertahankeun ku béda sora anu saeutik. [[Undang-Undang Kompénsasi Perang Dunya|Bonus non-tunai]] pikeun para prajurit ahirna disahkeun dina taun 1924, sanajan harita aya véto ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=78–79}} Dina [[Amanat Présidén (Amérika Sarikat)|amanat taunan munggaranna ka Kongrés]], Harding ménta kawenang pikeun nyaluyukeun tarif pajeg. Panyahkeun undang-undang tarif di Sénat sarta dina [[komite konférénsi]] janten rebutan rupa-rupa kapentingan lobi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=74–75}} Nalika Harding nandatanganan Undang-Undang [[Tarif Fordney–McCumber]] dina ping 21 Séptémber 1922, anjeunna masihan [[pernyataan nandatanganan|pernyataan singget]], anu mung muji éta undang-undang alatan masihan kawenang ka anjeunna pikeun ngarobah tarif. Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, éta undang-undang téh "henteu dipertimbangkeun kalayan asak. Hal éta ngabalukarkeun karuksakan dina perdagangan internasional sarta ngajantenkeun pamayaran hutang perang janten langkung hésé."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=74}} Mellon maréntahkeun ayana hiji panalungtikan anu némbongkeun sacara historis yén nalika tarif pajeg panghasilan ditaékeun, duit kalah "disumputkeun" (ka jero taneuh) atanapi dilarikeun ka luar nagri. Anjeunna nyimpulkeun yén tarif anu langkung handap justru bakal ningkatkeun pendapatan pajeg.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew.W.|last= Mellon|title=Taxation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UMRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|page=16|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9785879551631|year=1924}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Joel|author1-link=Joel Slemrod|last=Slemrod|title=Does Atlas Shrug?: The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mpiqxjB9AgC&pg=PA48|year=2000|publisher=Harvard UP|pages=48–49|isbn=9780674001541}}</ref> Dumasar kana éta naséhat, undang-undang pendapatan Harding neukteuk pajeg ti mimiti taun 1922. Tarif marjinal pangluhurna diréduksi sacara bertahap dina opat tahap, tina 73% dina taun 1921 janten 25% dina taun 1925. Pajeg pikeun panghasilan anu langkung handap ogé diteukteuk ti mimiti taun 1923, sarta éta tarif anu langkung handap téh sacara substansial ningkatkeun aliran duit ka kas nagara. Maranéhna ogé ngajalankeun dérégulasi sacara masif, sahingga pengeluaran fédéral dibandingkeun GDP lungsur tina 6,5% janten 3,5%. Dina ahir taun 1922, ékonomi mimiti pulih. Angka pangangguran anu tadina luhur pisan dina taun 1921 nyaéta 12%, hasil dipangkas janten rata-rata 3,3% salami sésa dékadé éta. Indéks kasangsaraan (''misery index''), gabungan antara angka pangangguran sarta inflasi, ngalaman panurunan anu pangseukeutna dina sajarah AS di handapeun pamaréntahan Harding. Gaji, kauntungan, sarta produktivitas sadayana ngalaman kanaékan anu signifikan; rata-rata kanaékan GDP taunan nincak leuwih ti 5% salami taun 1920-an. Sejarawan libertarian Larry Schweikart sarta Michael Allen boga pamandangan yén, "Kabijakan pajeg Mellon nyiapkeun panggung pikeun kamekaran anu paling narik ati anu kantos katingal dina ékonomi Amérika anu mémang parantos hébat."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Penguin|year=2004|location=New York|page=536}}</ref> ==== Nanggeuy téknologi anyar ==== Taun 1920-an mangrupa mangsa modérenisasi pikeun Amérika—panggunaan listrik janten hal anu beuki umum. Produksi masal kandaraan bermotor ogé ngarangsang industri sanésna, sapertos pangwangunan jalan raya, karét, waja, sarta konstruksi, jalaran seueur hotél diadegkeun pikeun nampung para wisatawan anu mimiti wani nyorang jalan-jalan darat. Dorongan ékonomi ieu mantuan nagara kaluar tina résési.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=206}} Pikeun ngoméan sarta ngalegaan sistem jalan raya nasional, Harding nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Jalan Raya Fédéral 1921 (Undang-Undang Phipps)]]. Ti taun 1921 dugi ka 1923, pamaréntah fédéral ngaluarkeun dana $162 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|.162|1923|r=1}} milyar dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) pikeun sistem jalan raya Amérika, anu nyuntikkeun modal kacida badagna kana ékonomi AS.{{sfn|Wynn|pp=217–218}} Dina taun 1922, Harding nyatakeun yén Amérika parantos asup kana "jaman mobil", anu "ngagambarkeun standar hirup urang sarta ngukur kacepetan hirup urang di jaman ayeuna".<ref>{{cite web|last=Harding|first=Warren G.|title=Second Annual Message to Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29563|date=December 8, 1922|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref> Harding ngajurung ayana régulasi pikeun siaran radio dina biantarana di payuneun Kongrés bulan April 1921.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=46}} Menteri Perdagangan Hoover tanggung jawab kana ieu proyék, sarta ngayakeun konférénsi para panyiar radio dina taun 1922, anu ngahasilkeun kasapukan sukarela pikeun lisénsi [[frékuénsi radio]] ngaliwatan [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]]. Boh Harding boh Hoover nyadar yén diperyogikeun hal anu langkung kiat tinimbang saukur kasapukan, nanging Kongrés rada laun dina meta, sahingga régulasi radio nembé resmi lumaku dina taun 1927.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} Harding ogé hoyong ngamajukeun dunya penerbangan, sarta deui-deui Hoover anu mingpin ku cara ngayakeun konférénsi nasional ngeunaan penerbangan komérsial. Sawala kasebut museur kana urusan kasalametan, pamariksaan kapal udara, sarta lisénsi pikeun pilot. Harding deui-deui ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang, nanging teu aya hasilna dugi ka taun 1926, nalika [[Undang-Undang Perdagangan Udara 1926]] ngadegkeun [[Biro Aéronautika]] di handapeun Departemén Perdagangan pimpinan Hoover.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} ==== Dunya bisnis sarta tanaga gawé ==== [[File:Wharding.jpeg|jmpl|katuhu|Potrét resmi Gedong Bodas Harding, {{kira-kira|1922}} ku [[Edmund Hodgson Smart]]]] {{salajengna|Mogok Gedé Karéta Api 1922}} Sikep Harding kana dunya bisnis nyaéta pamaréntah kedah ngabantuan sabisa-bisa.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=83}} Anjeunna miboga kacurigaan ka [[serikat buruh]], sarta nganggap hal éta salaku konspirasi ngalawan dunya bisnis.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=253–254}} Anjeunna nyobian sangkan dunya bisnis sarta buruh tiasa damel babarengan dina hiji konférénsi ngeunaan pangangguran anu diayakeun dina Séptémber 1921 dumasar saran ti Hoover. Harding ngingetkeun dina biantara bubukana yén moal aya dana fédéral anu disadiakeun. Teu aya undang-undang penting anu dihasilkeun, sanajan sababaraha proyék [[padamelan umum]] (''public works'') diakselérasi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=92–93}} Dina watesan anu jembar, Harding ngantepkeun unggal menteri kabinét pikeun ngokolakeun departeménna masing-masing sakumaha mistina.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=29}} Hoover ngalegaan Departemén Perdagangan sangkan langkung mangpaat pikeun dunya bisnis. Hal ieu luyu sareng pamandangan Hoover yén séktor swasta kedah janten pamingpin dina ngokolakeun ékonomi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=84}} Harding kacida ngahormatna ka Menteri Perdaganganana, sering naroskeun naséhatna, sarta ngadukung anjeunna sapinuhna, bari nyebat Hoover salaku "jalma (''[[wikt:gink|gink]]'') pangpinterna anu kuring terang".{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=32–33}} Mogok gawé anu sumebar lumaku dina taun 1922, nalika para buruh nungtut ganti rugi alatan turunna gaji sarta naékna angka pangangguran. Dina bulan April, 500.000 panambang batubara anu dipingpin ku [[John L. Lewis]] ngayakeun mogok gawé alatan pamangkasan gaji. Para éksékutif tambang nyatakeun yén industri nuju dina mangsa hésé; Lewis nuding maranéhna nuju nyobian ngancurkeun serikat buruh. Jalaran éta mogok janten lami pisan, Harding nawarkeun kompromi pikeun ngabéréskeunana. Salaku usulan ti Harding, para panambang sapuk pikeun mulang damel, sarta Kongrés ngadegkeun hiji komisi pikeun mariksa keluhan maranéhna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=97–99}} Dina ping 1 Juli 1922, 400.000 padamel karéta api ngayakeun mogok gawé. Harding nyarankeun hiji kacindekan anu masihan sababaraha konsési, nanging pihak manajemén nolak. Jaksa Agung Daugherty ngayakinkeun Hakim [[James H. Wilkerson]] pikeun ngaluarkeun paréntah pangadilan (''injunction'') anu jembar pikeun ngeureunkeun éta mogok. Sanajan aya rojongan masarakat kana paréntah Wilkerson kasebut, Harding ngarasa éta paréntah téh kaleuleuwihi, sarta ménta Daugherty sarta Wilkerson pikeun ngarobahna. Paréntah éta ahirna ngeureunkeun mogok, nanging katégangan tetep aya antara padamel karéta api sarta manajemén salami mangtaun-taun salajengna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=546–549}} Dina taun 1922, sistem [[dalapan jam gawé]] parantos janten hal anu umum dina industri Amérika. Salah sahiji pangecualianana nyaéta di [[pabrik waja]], dimana para buruh masih kénéh damel salami dua belas jam sapoé, tujuh dinten saminggu. Hoover nganggap prakték ieu biadab sarta ménta Harding ngayakeun konférénsi para produsi waja kalayan tujuan pikeun mungkas éta sistem. Konférénsi éta ngadegkeun hiji komite di handapeun pamingpin pupuhu [[U. S. Steel]], [[Elbert Gary]], anu dina awal taun 1923 nyarankeun sangkan éta prakték ulah dironjatkeun (tetep lumaku). Harding ngirimkeun surat ka Gary anu nyatakeun kuciwa kana éta hasil, anu teras dicitak dina pers. Protes ti masarakat ahirna maksa para produsi pikeun ngarobah kaputusanana sarta nerapkeun standar dalapan jam gawé.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=255–256}} ==== Hak-hak sipil sarta imigrasi ==== [[File:Harding at Birmingham.jpg|jmpl|Harding nepikeun biantara di hareupeun balaréa anu dipisahkeun dumasar ras di Birmingham, Alabama, 26 Oktober 1921.]] Sanajan dina biantara munggaranna di payuneun Kongrés Harding ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang anti-''lynching'' (pamaéhan massa sacara liar),<ref name=Baker18Aug/> mimitina mah anjeunna katingalna moal ngalakukeun leuwih loba pikeun urang Amérika-Afrika dibandingkeun para présidén Républik saméméhna; anjeunna ngan saukur ménta para menteri kabinétna milari tempat pikeun urang hideung di departeménna masing-masing. Sinclair nyebutkeun yén kanyataan Harding nampi dua per lima sora ti wilayah Kidul dina taun 1920 ngajantenkeun anjeunna ningali ayana kasempetan politik pikeun partéyna di wilayah [[Kidul anu Solid]] (''Solid South''). Dina ping 26 Oktober 1921, Harding nepikeun biantara di [[Birmingham, Alabama]], di hareupeun 20.000 urang kulit bodas sarta 10.000 urang kulit hideung anu [[Ségregasi ras|dipisahkeun diukna]]. Harding, bari nyatakeun yén bédana sosial sarta rasial antara kulit bodas sarta kulit hideung moal tiasa dijembatanan, tetep ngajurung ayana hak pulitik anu sarua pikeun urang kulit hideung. Harita, seueur urang Amérika-Afrika anu milih Républik, sarta Harding nyatakeun anjeunna teu kabéberatan upami rojongan éta réngsé asalkan hasilna nyaéta sistem dua partéy anu kiat di Kidul. Anjeunna ogé nyatujuan upami [[Uji litarasi|tés maca-tulis]] pikeun milih tetep lumaku, asalkan dilarapkeun sacara adil ka pamilih kulit bodas boh kulit hideung.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=230–234}} "Naha anjeun resep atanapi henteu," saur Harding ka hadirin, "iwal démokrasi urang téh bohong, anjeun kedah ngadukung kana kasaruaan éta."<ref name=Baker18Aug/> Kelompok kulit bodas ngadangukeun kalayan jempe, sedengkeun kelompok kulit hideung surak gumbira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radosh |first1=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Radosh |last2=Radosh |first2=Allis|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/2014/07/warren_harding_letters_could_they_spark_a_revisionist_view_of_the_much_maligned.single.html |title=What If Warren Harding Wasn't a Terrible President? |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=July 16, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> Tilu dinten saatos [[Pamaéhan rasial Tulsa]] 1921, Harding nyarios di [[Universitas Lincoln (Pennsylvania)|Universitas Lincoln]] anu mahasiswana sadayana urang kulit hideung. Anjeunna nyatakeun, "Sanajan aya para demagog, ideu ngeunaan kahijian urang salaku urang Amérika parantos unggul luhureun unggal panyambat golongan. Sarta kuring miharep éta hal lumaku ogé dina pasualan ras nasional urang." Nyarios langsung ngeunaan kajantenan di Tulsa, anjeunna nyarios, "Gusti muga maparin, dina kaayaan sadar, kaadilan, sarta kajujuran di nagara ieu, urang moal ningali deui tontonan jiga kitu."<ref>{{cite news |last=Robenalt |first=James D. |title=The Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 21, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| access-date = June 22, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| archive-date = June 22, 2020| url-status = live}}</ref> [[File:Taft Harding Robert Lincoln 1922.