Komputer

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[[image:computer.tower.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sarupaning [[Bungkus komputer|munara]] [[komputer pribadi]].]]
'''Komputer''' nyaéta hiji [[wiktionary:device|alat]] atawa [[wiktionary:machine|mesin]] keur nyieun [[wiktionary:calculation|itungan]] atawa kontrol operasi nu bisa ditémbongkeun dina watesan [[wiktionary:numerical|numeris]] jeung logis. Istilah &quot;komputer&quot; asalna tina bahasa latin nya éta &quot;computare&quot; nu miboga arti &quot;cacah&quot;. Harti komputer téh parangkat éléktronik nu bisa diprogram keur narima data atah minangka input jeung ngolah sakumpulan intruksi (program) keur ngahasilkeun hasil nyaéta nu disebut output.  Komputer mangrupa alat parangkat éléktronik keur manipulasi inpormasi atawa data. Alat ieu miboga kamampuhan ngajaga, nyokot, sarta ngolah data. Komputer dijieun keur ngajalankeun aplikasi sarta nyadiakeun rupa-rupa solusi maké runtuyan digit biner. Komputer ogé mangrupa dasar tina élmu téknologi informasi jeung komunikasi. Dasar tiori keur itungan maké komputer disebut '''[[élmu komputer]]. '''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4526862/pengertian-komputer-jenis-fungsi-dan-manfaatnya-untuk-kehidupan-sehari-hari|title=Pengertian Komputer, Jenis, Fungsi, dan Manfaatnya untuk Kehidupan Sehari-Hari|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fungsi komputer ==
'''Komputer desktop'''

Komputer dekstop biasa digunakeun di kantor, imah, jeung sakola. Komputer dekstop dirancang keur diteundeun luhureun méja. Ilaharna, komputer dekstop miboga sababaraha bagian nu béda, contona wadah komputer, kibor, beubeuritan, jeung monitor.

'''Komputer laptop'''

Komputer laptop biasa disebut laptop. Laptop miboga kakuatan batré nu leuwih portabel dibanding desktop. Laptop ogé bisa dicokot sarta digunakeun di mana baé.

'''Komputer tablet'''

Komputer tablet atawa tablet nyaéta komputer genggem nu leuwih portabel dibanding laptop. Tablet miboga layar sentuh keur ngetik jeung navigasi. Contoh tina produk tablet nya éta iPad.

'''Server'''

Server nya éta komputer nu nyadiakeun inpormasi ka komputer nu séjén dina jaringan. Contona nya éta internet. Server ogé digunakeun keur neundeun sarta ngabagi data internal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mangpaat komputer ==
'''Sarana komunikasi'''

Komputer digunakeun pikeun alat komunikasi jarak jauh. Komputer kiwari enggeus bisa ngirim sagala rupa pesen nu singget ka nu séjén. Pengguna komputer bisa ngagunakeun e-mail jeung sosial média saperti Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, jeung WhatsApp. Komputer ogé bisa nyadiakeun layanan video call jeung video conference dina aplikasi Zoom jeung Google Meet.

'''Ngabantuan kagiatan diajar'''

Komputer mangrupa alat nu bisa ngabantuan kagiatan diajar. Murid bisa néangan sagala rupa inpormasi tina Google ku jalan komputer.

'''Ngabantuan pagawéan'''

Dina pagawéan, komputer dipaké ku sababaraha profési saperti resepsionis, programmer, akuntan, jeung nu lianna. Komputer digunakeun pikeun ngolah data-data nu penting keur pausahaan. Ilaharna, aplikasi komputer nu digunakeun nya éta Microsoft Office, e-mail, nepi ka sistim SAP. 

'''Paluang bisnis'''

Komputer bisa ngamangpaatkeun komputer keur ngawanohkeun usaha sacara online. Ilaharna, pangguna ngagunakeun situs e-commerce keur ngalakukeun bisnis.

'''Platform hiburan'''

Komputer ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun média hiburan. Pamaké bisa ngaaksés hiburan kayaning YouTube, pilem, musik, gim, jeung nu lianna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/09/21/20030027/5-kegunaan-komputer-dalam-kehidupan-sehari-hari|title=5 Kegunaan Komputer dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bagian-bagian komputer ==
'''Hardware''' 

Hardware nya éta parangkat keras nu miboga wangun fisik. Hardware bisa dioperasikeun sacara langsung sarta boga fungsi minangka panghubung antara pamaké jeung sistim komputer. Hardware dibagi jadi opat bagian, nya éta input device, output device, processing device, jeung storage device.

* Input device

Input device atawa parangkat masukkan mangrupa parangkat keras nu boga fungsi keur ngasupkeun paréntah jeung data ka jero sistim komputer. Kecap lianna nya éta gerbang abus keur data nu rék diolah sistim komputer. Data nu geus asup bakal dikonvérsi jadi kodeu binary nepi bisa dibaca ku mémori utama komputer. Conto input device nya éta kibor, beubeuritan, webcam, jeung scanner. 

* Processing device

Data nu geus diasupkeun ku jalan input device bakal diolah di bagian processing device ku sabab processing device sorangan nya éta hiji parangkat nu boga peran keur ngolah data. Prosés ieu sacara spésifik dilakukeun ku Central Processing Unit (CPU) atawa nu dikenal uteuk sistim komputer. CPU boga tugas keur narima sarta ngajalankeun paréntah ka bagian software. Sababaraha komponén dina CPU nya éta prosesor, RAM, kartu VGA, hard disk, mother board, jeung cooling fan.

* Output Device

Sanggeus ku jalan processing device, data nu geus diolah bakal dikaluarkeun sarta ditémbongkeun ka pamaké. Datana mangrupa beunang gambar, vidéo, sarta audio (soara). Prosés ieu bakal lumangsung di bagian output device sarta bakal dikaluarkeun ku jalan monitor, printer, headphone, speaker, webcam jeung mikrofon.

* Storage device

Proses paneundeunan ayana tina storage device atawa parangkat paneundeunan. Storage device sorangan kabagi jadi dua jinis, nya éta internal storage jeung eksternal storage. Internal storage mangrupa bagian paneundeunan nu némpél dina CPU sarta tina hard disk jeung RAM. Sedeng eksternal storage, ngacu ka jinis paneundeunan nu bisa dilepas tur teu kaiket ku sistim hardware komputer. Paneundeunan jinis ieu praktis ku sabab bisa dicokot ka mana baé. Sababaraha contoh tina eksternal storage nya éta hard disk eksternal, CD, DVD, jeung flashdisk.

'''Software'''

Software atawa parangkat lunak nya éta hiji komponén nu teu ngagabogaan wujud, alias abstrak. Parangkat jinis ieu kabagi tina program nu tugasna keur ngolah data nu geus diasupkeun ka jero hardware. Software dibagi jadi tiga bagian nu beda, nya éta: software sistim, software aplikasi, jeung software tambahan.

* Software sistem

Software sistem nyaéta parangkat lunak nu boga tugas keur ngatur komponen dina komputer sacara taliti. Komponen ieu nya éta sistim operasi (OS) saperti Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows 7, Linux, macOS jeung nu lianna.

* Software aplikasi

Software aplikasi nya éta runtuyan program aplikasi beunang digunakeun pangguna pikeun nganggeuskeun hiji tugas tangtu. Beunang disebut yén software aplikasi mangrupa program panglengkep dina komputer anu digunakeun minangka sarana pangolahan data. Sababarah conto tina software aplikasi, nya éta web browser (Chrome, Mozilla Firefox), Microsoft Office, game jeung réa-réa deui.

* Software tambahan

Software tambahan nya éta béréndélan program nu bisa ngajalankeun tugas-tugas husus atau tambahan sakaligus nangtayungan parangkat hardware. Contona nya éta data recovery, disk defragmenter, screensever, jeung backup.

'''Brainware'''

Istilah brainware nya éta pamaké komputer. Pamaké miboga wewenang keur ngajalankeun jeung ngaoperasikeun komputer. Lamun teu aya pamaké, komputer moal jalan sacara maksimal. Conto tina brainware sorangan nya éta programmer, sistim analis, operator, jeung administrator. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/09/08/20040097/mengenal-3-komponen-sistem-komputer--hardware-software-dan-brainware|title=Mengenal 3 Komponen Sistem Komputer: Hardware, Software, dan Brainware Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Baca ogé==
* ''[[téori komputabilitas]]''
* [[lambardata komputer]] (Ing. ''computer datasheet'')
* [[paméran komputer]]
* [[élmu komputer]]
* tipe komputer: ''[[desktop]]'', ''[[notebook]]'', ''[[desknote]]'', ''[[Roll-away]]''  
* [[digital]]

==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://s8.invisionfree.com/ComputerGeek/index.php ComputerGeek forums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223181037/http://s8.invisionfree.com/ComputerGeek/index.php |date=2004-12-23 }} Computer programming discussion forum
* [http://www.xtremecomputing.co.uk Xtreme Computing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112040621/http://www.xtremecomputing.co.uk/ |date=2005-01-12 }} Computing reviews, articles and forum
* [http://www.computerhistory.org Computer History Museum]
* [http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org Pictures and information on old computers]
* [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html Definition of Computer @ Webopedia]
* [http://www.navito.co.uk/computers.asp Guide to buying a new computer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204183049/http://www.navito.co.uk/computers.asp |date=2004-12-04 }}
* [http://open-site.org/Computers/ Open Site Project - Computers Section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230112307/http://open-site.org/Computers/ |date=2004-12-30 }}
* [http://www.ittips.com/ Computer Help]
* [http://www.elook.org/computing/ eLook Computing Reference - computer terms and definitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009131528/http://www.elook.org/computing/ |date=2004-10-09 }}
* http://dmoz.org/Computers/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231085838/http://dmoz.org/Computers/ |date=2004-12-31 }}
* [http://www.simplecomputeranswers.com/ Volunteer-Answered Free Computer Help] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214132817/http://www.simplecomputeranswers.com/ |date=2004-12-14 }}

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== Rujukan ==
[[Kategori:Téhnologi]]
[[Kategori:Téhnologi informasi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kukuyaan</title>
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      <text bytes="7888" sha1="fgrby498hihjltyp58tc17v4e4r5brf" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Kukuyaan
| image = Coccinella_septempunctata_-_front_%28aka%29.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]''
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insékta]]
| ordo = [[Coleoptera]]
| subordo = [[Polyphaga]]
| infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]]
| superfamilia = [[Cucujoidea]]
| familia = '''Coccinellidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamili
| subdivision = 
[[Chilocorinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Coccidulinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Coccinellinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Epilachninae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Scymininae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Sticholotidinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
jsb.
''baca [[daptar genera Coccinellidae]]''
}}

'''Kukuyaan'''; Breum nyaéta mangrupa [[insékta]] leutik anggota ''Coccinellidae'' kulawarga [[bangbung]], nu ngawengku leuwih ti 4.500 [[spésiés]]. Awak kukuyaan bentukna buleud, kalawan diaméter ukur [[1 E-3 m|1 - 10 mm]], ilaharna boga warna [[karapas]] dasar konéng, oranyeu, atawa beureum ditambah tutul hideung, sedengkeun suku jeung huluna mah hideung.&lt;ref name=”Rig”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Verhandelingen_van_het_Bataviaasch_genoo.html?hl=id&amp;id=aENaAAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false| title =Rigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =65}} Disungsi 27 Mei 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biologi ==
Kukuyaan boga kelir caang pikeun ngusir prédator. Cara ieu téh jétu pisan, sabab prédator nyangka yén nu kelirna caang kitu mah biasana aya racunan. &lt;!--Kajadian ieu disebut [[aposematisme]]. Kukuyaan  In fact, most coccinellids are indeed toxic to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds; however, a human would have to eat several hundred coccinellids before feeling any effects. Adult coccinellids are able to [[reflex-bleed]] from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a coccinellid roughly.

Coccinellids lay eggs which hatch into a larval state. The larvae then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult coccinellid.

Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases as with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. (Perry &amp; Roitberg, 2005)--&gt;

== Mangpaat komersil ==
Kukuyaan téh nguntungkeun pikeun [[tatanén organik]], sabab lolobana [[inséktivora]], ngahakanan [[apid]], [[Tephritidae|laleur buah]], sarta insékta hama lianna.
&lt;!--
==Culture==

Coccinellids are and have for very many years been favourite insects of children. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs ([[Suffolk]]); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth.

The ladybird is immortalised in the children's [[nursery rhyme]] extant:

::Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home&lt;br&gt;
::Your house is on fire and your children are gone&lt;br&gt;
::All except one, and that's Little Anne&lt;br&gt;
::For she has crept under the warming pan.

and ancient (recounted in an [[1851]] publication):

::Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame,
::Thy house is burnt, and thy bairns are tean,
::And if thou means to save thy bairns
::Take thy wings and flee away!

The name which the insect bears in the various languages of [[Europe]] is clearly [[Mythology|mythic]]. In this, as in other cases, the Virgin Mary has supplanted [[Freya]], the [[fertility]] [[goddess]] of [[Norse mythology]]; so that ''Freyjuhaena'' and ''Frouehenge'' have been changed into ''Marienvoglein'', which corresponds with Our Lady's Bird. There can, therefore, be little doubt that the esteem with which the lady-bird, or Our Lady's cow, is still regarded and is a relic of ancient beliefs. In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says you get a wish granted if a ladybird lands on you. In Italy, it is said by some that if a Ladybird flies into your bedroom, it is considered good luck. In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she will get married within the year. In Russia a ladybird is called Божья-Коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread.

The ladybird is the symbol of the Dutch [[Foundation Against Senseless Violence]], as you can see in the logo  [http://lasvegas.bazoon.nl/zinloosgeweld/zgcore/script/faq_get_image.asp?questionset_id=421&amp;volgnr=1 here]. Other companies using ladybirds as their corporate logo include: [[Ladybird Books]] (owned by [[Pearson PLC]] and the Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by [[Woolworths Group plc|Woolworth's]] in the UK.

=== Advertisement ===

Two ladybirds are featured in the [[Peugeot 207]] [[TV commercial]]. They are shown mating inside a Peugeot 207 to the tune of [[The Marcels]]' ''Heartaches''.

== Notable species ==

Note that not all individuals show the number of spots suggested by their names:

[[Image:Asian multicolored lady beetle.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Asian lady beetle]], ''Harmonia axyridis'']]
* [[Coccinella septempunctata|Seven-spotted lady beetle]], ''Coccinella septempunctata''
* [[Two-spotted lady beetle]], ''Adalia bipunctata''
* [[Convergent lady beetle]], ''Hippodamia convergens''
* [[Thirteen-spotted lady beetle]], ''Hippodamia tredecimpunctata''
* [[Spotted lady beetle]], ''Coleomegilla maculata''
* [[Twice-stabbed lady beetle]], ''Chilocurus stigma''
* [[Mexican bean beetle]], ''Epilachna varivestis Mulsant''
* [[Asian lady beetle]] or Harlequin lady beetle, ''Harmonia axyridis''
* [[Mealybug ladybird]], ''Cryptolaemus montrouzieri''

For a complete list of genera, see [[list of Coccinellidae genera]].
See also the [[list of British ladybirds]]--&gt;

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Coccinellidae|Coccinellidae]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (13 Juni 2006)
* [[I. Hodek]] &amp; [[A. Honek]], ''Ecology of Coccinellidae'' (Dordrecht: [[Kluwer]], [[1996]])
* Perry, J.C., and B.D. Roitberg. In press. &quot;Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs&quot;. ''[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]]''.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Category:Coccinellidae}}
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_ladybird.htm Ladybugs of North America - diagnostic photographs]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_multicolored_Asian_ladybird.htm Multicolored Asian ladybug ''Harmonia axyridis'' male and female specimens photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102232859/http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_multicolored_Asian_ladybird.htm |date=2013-01-02 }}
* [http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/predators/ladybintro.html Biological control: Predators: Lady beetles] Cornell University's ''Guide to natural enemies of North America''
* [http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/didaktik_natw/fuersch/taxonomy.html Taxonomy of coccinelids]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/record/ladybird.shtml BBC Science &amp; Nature: 7-spotted ladybird]
* [http://www.harlequin-survey.org Harlequin Ladybird survey in the British Isles]
* [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/coccinel.html Ladybirds page on The Earth Life Web]
* [http://home.ptd.net/~insect/ladybug.html Unofficial Homepage to the Asian ladybird beetle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707172813/http://home.ptd.net/~insect/ladybug.html |date=2006-07-07 }}
* [http://www.lady-bugs.org/ General Information on Ladybugs (Asian LadyBeetle) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127170949/http://www.lady-bugs.org/ |date=2012-11-27 }}
* [http://www.peugeot.nl/web/about/goodies/commercials/207/index_LB.php Peugeot's ladybird TV commercial]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


{{pondok}}

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    <title>Komodo</title>
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      <text bytes="5558" sha1="h4na1gso7nf3th16mq0yv0jy28deduo" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Komodo
| status = VU
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Varanus komodoensis1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Komodo (''Varanus komodoensis'')
| image2 = [[File:Komodo dragons video 2 Part 2.ogv|250px]]
| image2_caption = Vidio paripolah komodo.
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptil]]ia
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Sauria]]
| familia = [[Varanidae]]
| genus = '''''[[Varanus]]'''''
| species = '''''V. komodoensis'''''
| binomial = ''Varanus komodoensis''
| binomial_authority = [[Peter Ouwens|Ouwens]], [[1912]]
}}
'''Komodo''' (''Varanus komodoensis'') mangrupa [[bangsa kadal]] badag nu ukur aya di [[Kapuloan Sunda Alit]], [[Indonésia]]. Ieu sato téh golongan kadal pangbadagna nu hirup kénéh nepi ka kiwari, panjangna rata-rata 2-3 méter. Di alam liar, nu jalu beuratna kira 70&amp;nbsp;kg, sedengkeun nu dikandangan (kukutan) bisa leuwih ti éta. Komodo pangbadagna nu kungsi kacatet panjangna 3,13 m, kalawan beurat 166 kilo, kaasup kahakanan dina beuteungna&lt;sup&gt;[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000EFE16-865C-1CD6-B4A8809EC588EEDF]&lt;/sup&gt;. Komodo kaasup kulawarga [[bayawak]], [[Varanidae]].

Ayana komodo mimiti dilaporkeun ku urang Éropah taun [[1910]], nu salajengna sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, antukna ngirut Peter Ouwens, pupuhu [[Musium Zoologi]] [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Kulon]], medalkeun makalahna taun [[1912]]. Taun [[1980]], [[Taman Nasional Komodo]] diresmikeun pikeun miara populasina.

== Kadaharan ==
Komodo mah [[karnivora]]. Najan mimindengna mah dahar [[bangké]], hasil panalungtikan nunjukkeun yén komodo ogé sok moro mangsana, ngagunakeunkabisa lumpatna nu bisa nepi ka 20&amp;nbsp;km/h. Najan teu dianggap sato [[peurah]]an, huntu (baham) komodo téh sok pinuh ku rupa-rupa [[baktéri]]. Sakali digégél, najan bisa ngejat gé mangsana moal bisa manggapulia, sabab bakal katarajang inféksi nepi ka paéhna dina jangka ukur saminggu. Komodona mah kari nuturkeun tapakna (bau bangkéna).

Mangsa komodo téh rupa-rupa, di antarana [[bagong]], [[embé]], [[uncal]], jeung [[munding]]. Di alam liarna mah malah komodo téh boga watek [[kanibal]]. Manusa ogé kalaporkeun aya nu kungsi jadi korban komodo.

Komodo nu leutik kénéh boga cakar nu bisa dipaké pikeun naék tangkal, tapi mun geus kolot mah ukur dipaké salaku pakarang.

== Populasi ==
Komodo kaasup [[spésiés]] nu kaancam punah, sarta kadaptar dina [[Daptar Beureum IUCN]]. Kiwari aya kira 6.000 komodo nu hirup, di antarana di [[pulo Komodo]] (1.700), [[pulo Rincah|Rincah]] (1.300), [[pulo Gili Motang|Gili Motang]] (100), jeung [[pulo Flores|Florés]] (kira 2.000).

== Baranahan ==
Usum [[jalangan]] komodo lumangsung antara bulan Méi jeung Agustus, disusul ku [[endog]]an bulan Séptémber. Komodo bikang neundeun endogna dina taneuh atawa pasésaan kai. Sakali ngendog téh rata-rata 20-an, nu disileungleuman salila 7 bulan. Sanggeus megar, anak komodo lolobana hirup dina tatangkalan pikeun nyingkahan pamangga. Komodo nincak sawawa dina umur 5 taunan, panjangna kira 2 m, nu bisa hirup nepi ka 30 taunan.

== Panalungtikan DNA ==
Sababaraha waktu ka tukang, panalungtikan ngagunakeunanalisis [[DNA]] jeung téhnik lianna di [[Universitas Melbourne]] nunjukkeun yén horéng komodo téh peurahan (atawa boga [[gén]] nu ngahasilkeun peurah) sarta kaasup [[Toxicofera]]. Hasil ieu penting pikeun anggapan tradisional ngeunaan [[évolusi]] [[Squamata]], sabab bukti DNA nunjukkeun yén kadal jeung [[oray]] modéren téh tepung dina karuhun 200 taun ka tukang.

== Média ==
Vidéo Varanus komodoensis di Karajaan Sato Disney
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item|filename=Varanus komodoensis1.ogv|title=Varanus komodoensis #1|description= |format=[[Theora]]}} 
{{multi-video item|filename=Varanus komodoensis2.ogg|title=Varanus komodoensis #2|description= |format=[[Theora]]}} 
{{multi-video item|filename=Varanus komodoensis3.ogg|title=Varanus komodoensis #3|description= |format=[[Theora]]}} 
{{multi-video end}}

== Baca ogé ==
* ''[[Megalania prisca]]'' (kadal Varanid raksasa nu geus lastari)
* [[Naga Éropah]] (naga mitos)

== Rujukan jeung tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Varanus komodoensis}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|year=1996|id=22884|title=Varanus komodoensis|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Didaptar salaku ''Vulnerable'' (VU B1+2cde v2.3)
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000EFE16-865C-1CD6-B4A8809EC588EEDF The Komodo Dragon] karya Claudio Ciofi, ''Scientific American'' (Maret 1999)
* [http://www.zoo.org/komodo/komo_flash.html Woodland Park Zoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203232518/http://www.zoo.org/komodo/komo_flash.html |date=2006-02-03 }}
* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/komodo/ Komodo Dragon Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407095819/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/komodo/ |date=2015-04-07 }} diréktori ramat
* [http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/unarticleid_3009.html Discovery of venom in monitor lizards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107074439/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/unarticleid_3009.html |date=2007-01-07 }}

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Lightmatter kimodo.jpg
Image:Waran.jpg
Image:komodo.jpg
Image:Warane1.jpg
Image:Varanus komodoensis2.jpg
Image:Varanus komodoensis3.jpg
Image:Varanus komodoensis4.jpg
Image:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg
File:Komodo dragons video 2 Part 1.ogv|thumb|Komodo dragons video 2 Part 1
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kategori:Varanidae]]
[[Kategori:Alam liar Asia]]
[[Kategori:Sato Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Karnivora]]</text>
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    <title>Kota Dépok</title>
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|official_name                  = Kota Dépok
|settlement_type                = [[Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia|Kota]]
|native_name_lang               = id
|other_name                     = 
|translit_lang1                 = Sunda
|translit_lang1_type1           = [[Basa Sunda]]
|translit_lang1_info1           = {{sund|ᮊᮧᮒ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}}
|image_skyline                  = Depok Skyline.jpg
|imagesize                      =
|image_caption                  = 
|image_flag                     =
|image_seal                     = {{#property:P158}}
|image_shield                   = Coat of arms of Depok City.svg
|nickname                       = {{lang-id|Kota Belimbing}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang-en|Starfruit City}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang-id|Kota Petir}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang-en|Lightning Town}}
|motto                          =
|image_map                      = Map of West Java highlighting Depok City.svg
|mapsize                        = 
|map_caption                    = Lokasi di [[Jawa Kulon]]
|pushpin_map                    = Indonésia_Jawa#Indonésia
|pushpin_label_position         = right
|pushpin_map_caption            = Lokasi di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Indonésia]]
|coordinates_display            = 
|subdivision_type               = [[Daptar nagara|Nagara]] 
|subdivision_name               = {{nowrap|{{flag|Indonésia|size=23px}}}} 
|subdivision_type1              = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Propinsi]]
|subdivision_type2              =
|subdivision_name1              = {{flagicon image|Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg}} [[Jawa Kulon]]
|subdivision_name2              =
|established_title              =  &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date               =
|established_title2             =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date2              =
|established_title3             =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date3              =
|government_type                = 
|governing_body                 = Pamaréntah Daérah Kota Dépok
|leader_title                   = Walikota
|leader_name                    = Idris Abdul Shomad
|leader_title1                  = Wakil Walikota
|leader_name1                   = Imam Budi Hartono
|area_magnitude                 =
|area_total_km2                 = 200.29
|area_total_sq_mi               =
|area_land_km2                  =
|area_land_sq_mi                =
|area_water_km2                 =
|area_water_sq_mi               =
|area_water_percent             =
|area_urban_km2                 =
|area_urban_sq_mi               =
|area_metro_km2                 =
|area_metro_sq_mi               =
|elevation_m                    = 50–140
|elevation_ft                   = 164–459
|elevation_min_m                = 50
|elevation_max_m                = 140
|elevation_min_ft               = 164
|elevation_max_ft               = 459
|population_total               = 2.462.215
|population_as_of               = 2021
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_rank                = [[List of Indonesian cities by population|8th]]
|population_note                =
|postal_code_type               = Kode pos
|postal_code                    = 164xx, 165xx
|area_code                      = 021 jeung 0251
|area_code_type                 = [[Daptar kode telepon di Indonésia|Kode aréa]]
|blank_name_sec1                = 
|blank_info_sec1                = 
|website                        = {{url|depok.go.id}}
|footnotes                      =
|pushpin_label                  = Kota Dépok
|leader_title2                  =
|leader_name2                   =
|leader_title3                  =
|leader_name3                   =
|population_density_urban_mi2   =
|timezone                       = WIB
|utc_offset                     = +7
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|coordinates                    = {{coord|6.3940|S|106.8225|E|region:ID-JB_type:regency|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Kota Dépok''' ({{lang-id|Kota Depok}}, {{lang-su|ᮊᮧᮒ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}}) nyaéta hiji kota di Propinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kota ieu aya di kiduleun [[Jakarta]], nyaéta antara Jakarta jeung Bogor. Dépok baheulana mangrupa kacamatan di wilayah [[Kabupatén Bogor]], nu saterusna meunangkeun status kota dina 27 April 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kota Dépok ngabogaan poténsi wewengkon wisata sajarah anu tempatna di Kalurahan Dépok Lama. Pentingna Kota Dépok minangka nu jadi seundak, puseur kagiatan nasional sarta wewengkon andelan Jabodetabek ogé boga peran gedé pikeun wewengkon strategis antara 3 propinsi nyaéta: Banten, Jakarta, jeung Jawa Barat.

== Harti Lambang Kota Depok ==
Lambang Kota Dépok ngawangun perisai miboga sisi 5 (lima) kalawan kelir dasar bulao anu di jerona aya gambar, kelir sarta wangun sarta di haturan luhur aya seratan “Kota Depok” sarta di haturan handap aya seratan “Paricara Dharma” kalawan kelir bodas. 

Lambang dayeuh diwangun ti 3 (tilu) haturan, kalawan wincikan minangka katut. Haturan hareup diwangun ti gambar kujang kalawan posisi tegak. Kujang mangrupa alat gawé balarea Jawa Barat. Kujang dianggap minangka manipéstasi satria-satria ti Karajaan Pajajaran, anu idéntik kalawan nilai kejuangan pahlawan Depok, anu ngabogaan sipat teu éléh dina ngadegkeun leresan sarta daék berkorban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Dina gambar kujang aya 2 (dua) buah lombang, kalawan lengkungan jabi saloba 7 (tujuh) buah sarta gagang (gagang) ngagaduhan lekukan 4 (opat) buah. Anu dikurilingan paré sarta kembang kapas anu diwangun ti 9 (salapan) butir paré sarta 9 (salapan) kuntum kembang kapas anu ngagaduhan hartos Dayeuh Depok diwedalkeun dina ping 27 April 1999. Paré sarta Kapas melambangkeun cipta-cipta pamaréntahan sarta balaréa Kota Dépok guna ngawujudkeun karaharjaan sarta kemakmuran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Handapeun gambar kujang aya gambar hiji panon péna sarta gambar hiji buku kabuka, anu ngalambangkeun Dépok minangka dayeuh atikan. Bagéan tengah diwangun ku lambang: 

* Gambar pendopo mangrupa simbol puseur dayeuh Depok dina milampah pancén pamarentahan, pangwangunan sarta kamasyarakatan.

* Gambar wangunan gedong melambangkeun Kota Dépok minangka kota pemukiman sarta minangka pusat perdagangan sarta jasa.

* Gambar tumpukan batu bata nyieun runtuyan kesatuan anu ngagambarkeun dinamika balarea Kota Depok dina milampah pangwangunan di saniskanten bidang.
* Gambar lambak cai ngagambarkeun aliran walungan anu ngocor di wilayah Kota Depok melambangkeun kesuburan sarta nembongkeun Depok minangka wewengkon paranti resapan cai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
Bagean Dasar diwangun ku: 

Wangun Perisai anu ngabogaan 5 (lima) sisi ngalambangkeun tameng sarta benteng, anu sanggem mengayomi. Mikeun rasa aman sarta tenram boh wedal atawa batin kanggo balarea Depok sarta melambangkeun ketahanan fisik sarta mental. Masyarakat Depok dina nyanghareupan saniskanten macem gangguan, pambengan sarta tangtangan anu datang ti mana baé ogé ka kahirupan bangsa sarta Nagara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia anu dumasar kana Pancasila. 

Sarta ka 5 (lima) sisi kasebat melambangkeun deui pungsi anu diemban ku Pamaréntah Kota Depok nyaéta minangka: 

# Kota Pemukiman.
# Kota Atikan (hartina Pendidikan). 
# Pusat Perdagangan sarta Jasa.
# Kota Wisata.
# Kota Resapan Cai.

Seratan “Kota Dépok” nempokeun sebutan jang numutkeun harti dayeuh kaasup Pamarentah Kota Dépok.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah ==

====== Jaman Walanda ======
Mimitina Dépok mangrupa hiji lembur terpencil di tengah leuweung sarta jukut balukar. Dina ping 18 Mei 1696 saurang pajabat luhur VOC, Cornélis Chastelein, meuli taneuh anu ngawengku wewengkon Dépok sarta sakedik wilayah Jakarta Selatan, Ratujaya sarta Bojonggede. Chastelein ngagawékeun kira-kira seratusan pagawé. Maranéhanana didatangkeun ti Bali, Makassar, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku, Jawa, Pulau Roté sarta Pilipina. 

Jabi ngokolakeun pakebonan, Cornelis ogé menyebarluaskeun ageman Kristen ka para pagawéna, liwat hiji Padepokan Kristiani. Padepokan ieu ngarana De Eerste Protestante Organisatie van Christenen, disingget Dépok. Pérsi lain cenah ti dieu rupina wasta dayeuh ieu asalna. Dugi ayeuna, turunan pagawé-pagawé Cornelis dibagi barobah kaayaan 12 marga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://histori.id/sejarah-kota-depok/|title=Sejarah Kota Depok|last=Storyteller|website=Histori|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220093929/https://histori.id/sejarah-kota-depok/ |date=2023-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaran marga-marga ti turunan Walanda katempo ti tukangeun ngaran turunanana tepi ka danget ieu, kawas: 

# Jonathans
# Laurens
# Bacas
# Loen
# Soedira
# Isakh
# Samuel
# Leander
# Joseph
# Tholense
# Jacob
# Zadokh
Pamaréntahan Hindia Belanda ngajirim taneuh partikelir kasebat barobah kaayaan ''Gementee Bestuur''. Wilayah kasebat ngabogaan pamaréntahan tersendiri nu wanci harita kawas republik mini. Pabiayaan kikiping organisasi dicekel ku pajeg anu ditetepkeun pamarentah republik mini kasebat, dipibanda ti kenging tatanen sarta perkebunan. Taun 1871 Pamaréntah Walanda ngijinan wewengkon Dépok mekarkeun pamaréntahan sarta présiden sorangan satingkat jeung ''Gemeente'' (Desa Otonom). Kaputusan kasebat lumangsung dugi warsih 1942. ''Gemeente'' Dépok diparéntah ku saurang présiden minangka awak pamaréntahan pangluhurna. Handapeun éta aya kacamatan anu nyekel mandat (9 mandor) sarta dibantuan ku para Pangcalang Pulisi Desa sarta Kumitir atawa Menteri Lumbung. Wewengkon teritorial ''Gemeente'' Depok ngawengku 1.244 Ha. Nanging dihapus dina warsih 1952 sanggeus lumangsung jangji-pasini pelepasan hak antara Pamaré ntah RI kalawan pupuhu ''Gemeente'' Depok, nanging henteu kaasup taneuh-taneuh ''[[Elgendom|Eigendom]]'' sarta sababaraha hak lianna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Saprak wanci éta, dimimitian pamaréntahan Kacamatan Dépok anu aya dina lingkungan Kewedanaan (Pembantu Bupati) wilayah Parung, anu ngawengku 21 désa. 