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding (tengah) sareng Hakim Agung [[William Howard Taft|Taft]] (kénca) sarta [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] dina upacara peresmian [[Lincoln Memorial]], 30 Méi 1922]] Harding ngadukung rancangan undang-undang anti-''lynching'' fédéral anu diajukeun ku anggota Déwan [[Leonidas Dyer]], anu lolos di DPR dina Januari 1922.{{sfn|Dean|p=123}} Nalika éta usulan dugi ka Sénat dina Nopémber 1922, éta usulan kahambat ku [[filibuster]] ti urang Démokrat wilayah Kidul. Lodge ahirna narik éta usulan supados undang-undang subsidi kapal anu dipikahoyong ku Harding tiasa dibahas, sanajan ahirna mah sarua kahambat ogé. Urang kulit hideung nyalahkeun Harding alatan kawon éta Undang-Undang Dyer; biografer Harding, Robert K. Murray, nyatet yén hal ieu gancang réngsé alatan kahayang Harding supados undang-undang subsidi kapal tiasa leuwih tiheula dibahas.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=89–90}} Kusabab masarakat harita waspada ka para imigran, utamana anu dianggap [[sosialis]] atanapi [[komunis]], Kongrés ngasahkeun [[Undang-Undang Kuota Darurat|Undang-Undang Per Centum 1921]], anu ditandatanganan ku Harding dina ping 19 Méi 1921. Ieu undang-undang ngurangan jumlah imigran janten 3% tina jumlah urang ti nagara kasebut anu parantos cicing di AS dumasar sénsus taun 1910. Sacara prakték, hal ieu henteu ngawatesan imigran ti Irlandia sarta Jérman, nanging bakal ngahalangan seueur urang Itali sarta Yahudi Éropa Wétan.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=215}} Harding sarta Menteri Tanaga Gawé [[James J. Davis]] yakin yén palaksanaan aturan ieu kedah dilakukeun sacara manusiawi, sarta dumasar saran menteri kasebut, Harding ngantepkeun ampir 1.000 imigran anu sakuduna dideportasi pikeun tetep cicing di AS.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–102}} Coolidge engkéna nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Imigrasi 1924]] anu ngawatesan imigrasi ka AS sacara permanén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=217}} ==== Eugene Debs sarta tahanan politik ==== Lawan Harding tina Partéy Sosialis dina pamilihan taun 1920, [[Eugene Debs]], nuju ngajalanan hukuman sapuluh taun di [[Panjara Atlanta]] alatan nyarita nentang perang. Wilson parantos nolak masihan pangampunan (''pardon'') ka anjeunna sateuacan lungsur kalungguhan. Daugherty pendak sareng Debs, sarta anjeunna kacida katarikna ku kapribadian Debs. Harita aya panolakan ti para véteran, kalebet ti [[Legiun Amérika]], sarta ogé ti Florence Harding. Présidén ngarasa anjeunna teu tiasa ngabébaskeun Debs dugi ka perang sacara resmi réngsé, nanging saatos perjangjian daméy ditandatanganan, Harding ngarobah (''commuted'') hukuman Debs dina ping 23 Désémber 1921. Dumasar pamundut Harding, Debs nganjang ka Présidén di Gedong Bodas sateuacan mulang ka bumina di Indiana.{{sfn|Dean|pp=126–129}} Harding ngabébaskeun 23 jalma sanésna anu nentang perang dina waktos anu sami sareng Debs, sarta terus mariksa deui rupa-rupa kasus sarta ngabébaskeun para tahanan politik salami mangsa jabatanna. Harding ngabéla kaputusanana ngabébaskeun para tahanan éta salaku hal anu diperyogikeun pikeun mulangkeun nagara kana kaayaan normal.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=168–169}} ==== Pangangkatan yudisial ==== {{salajengna|Daptar hakim fédéral anu diangkat ku Warren G. Harding|Calon Mahkamah Agung Warren G. Harding}} Harding ngangkat opat hakim ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]. Nalika Hakim Agung [[Edward Douglass White]] pupus dina Méi 1921, Harding ngarasa bingung naha kedah ngangkat mantan présidén Taft atanapi mantan sénator Utah [[George Sutherland]]—jalaran anjeunna parantos jangji bakal masihan korsi hakim ka duanana. Saatos sakedap mertimbangkeun pikeun ngantosan lowongan sanésna supados tiasa ngangkat duanana sakaligus, anjeunna milih Taft janten Hakim Agung. Sutherland ahirna diangkat ka pangadilan dina taun 1922, anu teras diteraskeun ku dua hakim konservatif ékonomi sanésna, [[Pierce Butler (hakim)|Pierce Butler]] sarta [[Edward Terry Sanford]], dina taun 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=48–49}} Harding ogé ngangkat genep hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Amérika Sarikat]], 42 hakim ka [[Pangadilan Distrik Amérika Sarikat]], sarta dua hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Béa Cukai Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |url=http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |access-date=June 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |archive-date=July 30, 2016 }} Milarian dina kaca kasebut ku cara milih "select research categories" teras pariksa "court type" sarta "nominating president", teras pilih jinis pangadilan sarta Warren G. Harding.</ref> === Kamunduran politik sarta lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon === {{Tempo ogé|Gerbong Karéta Api Harding}} [[File:President Harding in Alaska on Presidential Train.jpg|jmpl|Harding dina jero karéta kapersidénan di Alaska, Juli 1923, sareng Ibu Harding sarta menteri-menteri: Hoover, Wallace, sarta Work]] Nincak mangsa kampanye pamilihan législatif sela (''midterm'') taun 1922, Harding sarta Partéy Républik parantos ngalaksanakeun seueur jangji kampanyena. Nanging, sababaraha jangji anu parantos ditedunan, sapertos neukteuk pajeg pikeun jalma beunghar, tétéla teu dipikaresep ku para pamilih. Ékonomi ogé can mulang sagemblengna kana kaayaan normal, kalayan angka pangangguran masih dina 11 persén, sarta serikat buruh ogé ngambek alatan hasil tina mogok gawé saméméhna. Tina 303 korsi Républik di DPR hasil pamilihan 1920, dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-68]] mah éta partéy téh lungsur janten mung miboga mayoritas 221–213. Di Sénat, Républik kaleungitan dalapan korsi, sahingga mung miboga 51 tina 96 sénator dina Kongrés énggal, anu tétéla Harding sorangan teu kaburu nepungan jalaran kabujeng pupus.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Sasih saatos pamilihan, sési ''lame-duck'' (mangsa transisi) Kongrés ka-67 lumaku. Harita Harding mimiti sadar yén pamandangan mimitina ngeunaan kapersidénan—yén présidén mung saukur ngusulkeun kawijakan nanging panyahkeunana mah kumaha Kongrés—téh parantos teu cekap deui. Anjeunna teras ngalobi Kongrés, sanajan teu hasil, supados undang-undang subsidi kapalna tiasa disahkeun.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Nalika anggota Kongrés mimiti ninggalkeun kota dina awal Maret 1923, popularitas Harding mimiti pulih deui. Ékonomi mingkin saé, sarta program-program menteri kabinét Harding anu parigel sapertos Hughes, Mellon, sarta Hoover, mimiti némbongkeun hasil. Sabagian ageung urang Républik sadar yén teu aya pilihan sanés iwal ti ngadukung Harding deui dina kampanye pamilihan taun 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Dina satengah munggaran taun 1923, Harding ngalakukeun dua hal anu engkéna dianggap salaku tanda yén anjeunna parantos miboga firasat ngeunaan ajjalna: anjeunna ngajual koran ''Star'' (sanajan jangji bakal tetep janten éditor kontributor salami sapuluh taun saatos masa jabatanna réngsé), sarta anjeunna ngadamel surat wasiat énggal.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=172–173}} Harding parantos lami ngalaman masalah kaséhatan, nanging upami nuju teu karaos gejala, anjeunna sok kaleuleuwihi dina barangtuang, ngaleueut, sarta ngaroko. Dina taun 1919, anjeunna parantos terang yén anjeunna miboga panyakit jantung. Tekanan janten présidén sarta panyakit ginjal kronis anu diderita ku Florence Harding mingkin ngaleueutkeun kondisina, sarta anjeunna henteu kantos leres-leres pulih saatos katarajang influnza dina Januari 1923. Saatos éta, Harding anu tadina resep maén golf, ngarasa hésé pikeun namatkeun sakali tanding. Dina Juni 1923, Sénator Ohio Willis pendak sareng Harding, nanging mung nyabitkeun dua tina lima pasualan anu sakuduna dibahas. Nalika ditaros naha, Willis ngajawab, "Warren katingalna capé pisan."{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=438–439}} Dina awal Juni 1923, Harding ngamimitian lalampahan anu ku anjeunna dingaranan "[[Lalampahan Pamahaman]]" (''Voyage of Understanding'').{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Présidén ngarencanakeun meuntasan nagara, angkat ka kalér nuju [[Wilayah Alaska]], teras ka kidul mapay basisir Kulon, teras numpak kapal Angkatan Laut AS ti San Diego mapay basisir kulon Méksiko sarta Amérika Tengah, ngaliwatan Terusan Panama nuju Puerto Rico, sarta mulang ka Washington dina ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=441}} Harding kacida resepna kana lalampahan (''traveling'') sarta parantos lami hoyong angkat ka Alaska.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=172}} Ieu lalampahan ogé dimangpaatkeun ku anjeunna pikeun nepikeun biantara di sapanjang nagara, ngayakeun lobi politik sarta [[bloviate|ngobrol panjang lébar]] sateuacan kampanye 1924, sarta sakantenan reureuh{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=439–440}} tina panasna hawa usum panas di Washington anu nyiksa.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Para panaséhat politik Harding parantos nyusun jadwal anu kacida padetna, sanajan présidén parantos ménta supados dikirangan.{{sfn|Dean|p=147}} Di Kansas City, Harding nyarios ngeunaan pasualan transportasi; di [[Hutchinson, Kansas]], témana nyaéta tatanén. Di Denver, anjeunna nyarioskeun dukunganna kana Larangan Minuman Keras (''Prohibition''), sarta terus ka kulon nepikeun runtuyan biantara anu jumlahna moal tiasa ditandingan ku présidén sanésna dugi ka jaman Franklin Roosevelt. Harding ogé janten pangrojong [[Mahkamah Internasional Permanén]] (''World Court''), sarta hoyong AS janten anggotana. Salian ti nepikeun biantara, anjeunna ogé nganjang ka Taman Nasional [[Yellowstone]] sarta [[Zion]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=442–443}} sarta ngaresmikeun monumén di [[Jalur Oregon]] dina hiji perayaan anu diayakeun ku pionir sepuh [[Ezra Meeker]] sarta nu sanésna.{{sfn|Dary|pp=322–323}} Dina ping 5 Juli, Harding naék kapal {{USS|Henderson|AP-1|6}} di nagara bagian Washington. Anjeunna mangrupa présidén munggaran anu nganjang ka Alaska, sarta nyéépkeun waktos mangjam-jam ningali pamandangan anu éndah tina dek kapal ''Henderson''.{{sfn|Dean|p=149}} Saatos sababaraha kali eureun di basisir, rombongan présidén ninggalkeun kapal di [[Seward, Alaska|Seward]] pikeun numpak [[Jalur Karéta Api Alaska]] nuju [[Taman McKinley, Alaska|Taman McKinley]] sarta [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]], dimana anjeunna nepikeun biantara di hareupeun 1.500 jalma dina hawa panas anu nincak 34°C. Rombongan sakuduna mulang ka Seward ngaliwatan [[Richardson Highway|Jalur Richardson]], nanging alatan Harding capé pisan, maranéhna kalah numpak karéta api.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=446–447}} Dina ping 26 Juli 1923, Harding nganjang ka [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], salaku présidén AS aktif munggaran anu nganjang ka Kanada. Anjeunna dibagéakeun ku [[Gubernur Létnan British Columbia]] [[Walter Cameron Nichol|Walter Nichol]], [[Perdana Menteri British Columbia]] [[John Oliver (politikus British Columbia)|John Oliver]], sarta Walikota Vancouver, sarta nyarita di hareupeun leuwih ti 50.000 urang. Dua taun saatos pupusna, hiji monumén pikeun Harding diresmikeun di [[Taman Stanley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |website=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver |title=Warren G. Harding & Stanley Park |access-date=June 14, 2015 |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916212018/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harding sempet nganjang ka lapangan golf, nanging mung kiat namatkeun genep liang sateuacan ngarasa lungsé. Saatos reureuh sajam, anjeunna maénkeun liang ka-17 sarta ka-18 supados katingalna mah anjeunna parantos namatkeun sakali tanding. Nanging, anjeunna teu hasil nyumputkeun rasa kacapéna; saurang wartawan nyatakeun yén Harding katingal kacida lungséna sahingga reureuh sababaraha dinten ogé moal cekap pikeun mulangkeun tanagana.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=447–448}} Di [[Seattle]] poé isukna, Harding tetep ngajalankeun jadwalna anu padet, nepikeun biantara ka 25.000 urang di [[Stadion Husky|stadion]] [[Universitas Washington]]. Dina biantara terakhir anu ditepikeun ku anjeunna, Harding ngaramal yén Alaska bakal janten nagara bagian.<ref name=aaaaiblf>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=775XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bvQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5690%2C4345509 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=Washington |agency=Associated Press |title=Alaska all right is belief of president after visit |date=July 28, 1923 |page=2}}</ref>{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=448}} Présidén nepikeun biantarana kalayan rurusuhan, malah teu ngantosan surak gumbira ti para hadirin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lange|first=Greg|title=U.S. President Warren G. Harding makes his last speech in Seattle on July&nbsp;27, 1923|url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=878|publisher=HistoryLink.org|date=February 10, 1999|access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> == Pupusna sarta pamakaman nagara == {{gambar loba |lebar_total = 500 |gambar1 = HardingFuneral.jpg |katerangan1 = Iring-iringan pamakaman Harding ngaliwat ka hareupeun [[Gedong Bodas]] |gambar2 = Harding Memorial Marion Ohio.jpg |katerangan2 = [[Makam Harding]] di Marion }} Harding kulem langkung awal dina sonten ping 27 Juli 1923, sababaraha jam saatos nepikeun biantara di Universitas Washington. Peutingna, anjeunna nyaur dokterna, [[Charles E. Sawyer]], bari ngarasula nyeri dina bagian luhur beuteungna. Sawyer nyangka yén éta téh mung saukur gangguan lambung anu kumat deui, nanging Dr. [[Joel T. Boone]] nyangka aya masalah dina jantungna. Pihak pers dibéjaan yén Harding katarajang "serangan [[gastrointestinal]] akut" sahingga jadwal sabtu-minggu di Portland dibatalkeun. Anjeunna ngarasa rada mendingan poé isukna nalika karéta rurusuhan nuju ka San Francisco, dimana rombongan dugi dina éjing ping 29 Juli. Anjeunna maksa hoyong mapah tina karéta nuju mobil, nanging teras rurusuhan dibawa ka [[Hotél Palace, San Francisco|Hotél Palace]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}}<ref name="SF Gate; December 9, 2012">{{cite news |last=Ziv |first=Stav |date=December 9, 2012 |title=President Harding's mysterious S.F. death |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/President-Harding-s-mysterious-S-F-death-4097303.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Newspapers]]|location=San Francisco, California |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> dimana kaayaanana kalah mingkin parah deui. Dokter manggihan yén sanés mung jantungna anu bermasalah, nanging anjeunna ogé katarajang [[pneumonia]] (paru-paru baseuh), sahingga anjeunna kedah istirahat total (''bed rest'') di kamar hotélna. Dokter ngubaran anjeunna ku cairan [[kaféin]] sarta [[Digoxin|digitalis]], sarta kaayaanana katingalna mimiti pulih. Hoover ngumumkeun biantara kawijakan luar nagri Harding anu ngadukung kaanggotaan dina Mahkamah Internasional, sarta présidén ngarasa bungah yén éta biantara ditarima kalayan saé. Dina sonten ping 2 Agustus, kaayaan Harding katingalna masih kénéh mingkin saé sahingga dokter ngidinan anjeunna calik dina ranjangna. Kira-kira tabuh 19.30 harita, Florence nuju macakeun artikel "A Calm Review of a Calm Man" pikeun anjeunna, hiji artikel pujian ngeunaan Harding tina ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''; Florence lirén sakedap teras Harding nyarios, "Éta saé. Lajengkeun, baca deui." Éta mangrupa kekecapan terakhirna. Florence nuju lajeng maca nalika sababaraha detik saatosna, awak Harding ngeleper (konvulsi) teras ngalempréh dina ranjangna bari eungap. Florence langsung nyaur para dokter ka kamar, nanging maranéhna teu hasil nyageurkeun deui sanajan parantos nganggo rupa-rupa ubar pacu (''stimulant''). Harding dinyatakeun pupus sababaraha menit saatosna dina yuswa 57 taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=After 91 Years, President Warren Harding's Sudden Death Recalled|url=http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=February 28, 2017|date=August 1, 2014|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228171608/http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pupusna Harding mimitina disangka alatan [[pendarahan otak]], jalaran dokter harita sacara umum teu acan ngartos kana gejala [[henti jantung]]. Florence Harding henteu masihan idin supados layon présidén di-[[otopsi]].<ref name = "anb" />{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}} Pupusna Harding anu teu sangka-sangka janten reuwas ageung pikeun sakumna nagara. Anjeunna dipikaresep sarta dipikahormat, boh pers boh masarakat parantos nuturkeun panyakitna kalayan taliti, sarta parantos ngarasa tenang alatan anjeunna katingalna nuju pulih.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=450}} Layon Harding dibawa nganggo peti mati kana karétana pikeun lalampahan meuntasan nagara, anu terus diawaskeun ku koran-koran. Salapan juta jalma ngantri di sisi jalur karéta api nalika karéta anu mawa layonna angkat ti San Francisco nuju Washington, D.C., dimana anjeunna disemahkeun di [[Rotunda United States Capitol|Rotunda Capitol Amérika Sarikat]]. Saatos upacara pamakaman di dinya, layon Harding dibawa ka Marion, Ohio, pikeun dikuburkeun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=152–153}} Di Marion, layon Harding disimpen dina karéta jenazah anu ditarik ku kuda, anu dituturkeun ku Présidén Coolidge sarta Hakim Agung Taft, teras ku randa Harding sarta ramana.{{sfn|Russell|pp=601–602}} Maranéhna nuturkeun karéta jenazah mapay kota, ngalangkungan gedong koran ''Star'' sarta ahirna nepi ka Pasaréan Marion dimana peti mati disimpen dina [[Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault|rohangan panyimpenan samentara pasaréan]].{{sfn|Russell|p=602}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=454}} Tamu pamakaman kalebet panemu [[Thomas Edison]] sarta pangusaha industri [[Henry Ford]] sarta [[Harvey S. Firestone|Harvey Firestone]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ohiomagazine.com/ohio-life/article/1923-president-warren-g.-harding-s-funeral|title=1923: President Warren G. Harding's Funeral|publisher=Ohio Magazine|access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Warren Harding sarta Florence Harding, anu pupus dina taun salajengna, dimakamkeun di [[Makam Harding]], anu diresmikeun dina taun 1931 ku Présidén AS [[Herbert Hoover]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=633, 640}} == Skandal == [[File:Scobey Mint medal obv.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|Harding ngangkat rénjangna, [[Frank E. Scobey]], janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]. Medali ku Kapala Ukir [[George T. Morgan]].]] Harding ngangkat rerencangan sarta kenalanana kana rupa-rupa kalungguhan fédéral. Sababaraha di antarana digawé kalayan parigel, sapertos [[Charles E. Sawyer]], dokter pribadi kulawarga Harding ti Marion anu ngurus maranéhna di Gedong Bodas sarta méré nyaho Harding ngeunaan skandal Biro Véteran. Nu sanésna mah kabuktian teu mampuh migawé pancénna, sapertos [[Daniel R. Crissinger]], saurang pokrol (pangacara) ti Marion anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Kontroler Mata Uang]] sarta engkéna janten gubernur dewan [[Federal Reserve]]; nu sanésna deui nyaéta rénjang lawas Harding, Frank Scobey, Diréktur Percétakan Duit, anu ku Trani sarta Wilson dicatet yén anjeunna "teu pati ngabalukarkeun karuksakan salami mangsa jabatanna." Nanging, sabagian deui tina ieu babaturan téh tétéla korup sarta engkéna dijulukan salaku "[[Geng Ohio]]".{{sfn|Nevins|p=256}} Lolobana skandal anu ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahan Harding téh nembé kabuka saatos anjeunna pupus. Skandal Biro Véteran saenyana parantos kanyahoan ku Harding dina Januari 1923, nanging numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "cara présidén nanganan éta pasualan henteu méré peunteun saé ka anjeunna."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=181–182}} Harding ngantepkeun diréktur biro anu korup kasebut, [[Charles R. Forbes]], kabur ka Éropa, sanajan engkéna anjeunna mulang deui sarta dipanjara.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding ogé parantos terang yén leungeun katuhu Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan, [[Jess Smith]], kalibet dina korupsi. Présidén maréntahkeun Daugherty supados ngaluarkeun Smith ti Washington sarta ngahapus namina tina daptar lalampahan kapersidénan ka Alaska anu bakal datang. Smith ahirna maéhan manéh dina ping 30 Méi 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=179–180}} Teu kanyahoan sacara pasti sabaraha loba hal anu dipikaterang ku Harding ngeunaan kagiatan haram Smith.{{sfn|Dean|pp=139–141}} Murray nyatet yén Harding sorangan henteu kalibet dina éta korupsi sarta henteu nyatujuan hal kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=125–126}} Hoover maturan Harding dina lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon sarta engkéna nulis yén Harding kungsi naros naon anu bakal dilakukeun ku Hoover upami terang aya hiji skandal gedé, naha kedah diumumkeun ka masarakat atanapi dipendem baé. Hoover ngajawab yén Harding kedah ngumumkeunana supados kanyahoan integritasna, sarta naroskeun rincianana. Harding nyebatkeun yén éta pasualan téh aya patalina sareng Smith, nanging nalika Hoover naros naha Daugherty ogé kalibet, Harding nolak ngajawab.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=284–285}} === Teapot Dome === {{Utama|Skandal Teapot Dome}} [[File:Albert B. Fall c. 1923.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Albert B. Fall]], Menteri Jero Nagri munggaran dina jaman Harding, janten mantan anggota kabinét munggaran anu diasupkeun ka panjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.]] Skandal anu sigana paling ngaruksak reputasi Harding nyaéta [[Skandal Teapot Dome|Teapot Dome]]. Sapertos kalolobaan skandal pamaréntahanana, ieu pasualan nembé kabongkar saatos Harding pupus, sarta anjeunna henteu terang kana aspék-aspék haramna. Teapot Dome téh patali sareng cadangan minyak di Wyoming, anu mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu wilayah anu disadiakeun husus pikeun kaperluan Angkatan Laut dina kaayaan darurat nasional. Parantos lami aya perdebatan yén éta cadangan téh kedah dikokolakeun; Menteri Jero Nagri jaman Wilson, [[Franklin Knight Lane]], mangrupa salah sahiji anu ngadukung pandangan ieu. Nalika pamaréntahan Harding ngawitan ngajabat, Menteri Jero Nagri Fall neraskeun arguméntasi Lane, sarta Harding nandatanganan paréntah éksékutif dina Méi 1921 anu mindahkeun éta cadangan tina Departemén Angkatan Laut ka Departemén Jero Nagri. Hal ieu dilakukeun dumasar kana idin ti [[Menteri Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Edwin C. Denby]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=183, 185}} Departemén Jero Nagri ngumumkeun dina Juli 1921 yén [[Edward Doheny]] parantos kéngingkeun hak séwa (''lease'') pikeun ngebor di sisi cadangan angkatan laut [[Ladang Minyak Elk Hills|Elk Hills]] di California. Éta béwara henteu pati ngabalukarkeun kontrovérsi, jalaran éta minyak téh dianggap bakal "leungit" kasedot ku sumur-sumur di lahan swasta sakurilingna.{{sfn|Noggle|pp=254–256}} Sénator Wyoming [[John B. Kendrick|John Kendrick]] nampi laporan ti wargana yén Teapot Dome ogé tétéla parantos diséwakeun, nanging teu aya béwara resmi. Departemén Jero Nagri nolak masihan dokuménna, sahingga Kendrick hasil ngasahkeun résolusi Sénat pikeun maksa panyingkapan éta dokumén. Departemén teras ngirimkeun salinan séwa Teapot Dome anu masihan hak pangeboran ka pausahaan [[Mammoth Oil Company]] milik [[Harry Ford Sinclair|Harry Sinclair]], bari dibarengan ku pernyataan yén teu aya lélang kabuka (''competitive bidding'') jalaran ieu patali sareng kasiapan militer—Mammoth kedah ngawangun bak panampungan minyak pikeun Angkatan Laut salaku bagian tina kasapukan éta. Hal ieu nyugemakeun sababaraha pihak, nanging sababaraha aktivis lingkungan sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], [[Harry A. Slattery]], sarta nu sanésna, teras ngadesek supados dilakukeun panalungtikan lengkep kana kagiatan Fall. Maranéhna hasil ngayakinkeun Sénator Wisconsin [[Robert M. La Follette]] pikeun ngamimitian panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan séwa minyak kasebut. La Follette ngayakinkeun Sénator Démokrat ti Montana, [[Thomas J. Walsh]], pikeun mingpin panalungtikan, sarta Walsh mariksa sakitu lobana dokumén ti Departemén Jero Nagri sapanjang taun 1922 dugi ka 1923. Éta dokumén kalebet surat ti Harding anu nyatakeun yén pamindahan sarta séwa kasebut téh parantos kanyahoan sarta disatujuan ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=463–465}} Sidang dangu ngeunaan Teapot Dome dimimitian dina Oktober 1923, dua sasih saatos Harding pupus. Fall parantos lungsur kalungguhan ti awal taun éta, sarta anjeunna nolak yén anjeunna nampi duit ti Sinclair atanapi Doheny; Sinclair ogé nyatakeun hal anu sami. Sasih salajengna, Walsh terang yén Fall parantos méspentoskeun duit kacida seueurna pikeun ngalegaan sarta ngoméan kebon (''ranch'') milikna di New Mexico. Fall sumping deui sarta nyatakeun yén éta duit téh asalna tina injeuman ti rénjang Harding anu ogé penerbit ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[Edward B. McLean]], nanging McLean nolak hal kasebut nalika masihan kasaksian. Doheny ahirna nyarios ka komite yén anjeunna parantos masihan duit tunai ka Fall salaku injeuman pribadi dumasar kana hubungan babaturanana di mangsa ka tukang, nanging Fall [[Amandemén Kalima|ngagunakeun hak Amandemén Kalima]] pikeun nolak masihan katerangan nalika dipaksa sumping deui supados henteu ngabahayakeun dirina sorangan.