''Eigendom'' mangrupa istilah anu aya saprak jaman pangjajahan kolonial Walanda. ''Eigendom'' diartikeun minangka hak kapimilik hiji jalma luhureun sabidang taneuh. ''Eigendom'' dibedakeun barobah kaayaan 2 rupi, nyaéta ''eigendom'' dawam sarta ''eigendom verponding''. ''Eigendom'' dawam nyaéta taneuh anu ngabogaan status hak miboga dina jaman kolonial Walanda, di mana ''eigendom'' ieu ngan tiasa kagaduh ku jalmi Eropa sarta Timur, ka pribumi ogé mun bisa ngabogaan ''eigendom'' kalawan status ''agrarische eigendom''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mh.uma.ac.id/pengertian-eigendom-dan-konversinya/|title=Pengertian Eigendom dan Konversinya|last=admin|website=Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum Terbaik di Sumut|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Agrarische eigendom'' nyaéta hak kapimilik taneuh husus jang pribumi dibarung kalawan sarat pembatasan ngeunaan kawajiban ka nagara atawa désa sakumaha katangtuan dina Pasal 51 ayat 7 ''Indische Staatregeling''. Sedengkeun, ''verponding'' nyaéta serat tagihan pajeg luhur taneuh dan atawa wangunan anu ayeuna disebut kalawan Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (anu disebut oge SPPT-PBB). Dumasar perkara éta, ''eigendom verponding'' diartikeun minangka hak kapimilik taneuh anu ngan bisa dibuktikeun kalawan ''verponding'' atawa buktos tagihan pajeg. Aya deui istilah ''grondkaart'' anu mangrupa hiji gambar lahan anu dipigawé pikeun nunjuk hiji objék lahan kalawan wangkid-wangkid nu tangtu anu kacutat diluhureuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; 

====== Jaman Orde Baru ======
Kota Dépok dimimitian ti hiji kacamatan anu aya di lingkungan Kawedanan (Asistén Bupati) wilayah Parung Kabupaten Bogor. Dina warsih 1976 padumukan mimiti diwangun saé ku Perum Perumnas atawa pengembang anu saterusna dituturkeun kalawan diwangun na kampus Universitas Indonesia (UI), sarta ningkatnya aktipitas niaga jeung jasa anu beuki pesat ku kituna diperlukeun kecepatan pangladen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/sejarah|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308221451/https://www.depok.go.id/sejarah |date=2022-03-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina warsih 1976 oge ngaliwatan proyek padumukan nasional di éra Orde Baru diwangun Perumnas Dépok I sarta Perumnas Dépok II. Pangwangunan kasebat memicu hal mekar Dépok anu langkung pesat ku kituna ahirna dina warsih 1981 pamarentah nyieun dayeuh Administratip Dépok anu peresmianna dipigawé ping 18 Maret 1982 ku Menteri Dalam Nagri, Amir Machmud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Mekarna Kota Dépok anu kitu énggal robah sabab aya perhatian ti Pamaréntah Orde Baru. Menteri jero nagara basa éta, Amir Machmud, mimiti nyieun kajian kanaékan status Kacamatan Dépok robah kaayaan jadi Kota Administratip. Kanaékan status Kota Depok dipigawé supados pangwangunan langkung tertata sarta puseur minangka dayeuh pikahareupeun, tinimbang dikokolakeun sapinuhna ku Dayeuh Bogor anu ngan minangka kacamatan anu dipingpin ku Camat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Pembentukan Kota Administratip Dépok dipigawé ku Menteri jero nagara Amir Machmud sakaligus ngistrénan Wali Dayeuh Administratip anu kahiji, nyaéta Mochammad Rukasah Suradimadja ku Gubernur Jawa Kulon, Aang Kunaefi. Di mimiti warsih 1999, Kota Administratip Dépok dimekarkeun sarta sakumna désa bagentos status barobah kaayaan Kalurahan. Kenging pemekaran wilayah kasebat diwangun ti 3 (tilu) Kacamatan sarta 17 (tujuh welas) désa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20221113/15/1597596/asal-usul-nama-dan-sejarah-kota-depok-kota-yang-punya-fenomena-unik|title=Asal Usul Nama dan Sejarah Kota Depok, Kota yang Punya Fenomena Unik|website=Bisnis.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta:

* Kecamatan Pancoran Mas, lobana 6 (genep) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Dépok, Kelurahan Dépok Jaya, Kelurahan Mampang, Kelurahan Pancoran Mas, Kelurahan Rangkapan Jaya, jeung Kelurahan Rangkapan Jaya Baru.
* Kecamatan Beji ayana 6 (genep) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Beji, Kelurahan Beji Timur, Kelurahan Pondok Cina, Kelurahan Kemiri Muka, Kelurahan Kukusan, jeung Kelurahan Tanah Baru.
* Kecamatan Sukmajaya, lobana 11 (sawelas) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Sukmajaya, Kelurahan Sukamaju, Kelurahan Mekar Jaya, Kelurahan Abadi Jaya, Kelurahan Bakti Jaya, Kelurahan Cisalak, Kelurahan Kalibaru, Kelurahan Kalimulya, Kelurahan Cilodong, Kelurahan     Jati Mulya, jeung Kelurahan Tirta Jaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
Majuna ieu dayeuh teu pegat tina tungtutan aspirasi warga nu beuki nyedek supados Kota Administratip Dépok ditaékkeun statusna robah kaayaan Kotamadya kalawan harepan pangladena robah jadi leuwih maksimal. Di sisi lain, Pamaréntah Kabupaten Bogor jeung  Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Barat nengetan hal mekar kasebat, sarta ngusulkeun ka Pamaréntah Pusat ogé ka Dewan Wawakil Rahayat Wewengkon (DPRD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Proses ahirna dina ping 20 April 1999, dumasar Undang-Undang No.15 Taun 1999, Kota Dépok diresmikeun robah kaayaan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok. Peresmian pembentukan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk.II Dépok dipigawé dina ping 27 April 1999 babarengan kalawan Pelantikan Pajabat Walikotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok wanci éta, Drs. H. Badrul Kamal, anu nyekel kalungguhan minangka Walikota Administratip Dépok.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2021/04/27/12490511/sejarah-hari-ini-22-tahun-terbentuknya-kota-depok-dan-kisah-si-tuan-tanah|title=Sejarah Hari Ini: 22 Tahun Terbentuknya Kota Depok dan Kisah Si Tuan Tanah Belanda Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina warsih 1999 ieu, ngaliwatan Undang-Undang Ngeunaan Pembentukan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tingkat II Depok sarta Kotamadya Wewengkon Tingkat II Cilegon, Depok ningkat statusna barobah kaayaan Kotamadya atawa Dayeuh.

Momentum peresmian Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok sarta pelantikan pajabat Walikotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok wanci éta, dijadikeun hiji landasan anu bersejarah jang dijadikeun poe jadina Kota Dépok. Dumasar Undang-Undang Nomer 15 Taun 1999, Wilayah Dayeuh Dépok ngawengku wilayah Administratip Kota Dépok tina 3 (tilu) kacamatan, katambahan sawaréh wilayah Kabupaten Wewengkon Tingkat II Bogor, anu ngawengku:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Kacamatan Cimanggis, lobana 1 (hiji) kelurahan jeung 12 (dua welas) desa, nyaéta: Kelurahan Cilangkap, Désa Pasir Gunung Selatan, Désa Tugu, Désa Mekarsari, Désa Cisalak Pasar, Désa Curug, Désa Harjamukti, Désa Sukatani, Désa Sukamaju Baru, Désa     Cijajar, Désa Cimpaeun, jeung Désa Leuwinanggung.
* Kacamatan Sawangan, nu lobana 14 (opat welas) désa, yaitu: Désa Sawangan, Désa Sawangan Baru, Désa Cinangka, Désa Kedaung, Désa Serua, Désa Pondok Petir, Désa Curug, Désa Bojong Sari, Désa Bojong Sari Baru, Désa Duren Seribu, Désa Duren Mekar,     Desa Pengasinan Désa Bedahan, jeung Désa Pasir Putih
* Kacamatan Limo nu lobana 8 (dalapan) Désa, nyaeta: Désa Limo, Désa Meruyung, Désa Cinere, Désa Gandul, Désa Pangkalan Jati, Désa Pangkalan Jati Baru, Désa Krukut, jeung Désa Grogol.
* Katambah deui 5 (lima) Désa ti Kecamatan Bojong Gede, nyaeta: Désa Cipayung, Désa Cipayung Jaya, Désa Ratu Jaya, Désa Pondok Terong, jeung Désa Pondok Jaya.
== Démograpi ==

=== Suku bangsa ===
Karakteristik suku bangsa nu nyicingan Kota Dépok ngabogaan keberagaman. Dumasar data sensus nu nyicingan Indonesia 2000. Kalolobaan nu nyicingan Kota Dépok nyaéta suku Betawi, Jawa, sarta Sunda. Jumlah anu signipikan ogé asalna ti suku Batak, sarta Minangkabau. Rupi-rupi suku bangsa di Kota Dépok mangaruhan béda budaya sarta adat istiadat balaréa. Katut nyaéta lobana nu nyicingan Dayeuh Dépok dumasar suku bangsa luyu data sénsus nu nyicingan warsih 2000;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

 {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#E0F0FF;&quot; |No
! style=&quot;background:#E0F0FF;&quot; |Suku
! style=&quot;background:#E0F0FF;&quot; |Jumlah [[2000]]
! style=&quot;background:#E0F0FF;&quot; |%
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | 1
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Suku Betawi|Betawi]]
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 390.419
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 34,20%
|-
| 2
| [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 320.770
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 28,10%
|-
| 3
| [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 292.706
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 25,65%
|-
| 4
| [[Suku Batak|Batak]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 32.776
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2,87%
|-
| 5
| [[Orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 26.928
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2,36%
|-
| 6
| [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 3.383
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0,30%
|-
| 7
| [[Suku Cirebon|Cirebon]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 833
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0,07%
|-
| 8
| ''Suku lainnya''
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 73.601
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 6,45%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Kota Depok
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 1.141.416
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 100%
|-
|}

== Walikota ==

* [[Moch. Rukasah Suradimadja]] (1982-1984)
* [[M. I. Tamdjid]] (1984-1988)
Mochammad Ibid Tamdjid, nyaéta nu wanci mangsa Orde Baru kungsi nyekel kalungguhan Kepala Dinas Perhubungan nu mana baheula disebut DLLAJR. Ibid kungsi diwawancara di mana manéhna ngomong “Yah, ngaranna pagawéan, lamun dianggap abot nya abot, lamun dianggap hampang nya hampang. Gumantung saha anu ngajalankeun. Saestuna di manten ogé sami waé. Anu disebut ngaladénan balarea sakedahna maksimal dina bakti ka balarea,&quot; cenah. Sabenerna Dines anu dipingpinna nyaéta salah sahiji dines anu nu mawi rarepot sarta patali jeung saniskanten lapisan balarea, mimiti ti supir angkot dugi pajabat luhur wewengkon. Saleresna pengurusan angkot biasana henteu dipigawe ku nu bogana sorangan nanging ku supirna. Pamingpin nu boga jujuluk “tahu beres” ieu méré nyaho margi kitu seueur anu kudu dilayanan, wanci gawéna barobah kaayaan paos. Ti isuk dugi magrib.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Apa Siapa Orang Sunda|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yb-lDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195&amp;lpg=PA195&amp;dq=mochammad+ibid+tamdjid&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=0Du1q9jxSD&amp;sig=ACfU3U0dJdpIEmqJK4pvk5hBvLWKc9vYkA&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi35oLej47xAhXg4nMBHXZDDXsQ6AEwCnoECA0QAg#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2003-12-01|isbn=978-979-419-980-0|language=id|first=Ajip|last=Rosidi}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sateuacan barobah kaayaan jadi kepala dinas, lulusan APDN warsih 1970 kasebat nyepeng kalungguhan minangka Irban Sospol. Saprak lulus ti APDN, karir salaki ti Etty Rohaeti ieu henteu lésot ti lingkungan Pemda Jabar. Robah kaayaan ieu ajudan gubernur Mashudi dugi Solihin dina mangsa mimiti karierna. Ibid kantos robah kaayaan Mantri Pulisi dugi Sekretaris Dewan DPRD Cirebon. Margi lila di Cirebon alumnus SMA Pasundan ieu ngusulkeun ka Gubernur supaya dialihtugaskeun. Bongbolongana disatujuan ku kituna manéhna diangkat janten Wedana Cibinong Bogor, anu saterusna nganteurkeun manéhna jadi Walikota Depok dugi 1989. Lajeng, manéhna kantos nyekel kalungguhan minangka Wedana Ciparay sarta Sekwilda Kabupaten Bandung, saacan robah jabatan jadi Irban Sospol. Sigana pancén minangka pamongpraja geus robah kaayaan panggero jiwa kanggo lalaki anu wedal di kulawargi TNI-AU ieu. Padahal kahayang mimitina hayang jadi jaksa. Sanggem kolotna nanggepan cita-cita eta, “Tangkal jengkol waé embung janten padung jaksa.” Nanging manéhna saterusna angger neruskeun kuliahna di Fakultas Hukum, di sinjang di APDN. Sanaos ahirna ngan bérés di APDN. Manéhna kungsi meunang pancen diajar di Institut Ilmu Pamaréntahan dina 1974. Walikota anu wanci mahasiswana aktip di IMABA sarta DAMAS ieu, ogé aktipis KAMI dina warsih 1966 sabot numbungkeun Orde Lama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Apa Siapa Orang Sunda|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yb-lDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195&amp;lpg=PA195&amp;dq=mochammad+ibid+tamdjid&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=0Du1q9jxSD&amp;sig=ACfU3U0dJdpIEmqJK4pvk5hBvLWKc9vYkA&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi35oLej47xAhXg4nMBHXZDDXsQ6AEwCnoECA0QAg#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2003-12-01|isbn=978-979-419-980-0|language=id|first=Ajip|last=Rosidi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Abdul Wachyan]] (1988-1991)
* [[Sofyan Safari Hamim]] (1992-1996)
* [[Badrul Kamal]] (1997-2005)
Ramana Badrul Kamal, Yahya Sudjai henteu purun putrana ngan mikawanoh atikan pasantrén, mangka saprak leutik kénéh Badrul Kamal ti Bogor kasebat paméakana dikirim ka Sakola Rahayat anu kanggo golongan kira-kira anu patali na nuju séjén. Bebas Sakola Rahayat (SR), Badrul Kamal neruskeun Sakola SMP Negeri 1 Bogor sarta SMA Negeri 1 Bogor. Di sakola ieu pisan “jiwa kepamingpinan” Badrul Kamal mimiti dipikawanoh ku babaturana. Rupa-rupa organisasi kepemudaan paméakanna robah kaayaan ku manéhna geus istilahna mah “kawah candradimuka” kahiji jang dirina. Kitu deui tuluy kalawan Badrul Kamal anu aktip ogé di KAPPI Bogor. Badrul Kamal atawa anu pengker kalintang sohor ku ngaran “BK” kaasup tingkatan “66” anu aktip di wilayah Bogor, saangkatan kalawan politikus Akbar Tanjung. Jiwa kapamingpinana sumawonten kadéngé dugi ka wilayah Jakarta. Tak carang sabot Jakarta merlukeun pangrojong gerakan nonoman, mangka Badrul Kamal inohong anu osok dihubungan pikeun sina dipénta bantuan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/en3/2-3073-2962/Badrul-Kamal_187982_p2k-unkris.html|title=Badrul Kamal {{!}} UNKRIS {{!}} Center of Studies|website=p2k.unkris.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Third Debate for the 2020 Depok Mayoral Election.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Acara Debat Pamilon Walikota Depok]]
Lalampahan karir Badrul Kamal mimitina dina warsih 1966-1970 diajar di Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri (APDN), anu paméakana ngajadikeun titik mimiti dirina jang mitembeyan karier birokrat. Lulus ti APDN warsih 1970, Badrul Kamal mitembeyan karier birokrat jadi Pajabat Menteri Pamongpraja di Kacamatan Cigudeg Bogor. Anu pengker kalintang warsih 1972 robah kaayaan jadi Pajabat Camat Cigudeg. Sataun anu pengker kalintang Badrul Kamal dipercaya ngarobah kaayaan Camat Ciawi. Warsih 1982 barobah kaayaan Pjbt. Kabid Ekonomi Bappeda sarta sataun anu pengker kalintang Pjbt. Kabid Ekonomi Bapedda. Karirna beuki ningkat saprak warsih 1988 dipercaya nyekel Sekretaris Bappeda (hiji posisi anu mawi stratégis dina jamana). Warsih 1991-1993 Badrul Kamal dipercaya ngarobah kaayaan Pybt. Kepala Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Pemda Bogor. Sarta paméakana warsih 1994 anjeunna dipercaya barobah kaayaan Plt. Sekwilda (ayeuna mah ngarana sekda) Kabupaten Bogor. Pangalaman paos di birokrasi ieu pisan anu méasakkeun Badrul Kamal jadi sosok pamingpin anu mikawanoh sacara jero seluk-beluk birokrasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Warsih 1997 kalawan pesatna Dépok pikeun salah sahiji distrik di Kabupatén Bogor harita, geus waktuna diarahkeun pikeun hiji dayeuh satelit anu tiasa tangtung sorangan. Mangka dimimitian rupa-rupa rencana stratégis jang ngajadikeun Kota Dépok pikeun wilayah anu bisa tangtung sorangan. Kanggo ngajaga eta sakumna, henteu ngagaduhan pilihan lain, mangka Bupati Bogor nunjuk sosok birokrat aktipis anu boga pangalaman, nyaéta Badrul Kamal nu jadi nyekel posisi Walikota Administratif Dépok. Tonggak pajuangan dimimitian saprak Badrul Kamal ngarobah kaayaan Walikota Administratif Dépok, sauntuyan perencanaan strategis dayeuh anu tiasa tangtung sorangan diembarkeun. Pameakan na tilu warsih anu pengker kalintang benerna ping 27 April 1999, dumasar Undang-Undang Nomer 15/1999 Ngeunaan Pembentukan Kotamadya Dépok Sarta Cilegon, mangka resmi Dépok robah kaayaan jadi dayeuh nu mandiri. Ku pajuanganna anu dirojong ku jajaran birokrasi, Dépok anu keur harita can mandiri dina warsih 2000 milih pamingpinna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Tugu selamat datang dikota depok.jpg|jmpl|Tugu Wilujeng Sumping di Kota Depok]]
Geus kitu, masyarakat Dépok purun pengabdian Badrul Kamal dituluykeun, mangka kapetona Badrul Kamal tuluy nyekel posisi walikota Dépok kahiji dina warsih 2000-2005. Geliat Kota Dépok mekar sarta balarea guyup ngahiji kalawan pamingpinna kanggo ngadegkeun dayeuh nu maju. Mangka dayeuh anu anyar wedal kasebat dina wengkuan wanci lima warsih (thn 2000-2005) geus ngajanggelek barobah kaayaan tepi ka danget ieu bisa pesat Dépok minangka dayeuh anu bisa tangtung sorangan. Kapamingpinan Badrul Kamal nyieun terobosan anyar kalawan lembaga lainna. Sakola-sakola diwangun, puskésmas diwangun, jalan-jalan dibenerkeun, sumawonten Jalan Juanda anu barobah kaayaan kareueus tepi ka ayeuna diwangun dina warsih ka 3 wanci pamaréntahan Badrul Kamal. Pikeun nyegah gancangna pertumbuhan kalahiran jeung ngadukung pertumbuhan ékonomi masyarakat, dina warsih éta deui diembarkeun pangwangunan buku jalan tol. Peruntukan buku jalan tol ieu pisan anu direncanakeun dina perencanaan kelola rohangan tata wilayah Kota Dépok. Pikeun ngacumponan rencana éta anu pengker kalintang dijieun &quot;Panitia Husus RT RW Kota Depok 2000-2010&quot; anu dipingpin ku Agus Sutondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mangka ku para RT RW Dayeuh Dépok 2000-2010, pameakana perencanaan buku Jalan Tol Cinéré-Jagorawi sarta rencana buku jalan tol Depok-Antasari bisa kabiruyungan anu engkena bade nyambungkeun wilayah Jakarta, Depok sarta Bogor. Tingkat perekonomian tumuwuh di luhur rata-rata tingkat nasional. Masyarakat hirup dina dunya toleransi. Kota Depok anu plural ditempo tina rupa-rupa masyarakatna sumawonten bisa diitung “Indonesia Mini” sabab loba wargana tina asal nu teu sarua, kabeh wargana meunangkeun perlakuan anu sami. Badrul Kamal nu mangrupa pamingpin tangtung di luhur sakumna golongan. Nanging naon tanagi wanci lima warsih enggal teuing kanggo ngudag ketertinggalan Dépok di wilayah nu jadi seundak ibukota ieu nagara. Warsih 2005 Badrul Kamal mungkas pengabdian na anu kahiji. Dépok ayeuna geus milih pamingpin anu anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

* [[Nur Mahmudi Ismail]] (2005-2010; 2010-2015)
[[Gambar:Mayor of Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Walikota Depok Harita Nur Mahmudi Ismail]]
Ngaran lengkep jeung gelarna nyaéta, Dr. Ir. H. Nur Mahmudi Ismail, Msc. (kalahiran di Kediri,11 Nopember 1961) nyaeta saurang ilmuwan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://langit7.id/read/3732/1/mantan-walikota-depok-nur-mahmudi-ismail-dikukuhkan-jadi-profesor-1631142577|title=Mantan Walikota Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail Dikukuhkan Jadi Profesor|website=Langit7.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; pangan sarta politikus Indonesia ti Partai Keadilan Sejahtera. Ditempo tina gelarna,  Nur Mahmudi Ismail meunangkeun gelar ''Master of Science'' (M.Sc) di bidang téknologi pangan ti ''Food and Science Technology'' di Texas, Amerika di widang teknologi pangan dihontal kalawan prédikat ''[[cumlaude]]''. Istilah c''umlaude'' asalna ti Basa Latin anu hartina kalawan pangaleman mangrupa predikat anu dijeung pikeun mahasiswa anu meunangkeun peunteun nyongcolang, peunteun kasebat kaasup peunteun sadaya seméster anu geus dibeunangkeun basa kuliah sarta kedah lulus pas wanci teu meunang leuwih ti opat taun. Ieu pisan alesan naha lulus kalawan predikat ''cumlaude'' perlu disiapkeun ti mimiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://campus.quipper.com/kampuspedia/cumlaude|title=Cumlaude - Definisi dan Pengertianya|website=Quipper Campus|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina konteks atikan, ''cumlaude'' nyaéta prédikat pangaleman anu dijieun di paguron luhur ka mahasiswa anu meunang peunteun di luhur rata-rata. Biasana mah leuwih ti 3,5 nu matak ''cumlaude'' dijieun deui bédana antara ''summa cumlaude, magna cumlaude,'' jeung ''cumlaude'' wungkul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.teknik.unpas.ac.id/blogs/apa-itu-cumlaude-dalam-kuliah/|title=Apa itu Cumlaude dalam Kuliah ? - Fakultas Teknik|website=www.teknik.unpas.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225065659/https://www.teknik.unpas.ac.id/blogs/apa-itu-cumlaude-dalam-kuliah/ |date=2023-02-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;Gelar doktor di widang teknologi pangan ditampa ti kampus anu sarua. Sanggeus lulus Nur Mahmudi ngaleukeunan dunya atikan minangka dosén sarta peneliti di Badan Pengkajian sarta Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT). Minangka peneliti Nur Mahmudi ahli di widang perméntasi susu sarta pengolahan daging.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://muspera.menlhk.go.id/Artikel/biografi/12|title=Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia|website=muspera.menlhk.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225020024/http://muspera.menlhk.go.id/Artikel/biografi/12 |date=2023-02-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saprak ngora kénéh ieu salaki Nur Azizah Tamhid geus dalit kalawan dunya pergerakan, utamana pergerakan mahasiswa Islam di kampus. Aktipitasna di organisasi beuki ningkat kalawan hal mekar gerakan aktiptas keislaman anu beuki marak di tanah air dina mimiti warsih 1990-an. Sumawonten posisina minangka dosen di sababaraha paguron luhur midamel raramatna beuki lega.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Dina warsih 1998 Nur Mahmudi sarta sajumlah aktipis lain kalibet dina pamadegan Partai Keadilan. Nur Mahmudi ditunjuk minangka Presiden Partai Keadilan kahiji. Dina Pemilihan Umum warsih 1999, Nur Mahmudi kapeto minangka anggota DPR RI. Sabat anyar ngajalanan pancén minangka anggota Déwan, Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid nunjukna minangka Menteri Kahutanan sarta Perkebunan dina Kabinét Persatuan Nasional. Sanggeus kapeto minangka menteri, Nur Mahmudi mundurkeun diri ti kalungguhan Presiden Partai Keadilan. Nur Mahmudi mangrupa Menteri Kahutanan sarta Perkebunan kahiji anu dipilih dumasar wiwaha pulitik. Kasang pengker ieu migawé sajumlah kawijakan anu dicokot bénten kalawan pendahuluna anu leuwih boga muatan teknis. Dina wanci Nur Mahmudi nyekel kalungguhan minangka Menteri Kehutanan sarta Perkebunan kungsi lumangsung ngahijikeun Departemen Kehutanan sarta Departemen Pertanian. Minangka konsékuensina mangka présiden wanci éta nyaéta Abdurrahman Wahid nurunkeun Nur Mahmudi minangka Menteri Muda Kehutanan ngaliwatan Kaputusan Présiden Nomer 234/M Warsih 2000 dina sasih Agustus. Nanging kalungguhan ieu ngan diemban salila kurang leuwih tilu bulan, margi dina Nopémber Présiden Abdurrahman Wahid megatkeun pemisahan balik Departemén Kehutanan sarta Departemén Pertanian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Ngaranna balik wedal ka umum sanggeus dina warsih 2005 manéhna nyalonkeun diri minangka Calon Walikota Dépok sapasang pamilon kalawan Yuyun Wirasaputra. Di warsih kasebat, wasta Nur Mahmudi sarta Yuyun saleresna geus meunang pemilu walikota anu dilaksanakeun dina 26 Juni 2005 kalawan peroléhan soanten sagedé 43,9%. Maranéhanana ditetepkeun minangka pinunjul ku KPUD Dépok dina 6 Juli 2005. Nanging pengesahan kameunang maranéhanana terganjal sanggeus lawana, pasangan Badrul Kamal sarta Syihabuddin Achmad ngusulkeun gugatan ka Pengadilan Tinggi Jawa Barat. Dumasar kaputusan Pengadilan Tinggi kasebat, pasangan Badrul sarta Syihabudin dinyatakeun minangka pinunjul pemilukada Dépok. Perkara nu sarua ogé ditetepkeun ku Mahkamah Agung basa Nur Mahmudi sarta Yuyun ngusulkeun banding. Kalawan dibantuan KPUD Dépok, Mahkamah Agung saterusna megatkeun yén pinunjul pemilu nyaéta pasangan Nur Mahmudi-Yuyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

Manehna nyekel kalungguhan minangka Walikota Depok periode 2005-2010 sapasang kalawan Yuyun Wirasaputra. Dina Pilkada Depok 2010 maju nyalonkeun balik minangka rék robah kaayaan Walikota Depok kalawan nomer urut 3 jeung Sekretaris MUI Dépok nyaeta KH. Dr. Idris Abdus Shomad M.A. Bapa tilu anak ieu mitembeyan karir politik luhur pangrojong dikungan babatur politikna kalawan ditunjuk minangka Présiden ku jajaran pangurus Partai Keadilan dina warsih 1999. Pancén abot langsung kudu dibéréskeun, Partai Keadilan minangka partai anyar anu ditungtut pikeun éksis dina kancah perpolitikan multipartai di éra repormasi kasebat. Pancén anu dibawa jang ngamajukeun partai anyar ieu tetela sanggem ngabantun perkara anu signipikan. Dina wanci kirang ti sataun, Partai Keadilan junun ngahimpun soanten rahayat Indonésia saloba hiji palih sarta nempatkeun tujuh jalmi wawakil na di DPR RI sarta 190-an kader nyongcolang na di DPRD I sarta II di sakumna Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/nur-mahmudi-ismail/profil|title=Profil - Nur Mahmudi Ismail|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilas Walikota Depok dua periodé warsih 2006-2016, Nur Mahmudi Ismail dipengkuhkeun ku Badan Risét dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) minangka Profesor Riset Widang Teknologi Pascapanén. Jeung dua calon profesor lain, Irhan Febijanto sarta Iwan Gunawan Tejakusuma, Nur Mahmudi dikukuhkeun di Auditorium Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo, Badan Risét dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Jakarta. Dina orasi pengukuhan guru besarna, Nur Mahmudi nepikeun makalah dijudulan &quot;Inovasi Pengolahan Pangan untuk Peningkatan Penyediaan dan Konsumsi Pangan di Indonesia.&quot; Salakina Ibu Nur Azizah ieu miharepkeun, gelar propésor anu diamanatkeun ka salakina bisa méré mangpaat jang umat. Lalaki anu wedal sarta tumuwuh gedé di kulawargi patani ieu dipengkuhkeun minangka propésor riset di Auditorium Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo, Gedong B.J Habibie, Jakarta Pusat taun 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2021/09/09/nur-mahmudi-raih-profesor-riset-bidang-teknologi-pascapanen-ketahanan-pangan-nasional-belum-kokoh|title=Nur Mahmudi Raih Profesor Riset Bidang Teknologi Pascapanen, Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Belum Kokoh|website=Wartakotalive.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wanci dipanggihan di imahna anu tempatna Griya Tugu Asri, Cimanggis, Dépok, Jawa Barat, Nur Mahmudi ngomong, salila 20 warsih pamungkas Indonesia atos nelantarkeun bahan pangan rata-rata saloba 23-48 juta ton perwarsih mangrupi ''Food Loss and Waste'' (FLW). Sedengkeun ''Food Loss'' (FL) anu manéhna maksad nyaéta kaleungitan pangan saprak babak panén, pascapanén, pengolahan sarta pengemasan. Samentara ''Food Waste'' (FW) nyaéta kaleungitan pangan dina babak distribusi, pamasaran, penyajian sarta konsumsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://langit7.id/read/3732/1/mantan-walikota-depok-nur-mahmudi-ismail-dikukuhkan-jadi-profesor-1631142577|title=Mantan Walikota Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail Dikukuhkan Jadi Profesor|website=Langit7.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Badan Perencanaan Pangwangunan Nasional warsih 2021, jumlah ieu sacara signipikan ngurangan penyediaan pangan ku kituna tiasa matak lemah ketahanan pangan di Indonesia, ceuk Nur Mahmudi basa 2021 kaliwat. Nur Mahmudi ngomong, nyutat laporan ti ''Hunger Map'' warsih 2020, aya kénéh 5-14,9% nu nyicingan Indonesia anu ngalaman kalaparan. Nur Mahmudi méré kajéntrean, musibah kalaparan ieu jalaran ku lemahna pengolahan, distribusi sarta pamasaran pascapanén. Manéhna oge masihan conto, dina warsih 2018 aya 95.000 ton pinareup anu henteu dikokolakeun barobah kaayaan produk pangan, nanging barobah kaayaan parab ingon-ingon. Jumlah 95.000 ton pinareup para paternak kasebat dikokolakeun barobah kaayaan kéju saeutikna 10% rék ngahasilkeun sakaligus ngaronjatkeun penyediaan kéju nasional saloba 9.500 ton.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;

* [[Mohammad Idris]] (2015-ayeuna)
[[Gambar:Mohammad Idris - Depok.png|jmpl|Mohammad Idris]]
Mohammad Idris nyaéta Wali Kota Dépok periodé 2016-2021 sarta 2021-2026. Dina période ayeuna, Mohammad Idris sapasang pamilon kalawan Imam Budi Hartono. Maranehanana kenging 55,54% soanten Pilkada Kota Dépok 2020, ngéléhkeun pasangan calon Pradi-Afifah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-dari-dosen-terjun-ke-dunia-politik|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok, dari Dosen Terjun ke Dunia Politik|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohammad Idris nu mangrupa politikus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) anu kiwari janten jalmi nomer hiji di Kota Depok. Minangka Walikota, jalmi nomer hiji anu milu ngarobah beungeut Kota Depok kalawan sagala rupa wangunan luhur tingkat ieu tetela ngabogaan harta nu geus didata ku lembaga nu patalian jeung data harta banda. Ceuk data Lembaga Kekayaan Harta Pejabat Negara (LHKPN), Mohammad Idris ngalaporkeun harta bandana dina 21 Maret 2022 kaliwat. Manehna kacatet boga harta banda ngahontal 6 milyar leuwih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2022/12/14/101548/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-yang-ngotot-relokasi-sdn-pocin-1-ternyata-punya-harta-rp63-m|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok yang Ngotot Relokasi SDN Pocin 1 Ternyata Punya Harta Rp6,3 M|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harta banda Mohammad Idris mangrupi taneuh sarta wangunan anu aya di Depok ngahontal Rp 4.582.002.000. Sajaba ti eta Mohammad Idris oge ngalaporkeun sababaraha tumpakan roda opat jeung roda dua seperti mobil sarta motor kalawan pangaos Rp70 juta - Rp 500 jutaan ku kituna total na ngahontal Rp 1.091.000.000. Mohammad Idris oge ngalaporkeun harta lianna saajén Rp1.550.000, kas sarta sarimbag kas saajen Rp641.957.495. Teu kacutat boga hutang piutang, Mohammad Idris boga total harta banda ngahontal Rp6.316.509.495 atawa 6,3 Miliar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

Mohammad Idris wedal di Jakarta, 25 Juli 1961, kolotna nyaeta Abdul Shomad sarta Yumani binti Sholeh. Anjeunna wedal di golongan kulawargi religius. Akina mangrupa ajengan kakoncara di Beji, Depok, nyaeta Kyai Haji Hasbi. Mohammad Idris sakola di SD Matraman Wadas sarta lulus dina 1974. Saterusna, Mohammad Idris neruskeun SMP sarta SMA di Pondok Modern Gontor. Sanggeus tamat, Mohammad Idris menempuh atikan sarjana kalawan beasiswa di Arab Saudi. Lulus S1 Ushuluddin Dakwah, Universitas Imam Mohammad Ibnu Daud Gassim, Arab Saudi (1986) sarta neruskeun S2 di universitas kalawan jurusan sarua dina 1990. Mohammad Idris nyokot gelar S3 Sareat Tsaqofah Islamiyah, Universitas Imam Mohammad Ibnu Daud Gassim, Arab Saudi, anu rengse dina 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohammadidris.id/|title=Beranda|website=www.mohammadidris.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus ngabereskeun atikanana, Idris wangsul ka Indonesia sarta barobah kaayaan jadi dosen di sababaraha universitas. Sepertos Dosen Bimbingan Skripsi di STAI At-Taqwa Bekasi, Dosen S1 Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah sarta Ilmu Komunikasi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Dosen S2 sarta S3 widang studi Dakwah sarta Sajarah Peradaban UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Dosen S2 widang Pamikiran sarta Peradaban Islam Pascasarjana UMS Surakarta, sarta Dosen S1 mata kuliah Panganteur Hukum sarta Ekonomi Syariah sarta Etika Bisnis Syariah Universitas Indonesia (UI).