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=465–471}} Para panalungtik manggihan yén Fall sarta baraya caketna parantos nampi total sakitar $400,000 ti Doheny sarta Sinclair, sarta mindahkeunna duit éta lumaku babarengan sareng séséwa anu kontrovérsial kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=471–472}} Fall dinyatakeun bersalah dina taun 1929 alatan nampi suap, sarta dina taun 1931 anjeunna janten anggota kabinét AS munggaran anu dipanjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.{{sfn|Russell|pp=497–498}} Sinclair mung dinyatakeun bersalah alatan [[panghinaan ka pangadilan]] (''contempt of court'') jalaran nyoba mangaruhan juri. Doheny dibawa ka pangadilan dina April 1930 alatan tuduhan masihan suap anu parantos ngajantenkeun Fall dipanjara, nanging anjeunna kalah dinyatakeun bébas.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=472}} === Departemén Kaadilan === [[File:Harry Daugherty, bw photo portrait 1920.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Harry M. Daugherty]] kalibet dina rupa-rupa skandal nanging anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah alatan palanggaran naon waé.]] Pangangkatan Harry M. Daugherty ku Harding janten Jaksa Agung nampi kritik anu langkung seueur tinimbang pangangkatan sanésna. Kagiatan lobi sarta manuver "di tukangeun layar" anu dilakukeun ku Daugherty di Ohio dianggap ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu pantes nempatan éta jabatan.{{sfn|Russell|p=444}} Nalika rincian ngeunaan rupa-rupa skandal mimiti kabuka dina taun 1923 sarta 1924, musuh-musuh Daugherty kacida bungahna kusabab aya harepan tiasa ngaitkeun anjeunna kana kateujujuran kasebut, sarta nyangka anjeunna milu aub dina Teapot Dome, sanajan saenyana Fall sarta Daugherty téh sanés babaturan deukeut. Dina bulan Pébruari 1924, Sénat sapuk pikeun nalungtik Departemén Kaadilan, dimana Daugherty masih ngajabat janten Jaksa Agung.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=473–475}} Sénat Démokrat ti Montana, [[Burton K. Wheeler]], janten anggota komite panalungtik sarta nyepeng lalakon janten jaksa penuntut nalika sidang dangu dimimitian dina ping 12 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=478}} Jess Smith kabuktian ngalakukeun praktik [[dagang pangaruh]] (''influence peddling''), gawé bareng sareng dua urang Ohio sanésna, Howard Mannington sarta Fred A. Caskey, pikeun nampi opahan (suap) tina [[Larangan di Amérika Sarikat|penyelundup inuman keras]] (''bootleggers'') supados maranéhna bébas tina tungtutan hukum atanapi supados inuman keras tiasa dikaluarkeun tina gudang pamaréntah. Imah padumukan Mannington sarta Caskey janten kawentar kalayan sebutan [[Imah Héjo Leutik di Jalan K]] (''Little Green House on K Street'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=180}} Sababaraha saksi, sapertos mantan pamajikan Smith, Roxy Stinson, sarta mantan agén [[FBI]] anu korup, [[Gaston Means]], nuding yén Daugherty sacara pribadi kalibet. Coolidge ahirna ménta Daugherty supados mundur nalika Jaksa Agung kasebut nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal masihan idin ka komite Wheeler pikeun mariksa catetan Departemén Kaadilan. Daugherty ahirna nurut sarta mundur dina ping 28 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=478–479}} Kagiatan haram anu paling ngabeuratkeun Daugherty nyaéta kasapukan Smith sareng Kolonél [[Thomas W. Miller]], mantan anggota Kongrés ti Delaware anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Wali Harta Banda Asing]] (''Alien Property Custodian''). Smith sarta Miller nampi suap ampir satengah juta dolar pikeun ngabébaskeun hiji pausahaan milik Jérman, American Metal Company, supados tiasa dipimilik ku nu gaduh énggal ti AS. Smith nyimpen $50,000 dina [[rekening babarengan]] sareng Daugherty, anu dianggo pikeun kapentingan politik. Catetan anu patali sareng éta rekening dimusnahkeun ku Daugherty sarta lanceukna. Miller sarta Daugherty didakwa alatan nipu pamaréntah. Sidang munggaran dina Séptémber 1926 ngahasilkeun kaputusan juri anu buntu (''[[hung jury]]''); dina sidang kadua dina awal 1927, Miller dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dipanjara, nanging juri deui-deui buntu pikeun mutuskeun nasib Daugherty. Sanajan tuduhan ka Daugherty ahirna ditarik sarta anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah, sikepna anu nolak masihan katerangan di pangadilan ngancurkeun sésa-sésa reputasina. Mantan Jaksa Agung éta tetep nangtang, nyalahkeun musuh-musuhna dina gerakan buruh sarta urang Komunis atas masalahna, bari nulis yén anjeunna "henteu ngalakukeun nanaon anu ngahalangan kuring pikeun neuteup dunya kalayan tegep."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=480–481}} === Biro Véteran === [[File:Cforbes.jpg|jmpl|kenca|lempeng=0.7|[[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur Biro Véteran, anu dipanjara alatan nipu pamaréntah]] [[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur [[Biro Véteran]] anu pinuh ku énergi, nyobian ngahijikeun kadali rumah sakit véteran sarta pangwangunanana di handapeun birona. Dina awal kapersidénan Harding, wewenang ieu aya di handapeun Departemén Kaeuangan. Organisasi [[Legiun Amérika]] anu kuat sacara politik ngadukung Forbes sarta nyawad jalma-jalma anu nolak anjeunna, sapertos Menteri Mellon. Dina April 1922, Harding sapuk pikeun mindahkeun éta kadali ka Biro Véteran.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=459–460}} Tugas utama Forbes nyaéta mastikeun rumah sakit anyar diwangun di sakumna nagara pikeun mantuan 300.000 véteran Perang Dunya I anu tatu.{{sfn|Adams|p=287}} Dina awal taun 1922, Forbes pendak sareng Elias Mortimer, agén ti Thompson-Black Construction Company asal St. Louis anu hoyong ngawangun éta rumah sakit. Duanana janten akrab, sarta Mortimer mayaran sagala lalampahan Forbes ka wilayah Kulon nalika milihan lokasi rumah sakit. Forbes ogé akrab sareng Charles F. Hurley, nu gaduh Hurley-Mason Construction Company ti nagara bagian Washington.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Harding parantos maréntahkeun supados sadaya kontrak dilakukeun dumasar kana béwara umum (lélang),{{sfn|Russell|p=526}} nanging Forbes sarta para kontraktor kalah ngatur siasat supados éta dua pausahaan kéngingkeun kontrak kalayan kauntungan anu dibagi tilu. Sabagian duitna ogé ngalir ka panaséhat hukum biro, Charles F. Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Forbes nipu pamaréntah ku cara naékkeun biaya konstruksi tina $3.000 janten $4.000 per ranjang.{{sfn|Russell|p=525}} Sapersepuluh tina biaya konstruksi anu parantos ditaékkeun téh disisihkeun pikeun para konspirator, dimana Forbes nampi sapertilu tina éta jatah.{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=2369}} Ieu korupsi teras nyebar kana urusan mésér lahan; Forbes ngaresmikeun pameseran lahan di San Francisco anu ajina kirang ti $20.000 janten $105.000. Sahenteuna $25.000 tina kaleuwihan duit éta dibagi antara Forbes sarta Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} [[File:Charles E. Sawyer (1920).jpg|jmpl|[[Charles E. Sawyer]]]] Alatan hayang meunang duit leuwih loba, dina Nopémber 1922 Forbes mimiti ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit anu hargana mahal anu aya di gudang Perryville Depot di Maryland.{{sfn|Adams|pp=289, 292}} Pamaréntah parantos nyimpen stok kabutuhan rumah sakit anu sakitu lobana salami Perang Dunya I, anu teras dijual murah pisan ku Forbes ka pausahaan Thompson and Kelly di Boston, padahal dina waktos anu sami Biro Véteran nuju mésér kabutuhan rumah sakit kalayan harga anu jauh langkung mahal.{{sfn|Russell|pp=524–525}} Anu ngahalangan wewenang Forbes di Perryville téh nyaéta Dr. Sawyer, dokter pribadi Harding anu ogé pupuhu Déwan Hospitalisasi Fédéral.{{sfn|Adams|pp=232, 292, 294}} Sawyer méré nyaho Harding yén Forbes nuju ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit ka kontraktor "jalma jero".{{sfn|Adams|p=294}} Mimitina Harding teu percaya, nanging Sawyer hasil kéngingkeun buktina dina Januari 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding anu kaget—anu parantos campur aduk antara amarah sarta rasa putus asa alatan korupsi di pamaréntahanana—nyaur Forbes ka Gedong Bodas sarta ménta anjeunna mundur. Harding teu hoyong ieu janten skandal anu kabuka, sahingga anjeunna ngantepkeun Forbes kabur ka Éropa, dimana anjeunna mundur dina ping 15 Pébruari 1923. Sanajan Harding parantos nyobian nyumputkeunana, gosip ngeunaan kalakuan Forbes ngabalukarkeun Sénat maréntahkeun ayana panalungtikan dua minggu saatosna,{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=103}} sarta dina pertengahan Maret, Cramer ahirna maéhan manéh.{{sfn|Russell|p=563}} Mortimer daék ngabongkar sadayana, jalaran Forbes tétéla boga selingkuhan sareng pamajikanana, anu ogé ngabalukarkeun karuksakan rumah tangga Forbes. Éksékutif konstruksi éta janten saksi konci dina sidang dangu dina ahir taun 1923, saatos Harding pupus. Forbes mulang deui ti Éropa pikeun masihan kasaksian, nanging teu pati ngayakinkeun. Dina taun 1924, anjeunna sarta John W. Thompson (ti Thompson–Black) disidang di Chicago alatan konspirasi nipu pamaréntah. Duanana dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dihukum dua taun panjara. Forbes mimiti ngajalanan hukumanana dina taun 1926; sedengkeun Thompson, anu miboga panyakit jantung, pupus dina taun éta kénéh sateuacan kaburu asup panjara.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=106–107}} Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "Salah sahiji aspék anu paling matak jadi masalah dina kapersidénan Harding nyaéta anjeunna katingalna langkung hariwang ku résiko politik tina hiji skandal tinimbang negakkeun kaadilan."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} === Hubungan luar nikah === Harding miboga hubungan luar nikah sareng [[Carrie Fulton Phillips]] ti Marion, anu lumangsung sakitar 15 taun sateuacan réngsé dina taun 1920. Ieu hubungan kabongkar nalika biografer Harding, [[Francis Russell (panulis)|Francis Russell]], nalika nuju nalungtik bukuna dina taun 1963, mendakan serat-serat cinta ti Harding ka Phillips. Éta serat-serat téh disumbangkeun ka [[Ohio Historical Society]], sarta sababaraha urang di dinya hoyong éta serat dimusnahkeun supados ngajaga sésa-sésa reputasi Harding. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun ayana tungtutan hukum, dimana ahli waris Harding ngaku miboga hak cipta kana éta serat. Ieu kasus ahirna réngsé dina taun 1971, sarta serat-seratna disumbangkeun ka [[Perpustakaan Kongrés]]. Éta serat-serat téh disegel dugi ka taun 2014, nanging sateuacan dibuka ogé, para sajarahwan parantos ngagunakeun salinanana di [[Western Reserve Historical Society]] sarta dina dokumén Russell di [[Universitas Wyoming]].{{sfn|Coffey|p=84}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=650–663}}{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=3207}} Russell nyimpulkeun tina éta serat yén Phillips téh mangrupa cinta sajati dina hirupna Harding. Harding ogé miboga anak, [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing]], tina hubungan luar nikah sareng selingkuhanana, [[Nan Britton]]. Dina taun 2015, [[Tés DNA silsilah|tés DNA]] ngabuktikeun yén Blaesing téh leres-leres putrana. Harding sorangan parantos sababaraha kali nolak yén anjeunna ramana. Numutkeun carita kulawarga, Harding téh mandul sarta moal tiasa miboga anak jalaran kantos katarajang panyakit [[gondongeun]] (''mumps'') nalika budak,<ref name=DNA/> sarta duduluran, kapiadi, sarta alo-alona terus nyepeng éta kayakinan salami 90 taun.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/us/dna-is-said-to-solve-a-mystery-of-warren-hardings-love-life.html |date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015|last=Baker|first=Peter|title=DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding's Love Life|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Dina taun 1927, Britton, anu ogé asalna ti Marion, nyebarkeun buku ''[[Putri Présidén (buku Britton)|The President's Daughter]]'', anu nyatakeun yén Harding téh ramana Elizabeth Ann Blaesing. Éta buku, anu didédisikasikeun pikeun "sadaya ibu anu teu nikah" sarta "barudak maranéhna anu polos anu ramana biasana teu dipikaterang ku dunya", dijual panto-ka-panto kalayan dibungkus ku kertas coklat jiga pornografi.<ref name="Robenalt13Aug">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/|title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Robenalt|first=James D.|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Reputasi Harding parantos ruksak ti saprak pupusna dina taun 1923, sarta seueur jalma anu percaya ka Britton.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Masarakat kacida katarikna ku rincian anu panas (''salacious''), sapertos klaim Britton yén maranéhna kantos hubungan badan di hiji goah (''closet'') caket [[Ruang Oval]], bari dijaga ku agén [[Secret Service]] supados teu aya nu asup.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Sanajan seueur anu percaya, Britton kawon dina gugatan hukum fitnah (''libel'') ngalawan buku anu nolak klaimna.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} Britton nyatakeun yén Harding parantos masihan santunan anak sakitar $500 per sasih pikeun putrana anu teu kantos ditepunganana,<ref name="Strochlic14Aug">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/14/our-dirtiest-president-s-mistress-tells-all.html|title=Our Dirtiest President's Mistress Tells All|work=The Daily Beast|first=Nina|last=Strochlic|date=August 14, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> nanging anjeunna parantos ngaduruk serat-serat romantis tina Harding dumasar kana pamundut Harding nyalira.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name="Strochlic14Aug" /> Sinclair nyebatkeun yén standar anu langkung beurat dilarapkeun ka Harding dibandingkeun ka [[Grover Cleveland]], anu kapilih janten présidén dina taun 1884 sanajan dipikaterang miboga selingkuhan sarta kamungkinan miboga putra luar nikah.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} == Sawangan sajarah == {{Utama|Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding}} Nalika pupusna, Harding kacida dikolébétna—sanés mung di Amérika Sarikat, nanging ogé di sakumna dunya. Anjeunna dijulukan salaku jalma anu mawa katengtreman ku seueur koran di Éropa. Wartawan Amérika muji anjeunna kalayan jor-joran, malah aya nu nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos masrahkeun jiwa ragana pikeun nagara. Rénjang-rénjangna ogé kacida kagetna ku pupusna Harding. Daugherty nulis, "Kuring hésé pisan pikeun nuliskeunana atanapi ngantepkeun diri kuring mikiran hal ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|pp=456–457}} Hughes nyatakeun, "Kuring teu nyangka yén Pamimpin urang anu dipikacinta téh parantos teu aya deui di antarana urang."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=457}} Catetan-catetan [[hagiografi]] (anu muji kaleuleuwihi) ngeunaan hirupna Harding gancang muncul saatos pupusna. Nanging harita kénéh, skandal-skandal mimiti kabongkar, sarta pamaréntahan Harding gancang janten kacapangan (''byword'') pikeun korupsi di panon masarakat. Karya-karya anu ditulis dina ahir taun 1920-an milu ngawangun reputasi sajarah Harding anu dianggap goreng: ''Masks in a Pageant'' karya [[William Allen White]] ngalecehkeun Harding, kitu ogé carita fiksi ngeunaan pamaréntahan Harding, ''Revelry'', karya [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]].{{Sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Ieu buku-buku téh ngagambarkeun masa jabatan Harding salaku mangsa dimana kakuatan présidén kacida lemahna.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=2970}} Pamedalan buku laris Nan Britton anu ngabongkar hubungan luar nikah maranéhna ogé mingkin nurunkeun ajén anjeunna di masarakat. Présidén Coolidge, anu hoyong ngajaga jarak ti nu miheulaanna, nolak ngaresmikeun Makam Harding. Hoover ogé mimitina wegah, nanging ahirna mingpin peresmian dina taun 1931. Harita, nalika [[Déprési Ageung]] nuju lumaku, Hoover ogé parantos kaleungitan kapercayaan masarakat méh jiga Harding.{{Sfn|Russell|pp=632–633, 639–640}}{{Sfn|Payne|2014|pp=125, 127}} Adams terus ngawangun sawangan négatif ngeunaan Harding ngaliwatan sababaraha karya non-fiksi dina taun 1930-an, anu puncagna dina buku ''The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren G. Harding'' (1939). Di dinya anjeunna nyebat Harding salaku "saurang wartawan kota leutik anu satengah dididik... Ieu moal jalan. Éta memang teu jalan."{{Sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=209}} John Dean ningali yén karya White sarta Adams téh "catetan anu kacida teu saimbang sarta teu adil, ngaleuleuwihi hal négatif, sarta nuding Harding salaku nu tanggung jawab kana sagala kasalahan."{{Sfn|Dean|p=163}} [[File:President Warren G. Harding and First Lady Florence Harding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Warren sarta [[Florence Harding]], {{circa|1922}}. Florence kacida ngajaga pisan warisan sarta ngaran saé carogéna.]] Dibukana dokumén-dokumén Harding pikeun panalungtikan dina taun 1964 ngahasilkeun sababaraha biografi anyar. Anu paling kontrovérsial nyaéta buku Russell, ''The Shadow of Blooming Grove'' (1968), anu nyimpulkeun yén gosip ngeunaan katurunan kulit hideung (''shadow'' dina judulna) kacida mangaruhanana ka Harding dina mangsa rumajana. Murray dina ''The Harding Era'' (1969) méré sawangan anu leuwih positif sarta nempatkeun Harding dina kontéks jamanna. Dina dékade-dékade salajengna, aya buku-buku révisionis anu dipedalkeun. [[Robert Ferrell]] dina ''The Strange Deaths of President Harding'' (1996) nyoba ngalawan unggal carita négatif ngeunaan Harding sarta nyimpulkeun yén méh sadayana anu diajarkeun ngeunaan Harding téh salah.{{Sfn|Coffey|pp=88–89}} Dina taun 2004, John Dean, anu kawentar alatan kalibetna dina skandal [[Watergate]], nulis biografi pondok Harding anu dianggap paling révisionis nepi ka kiwari.{{Sfn|Coffey|p=89}} Harding sacara tradisional parantos [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|ditempatkeun salaku salah sahiji présidén anu paling goréng]].{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Dina jajapén (''poll'') taun 1948 ku [[Universitas Harvard]], sajarahwan [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.]] nempatkeun Harding dina urutan terakhir tina 29 présidén.{{Refn|Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Historians Rate the U.S. Presidents". ''Life'', 1 Nopémber 1948.}} Anjeunna ogé terus nempatan posisi terakhir dina rupa-rupa jajapén sanésna ti saprak harita. Ferrell nyatakeun yén peunteun négatif pikeun Harding téh alatan para sarjana anu kirang maca sumber anu substansial sarta leuwih fokus kana carita-carita anu sensasional.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Coffey ogé percaya yén "kurangna minat akademik ka Harding parantos ngaruksak reputasina."{{Sfn|Coffey|p=86}} === Peniléian deui === Dina réngking sajarah présidén AS salami sababaraha dékadé saatos masa jabatanna, Harding sering dianggap salah sahiji anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina taun 2010-an, sababaraha panulis sarta sajarahwan mimiti meunteun deui catetan jasa Harding nalika ngajabat.<ref name=Robenalt13Aug /><ref name="Reputation">{{cite journal |url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_21_01_02_pecquet-thies.pdf |title=Reputation Overrides Record: How Warren G. Harding Mistakenly Became the 'Worst' President of the United States |last1=Pecquet |first1=Gary M. |last2=Thies |first2=Clifford F. |journal=[[The Independent Review]] |publisher=[[Independent Institute]] |volume=21 |date=Summer 2016 |issn=1086-1653 |pages=29–45 }}</ref> Dina buku ''The Spoils of War'' (2016), [[Bruce Bueno de Mesquita]] sarta Alastair Smith nempatkeun Harding dina urutan kahiji dina réngking gabungan antara angka maot pangsaeutikna nalika perang sarta pertumbuhan panghasilan per kapita taunan pangluhurna salami mangsa jabatan unggal présidén.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Spoils of War |last1=Bueno de Mesquita |first1=Bruce |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |page=255 |year=2016 |publisher=PublicAffairs}}</ref> Murray ngadugikeun arguméntasi dina bukuna ''The Harding Era'' yén Harding pantes nampi pangajén anu langkung ageung tinimbang anu parantos dipaparinkeun ku para sajarahwan: "Anjeunna pastina sarimbag sareng [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], atanapi malah Calvin Coolidge. Dina hal pacaulan (''concrete accomplishments''), pamaréntahanana langkung punjul ti sabagian ageung pamaréntahan sanésna dina sajarah nagara ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}} Murray nyatet sababaraha poin umum ngeunaan posisi Harding anu goréng, anu némbongkeun yén kritik négatif ka Harding téh sabenerna mah dumasar kana hal anu kurang jero. Nyaéta, pandangan konvensional sering teuing maliré kana kritik atanapi analisis nyata tina tindakan Harding, sarta seringna mung museur sacara sawenang-wenang kana sifat jalma-jalma anu diangkat ku Harding, bari mopohokeun analisis anu langkung jembar ngeunaan fakta sajarah. Murray nyatakeun: {{Blockquote|Dina sistem Amérika, teu aya anu namina "nu lalajo anu polos" (''innocent bystander'') di Gedong Bodas. Upami Harding tiasa sacara sah ngaku kana prestasi Hughes di Departemén Luar Nagri atanapi Hoover di Departemén Perdagangan, anjeunna ogé kedah tanggung jawab ka Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan sarta Fall di Departemén Jero Nagri. Anjeunna kedah nanggung beban tina kurangna tindakan hukuman ka jalma-jalma sapertos Forbes sarta Smith. Ku sabab anjeunna cicing baé (''inaction''), anjeunna kaleungitan kasempetan naon waé pikeun ngajaga integritas posisina sarta nyalametkeun citra anu saé pikeun dirina sarta pamaréntahanana. Sakumaha anu parantos lumaku, vonis négatif ti masarakat sarta para sarjana saatosna téh mémang teu tiasa dihindari, sanajan éta téh teu sagemblengna pantes ditarima ku anjeunna.{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}}}} ==See also== {{Portal|1920s|Biography|Ohio|Politics|United States}} * [[Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding]] * [[Harding Home]] * [[Laddie Boy]], Harding's dog * [[List of memorials to Warren G. Harding]] * [[List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s|List of people on the cover of ''Time'' Magazine: 1920s]]: March 10, 1923 * [[List of presidents of the United States]] * [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]] * [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office]] * [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]] * [[Warren G. Harding Presidential Center]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Samuel Hopkins|title=The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|year=1939|isbn=0-374-90051-5|ref={{sfnRef|Adams}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Bagby|first=Wesley M.|title=The 'Smoke Filled Room' and the Nomination of Warren G. Harding|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|date=March 1955|volume=41|issue=4|pages=657–674|jstor=1889182|ref={{sfnRef|Bagby}}|doi=10.2307/1889182|issn=0161-391X }} * {{Citation | first =Justin P. | last =Coffey | editor-last =Sibley | editor-first =Katherine A. S. | contribution =Harding Biographies | title =A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover | year =2014 | pages =79–93 | publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | location =Chichester, UK| ref ={{sfnRef|Coffey}} | isbn =978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{cite book | last = Dary | first = David | title = The Oregon Trail: An American Saga | year = 2004 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-375-41399-5 | ref = {{sfnRef|Dary}} | url = https://archive.org/details/oregontrailameri00dary }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|author-link=John Dean|title=Warren Harding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12I6tyg8no4C|publisher=Henry Holt and Co|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-6956-3|edition=Kindle|ref={{sfnRef|Dean}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Downes|first=Randolph C.|title=The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1865–1920|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Columbus, OH|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8142-0140-4|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofwarrengama00down|ref={{sfnRef|Downes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Felzenberg |first=Alvin S. |author-link=Alvin S. Felzenberg |year=2010 |title=The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-4650-1890-1 }} * {{Cite book|last=Ferrell|first=Robert H.|title=The Strange Deaths of President Harding|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, MO|edition=Kindle|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8262-1202-3|ref={{sfnRef|Ferrell}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Morello, John A.|title=Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|date=2001|isbn= 978-0-275-97030-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Morello}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Harding Era 1921–1923: Warren G. Harding and his Administration|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|date=1969|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1969}}|isbn=978-0-8166-0541-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Politics of Normalcy: Governmental Theory and Practice in the Harding–Coolidge Era|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|date=1973|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1973}}|isbn=978-0-393-05474-3|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnormal00robe}} * {{cite book |ref={{sfnRef|Nevins}} |first=Allan |last=Nevins |author-link=Allan Nevins |title=Dictionary of American Biography: Harding, Warren Gamaliel |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer08ilamer#page/252/mode/1up |pages=252–257 |oclc=4171403 |date=1932 }} * {{cite journal|last=Noggle|first=Burl|title=The Origins of the Teapot Dome Investigation|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|date=September 1957|pages=237–266|publisher=Organization of American Historians|jstor=1887189|ref={{sfnRef|Noggle}}|doi=10.2307/1887189}} * {{Citation |last=Payne |first=Phillip G. |title=A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover |pages=79–93 |year=2014 |editor-last=Sibley |editor-first=Katherine A. S. |contribution=The Harding Presidency: Scandals, Legacy, and Memory |location=Chichester, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Russell (author)|title=The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding In His Times|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, CT|year=1968|isbn=0-07-054338-0|ref={{sfnRef|Russell}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|title=The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|year=1957|isbn=978-0-618-34085-9|ref={{sfnRef|Schlesinger}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sibley|first=Katherine A. S.