Dina 2004 tepi ka 2010, Idris robah kaayaan jadi Kepala Yayasan Al-Ma’had al-Aly ad-Da’wah (Sekolah Tinggi Pendidikan Da’i) di Jakarta Utara. Saterusna anjeunna kungsi jadi konsultan sareat di Sharia Consulting Center, Jakarta. Mingpin Kota Depok lalampahan kahiji Mohammad Idris mingpin Kota Depok wanci anjeunna maju barobah kaayaan calon wawakil wali dayeuh sapasang kalawan Nur Mahmudi dina Pilkada Kota Depok 2010. Maranehanana ngameunangan pemilihan eta kalawan 61,87 persen soanten. Nur Mahmudi-Mohammad Idris resmi nyekel kalungguhan periode 2010-2015. Dina Pilkada 2016, Mohammad Idris maju minangka calon Wali Kota jeung Pradi Supriatna minangka wawakil. Maranehanana kenging dina pemilihan kasebat ngelehkeun pasangan Dimas Oky Nugroho jeung Babai Suhaimi. Mohammad Idris jeung Pradi Supriatna ahirna kapeto mingpin dayeuh Depok salila lima warsih, 2016 tepi ka 2021. Lima warsih saterusna, sareng Imam Budi Hartono, anjeunna balik maju barobah kaayaan calon Wali Kota Depok. Anjeunna dipunggu ku PKS, Demokrat, sarta PPP. Idris balik meunang dina pamilon eta kalawan meunang 415.657 soanten, ngelehkeun pesaingna, nyaeta Pradi Supriatna jeung Afifah Alia. Dina Pebruari 2021, Mohammad Idris jeung Imam Budi Hartono dilantik ku Ridwan Kamil di Gedung Merdeka, Bandung sareng opat kepala daerah kapeto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-dari-dosen-terjun-ke-dunia-politik/4|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok, dari Dosen Terjun ke Dunia Politik|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Kader posyandu.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Kagiatan Posyandu]]
Mohammad Idris boga program kartu nu kira-kira bisa mantuan layanan pikeun masyarakat Depok. Kartu ieu diluncurkeun dina September 2021. Kartu Depok Sejahtera menyasar wargi pra-sejahtera anu geus kadata di Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS) Kota Depok. Kartu Depok Sejahtera ngaintegrasikeun sajumlah layanan, antara lain Pelayanan Kasehatan Gratis ngaliwatan PBI-APBD Depok, Bantuan Pendidikan, Renovasi Rumah Tidak Layak Huni (RTLH), Bantuan Santunan Kematian (Sanken), jeung lain sajabana. Kawijakan lain anu direncanakeun, antawis sanes pangwangunan infrastruktur, ngabangkitkeun ekonomi, muka lapangan gawe, sarta sajabana. Pangajen Mohammad Idris geus meunangkeun sajumlah pangajen sawaktu anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan minangka Wali Kota Depok. Pangajen kasebat, diantarana ''Earth Hour Leader'' ti Gubernur Ridwan Kamil dina 2019, Lencana Pancawarsa dina Mepeling Dinten Pramuka tingkat Propinsi Jawa Kulon dina 2021. Kota Depok oge meunang sajumlah pangajen wanci kapamingpinan na, antawis sanes Kampung KB Award dari BKKBN, Kota Layak Anak (KLA) ti Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan sarta Perlindungan Anak dina 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohammadidris.id/idris-dianugerahi-penghargaan-kepala-daerah-peduli-posyandu-dari-pemprov-jabar/|title=Idris Dianugerahi Penghargaan Kepala Daerah Peduli Posyandu dari Pemprov Jabar|last=Idris|first=Jurnalis|website=www.mohammadidris.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Predikat opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP) dari Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) Jawa Barat, dan BKN Award 2021 dari Badan Kepegawaian Nasional (BKN) kategori Implementasi Sistem Aplikasi Pelayanan Kepegawaian (SAPK) dan Pemanfaatan Computer Assisted Test (CAT). Sajumlah pangajen ti Propinsi Jawa Barat (Jabar) dihontal Pamarentah Dayeuh (Pemkot) Depok. Pangajen ti sagala rupa pasanggiri anu diayakeun Pamarentah Propinsi (Pemprov) Jabar kasebat, ditarima ku Wali Kota Depok, Mohammad Idris anu direndengan Pupuhu Tim Penggerak Pemberdayaan Karaharjaan Kulawargi (TP-PKK) Kota Depok, Indung Elly Farida dina kagiatan wisuda Sekolah Perempuan Capai Impian dan Cita-Cita (Sekoper Cinta) sakaligus mepeling Dinten Indung ka-94 tingkat Propinsi Jabar di Sport Jabar Arcamanik, Bandung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; Kahiji, Kota Depok junun ngahontal pangajen Posyandu Award 2022 berkat pencapaian Posyandu Teratai RW 11, Kalurahan Curug, Kacamatan Cimanggis minangka jawara kahiji Pasanggiri Posyandu Tingkat Jabar. Margi eta deui, Wali Kota Depok, Mohammad Idris ngahontal pangajen minangka Kepala Daerah Peduli Posyandu, margi ngagaduhan komitmen anu kiat dina pengembangan Posyandu di Kota Depok.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:BKKBN - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional]]
Kadua, pangajen minangka jawara dua dina Lomba Peningkatan Peranan Wanita menuju Keluarga Sehat dan Sejahtera (P2WKSS) tingkat Propinsi Jabar warsih 2022 kategori kota. Katilu, pangajen minangka jawara kahiji dina Lomba Gerakan Keluarga Sehat, Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) tingkat Jabar warsih 2022. Kota Depok junun nampi sajumlah pangajen ti propinsi,anu kahiji patali jeung PHBS,posyandu sarta kagiatan Kuat Musibah anu dipingpin ku Pupuhu TP-PKK Kota Depok, Bunda Elly Farida. Minangka peraih jawara kahiji Pasanggiri Posyandu Tingkat Jabar, Kota Depok diusulkeun kanggo melaju ka kejuaraan sarupa di tingkat nasional. Ka hareupeunana Kota Depok luyu arahan ti pusat yen layanan kasehatan wargi dipusatkan ka posyandu, mangka posyandu sarta posbindu ditarekahan supados langkung caket, mangka na posyandu kedah dironjatkeun, antawis sanes fasilitasna. Pemkot Depok atos ngabantuan pikeun ngayakeun lahan pikeun posyandu anu acan boga gedong, sarta rek diwangun mimiti warsih payun. Dugi kiwari posyandu di Kota Depok anu atos tergolong teuneung ti sisi program aya kira-kira 80 persen. Kanggo posyandu anu atos tergolong teuneung ti sisi sarana prasarana (sarpras) atawa pasilitas kira-kira keneh 40 persen. Kanggo persentase pangladen posyandu anu atos teuneung ti sisi program sarta sarana prasarana pasilitas, lamun ti sarana prasarana kira-kira 40 persen. Posyandu anu atos teuneung di Kota Depok bisa dugi 80 persen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;

== Géograpi ==
Sacara administratip, wilayah Kota Dépok perenahna di antara dua kabupatén/kota sarta Ibukota Nagara. Kaayaan ieu nu nyieun lalakon Kota Dépok robah kaayaan ti mimiti panto gerbang anu nyambungkeun antara Jawa Barat jeung Ibukota Nagara DKI Jakarta, ogé robah kaayaan nu jadi seundak puseur dayeuh nagara, alus minangka tempat padumukan atawa minangka nu jadi seundak dina widang lianna. Ieu babatesan sacara administratip Kota Dépok:

Palebah Kalér   : Propinsi DKI Jakarta dan Kabupaten Tangerang (Propinsi Banten)

Palebah Kidul   : Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat)

Palebah Kulon  : Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat) dan Kabupaten Tangerang (Propinsi Banten)

Palebah Wétan : Kabupaten Bekasi dan Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.geografi.org/2022/02/geografi-kota-depok.html|title=Geografi Kota Depok|last=Geografi|first=Pusat Studi|website=Geografi.org|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:KITLV - 37336 - Demmeni, J. - Tulp, De - Haarlem - The Cisadane (Ci Sadane) River with Mount Salak in the background - 1911.tif|kiri|jmpl|Walungan Cisadane Jaman Walanda]]
Lamun ditilik deui, sacara astronomis Kota Dépok perenahna dina koordinat 6° 19’00’’ - 6° 28’00’’ Lintang Kidul sarta 106° 43’00’’ - 106° 55’00’’ Bujur Wetan. Wangkid wilayahnya sacara geografis berbatasan langsung kalawan Kota Jakarta atawa aya dina lingkungan strategis Jabotabék. Béntang alam Kota Dépok ti Kidul ka Kalér mangrupa wewengkon dataran pendék - perbukitan ngabogaan gelombang lemah, kalawan élepasi antara 50 dugi 140 meter di luhur permukaan laut, kalawan kemiringan lampingna kurang ti 15%.  Kota Dépok minangka wilayah pangorana di Jawa Barat, ngabogaan lega wilayah kira-kira 200,29 km2. Kaayaan géograpisna dilengkahan ku walungan-walungan ageung nyaéta Walungan Ciliwung, Walungan Cisadané sarta 13 sub Satuan Wilayah Aliran Walungan. Di sinjang éta aya deui 26 aliran walungan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Data lega dinya dina warsih 2005 sagedé 169,68 ha, kalawan kualitas cai rata-rata goréng alatan geus kacemar ku runtah. Kaayaan topograpi mangrupi dataran pendék ngandung gelombang kalawan kemiringan lamping anu landai. Nu matak masalah caah di sababaraha wilayah, utamana wewengkon cekungan antawis sababaraha walungan anu ngocor ti kidul nuju kalér, nyaéta Kali Angké, Walungan Ciliwung, Walungan Pesanggrahan jeung Walungan Cikéas. 

====== Sumber Daya Lahan ======
Asal tanagi lahan Kota Dépok ngalaman tekanan saluyu kalawan hal mekar dayeuh anu sakitu pesat. Dumasar Analisis Data Repisi ti RT jeung RW Kota Dépok (basa warsih 2000-2010) ngeunaan pemanfaatan rohang dayeuh. Wewengkon pemukiman dina taun 2005 ngahontal 8.915.09 ha (44,31%) ti total pemanpaatan rohang Kota Dépok. Dina warsih 2005 wewengkon kabuka héjo kacatet 10.106, 14 ha (50,23%) ti lega wilayah Dépok atawa lumangsung penyusutan sagedé 0.93% ti data taun 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/geografi|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064303/https://www.depok.go.id/geografi |date=2023-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Beuki ngaluhuran tutupan taneuh eta, boga pangaweruh ka penurunan kaayaan alam Kota Dépok. Utamana jalaran tekanan ti pemanpaatan lahan kanggo kagiatan pemukiman anu ngahontal langkung ti 44, 31% ti lega wilayah dayeuh. Lega wewengkon kabangun warsih 2005 ngahontal 10.013,86 ha (49,77%) ti lega wilayah Kota Depok, atawa ningkat 3,59% ti data warsih 2000. Lega wewengkon kabangun dugi kalawan warsih 2010 diproyeksikeun ngahontal 10.720,59 ha (53,28%) atawa ningkat 3,63% ti data warsih 2005. Nambahan keneh tina lega rohangan kabuka hejo ''(ruang terbuka hijau)'' dina warsih 2010 diproyéksikeun salega 9.399,41 ha (46,72%) atawa ngurangan 3,63% ti warsih 2005. Diprediksikeun dina warsih 2010, ti 53,28% total lega wewengkon terbangun, ampir 45,49% bade katutup ku padumukan sarta pilemburan. Jasa sarta perdagangan bade nutupan 2,96% total lega dayeuh, industri 2,08% total lega dayeuh, atikan luhur 1,49% total lega dayeuh, sarta wewengkon husus 1,27% total lega dayeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Beuki luhurna jumlah tutupan permukaan taneuh kasebat, ditambah kalawan robahna kadudukan saluran irigasi, nyieun robah kaayaan saluran drainase. Diprediksikeun bakal matak lumangsung kuyumbang sarta caah di sababaraha wewengkon, anu dampakna ka panurunan kaayaan Kota Depok. Kira-kira pangwangunan tatanen pepelakan pangan di Kota Depok di mangsa engke nyanghareupan hiji kaayaan, di mana lahan serang rek beuki sempit. Dina warsih 2010 kira-kira lahan serang bade ngaleutikan lamun dibandingkeun kaayaan ayeuna. Penyempitan anu nu mawi parna lumangsung dina lahan serang tadah hujan, disusul serang irigasi basajan Pekerjaan Umum (PU). 

====== Sumber Daya Cai ======
Kota Dépok ngabogaan asal tanagi cai anu diwangun ti dua asal walungan dinya. Umumna, walungan-walungan di Kota Dépok lebet ka jero dua hijian wilayah walungan ageung, walungan [[Ciliwung]] sarta [[Cisadane]]. Walungan-walungan kasebat dibagi deui barobah kaayaan 13 hijian wilayah aliran walungan, di antarana Ciliwung, Kali Anyar, Pesanggrahan, [[Angké, Tambora, Jakarta Kulon|Angke]], Sugutamu, [[Cipinang Muara, Jatinegara, Jakarta Wétan|Cipinang]], Cijantung, [[Sunter Jaya, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Kalér|Sunter]], [[Krukut, Limo, Dépok|Krukut]], Saluran Cabang Kulon, Saluran Cabang Tengah jeung Walungan Caringin. Kota Dépok ngabogaan 25 dinya anu sumebar di wilayah wetan, kulon, sarta tengah. Lega sakabeh dinya anu aya di Kota Dépok dumasar data warsih 2005 nyaeta salega 169,68 ha, atawa kira-kira 0,84% lega Kota Dépok. Jejero dinya pariatif antawis 1 dugi 4 meter, kalawan kualitas cai anu nu mawi awon aya dina Situ [[Gadog, Mégamendung, Bogor|Gadog]] sarta Rawa Besar Jabi penurunan kualitas cai, wewengkon dinya oge ngalaman degradasi lega taneuh matak beuki sempit. Pangwangunan lalaukan di Kota Dépok ogé nyanghareupan masalah anu samrua kalawan tatanen pepelakan pangan, nyaeta penyempitan lahan cai balong. Dumasar data warsih 2005, lega aréal cai balong nyaéta 242,21 ha dibandingkeun dina warsih 2000 salega 290,54 ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kota-depok/|title=KONDISI GEOGRAFIS|last=Jawa Barat|first=Pemerintah Provinsi|website=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|publisher=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|accessdate=21 Februari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221065932/https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kota-depok/ |date=2023-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ékonomi ==
Pertumbuhan ékonomi nembongkeun tepi ka mana aktipitas perékonomian rék ngahasilkeun tambahan panghasilan masyarakat dina hiji periode nu tangtu. Pertumbuhan ékonomi anu luhur tétéla ogé matak ngalegaana katimpangan antara golongan ékonomi masyarakat sarta kesenjangan anteur wewengkon. Ketimpangan ieu matak kecemburuan sosial sarta ékonomi. Rata-rata pertumbuhan ékonomi di Kota Dépok salila periode 2011- 2019 nyaeta 7.04. Angka kasebat sacara makro tiasa disebutkeun cekap junun ngusikkeun kikiping perékonomian sarta ngabogaan struktur perékonomian anu kiat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Pasar Tumpah Jalan Juanda Depok.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Aktipitas Ékonomi Matak Macét di Pasar Tumpah Jalan Juanda Dépok]]
Nanging kalawan kitu kaayaanana pandemik Covid-19 anu geus lumangsung saprak Maret 2020, pamarentah Kota Dépok perlu ngalakukeun épaluasi ka kaberhasilan pangwangunan ékonomi kasebat kanggo ningali karaharjaan balaréa aya anu ningkat, aya oge anu nurun, ogé nempo ketimpangan antar golongan balaréa aya anu ningkat, aya ogé anu nurun dina warsih 2020 ieu. Jang nempo perkawis kasebat tinangtu diperlukeun pakakas jang ngukur ketimpangan kasebat diantarana kalawan ngagunakeun kieu ratio sarta ukuran katimpangan nurutkeun bank dunya [[World Bank|''(World Bank)'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://smartcity.depok.go.id/Home/berita_detail/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-kota-depok|title=Depok Smart City|website=smartcity.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222075537/https://smartcity.depok.go.id/Home/berita_detail/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-kota-depok |date=2023-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''World Bank'' wedal alatan anjlokna ékonomi dunya réngsé Perang Dunya II. Lembaga perbankan internasional ieu mikeun bantuan pinjaman duit, panalungtikan, dugi konsultasi jang nagara ngembang. Tepi ka ayeuna, kacatet aya 189 nagara anu kagabung robah kaayaan anggota Bank Dunya. Bank Dunya dijieun kalawan tujuan ngentaskeun kamiskinan di sagala rupa nagara nu pendapatan kapita pendék. Nurutkeun ceuk Kamus Britannica, Bank Dunya nyaéta organisasi skala global anu boga apiliasi kalawan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Bank Dunya dijieun jang ngabiayaan proyék-proyék pangwangunan ekonomi dina nagara anggota. Kantor pusat Bank Dunya sorangan tempatna Washington DC, Amerika Sarikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1686577/profil-singkat-sri-mulyani-menteri-keuangan-indonesia-dan-riwayat-pekerjaannya|title=Profil Singkat Sri Mulyani, Menteri Keuangan Indonesia dan Riwayat Pekerjaannya|last=gandhi|first=Grace|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Proyeksi pengeluaran perkapita persasih nurutkeun jumplukan pengeluaran di Kota Dépok jang warsih 2021. Rata-rata pengeluaran jumplukan 10 persén panghandapna nyaeta sajumlah Rp.711.313,9 perkapita persasih. Pengeluaran minimum dina jumplukan ieu kacatet sagede Rp.408.473,5 perkapita persasih sarta pengeluaran maksimumna sagedé Rp.865.405,9 perjalmi saban sasihna. Gedéna pengeluaran ningkat kalawan ngaluhuran ogé jumplukan pengeluaran. Rata-rata pengeluaran dina jumplukan 10 persén pangluhurna nyaeta sagedé Rp.6.741.850 perkapita persasih, naék ampir 1.7 kali lipet dibandingkeun jumplukan pengeluaran di handapna anu sagedé Rp.3.985.724 perjelema persasih. Pengeluaran minimum dina jumplukan ieu kacatet sagede Rp.4.661.665 perkapita persasih sarta pengeluaran maksimumna sagedé Rp.31.401.770 perjelema saban sasihna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:World Bank H building, Washington.jpg|jmpl|Wangunan World Bank di Washington]]
Salah sahiji indikator perékonomian dina hiji wilayah nyaéta PDRB atawa Produk Doméstik Régional Bruto. Dumasar komposisi PDRB nurutkeun sektoral tiasa dipikanyaho struktur perékonomian hiji wilayah. Sedengkeun parobahan PDRB luhur dasar pangaos konstan ti wanci ka wanci némbongkeun badagna laju pertumbuhan ékonomi. Badagna proyeksi PDRB Kota Depok dasarna pangaos lumangsung warsih 2020 Rp.70.580.213 samentara dina warsih 2021 diproyéksi kira-kira Rp.71.017.810.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depokkota.bps.go.id/statictable.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok|website=depokkota.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222073255/https://depokkota.bps.go.id/statictable.html |date=2023-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti jumlah kasebat, sumbangan pangbadagna dihasilkeun ku kategori industri pengolahan, perdagangan ageung sarta eceran jeung kategori konstruksi. Pertumbuhan ekonomi mangrupa salah sahiji ukuran ti pangwangunan anu geus dilaksanakeun ku hiji wewengkon, hususna pangwangunan dina widang ekonomi. Pertumbuhan kasebat mangrupa agregat ti pertumbuhan di saban séktor ékonomi anu aya. Pikeun saban wewengkon, indikator ieu diperlukeun pisan pikeun ngukur keberhasilan pangwangunan anu geus dihontal, sarta kapaké pikeun nangtukeun arah pangwangunan di mangsa anu rék dongkap dumasar kana data BPS [[Badan Pusat Statistik|(Badan Pusat Statistik)]] taun 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Perékonomian Kota Dépok warsih 2020 ngalaman penurunan drastis pisan alatan pandemi Covid-19. Laju pertumbuhan PDRB Dayeuh Depok warsih 2020 ngahontal -1.92 persén, perkawis ieu henteu ngan lumangsung di Kota Depok nanging lumangsung dina dayeuh atawa kabupatén di Jawa Barat. Saprak kuartal kahiji Covid-19 wedal di Indonesia dina mimiti Maret 2020, kaayaan perékonomian Indonesia ngalaman penurunan pisan henteu terkecuali perekonomian di Kota Depok. Umumna, pandemi Covid-19 kabuktian geus nahan laju pertumbuhan ékonomi (LPE) Indonesia saprak triwulan I hususna taun 2020. ''World Bank'' atawa bank dunya nyieun proyéksi nambahan ékonomi Indonesia warsih 2021 aya dina level 4,4% ''(year on year/yoy)'' leuheung kénéh lamun dibandingkeun perkiraan pertumbuhan ékonomi Indonesia dina 2020 aya dina kisaran -2,0 tepi ka angka -1,6 persén. Samentara perkiraan pamaréntah pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dina 2021 antara 4.5% sarta 5.5%. Ku kituna laju pertumbuhan PDRB Kota Depok warsih 2021 diprediksi ngalaman kanaékan dibandingkeun warsih 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/berita-fiskal?x=64|title=Badan Kebijakan Fiskal - Berita Fiskal|website=fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lolobana, nu nyicingan dina jumplukan 10 persen posisi ekonomi terbawah sarta jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran pangluhurna ngajadikeun sektor jasa sarta lianna minangka lapang usahana. Sektor Perdagangan, hotel, sarta imah butuh mangrupa lapang usaha pangluhurna kadua ti kadua jumplukan pengeluaran kalawan persentasenya nyaeta 27,42% jang jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran terendah sarta 15,21 persén jang nempokeun jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran teratas. Sektor Pertambangan sarta penggalian barobah kaayaan lapang usaha numawi pendék diantara sadaya sektor lapang usaha anu aya.

====== [[Indeks Gini]] Kota Dépok Taun 2021 ======
Indeks Gini nyaéta ukuran kemerataan panghasilan anu diétang dumasar kelas panghasilan. Angka koepisien kieu perenahna antawis enol anu nempokeun kamerataan sampurna sarta hiji anu ngagambarkeun ketidakmerataan sampurna. Indeks Gini dipaké pikeun ngukur tingkat ketimpangan panghasilan hiji wilayah sacara menyeluruh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/chart/preview/indeks-gini-di-indonesia-menurut-daerah-1482486943|title=Indeks Gini di Indonesia menurut daerah|website=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indeks Gini kisarana antara 0 dugi 1. Lamun koepisien Gini bernilai 0 hartina pemerataan sampurna, sedengkeun lamun bernilai 1 hartina ketimpangan leres-leres sampurna lumangsung. Lamun angka nu dipintonkeun Indeks Gini, kurang ti 0,3 asup kana kategori katimpangan “rendah”; angkana antara 0,3 dugi 0 5 nu mana asup kana kategori ketimpangan “moderat”; sarta lamun angkana leuwih gedé ti 0,5 aya dina ketimpangan “tinggi”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|title=Tingkat Ketimpangan (Indeks Gini) - Pojok Ekonomi|website=pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205141/https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2 |date=2023-04-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana itungan proyeksi pengeluaran perkapita perbulan di Kota Depok warsih 2021, aya kira-kira 212.020 jiwa ti jumlah nu nyicingan Kota Depok anu rata-rata pengeluaran perkapita persasih pangrendahna aya di Rp.711.314. Sedengkeun aya 209.031 jiwa anu rata-rata pengeluaran perkapita perbulan pangluhurna aya di Rp.6.741.850. Indeks Kieu minangka indikator kanggo ngukur ketimpangan panghasilan di Kota Depok dina warsih 2021 kacatet sagede 0,354. Dibandingkeun kalawan Indeks Gini warsih 2019 (0,344) sarta 2020 (0,42), mangka Indeks Gini Kota Depok ngalaman kanaekan. Dumasar data anu dirilis ti biro pusat statistik, Maret 2021 tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran nu nyicingan Indonesia anu diukur ku Indeks Gini nyaeta sagede 0,384. Ku kituna kaayaan ketimpangan di Kota Depok langkung pendek dibandingkeun Nasional. Nanging Indeks Gini Kota Depok warsih 2021 ieu, lebet keneh dina kategori ketimpangan nuju. Perkawis ieu dirojong kalawan data ti World Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Salah sahiji kriteria kesenjangan anu diukur ku World Bank nyaeta kalawan ningali persentase pengeluaran anu dipigawe ku 40% nu nyicingan berpendapatan terendah ka total pengeluaran di hiji wilayah. Dina prinsipna, kriteria bank dunya ngabagi nu nyicingan ka jero 3 (tilu) jumplukan panghasilan jumlahna 40% jumplukan nu nyicingan boga pendapatan pendek, 40% jumplukan nu nyicingan berpendapatan lain sarta 20% jumplukan berpendapatan luhur. Lamun ketimpangan ditingali dumasar ukuran World Bank, dina Warsih 2021 di Kota Depok jumplukan pengeluaran 40% terendah persentase pengeluarana sagede 18,2% kalawan proporsi jumlah nu nyicingan dina jumplukan ieu 842.976 jiwa jeung rata-rata pengeluaran persasih perkapitana saukuran Rp.1.134.532.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Sosial Kamasyarakatan ===
Kota Depok nu kasohor ku lambang Kota Balingbing dipikawanoh ku kabeungharan budaya, etnik, jeung latar belakang para pendatang sabab ieu dayeuh ayana di antara dua wewengkon strategis: Jawa Barat jeung ibukota nagara, Jakarta. Budaya Kota Depok, nuturkeun ka babona, salah sahijina nyaeta budaya Betawi. Akar budaya urang Depok sarua sakumaha babona Betawi tea, dumasar kana kaluhuran sistem kekerabatan patrilineal, kalawan kulawargi batih minangka posisi sosial anu pangleutikna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/seni-budaya|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221090646/https://www.depok.go.id/seni-budaya |date=2023-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maranehanana ngabogaan kabiasaan kanggo cicing dina hiji areal kalawan wargi-wargi anu seketurunan keneh dina hiji imah. Lantaran eta, balarea Depok ngabogaan rasa kakulawargaan anu reukeut pisan. Kasenian sarta budaya Kota Depok anu dipikawanoh ayeuna ngabogaan ciri has numutkeun adat Melayu minangka pusaka anu kudu dilanggengkeun. Ngarujuk dina sajarah pelestarian budayana, aya sababaraha pusaka kasenian sarta budaya anu bobogaan balarea Kota Depok di antarana: 

[[Gong Sibolong|'''Gong Sibolong''']]

Mangrupakeun gamelan has Depok nu kaasup pusaka budaya lain banda anu mangrupa pangiring kasenian wewengkon saperti jaipong, wayang kulit Betawi dugi Tayuban. Sipatna kaitung unik, kalawan nuansa suling terompet Sunda anu kiat sarta biasana dipirig kalawan tatabuhan kendang sarta gamelan kalawan sarantos anu robih-robah. Pakakas musik anu dianggo dina pintonan Gong Sibolong nyaeta hiji set kendang, dua set saron, hiji set keromong, hiji set kedemung, hiji set kenong, hiji terompet, hiji set gong, rebab, sarta gambang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kebudayaanbetawi.com/1983/akar-budaya-orang-depok/|title=Akar Budaya Orang Depok|website=kebudayaanbetawi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Rebut Dandang|'''Rebut Dandang''']]

Acara ieu biasana mangrupakeun haturan talari pesta pernikahan Betawi. Biasana dipirig alunan musik tradisional sepertos tanjidor sarta gambang kromong. Salila atraksi lumangsung, jawara ti pihak pangenten putri usaha ngabela dandang anu dipangku samentara jawara ti mempelai putri usaha ngarebut dandang. Jawara ti pihak mempelai putra kedah bisa meunangkeun sarta junun ngarebut dandang kasebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

'''[[Marawis]]/[[Hadro|Hadroh]]'''
[[Gambar:Pemain Rebana.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pamaen Rebana]]
Seni musik mawaris biasana nyondong dina runtuyan acara pengiring sholawat Islam dina komunitas balarea Depok. Sapalih umat Islam di sakumna dunya, kaasup Indonesia, mikawanoh rupi kasidah Maulid Habsyi, Diba', Burdah, sarta Barzanji. Sadaya syair sarta pada-pada anu aya dina kasidah maulid eta ditujukeun kanggo ngagungkeun sarta muji kemuliaan Rasulullah SAW. Sapanjang sajarahna,pembacaan syair-syair maulid kasebat biasana nu mawi sering dilaksanakeun dina sasih Rabiul Mimiti, nyaeta sasih kalahiran Muhammad SAW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita//no-channel/09/04/06/42087-marawis-seni-musik-tabuh-islam|title=Marawis Seni Musik Tabuh Islam|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-21}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarta, syair-syair eta dibaca kalawan merenungi hartos sarta hikmah anu kaeusi di jerona. Dina hal mekarna, babacaan syair-syair maulid ieu lain saukur dibaca kalawan lantunan nada ti sungut. Nanging dipirig kalawan sajumlah pakakas musik kasidah, sepertos kendang, tamborin, harmonika, sarta lianna. Kalawan bantuan pakakas musik ieu, mepeling sarta pembacaan syair maulid eta barobah kaayaan beuki semarak sarta metot. Ti dieu saterusna wedal istilah kasidah, gambus, marawis, sarta lianna. Babacaan syair-syair maulid anu diiringan kalawan pakakas musik ieu ceunah mangrupa produk awit musik Islam anu ngembang ti taneuh Arab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/rnox6s313|title=Mengenal Sejarah Marawis|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tarian Has Depok|'''Tarian Has Depok''']]

Budaya Kota Depok, nuturkeun ka babona, salah sahijina nyaeta budaya Betawi. Akar budaya urang Depok sarua sakumaha babona Betawi tea, dumasar kana kaluhuran sistem kekerabatan patrilineal, kalawan kulawargi batih minangka posisi sosial anu pangleutikna. Maranehanana ngabogaan kabiasaan kanggo cicing dina hiji areal kalawan wargi-wargi anu seketurunan keneh dina hiji imah. Lantaran eta, balarea Depok ngabogaan rasa kakulawargaan anu reukeut pisan. Kasenian sarta budaya Kota Depok anu dipikawanoh ayeuna ngabogaan ciri has numutkeun adat Melayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

* '''Tarian Godeg Ayu'''

Ibing Godeg Ayu mangrupa ibing kreasi anu berpijak ti kasenian topeng awit Cisalak, Depok. Panyipta Ibing Godeg Ayu nyaeta Wulandari S.Sn ti Sanggar Ibing Ayodya Pala. Tarian kasebat ngagambarkeun dinamika kahirupan mojang anu nyejek sawawa kalawan kodratna anu has. 

* '''Tarian Topeng Cisalak'''

Wasta Topeng Cisalak sorangan dibere kolotna dumasar tempat cicing sarta kasenian topeng ngembang wanci eta di Lembur Cisalak, Cimanggis, Depok, Jawa Barat. Padahal mimiti wedal warsih 1918 Kedok Cisalak namina topeng Kinang ku dua pelopor nyaeta Djioen sarta Mak Kinang. 

* '''Tarian Nayuban''' 

Tarian Nayuban, mangrupa pamidangan tarian has kawit Tanah Baru, Depok, anu mangrupa cikal bakal Tarian Doger Karawang, sarta jaipongan Jawa Barat

* '''Tarian D'Gol (Depok Go Lincah)''' 

Tarian anu ngagambarkeun kelincahan anak-anak di Kota Depok. D'GAWANG mangrupa singgetan ti sanggem Depok Go Lincah, anu dibere judul ku Walikota Depok, Bapa Idris Abdul Shomad, Lc., M.A, dina warsih 2019. Tarian ieu bernuansa Islam. 

* '''Tarian Greget Mpok''' 

Tarian  Greget Mpok megambarkeun dinamika pergaulan has rumaja putri Betawi hususna di Kota Depok. 

* '''Tarian Jari Manis'''

Tarian Jari Manis mangrupa singgetan ti ''Jangan Iri Manis.'' Tarian ieu mangrupa hiji karya anu dasarna tina tarian cokek. Tarian Greget Mpok sarta Tarian Jari Manis dipidangkeun dina acara HUT ka 22 Kota Depok.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kebudayaanbetawi.com/1983/akar-budaya-orang-depok/|title=Akar Budaya Orang Depok {{!}} kebudayaanbetawi.com|website=www.kebudayaanbetawi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kadaharan Has ===
[[Gambar:Stamp of Indonesia - 2002 - Colnect 265929 - Belimbing manis - Averrhoa carambola.jpeg|kiri|jmpl|Balingbing dina Prangko 2002]]

====== Balingbing ======
Minangka ikon Kota Dépok, teras dikembangkeun minangka salah sahiji produk hortikultura unggulan Kota Dépok. Sagala rupa sajian has nu bahan dasar balingbing saperti dodol balingbing, jus balingbing, dodol jeung jus jambu beureum bisa gampang kapangih di Kota Dépok. Aya ngarana Koperasi Usaha Sareng Harepan Sejahtera Langgeng nyaéta awak usaha anu fokus dina migawé kadaharan atawa ogé supenir has Kota Dépok. Oléh-oléh ayana di wewengkon Sawangan nu mana tamu bisa nganjang pikeun milih naon waé anu rék dibantun wangsul minangka oléh-oléh has ti dieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/makanan-olahan-belimbing/|title=Makanan Olahan Belimbing Khas Depok|last=Badan Penghubung|first=Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=Makanan Olahan Belimbing|publisher=Badan Penghubung Provinsi Jawa Barat|accessdate=21 Februari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221070930/https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/makanan-olahan-belimbing/ |date=2023-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dodol balingbing Dépok salah sahiji kuliner has nu bener dijieun tina buah balingbing, lain saukur ngaranna waé. 

Dijieuna ku cara dikulub kalawan sagala rupa bahan dasar buah balingbing seger anu dicampur gula, santan kalapa nu geus bentuk cipati sarta tipung beas ketan minangka ngabentuk cipta rasa anu has ti dodol. Nanging, ngabedakeun dodol balingbing has Depok kalawan dodol has wewengkon lianna nyaéta tékstur dodolna. Dodol balingbing Dépok henteu kenyal pisan kawas dodol lain sabab ku kituna supaya boga tékstur lembut pikeun gampil digayem. Segerna buah balingbing ogé bisa dirasakeun di unggal gégélan dodol Dépok ieu. Salian ti dodol, aya ogé sirop balingbing nyaéta runtuyan kénging kréatipitas produksi UMKM balingbing anu has ti Dépok. Rasana haseum sarta amis anu cocog ditinyuh kalawan sagelas és batu. Produk oléh-oléh Dépok ieu bakal jarang manggihan di pasaran margi perasa balingbing henteu metot teuing kanggo diproduksi jang pabrik-pabrik di Depok. Lamun geus meuli sabotol sirop balingbing ieu, biasana tamu bisa langsung neundeun di kulkas atawa suhu rohangan anu dibongbolongankeun dina bungkusan sirop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1691338/7-makanan-khas-kota-depok-lezat-dan-legit-yang-harus-anda-coba|title=7 Makanan Khas Kota Depok Lezat dan Legit yang Harus Anda Coba|last=Chairunnisa|first=Ninis|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110023/https://travel.tempo.co/read/1691338/7-makanan-khas-kota-depok-lezat-dan-legit-yang-harus-anda-coba |date=2023-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Kue Nastar.jpg|jmpl|Kueh Nastar]]

====== Nastar Balingbing ======
Kuéh has boboran ieu tétéla bisa maju pisan di Dépok sabab maké eusi tina balingbing. Biasana nastar dieusian selé ganas sepertos biasana, ibu-ibu anu kreatip di dayeuh ieu malahan ngagantina kalawan selé balingbing. Dina mimitina ieu stok buah balingbing anu sakitu langkung wanci usum panén ku kituna balarea di dayeuh ieu boga usaha ngamangpaatkeun supaya teu mubazir. Saha baé nu néang produk gayemeun bakal beuki utamana ku para wisatawan jang dijieun oléh-oléh. Kuéh paranti susuguh ieu cocog pikeun saha baé anu hayang ngasaan pariasi nastar anu béda nanging teu éléh ngeunahna ti nastar biasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://salsawisata.com/makanan-khas-depok/|title=15 Macam Makanan Khas Depok yang Lezat dan Terkenal|last=Nahal|first=An|website=Salsa Wisata|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== Dodol Jambu Kulutuk ======
Jabi buah balingbing, jambu kulutuk ogé kaasup buah anu gampil kapanggih di wewengkon Kota Depok. Ieu alesanna matak dijieun kuliner unik tina bungbuahan salian ti balingbing. Henteu ngan saukur boga rasa ngeunah, dodol jambu kulutuk ogé ngabogaan seueur mangpaat kaséhatan sarua kawas buah jambu kulutuk. Mangpaatna jang nungkulan sembelit, diaré, dugi nyieun stabil tekanan getih. Nanging tangtos waé susuguh ieu jang tujuan lalandong lain léngkah margi wisatawan angger kudu konsultasi kalawan tanagi médis. Leupas ti mangpaat kasebat, dodol jambu kulutuk cocog pisan dijieun oleh-oleh wisatawan sabab pangaosna anu kahontal sarta rasana ngeunah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Basel rumput laut.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Budidaya Rumput Laut]]

====== Jus Rumput Laut ======
Kuliner has lainna nu bisa jang oléh-oléh ti Dépok jang rékomendasi wisatawan nyaéta jus rumput laut. Rasana matak seger sarta mangpaat kaséhatana ogé cukup gedé ngemut rumput laut nyaéta boga kandungan antioksidan, serat, sarta vitamin A, E jeung C. Kandungan antioksidana bisa nangtayungan salira urang ti pangaruh goréng radikal bébas alatan polusi lingkungan sarta gaya hirup kurang séhat. Samentara kandungan sagala rupa pitaminna bisa ngajagi kasehatan sarta ngarojong kalancara organ-organ awak. Sajabi tina konsumsi sorangan bisa ogé minangka oléh-oléh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

====== Emping Melinjo Depok ======
Lain sambarang emping sabab ieu mah béda has Depok nu mana ogé has Betawi nu biasa didahar jeung gado-gado. Emping has Dépok ngagaduhan ciri has sorangan. Dahareun has kasebat nyaéta varian rasana anu béda-béda sarta bisa pilih luyu seléra. Ieu antara lain emping asin pelem, emping amis, dugi emping lada. Sababaraha produsén emping ogé nyieun kreasi jang nyadiakeun rupa-rupa rasa anu beuki loba. Henteu ngan rasana anu pariatip, dahareun has Dépok ieu oge sadia dina sagala rupa ukuran. Wisatawan bisa ngasaanna minangka dahareun anu maturan kewilujengan jeung kulawargi, atawa minangka gantina kurupuk sabat ngadahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

====== Perkedél Bakar ======
Olahan perkedel anu umum urang kenal biasana nyaéta perkedel goréng. Nanging di Dépok aya susuguh has nyaéta perkedél bakar atawa perkedél panggang anu ngeunah kakoncara. Teu jauh kalawan kuliner perkedél umumna, bahan lulugu, poko perkedél panggang diwangun ti kentang tutu, rempah-rempah, sarta daging cacag. Anu rada bénten di dieu nyaeta tambahan pinareup dina adonan sarta cara pengolahannya anu ngagunakeun open. Hasilna nyaéta kuliner perkedel anu aromana seungit, rasana pelem sarta raos, sarta téksturna anu legit matak deudeuieun. Tétéla kuliner unik anu hiji ieu mangrupa pusaka saurang Belanda namina Cornelis Chastelein anu ngawasa dina mangsa kolonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.astronauts.id/blog/makanan-khas-yang-bisa-kamu-coba-saat-mengunjungi-kota-depok/|title=9 Makanan Khas yang Bisa Kamu Coba Saat Mengunjungi Kota Depok|last=Wahyu|first=Arie|website=Official Astronauts Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== Péyék Galé ======
Sakolebat bentukna ngageuing urang kana kulinér kembang goyang anu rangu sarta rasana amis. Nanging alih-alih amis, kembang goyang anu hiji ieu malahan pelem kalawan parian rasa anu rupa-rupa. Jabi peyek kacang anu umum, peyek gale has Depok oge sadia dina varian peyek bayem, péyék rebon, peyek wijén, sarta sajabana.