|title=First Lady Florence Harding: Behind the Tragedy and Controversy|date=2009|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, KS|isbn=978-0-7006-1649-7|ref={{sfnRef|Sibley}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Andrew|title=The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|oclc=422550801|edition=1st Quadrangle Paperback|ref={{sfnRef|Sinclair}}|year=1969|orig-year=1965}} * Sullivan, Mark. ''Our Times: 1900-1925: Volume 6: The Twenties'' (1935) pp. 16–371. [https://archive.org/details/ourtimestwenties0000mark/page/n8/mode/1up online], by a leading journalist. * {{cite book|last1=Trani|first1=Eugene P.|last2=Wilson|first2=David L.|title=The Presidency of Warren G. Harding|publisher=The Regents Press of Kansas|series=American Presidency|location=Lawrence, KS|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7006-0152-3|ref={{sfnRef|Trani & Wilson}}|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwarr00tran}} * {{cite book | last = Walters | first = Everett | title = Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican | year = 1948 | publisher = The Ohio History Press | oclc=477641 | ref ={{sfnRef|Walters}}}} * Walters, Ryan S. ''The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Jazz-Age-President-Defending-Harding/dp/1621578844/ excerpt] also [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-jazz-age-president-review-correcting-the-record-11649020056?mod=books_arts_featured_pos2 online review] * {{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Neil|title=From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society|publisher=Holmes & Meier|location=New York|year=1986|ref={{sfnRef|Wynn}}|isbn=978-0-8419-1107-9}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links |wikt=Harding |commons=Warren G. Harding |b=no |n=no |q=Warren G. Harding |s=Author:Warren G. Harding |v=no}} * [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/warren-g-harding/ White House biography] * {{CongBio|H000192}} * [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#harding Full audio and text of a number of Harding speeches], [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] * {{NYT topic|people/h/warren_g_harding}} * ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/mp76000342/ President Harding and Calvin Coolidge]'', a film from 1920 * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/harding/ Warren Harding: A Resource Guide], [[Library of Congress]] * [http://millercenter.org/president/harding Extensive essays on Warren Harding] and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151625-1/life-portrait-warren-g-harding "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', September 20, 1999 * {{Gutenberg author | id=1660}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Warren Gamaliel Harding}} * {{Librivox author |id=11297}} * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Harding-Warren-G Warren G. Harding Personal Manuscripts] * {{IMDb name|1136403}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/007126}} {{Warren G. Harding}} {{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Woodrow Wilson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1921–1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[Calvin Coolidge]]}} {{s-bef|before= [[Theodore E. Burton]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[List of United States senators from Ohio|United States Senator (Class 3) from Ohio]]|years=1915–1921}} {{s-aft|after= [[Frank B. Willis]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harry L. Gordon|Harry Gordon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]|years=1904–1906}} {{s-aft|after=[[Andrew L. 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Harding]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu mangrupa Freemason]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Nomine présidén Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)]] [[Kategori:Sénator nagara bagian Ohio ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik asal Ohio]] 2oviczsw1kc7q4lz78yq7jrctnd30ta Kategori:Basa Minangkabau 14 108406 708691 2026-04-28T14:17:53Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 Nyieun kaca anyar [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Minangkabau]] 708691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Minangkabau]] b3nrc7entvspotb1ce2es1jiazwclwk Kategori:Basa Malayu 14 108407 708693 2026-04-28T14:21:47Z ~2026-25801-24 36606 Nyieun kaca anyar [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Malayu]] 708693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Malayu]] 1nwxmfiy52kk7bmdy647efmcin5pk6s Ordo 0 108408 708700 2026-04-28T16:31:50Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708700 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 270px; font-size: 90%; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; line-height: 1.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 120%;" | Ordo |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em;" | [[File:Taxonomic Rank Graph.svg|250px|center|Hierarki Taksonomi]]<br /><small>Tingkatan Ordo dina hierarki klasifikasi biologis (warna oranyeu).</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #ddf; width: 40%;" | Tingkatan | [[Takson]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Di luhureun | [[Kulawarga [[Suku (biologi)|(biologi)|Kulawarga]] (Famili)]] |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Di handapeun | [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf;" | Conto Ordo |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em;" | * '''Carnivora''' (Sato galak) * '''Primates''' (Monyét, kera) * '''Rosales''' (Mawar, apel) * '''Fabales''' (Kacang-kacangan) |} '''Ordo''' mangrupa hiji tingkatan [[takson]] dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah]] organisme anu nempatan posisi di antara [[kelas (biologi)|kelas]] sarta [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]].<ref name="ICZN">{{cite book |title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature |year=1999 |isbn=0-85301-006-4}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap "ordo" asalna tina basa [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''ordo'', anu hartina "runtuyan", "garis", atawa "susunan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/order |title=Order (n.) |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> Dina kontéks biologi, istilah ieu dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun susunan organisme dumasar kana kasaruaan ciri tinangtu anu geus dibakukeun dina sistem taksonomi. == Sajarah == Konsep ordo salaku tingkatan husus dina klasifikasi biologis munggaran diwanohkeun ku ahli botani Jérman, [[Augustus Quirinus Rivinus]], dina taun 1690-an.<ref name="Wheeler">{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Quentin |title=The New Taxonomy |publisher=CRC Press |year=2008 |pages=25-27}}</ref> Rivinus ngagunakeun istilah ieu pikeun ngelompokkeun tutuwuhan dina karyana. Salajengna, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ngasupkeun ordo kana sistem klasifikasi utama dina bukuna anu kawentar, ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1735).<ref name="Linnaeus">{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |title=Systema Naturae |year=1735}}</ref> Linnaeus ngabagi sakumna organisme kana lima tingkatan utama: karajaan, kelas, ordo, marga, sarta spésiés. Sanajan harti ordo dina jaman harita béda jeung kontéks modéren, sistem Linnaeus ieu anu janten dadasar pikeun [[taksonomi]] kiwari.<ref name="Wheeler" /> == Pamakéan dina Taksonomi == Dina hierarki biologis, ordo dipaké pikeun ngelompokkeun kelas-kelas anu miboga ciri anu leuwih spésifik dibandingkeun jeung tingkatan luhureunana.<ref name="ICN">{{cite book |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |publisher=Koeltz Botanical Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-946583-16-5}}</ref> Dina widang [[botani]], ngaran ordo sacara internasional kudu miboga ahiran standar '''-ales'''.<ref name="ICN" /> Contona: * ''Asparagales'' (kulawarga bawang sarta lili) * ''Poales'' (kulawarga jujukutan) Sedengkeun dina widang [[zoologi]], teu aya aturan ahiran anu kaku jiga dina botani, tapi rupa-rupa ngaran ordo geus dipaké sacara standar ti saprak abad ka-19.<ref name="ICZN" /> Contona ordo ''Carnivora'' pikeun sato nu ngahakan daging sarta ''Primates'' pikeun monyét jeung kera. == Tempo ogé == * [[Taksonomi]] * [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]] * [[Sistematika]] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Taksonomi]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] r44lckkasyk50mutxsovi86hlgj7lua Kumeli 0 108409 708707 2026-04-28T22:52:53Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Mindahkeun ka [[Kentang]] 708707 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[kentang]] n0e76jlur5wz3tg0jgyggna7lmg0hkz Hadas 0 108410 708715 2026-04-29T02:50:42Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hadas''' (Basa Arab: حدث, ''hadats'') nyaéta hiji kaayaan teu suci sacara hukum (''hukmiyah'') dina diri saurang [[Muslim]] anu ngabalukarkeun manéhna teu meunang ngalakukeun ibadah-ibadah anu tangtu, sapertos [[solat]] atanapi [[tawaf]]<ref>Dina kontéks ibadah, hususna ngeunaan Solat, pamahaman ngeunaan Hadas téh kacida pentingna sabab aya hubunganana sareng sarat sahna ibadah.</ref>. Hadas béda sareng [[najis]]; upami najis mah katingal jirimna (''ainiyah''), ari hadas mah mangrupikeun status hukum dina diri hiji jalma<ref>Hadas sacara istilah nyaéta kaayaan teu suci dina diri saurang Muslim; benten sareng najis anu katingal wujudna (sapertos getih atanapi kiih), hadas mah mangrupikeun status hukum.</ref>. === Dasar Hukum === Kawajiban susuci tina hadas dumasar kana firman [[Allah]] SWT dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <blockquote> يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ فَاغْسِلُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ وَامْسَحُوا بِرُءُوسِكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ ۚ وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ جُنُبًا فَاطَّهَّرُوا </blockquote> ''"Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman, upama aranjeun rék ngadegkeun [[solat]], mangka kumbah beungeut aranjeun jeung leungeun aranjeun nepi ka sikuna, sarta usap sirah aranjeun jeung (kumbah) suku aranjeun nepi ka [[mumuncangan]]. Jeung lamun aranjeun nuju junub, mangka sucikeun diri (mandi wajib)..."''<ref>QS. [[Al-Ma'idah]] [5]: 6, anu ngajelaskeun kawajiban wudu sareng mandi janabah sateuacan solat.</ref>. Salian ti éta, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW ogé ngadawuh: <blockquote> لا يَقْبَلُ اللَّهُ صَلاةَ أَحَدِكُمْ إِذَا أَحْدَثَ حَتَّى يَتَوَضَّأَ </blockquote> ''"Allah moal nampi solat salah saurang di antara aranjeun upami manéhna boga hadas dugi ka manéhna wudu."''<ref>HR. [[Bukhari]] & [[Muslim]].</ref>. === Babagian Hadas === Dina hukum [[fiqh]], hadas dibagi kana dua jinis dumasar kana cara nyucikeunana: * '''Hadas Leutik''': Kaayaan teu suci anu tiasa diicalkeun ku cara '''[[Wudu]]''' atanapi '''[[Tayamum]]'''<ref>Hadas leutik nyaéta kaayaan teu suci anu tiasa diicalkeun cukup ku cara wudu atanapi tayamum.</ref>. Anu ngabalukarkeunana nyaéta hal-hal anu ngabatalkeun wudu, sapertos kaluar cai leutik/ageung, hitut, atanapi paantel kulit lawan jinis anu sanés [[mahram]]<ref>Anu ngabalukarkeun hadas leutik nyaéta miceun cai leutik/ageung, atanapi kaluar angin (hitut).</ref>. * '''Hadas Gede''': Kaayaan teu suci anu ngan tiasa diicalkeun ku cara '''[[Mandi Wajib]]''' (''janabah'') atanapi tayamum upami teu aya cai<ref>Hadas gedé nyaéta kaayaan teu suci anu ngan tiasa diicalkeun ku cara mandi wajib (janabah) atanapi tayamum upami teu aya cai.</ref>. Anu ngabalukarkeunana nyaéta junub (sapatemon/kaluar mani), réngsé [[[[Kareseban|haid]]]], [[nifas]], atanapi saatos ngalahirkeun<ref>Anu ngabalukarkeun hadas gede nyaéta saatos haid, nifas, atanapi junub.</ref>. === Larangan Nalika Hadas === Jalma anu nuju dina kaayaan hadas dilarang ngalakukeun sababaraha ibadah, di antarana<ref>Upami saurang jalma nuju dina kaayaan hadas, mangka ibadahna sapertos solat atanapi tawaf dianggap teu sah.