====== Biskuit Témma ======
Lamun biasana biskuit ngagunakeun bahan dasar tipung tarigu, biskuit témma ngagunakeun bahan lain dina cara nyieuna, nyaéta tipung tempe. Ngaran biskuit temma dumasar ti dua bahan utami leeutan ieu, nyaéta tipung sarta korma. Biskuit témma ngabogaan tekstur jiga kalawan biskuit umumna, anu ngabédakeun nyaéta pamakean lebetan selé korma anu amis sarta ngandung gizi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.astronauts.id/blog/makanan-khas-yang-bisa-kamu-coba-saat-mengunjungi-kota-depok/|title=9 Makanan Khas yang Bisa Kamu Coba Saat Mengunjungi Kota Depok|last=Wahyu|first=Arie|website=Official Astronauts Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transportasi ==
Ieu mangrupakeun transportasi umum nu aya di Kota Depok:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depokkota.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok|website=depokkota.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[KAI Commuter]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commuterline.id/perjalanan-krl/jadwal-kereta|title=KAI Commuter|website=commuterline.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205234930/https://commuterline.id/perjalanan-krl/jadwal-kereta |date=2023-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
** {{rint|jakarta|red}} [[Lin Bogor (KRL Commuter Line)|Lin Bogor]]
* [[Transjakarta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans|url=https://transjakarta.co.id/peta-rute/|website=transjakarta.co.id|access-date=2022-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 4B: [[Universitas Indonesia]]-[[Stasiun Manggarai]] (via Jalan Raya Tanjung Barat)
** 9H: [[Universitas Indonesia]]-[[Terminal Blok M]] (via Jalan Raya Tanjung Barat, Pancoran, Tendean)
** D11: Terminal Depok-[[BKN (Transjakarta)|BKN]] (via Jalan Margonda Raya–[[Jalan Tol Jagorawi]])
** D21: Universitas Indonesia-[[Stasiun MRT Lebak Bulus]]
** D31: Cinere-[[Setiabudi Utara AINI (Transjakarta)|Kuningan]]
** D32: Cinere-[[Bundaran Senayan (Transjakarta)|Bundaran Senayan]]
* Mikrotrans&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans&quot;/&gt;
** JAK-28: Pasar Rebo-[[Taman Rekreasi Wiladatika Cibubur|Taman Wiladatika]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans&quot;/&gt;
** JAK-31: Andara-[[Blok M Plaza|Blok M]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans&quot;/&gt;
** JAK-73: Jambore-[[Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur|Pasar Rebo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Transjakarta &amp; Mikro Trans&quot;/&gt;
** JAK-3: Andara-[[Terminal Lebak Bulus]]
** JAK-44: Andara-[[Stasiun Universitas Pancasila]]
** JAK-47: Simpang Tanah Baru - [[Terminal Pasar Minggu]]
* [[Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta|Perum PPD]]
** JR-01: Terminal Sawangan-[[Stasiun Juanda]]
** JR-02: Garden at Candi-Stasiun MRT Lebak Bulus
** JR-03: Grand Depok City-ITC Cempakamas
** JR-04: Podomoro Golf View-Gajah Mada Plaza
** JR-05: Podomoro Golf View-Lotte Shopping Avenue
** JR-06: Podomoro Golf View-Blok M Plaza
* Beus BRT [[Depok Go Lancar]]
** Terminal Depok-[[Terminal Jatijajar]]
* [[Trans Grand Depok City|Trans GDC]] 
** 1: Grand Depok City-[[Museum Nasional Indonesia]]
* Layanan Bus [[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;soekarnohatta-airport.co.id&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Panduan Penumpang - Rute Transportasi Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta|url=https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis|website=soekarnohatta-airport.co.id|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125015457/https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125015457/https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis |date=2022-01-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Hiba Utama: Terminal Depok-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]]
** [[DAMRI]]: Universitas Indonesia-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]]
** [[DAMRI]]: Cileungsi-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]]
* Beus Miniarta
** Depok-[[Terminal Baranangsiang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kotabogor.go.id&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Trayek Angkutan Umum di Kota Bogor - Terminal Baranangsiang|url=https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/rute|website=kotabogor.go.id|access-date=2022-07-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809023914/https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/rute |date=2022-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Kampung Rambutan-[[Terminal Baranangsiang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kotabogor.go.id&quot;/&gt;
** Kampung Rambutan-[[Citeureup, Bogor|Citeureup]]&lt;ref name=&quot;web.trafi.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Kampung Rambutan - Citeureup|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg+g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA===|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055818/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg%20g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA%3D%3D%3D|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055818/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg%20g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA%3D%3D%3D |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Layanan Beus Lainna
** Depok–[[Kalideres, Jakarta Barat|Kalideres]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Depok - Kalideres&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Depok - Kalideres|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703181642/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703181642/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA |date=2022-07-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Blok M Plaza|Blok M]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Blok M - Cileungsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Blok M - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630053547/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg%20gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630053547/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg%20gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Utara|Tanjung Priok]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Tanjung Priok - Cileungsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Tanjung Priok - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA==|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055819/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA==|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055819/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA== |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Kalideres, Jakarta Barat|Kalideres]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Kalideres - Cileungsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Kalideres - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055817/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055817/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Tanah Abang, Jakarta Pusat|Tanah Abang]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Tanah Abang - Cileungsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Tanah Abang - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA=|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630060151/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA=|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630060151/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA= |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Senen, Jakarta Pusat|Senen]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rute Bus Senen - Cileungsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Senen - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA===|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055816/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA===|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055816/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA=== |date=2022-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[LRT Jabodebek]]
* Angkutan kota wilayah Kota Depok, Miniarta dan angkot KWK nu nyambungkeun antara [[Terminal Depok]] jeung [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Selatan]], [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Timur|Jakarta Timur]] atawa [[Kabupaten Bogor|Bogor]].
* Bus AKAP jurusan [[Pulau Jawa]] ku jalur [[Kota Cirebon|utara]]/[[Kota Bandung|tengah]]/[[Kabupaten Cianjur|selatan]] jeung beus AKAP jurusan [[Pulau Sumatra]] liwat [[Pelabuhan Merak|Pelabuhan Merak, Cilegon]] ayana di [[Terminal Jatijajar]].

== Pendidikan ==
[[Gambar:Halaman Belakang Sekolah SMPN 1 Depok 2014-01-07 21-08.jpg|al= Halaman Tukang SMPN 1 Depok|kiri|jmpl|Tukangeun SMPN 1 Depok]]
Atikan atawa pendidikan, mangrupa salah sahiji paranti ngubah anu dianggap boga peran nu perlu dina masalah kasenjangan. Perkara kasenjangan kasebat sabab inpéstasi dina asal tanagi jalmi ngabogaan pangaruh ka panghasilan urang Dépok. Pikeun jumplukan pengeluaran 10 persen terendah katembong yén jumplukan ieu mayoritas nyaéta nu nyicingan kalawan tingkat pendidikan pangluhurna nyaeta SMA/sederajat. Ngan kira-kira 2,85 persén nu nyicingan dina jumplukan pengeluaran ieu anu didikeun unipersitas. Geus kitu, dina jumplukan pengeluaran 10 persen lainna, kalolobaan nu nyicingan wewengkon ieu mangrupa tamatan SMA/sederajat sarta unipersitas. Dina jumplukan ieu, 31,56 persén mangrupa tamatan SLTA/saderajat sarta 60,22 persén mangrupa tamatan unipersitas. Nanging aya kira-kira 2,28 persén tingkat atikan SD/sederajat dina jumplukan pengeluaran ieu, sarta 5,94 persén kanggo tingkat atikan SMP/saderajat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01333639/pendidikan-di-depok-belum-merata-sarana-dan-prasarana-yang-terbatas-jadi-penyebabnya|title=Pendidikan di Depok Belum Merata, Sarana dan Prasarana yang Terbatas Jadi Penyebabnya|last=Wibowo|first=Rohman|website=www.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok ===
Dinas Pendidikan nyaéta lembaga nu milampah urusan pamaréntah daérah widang atikan dumasar asas otonomi sarta pancén pembantuan ngawengku Kesekretariatan, Bidang Pembinaan PAUD sarta Pendidikan Non Formal, Bidang Pembinaan Pendidikan Dasar, Bidang Guru sarta Tenaga Pendidik, UPT Pendidikan PAUD Dikdas sarta SKB.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id/profil/4/tupoksi-dinas.html|title=Tupoksi Dinas - Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Dharmasraya|website=disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226163130/https://disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id/profil/4/tupoksi-dinas.html |date=2023-02-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok (Disdik Dépok) mangrupa salah sahiji OPD anu geus aya saprak mimiti Dépok ditetepkeun minangka kotamadya dina April 1999. Disdik Dépok mangrupa pemekaran ti Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Bogor. Disdik Dépok dipingpin ku saurang kepala dinas. Saprak didirikeun, Disdik Dépok geus sababaraha kali ngalaman giliran kepala dinas, kacatet sababaraha jelema kungsi nyekel kalungguhan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disdik.depok.go.id/tentang-disdik/sejarah-dinas-pendidikan/|title=Sejarah – Dinas Pendidikan Kota Depok|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328020540/https://disdik.depok.go.id/tentang-disdik/sejarah-dinas-pendidikan/ |date=2023-03-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, di antarana:

# Drs. H. Nana Sujana, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 1999 – 2000
# Drs. H. Andi Suwandi, M.Si: Plt. Kepala Dinas taun 2000
# Drs. H. Nanang Subarna, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 2001 – 2004
# Drs. H. Sriyamto, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 2004 – 2007
# Drs. Asep Roswanda, M.Pd: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan taun 2007 – 2008
# Ety Suryahati, SE, M.Si: Kepala Dinas taun 2008 – 2009
# Drs. Asep Rahmat, M.Si: Plt. Kepala Dinas taun 2009 – 2010
# Hj. Farah Mulyati, SH, M.Si: Kepala Dinas saprak Pebruari 2010 – Mei 2011
# Drs. Asep Rahmat, M.Si: Kepala Dinas saprak Juni 2011 – 2012
# Muhamad Nurdin, S.Pd., MM: Plt. Kepala Dinas periode 2012 – Januari 2013
# Ir. Herry Pansila, M.Sc: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan 2013 – Agustus 2016
# Mohammad Thamrin.,S.Sos., MM: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan agustus 2016 – 2021
# Wijayanto, A.Pi., M.Si: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan 2021 – ayeuna
Wijayanto, salaku Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Dépok ayeuna, boga impenan pikeun ningkatkeun mutu pendidikan, Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok nyadiakeun program husus anu berorientasi dina pisi misi Pamaréntah Kota Dépok. Program kasebat didadarkeun Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok Wijayanto ngawengku aksesibilitas pendidikan, ku kituna sakumna barudak siswa di Kota Dépok sanggup ngadongkang perkara atikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depok.tribunnews.com/2022/03/29/pendidikan-hak-semua-anak-kadisdik-kota-depok-tidak-boleh-ada-anak-yang-putus-sekolah|title=Pendidikan Hak Semua Anak, Kadisdik Kota Depok : Tidak Boleh Ada Anak yang Putus Sekolah|website=Tribunnewsdepok.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Stamp of Indonesia - 2000 - Colnect 261278 - University of Indonesia.jpeg|kiri|jmpl|Universitas Indonesia Taun 2000]]
Wijayanto dina unggal nyarita ka média publik, ménta masyarakat pikeun bisa ngalaporkeun lamun manggih sajumlah masalah kasebat. Geus kitu, pihakna rék langsung nyadiaan médiator pihak kahiji kalawan pihak sakola. Contona, aya budak nu teu bisasa ngiring ujian lantaran acan bayaran, Wijayanto ngomong perkara kasebat teu meunang lumangsung. Sabab geus disebutkeun di media budak sakola ceuk Wijayanto merlukeun ijazah jang neruskeun atikanana atawa karier minangka bisa dipigawé. Lamun budak geus bisa migawé hartina sanggup mandiri pikeun ngahasilkeun sumber ékonomi jang kulawargana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

Isu stratégis kadua diomongkeun ku Wijayanto ngawengku kanaekan mutu pendidikan di Kota Dépok, nyaéta dimimitian kalawan kanaékan kompetensi guru, kurikulum, sarta sarana prasarana penunjang. Ceuk Kepala Dinas éta, perkara kitu kudu dironjatkeun, sabab oriéntasi urang kearah eta, guru kudu dironjatkeun dina masalah kapasitas sarta kompeténsi. Sangkan bisa kacumponan, pasilitas sakola kudu beuki luyu boh kaperluan sarta katangtuan kaasup sarprasnya, saterusna ogé kurikulum kudu disesuaikeun. Isu lianna ogé relepansi pendidikan, urang hayang anak-anak urang bisa kuat méntal, teuneung, boga sipat nyaeta karakter bangsa téa, urang hayang aya karakter Pancasila jang barudak siswa, kabéh aya di dinya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

Isu stratégis pamungkas, ceuk Wijayanto, nyaéta penyelenggaraan pendidikan anu sipatna akuntabel. Ngemut sakola ngokolakeun dana Bantuan Operasional Sakola (BOS), di mana para pingpinan sakola diwajibkeun jang migawé laporan pertanggungjawaban ngeunaan dana BOS anu dipaké. Lamun biasana ngajar, biasana guru nyanghareupan murid, ayeuna guru ogé ditungtut kudu migawé SPJ (Serat Pertanggungjawaban), mangrupakeun tanggal waler naon anu dibalanjakeun, kabéhna kudu aya dina wujud akuntabel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

=== Madrasah Tsanawiyah ===
Di Kota Dépok waé, pikeun Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) aya sakitar 72 sakola&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.infodepok.my.id/2023/01/madrasah-tsanawiyah-mts-se-kota-depok.html|title=72 Madrasah Tsanawiyah di Kota depok|website=www.infodepok.my.id|access-date=08 Januari 2023|language=id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128195320/https://www.infodepok.my.id/2023/01/madrasah-tsanawiyah-mts-se-kota-depok.html |date=2023-11-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; diantarana:
* MTSN Kota Depok (''MTsN Kota Depok'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;http://www.mtsnkotadepok.sch.id/&lt;/ref&gt;
* MTSS AL AMANAH
* MTSS AL AWWABIN
* MTSS AL FALAH
* MTSS AL HAMIDIYAH
* MTSS AL HIDAYAH C.A.
* MTSS AL HIDAYAH CIKUMPA
* MTSS AL HIDAYAH CINANGKA
* MTSS AL HIDAYAH RAWA DENOK
* MTSS AL HIDAYAH SUKATANI
* MTSS AL HUSNA
* MTSS AL IKHLAS
* MTSS AL ISLAMIYAH AMZ
* MTSS AL ITTIHAD
* MTSS AL JAMHURIYAH
* MTSS AL JIHAD
* MTSS AL KARIMIYAH
* MTSS AL MUAWANAH
* MTSS AL MUHAJIRIN
* MTSS AL MUKHLISIN
* MTSS AL-HIDAYAH ARCO
* MTSS AL-KAUTSAR
* MTSS AL-NAHDLAH
* MTSS AL-WUTSQO
* MTSS AN NUR
* MTSS AN-NIZHOMIYAH
* MTSS ARRAHMANIYAH
* MTSS ARRIDHO
* MTSS ASSAADATAIN
* MTSS DAARU SAFA
* MTSS DARRUL HIMMAH
* MTSS DARUL ARQOM
* MTSS DARUL HIKMAH
* MTSS DARUL MUTTAQIN
* MTSS DARUR ROJA
* MTSS DARUSSALAM CLK
* MTSS DARUSSALAM KBY
* MTSS DARUT TAFSIR AL HUSAINI
* MTSS FATAHILLAH
* MTSS HAYATUL ILMI
* MTSS HIDAYATUL UMAM
* MTSS HIMMATUL ALIYAH
* MTSS IBNU NAFIS
* MTSS INTERNASIONAL TECHNO NATURA
* MTSS IRSYADUL ATHFAL
* MTSS ISLAMIYAH KEDAUNG
* MTSS ISLAMIYAH SAWANGAN
* MTSS ITTIHAADUL UMAM
* MTSS MADANIYAH
* MTSS MIFTAAHUL HUDAA
* MTSS MUAWANATUL ISLAMIYAH
* MTSS MUHAMMADIYAH 1
* MTSS NASYATULKHAIR
* MTSS NUR AL ZAHRAH
* MTSS NURUL AMANAH
* MTSS NURUL FALAH AREMAN
* MTSS NURUL FALAH KEBAYUNAN
* MTSS NURUL HUDA ASYURIYAH
* MTSS NURUL HUDA RUMBUT
* MTSS NURUL ISLAM
* MTSS QOTRUN NADA
* MTSS SA ULUMUL QURAN
* MTSS SALAFIYAH
* MTSS SALAFIYAH SAFI`IYYAH
* MTSS SIROJUL ATHFAL
* MTSS TARBIYATUSSHIBYAN
* MTSS UNWANUL KHAIRIYAH
* [[MTs Yapima]]
* MTSS YAPINA
* MTSS YPPD
* MTSSAL MUROZZA
* MTSS YASMINE

=== Universitas ===

==== [[Universitas Indonesia]] ====
[[Gambar:No 18 Rektorat Universitas Indonesia.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Rektorat Universitas Indonesia]]
Ieu kampus kaasup salah sahiji universitas anu sok asup tilu besar di Indonesia ku sabab dirojong ku kualitas akademikna nu bisa ngahontal tepi ka internasional. Ieu kampus boga jujuluk &quot;kampus kuning&quot; sabab jas almamaterna warna konéng ti baheula tepi ka ayeuna. Universitas Indonesia bisa nangtung kokoh tepi ka ayeuna teu pegat tina sajarahna nu panjang dimumul ti jaman Walanda.

==== [[Universitas Gunadarma]] ====
Salian ti Universitas Indonésia, aya kaitan lain di antara masyarakat sarta atikan, standar anyar di jero masyarakat peryogi diimbangan deui ku standar anyar di jero atikan. Lamun masyarakat geus ngasupan éra anyar kalawan nampi kehadiran komputer, mangka dina tempatna lamun atikan mimiti deui ngamimitian kauninga ngeunaan komputer éta. Geus kitu, atikan komputer mangrupa salah sahiji standar anyar di jero dinamika atikan jaman ayeuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/46/2083/id/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma.html|title=UG Knowledge Based Portal - Sejarah Universitas Gunadarma|website=ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227013330/http://ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/46/2083/id/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma.html |date=2023-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina poé Jumaah ping 7 Agustus 1981, maranéhanana muka atikan komputer kalawan wasta Program Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer (PPIK) anu ngadidik 94 urang mahasiswa. Sarta dina poé Senén, ping 10 Agustus 1981, kuliah kahiji ogé dimulai. Kuliah ieu ogé ngembang ku kituna nungtut hiji wadah anu langkung mantap. Ngaliwatan asuhan Yayasan Pengembangan Sistem Analisis sarta ''Operation Research'' Matématika, wadah atikan éta robah barobah kaayaan Akademi Sains dan Komputer Indonesia (ASKI). Saprak eta dikawitan hiji kagiatan jang ngabangkitkeun standar anyar di jero atikan. Kagiatan éta ngawangun atikan élmu komputer sarta matématika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edukasi.sindonews.com/read/898975/211/sejarah-berdirinya-universitas-gunadarma-yang-masuk-top-20-nasional-unirank-2022-1664453355|title=Sejarah Berdirinya Universitas Gunadarma yang Masuk Top 20 Nasional UniRank 2022|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pendidikan atawa atikan ngeunaan komputer sarta matématika ieu ogé saterusna dimantapkeun deui ka jero wadah anu langkung luhur nyaéta ti wadah anu ngawangun akademik ka wadah anu ngawangun sakola luhur. Dina dinten Kemis, ping 21 Juni 1984, ngaran Gunadarma dipilih kanggo dijadikeun wasta ti sakola luhur éta. Dina poé Senén, ping 9 Juli 1984, Yayasan Pengembangan Sistem Analisis sarta ''Operation Research'' Matematika digantian barobah kaayaan Yayasan Pendidikan Gunadarma. Sapoé saterusna, dina poé Salasa, ping 10 Juli 1984, ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Yayasan Pendidikan Gunadarma, sacara resmi wasta Gunadarma dipengkuhkeun ka jero wasta sakola luhur éta barobah kaayaan Sekolah Tinggi Komputer Gunadarma (STKG).
[[Gambar:Universitas Gunadarma Kampus C - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|Universitas Gunadarma Kampus C ]]

Sidang ujian sarjana ka-4, ka-5, ka-6 lumangsung dina dinten Salasa, ping 29 September 1987, dina poé Salasa, ping 6 Oktober 1987, dina poé Jumaah, ping 9 Oktober 1987. Sarta sidang ujian sarjana ieu ogé teras lumangsung ku kituna dina sasih Marét 1996, STMIK Gunadarma geus ngungkulan sidang na anu ka-200. Ujian nagara cicilan kadua, katilu, kaopat, lumangsung mimiti poé Senen, ping 1 Nopember 1987, mimiti poé Senen, ping 20 Juni 1988, mimiti poe Senen, ping 12 Desember 1988. Sarta ujian nagara cicilan ieu ogé teras lumangsung dina saban seméster dugi ayeuna ieu. Wisuda sarjana kadua, katilu, kaopat, lumangsung dina poé Salasa, ping 16 Pebruari 1988, dina poé Saptu, ping 21 Januari 1989, ping 17 Pebruari 1990. Sarta lumangsung tuluy kitu, wisuda sataun kalintang barobah kaayaan sataun dua kali, ku kituna ngahontal wisuda ka-14 anu lumangsung dina sasih April warsih 1996 harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Kamajuan di diménsi program ieu henteu ngan dugi di dinya. Dina poé Senén, ping 4 Januari 1988, ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan No.006/O/1988, status kadaptar STMIK Gunadarma Program Studi Manajemen Informatika sarta Program Studi Teknik Komputer ditaekkeun barobah kaayaan status diaku. Sarta kalintang deui, basa Saptu, ping 12 Agustus 1989 ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan No. 0490/O/1989, status kadua program studi éta ditaekkeun deui barobah kaayaan status disaruakeun. Pengembangan program atikan di kampus ieu tuluy nerus ku kituna dina poé Salasa, ping 4 Juli 1989, STMIK Gunadarma muka deui jurusan anyar nyaeta Jurusan Teknik Informatika (TI) kalawan Program Studi Teknik Informatika. Dina Kemis, ping 7 Séptémber 1989, jurusan sarta program studi anyar ieu meunang status kadaptar. Geus kitu, status diaku dihontal ku Program Studi Teknik Informatika dina dinten Rebo, ping 19 Juni 1991, sarta status disaruakeun ditampa dina poe Kemis, ping 20 Pebruari 1992. Sarta babarengan kalawan éta, sadaya program studi di STMIK Gunadarma atos ngahontal status disaruakeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cicakgundar.net/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma/|title=Sejarah Universitas Gunadarma, Kenali Almamatermu.|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228043559/https://cicakgundar.net/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma/ |date=2023-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pengembangan program atikan teras oge lumangsung. Jabi program atikan jenjang D3 sarta jenjang S1, paguron luhur ieu ogé ngalengkah maju ka program atikan luhur strata dua (S2) anu dipikawanoh minangka program atikan magister. Dina dinten Senén, ping 10 Mei 1993, STMIK Gunadarma dilengkepan deui kalawan Program Pascasarjana Strata Dua widang Manajemén sarta Manajemén Sistem Informasi. Di sinjang widang manajemen informatika, teknik komputer, sarta teknik informatika, Gunadarma ogé ngaléngkah ka widang sanés. Dina Saptu, ping 13 Januari 1990, Gunadarma ngadegkeun Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Gunadarma atawa dipikawanoh minangka STIE Gunadarma. Di internal STIE Gunadarma aya dua jurusan nyaéta jurusan manajemen sarta jurusan akuntansi. Lamun Jurusan Akuntansi ngan ngasuh hiji program studi nyaéta Program Studi Akuntansi, mangka Jurusan Manajemén ngasuh genep program studi. STIE Gunadarma meunang status kadaptar basa Kemis, ping 16 Juni 1990 sarta mimiti kuliah dina Senén, ping 17 Séptémber 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Computer science education.png|kiri|jmpl|Ilustrasi Teknik Informatika]]
Saluyu kalawan STMIK Gunadarma, status STIE Gunadarma ogé ngalaman kamajuan anu pesat. Ti status kadaptar, paguron luhur ieu meunang status diaku sarta saterusna status disaruakeun. Dugi dina sasih April 1996 ieu, STIE atos menyelenggarakeun genep kali wisuda. Selanjutnya, babarengan wanci kalawan bubuka program atikan luhur strata dua widang manajemén sistem informasi di STMIK, STIE ogé muka program pendidikan tinggi strata dua di widang manajemen asuransi sarta perbankan. Dimensi kadua nyaeta diménsi prasarana sarta sarana. Di widang prasarana sarta sarana ieu, lokasi atikan ogé ngalaman seueur kamajuan. Lamun dina wanci mimiti, lokasi atikan ngan aya di kampus jalan Kenari, mangka dina wanci saterusna, lokasi eéa nambahan kalawan kampus Kramat Sentiong sarta kampus Salémba. Ti warsih ka warsih, katilu kampus ieu nandéan jumlah mahasiswa anu teras nambahan. Sanaos rohangan di kampus Kenari teras diperluas, nanging dina ahirna, perluasan kampus ieu ogé teu bisa nandéan pertambahan mahasiswa anu beuki loba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Kitu ogé basa, ping 9 Maret 1985, Gunadarma ngayakeun upacara peletakan batu kahiji di kampus Pondokcina, Dépok, sarta ping 5 Januari 1987, kalawan hiji upacara, gedong kahiji di kampus Pondokcina diresmikeun pamakeanna. Saprak éta, gedong di kampus Pondokcina ieu nambahan. Mimiti-mimiti mah, batu kahiji jang gedong kadua ditendeun dina Saptu, ping 26 Séptémber 1987 sarta gedong kadua ieu ogé mimiti dipaké Jumaah, ping 13 Januari 1989. Sanggeus éta, gedong katilu ogé diwangun sarta dianggo. Rohangan di jero katilu gedong ieu oge kénéh tacan nyekapkeun ku kituna dilengkepan kénéh deui kalawan sajumlah gedong samentara di sakulibengna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Salian ti Pondokcina, prasarana kampus atos disiapkeun ogé di Béji. Nanging tepi ayeuna, aksés ka wewengkon kampus éta acan nyukupan, mangka kampus Béji tacan ogé diwujudkeun. Kampus di Jakarta tuluy nambahan. Sanggeus mulangkeun kampus Salémba anu mangsa sewana geus réngsé, mangka dina ping 8 Pebruari 1990, Gunadarma nambahan kampus anyar di Jalan Salémba Nomer 53. Kampus ieu ogé dipikawanoh minangka kampus Salémba sarta mimiti dipake dina sasih Mei warsih 1990. Ieu hartina yén di sinjang kampus Béji anu tacan kabiruyungan, Gunadarma atos ngabogaan sababaraha kampus nyaéta kampus Kenari, kampus Kramat Sentiong, kampus Pondokcina, sarta kampus Salémba. Jumlah mahasiswa nu beuki loba matak Gunadarma neangan deui kampus anyar. Dina sasih Januari warsih 1991, Gunadarma meunang taneuh di Kalapa Dua anu tempatna jalan akses UI di caket Pondokcina. Dina dinten Kemis, ping 28 Maret 1991, batu kahiji kanggo gedong kahiji di kampus Kalapa Dua ditendeun sarta dina dinten Salasa, ping 17 Séptémber 1991, gedong kahiji kampus Kalapa Dua mimiti dipaké. Saprak éta, kampus Kalapa Dua teras ngembang ku kituna ngahontal lima gedong kuliah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Gunadarma  boga cita-cipta pikeun ngawangun gedong dalapan lantai di kampus Kenari. Samentara kampus ieu acan kabiruyungan, perkuliahan di kampus Kenari dipindahkeun ka kampus samentara di Pegangsaan. Ku kituna, perkuliahan di Gunadarma lumangsung di lima kampus anu terpencar ti keur Jakarta dugi ka Depok. Kabeh kampus ieu dikoordinasikeun ti hiji pusat anu tempatna kampus Pondokcina. Prasarana sarta sarana sanes nyaeta laboratorium di sabuduereun perpustakaan sarta laboratorium komputer anu atos kabentuk saprak jaman PPIK, mangka dina por Kemis, ping 16 Desember 1986, Gunadarma meresmikeun Laboratorium Elektronika Dasar. Dina Senen, ping 23 Maret 1987, Gunadarma meresmikeun Laboratorium Fisika. Laboratorium ieu pisan anu atos dipake ku Gunadarma jang ngayakeun promosi open house dina ping 28 Maret 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Ultrasonic Research Laboratory.jpg|jmpl|Laboratorium Panalitian Ultrasonik]]
Sanaos wujudna lain pakakas sarta gedong, sarana anu cukup perlu di Gunadarma nyaeta majalah ilmiah Matematika sarta Komputer anu mimiti medal saprak sasih Januari 1985. Kalawan penerbitan lima kali sataun, majalah ieu meunang serat tawis kadaptar di Departemen Penerangan ping 17 Januari 1987. Seratan di jero majalah ilmiah ieu atos ngabantuan Gunadarma kalawan perluasan informasi ngeunaan atikan di jero Gunadarma. Sarana sanes anu cekap junun di Gunadarma salila ieu teh penerbitan buku sarta diktat. Atos seueur judul buku sarta diktat anu dicetak ku Gunadarma kanggo kaperluan kuliah para mahasiswa. Jabi dina wangun konvensional mangrupi buku, sababaraha bahan kuliah oge atos diwujudkeun dina wangun audio sarta visual di jero pita video anu saban wanci tiasa dipidangkeun di layar monitor. Dimensi katilu nyaeta kagiatan di jabi kurikulum. Jabi kagiatan pasanggiri kecerdasan, kahontal tingkat nasional atawa tingkat internasional, kasampak kagiatan Gunadarma anu nu mawi menonjol nyaeta di widang catur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Wadah kagiatan catur di kampus ieu nyaeta Pencinta Catur Gunadarma atawa PC Gunadarma anu diresmikeun Saptu, ping 25 Pebruari 1989. PC Gunadarma atos junun menyelenggarakeun pasanggiri catur tingkat internasional anu ngalibatkeun ''grand master'' catur internasional jang perebutan gelar dunya di widang catur. Sanggeus ngalanglang hal mekar dina sababaraha dimensi ieu, balik deui ka pamikiran dasar Gunadarma. Gunadarma ngabogaan dua beungeut anu nyorong maju hajat hirupna di jero balarea mangsa kiwari. Dina hiji beungeut, Gunadarma nyaeta wasta arsitek tenar anu ngawangun candi Borobudur nyaeta hiji monumen ageung sapanjang sajarah urang. Dina beungeut lianna, Gunadarma mencerminkeun baktos na sarta sumbangsihnya ka balarea dina wujud guna sarta darma. Minangka salah sahiji perintis standar anyar di jero atikan, Gunadarma usaha deui jang ngeusian pangabisa balarea di jero standar anyar kahirupan bermasyarakat mangsa kiwari ngaliwatan penyelenggarakan atikan. Sarta di jero perkawis ieu, Gunadarma geus mitembeyan na ti atikan di widang komputer. Dina raraga atikanana eta, unsur guna sarta unsur darma sok barobah kaayaan cecekelan kanggo dijadikeun sumbangsih Gunadarma ka balarea sarta elmu. Perkara ieu turut ngarumuskeun susunan kurikulum di jero atikan. Unsur profesi sarta unsur elmu di jero kurikulum sok barobah kaayaan perhatian para pengasuhnya. Keterampilan profesi sarta pangabisa elmu ngawarnaan atikan ti mimiti dugi ahir. Dina raraga ieu pisan, laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal meunang perhatian Gunadarma. Di jero pangkuanna, aya Laboratorium Gunadarma (LG) anu ngawakilan sagala rupa laboratorium sarta bengkel anu di jero Gunadarma sarta Pustaka Gunadarma (PG) anu ngawakilan perpustakaan, penerbitan buku, sarta penerbitan jurnal mangrupi Matematika sarta Komputer anu jaga tiasa disusul kalawan penerbitan jurnal lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Permainan Catur.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Catur]]
Ti wanci ka wanci, LG teras dironjatkeun supados praktek para mahasiswa tiasa diperlancar. Sumawonten, pengasuh Gunadarma boga cita-cipta langkung ti eta. Maranehanana boga maksud rek supados pamakean laboratorium henteu saukur kawates ka praktek di jero palajaran. Maranehanana hayangeun supados LG kabuka oge kanggo panalungtikan sarta kanggo percobaan anu boga sipat inovatif, alus mangrupi panyiptaan atawa mangrupi penemuan anyar. Saha wae anu ngabogaan alpukah anyar anu bade dicoba, bisa wae ngagunakeun LG kanggo pamaksudanna eta. Niat kanggo maju ieu sok ditarekahan kanggo ditunjang ku pustaka anu sebaik manawi. Salila sababaraha warsih ieu, PG sok meunang perhatian anu ageung ti pengasuh Gunadarma. Pustaka citak sarta pustaka rekam teras menerus diperluas jang ngarojong kagiatan diajar ka sagala rupa cabang elmu anu diasuh ku sakola luhur ieu. Di sinjang LG, PG oge menempati kalungguhan sentral di lingkungan Gunadarma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2021/09/15/1/2471663/40-tahun-universitas-gunadarma-berdiri-dan-sederet-prestasi-yang-menyertai|title=40 Tahun Universitas Gunadarma Berdiri dan Sederet Prestasi yang Menyertai : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dua wadah anu mangrupi LG sarta PG, tilu serangkai laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal ilmiah di Gunadarma ieu mangrupa hiji kesatuan pikeun ngawujudkeun sumbangsih Gunadarma di jero wangun guna sarta darma. Saluyu kalawan umur Gunadarma anu anom keneh, maranehanana oge usik keneh dina tingkat mimiti ti kagiatan maranehanana. Nanging, ngaliwatan perhatian anu ageung ti para pengasuh Gunadarma, maranehanana dipambrih tiasa ngembang sacara wajar kanggo ngawujudkeun cipta-cipta Gunadarma Ti STMIK Gunadarma, ka STIE Gunadarma, ka Program Pascasarjana Gunadarma, atikan ieu bade teras ngembang nuju sarta dugi ka wujud Universitas Gunadarma. 

Dina raraga ieu pisan, tilu serangkai eta mecakan jang nyusun sajumlah kagiatan anu tiasa mencerminkeun cipta-cipta Gunadarma. di jero kagiatan eta, aya panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, sarta penataran. Kagiatan pikeun balarea sarta darma kanggo elmu tercermin deui di jero kagiatan eta. Panalungtikan sarta jumplukan studi di golongan pengasuh Gunadarma usaha kanggo berdarma kanggo elmu samentara penataran usaha kanggo kapake kanggo balarea. Aya hiji perkawis peryogi anu sok ngajungjurigan pengasuh Gunadarma di jero usaha maranehanana kanggo masihan arah ka Gunadarma. Perkawis peryogi eta teh mutu. Saniskanten usaha dipigawe, henteu wae demi kanaekan mutu atikan, kalah oge demi kanaekan mutu elmu di lingkungan Gunadarma. Sarta usaha eta deui anu sakedahna kasampak di jero kagiatan Gunadarma salila ieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/profil-universitas-gunadarma-sejarah-daftar-jurusan-lokasi-gzMu|title=Profil Universitas Gunadarma: Sejarah, Daftar Jurusan, &amp; Lokasi|last=Ulfa|first=Maria|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa pangwangunanna, Gunadarma sok bersikap selektif. Prioritas pangwangunan sok ngarah ka kanaekan mutu. Sateutik-saeutik, Gunadarma usaha ngutamakeun ngayakeun rohang diajar, rohang laboratorium, rohang pustaka, sarta sarana bewara. Maranehanana eta pisan unsur poko dina pembinaan mutu, pikeun nyieun alus mutu para dosen atawa mutu para mahasiswa. Nanging prasarana kanggo kanaekan ieu peryogi keneh ditunjang deui ku sarana sanes. Rohang diajar tacan sami kalawan diajar, pustaka tacan sami kalawan maos, laboratorium tacan sami kalawan kuliah praktek, sarta majalah tacan sami kalawan nyerat. Sarana poko anu peryogi gondeng prasarana eta teh suasana lingkungan diajar anu sae mangrupi budaya Gunadarma. Ngan suasana lingkungan diajar anu sae atawa budaya Gunadarma anu geus midamel rohang diajar eta tempat diajar, pustaka eta tempat maos, laboratorium eta tempat praktek, sarta majalah atawa jurnal eta tempat nyerat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:ENIAC-changing a tube.jpg|jmpl|Komputer Baheula Pisan]]
Perkawis ieu pisan anu matak pengasuh Gunadarma usaha kanggo ngabina budaya Gunadarma atawa suasana anu sae di lingkungan diajar di Gunadarma. Budaya Gunadarma atawa suasana anu sae di lingkungan diajar ngait jalmi. Sarta jalmi eta pisan anu nangtukeun kumaha wangun suasana di lingkungan diajar maranehanana. Mangka salila ieu, Gunadarma sok usaha ngahimpun tanaga pengajar anu ngabogaan kaseneng jang diajar. Ka jumplukan beuki diajar ieu pisan Gunadarma mikeun tanggel walon kanggo metepakeun kaseneng eta ka sakumna lingkungan Gunadarma kanggo dimantapkeun barobah kaayaan haturan ti budaya Gunadarma. Di sinjang rohang diajar, pustaka, laboratorium, sarta majalah, jumplukan resep diajar mangrupa aset Gunadarma anu sok diutamikeun di jero pangwangunan Gunadarma. Jumplukan beuki kana diajar diudagankeun kanggo barobah kaayaan inti penggerak atikan di lingkungan Gunadarma. Sarta kabeuki diajar ieu deui anu bade dipelakkeun di golongan mahasiswa anu atos milih Gunadarma minangka almamater maranehanana. Kapake jang masyarakat sarta darma jang elmu ngabogaan implikasi anu lega. Dina mangsa anu bade dongkap, Gunadarma boga cita-cipta pikeun menelaah widang elmu lianna anu dina ayeuna, sacara tela, geus nempokeun kaepektipan ti sagi propesina sarta sagi elmu na di jero balarea. Gunadarma rek nyabak widang elmu sanes di jabi komputer sarta ekonomi ka balarea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Lamun kampus ieu geus boga kakiatan nu nyukupan, mangka Gunadarma rek nyabak deui widang elmu kitu jang milu sarta ngawujudkeun standar anyar di jero balarea sarta standar anyar di jero atikan. Dina waktuna, Gunadarma boga cita-cipta jang ngaronjatkeun dirina ti wadah sakola luhur ka wadah anu langkung luhur deui nyaeta ka tingkat universitas. Nanging kanaekan kitu ieu henteu dipigawe tanpa mutu anu nyukupan. Di sinjang perhatian ka keluasan kagiatan di widang atikan, Gunadarma angger nempatkeun mutu atawa kualitas dina tempat anu utami. Gunadarma nyaeta hiji sakabeh anu namina Gunadarma. Gunadarma lain ngan saukur STMIK Gunadarma. Kitu oge, Gunadarma sanes ngan saukur STIE Gunadarma. Gunadarma oge sanes saukur Program Pascasarjana Gunadarma. Gunadarma nyaeta sakabeh anu namina Gunadarma, ti STMIK, STIE, ka sagala rupa wadah hal mekar lianna, dugi ka Universitas Gunadarma. Di kampus Gunadarma aya LG sarta PG, di jero Gunadarma aya laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal ilmiah, di jero Gunadarma aya panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, sarta penataran, di jero Gunadarma aya budaya Gunadarma dina wujud lingkungan diajar anu nyukupan, di jero Gunadarma aya guna kanggo balarea sarta darma kanggo elmu, sarta di jero Gunadarma aya sumbangsih guna sarta darma anu dijieun ku Gunadarma ka balarea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi 08.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Fakultas Teknik di Luar Negeri (Turki)]]
Tetela cipta-cipta ieu henteu eureun minangka cipta-cipta wae. Sanggeus lima belas warsih lilana lembaga atikan ieu tangtung sambil ngarayap ti Program Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer (PPIK) anu bersahaja ka Akademi Sains sarta Komputer Indonesia anu leuwih basajan ka STMIK sarta STIE Gunadarma anu langkung mantap, mangka dina warsih 1996 lembaga atikan eta junun dugi ka tingkat anu geus lila dicita-citakeun. Ngaliwatan Serat Kaputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi No.92/Kep/Dikti/1996, ping 3 April 1996. Lembaga atikan eta junun dipengkuhkeun barobah kaayaan Universitas Gunadarama. Di handap naunganana aya sajumlah fakultas ti Fakultas Ilmu Komputer, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, sarta Fakultas Ekonomi kalawan program studi anu atos ngabogaan status disaruakeun dugi ka Fakultas Teknik Sipil sarta Perencanaan, Fakultas Psikologi, sarta Fakultas Sastra anu sami kalintang anyar. Kabehna sumebar di genep kampus ti Kampus A dugi Kampus G.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

Dina warsih 1996, kalungguhan Universitas Gunadarma cukup istimewa. Basa Januari lamun diparibasakeun mah kalawan Dewa Janus anu ngabogaan dua beungeut, hiji beungeut melong ka warsih anu lami sarta beungeut sanes melong ka warsih anu anyar, mangka Universitas Gunadarma oge ngabogaan dua beungeut. Dina hiji beungeut, Universitas Gunadarma mangrupa penclut ti hiji hal mekar, ti wujud program anu bersahaja dugi ka wujud universitas anu kompleks. Dina beungeut lain, Universitas Gunadarma anyar mimiti usik anu kawas lamun-olah balik ka mangsa mimitina dina warsih 1981. Sepertos perkawis na sasih Januari anu ninggalkeun warsih anu lami kanggo muka lembaran warsih anu anyar, Universitas Gunadarma oge kiwari ninggalkeun mangsa kaliwatna anu wujud program, akademik, sarta sakola luhur jang mitembeyan lembaran anyar anu dina wujud universitas. 
[[Gambar:Студенты в лаборатории робототехники.jpg|jmpl|Ilustrasi Sains di Nagara Rusia]]
Di lembaran anyar ieu, Universitas Gunadarma perlu nangtoskeun balik komitmen Gunadarma anu lila. Universitas Gunadarma rek teras ngembangkeun laboratorium, perpustakaan, jurnal ilmiah, panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, penataran, sarta lingkungan diajar. Di jero Universitas Gunadarma angger kaukir komitmen lami kanggo kapake kanggo balarea sarta darma pikeun elmu. Guna sarta darma rek angger mangrupa sumbangsih Gunadarma saprak ayeuna dugi ka mangsa ka hareup. Sarta kalawan sadaya komitmen ieu, Universitas Gunadarma muka sajarah anyar kalawan lembaran kertas anu teu aya keneh. Ka hareupna Universitas Gunadarma saterusna bade ngeusian lembaran teu aya eta kalawan goresan sajarah universitas anu dimimitian dina warsih 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; 

Sanggeus ngaliwatan perjuangan paos dina nyanghareupan sagala rupa tangtangan, Universitas Gunadama geus robah kaayaan pikeun salah sahiji paguron luhur swasta terkemuka di Indonesia anu berbasis teknologi informasi. Pangalaman salila langkung ti saparapat abad anu dipirig pengabdian sarta dedikasi tanagi pengajar: komitmen yayasan sarta pimpinan, ngayakeun fasilitas pembelajaran sarta kapercayaan balarea, Universitas Gunadarma rek teras narekahan ngahasilkeun lulusan anu kapake sarta bisa ngadarmabaktikeun kompetensi pikeun ngawangun pikahareupeun bangsa anu ningkat. Komitmen jangka panjang ieu, ku Universitas Gunadarma nyaeta milu berperan aktip ngaronjatkeun tanagi saing bangsa ngaliwatan proses atikan luhur anu boga tujuan kanggo ngajadikeun mahasiswa sarta lulusan minangka aset bangsa anu boga sipat calakan, teuneung, kompetitip, sarta profesional. Kalawan program atikan anu diwangun ti 6 program D3, 12 program sarjana, 6 program magister, sarta 2 program doktor. Universitas Gunadarma boga komitmen pikeun ngahontal visi sarta misi periode 2007-2011 harita teh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; 

==== [[Bina Sarana Informatika (BSI)]] ====
[[Gambar:Bina Sarana Informatika - panoramio.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Salah Sahiji Wangunan Kampus Bina Sarana Informatika ]]
Kampus ieu mangrupakeun salah sahiji balė atikan nu kasohor di Dėpok. Parobahan Akademi Bina Sarana Informatika (BSI) jadi barobah kaayaan ngaran institusina Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika (UBSI) geus diresmikeun. Sėsėrahan Serat Keputusan Perubahan Akademi BSI barobah kaayaan Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika (UBSI) ieu lumangsung di BSI Convention Center, Jalan Gedė Kaliabang Nomer 8, Perwira, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi, Jawa Barat. Serat Kaputusan kasebat dijieun langsung ku Sekretaris Jėnderal Kementrian Risėt, Téknologi sarta Pendidikan Tinggi. Prof Ainun Naim Ph.D, MBA, ka Pangurus Yayasan Bina Sarana Informatika, Efriadi Salim anu dirėndėngan Dirėktur BSI Naba Aji Notoseputro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsi.ac.id/ubsi/sejarah-ubsi.ajax|title=Sambutan Rektor UBSI|website=www.bsi.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227080757/https://www.bsi.ac.id/ubsi/sejarah-ubsi.ajax |date=2023-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Basa harita, kagiatan ieu dipigawé babarengan kalawan runtuyan kagiatan seminar motivasi BSI sarta disaksikeun langsung ku 9 rebu mahasiswa anyar BSI warsih pituduh 2018/2019. Seserahan Surat Kaputusan kasebat dihadiran deui ku Diréktur Jenderal Pembelajaran sarta Kemahasiswaan, Prof. Intan Ahmad Ph.D, Kepala Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah III DKI Jakarta, Dr. Ir. Ilah Sailah M.S., Sekretaris Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah III DKI Jakarta, Dr. M. Samsuri S.Pd., M.T. sarta Wawakil Direktur BSI, Kepala Program Studi di BSI, bareng jajaran pupuhu BSI lianna. Diréktur BSI, Naba Aji Notoseputro kungsi ngomong, perubahaan ti Akademi BSI robah kaayaan jadi UBSI nu geus kasebat prosesna cukup lila dibéwarakeun ka publik.

Parobahan dipigawé minangka salah sahiji kesiapan BSI kanggo nyanghareupan ėra disruptip, geus 30 warsih lilana BSI éksis di dunya pendidikan tinggi. Tinangtu hal mekar éta anu matak BSI robah kaayaan salah sahiji paguron luhur pangbadagna. BSI ngabogaan genep akademi, 25 lima kampus se-Indonesia sarta kirang langkung 20 rebu mahasiswa aktip. Pihak Yayasan Bina Sarana Informatika boga inisiatip jang ngahijikeun 21 kampus anu kagaduh ku BSI barobah kaayaan hiji universitas gedé. Parobahan barobah kaayaan universitas kasebat oge minangka salah sahiji léngkah BSI barobah kaayaan paguron luhur pangbadagna kalawan akréditasi nu alus. Sajaba ti éta ogé minangka usaha BSI dina ngaronjatkeun kualitas sistem atikan sarta kompetensi lulusanna. Mahasiswa anu aya di wewengkon atawa di ibukota badé ngarasakeun hak anu sami, alus ti sistem pembelajaran, pengembangan kompetėnsi, dugi kasempetan karir anu dipikaboga ku lulusan UBSI. Parobahan kaayaan universitas ieu, sangkan mikeun mangpaat ka sakumna civitas BSI, boh mahasiswa, dosén atawa lulusanna. Contona, mahasiswa diploma tilu rék langkung gampil pikeun neruskeun atikanana dina tingkat Strata Satu (S1). Margi ka hareupeunana Universitas BSI rék ngabogaan 4 fakultas, nyaėta Fakultas Téknik, Fakultas Téknologi Informasi, Fakultas Komunikasi sarta Fakultas Ékonomi dan Bisnis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

====== [[STIH IBLAM - Kampus B]] ======
[[Gambar:Dedication of Law School.jpg|jmpl|Sakola Hukum di Luar Negeri Harita]]
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM anu diadegkeun sarta dikokolakeun ku Yayasan Lembaga Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum sarta Manajemén (YLPIHM IBLAM) geus boga karya salila kira-kira 25 warsih terakréditasi B ku BAN-PT. IBLAM mangrupa akronim ti ''Institute of Business Law and Management.'' STIH IBLAM didirikeun kalawan tujuan ngaronjatkeun mutu, kamahéran tanagi pagawé di bidang hukum, sarta nyiapkeun tanagi-tanagi anu propésional. Pikeun ngarojong tujuan kasebat, STIH IBLAM ngabogaan dua kampus, nyaéta di Jakarta sarta Dépok.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamudi.co.id/journal/universitas-di-depok/|title=10 Universitas di Depok Negeri dan Swasta Unggulan|last=Lamudi.co.id|first=Lamudi.co.id|website=10 Universitas di Depok Negeri dan Swasta Unggulan|publisher=Lamudi.co.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM ngabogaan sajarah anu paos dina perkembangana. Benerna dina ping 27 Agustus 1990 didirikeun hiji lembaga anu di jerona diwangun ti para pakar hukum, para praktisi hukum sarta para tilas Hakim Agung, tilas Pajabat Kajaksaan Agung ogé tilas Pajabat Departemen Kahakiman. Alpukah para pakardiatas junun ngarumuskeun hiji lembaga atikan anu namina ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (IBLAM). Lembaga kasebat boga tujuan dina raraga kanaékan mutu, kamaheran tanagi gawé di widang hukum sarta nyiapkeun tanagi-tanagi anu propésional. Lembaga kasebat didirikeun sabab boga dasar hiji kasadaran yen kauninga dibidang hukum, alus di mangsa kiwari atawa di mangsa ka hareupna bakal perlu dikawasa utamana jang para palaku bisnis, birokrat sarta praktisi dina raraga nyanghareupan sarta meunang kompetisi global. 

Di sisieun ngaran ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (IBLAM) aya sosok anu geus boga pangaruh nyaėta Almarhum Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A. Manéhna boga pamadegan pangangguran kitu henteu peryogi lumangsung, ngemut pangwangunan di nagara urang anu ageung sarta sinambungan. Leuwih kitu deui dina nyegah éra globalisasi sarta éra pangwangunan kantun dasar anu ngusikkeun sakumna kagiatan balaréa. Aspék-aspék hukum ti pangwangunan kasebat meryogikeun penanganan ku para ahli hukum, ku kituna sacara logis sakuduna sanggem nyerepan para lulusan hukum. Nempo kanyataan ieu, Almarhum Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A boga pamadegan kaayaan ieu teu tiasa diingkeun sarta anjeunna megatkeun pikeun memprakarsai usaha pikeun ngaronjatkeun mutu atawa peunteun tambih lulusan hukum kalawan nyayakeun atikan sarta palatihan keterampilan anu inovatif sarta luyu kalawan hal mekar dunya. Ti sajarah nu luhur ieu, manéhna beunang pangrojong sacara aktip ti sagala rupa begawan hukum anu sohor di Indonésia kalawan milu kalibet dina penyusunan peunteun, sistem dugi materi pembelajaran anu istimewa. Dirojong ku wanci, jang beuki ngawujudkeun visi, misi sarta program kasebat, ahirna Alm. Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A ngadegkeun Yayasan Lembaga Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum jeung manajemen ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (LPIHM IBLAM) nu menaungi aktivitas perkuliahan formal ti Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM, tangtungna Program Diploma III Management Hukum, Program Sarjana Hukum dan program Magister Hukum Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM di Jakarta nu geus diakréditasi ku Departemén Pendidikan Nasional RI kalawan SK No.95/D/O/1993 jeung SK No.78/D/O/1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iblam.ac.id/about/sejarah-iblam/|title=STIH IBLAM|last=IBLAM|first=STIH|website=Sajarah|publisher=STIH IBLAM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kampus anu kiwari disebut IBLAM School of Law anu aya handap naungan Yayasan LPIHM IBLAM geus ngalaman perkembangan anu kitu pesat margi pangrojong sosok saurang pangadeg nu boga jiwa basajan, daréhdéh, ulet sarta ngabogaan sumanget luhur dina ngawangun tonggak sarta sirung-sirung bangsa dina aspék pendidikan. Kiprahna dina raraga ngiring ngapinterkeun anak bangsa henteu deui bisa diasakeun, jabi anjeunna ngawangun didikeun tingkat paguron luhur anu geus sanggup ngaluluskeun rébuan peserta didik sarta lulusan kasebat atos seueur ngeusian posisi strategis boh di lembaga pamarentahan, institusi hukum, institusi non-hukum sarta sosial budaya lianna. Lalampahan paos IBLAM ''School of Law'' dina ngabdi sarta nyieun kontribusi jang bangsa Indonésia di jero didikeun, geus ngahasilkeun rébuan lulusan nyongcolang anu sumebar lega di sababarahahiiji institusi hukum sarta non-institusi hukum anu sanggup bersaing di industri 4.0. Luyu kalawan visi-misi panganyarnana, IBLAM hayang nyieun kuat komitmenna dina ngahasilkeun asal tanagi jalmi anu punjul di widang hukum jeung ngayakinan integritas nyaéta konci perbaikan SDM di widang hukum, jeung integritas ogé robah kaayaan visi utami sarta pilarutama ti 4 pilar perjuangan kami anu diwangun tina komitmen IBLAM: Integritas, Réligius, Nasionalis sarta Berdaya saing Global.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

Mangka ti éta, pas pisan kalawan poé anti korupsi sedunia ping 9 Desember 2019, IBLAM geus ngaresmikeun visi-misi panganyarna nyaéta: 

# Pikeun Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum anu berintegritas, punjul di tingkat nasional sarta berdaya saing global. 
# Penegasan penyebutan brand Institusi barobah kaayaan IBLAM ''School of Law''/IBLAM SL. 
# Logo anyar anu mangrupa kombinasi wangun 4 buleud anu melambangkeun elemen perjuangan ngahontal kamajuan anu aya di IBLAM SL nyaeta (a) dosen; (b) mahasiswa; (c) masyarakat jeung (d) pamarentah, kaliwat aya wangun kotak kalawan bulatan ditengah pikeun lambang hiji tujuan dina hiji imah perjuangan kanggo ngahasilkeun ahli hukum nu boga integritas sarta 4 gurat lempeng anu ngalambangkeun 4 nilai dasar perjuangan IBLAM SL, anu lamun sadaya dijentrekeun katembong minangka perisai anu bermakna yen pendidikan hukum kedah dijadikeun instrument pikeun nangtayungan sarta nyanghareupan serangan kebodohan, bancang pakewuh sarta merangan ketidakadilan. 

Dipambrih dina warsih-warsih ka hareup handap pengelolaan tim manajemen anu alus, IBLAM ''School of Law'' rek meunang pangajen sarta pangakuan ti balaréa minangka paguron luhur anu paduli dina hal mekar sarta ajeg na supremasi hukum di nagari ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

====== [[Politeknik LP3I Depok]] ======
Kampus LP3I boga jaminan nempatkeun gawé pikeun para mahasiswa anu berpréstasi barobah kaayaan ''tagline'' kanggo universitas di Dépok anu hiji ieu. Politeknik LP3I Kampus Dépok mikeun kasempetan kanggo maranéhanana anu hayang gancang gawé saanggeus kuliah. Kalawan jalinan gawé babarengan anu dipigawé ku rupa-rupa dunya usaha, Poltek LP3I Kampus Dépok ngabogaan kaistimewaan atawa ''privilege'' pikeun nempatkeun mahasiswa na anu luyu kualipikasi. Polték LP3I Kampus Dépok ngan hiji ti sakitu seueur Politeknik LP3I anu sumebar di sakumna Indonesia. Reputasi LP3I anu atos nyondong ngawarnaan dunya atikan lemah cai saprak warsih 1989 kalawan konsep ''“Link &amp; Match”.'' Poltek LP3I Kampus Depok ngabogaan opat jurusan, nyaeta bisnis, keuangan, teknologi, sarta komunikasi. Universitas di Depok ieu ngayakeun atikan basisna vokasi kalawan jenjang D-3 sarta sarjana terapan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

Pendidikan di LP3I ngabogaan pokus ka latihan berbasis praktek (70% praktek, 30% teori), magang sarta nempatkeun gawe. Program nempatkeun gawe ka salah sahiji pausahaan anu nyongcolang di Indonesia. Di LP3I, mahasiswa atawa peserta didik berkualitas anu performanya luyu pasaratan bakal dibantu nempatkeun damel dugi katarima di pausahaan atawa boga wirausaha. Fenomena henteu kajeujeuhkeun lulusan pendidikan tinggi di dunya damel beda carios kaduh era warsih 2000-an wae. Lamun dirunut ka pungkur, saleresna gejala kasebat geus mimiti wedal ka permukaan kira-kira dua puluh warsih kawitna. Beuki dinten beuki megulisahkeun balarea anu ngalaman langsung. Nanging dugi nyanghareupan ahir 1980- an, langka aya pihak anu rumaos terpanggil pikeun ngabereskeun masalah kasebat. Tina dasar eta, mangka Lembaga Pendidikan sarta Pengembangan Profesi Indonesia (LP3I) diadegkeun dina 29 Maret 1989 kalawan cabang kahiji di Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan. Geus kitu, dimimitian ti program kursus 6 sasih, LP3I saterusna ngembangkeun jangjang na barobah kaayaan lembaga atikan profesi (1-2 warsih), anu boga orientasi dunya damel. Nempo keberhasilan model atikan anu dijalankeun ku LP3I, animo balarea oge beuki gede. Peserta didik sanes ngan nu nyicingan ibukota wae, sumawonten ti sababaraha wewengkon anu cekap tebih. Ku margi eta pisan, LP3I muka cabang-cabang ampir di sakumna dayeuh-dayeuh gede di Indonesia. Kiprah LP3I beuki diaku ku balarea lega. Pangakuan ti dunya industri tercermin ti beuki lobana pausahaan anu merekrut lulusan LP3I. Sedengkeun pangakuan sanes dongkap ti dunya atikan dina sarta jabi nagari ngaliwatan kerjasama transfer kredit sarta konversi materi ajar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lp3i.ac.id/tentang-kami/|title=Tentang Kami - LP3I|website=https://www.lp3i.ac.id/|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228142014/https://www.lp3i.ac.id/tentang-kami/ |date=2023-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== [[Universitas Nusa Mandiri]] ======
[[Gambar:Kampus Nusa Mandiri.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Universitas Nusa Mandiri Kampus Margonda]]
Mimitna boga ngaran STMIK Nusa Mandiri anu tangtung dina warsih 2001, universitas di Depok ieu teras mekar. Mimiti na ngan boga jenjang atikan sarjana, saterusna dina warsih 2008 geus muka program pascasarjana. Dua puluh warsih langkung, benerna warsih 2021, STMIK Nusa Mandiri robah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri atawa UNM. Kiwari, UNM ngabogaan dua fakultas, nyaéta Fakultas Teknologi Informasi sarta Fakultas Ekonomi jeung Bisnis. Ti dua fakultas kasebat aya 7 program studi pilihan, mimiti Sistem Informasi, Teknik Informatika, Ilmu Komputer, Manajemén, dugi Perhotelan. Salian ngabogaan kampus di Dépok, Universitas Nusa Mandiri ogé aya di opat wilayah lain. Saban kampus dilengkepan fasilitas penunjang diajar sarta bermacam kagiatan mahasiswa anu cekap sarta bisa dipercayakeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

Tonggak tangtung na Universitas Nusa Mandiri tina motivasi kanggo ngamuliakeun kahirupan bangsa Indonesia. Yayasan Indonesia Nusa Mandiri asa digeroan pikeun milu sarta berkontribusi dina pangwangunan bangsa. Dina sisi lain pangwangunan anu erek sarta keur dipigawe anak bangsa ieu henteu bisa lesot ti hal mekar sarta kanaekan teknologi informasi. Kaayaan ieu merlukeun pangabisa kanggo berinovasi, bersinergi sarta beradaptasi kalawan teknologi anu berorientasi kalawan kaperluan hirup balarea. Samentara pangabisa berinovasi sarta pengimplementasian kana teknologi acan optimal. Ieu pisan anu melatarbelakangi pamadegan Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika sarta Komputer Nusa Mandiri anu mangrupa cikal bakal Universitas Nusa Mandiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/sejarah-stmik.ajax|title=Sejarah Universitas Nusa Mandiri|website=www.nusamandiri.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228135441/https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/sejarah-stmik.ajax |date=2023-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dimimitian dina ping 8 Agustus 2001 Yayasan Indonesia Mandiri ngadegkeun Universitas Nusa Mandiri di handapeun pupuhu Bapa Sigit Swasono resmi ngalakukeun misi megah dina widang atikan. Legalisasi perkawis ieu dirojong kalawan dikaluarkeunna Serat Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia No.17/DO/2003 ngeunaan widi penyelenggaraan kagiatan atikan kalawan wasta Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika sarta Komputer Nusa Mandiri anu dipikawanoh kalawan STMIK Nusa Mandiri. Dina mimitina STMIK Nusa Mandiri ngan diperuntukeun kanggo jenjang strata hiji (S1) kalawan pilihan program studi Sistem Informasi sarta Teknik Informatika. Nanging selang tujuh warsih tangtung, benerna dina 27 Agustus 2008 STMIK Nusa Mandiri resmi ngajalankeun program pascasarjana (S2) ngaliwatan widi penyelenggaraan bernomor 2858/D/T /2008 kalawan program studi Ilmu Komputer. STMIK Nusa Mandiri bertransformasi barobah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri dina ping 5 April 2021 anu disahkeun kalawan Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomer 82/E/O/2021 ping 5 April 2021 ngeunaan widi Penggabungan Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika Komputer Nusa Mandiri di Jakarta sarta Akademi Pariwisata Tridaya di Jakarta barobah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri di Jakarta anu diayakeun ku Yayasan Indonesia Nusa Mandiri. Universitas Nusa Mandiri ngokolakeun 2 (dua) fakultas nyaeta Fakultas Teknologi Informasi sarta Fakultas Ekonomi sarta Bisnis. Fakultas Teknologi Informasi (FTI) membawahi 4 (opat) program studi nyaeta S2 Ilmu Komputer, S1 Informatika, S1 Sistem Informasi, S1 Sains Data. Fakultas Ekonomi sarta Bisnis (FEB) miboga 3 (tilu) program studi nyaeta S1 Bisnis Digital, S1 Manajemen, sarta D3 Perhotelan. Tepi ka danget ayeuna, kampus ieu sok ngalakukeun inovasi, ngembang sarta beradaptasi kalawan sagala rupa perkawis anu arah na berorientasi pikeun pendidikan bangsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/index.js|title=UNIVERSITAS NUSA MANDIRI|website=www.nusamandiri.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321095441/https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/index.js |date=2023-03-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== [[STT Nurul Fikri]] ======
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Terpadu Nurul Fikri (kasohor ku singgeran STT-NF) mangrupa salah sahiji universitas di Depok anu kaitung anyar. Tangtung resmina dina warsih 2012, STT-NF hoyong memadukeun keilmuan praktis di widang teknologi informasi kalawan pengembangan kapribadian islami, kompeten, sarta boga sipat kabangsaan. STT-NF miluan dina pengembangan paguron luhur pikeun ngahasilkeun sarjana terpadu. Sarjana terpadu dina aspek profesional margi lulusan STT-NF jabi meunang ijazah, oge ngantongan sertifikasi Informasi dan Teknologi (IT) sacara nasional atawa internasional. Sertifikasi kasebat mangrupa wangun pangakuan ka kompetensi IT anu kagaduh mahasiswa. STT-NF boga tekad ngababarkeun generasi anu calakan sarta berakhlak megah. Mata kuliah IT kekinian dikompakkeun kalawan kapamingpinan sarta kewirausahaan dina saban semester. Saban mahasiswa STT-NF dididik kanggo nyieun sipat positip: ''Novelty, Integrity, Care, and Excellence (NICE).'' Kalawan dua kampus anu tempatna wilayah Jakarta Selatan sarta Kota Depok, STT NF nyieun program atikan jenjang sarjana (S-1). Universitas di Depok anu hiji ieu ngabogaan tilu program studi, nyaeta Sistem Informasi, Teknik Informatika, sarta Bisnis Digital.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Computer Lab, Narasaraopeta Engineering College.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Laboratorium Komputer di Kampus Luar Negeri]]
Salah sahiji tujuan diadegkeun na STT-NF nyaeta ''“Mencetak Sarjana Komputer Berakhlak Megah, Profesional, sarta Bersertifikasi IT”''. Tujuan eta kanggo nyumponan kaperluan sarjana teknologi informasi ditengah balarea, kalawan konsisten mengusung peunteun-peunteun profesionalisme sarta keislaman. Sanggeus mapan 2 warsih, dina 2014, program studi anu dikokolakeun ku STT-NF nyaeta Sistem Informasi (SI) sarta Teknik Informatika (TI) junun meunangkeun Akreditasi BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 483/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/XII/2014 sarta 468/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/XII/2014. Sarta Warsih 2019 program studi Sistem Informasi (SI) junun meunangkeun re-Akreditasi ti BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 919/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/IV/2019. Geus kitu, dina taun 2020 program studi Teknik Informatika (TI) junun meunangkeun re-Akreditasi ti BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 4151/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/VII/2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

Dina September 2016,STT-NF ngaluluskeun 37 mahasiswa/i angkatan kahiji Warsih 2012. Dina Pebruari 2018, STT-NF ngaluluskeun 52 mahasiswa/i angkatan kadua 2013 &amp; 2014. Sarta dina September 2019, STT-NF ngaluluskeun 59 mahasiswa/i angkatan katilu 2014 &amp; 2015. Sakumna alumni (100 persen) kaserep ku tempat gawe. Sawareh mahasiswa STT-NF aya anu sukses dina dunya akademik, bari digawe luyu kalawan keahlianna, atawa ngawangun ''start up'' (bisnis pemula) luyu minat sarta potensinya di dunya IT. STT-NF milu dina pengembangan perguruan tinggi pikeun ngahasilkeun sarjana terpadu. Sarjana terpadu dina aspek profesional, margi lulusan STT-NF jabi meunang ijazah, oge ngantongan sertifikasi IT sacara nasional atawa internasional. Sertifikasi eta mangrupa wangun pangakuan ka kompetensi IT anu kagaduh mahasiswa. Sertipikat eta oge nembongkeun yen alumni STT-NF mangrupa profesional anu siap mengabdikan elmu sarta keterampilanna di perusahaan. Sarjana terpadu dina perkawis pangawasaan hasanah sains sarta teknologi seiring kalawan pembinaan kapribadian anu berintegritas, kreatif sarta inovatif.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

====== [[Politéknik Imigrasi]] ======
[[Gambar:Immigration Polytechnic Arms.png|jmpl|Politeknik Imigrasi]]
Politeknik Imigrasi (Poltekim) nyaeta hiji lembaga pendidikan tinggi kedinasan di lingkungan Kementerian Hukum sarta HAM. salah sahiji paguron luhur di Depok ieu menyelenggarakeun atikan profesional kedinasan. Harita, Poltekim dipikawanoh kalawan wasta Akademi Imigrasi (AIM). Warsih 2016, AIM robah kaayaan Poltekim kalawan jenjang atikan terapan (vokasi) Diploma IV. Ayeuna, Politeknik Imigrasi ngabogaan opat program studi anu diwangun ti tilu Program Studi Diploma IV, nyaeta Program Studi Hukum Keimigrasian, Administrasi Keimigrasian, Manajemen Teknologi Keimigrasian, sarta hiji Program Studi Diploma III Keimigrasian. Minangka lembaga atikan kedinasan,  geus tangtu lulusan Poltekim dijamin gawe di lingkungan Kementerian Hukum sarta HAM kalawan status aparatur sipil nagara (ASN). Perkawis ieu anu matak Poltekim diminati pisan ku para calon mahasiswa. Saban mekar, Poltekim muka kasempetan diajar pikeun sakumna barudak ngora di lemah cai. Tangtos aya sajumlah tes pangabisa akademik sarta lianna pikeun bisa parat minangka Taruna Poltekim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

====== [[UPN Veteran Kampus Depok|UPN Veteran Kampus Dépok]] ======
[[Gambar:Libraryupnveteran.JPG|kiri|jmpl|Perpustakaan UPN Veteran]]
Salah sahiji universitas di Depok anu dipikawanoh kalawan UPN “Veteran” Jakarta ieu kaitung keneh anyar menyandang status paguron luhur nagari. Warsih 2014 kaliwat, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta sacara resmi gentos status ti swasta ka nagari dumasar Aturan Presiden Nomor 120. Mimitina UPN “Veteran” Jakarta geus dimimitian saprak warsih 1967. Basa eta namina keneh Perguruan Tinggi Pembangunan Nasional (PTPN) “Veteran” Cabang Jakarta. Warsih 1977, kampus anu berinduk di Jogjakarta ieu robah kaayaan universitas anu di Jakarta. UPN “Veteran” Cabang Jakarta robah kaayaan universitas anu teuneung caos sarta leupas ti babonna, nyaeta UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta. Kalawan boga tilu fakultas dina jenjang atikan D-3 sarta S-1, UPN “Veteran” Jakarta mitembeyan mekar minangka universitas anu macakal. UPN “Veteran” Jakarta ngabogaan dua kampus kanggo ngarojong operasional diajar ngawulang, nyaeta kampus Pondok Labu di Jakarta sarta Kampus Limo anu lebet wilayah Kota Depok. Kadua kampus ieu ngabogaan fasilitas anu puguh sarta nyukupan kanggo ngarojong proses pembelajaran. Kampus Limo diwangun ti dua fakultas, nyaeta fakultas teknik sarta fakultas elmu kasehatan. Universitas di Depok ieu ngabogaan lega lahan 2,1 hektar anu diwangun ti rohang kuliah, bengkel mesin, bengkel otomotif, bengkel teknik wangunan kapal, sarta ''workshop'' mesin-mesin paranti niiskeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kantor-panewu-depok-sleman.jpg|Kantor Panewu Depok Sleman
File:Bunglon jambul-depok-jawa barat-indonesia.JPG|Bunglon Jambul Depok
File:Station Depok KITLV 141900.tiff|Stasiun Depok Jaman Walanda
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 27-5-1.jpg|Tentara Walanda di Depok
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 27-1-1.jpg|Budak Leutik jeung Urang Walanda basa Depok Leuweung Keneh
File:Depok De Nederlandse militairen hebben bij de burgerij van Depok een goede repu, Bestanddeelnr 14608.jpg|Barudak di Sakola Rakyat diajar ku Urang Walanda
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-6-4.jpg|Tentara Walanda Keur Jaga di Depok
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-3-2.jpg|Jelema Keur Antri Hareupeun Mobil Jaman Walanda
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-4-1.jpg|Tentara Walanda Liwat Sawah di Depok
File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-3-5.jpg|Antri Kadaharan Hareupeun Mobil Tentara Walanda
File:Depok Town Square (Detos) - panoramio.jpg|Depok Town Square
File:Emplasemen Depo KRL Depok..jpg|KRL Depok
File:KUA Depok - panoramio.jpg|KUA Depok
File:PLN_Depok_-_panoramio.jpg|PLN Depok
File:Margonda - Kota Depok, Jawa Barat.jpg|Margonda di Depok
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

==Media lokal==
*{{id}} [http://www.depokmetro.com/ http://www.depokmetro.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175011/http://depokmetro.com/ |date=2006-08-08 }}
*{{id}} [http://www.monitordepok.com/ http://www.monitordepok.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503203454/http://www.monitordepok.com/ |date=2007-05-03 }}

==Tumbu luar==
{{Commonscat|Depok}}
*{{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091024025928/http://geocities.com/hansoedira/depok.htm http://www.geocities.com/hansoedira/depok.htm]
*{{id}} [http://www.depok.go.id Situs web resmi Kota Depok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020926092711/http://www.depok.go.id/ |date=2002-09-26 }}
*{{en}} [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/11292878 Cagar alam Pancoran Mas]
{{Kota Dépok}}
{{JaBar}}
{{authority control}}

[[Kategori:Kota Dépok| ]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]]</text>
      <sha1>93mjn0g7tz0wknfrucsb057xcs7jcao</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pancakaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>708824</id>
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      <text bytes="6656" sha1="q30r5b0ntqhvpo3514a828pg0wc6u4o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:6 phot., portraits de membres de la famille du régent de Koedoes (Java)- le régent Ario Tjondro Negoro, ses fils, Radhen Mas Soemarto et Radhen Mas Martono, ses femmes. Phot. par D. Marinelli, A.... - btv1b53273671k (07 of 12).jpg|6_phot.,_portraits_de_membres_de_la_famille_du_régent_de_Koedoes_(Java)-_le_régent_Ario_Tjondro_Negoro,_ses_fils,_Radhen_Mas_Soemarto_et_Radhen_Mas_Martono,_ses_femmes._Phot._par_D._Marinelli,_A...._-_btv1b53273671k_(07_of_12)|200px|jempol|right|Anak, indung, jeung bapa]]
'''Pancakaki''' (Aksara Sunda: {{as|ᮕᮔ᮪ᮎᮊᮊᮤ}}) nyaéta hiji istilah dina [[Basa Sunda]] nu ngagambarkeun hubungan [[kulawarga]]. Bangsa-bangsa di dunya atawa nu basana béda bisa waé mibanda pola-pola nu ampir sarua. Pancakaki mangrupa pondasi sosial pikeun nangtukeun perenahna duduluran sarta tata krama dina masarakat [[Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg1862&quot;&gt;Rigg, Jonathan. (1862). ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java''. Batavia: Lange &amp; Co. kaca 341. [https://books.googleco.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA341 Tutumbu Google Books]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pancakaki urang Sunda==
Urang Sunda boga kabiasaan pikeun néangan hubungan kakulawargaan jeung jalma nu kakara dipikawanoh ngaliwatan pancakaki. Lamun euweuh hubungan kulawarga, masih ditéangan kénéh hubungan nu séjén, misalna lantaran aya kenalan anu kungsi babarengan di sakola atawa di tempat gawé.&lt;ref&gt;Ajip Rosidi.2000.Ensiklopedi Sunda: alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi. Bandung: Pustaka Jaya&lt;/ref&gt; Dina adat istiadat urang [[Sunda]], pancakaki téh mibanda dua harti. Kahiji, pancakaki téh hartina pernahna [[jelema]] ka [[jelema]] deui anu sa[[kulawarga]] atawa anu kaasup baraya kénéh. Upamana baé, kumaha pancakakina si Dadap ka si Waru, naha kaasup indung, bapa, nini, aki, paman, bibi, anak, incu, buyut. alo, suan, jsté. Kadua, pancakaki téh hartina mapay perenahna kabarayaan.