</ref>: # '''Solat''' (boh [[Fardu|fardu]] boh sunah). # '''Tawaf''' di sabudeureun [[Ka'bah]]. # '''Nyabak Mushaf Al-Qur'an'''. # Husus pikeun hadas gede (haid/nifas), dilarang ogé puasa jeung cicing di jero [[masjid]]. === Perbédaan Hadas sareng Najis === {| class="wikitable" ! Aspék !! Hadas !! Najis |- | '''Sipat''' || Status hukum dina diri (''hukmiyah'')<ref>Hadas mangrupikeun "status" hukum dina diri hiji jalma (hukmiyah).</ref> || Kokotor anu katingal jirimna (''ainiyah'') |- | '''Cara Ngicalkeun''' || Wudu atanapi Mandi<ref>Taharah mangrupikeun prosésna (sapertos wudu atanapi mandi), sedengkeun hadas nyaéta kaayaan anu kedah diicalkeunana.</ref> || Dikumbah ku cai dugi ka bérésih |- | '''Cakupan''' || Ngurung sakujur awak || Lokasina tinangtu (dina pakean/tempat) |} == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Taharah]] k5nkybyne6gyg3es4mckgyrfwrtv6y7 708716 708715 2026-04-29T02:51:13Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hadas''' (Basa Arab: حدث, ''hadats'') nyaéta hiji kaayaan teu suci sacara hukum (''hukmiyah'') dina diri saurang [[Muslim]] anu ngabalukarkeun manéhna teu meunang ngalakukeun ibadah-ibadah anu tangtu, sapertos [[solat]] atanapi [[tawaf]]<ref>Dina kontéks ibadah, hususna ngeunaan Solat, pamahaman ngeunaan Hadas téh kacida pentingna sabab aya hubunganana sareng sarat sahna ibadah.</ref>. Hadas béda sareng [[najis]]; upami najis mah katingal jirimna (''ainiyah''), ari hadas mah mangrupikeun status hukum dina diri hiji jalma<ref>Hadas sacara istilah nyaéta kaayaan teu suci dina diri saurang Muslim; benten sareng najis anu katingal wujudna (sapertos getih atanapi kiih), hadas mah mangrupikeun status hukum.</ref>. === Dasar Hukum === Kawajiban susuci tina hadas dumasar kana firman [[Allah]] SWT dina [[Al-Qur'an]]: <blockquote> يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ فَاغْسِلُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ وَامْسَحُوا بِرُءُوسِكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ ۚ وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ جُنُبًا فَاطَّهَّرُوا </blockquote> ''"Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman, upama aranjeun rék ngadegkeun [[solat]], mangka kumbah beungeut aranjeun jeung leungeun aranjeun nepi ka sikuna, sarta usap sirah aranjeun jeung (kumbah) suku aranjeun nepi ka [[mumuncangan]]. Jeung lamun aranjeun nuju junub, mangka sucikeun diri (mandi wajib)..."''<ref>QS. [[Al-Ma'idah]] [5]: 6, anu ngajelaskeun kawajiban wudu sareng mandi janabah sateuacan solat.</ref>. Salian ti éta, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW ogé ngadawuh: <blockquote> لا يَقْبَلُ اللَّهُ صَلاةَ أَحَدِكُمْ إِذَا أَحْدَثَ حَتَّى يَتَوَضَّأَ </blockquote> ''"Allah moal nampi solat salah saurang di antara aranjeun upami manéhna boga hadas dugi ka manéhna wudu."''<ref>HR. [[Bukhari]] & [[Muslim]].</ref>. === Babagian Hadas === Dina hukum [[fikih]], hadas dibagi kana dua jinis dumasar kana cara nyucikeunana: * '''Hadas Leutik''': Kaayaan teu suci anu tiasa diicalkeun ku cara '''[[Wudu]]''' atanapi '''[[Tayamum]]'''<ref>Hadas leutik nyaéta kaayaan teu suci anu tiasa diicalkeun cukup ku cara wudu atanapi tayamum.</ref>. Anu ngabalukarkeunana nyaéta hal-hal anu ngabatalkeun wudu, sapertos kaluar cai leutik/ageung, hitut, atanapi paantel kulit lawan jinis anu sanés [[mahram]]<ref>Anu ngabalukarkeun hadas leutik nyaéta miceun cai leutik/ageung, atanapi kaluar angin (hitut).</ref>. * '''Hadas Gede''': Kaayaan teu suci anu ngan tiasa diicalkeun ku cara '''[[Mandi Wajib]]''' (''janabah'') atanapi tayamum upami teu aya cai<ref>Hadas gedé nyaéta kaayaan teu suci anu ngan tiasa diicalkeun ku cara mandi wajib (janabah) atanapi tayamum upami teu aya cai.</ref>. Anu ngabalukarkeunana nyaéta junub (sapatemon/kaluar mani), réngsé [[[[Kareseban|haid]]]], [[nifas]], atanapi saatos ngalahirkeun<ref>Anu ngabalukarkeun hadas gede nyaéta saatos haid, nifas, atanapi junub.</ref>. === Larangan Nalika Hadas === Jalma anu nuju dina kaayaan hadas dilarang ngalakukeun sababaraha ibadah, di antarana<ref>Upami saurang jalma nuju dina kaayaan hadas, mangka ibadahna sapertos solat atanapi tawaf dianggap teu sah.</ref>: # '''Solat''' (boh [[Fardu|fardu]] boh sunah). # '''Tawaf''' di sabudeureun [[Ka'bah]]. # '''Nyabak Mushaf Al-Qur'an'''. # Husus pikeun hadas gede (haid/nifas), dilarang ogé puasa jeung cicing di jero [[masjid]]. === Perbédaan Hadas sareng Najis === {| class="wikitable" ! Aspék !! Hadas !! Najis |- | '''Sipat''' || Status hukum dina diri (''hukmiyah'')<ref>Hadas mangrupikeun "status" hukum dina diri hiji jalma (hukmiyah).</ref> || Kokotor anu katingal jirimna (''ainiyah'') |- | '''Cara Ngicalkeun''' || Wudu atanapi Mandi<ref>Taharah mangrupikeun prosésna (sapertos wudu atanapi mandi), sedengkeun hadas nyaéta kaayaan anu kedah diicalkeunana.</ref> || Dikumbah ku cai dugi ka bérésih |- | '''Cakupan''' || Ngurung sakujur awak || Lokasina tinangtu (dina pakean/tempat) |} == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Fikih]] [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Taharah]] snhm132uagrlwtuewppp2etiu3jl90i Niat 0 108411 708719 2026-04-29T02:57:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708719 wikitext text/x-wiki == Niat Solat == '''Niat solat''' nyaéta neja atawa maksud dina jero haté pikeun ngalakukeun [[ibadah]] solat karana nyumponan paréntah [[Allah]] SWT<ref>Niat mangrupikeun rukun anu munggaran dina ibadah solat.</ref>. Dina hukum [[fikih]], niat téh mangrupikeun salah sahiji rukun solat anu nangtukeun sah atanapi henteuna hiji ibadah<ref>Tanpa niat, ibadah dianggap teu sah sacara syaréat.</ref>. === Hakékat Niat === Tempatna niat nyaéta dina jero haté. Sacara téknis, niat solat dilakukeun babarengan (bareng) nalika ngucapkeun '''[[Takbir|Takbiratul Ihram]]''' (ngucapkeun ''Allahu Akbar'')<ref>Niat solat dilakukeun babarengan nalika ngucapkeun Takbiratul Ihram.</ref>. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna niat dumasar kana [[hadis]] [[[[Muhammad|Rasulullah]]]] SAW: <blockquote> إِنَّمَا الأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ </blockquote> ''"Saéstuna sakabéh amal téh gumantung kana niatna..."''<ref>HR. [[Bukhari]] & [[Muslim]].</ref>. === Unsur-unsur Niat (Sipat Niat) === Dina solat fardu, niat kedah ngawengku tilu unsur utama (hususna dina mazhab Syafi'i): # '''Qashad''' (قصد): Neja ngalakukeun solat (ngucapkeun: ''"Abdi niat solat"''). # '''Ta'yin''' (تعيين): Nangtukeun solatna (contona: Duhur, Ashar, atawa Magrib). # '''Fardhiyah''' (فرضية): Mertelakeun yén éta téh solat fardu<ref>Dina solat fardu, niat kedah ngawengku unsur Qashad, Ta'yin, sareng Fardhiyah.</ref>. === Talaffuzh (Ngalisankeun Niat) === Ngalisankeun niat (sapertos maos ''Usholli...'') sateuacan takbiratul ihram hukumna nyaéta '''[[sunah]]''' nurutkeun sababaraha mazhab, anu tujuanna pikeun mantuan haté sangkan leuwih khusyu (fokus) sateuacan ngamimitian solat. Nanging, anu jadi patokan utama sahna solat tetep niat anu aya dina jero haté nalika takbir. === Conto Bacaan Niat === Conto niat solat Duhur: <blockquote> أُصَلِّي فَرْضَ الظُّهْرِ أَرْبَعَ رَكَعَاتٍ مُسْتَقْبِلَ الْقِبْلَةِ أَدَاءً لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى </blockquote> ''"Abdi niat solat fardu Duhur opat rakaat kalayan nyanghareup ka kiblat, tunai karana Allah Ta'ala."'' == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] 2a670tf1lpkg3w0uy8jhcs4neinvayf Iftitah 0 108412 708722 2026-04-29T03:15:09Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iftitah''' (Basa Arab: اِفْتِتَاح) nyaéta doa bubuka anu dibaca dina rakaat munggaran [[solat]], saatos [[Takbir|Takbiratul Ihram]] sarta sateuacan maos [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]<ref name="Majmu">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 312.</ref>. Maos doa iftitah hukumna nyaéta '''[[sunah]]''' nurutkeun mayoritas ulama [[fikih]] dumasar kana rupa-rupa riwayat ti [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW. === Hakékat sareng Waktos Maca === Doa ieu dibaca lalaunan (''sirr'') boh dina solat fardu atanapi solat sunah. Upami saurang [[makmum]] katinggaleun (masbuq) sarta [[imam]] parantos ngamimitian maos Al-Fatihah, mangka makmum kasebut langsung ngiringan imam sarta teu kedah maos iftitah sabab maos Al-Fatihah hukumna wajib sedengkeun iftitah hukumna sunah<ref name="Mughni">Al-Khathib asy-Syirbini. ''Mughni al-Muhtaj''. Jilid 1, kaca 352.</ref>. === Dasar Hukum === Aya sababaraha riwayat [[hadis]] primér anu janten dasar bacaan iftitah: * Hadis Abu Hurairah: Anjeunna tumaros ka Nabi SAW ngeunaan jempéna Nabi antawis takbir sareng Al-Fatihah, mangka Nabi SAW ngajelaskeun yén anjeunna maos doa iftitah<ref name="Bukhari744">''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, Bab Ma Yaqulu Ba'da al-Takbir, No. Hadis 744.</ref>. * Hadis Ali bin Abi Thalib: Ngajelaskeun bacaan "Wajjahtu Wajhiya..." nalika Nabi SAW ngamimitian solatna<ref name="Muslim771">''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab Shalat al-Musafirin, No. Hadis 771.</ref>. === Bacaan Iftitah === Salah sahiji bacaan anu paling sering dianggo dumasar kana riwayat Ali bin Abi Thalib nyaéta: <blockquote> وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ حَنِيفًا مُسْلِمًا وَمَا أَنَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، إِنَّ صَلَاتِي وَنُسُكِي وَمَحْيَايَ وَمَمَاتِي لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ، لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَبِذَلِكَ أُمِرْتُ وَأَنَا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ </blockquote> ''"Abdi nyanghareupkeun beungeut abdi ka Dzat anu parantos nyiptakeun langit jeung bumi kalayan lempeng sarta masrahkeun diri, jeung abdi lain kaasup golongan jalma-jalma musyrik. Saéstuna solat abdi, ibadah abdi, hirup abdi, jeung maot abdi téh ngan pikeun Allah, Pangéran sakabéh alam. Teu aya sakutu pikeun Anjeunna, jeung ku sabab éta abdi diparéntahkeun, sarta abdi kaasup golongan jalma-jalma Muslim."''<ref name="Muslim771" />. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] t2ddaj9x9rht8na3gd4mwwn0xnjkkdf Ruku 0 108413 708728 2026-04-29T05:36:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708728 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | Ruku | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Намоз. 4.jpg|250px|Posisi ruku anu bener]]<br /><small>Posisi ruku anu bener (tonggong rata)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 5 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Al-Hajj]]: 77 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} == Ruku == '''Ruku''' (Basa Arab: رُكُوع) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara nungkulkeun awak sangkan tonggong sarta sirah sajajar (rata), bari dampal leungeun nungkup dina tuur<ref name="MajmuRuku">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 407.</ref>. Ruku mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' (pagawéan) anu wajib dilakukeun dina unggal rakaat. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna ruku dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT dina [[Al-Qur'an]] Surah [[Al-Hajj]] (22) ayat 77: <blockquote> يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ارْكَعُوا وَاسْجُدُوا وَاعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ </blockquote> ''"Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman, ruku maranéh jeung sujud maranéh sarta sembah Pangéran maranéh, sangkan maranéh meunang kabagjaan."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Hajj [22], Ayat 77.</ref>. Salian ti éta, dina [[hadis]] shahih anu diriwayatkeun ku [[Imam Al-Bukhori|Imam Bukhari]] sareng [[Imam Muslim]], [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun kawajiban ruku anu tumaninah dina hadis ngeunaan ''al-musi' shalatahu'' (jalma anu solatna salah): <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْكَعْ حَتَّى تَطْمَئِنَّ رَاكِعًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy ruku manéh nepi ka tumaninah dina kaayaan ruku."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. === Tata Cara sareng Bacaan === Nalika ruku, posisi tonggong kedah lempeng/rata sarta panon neuteup ka tempat sujud. Disunahkeun maos tasbih tilu kali dumasar kana riwayat ti [[Abu Dawud]]: <blockquote> سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْعَظِيمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ </blockquote> ''"Maha Suci Pangéran Abdi anu Maha Agung sarta kalayan muji ka Mantenna."''<ref>''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu al-Rajulu fi Ruku'ihi wa Sujudihi, No. 870.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] tfb42lrpmduso9xvr3ppnfyekf6yex4 708735 708728 2026-04-29T06:36:40Z Angayubagia 19443 708735 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | Ruku | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Намоз. 4.jpg|250px|Posisi ruku anu bener]]<br /><small>Posisi ruku anu bener (tonggong rata)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 5 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Al-Hajj]]: 77 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} '''Ruku''' (Basa Arab: رُكُوع) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara nungkulkeun awak sangkan tonggong sarta sirah sajajar (rata), bari dampal leungeun nungkup dina tuur<ref name="MajmuRuku">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 407.</ref>. Ruku mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' (pagawéan) anu wajib dilakukeun dina unggal rakaat. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna ruku dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT dina [[Al-Qur'an]] Surah [[Al-Hajj]] (22) ayat 77: <blockquote> يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ارْكَعُوا وَاسْجُدُوا وَاعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ </blockquote> ''"Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman, ruku maranéh jeung sujud maranéh sarta sembah Pangéran maranéh, sangkan maranéh meunang kabagjaan."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Hajj [22], Ayat 77.</ref>. Salian ti éta, dina [[hadis]] shahih anu diriwayatkeun ku [[Imam Al-Bukhori|Imam Bukhari]] sareng [[Imam Muslim]], [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun kawajiban ruku anu tumaninah dina hadis ngeunaan ''al-musi' shalatahu'' (jalma anu solatna salah): <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْكَعْ حَتَّى تَطْمَئِنَّ رَاكِعًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy ruku manéh nepi ka tumaninah dina kaayaan ruku."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. === Tata Cara sareng Bacaan === Nalika ruku, posisi tonggong kedah lempeng/rata sarta panon neuteup ka tempat sujud. Disunahkeun maos tasbih tilu kali dumasar kana riwayat ti [[Abu Dawud]]: <blockquote> سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْعَظِيمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ </blockquote> ''"Maha Suci Pangéran Abdi anu Maha Agung sarta kalayan muji ka Mantenna."''<ref>''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu al-Rajulu fi Ruku'ihi wa Sujudihi, No. 870.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] imecltw1h8jkbaudhl8mhm8sdvkre4u I'tidal 0 108414 708731 2026-04-29T06:01:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Ngabaladah 708731 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | I'tidal | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Md Abdul Hamid at Syed Ashraful Islam Janazah Prayer 2019-01-06 (PID-0040744).jpg|250px|Posisi i'tidal]]<br /><small>Posisi i'tidal (nangtung jejeg saatos ruku)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 6 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Al-Baqarah]]: 238 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} == I'tidal == '''I'tidal''' (Basa Arab: اِعْتِدَال) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara hudang tina [[ruku]], nyaéta malikkeun awak kana posisi nangtung jejeg sakumaha asalna sateuacan ruku<ref name="MajmuItidal">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 418.</ref>. I'tidal mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' anu pondok sarta wajib dibarengan ku '''[[tumaninah]]'''. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna i'tidal dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT ngeunaan sampurnana solat dina **Surah [[Al-Baqarah]] ayat 238**: <blockquote> حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ </blockquote> ''"Pulasara sakabéh solat (aranjeun), jeung (pulasara) solat wustha. Jeung nangtung lah karana Allah (dina solat aranjeun) kalayan khusyu."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Baqarah [2], Ayat 238.</ref>. Dina [[hadis]] shahih, [[Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun yén i'tidal kedah dilakukeun nepi ka anggota awak balik deui kana tempatna: <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْفَعْ حَتَّى تَعْتَدِلَ قَائِمًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy hudang manéh nepi ka nangtung jejeg (i'tidal)."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. === Tata Cara sareng Bacaan === Nalika hudang tina ruku, saurang Muslim disunahkeun angkat panangan (''rafa'ul yadain'') bari ngucapkeun ''Tasmi'': <blockquote> سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ </blockquote> ''"Allah ngadangu ka jalma anu muji ka Mantenna."'' Saatos posisi awak nangtung jejeg (tumaninah), disunahkeun maos: <blockquote> رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ الْأَرْضِ وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ </blockquote> ''"Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi sadaya, pikeun Anjeun sagala puji, sapinuh langit jeung sapinuh bumi, sarta sapinuh naon waé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeun saatosna."''<ref>''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu fi al-I'tidal, No. 476.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] plw3tro9vbb5fgpv75242qnzzmbscn3 708732 708731 2026-04-29T06:04:05Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708732 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | I'tidal | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Md Abdul Hamid at Syed Ashraful Islam Janazah Prayer 2019-01-06 (PID-0040744).jpg|250px|Posisi i'tidal]]<br /><small>Posisi i'tidal (nangtung jejeg saatos ruku)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 6 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]: 238 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} == I'tidal == '''I'tidal''' (Basa Arab: اِعْتِدَال) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara hudang tina [[ruku]], nyaéta malikkeun awak kana posisi nangtung jejeg sakumaha asalna sateuacan ruku<ref name="MajmuItidal">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 418.</ref>. I'tidal mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' anu pondok sarta wajib dibarengan ku '''[[tumaninah]]'''. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna i'tidal dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT ngeunaan sampurnana solat dina **Surah [[Al-Baqarah]] ayat 238**: <blockquote> حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ </blockquote> ''"Pulasara sakabéh solat (aranjeun), jeung (pulasara) solat wustha. Jeung nangtung lah karana Allah (dina solat aranjeun) kalayan khusyu."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Baqarah [2], Ayat 238.</ref>. Dina [[hadis]] shahih, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun yén i'tidal kedah dilakukeun nepi ka anggota awak balik deui kana tempatna: <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْفَعْ حَتَّى تَعْتَدِلَ قَائِمًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy hudang manéh nepi ka nangtung jejeg (i'tidal)."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. === Tata Cara sareng Bacaan === Nalika hudang tina ruku, saurang Muslim disunahkeun angkat panangan (''rafa'ul yadain'') bari ngucapkeun ''Tasmi'': <blockquote> سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ </blockquote> ''"Allah ngadangu ka jalma anu muji ka Mantenna."'' Saatos posisi awak nangtung jejeg (tumaninah), disunahkeun maos: <blockquote> رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ الْأَرْضِ وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ </blockquote> ''"Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi sadaya, pikeun Anjeun sagala puji, sapinuh langit jeung sapinuh bumi, sarta sapinuh naon waé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeun saatosna."''<ref>''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu fi al-I'tidal, No. 476.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] 7qagjgpuyt6516vj9ifd05wmcy1cu9k 708736 708732 2026-04-29T06:37:16Z Angayubagia 19443 708736 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | I'tidal | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Md Abdul Hamid at Syed Ashraful Islam Janazah Prayer 2019-01-06 (PID-0040744).jpg|250px|Posisi i'tidal]]<br /><small>Posisi i'tidal (nangtung jejeg saatos ruku)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 6 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]: 238 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} '''I'tidal''' (Basa Arab: اِعْتِدَال) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara hudang tina [[ruku]], nyaéta malikkeun awak kana posisi nangtung jejeg sakumaha asalna sateuacan ruku<ref name="MajmuItidal">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 418.</ref>. I'tidal mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' anu pondok sarta wajib dibarengan ku '''[[tumaninah]]'''. === Dasar Hukum === Dasar hukum wajibna i'tidal dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT ngeunaan sampurnana solat dina **Surah [[Al-Baqarah]] ayat 238**: <blockquote> حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ </blockquote> ''"Pulasara sakabéh solat (aranjeun), jeung (pulasara) solat wustha. Jeung nangtung lah karana Allah (dina solat aranjeun) kalayan khusyu."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Baqarah [2], Ayat 238.</ref>. Dina [[hadis]] shahih, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun yén i'tidal kedah dilakukeun nepi ka anggota awak balik deui kana tempatna: <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْفَعْ حَتَّى تَعْتَدِلَ قَائِمًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy hudang manéh nepi ka nangtung jejeg (i'tidal)."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. === Tata Cara sareng Bacaan === Nalika hudang tina ruku, saurang Muslim disunahkeun angkat panangan (''rafa'ul yadain'') bari ngucapkeun ''Tasmi'': <blockquote> سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ </blockquote> ''"Allah ngadangu ka jalma anu muji ka Mantenna."'' Saatos posisi awak nangtung jejeg (tumaninah), disunahkeun maos: <blockquote> رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ الْأَرْضِ وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ </blockquote> ''"Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi sadaya, pikeun Anjeun sagala puji, sapinuh langit jeung sapinuh bumi, sarta sapinuh naon waé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeun saatosna."''<ref>''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu fi al-I'tidal, No. 476.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] nw8omzngy8b889r68daga731h361y5l 708737 708736 2026-04-29T06:37:35Z Angayubagia 19443 708737 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | I'tidal | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Md Abdul Hamid at Syed Ashraful Islam Janazah Prayer 2019-01-06 (PID-0040744).jpg|250px|Posisi i'tidal]]<br /><small>Posisi i'tidal (nangtung jejeg saatos ruku)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis rukun | [[Rukun Fi'li]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Runtuyan ka | 6 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Al-Qur'an | [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]: 238 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Dalil Hadis | Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397 |} '''I'tidal''' (Basa Arab: اِعْتِدَال) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara hudang tina [[ruku]], nyaéta malikkeun awak kana posisi nangtung jejeg sakumaha asalna sateuacan ruku<ref name="MajmuItidal">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 418.</ref>. I'tidal mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' anu pondok sarta wajib dibarengan ku '''[[tumaninah]]'''. == Dasar Hukum == Dasar hukum wajibna i'tidal dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT ngeunaan sampurnana solat dina **Surah [[Al-Baqarah]] ayat 238**: <blockquote> حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ </blockquote> ''"Pulasara sakabéh solat (aranjeun), jeung (pulasara) solat wustha. Jeung nangtung lah karana Allah (dina solat aranjeun) kalayan khusyu."''<ref>Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Baqarah [2], Ayat 238.</ref>. Dina [[hadis]] shahih, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun yén i'tidal kedah dilakukeun nepi ka anggota awak balik deui kana tempatna: <blockquote> ثُمَّ ارْفَعْ حَتَّى تَعْتَدِلَ قَائِمًا </blockquote> ''"Tuluy hudang manéh nepi ka nangtung jejeg (i'tidal)."''<ref>''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.</ref>. == Tata Cara sareng Bacaan == Nalika hudang tina ruku, saurang Muslim disunahkeun angkat panangan (''rafa'ul yadain'') bari ngucapkeun ''Tasmi'': <blockquote> سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ </blockquote> ''"Allah ngadangu ka jalma anu muji ka Mantenna."'' Saatos posisi awak nangtung jejeg (tumaninah), disunahkeun maos: <blockquote> رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ الْأَرْضِ وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ </blockquote> ''"Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi sadaya, pikeun Anjeun sagala puji, sapinuh langit jeung sapinuh bumi, sarta sapinuh naon waé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeun saatosna."''<ref>''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu fi al-I'tidal, No. 476.</ref>. == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] g3vuwdhxbr6p5zyuhmraa9f8rpkv672