== Étimologi jeung Filosofi ==
Dina ''A Dictionary of the Sunda Language'' (1862), [[Jonathan Rigg]] ngajéntrékeun yén pancakaki téh hartina:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;To trace a genealogy; to ascertain how people are related to each other.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigg1862&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Sajarahna, pancakaki lain ngan saukur daptar ngaran, tapi hiji cara pikeun ngajaga tali silaturahmi sangkan teu &quot;pareumeun obor&quot; (kaleungitan lacak turunan). Ku nyaho pancakaki, saurang jalma bisa nempatkeun diri kalayan merenah, boh dina nyarita (ngagunakeun basa [[Lemes]] atawa [[Loma]]), boh dina paripolah sapopoé.

*Ka handap:
:#Anak: turunan ka hiji
:#Incu: turunan ka dua, anak ti Anak 
:#Umpi: turunan ka tilu, anak ti Incu
:#Cicip: turunan ka opat, anak ti Umpi 
:#Muning : turunan ka lima,anak ti Cicip
:#Angga Santana : turunan ka genep, anak ti Muning
:#Kula Santana : turunan ka tujuh, ti anak ti Angga Santana
:#Preti Santana : turunan ka dalapan, anak ti Kula Santana
:#Wit Wekas : turunan ka salapan, anak Preti Santana

=== Turunan ka luhur (Ascendants) ===
:#Bapa: kolot lalaki
:#Indung: kolot awéwé
:#Aki: kolot lalaki ti Bapa atawa Indung&lt;ref name=Jonathan/&gt;
:#Nini: kolot awéwé ti Bapa atawa Indung
:#Uyut/Buyut : Bapa atawa Indung ti Aki atawa Nini
:#Bao: Bapa atawa Indung ti Uyut/ Buyut
:#Canggah : Bapa atawa Indung ti Bao
:#Janggawaréng: Bapa atawa Indung ti Canggah
:#Udeg-udeg: Bapa atawa Indung ti Janggawaréng
:#Kakait Siwur: Bapa atawa Indung ti Udeg-udeg
:#Gerpak : Bapa atawa Indung ti Kakait Siwur
:#Tambak Galeng : Bapa atawa Indung ti Gerpak 
:#Karuhun: jujutan kanu leuwih luhur anu geus tilar dunya
:#Sesepuh: jujutan kanu leuwih luhur nu masih hirup kénéh

&lt;ref name=&quot;Jonathan Rigg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Batavia| year =1862}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Yayasan Pangeran Sumedang.1996.Silsilah Wargi Pangeran Sumedang.&lt;/ref&gt;

*Ka gigir:
:#lanceuk: dulur sadarah lalaki atawa awéwé anu leuwih kolot, sok disebut &quot;aceuk&quot;.&lt;ref name=Jonathan&gt;{{Cite book | title =Sunda Language| first =Jonathan| last =Rigg| publisher =Lange &amp; Co| location =Batavia| year =1862| pages =2|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA213&amp;dq=KEHKEL&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&amp;q=heu&amp;f=true|accessdate=(disungsi –  19 Pébruari2025)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:#adi: dulur sadarah lalaki atawa awéwé anu leuwih ngora &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt;
:#uwa: lanceukna bapa atawa indung
:#paman/emang: adi lalaki ti bapa atawa indung
:#bibi: adi awéwé ti bapa atawa indung
:#alo: anakna lanceuk 
:#suan: anakna adi
:#aki ti gigir: lanceuk lalaki ti aki atawa nini
:#nini ti gigir: lanceuk awéwé ti aki atawa nini
:#misan:kapilanceuk atawa kapiadi, anak sanini saaki atawa anak uwa atawa bibi
:#kapilanceuk: dulur misan, anak uwa
:#kapiadi: dulur misan anak paman/bibi 
:#incu ti gigir: incuna adi
:#emang ti gigir: anakna adi aki/nini (lalaki)
:#bibi ti gigir: anakna adi aki/nini (awéwé)
*Perkawinan:
:#salaki: carogé, lalaki anu ngawin pamajikan
:#pamajikan: istri, awéwé anu dikawin ku salaki
:#mitoha: indung atawa bapa ti pamajikan atawa salaki
:#minantu: lalaki atawa awéwé anu dikawin ku anak
:#besan: indung atawa bapana minantu atawa mitoha anak urang
:#dahuan: lanceuk ti salaki atawa pamajikan &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt;
:#adi beuteung: adi ti salaki atawa pamajikan &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt;
*Anak:
:#tunggal: anak hiji-hijina
:#cikal: anak anu munggaran
:#panengah: anak tengah, anak anu gumelar di tengah-tengah (biasana mah pikeun jumlah anak anu ganjil)
:#pangais bungsu: lanceuk deukeut ti anak bungsu, kadua ti handap
:#bungsu: anak bungsu, anak anu gumelar panungtung
*Istilah Séjén:
:#lanceuk sabrayna: lanceuk misan anu masih sarundayan ti aki atawa nini
:#adi sabrayna: adi misan anu masih sarundayan ti aki atawa nini
:#dulur pet ku hinis: dulur kandung, dulur saibu sarama
:#dulur sabaraya:dulur misan, anakna mamang atawa bibi ogé ua
:#dulur teges: dulur pituin saindung sabapa
:#indung téré: pamajikan bapa tapi lain indung pituin/biologis
:#bapa téré: salaki indung tapi lain bapa pituin/biologis
:#anak téré : anak sampakan ti salaki atawa pamajikan
:#dulur patétéréan: anak indung atawa bapa téré
:#baraya laér: baraya anu nurutkeun pancakaki geus jauh
:#teu hir teu walahir: teu baraya saeutik-eutik acan
:#bau-bau sinduk: baraya kénéh sanajan geus laér
:#baraya: sakur anu aya pancakakina


{{pondok}}

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kulawarga]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Basa Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Sosiologi Sunda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Myanmar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="10257" sha1="07tac8r2sza8dfd6acm0o1m4nk8joa5" xml:space="preserve">{{coor title d|22|N|96|E|type:country_region:MM}}

{{Infobox Country
|native_name              =[[Gambar:Myanmar long form.svg|235px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Pyi-daung-zu Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw''&lt;/small&gt;
|conventional_long_name   = Uni Myanmar
|common_name              = Myanmar
|image_flag               = Flag of Myanmar.svg
|image_coat               =Variant of the State seal of Myanmar (2011-2025).svg
|image_map                = Myanmar in its region.svg
|national_motto           = 
|national_anthem          = ''[[Kaba Ma Kyei]]''
|official_languages       = [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
|demonym                  = Burmese
|capital                  = [[Naypyidaw]]
|latd=19 |latm=45 |latNS=N |longd=96 |longm=6 |longEW=E
|largest_city             = [[Yangon]] (Rangoon)
|government_type          = [[Junta militer]]
|leader_title1            = [[State Peace and Development Council|Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council]]
|leader_name1             = Jendral Senior [[Than Shwe]]
|leader_title2            = Vice Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
|leader_name2             = Vice-Senior General [[Maung Aye]]
|leader_title3            = [[Perdana Mentri Myanmar|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name3             = Jendral [[Thein Sein]]
|leader_title4            = Secretary-1 of the State Peace and Development Council
|leader_name4             = Letjen [[Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo]]
|sovereignty_type         = [[Sajarah Myanmar|Ngadeg]]
|established_event1       = [[Bagan]]
|established_date1        = 1044–1287
|established_event2       = Small Kingdoms
|established_date2        = 1287–1531
|established_event3       = [[Taungoo Dynasty|Taungoo]]
|established_date3        = 1531–1752
|established_event4       = [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung]]
|established_date4        = 1752–1885
|established_event5       = Colonial rule
|established_date5        = 1886–1948
|established_event6       = Independence from the United Kingdom
|established_date6        = [[4 Januari]] [[1948]]
|area_rank                = 40th
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|area_km2                 = 676,578
|area_sq_mi               = 261,227 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water            = 3.06
|population_estimate      = 48,798,000 &lt;!--UN WPP--&gt;
|population_estimate_year = July 2007
|population_estimate_rank = 24th
|population_census        = 33,234,000
|population_census_year   = 1983
|population_density_km2   = 75
|population_density_sq_mi = 193 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = 119th
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2005
|GDP_PPP                  = $93.77 [[billion]] &lt;!--IMF--&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             = 59th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $1,691
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 150th
|HDI_year                 = 2005
|HDI                      = {{increase}}0.581
|HDI_rank                 = 130th
|HDI_category             =&lt;font color=&quot;#ffcc00&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/font&gt;
|FSI                      = 97.0 {{increase}} 0.5
|FSI_year                 = 2007
|FSI_rank                 = 14th
|FSI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;pepeling&lt;/font&gt; 
|currency                 = [[Myanmar kyat|kyat]] (K)
|currency_code            = mmK
|Official exchange rate   = 6 Kyat
|Exchange rate            = 1350 Kyat
|time_zone                = MMT
|utc_offset               = +6:30
|cctld                    = [[.mm]]
|calling_code             = 95
|footnote1                = Some governments recognize Yangon as the national capital.
|footnote2                = Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
}}
'''Myanmar''' (atawa '''Burma''', '''Birma'''), resmina '''Uni Myanmar''' ([[Basa Burma]]: [[Gambar:Myanmar long form.svg|150px]],  {{pronounced|pjìdàunzṵ mjəmà nàinŋàndɔ̀}}), nyaéta nagara panggedéna sacara géografis di daratan [[Asia Tenggara]].

Burma meunang kamerdikaan ti [[United Kingdom]] tanggal [[4 Januari]] [[1948]], minangka Uni Burma.” Burma jadi ”Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma” tanggal [[4 Januari]] [[1974]], saméméh balik deui ka “Uni Burma”  tanggal [[23 September]] [[1988]]. Tanggal [[18 Juni]] [[1989]], [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] maké ngaran “Uni Myanmar.”  Hal ieu diaku ku PBB, tapi henteu diaku ku Pamaréntah [[AS]] atawa [[UK]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7013943.stm Should it be Burma or Myanmar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131232458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm |date=2009-01-31 }} BBC news.&lt;/ref&gt;

Burma kawates ku [[Republik Rahayat Cina|Cina]] di  béh kaler, [[Laos]] di wetan, [[Thailand]] di tenggara, [[Bangladesh]] di kulon, jeung [[India]] di kulon kaler, katut [[Teluk Bengal]] di kulon kiduleunnana. Sapertilu periméter total Myanmar, 1,930&amp;nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (1,199&amp;nbsp;[[Mil|mi]]), ngawangun gurat [[basisir]] nu henteu pegat.

Populasi nu béda-béda di Myanmar geus ngamaenkeun peran nu gedé dina nangtukeun pulitik, sajarah sarta demografina dina wanci moderen kiwari. [[Pulitik Myanmar|Sistim pulitik]] aya dina kadali nu ''ketat'' ti [[State Peace and Development Council]], nu dipingpin ku pamaréntah [[Militer Burma|militer]], ti taun 1992, ku Jendral Senior [[Than Shwe]]. Militer Myanmar geus ngadominasi pamaréntahan saprak Jendral [[Ne Win]] mingpin kup taun 1962 ngalengserkeun pamaréntah sipil [[U Nu]]. Minangka bagéan [[Karajaan Britania]] tepi ka 1948, Burma neruskeun bajoang pikeun ngaropéa kategangan etnisna. Budaya nagara, kacida dipangaruhannana ku nagara tatangga, dumasar kana [[Buda di Burma|Buda]] [[Theravada]] nu nyampur jeung unsur lokal.

== Organisasi di Myanmar ==

* [[Union Solidarity and Dvelopment Association]]
http://www.usda.org.mm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108042830/http://www.usda.org.mm/ |date=2008-11-08 }} 
* [[Myanmar Women's Affairs Federation]]
http://www.mwaf.org.mm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825075607/http://www.mwaf.org.mm/ |date=2007-08-25 }} 
* [[The Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control]]
http://www.ccdac.gov.mm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208114041/http://www.ccdac.gov.mm/ |date=2008-12-08 }} 
* [[Myanmar Computer Federation]]
http://www.mcf.org.mm 
* [[Myanmar Computer Professionals Association]]
http://www.mcpa.org.mm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018215818/http://www.mcpa.org.mm/ |date=2008-10-18 }} 
* [[Myanmar Computer Industry Association]]
http://www.mcia.org.mm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912040518/http://www.mcia.org.mm/ |date=2008-09-12 }} 
* [[Myanmar Overseas Seafarers Association]]
http://www.mosamyanmar.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201181722/http://www.mosamyanmar.org/ |date=2007-12-01 }} 
* [[Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry]]
http://www.umfcci.com.mm 
* [[The Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association]]
http://www.mmcwa.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201082749/http://www.mmcwa.org/ |date=2007-12-01 }}
* [[Myanmar Veterans' Organization]]
* [[Myanmar Red Cross Society]]
* [[Myanmar aucilliary Fire Brigade]]
* [[Myanmar Motion Picture Organization]]
* Myanmar Writers and Journalists Organization
* Myanmar Thabin Organization
* Myanmar Music Organization

== Tempo ogé ==
{{Topics related to Burma}}

== Catetan ==
&lt;!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref(erences/)&gt; tags--&gt; 
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Burma}}
* [http://www.commerce.gov.mm/ News, information, journals, magazines related to Myanmar business and commerce]
* [http://www.myanmartradenet.com/ Myanmar Commerce Online Licence Services, Information Services website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013192500/http://www.myanmartradenet.com/ |date=2008-10-13 }}
* [http://www.etrademyanmar.com/ Myanmar Commerce Information Services website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201235304/http://www.etrademyanmar.com/ |date=2012-02-01 }}
* [http://www.burmalibrary.org/ Online Burma Library]
* [http://www.elibrary.com.mm/ Online &quot;Myanmar e-Library&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012709/http://www.elibrary.com.mm/ |date=2008-10-12 }}
* [http://www.khitlunge.org.mm/ News and information (in Burmese) on Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109060734/http://www.khitlunge.org.mm/ |date=2008-11-09 }}
* [http://www.hotel-tourism.gov.mm/ Information related to Burmese hotels and tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902100553/http://www.hotel-tourism.gov.mm/ |date=2006-09-02 }}
* {{wikivoyage|Myanmar}}
* [http://www.mandalaygazette.com/ MandalayGazette, California-based English online newspaper for Burmese in North America]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.dvb.no/ Democratic Voice of Burma, Norway-based website]
* [http://www.myanmar.org.uk/ UK-based news website dedicated to Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017022618/http://www.myanmar.org.uk/ |date=2007-10-17 }}
* [http://irrawaddy.org/ Thailand-based news website dedicated to Burma and Southeast Asia]
* [http://www.avaaz.org/en/ Avaaz.org: Democracy for Burma].
* [http://www.burmaissues.org Burma Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030235315/http://burmaissues.org/ |date=2010-10-30 }}
{{Template group
|title = Geografi lokal
|list  =
{{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}}
{{Sino-Tibetan-speaking}}
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
{{Countries_of_the_Indosphere}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Kaanggotaan jeung sajarah internasional
|list  =
{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}}
{{East Asia Summit (EAS)}}
}}

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Anggota ASEAN]]
[[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]]
[[Kategori:Nagara miskin]]
[[Kategori:Diktator militér]]
[[Kategori:Myanmar|Myanmar]]

&lt;!--Interwiki--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Libanon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="13556" sha1="aey565hjmwjny4muda6fv6w12asv2in" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Country
|native_name = &lt;big&gt;{{lang|ar|الجمهورية اللبنانية}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|fr|La République Libanaise}}&lt;br /&gt;''Al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah'' &lt;br /&gt;Républik Libanon''|common_name = Libanon
|image_flag  = Flag of Lebanon.svg
|image_coat  = Coat of Arms of Lebanon.svg
|national_motto = &lt;big&gt;{{unicode|كلنا للوطن للعلى للعلم}}&lt;/big&gt;{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[basa Arab]]) &lt;br /&gt; &quot;Nous sommes tous pour le pays, la sublimation et le drapeau!&quot;{{spaces|2}}([[basa Perancis]]) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&quot;We are all for the Country, the Sublime and the Flag!&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|image_map   = LocationLebanon.svg
|national_anthem    = [[Koullouna Lilouataan Lil Oula Lil Alam|''Kulluna lil-watan lil 'ula lil-'alam'']] 
|official_languages = [[Basa Arab|Arab]].&lt;ref&gt;Profil Libanon  [http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/country_lebanon/overview.html&quot;Lebanon, Embassy in the US&quot;]. Retrieved [[December 13]], [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|usual_languages    = [[Basa Perancis|Perancis]] [[Basa Arménia|Arméenia]] jeung [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
|demonym         = Libanon
|capital         = [[Béirut]]
|latd=33 |latm=54 |latNS=N |longd=35 |longm=32 |longEW=E
|largest_city    = ibu kota
|government_type = [[Républik]] 
|leader_title1   = [[Présidén Libanon|Présidén]]
|leader_title2   = [[Perdana Mentri Libanon|Perdana Mentri]] 
|leader_name1    = [[Michel Aoun]]  (ميشال عون)&lt;/small&gt;
|leader_name2    = [[Najib Mikati]] (نجيب ميقاتي)
|area_km2        = 10,452
|area_sq_mi      = 4,035 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_rank       = ka-166
|area_magnitude  = 1 E10
|percent_water   = 1.6
|population_estimate = 4,099,000
|population_estimate_year = Juli 2007
|population_estimate_rank = ka-128
|population_density_km2   = 358
|population_density_sq_mi = 948 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = ka-26
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2006
|GDP_PPP                  = $21.45 miliar
|GDP_PPP_rank             = ka-103
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $6,100
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = ka-90
|HDI_year                 = 2006
|HDI                      = {{increase}} 0.774
|HDI_rank                 = ka-78
|HDI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#ffcc00&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/font&gt;
|FSI                      = 92.4 {{increase}} 11.9
|FSI_year                 = 2007
|FSI_rank                 = ka-28
|FSI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;Alert&lt;/font&gt; 
|sovereignty_type         = [[Kamerdikaan|Merdika]] ti [[Perancis]]
|sovereignty-note         = ti [[Perancis]]
|established_event1       = Deklarasi
|established_date1        = [[26 Nopember]], [[1941]]
|established_event2 = Diaku
|established_date2 = [[22 Nopember]], [[1943]]
|currency = [[Lira Libanon]] ([[LL]])
|currency_code = LBP
|time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|cctld = [[.lb]]
|calling_code = 961
|footnotes = 
}}
{{otheruses}}
'''Libanon''' ({{IPAEng|ˈlɛbənɒn}}) ([[Basa Arab]]: {{lang|ar|لبنان}} ''Lubnān''; [[Basa Perancis]]: {{lang|fr|''Liban''}}), resmina '''Républik Libanon''' ({{lang|ar|الجمهورية اللبنانية}}; {{lang|fr|''La République Libanaise''}}), nyaéta hiji nagara leutik nu lolobananana mangrupakuen pagunungan di [[Asia Kulon]], di basisir kidul [[Laut Tengah]]. Libanon diwatesan ku [[Syria]] di  béh kaler jeung wetan, sarta [[Israel]] di kuduleunnana. Alatan rupa-rupana [[sekte|sektarian]], Libanon nerapkeun hiji sistim pulitik husus, nu katelah [[konfesionalisme (pulitik)|konfesionalisme]], pikuen nyebarkeun kakawasaan sarata-ratana ka seler-seler nu béda.&lt;ref&gt;Countries Quest. [http://www.countriesquest.com/middle_east/lebanon/government.htm &quot;Lebanon, Government&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509171934/http://www.countriesquest.com/middle_east/lebanon/government.htm |date=2011-05-09 }}. Retrieved [[December 14]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;
{{tarjamahkeun |Inggris}}
[[Bandera Libanon]] féatures a [[Lebanon Cedar|cedar]] in green against a white backdrop, [[Spanish fess|bounded]] by two horizontal red stripes along the top and bottom. This is a reference to the famous cedars of Lebanon, that were mentioned in the verses of the [[Old Testament]] (mostly in [[Psalms]]), which spoke of the &quot;Arzei HaL'vanon,&quot; or &quot;Cedars of Lebanon.&quot;

Until the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975-1990), the country enjoyed relative calm and prosperity, driven by the tourism, agriculture, and banking sectors of the economy.&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State. [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35833.htm &quot;Background Note: Lebanon (History) August 2005&quot;] Retrieved December 2, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; It is considered the banking capital of the [[Arab world]] and was widely known as the &quot;[[Switzerland]] of Western Asia&quot;&lt;ref&gt;USPG. [http://www.uspg.org.uk/news/news_israel.php &quot;Anglican Church in Jerusalem responds to Western Asia crisis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821063641/http://www.uspg.org.uk/news/news_israel.php |date=2006-08-21 }}. Retrieved [[October 31]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Socialist Party (2005). [http://www.socialistparty.org.uk/2005/384/index.html?id=mp6.htm &quot;A new crisis in Western Asia?&quot;]. Retrieved [[October 31]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt; due to its financial power. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists,&lt;ref name=&quot;tourism&quot;&gt;Anna Johnson (2006). [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4297143.html &quot;Lebanon: Tourism Depends on Stability&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved [[October 31]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt; to the point that the capital [[Beirut]] became widely referred to as the &quot;[[Paris]] of Western Asia.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;TC Online (2002). [http://archives.tconline.org/Stories/april02/fc6.html &quot;Paris of Western Asia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514054952/http://archives.tconline.org/Stories/april02/fc6.html |date=2007-05-14 }}. Retrieved [[October 31]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian International Development Agency. [http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/lebanon#3 &quot;Lebanon: Country Profile&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530095337/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/lebanon#3 |date=2008-05-30 }}. Retrieved December 2, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; By éarly 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete,&lt;ref&gt;Center for the Study of the Built Environment. [http://www.csbe.org/saliba/essay1.htm &quot;Deconstructing Beirut's Reconstruction: 1990-2000&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725210323/http://www.csbe.org/saliba/essay1.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}. Retrieved [[October 31]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt; and an incréasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourism&quot;/&gt; The [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 war]] between Israel and Hezbollah brought mounting [[Casualties of the 2006 Lebanon War|civilian and military casualties]], extensive damage to [[civilian infrastructure]], and massive population [[displaced person|displacement]] from July 12, 2006 until a céasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006.

== See also ==
* [[List of Lebanese businessmen]]

{{portalpar|Lebanon|Flag of Lebanon.svg}}
;Articles about recent events:
* [[2007 Lebanon conflict]]
* [[2006–2007 Lebanese political protests]]

;Miscellanéous 
* [[:Category:Settlements in Lebanon|Settlements in Lebanon]]
* [[Communications in Lebanon]]
* [[Military of Lebanon]]
* [[Shebaa Farms]]
* [[South Lebanon conflict]]
* [[Transport in Lebanon]]
* [[List of banks#Lebanon|List of Lebanese Banks]]
* [[List of Lebanese people]]
* [[List of Lebanon-related topics]]
* [[List of universities in Lebanon]]

== Catetan suku ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;

== Rujukan buku ==

* Fisk, Robert. ''Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon.'' New York: Nation Books, 2002.
* Firzli, Nicola Y. ''Al-Baath wa-Lubnân'' [Arabic only] (&quot;The Baath and Lebanon&quot;). Beirut: Dar-al-Tali'a Books, 1973
* [[Philip Khuri Hitti|Hitti Philip K.]] ''History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine, Vol. 2'' (2002) (ISBN 1-931956-61-8)
* Holst, Sanford. ''Phoenicians: Lebanon's Epic Heritage.'' Los Angeles: Cambridge and Boston Press, 2005.
* Norton, Augustus R. ''Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon.'' Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1987.	 
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 	 
* Salibi, Kamal. ''A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

==Tumbu luar== 	 
{{sisterlinks|Libanon}}

; Portal ramatloka
* [http://www.naharnet.com Naharnet]
* [http://www.leb.org/ Lebanese White Pages]

; Pamaréntah
* [http://www.informs.gov.lb/EN/Main/index.asp? The Lebanese Governmental Portal for Information &amp; Forms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506090021/http://www.informs.gov.lb/EN/Main/index.asp |date=2006-05-06 }}
* [http://www.presidency.gov.lb/ Official site of the President of the Lebanese Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194955/http://www.presidency.gov.lb/ |date=2009-02-28 }} 
* [http://www.lp.gov.lb/ Official site of The Lebanese Parliament] {{ar icon}}{{fr icon}}
* [http://www.cas.gov.lb/ Central Administration for Statistics] 
* [http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb// Ministry of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113110717/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/ |date=2008-01-13 }} 
* [http://www.isf.gov.lb/ Internal Security Forces]
* [http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ The Lebanese Armed Forces]
* [http://www.general-security.gov.lb/English/English.htm General-security.gov.lb]
* [http://www.customs.gov.lb/customs/index.htm Lebanon Customs site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114015959/http://www.customs.gov.lb/customs/index.htm |date=2019-01-14 }}
* [http://www.bdl.gov.lb/ Central Bank of Lebanon] 
* [http://www.bse.com.lb/ Beirut Stock Exchange] 
* [http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/ Embassy of Lebanon, Washington, D.C.]

; Warta
* [http://www.annaharonline.com/ AnNahar newspaper] {{ar icon}}
* [http://www.assafir.com/ As-Safir newspaper] {{ar icon}}
* [http://www.al-akhbar.com/ Al-Akhbar newspaper] {{ar icon}}
* [http://www.lorientlejour.com/ L'Orient-Le Jour] (Lebanese daily newspaper in French) {{fr icon}} 
* [http://www.lbcgroup.tv/lbc/en/main/ LBC]
* [http://www.futuretvnetwork.com Future TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205051236/http://futuretvnetwork.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [http://www.un.org/news/dh/docs/mehlisreport/ United Nations - Mehlis Report] official report of the investigation into Rafiq al-Hariri's assassination

; Budaya jeung atikan
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/lb UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Lebanon]
* [http://www.albustanfestival.com/ Al-Bustan Festival, Beit Meri] 	 
* [http://www.baalbeck.org.lb/ Baalbek Festival]
* [http://www.beiteddine.org/ Beiteddine Festival] 	 
* [http://www.byblosfestival.org/ Byblos Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404064545/http://www.byblosfestival.org/ |date=2006-04-04 }} 
* [http://www.lcnj.com/ Lebanese Cultural Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090953/http://www.lcnj.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}	 
* [http://www.beirutnationalmuseum.com The National Museum of Beirut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106175220/http://www.beirutnationalmuseum.com/ |date=2018-01-06 }}
	 
; Infomasi umum
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html Lebanon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912232328/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html |date=2019-09-12 }} at [[The World Factbook]] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020218000836/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2414.htm US State Department - ''Lebanon''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.libanvote.com/eventshandler/libanvote/lebanese9296/ LibanVote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327063029/http://www.libanvote.com/eventshandler/libanvote/lebanese9296/ |date=2014-03-27 }} (comprehensive electoral database)

; féstival
* [http://www.baalbeck.org.lb Baalbeck]
* [http://www.beiteddine.org Beiteddine]
* [http://www.byblosfestival.org Byblos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404064545/http://www.byblosfestival.org/ |date=2006-04-04 }}

; Jalan-jalan jeung pelesir
* [http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb Ministry of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107180841/http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/ |date=2019-01-07 }} - Official website of the Lebanese Ministry of Tourism
* [http://www.skileb.com Ski Lebanon] - Guide to skiing in Lebanon

{{Lebanon-related topics}}

{{Template group
|title = Geografi lokal
|list =
{{Countries and territories of Western Asia}} 	 
{{Countries of Southwest Asia}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Kaanggotaan internasional
|list =
{{Member states of the Arab League}}
{{La Francophonie}}
{{OIC}}
{{Afro-Asiatic-speaking}}
}}

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Libanon| ]]
[[Kategori:Levant]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basaan Basa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara Wétan Deukeut]]
[[Kategori:Garéja Katolik Roma dumasar nagara]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
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    <title>MHEG-5</title>
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'''MHEG-5''', atawa [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[IEC]] 13522-5, nyaéta bagéan tina hiji kumpulan standar internasional nu patali jeung midangkeun informasi, distandarkeun ku ''[[Multimedia]] and [[Hypermedia]] Experts Group'' (MHEG). Ilaharna dipaké minangka basa keur nerangkeun jasa [[televisi interaktif]].

==Pasipatan==

MHEG-5 mangrupa basa program [[declarative programming|deklaratif]] [[dumasar objék]] nu bisa dipaké keur ngajentrekeun pidangan teks, gambar katut vidéo. Aplikasi MHEG-5 ngawengku sajumlah ''Scenes'' nu bisa dipundah-pindah pamake aplikasina. Unggal ''Scene'' ngadaptar ''item'' teks katut grafik pikeun nu baris dipidangkeun sarta bisa ngandung blok kode [[procedural programming|prosedural]] nu dijalankeun minangka respon kana salah sahiji tina sakumpulan [[event driven programming|kajadian]] nu geus ditetepkeun tiheula kawas tombol dipencet, timer hurung atawa eusina geus hasil asup kana memori. Blok kode ieu ngawengku ''peta dasar'' ''(elementary actions)'' nu bisa nyieun operasi kawas ngarobah teks nu kapidangkeun ku hiji [[object (computer science)|objek]] teks, atawa ngamimitian muter klip vidéo.
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
MHEG-5 specifies a hierarchy of classes that are available to the application author. Unlike in [[object oriented]] languages, it is not possible for new classes to be defined. The standard defines two representations of MHEG applications, one of which is textual and the other is represented in [[Abstract Syntax Notation One|ASN.1]]. Applications are normally written in the textual notation and then encoded into ASN.1 for interpretation by the MHEG ''engine''.

MHEG-5 is suited to programming [[interactive kiosk]]s and [[interactive television]] services.

==Profil==

The MHEG-5 language itself is just that, a language. To be useful in any particular context, the language needs to be [[profile (engineering)|profiled]].

In the [[UK]] and in [[New Zealand]], MHEG-5 is used to provide [[interactive television|interactive]] services for digital television.  The full specification of how MHEG-5 is used in the context of the UK [[Freeview]] platform is the [[UK Profile of MHEG-5]].  A similar specification is used in New Zéaland.

In Hong Kong, [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] has also selected MHEG-5 middleware for interactive services available on its digital broadcasting channels.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/press/20071128_e.html MHEG-5 A Must To Enjoy “TVB Interactive” Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206164221/http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/press/20071128_e.html |date=2007-12-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A broadcast profile of the language has also been standardized by [[ETSI]] forming ETSI standard ES 202 184.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Multimedia Home Platform|MHP]], tehnologi alternatif nu dipaké keur jasa televisi interaktif di sababaraha nagara di Eropa.

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu luar==
* [http://www.mheg.org MHEG Official site]
* [http://www.impala.org IMPALA (International MHEG Promotion Alliance)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801161946/http://impala.org/ |date=2015-08-01 }}
* [http://www.digvid.info/mheg5/hello_world.php Hello World in MHEG-5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127101208/http://www.digvid.info/mheg5/hello_world.php |date=2020-01-27 }}
* [http://lionet.info/asn1c/download.html ASN.1 encoder/decoder + source code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195557/http://lionet.info/asn1c/download.html |date=2020-11-11 }}
* [http://redbutton.sourceforge.net/ Open Source MHEG-5 engine for Linux]

[[Kategori:Standar ISO]]
[[Kategori:Televisi interaktif]]</text>
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    <title>Institut Teknologi Bandung</title>
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      <text bytes="23520" sha1="7ccgt7j3fh7sgyycseqimyf8t3isfbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo perguruantinggi
 |nama=Institut Teknologi Bandung
 |logo=[[Gambar:itb.gif|80px|Lambang ITB]]
 |motto= ''In Harmonia Progressio'' (Latén:&quot;Kamajuan dina kaharmonisan&quot;)
 |tahun=[[1920]] (minangka TH Bandoeng)&lt;br&gt;
[[1959]] (minangka ITB)
 |jenis=Paguron Luhur Negeri
 |rektor=Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T.
 |lokasi=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]
 |situs=[http://www.itb.ac.id http://www.itb.ac.id]}}

'''Institut Teknologi Bandung''' ('''ITB''') nyaéta hiji [[paguron luhur]] anu perenahna di [[Kota Bandung]]. ITB diadegkeun dina ping [[2 Maret]] [[1959]].

Kampus utama ITB nu perenahna di jalan Ganésa sarta di bagéan séjénna kota Bandung mibanda lega wewengkon 770.000 m².

Asrama mahasiswa, padumukan dosén, sarta kantor pusat administrasi perenahna henteu di kampus utama tapi masih dina hontalan anu gampang pikeun dicukcruk. Fasilitas anu aya di kampus di antarana toko buku, kantor pos, kantin, sarta klinik.

Sajaba rohangan kuliah, laboratorium, béngkél sarta studio, ITB boga hiji galeri seni nyaéta Galeri Soemardja, fasilitas olah raga, sarta hiji ''Campus Center''. Di deukeut kampus ogé aya [[Masjid Salman]] pikeun ngalakonan ibadah sarta aktivitas kaagamaan umat Islam di ITB. Pikeun ngarojong palaksanaan aktivitas akademik sarta risét, aya fasilitas-fasilitas nu ngarojong akademik, dintaranya Pabukon Pusat (kalayan koléksi kira 150.000 buku sarta 1000 judul jurnal), Sarana Olah Raga [[Sasana Budaya Ganesha]], ''Pusat Bahasa'', puseur layanan komputer (Comlabs) sarta [[Observatorium Bosscha]] (salah sahiji fasilitas ti Paguyuban Kaahlian Astronomi FMIPA), anu perenahna 11 kilométer ka kalér.

Réktor ITB ayeuna nyaéta Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. pikeun période 2025-2030

==Sajarah==
[[Gambar:ITB 1.jpg|||thumb|Aula Barat ITB, bangunan peninggalan masa penjajahan [[Belanda]] dengan bentuk atapnya yang khas. Oleh arsitek Henri Maclaine Pont]]
ITB diadegkeun dina taun [[1920]] kalayan ngaran &quot;Technische Hooge School (THS)&quot; te Bandoeng. ITB ogé mangrupa tempat di mana [[Daptar Présidén Indonésia|présidén]] [[Indonésia]] kahiji, [[Soekarno]] ngahontal gelar insinyurna dina widang [[Téknik Sipil]].

Dina mangsa pangjajahan Jepang, THS dirobah ngaranna jadi &quot;Bandung Kogyo Daigaku (BKD)&quot;. Saterusna dina mangsa kamerdakaan Indonésia, taun 1945, ngaranna dirobah jadi &quot;Sekolah Tinggi Téknik (STT) Bandung&quot;. Dina taun 1946, STT Bandung dipindahkeun ka [[Yogyakarta]] sarta jadi cikal bakal lahirna [[UGM|Universitas Gajah Mada]].

Dina tanggal 21 Juni 1946, [[NICA]] ngadegkeun Universiteit Van Indonesie jeung Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap minangka gaganti STT Bandung. Sarta dina 6 Oktober 1947, Faculteit van Exacte Wetenschap ngadeg. Ieu saterusna jadi Fakultas Téknik sarta Fakultas Élmu Pasti sarta Élmu Alam [[Universitas Indonésia]].

Saterusna dina tanggal 2 Maret 1959, Fakultas Téknik sarta Fakultas Élmu Pasti sarta Élmu Alam sacara resmi misahkeun diri jadi Institut Téknologi Bandung (ITB).

Kiwari, ITB mangrupa puseur élmu sains, téknologi, sarta seni pangalusna di Indonésia.{{fact}}

ITB ogé ngarojong para palajar sarta aktivitas sosial maranéhanana kalawan ngarojong [[himpunan mahasiswa]] anu aya di saban departemén.

==Fakultas==
[[Image:ITBPlazaWidya.jpg|thumb|Plaza Widya ITB kalayan [[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu]] nu katembong ti kajauhan, perhatikeun wangun hateup has wangunan di ITB]]
[[Image:ITB library building.JPG|thumb|Wangunan [[pabukon]] puseur ITB]]
ITB mibanda 12 [[fakultas]] atawa [[sakola]], nyaéta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/fakultas-dan-sekolah|title=Fakultas dan Sekolah -|last=ITB|first=Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi|website=Institut Teknologi Bandung|accessdate=2019-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
# Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA)
##[[Astronomi]]
## [[Kimia]]
## [[Matematika]]
## [[Fisika]]
##[[Aktuaria]]
# Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati - Program Sains (SITH-S)
##[[Biologi]]
## [[Mikrobiologi]]
#Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati - Program Rekayasa (SITH-R)
##Rekayasa Hayati
##Rekayasa Pertanian
##Rekayasa Kehutanan
##Teknologi Pascapanen
# Sekolah Farmasi (SF) 
## [[Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi]]
## [[Farmasi Klinik dan Komunitas]]
# Fakultas Téhnik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan (FTTM)
##[[Teknik Metalurgi]]
## [[Teknik Pertambangan]]
## [[Teknik Perminyakan]]
## [[Teknik Geofisika]]
# Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian (FITB)
##[[Teknik Geologi]]
##Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika
##[[Meteorologi]]
##[[Oseanografi]]
# Fakultas Teknologi Industri - Kampus Ganesha (FTI - G)
##[[Teknik Kimia]]
## [[Teknik Fisika]]
## [[Teknik Industri]]
#Fakultas Teknologi Industri - Kampus Jatinangor (FTI - J)
##Teknik Bioenergi dan Kemurgi
##Teknik Pangan
# Fakultas Téhnik Mesin dan Kedirgantaraan (FTMD)
##[[Teknik Mesin]]
## [[Teknik Penerbangan]]
##[[Teknik Material]]
# Sekolah téhnik Elektro dan Informatika (STEI)
##[[Teknik Elektro]]
##Teknik Tenaga Listrik
##Teknik Biomedis
##Teknik Telekomunikasi
##[[Informatika|Teknik Informatika]]
##Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi
# Fakultas Téhnik Sipil dan Lingkungan - Kampus Ganesa (FTSL-G)
##[[Teknik Sipil]]
##[[Teknik Lingkungan]]
##[[Teknik Kelautan]]
#Fakultas Téhnik Sipil dan Lingkungan - Kampus Jatinangor (FTSL-J)
##Teknik Pengelolaan dan Sumber Daya Air
##Rekayasa Infrastruktur Lingkungan
# Sekolah Arsitektur, Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Kebijakan (SAPPK)
## [[Arsitektur]]
## [[Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota]]
# Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Désain (FSRD)
## [[Seni Rupa Murni]]
## [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]]
## [[Desain Interior]]
## [[Desain Produk]]
## [[Kriya Seni]]
# Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen (SBM)
##[[Manajemen]]
##Kewirausahaan

Fakultas nyaéta unit atikan di ITB anu mibanda sahenteuna 3 program studi tingkat Sarjana, sedengkeun Sakola nyaéta unit atikan anu ngan mibanda 1 atawa 2 program studi tingkat Sarjana. Tapi aya kacenderungan sawatara sakola ngabéla ngaran maranéhanana anu geus baku kawas STEI anu geus mibanda 8 program kekhususan di tingkat Sarjana, sarta SBM anu mibanda 3 program kekhususan di tingkat Sarjana. Boh Fakultas boh Sakola masing-masing dipingpin ku saurang dekan. Béda Fakultas jeung Sakola di ITB mah ngan saukur terminologi wungkul.

==Reputasi==
ITB nyaéta salah sahiji paguron luhur kasohor di Indonésia. Dina hiji survey internasional anu dirilis ku [[w:en:THES|Times Higher Education Supplement]]-Quacquarelli Symonds (THES-QS) dina tanggal [[5 Oktober]] [[2006]], ITB aya dina peringkat ka-258. [[Universitas Indonésia]] dina survey kasebut aya dina tingkat anu leuwih luhur di posisi 250, [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] sarta [[Universitas Diponegoro]] patuturut dina posisi 270 sarta 495 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.detiknews.com/indexfr.php?url=http://www.detiknews.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2006/bulan/11/tgl/09/time/140029/idnews/706053/idkanal/10 4 PTN asup 500 badag dunya, detik.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Michael Tan. &quot;[http://opinion.inq7.net/inquireropinion/columns/view_article.php?article_id=28506 World's best]&quot;, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 25 Oktober 2006. Retrieved on [[25 Oktober]] [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt; Universitas-universitas nagara tatangga séjénna dina survey anu sarua nyaéta di antarana [[National University of Singapore]] dina posisi ka-19 sarta [[Universiti Kabangsaan Malaysia]] dina posisi ka-128.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theworld/20hati+ 06/October/theworld_October242.xml§ion=theworld Asian varsities rank high in world top 200 universities]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;, Khaleej Times Online, 8 Oktober 2006. Retrieved on [[25 Oktober]] [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rektor==
{{utama|Daptar Rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung}}
* Prof. Ir. R. [[Soemono]] (2 Maret 1959 - 1 November 1959)&lt;ref&gt;Ketua Presidium: Prof. Ir. [[Soemono]]; Anggota: Prof. Ir. [[Goenarso]]; Prof. dr. [[Djoehana Wiradikarta]] (Ketua/Dekan FIPIA UI Bandung); Prof. Ir. [[Soetedjo]] (Ketua/Dekan FT UI Bandung); Panitera: Prof. Dr. Ir. R. M. [[Soemantri Brodjonegoro]] (Ketua Jurusan Teknologi Kimia).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. Ir. R. [[Otong Kosasih]] (1 November 1959 - 20 April 1964)
* Ir. R. [[Ukar Bratakusumah]] (14 April 1964 - 22 Februari 1965)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119194755/http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 |date=2016-01-19 }} ITB News Portal, 13 Maret 2003, ''Mantan Rektor ITB , Ir. Ukar Bratakusumah Meninggal''&lt;/ref&gt;
* Letnan Kolonel Ir. [[Koentoadji]]	(22 Februari 1965 - 1969)
* Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (1969 - 7 Desember 1976)
* Prof. Dr. Ing. [[Iskandar Alisjahbana]] (7 Desember 1976 -14 Februari 1978)
* Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]] (16 Februari 1978 - 30 Mei 1979)&lt;ref&gt;Ketua Rektorium: Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]]; Anggota: Prof. Dr. [[Moedomo Soedigdomarto]]; Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME; Ir. [[Djuanda Suraatmadja]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (30 Mei 1979 - 22 November 1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pejabat Sementara&quot;&gt;Pejabat Sementara.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. [[Hariadi Paminto Soepangkat]], Ph.D.	(22 November 1980 - 12 Desember 1988)
* Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME (12 Desember 1988 - 7 Maret 1997)
* Prof. Ir. [[Lilik Hendrajaya]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (7 Maret 1997 - 10 November 2001)
* Ir. [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Ph.D. (10 November 2001 - 21 Oktober 2004)
* Prof. Ir. [[Adang Surahman]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (23 Oktober 2004 - 29 Januari 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pejabat Sementara&quot;/&gt;
* Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Djoko Santoso (rektor ITB)|Djoko Santoso]], M.Sc. (29 Januari 2005 - 29 Januari 2010)
* Prof. [[Akhmaloka]], Dipl.Biotech., Ph.D. (29 Januari 2010 - 20 Januari 2015)
*Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Kadarsah Suryadi]], DEA (20 Januari 2015 - 2020)
*Prof. Ir. Reini D. Wirahadikusumah MSCE, Ph. D. (2020 - ayeuna)

*

== Kulawarga Mahasiswa ITB ==
Pamaréntah ngaliwatan Mendikbud Daoed Joesoef ngagulirkeun konsép [[Normalisasi Kahirupan Kampus/Badan Koordinasi Kamahasiswaan]] anu sawajarna disingkat NKK/BKK. Déwan Mahasiswa se-Indonésia dibubarkeun sarta kamahasiswaan diatur ku Pembantu Réktor widang Kamahasiswaan ngaliwatan BKK. Mahasiswa nampik BKK, sarta tetep ngayakeun pamilihan Pupuhu DM. Tapi saban Pupuhu DM kapilih, peuting éta ogé surat anceman DO nepi. Balukarna euweuh anu daék jadi Pupuhu DM. Ahirna mahasiswa ITB mutuskeun pikeun ngabubarkeun Déwan Mahasiswa sarta ngabekukeun KM ITB. Saterusna diadegkeun Awak Koordinasi (BAKOR) pikeun ngoordinasikeun pergerakan. Samentara cita-cita KM ITB diamanatkeun ka Himpunan-himpunan minangka kantong-kantong gerakan, kalawan konsekuensi, kaderisasi aya di tingkat himpunan.

== Unit kagiatan mahasiswa ==
* Unit Pendidikan
** PSIK - ITB 
** Unit Matematika dan Linguistik - Akarna ISéa
** Pramuka 
** [http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ Radio Kampus - ITB community radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627190042/http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-06-27 }}
** [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB - ARC ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }}
** [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam &quot;GAMAIS&quot; (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }}
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Katolik &quot;KMK&quot; (Catholic Student Society)
** [http://www.pmk-itb.com/ Persekutuan Mahasiswa Kristen &quot;PMK&quot; (Christian Student Union)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420185339/http://www.pmk-itb.com/ |date=2007-04-20 }}
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Hindu &quot;KMH&quot; (Hindu Student Society)
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Budhis &quot;Dhammanano&quot; (Buddhist Student Society)
** Keluarga Donor Darah ITB &quot;KDD&quot; (Blood Donor Society)
** Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan &quot;PSIK&quot; (Societal Study Union)
** [http://www.sef-itb.org/ Student English Forum &quot;SEF&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519055645/http://www.sef-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-19 }}
** Unit Kajian Idéologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu)
** Liga Film Mahasiswa &quot;LFM&quot;
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Pencinta Alam Ganesha &quot;KMPA&quot;
** Pramuka ITB
** Resimen Mahasiswa Batalyon I/ITB (Student Regiment Battalion I / ITB)
** Unit Pembinaan Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa &quot;UPKM&quot;
** Koperasi Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa &quot;KOKESMA&quot;
** [http://www.boulevard.or.id/ Tabloid Mahasiswa Boulevard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422210132/http://www.boulevard.or.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} 
** Salman ITB (Karisma)
** Unit Kelompok Studi Ekonomi dan Pasar Modal (KSEP)
** Kolaborasi Studi Ilmiah Mahasiswa ITB (SICOS: Scientific Collaboration Studies)
** Kelompok Studi Sejarah Ekonomi dan Politik (KS-SEP)
** GaneshaTV (GTV)
** Lingkar Studi Gerakan Mahasiswa Madani (LSGMM)
** Korps Sukarela Palang Merah Indonésia (KSR-PMI)
** Lembaga Kajian dan Praksis Demokrasi (VERITAS)
** Kelompok Analisa dan Komunikasi Islam Strategis
** Studi Komunikasi Massa ITB
** Cendekia ITB
** Pers Mahasiswa ITB
** ITB Internet Community (COMMUNET-ITB)
** Online Game Reséarch Group (OGRG)
* Unit Kesenian
** Unit Kebudayaan Jepang
** Studi Téater Mahasiswa (STEMA)
** Unit Kebudayaan Aceh
** Lingkung Seni Sunda (LSS)
** Unit Kesenian Minangkabau (UKM)
** [http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Sumatra Utara (UKSU)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312191114/http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
** [http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ Maha Gotra Ganesha (MGG) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312190423/http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
** [http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&amp;Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131140/http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
** Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Wétan
** Unit Kesenian Sulawesi Selatan (UKSS)
** Keluarga Paduan Angklung (KPA)
** Marching Band ITB &quot;Waditra Ganesha&quot;
** Paduan Suara Mahasiswa (PSM-ITB)
** Unit Apres ITB
** Grup Aspresiasi Sastra ITB &quot;GAS-ITB&quot;
** Unit Kesenian Budaya Lampung (UBL)
** Unit Kesenian Bornéo (UKB)
** Kebudayaan Irian Jaya (UKIR)
** Mahasiswa Bumi Sriwijaya (MUSI)
* Unit Olahraga
** Kendo ITB
** Unit Karate ITB
** Kyokushinkai
** Unit Yudo ITB
** penca Silat Tenaga Dasar Indonésia
** Unit Renang dan Polo Air (URPA)
** Unit Catur
** Unit Hoki
** Unit Basket &quot;GANESHA&quot; (UBG-ITB)
** Unit Bridge
** Unit Tenis ITB
** Unit Aktivitas Tenis Meja ITB (UATM ITB)
** Unit Bola Voli (UBV)
** Unit Bulu Tangkis
** Persatuan Beladiri Kempo Indonésia
** Satria Nusantara
** Perisai Diri
** Tae Kwon - Do
** Persatuan Sepak Bola ITB (PS ITB)
** Pendawa Padma
** Unit Soft Ball
** Wanadri
** Sinar Putih
** Panahan
** Tri Eka Dharma Margaluyu &quot;313&quot;
** Tarung Drajat (Boxer)
** Bela Diri Hikmatul Iman
** Bridge (UAB)
** Aikido
** Aerokréasi
*Himpunan mahasiswa Program Studi
** HMP PANGRIPTA LOKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Planologi Pangripta Loka)
** [http://hmif.if.itb.ac.id HMIF ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Informatika) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023005857/http://hmif.if.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-10-23 }}
** [http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id HME ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Elektroteknik) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808124704/http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }}
** [http://img.gd.itb.ac.id IMG ITB ( Ikatan Mahasiswa Geodesi ),  Kita Kompak Pasti Jaya KAMERAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212035741/http://img.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-12-12 }}
** HIMASTRON ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Astronomi)
** [http://hmt.mining.itb.ac.id HMT ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Tambang) Go Fight Win!!! ]
** HMS ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sipil)
** HIMATEK ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa téhnik Kimia)
** MTI ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa téhnik Industri)
** HIMATIKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Matematika)
** HMK AMISCA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Kimia)
** IMA-G (Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur - Gunadharma)
** HMM ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Mesin)
** KMPN ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa téhnik Penerbangan)
** HIMASITH NYMPHAéa ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati)
** HIMATG TERRA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa téhnik Géofisika)
** KMSR ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Seni Rupa)
** HIMA SITH &quot;NYMPHAEA&quot; (Himpunan Mahasiswa SITH &quot;Nymphaea&quot;)
** HMTG &quot;GEA&quot; ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa téhnik Géologi &quot;GEA&quot; ITB)

==Alumni==
* [[Soekarno]], [[Presiden RI]] pertama
* [[BJ Habibie]], [[Presiden RI]] ke-3, Ahli téhnik Penerbangan
* [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]], Mantan [[Perdana Menteri|Perdana Menteri Indonesia]] RI
* [[Aburizal Bakrie]], [[Yang bertanggung jawab dalam kasus Lapindo]]
* [[Arifin Panigoro]], Anggota [[DPR]], Pemilik [[Medco Group]]
* [[Herman Johannes]], Mantan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum, Mantan Rektor [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
* [[Hartono Rekso Dharsono]]. Mantan Pangdam Siliwangi, tokoh [[Petisi 50]]
* [[Al Hilal Hamdi]], Mantan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi 
* [[Sarwono Kusumaatmadja]], Anggota DPD, Mantan Menteri Negara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara 
* [[Ciputra]], Pengusaha
* [[Hilmi Panigoro]], Pengusaha
* [[Hokky Situngkir]], Ilmuwan
* [[Taufik Akbar]], Ahli Satelit
* [[Jusman Syafii Djamal]], Mantan Direktur Utama PT DI, Menteri Perhubungan
* [[Raden Pardede]], Komisaris Bank Central Asia
* [[Winardi Sutantyo]], Astronom
* [[Cacuk Sudarijanto]], Mantan Direktur [[Indosat]], Direktur Utama [[Telkom]] dan mantan Kepala [[BPPN]] 
* [[Eddie Widiono]], Direktur Utama [[PLN]]
* [[Samaun Samadikun]], Ahli Elektronika
* [[Tjokorda Raka Sukawati]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Bambang Subianto]], Mantan Menteri Keuangan
* [[Fadel Muhammad]], Gubernur Provinsi [[Gorontalo]]
* [[Hatta Rajasa]], [[Menteri Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia|Menteri Sekretaris Negara]]
* [[Jero Wacik]], [[Menteri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Republik Indonesia|Menteri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata]]
* [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], [[Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi]]
* [[Wiratman Wangsadinata]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Laksamana Sukardi]], Mantan [[Menteri Negara Badan Usaha Milik Negara Republik Indonesia|Menteri Negara BUMN]]
* [[Muslimin Nasution]], Mantan [[Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia|Menteri Kehutanan]] dan Ketua [[ICMI]]
* [[Purnomo Yusgiantoro]], [[Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia|Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral]]
* [[Syafruddin Arsjad Temenggung]], Mantan Kepala BPPN
* [[Wimar Witoelar]], Pengamat Sosial &amp; Politik
* [[Aming]], Komedian Lokal
* [[Wiyoto Wiyono]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Harijono Djojodihardjo]], Mantan Ketua [[LAPAN]]
* [[Joko Anwar]], penulis naskah film 
* [[Said Djauharsjah Jenie]], Ketua [[BPPT]]
* [[Budi Rahardjo]], pengamat IT Indonésia
* [[Tri Haryo Susilo]], Céo PT Rekayasa Industri
* [[Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya]], rohaniwan, novelis, aktivis HAM
* [[Rinaldi Firmansyah]], Direktur Utama PT Telkom
* [[Hasnul Suhaimi]], Direktur Utama PT Excelcomindo Pratama
* [[Hans Wospakrik]], Fisikawan
* [[Pater Drost]], Rohaniwan, Pakar pendidikan
* [[Karlina Leksono]], Astronom
* [[Harry Roesli]], musisi, politisi, budayawan
* [[Pantur Silaban]], Fisikawan
* [[Salahuddin Wahid]], Rohaniwan, Politisi
* [[Siswono Yudo Husodo]], Mantan Menteri Perumahan Rakyat
* [[Erna Witoelar]], Mantan Menteri Pemukiman &amp; Prasarana Wilayah
* [[Kuntoro Mangkusubroto]], Mantan Menteri Pertambangan &amp; énérgi
* [[Dian Angreniwati Soerarso]], Direktur Bank Niaga
* [[Ginandjar Kartasasmita]], Ketua DPD
* [[Rachmat Witoelar]], Mantan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup
* [[Betti Alisjahbana]], Céo IBM Indonésia
* [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], Mantan Menteri Pendidikan &amp; Kebudayaan
* [[Abdullah Puteh]], Mantan Gubernur Nanggroe Aceh Darrusalam
* [[Rizal Ramli]], Mantan Menko Perekonomian
* [[Onno W Purbo]], Pengamat IT Indonésia
* [[Tjia May On]], Fisikawan
* [[Sedyatmo]], Penemu Pondasi Cakar Ayam
* [[Sudjiwo Tedjo]], Seniman, Budayawan

== Referensi ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pranala luar ==

=== Umum ===
* [http://www.itb.ac.id/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.itb.or.id/ Situs komunitas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520064435/http://www.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-05-20 }}
* [http://forum.itb.or.id/ Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402004044/http://forum.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-04-02 }}

=== Fakultas/departemen/sekolah ===
* [http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621112754/http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2016-06-21 }}
* [http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Matematika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905184001/http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-05 }}
* [http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Astronomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425065440/http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }}
* [http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Elektro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425133435/http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }}
* [http://www.tf.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Fisika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916064446/http://www2.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-16 }}
* [http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Industri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014110030/http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-10-14 }}
* [http://www.if.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Informatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517105035/http://www1.if.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-05-17 }}
* [http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Penerbangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421225131/http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-21 }}
* [http://www.che.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Kimia]
* [http://www.sbm.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen (SBM)]
* [http://www.fi.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Fisika]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH)]

=== Unit kagiatan mahasiswa ===
* [http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&amp;Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131140/http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
* [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam &quot;GAMAIS&quot; (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }}
* [http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Timuran (Loedroek ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310215723/http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-03-10 }}
* [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB (ARC ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }}
* [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Unit Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan (PSIK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }}
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256601233514116&amp;url=www.geocities.com/akarnaisea Unit Matematika dan Linguistik (Akarna ISEA)]
* [http://scout.itb.ac.id/ Pramuka ITB]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://psm-itb.itgo.com/ Paduan Suara Mahasiswa ITB]
* [http://www.pmk-itb.com/ Persekutuan Mahasiswa Kristen (PMK) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420185339/http://www.pmk-itb.com/ |date=2007-04-20 }}
* [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Situs resmi PSIK ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }}

{{PTN di Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia|Teknologi Bandung, Institut]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orok</title>
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      <text bytes="1914" sha1="e9ch3t793j4g5w2nsfj62voouc0oboj" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Baby holding feet.jpg|thumb|200px|Saurang orok keur nyekel sukuna.]]
'''Orok''' nyaéta [[manusa]] anu anyar lahir nepi ka umur 24 bulan, tapi euweuh watesan anu pasti. Dina mangsa ieu tingkah laku orok pohara lucu sarta nyieun gemas, tapi manéhna ogé werit ka [[pati]]. Pati orok dibagi jadi dua, pati [[neonatal]] (pati di 27 poé mimiti kahirupan), sarta [[post-neonatal]] (sanggeus 27 poé).

Kadaharan dibikeun ku cara disusukeun atawa jeung [[susu]] industri husus. Orok geus mibanda naluri ngenyot, anu nyieun maranéhanana bisa nyokot susu ti [[buah harigu]]. Lamun indungna henteu bisa atawa henteu daék nyusukeun, susu formula orok dawam dipaké minangka gagantina. Di nagara séjén aya anu nyéwa &quot;suster baseuh&quot; (''wet nurse'') anu nyusukeun orok kasebut.

Alatan orok tacan sanggup ngadalikeun piceun kokotorna, mangka mindeng dipaké popok.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Manusa]]
* [[Imunisasi]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* {{en}}[http://www.cutebabybabies.com Sentra Kaséhatan Orok Lucu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130200525/http://cutebabybabies.com/ |date=2011-01-30 }}
* {{en}}[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2091.html Pati orok di sagala rupa nagara sarta indikator kaséhatan séjénna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628061145/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2091.html |date=2006-06-28 }}
* {{en}}[http://www.babymilkaction.org Aksi Susu Orok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501210743/http://www.babymilkaction.org/ |date=2008-05-01 }} (&quot;boga tujuan pikeun nyalametkeun nyawa sarta mungkas tunggara anu bisa ditampik alatan méré dahar orok anu henteu pas&quot;)
* {{en}}[http://www.cord-blood.org Cord-Blood.org Cord-Blood.org - informasi henteu bias ngeunaan bank tali puseur orok] - sél induk tali puseur bisa dipaké pikeun merawat panyakit di mangsa hareup

{{Pondok}}

[[Kategori:Orok| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Korék api</title>
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      <text bytes="2257" sha1="ezk2809e8dx9jausrplwef34fh6ezl7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Streichholz.JPG|thumb|180px| Korék Api]]
'''Korék api''' atawa kerékan nyaéta parabot pikeun nyundut [[roko]], ududeun, [[Cempor|damar]], [[lampu]], jeung sajabana.&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus1&quot;&gt;[[Danadibrata,R.A]].2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat Buku Utama&lt;/ref&gt; Sok disebut ogé gerétan, kayu api, korék atawa kerék api.&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus1&quot;/&gt; Eusi kerékan disebutna siki kerékan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus1&quot;/&gt; Korék - Korék Api modérn dijieun alatan kapanggihna [[fosfor]], hiji zat anu néwak [[seuneu]] dina suhu anu pohara rendah.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}} Leokum, Arkady(1997) '''Aku Ingin Tahu Jilid 1''' Jakarta:Quality Press&lt;/ref&gt; Taun [[1681]], saurang berkebangsaan [[Inggris]], ngaranna [[Robert Boyle]], ngasupkeun potongan [[kai]] anu geus dikokolakeun jeung [[walirang]] kana campuran walirang sarta fosfor&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;. Tapi korék api éta gampang kabeuleum, ku kituna penemuanna henteu kapaké&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;.

Korék api praktis anu kahiji dijieun di [[Inggris]] ku saurang padagang [[ubar]] anu ngaranna [[John Walker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; pikeun ngahurungkeunna, korék api éta digesekkeun di antara lipetan-lipetan [[kertas]] anu dilapisan ku [[kaca]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Nyanghareupan taun [[1833]], korék api anu tungtungna ngandung fosfor anu bisa dihurungkeun ku jalan gesekan, dijieun di [[Austria]] sarta [[Jerman]], tapi aya hiji masalah.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; [[Fosfor]] warna bodas atawa konéng téh picilakaeun pikeun para pagawé korék api, ku kituna fosfor-fosfor éta kapaksa dilarang pamakéanana ku pakta internasional dina taun [[1906]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Pamustunganana, fosfor [[beureum]] anu henteu beracun diwanohkeun, sarta ieu ngarah kana penemuan korék api.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Korék api kahiji, anu ngan hurung dina beungeut nu geus disiapkeun dijieun di [[Swedia]] dina taun [[1844]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Kabéh bahan [[kimia]] anu diperlukeun henteu diasupkeun kana sirah korek seuneu, tapi fosfor beureum ditémpél dina beungeut sentuh tempat korék api.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; ku kituna, korék api éta aman, iwal lamun digosokkeun kana daérah sentuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Parabot]]
[[Kategori:Seuneu]]
[[Kategori:Réaksi kimia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joko Widodo</title>
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{{Infobox President 
|name             = Jokowi
|honorific_prefix = &lt;small&gt;[[Insinyur|Ir.]] [[Haji (gelar)|H.]]&lt;/small&gt;
|image            = Joko_Widodo_2019_official_portrait.jpg
|caption          = Foto resmi Presiden Joko Widodo pada periode kedua (2019 - 2024)
|office           = Presiden Indonesia&lt;!--- Mohon untuk tidak diganti, ini sudah sesuai dengan kaidah bahasa Indonesia ---&gt;
|vicepresident	  = [[Jusuf Kalla]] (2014 - 2019) &lt;br /&gt; [[Ma'ruf Amin]] (2019 - )
|order            = 7
|term_start       = {{start date|2014|10|20}}
|term_end         =
|predecessor      = {{nowrap|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]}}
|successor        =
|office2          = Gubernur DKI Jakarta
|order2           = 14
|term_start2      = {{start date|2012|10|15}}
|term_end2        = {{end date|2014|10|16}}
|succeeding2      =
|predecessor2     = [[Fauzi Bowo]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Fadjar Panjaitan]] &lt;small&gt;([[Pelaksana Tugas|Plt.]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pelantikan Jokowi diundur, Mendagri tunjuk Sekda DKI jadi Plt|date=4 Oktober 2012|url=http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/pelantikan-jokowi-diundur-mendagri-tunjuk-sekda-dki.html|work=Merdeka.com|accessdate=29 Maret 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|vicegovernor2    = [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]
|successor2       = [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]
|office3          = Wali Kota Surakarta
|order3           = 16
|term_start3      = {{start date|2005|07|28}}
|term_end3        = {{end date|2012|10|1}}
|deputy3          = [[F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo]]
|predecessor3     = [[Slamet Suryanto]] &lt;br/&gt; Anwar Cholil &lt;small&gt;([[Pelaksana harian|Plh.]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=|first=|date=11 April 2005|title=Mantan Wakil Walikota Solo Tolak Hadiri Sertijab Plh|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-338693/mantan-wakil-walikota-solo-tolak-hadiri-sertijab-plh|newspaper=[[Detik.com]]|location=|access-date=20 Juni 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202210/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-338693/mantan-wakil-walikota-solo-tolak-hadiri-sertijab-plh |date=24 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|successor3       = [[F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo]]
|birth_name       = Mulyono
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1961|6|21}}
|birth_place      = [[Surakarta]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Presiden-RI-JW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.presidenri.go.id/presiden-joko-widodo/|title=Presiden Joko Widodo|publisher=Presiden Republik Indonesia|language=id|access-date=24 December 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226000430/https://www.presidenri.go.id/presiden-joko-widodo/ |date=26 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|death_date       =
|death_place      =
|nationality      = [[Indonesia]]
|party            = 
|spouse           = [[Iriana]]
|relations        =
|children         = {{unbulleted list|[[Gibran Rakabuming|Gibran Rakabuming Raka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jokowi di mata anak sulungnya Gibran Rakabuming Raka|date=22 September 2012|url=http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/jokowi-di-mata-anak-sulungnya-gibran-rakabuming-raka.html|work=Merdeka|accessdate=30 Maret 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Kahiyang Ayu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;anakjokowi&quot;/&gt;|[[Kaesang Pangarep]]&lt;ref name=&quot;anakjokowi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jokowi Diunggulkan Jadi Presiden, Ini Kata Anak Bungsunya|date=31 Januari 2014|url=http://news.detik.com/read/2014/01/31/170254/2484075/10/jokowi-diunggulkan-jadi-presiden-ini-kata-anak-bungsunya|work=Detik|accessdate=30 Maret 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319233502/http://news.detik.com/read/2014/01/31/170254/2484075/10/jokowi-diunggulkan-jadi-presiden-ini-kata-anak-bungsunya |date=2014-03-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|mother           = [[Sudjiatmi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orangtuajokowi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Foto-foto Notomiharjo, Ayah Jokowi yang Sempat Jadi Perbincangan|date=17 Januari 2017|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3398259/foto-foto-notomiharjo-ayah-jokowi-yang-sempat-jadi-perbincangan|accessdate=2 Agustus 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193120/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3398259/foto-foto-notomiharjo-ayah-jokowi-yang-sempat-jadi-perbincangan |date=2018-08-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|father           = Widjiatno Notomihardjo
|alma_mater       = [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
|occupation       = [[Politikus]]
|profession       =
&lt;!--|religion         = [[Islam]]--&gt;
|signature        = Signature of Joko Widodo.svg
|website          =
|footnotes        =
|awards           =
}}

'''Ir. H. Joko Widodo''' ([[Aksara Sunda]]: ᮏᮧᮊᮧ ᮝᮤᮓᮧᮓᮧ) atanapi langkung akrab disebut '''Jokowi''', nyaéta [[Présidén]] [[Indonésia]] ka-7 anu parantos ngajabat ti 20 Oktober 2014. Lahir di Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, tanggal 21 Juni 1961, Joko Widodo mimiti asup pamaréntahan salaku Walikota Surakarta (Solo) ti 28 Juli 2005 dugi ka 1 Oktober 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.presidenri.go.id&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presiden Joko Widodo|url=https://www.presidenri.go.id/presiden-joko-widodo/|publisher=www.presidenri.go.id|language=id|access-date=2021-10-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226000430/https://www.presidenri.go.id/presiden-joko-widodo/ |date=2020-12-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kapilih dina [[Pilpres]] 2014, Jokowi janten Présidén Indonésia anu munggaran dina sajarah anu henteu asalna ti élit politik Indonesia. atanapi latar militér. Anjeunna kapilih sareng Wakil Présidén [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] sareng kapilih deui sareng Wakil Présidén [[Ma'ruf Amin]] dina Pamilihan Présidén 2019. Jokowi janten [[Gubernur]] [[DKI Jakarta]] ti 15 Oktober 2012 dugi ka 16 Oktober 2014 dibarengan ku [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] salaku wakil gubernur. Sateuacanna, anjeunna janten [[Walikota]] [[Surakarta]] (Solo), ti 28 Juli 2005 dugi ka 1 Oktober 2012 dibarengan ku [[F.X. Hadi Rudyatmo]] salaku wakil walikota. Dua taun ka jabatan kadua salaku Walikota Solo, Jokowi ditunjuk ku parténa, Partai Demokrat Indonésia Perjoangan (PDI-P), pikeun bersaing dina pamilihan gubernur DKI Jakarta sareng Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok).

== Waktos leutik jeung kulawarga ==
Joko Widodo dibabarkeun ku Widjiatno Notomihardjo sareng Sudjiatmi. Manéhna mangrupikeun anak cikal jeung putra hiji-hijina ti opat sadulur. Manéhna boga tilu lanceuk namina Iit Sriyantini, Ida Yati, sareng Titik Relawati.&lt;ref name=&quot;web.archive.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jokowi Kenalkan Adik dan Ibu Kandungnya ke Publik|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920193221/http://jakarta.okezone.com/read/2012/09/20/505/692389/jokowi-kenalkan-adik-dan-ibu-kandungnya-ke-publik|publisher=web.archive.org|language=id|access-date=2021-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Presiden Jokowi menerima kunjungan PM Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad di Istana Kepresidenan Bogor, 29-6.webm|thumb|300px|Presiden Jokowi nampi kunjungan PM Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad di Istana Bogor (2018).]]


{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Républik Indonésia|Présidén RI]]|years=2014 - 2019|before=[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]|after='''keur ngajabat'''}}
{{succession box|title=[[Jakarta|Gubernur DKI Jakarta]]|years=2012 - 2014|before=[[Fauzi Bowo]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Fadjar Panjaitan]] (Plt.)|after=[[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Solo|Walikota Surakarta]]|years=2005 - 2012|before=[[Slamet Suryanto]]|after=[[F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo]]}}
{{s-end}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* {{official|www.presidenri.go.id}}
* {{facebook|Jokowi}}
* {{twitter|jokowi}}
* {{instagram|jokowi}}

{{Presiden Indonesia}}
{{Wakil Presiden Indonesia}}
[[Kategori:Présidén Indonésia]]
{{nagara-bio-stub|Indonésia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ISO 4217</title>
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      <text bytes="4306" sha1="n0ksef3l64w1l6q06y1orp25vlbglg3" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect-distinguish|Kode mata uang|Simbul mata uang}}
[[Image:Flugschein.JPG|thumb|Tikét anu mintonkeun rega maké kode ISO 4217 &quot;[[Euro|EUR]]&quot; (''kénca handap'') jeung lain maké [[simbul mata uang]] €]]
'''ISO 4217''' téh hiji standar anu dipedal ku [[Organisasi Internasional pikeun Standarisasi]] (ISO), anu boga hak ngadéfinisikeun [[mata uang]], [[kode nagara]] (alfa jeung numérik), sarta rujukan-rujukan pikeun unit-unit leutik nu kabagi kana tilu tabél:&lt;ref name=&quot;iso&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html |title=ISO 4217 Currency codes |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |accessdate=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tabél A.1 – Daptar kode ''mata uang''  &amp; logam hargaan kiwari&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a1.html Current currencies &amp; funds]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tabél A.2 – Kode logam mahal, sapertos [[emas]] (XAU), [[pérak]] (XAG), [[paladium]] (XPD), sarta [[platina]] (XPT).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a2.html Current funds]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lbma&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lbma.org.uk/ |title=Precious Metals Codes |publisher=London Bullion Market Association |accessdate=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tabél A.3 – Daptar kode pikeun ''historis dénominasi mata uang'' &amp; logam hargaan&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a3.html Historic denominations]&lt;/ref&gt;

Standar ieu miboga tujuan pikeun nyadiakeun kode anu sarua ''(universal)'' sangkan teu aya kabingung nalika aya ''transaksi'' kauangan unggal nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;six&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.six-group.com/en/products-services/financial-information/data-standards.html |title=Maintenance Agency of ISO 4217 |publisher=SIX Financial Information |accessdate=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unggal kode dina ISO 4217 biasana diwangun ku dua aksara kode nagara dumasar kana standar ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ditambah hiji aksara awal nami mata uangna.&lt;ref name=&quot;wipo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/standards/en/pdf/03-09-01.pdf |title=Currency Codes ISO 4217 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |accessdate=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tabél, sajarah jeung lumangsungna sawala téh dikokola ku [[SIX Interbank Clearing]] minangka bagian ti ISO jeung Asosiasi Swiss pikeun Standarisasi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home.html SIX Interbank Clearing]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;six&quot; /&gt;

Daptar kode ISO 4217 dipaké di [[perbankan]] jeung sakumna [[bisnis]].{{&lt;ref name=&quot;six&quot;/&gt;}} Di sawatara nagara, kode-kode mata uang éta geus remen dipiwanoh sangkan niléy kurs anu dibéwarakeun di surat kabar jeung bank ngagunakeun kode-kode ieu tinimbang ngaran mata uang anu geus ditarjamahkeun atawa simbul mata uang lianna.{{&lt;ref name=&quot;six&quot;/&gt;}}
Pamakéan ISO 4217 kacida pentingna dina widang perbankan, bisnis internasional, sarta tikét pesawat pikeun mastikeun nilai tukeur mata uang diitung kalayan bener.&lt;ref name=&quot;iso&quot; /&gt; Standar ieu ogé ngatur jumlah angka di tukangeun koma (''decimal places'') pikeun unggal mata uang, contona Rupiah (IDR) anu teu nganggo sén, béda jeung Dollar AS (USD) anu nganggo dua angka di tukangeun koma.&lt;ref name=&quot;six&quot; /&gt;

Kode anu dimimitian ku aksara &quot;X&quot; dipaké pikeun mata uang atawa komoditas anu sipatna &quot;supranasional&quot; atawa henteu kabeungkeut ku hiji nagara tinangtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;unece&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unece.org/trade/cefact/tf_recommendations |title=Recommendation No. 9 Alphabetical Code for the Representation of Currencies |publisher=United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation |accessdate=2026-04-20 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Badan anu tanggung jawab pikeun ngokolakeun sarta ngamutahirkeun daptar kode ieu nyaéta ''SIX Financial Information'' anu miboga mandat ti ISO.&lt;ref name=&quot;iso-agency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/maintenance-agencies-and-registration-authorities.html |title=Maintenance Agencies and Registration Authorities |publisher=ISO |accessdate=2026-04-20 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Simbul mata uang]]
[[Kategori:Pakodean]]
[[Kategori:ISO]]
[[Kategori:Standar ISO|#04217]]
[[Kategori:ISO 4217]]
[[Kategori:Standar ISO]]
[[Kategori:Standar Internasional]]
[[Kategori:Kauangan]]
[[Kategori:Ékonomi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kohaku</title>
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      <text bytes="9674" sha1="fqhvnbjuqkyjqerycaup71u7gddtf4g" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;&quot; | Kohaku (Nishikigoi)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:kohaku.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Kohaku, salah sahiji variétas koi anu paling populér kalayan pola warna bodas sarta beureum.''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| [[Doméstikasi]] (DOM)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Regnum
| [[Animalia]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Phylum
| [[Chordata]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Classis
| [[Actinopterygii]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ordo
| [[Cypriniformes]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Familia
| [[Cyprinidae]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Genus
| ''[[Cyprinus]]''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Species
| '''''C. carpio'''''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Subspecies
| '''''C. c. carpio'''''
|}

'''Kohaku''' ({{Nihongo|[[:ja:紅白 (ニシキゴイ)|紅白]]|kōhaku|&quot;beureum jeung bodas&quot;}}) nyaéta variétas [[Lauk koi]] nu mibanda ornamén éndah.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiWiki&quot;&gt;World Koi Club. ''Kohaku Variety Guide''. https://www.worldkoiclub.com/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kohaku mibanda awak bodas (''shiro''), kalayan pola beureum (''aka''), atawa ''hi''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', meuntas awakna. ''Kohaku'' nyaéta sahsahiji gosanke;  ‘Tilu nu Utama’, nyaéta ''Kohaku'', ''Sanke'', jeung ''Showa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/ | title=Guide to Kohaku Koi Variety | accessdate=10 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140412171302/http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/ |date=12 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Sajarah sarta Garis Katurunan]] ==
Kohaku dipecaya mangrupa salah sahiji variétas hias [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] (koi) nu mimiti dimekarkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;RayJordan&quot;/&gt;  Variétas ditetepkeun taun 1888, nalika saurang patani nu namina [[Kunizo Hiroi]] ngawinkeun lauk bikang hulu-beureum  jeung salah sahiji lauk jalu anjeuna, nu polana siga kembang sakura, Sahingga nyiptakeun garis katurunan ''Gosuke''.&lt;ref name=&quot;RayJordan&quot;&gt;Jordan, Ray. ''Koi History''. MPKS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml Diarsipkeun] tina aslina ping 2009-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan garis katurunan ''Gosuke'' ayeuna tumpur ti sakabéh garis katurunan Kohaku nu dipikawanoh (''Tomoin, Sensuke, Yagozen, Manzo'').&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml |date=2009-07-23 }} Ray Jordan Koi History&lt;/ref&gt; Poé ieu, Tomoin jeung Yagozen nyaéta dua garis katurunan Kohaku nu nyésa di Jepang.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628103301/http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm |date=2003-06-28 }} Koiman UK&lt;/ref&gt; Kohaku tetep jadi salah sahiji katurunan nu paling kasohor di Jepang.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiUK&quot;&gt;Koiman UK. ''Ogawa Kohaku History''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030628103301/http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm Diarsipkeun] tina aslina ping 2003-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Pola beureum caang terang katelah minangka {{Nihongo|''hi''|緋}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiWiki&quot;/&gt;

Dugi ka poé ieu, Kohaku tetep janten salah sahiji variétas anu paling kasohor sarta janten standar kualitas pikeun para pangresep koi di sakuliah dunya. Pola warna beureum caang dina awakna sacara husus disebut ku istilah {{Nihongo|'''''hi'''''|緋}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiWiki&quot;/&gt;

== [[Tipeu Pola Hi]] ==
Dina Kohaku, pola ''hi'' (beureum) dibagi kana sababaraha jinis dumasar kana bentukna:
* '''[[Inazuma]]''': Pola beureum anu ngabentuk garis zig-zag saperti kilat.
* '''[[N段]] (N-Dan)''': Pola beureum anu kabagi janten sababaraha bagian (pulo), contona ''Nidan'' (dua pulo), ''Sandan'' (tilu pulo), sarta saterusna.
* '''[[Maruten]]''': Pola beureum anu miboga bintik bunder (tancho) dina huluna, nanging miboga pola sanés dina awakna.

==Ciri-ciri==
Dina dunya kontés koi, hiji Kohaku dianggap miboga kualitas anu hadé upami nyumponan sarat-sarat ieu di handap:&lt;ref&gt;Tamadachi. p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;
# ''Hi'' (pola beureum) warna ''hi'' kedah caang, rata (solid), sarta miboga kandel anu sarua dina sakabéh awak. Teu kénging aya sisit bodas anu nyelap di tengah-tengah pola ''hi'' (ieu dianggap cacad sarius). 
# '''[[Saimbang]]''': Pola beureum kedah katingal saimbang (balance) nalika ditingal ti luhur, sanajan henteu kedah simétris pisan.
# '''[[Kiwagi]] sarta [[Sashi]]''': Sisi-sisi atawa wates antara warna beureum sarta bodas kedah jelas sarta seukeut (teges). Wates pola di bagian buntut (''kiwa'') biasana langkung seukeut dibandingkeun wates pola di bagian anu caket kana hulu (''sashi''), nanging tetep kedah rapih dumasar standar.
# '''[[Wates Pola]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngalébar dugi ka ngaliwatan panon sarta henteu kénging aya dina cécépét (sirip). Nanging, aturan ieu henteu dilarapkeun sacara kaku pisan pikeun lauk hiasan di balong biasa. 
# '''[[Gurat Lateral]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngaliwatan gurat lateral (gurat sisi). Ieu dumasar kana pakem yén koi utamana dinikmati kaéndahanana nalika ditingal ti luhur balong.
# '''[[Bagian Hulu (Sirah)]]''': Wajib aya pola ''hi'' dina bagian hulu lauk. Lauk anu teu miboga pola beureum dina huluna disebut {{Nihongo|'''[[Bozu]]'''|坊主|bōzu}} (hartosna sirah dugul biarawan), sarta ieu dianggap hiji kakurangan anu cukup badag dina kontés.
# '''[[Bagian Buntut]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngalébar dugi ka liang irung sarta henteu meunang némpél kana tungtung sirip buntut (kedah aya sela bodas sateuacan buntut).

== [[Tetekon sarta Istilah dina Kohaku]] ==
Aturan ieu mangrupa tetekon (standar) anu dianggo dina paméran koi di [[Jepang]]. Nanging, upami lauk mung saukur dipiara pikeun papaés di bumi atanapi sato ingon-ingon, tetekon ieu henteu kedah diturut sacara kaku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;&gt;Tamadachi, Michio. (1990). ''The Cult of the Koi''. T.F.H. Publications. p. 195.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aya sajumlah istilah anu biasa dipaké ku para ahli pikeun ngajéntrékeun tanda atawa pola dina Kohaku:

* {{Nihongo|'''Akamuji'''|赤無字}}: Lauk anu warnana beureum polos tanpa aya warna bodas. Di Jepang, ieu saméméhna dianggap &quot;produk gagal&quot; dina budidaya Kohaku sarta mindeng dipiceun. Nanging, saprak taun 1990-an, popularitasna mimiti naék.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiHistory&quot;&gt;Jordan, Ray. ''Koi History''. MPKS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml Diarsipkeun] 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina paméran, Akamuji asup kana kategori '''Kawarimono''', disebut ogé {{Nihongo|'''Benigoi'''|紅鯉}} atanapi {{Nihongo|'''Hiaka''|緋赤}}. Upami aya bercak bodas dina tungtung cécépétna (sirip), disebutna {{Nihongo|'''Aka Hajiro'''|赤羽白}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Shiromuji'''|白無字}}: Lauk anu warnana bodas polos tanpa aya corak beureum. Variétas ieu henteu dihargaan di Jepang. Nanging, lauk bodas polos anu miboga sisit métalik (mencrang) disebutna {{Nihongo|'''Platinum koi'''|プラチナ鯉|Purachina-goi}} sarta kacida populérna.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiUK&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Komoyō'''|小模様}}: Pola beureum anu ukuranna leutik (kirang ti saparapat panjang awak lauk). Lauk kalayan pola kieu kirang diajénan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Ōmoyō'''|大模様}}: Pola beureum anu badag, sahenteuna saparapat panjang awak lauk. Pola ieu anu dipiharep, margi nalika lauk beuki déwasa, pola ieu bakal misah janten corak anu éndah pisan.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiIdentification&quot;&gt;Koi Organisation International. ''Identifying Kohaku Patterns''. https://koiorganisationinternational.org/&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Dangara'''|段柄}}: Pola beureum anu kapisah sacara rapih, nyarupaan batu tétécéan dina taman. Ieu kacida diajénanana dina pasanggiri:
** '''[[Inazuma]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Inazuma'''|稲妻}}): Pola zig-zag saperti kilat. Nami ieu kawéntar saprak paméran ''All Nippon Show'' taun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;&gt;Tamadachi. p. 203.&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''[[Nidan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Nidan'''|二段}}): Pola anu miboga dua belang (pulo) beureum.
** '''[[Sandan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Sandan'''|三段}}): Pola anu miboga tilu belang beureum.
** '''[[Yondan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Yondan'''|四段}}): Pola anu miboga opat belang beureum. Kohaku anu miboga leuwih ti opat pola bakal asup kana kategori ''Komoyo'' sarta ajénna nurun.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiIdentification&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Odome'''|尾止め}}: Jarak warna bodas (shiroji) antara tungtung pola beureum sateuacan lebet kana buntut. Ukuranna idéalna sakitar 2 cm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Zubonhaki'''|ズボン履き}}: Istilah pikeun pola beureum anu &quot;mungkus&quot; bagian buntut (hartosna: &quot;maké calana panjang&quot;). Ieu teu dipikaresep. Sabalikna, upami teu aya warna beureum pisan di deukeut buntut, disebutna '''Bongiri''' (&quot;maké kaméja tanpa calana&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiHistory&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Makibara'''|卷腹}}: Warna beureum anu ngabulen dugi ka bagian beuteung lauk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamadachi&quot;/&gt;

* {{Nihongo|'''Kuchibeni'''|口紅}}: Hartosna &quot;lipstik&quot;, nujul kana warna beureum anu aya dina bagian biwir lauk. Di Jepang, ieu ilaharna dianggap hiji kakurangan atanapi kasalahan dina kontés.&lt;ref name=&quot;KoiIdentification&quot;/&gt;
==Référénsi==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohaku (Koi)}}
[[Kategori:Lauk hias]]
[[Kategori:Koi]]
[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]]
[[Kategori:Lauk darat]]
[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:Lauk Jepang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthew McConaughey</title>
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      <text bytes="36127" sha1="b6d6ku4bovzr431yhyds90kvog9gtqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Matthew McConaughey|image=Matthew McConaughey - Goldene Kamera 2014 - Berlin.jpg|caption=Matthew McConaughey in February 2014|birth_name=Matthew David McConaughey|birth_date={{birth date and age|1969|11|04}}|birth_place=[[Uvalde, Texas]], U.S.|residence=[[Austin, Texas]], U.S.|occupation=Actor, producer, Minister of Culture at The University of Texas at Austin|spouse={{marriage|[[Camila Alves]]|2012}}|children=3}}
'''Mateus Daud McConaughey''' ( / m ə k ɒ n ə h eɪ / ; dilahirkeun Nopémber 4, 1969) mangrupa aktor Amérika sarta produser.  Anjeunna mimiti massana bewara pikeun peran breakout na di datang-of-umur komedi ''Dazed na Bingung'' (1993), sateuacan jalan mun muncul dina pilem ''Texas Chainsaw Uchiha: The Next Generation'' (1994), ''A Time maehan'' (1996), film komedi ''leuwih badag ti Kahirupan'' (1996), [[Steven Spielberg]] drama sajarah 's ''Amistad'' (1997), jeung drama fiksi ''Kontak'' (1997), jeung komedi ''EDtv'' (1999), jeung pilem perang ''U-571'' (2000).

Dina 2000, McConaughey janten pangalusna dipikawanoh pikeun dibintanginya di komedi layeut ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/28/matthew-mcconaughey-killer-joe|title=Matthew McConaughey: from himbo to highbrow|website=The Guardian|accessdate=26 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup ''The Kawinan Nu Ngarencana'' (2001), ''leungit kumaha Guy di 10 Days'' (2003), ''paranti peluncuran'' (2006), ''fool urang Emas'' (2008), jeung ''hantu of girlfriends Kapungkur'' (2009).  Kusabab 2011, anjeunna geus pikaresep kalungguhan dramatis, kaasup ''The Lincoln Pengacara'' (2011), ''Bernie'' (2011) ''Killer Joe'' (2011), ''The Paperboy'' (2012), ''leutak'' (2012), ''Magic Mike'' (2012), ''The Wolf of Wall Street'' (2013), ''Interstellar'' (2014), ''The Sea of tatangkalan'' (2016), ''Free Nagara Jones'' (2016).

McConaughey kahontal kasuksésan kritis dina 2013 sarta 2014.  Dina 2013, McConaughey portrayed Ron Woodroof , a Cowboy didiagnosis kalawan [[AIDS]] di pilem biographical ''Dallas pembeli Club'' , anu earned anjeunna téh Academy Award , Kritik 'pilihan Movie Award , Golden Globe Award , jeung Aktor Screen kanu Award , sadaya pikeun Actor Best, diantara panghargaan sejen tur nominasi.  Dina 2014, anjeunna dibéntangan sakumaha Tai hiang Cohle di musim mimitina tina HBO 's drama kajahatan antologi runtuyan ''Leres Detektif ,'' nu manéhna meunang Kritik' pilihan Award Televisi jeung TCA Award , sarta ieu bieu keur Primetime Emmy Award , Golden Globe Award , na layar Aktor kanu Award.

== Kahirupan mimiti ==
Mateus Daud McConaughey lahir on Nopémber 4, 1969, dina Uvalde, Texas .&lt;ref name=&quot;IC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/proud-irish-american-matthew-mcconaughey-hope-to-send-his-kids-to-the-gaeltacht-video|title=Matthew McConaughey hopes to send his kids to the Gaeltacht|publisher=IrishCentral}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Indungna, Mary Kathleen &quot;Kay&quot; / &quot;KMac&quot; ( ''née'' McCabe), nyaéta urut guruna TK jeung panulis diterbitkeun anu diajarkeun McConaughey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Don't Call Matthew McConaughey 'Matt'&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UliCFpBZdjU|title=Don't Call Matthew McConaughey 'Matt'|language=English|accessdate=21 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Biasana ieu asalna ti Trenton, New Jersey .&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/his-time-kill?fullpage=1|title=His Time to Kill|last=Cohen|first=Jason|publisher=Texas Monthly|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bapana, James Donald &quot;Jim&quot; McConaughey,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-McConaughey/6000000009461337410|title=James Donald McConaughey|publisher=geni.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; lahir di Mississippi dina 1922 sarta digedékeun di Lousiana ,&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/matthew-mcconaughey-19960822|title=Hot Actor: Matthew McConaughey|publisher=Rolling Stone|accessdate=June 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; di mana manéhna lumpat hiji bisnis pipe suplai minyak; anjeunna dicoo pikeun Wildcats Kentucky sarta Houston Cougars kuliah bal tim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2014/02/24/3107024_mark-story-matthew-mcconaugheys.html?rh=1|title=Mark Story: Matthew McConaughey's dad played college football for ... Kentucky?|last=Story|first=Mark|publisher=kentucky.com|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina 1953, Jim ieu drafted di babak 27 ku NFL 's Héjo Bay Packers .  Anjeunna dirilis sateuacan musim mimiti na pernah diputer hiji kaulinan liga resmi di NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl|title=1953 Green Bay Packers|publisher=databasefootball.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408062212/http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl|archivedate=April 8, 2013|dead-url=yes|accessdate=May 24, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408062212/http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl |date=April 8, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey urang indung na telat bapana nikah silih tilu kali, sanggeus cerai silih dua kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=entertainment&amp;id=3949579|title=Barbara Walters' Oscar Special|publisher=ABC7news.com|accessdate=April 15, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204064645/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=entertainment&amp;id=3949579 |date=December 4, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna boga dua baraya heubeul, Michael sarta Patrick (anu diadopsi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bodyheightweight.com/matthew-mcconaughey-family/|title=Meet Oscar Winning Actor Matthew McConaughey and his sweet family|website=bodyheightweight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Michael, nicknamed &quot;hayam jalu&quot;, nyaéta millionaire timer dijieun anu Béntang dina CNBC docu-seri ''West Texas Investor Club'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/graham-winfrey/west-texas-investor-s-club-invades-shark-tank-nation.html|title=Meet the Self-Made Millionaires of 'West Texas Investors Club'|last=Winfrey|first=Graham|publisher=Inc.com|accessdate=August 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta salaku sahiji 2018 béntang di A &amp;amp;amp; E kanyataanana acara ''hayam jalu &amp;amp;amp; Butch'' kalawan Wayne (Butch) Gilliam.  Katurunan McConaughey urang kaasup Inggris , Jerman , Irlandia , Skotlandia , jeung Swédia , jeung akar Irlandia na mahluk ti Cavan / Monaghan wewengkon.&lt;ref name=&quot;IC&quot;/&gt;  Anjeunna mangrupa relatif Confederate brigadir umum Dandridge McRae .&lt;ref name=&quot;Scottish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=11644&amp;in_page_id=11|title=60 Second interview: Matthew McConaughey|website=Metro|accessdate=May 7, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513072916/http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=11644&amp;in_page_id=11 |date=May 13, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna kungsi Methodist upbringing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&amp;objectid=188381|title=No use putting out the welcome Matt|website=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=August 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dipindahkeun ka Longview, Texas , dina 1980,&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot;/&gt; di mana anjeunna dihadiran Longview Sakola Luhur .  Anjeunna mukim di Australia pikeun sataun hiji, dina Warnervale, New South Wales , salaku usaha Rotary murid bursa dina 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;exchange&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425826/696966|title=ONE news|website=McConaughey credits Australian town|accessdate=December 22, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205042252/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425826/696966 |date=February 5, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ngahadiran Universitas Texas Austin (UT-Austin), di mana manéhna ngagabung Delta tau Delta fraternity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html|title=The Castilian Dorm Serving the University of Texas Receives Upgrades (PR.com)|publisher=Student Housing Planet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071435/http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html|archivedate=September 12, 2009|dead-url=yes|accessdate=October 16, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071435/http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html |date=September 12, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Manéhna mimitian di tumiba 1989 sarta lulus di cinyusu taun 1993 ku Bachelor of Élmu di Radio-Télévisi-Film.&lt;ref&gt;[https://utdirect.utexas.edu/apps/degree/degrees/nlogon/?s_last_name_read=&amp;s_last_isn_read=&amp;s_first_name_read=&amp;s_first_isn_read=&amp;s_first_time_sw=X&amp;s_start_name=McConaughey%2C+Matthew&amp;s_start_page=Submit Derajat sarta Kaping of kahadiran: McConaughey, Mateus D.] . Universitas Texas Austin&lt;/ref&gt;  Rencana aslina na sempet robah jadi manéhna hayang hadir Southern Methodist Universitas dugi salah sahiji baraya na ngawartoskeun anjeunna yén SPP sakola swasta bakal geus beungbeurat dina finances kulawarga urang.  Anjeunna ogé pernah rencanana hadir sakola hukum sanggeus kalulusan tina kuliah,&lt;ref&gt;wawancara NPR&lt;/ref&gt;     Tapi anjeunna sadar anjeunna teu resep jadi hiji [[Pengacara|pangacara]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot; /&gt;

== Karir ==
McConaughey mimiti digawé di commercials televisi, kaasup salah sahiji keur Austin, koran poéan Texas, anu ''Austin Amérika-negarawan'' , anu geus credited sakumaha peran diomongkeun kahijina.  Garis, &quot;Kumaha sejenna am I gonna tetep nepi ka kuring 'tanduk?&quot; - a rujukan pikeun tercinta na Texas Longhorns tim olahraga - masihan masarakat satempat katingal di aktor ngora saméméh anjeunna tuang di Richard Linklater pilem 's ''Dazed na Bingung'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dazed_and_confused/|title=Dazed and Confused Movie Reviews, Pictures|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=August 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina 1992, anjeunna tuang salaku &quot;Joe&quot; dina Trisha Yearwood 's video musik &quot;Walkaway Joe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20794232,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey's First Break? A 1992 Trisha Yearwood Video|date=March 6, 2014|publisher=people.com|access-date=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saatos sababaraha kalungguhan leutik di ''Malaikat di pamaén outfielder'' , ''Texas Chainsaw Uchiha: The Next Generation'' , ''Boys on Sisi nu'' , sarta serial télévisi ''kaungkab Mysteries'' , break badag McConaughey urang sumping salaku pangacara Jake Brigance dina film ''A Time maehan'' (1996), dumasar kana éta John Grisham novél sahiji ngaran anu sarua .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/03/03/matthew-mcconaughey-a-time-to-kill|title=Watch the moment Matthew McConaughey proved he was Oscar-worthy|date=March 3, 2014|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina taun 1990-an ahir, McConaughey ieu tuang di kalungguhan ngarah di beuki pilem, kaasup ''Kontak'' , ''Amistad'' , ''The Newton Boys'' , ''EDtv'' sarta ''U-571'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/matthew-mcconaughey-16599996|title=Matthew McConaughey|publisher=[[Biography.com]]|accessdate=August 19, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031183007/http://www.biography.com/people/matthew-mcconaughey-16599996 |date=October 31, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2001-2011 ===
[[Gambar:Matthew_McConaughey.jpg|jmpl|231x231px| McConaughey taun 2008, milu di Nautica Malibu Triathlon]]
Ku 2000 awal, anjeunna remen tuang di komedi layeut , kaasup ''The Kawinan Nu Ngarencana'' na ''leungit kumaha a Guy dina 10 Days'' , duanana nu éta suksés dina kotak kantor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/10602734/Matthew-McConaughey-exclusive-interview.html|title=Matthew McConaughey: exclusive interview|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Salila periode ieu, anjeunna muncul salaku firefighter dina pilem-anggaran low ''Tiptoes'' , kalawan Kate Beckinsale , dina ''Dua pikeun Duit éta'' salaku protégé ka Al Pacino 's judi mogul, sarta di ''Frailty'' kalawan Bill Paxton , anu ogé diarahkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://onthesetofnewyork.com/twoforthemoney.html|title=Two for the Money Film Locations - On the set of New York.com|website=onthesetofnewyork.com|accessdate=2015-08-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060948/http://onthesetofnewyork.com/twoforthemoney.html |date=2015-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dibéntangan dina 2005 pilem fitur ''Sahara'' marengan Steve Zahn na Penelope Cruz .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/08/movies/08saha.html?_r=0|title=On a Desert Gallop, Planting Assorted Red Flags|date=April 8, 2005|publisher=The New York Times|access-date=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saacanna sékrési pilem, manéhna diwanohkeun deui ku sailing turun Walungan Amazon na trekking mun [[Mali]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/04/11/mcconaughey.sahara/|title=McConaughey's elusive quest|date=April 14, 2005|publisher=cnn.com|access-date=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nu taun anu sarua, McConaughey ieu ngaranna &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwuw&quot;&gt;Jalma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Majalah urang &quot; Sexiest Man Alive &quot; kanggo 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.people.com/people/package/custom/0,,1113899,00.html &quot;2005 Sexiest Man of the Year&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120213301/http://www.people.com/people/package/custom/0,,1113899,00.html|date=2012-11-20}}. ''People''. Retrieved May 19, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina taun 2006, anjeunna ko-dibéntangan ku Sarah Jessica Parker dina komedi romantis ''paranti peluncuran'' tur salaku Marshall palatih sirah bal Jack Lengyel di ''Urang Dupi Marshall'' .  McConaughey ogé disadiakeun karya sora dina kampanye iklan keur Korps Peace di telat 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxQvw3cD0EoC&amp;pg=PA40&amp;lpg=PA40&amp;dq=voice+work+matthew+mcconaughey+peace+corps&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=0ipRUuY6Ev&amp;sig=1KsFksTBAGGvhSmV7Y6mVOjGDuY&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ZvufUdvULYrZ0wHTsYDABg&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&amp;q=voice%20work%20matthew%20mcconaughey%20peace%20corps&amp;f=false|title=Peace Corps in the 21st Century: A Rhetorical Analysis|last=Maugh|first=Casey Malone|page=41}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna diganti Owen Wilson dina Ben Stiller 's ''Tropic Guntur'' sanggeus Wilson urang usaha bunuh diri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20057720,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey to Replace Owen Wilson in Film|website=PEOPLE.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  On Januari 21, 2008, McConaughey jadi juru carios anyar keur kampanye radio nasional, &quot;Sapi: Ieu Naon for malam&quot; , ngaganti Sam Elliott .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=&quot;Beef. It's What's For Dinner&quot; Advertising Campaign Invites Consumers to Discover the Power of Protein|publisher=National Cattlemen's Beef Association|date=January 7, 2008|url=http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/askexpert/pressrelease.asp|accessdate=July 2, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011043/http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/askexpert/pressrelease.asp|archivedate=July 27, 2008|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://putlockermix.info|title=Matthew McConaughey Movies List|last=Shinn|first=Peter|publisher=Learfield Communications, Inc.|accessdate=December 25, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175436/https://putlockermix.info/ |date=December 25, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012-kiwari ===
[[Gambar:Dallas_Buyers_Club_08_(9765736361).jpg|kiri|jmpl| McConaughey di premiere of ''Dallas pembeli Club'' di Toronto Festival Film Internasional 2013]]
McConaughey dipikawanoh yen na &quot;gaya hirup, hirup di pantai, ngajalankeun kalawan kaos abdi off, lakukeun komedi romantis&quot; sempet ngabalukarkeun anjeunna bisa typecast pikeun kalungguhan nu tangtu, sarta anjeunna ditéang karya dramatis kalawan téma lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;fleming20140604&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/06/emmys-matthew-mcconaughey-qa-on-following-oscar-with-the-game-changing-hbo-series-true-detective/|title=EMMYS Q&amp;A: Matthew McConaughey on Following Oscar with the Game-Changing HBO Series ' Detective'|last=Fleming, Mike Jr.|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=4 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cenah: 
{| class=&quot;cquote pullquote&quot; id=&quot;212&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;&quot;
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| style=&quot;vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;&quot; | Kuring meunang ka perasaan kawas, pikeun sababaraha taun, abdi ngalakonan hal anu kuring resep ngalakonan jeung layeut jeung aksi komedi.  Tapi kuring yakin, kuring noticed aya hal séjén anu teu datang di.  Tur upami maranéhanana datang dina, ieu dina formulir bebas sareng paycheck leuwih leutik, tur taya sahijieun bener wanting pikeun meunang balik aranjeunna.  .  .  Tapi terang kuring bisa nyebutkeun euweuh ka hal Abdi geus ngalakonan.  Dina paribasa henteu ka éta hal, abdi terang karya ieu bade ka tegalan nepi keur awhile.  .  .  Taun sarta satengah, masih nganggur.  Dina dua taun, sakabéh ngadadak, dina pamanggih kuring, kuring jadi gagasan anyar alus keur sababaraha direksi alus.&lt;ref name=&quot;fleming20140604&quot;/&gt; 
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Dina 2012, McConaughey dibéntangan barengan Channing Tatum di ''Magic Mike'' , dumasar hirup mimiti Tatum, nu ieu diarahkeun ku Steven Soderbergh .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/movies/magic-mike-by-steven-soderbergh-with-channing-tatum.html?_r=0|title=The Body Politic: Review: ‘Magic Mike,’ by Steven Soderbergh, With Channing Tatum|date=June 28, 2012|publisher=The New York Times|access-date=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Manéhna balik ka akar East Texas-Na, dipake deui ku sutradara Richard Linklater on ''Bernie ,'' maén Pangacara Kabupaten Danny Buck Davidson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/05/07/bernie-tiede-released-from-prison-will-live-with-bernie-director-richard-linklater/|title=Bernie Tiede released from prison, will live with 'Bernie' director Richard Linklater|date=May 7, 2014|publisher=The Washington Post|access-date=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina Juni 2012, McConaughey ieu diondang pikeun gabung ka Akademi Motion Picture Seni sarta Élmu Pengetahuan .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/06/mcconaughey-chastain-invited-to-join-academy-/1#.UemMNtJM-So|title=McConaughey, Spencer invited to join Academy|last=Thompson|first=Arienne|website=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=July 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2013, anjeunna portrayed Ron Woodroof di ''Dallas pembeli Club .''  Peran mangrupa rider rodeo anu discovers anjeunna boga [[AIDS]] sarta struggles mun meunang perlakuan diperlukeun anjeunna leungit ampir 50 &amp;nbsp; sedengkeun (22 &amp;nbsp; kg).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/awards-campaign/oscar-contender-matthew-mcconaughey-reveals-how-he-lost--and-ponders-a-magic-mike-sequel|title=Matthew McConaughey reveals how he lost and ponders a 'Magic Mike' sequel|last=Ellwood|first=Gregory|website=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Film earned McConaughey panghargaan loba akting, kaasup nu layar Aktor kanu Award pikeun Performance Pinunjul ku Actor pameget dina Peran Anjog , anu Golden Globe Award pikeun Best Actor - Drama , jeung Academy Award pikeun Actor Best .&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallas Buyers Club 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dallas_buyers_club_2013/|title=Dallas Buyers Club (2013)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixster]]|accessdate=January 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallas Buyers Club Reviews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/dallas-buyers-club|title=Dallas Buyers Club Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=November 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ko-béntang na Jared Leto meunang Academy Award pikeun Best ngarojong Actor , sahingga ''Dallas pembeli Club'' film munggaran saprak ''Mystic Walungan'' (2003) meunang duanana panghargaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.buyersclubdallas.com/|title=Buying Time: World traveler Ron Woodroof smuggles drugs—and hope—for people with AIDS|last=Minutaglio|first=Bill|date=August 9, 1992|work=[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Life Magazine]]|pages=8–12, 21, 25}} (original article)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slate110113&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/11/01/dallas_buyers_club_true_story_fact_and_fiction_in_the_matthew_mcconaughey.html|title=How Accurate Is Dallas Buyers Club?|last=Harris|first=Aisha|date=November 1, 2013|work=Slate.com|access-date=December 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ogé diulas di Martin Scorsese 's ''The Wolf of Wall Street'' sakumaha Tandaan Hanna, hiji boss awal Yordania Belfort .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2012/08/matthew-mcconaughey-joins-the-wolf-of-wall-street-312293/|title=Matthew McConaughey Joins 'The Wolf Of Wall Street'|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085551/https://deadline.com/2012/08/matthew-mcconaughey-joins-the-wolf-of-wall-street-312293/ |date=2018-11-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Gambar:Matthew_McConaughey_Cannes_2015.jpg|jmpl|McConaughey di Festival Film Cannes 2015]]
Antukna, McConaughey ngarékam pengumuman layanan publik di Austin, Texas keur Perpustakaan Présidén LBJ .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/how-has-lbj-s-legacy-affected-you|title=Matthew McConaughey Has A Presidents' Day Gift For You|last=Salamon|first=Jeff|website=Texas Monthly|accessdate=18 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305215719/http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/how-has-lbj-s-legacy-affected-you |date=5 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina bulan April 2014, ''sareng'' majalah kaasup McConaughey di taunan na Time 100 salaku salah sahiji &quot;Jalma paling boga pangaruh dina Dunya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/70802/matthew-mcconaughey-2014-time-100/|title=Matthew McConaughey: The most surprising actor in Hollywood|last=Linklater|first=Richard|date=April 23, 2014|publisher=Time magazine|access-date=May 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424143129/http://time.com/70802/matthew-mcconaughey-2014-time-100/ |date=April 24, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina bulan Agustus 2014, di Lincoln Motor Company nandatanganan kolaborasi multi-taun kalayan McConaughey pikeun kampanye iklan.  The commercials, diarahkeun ku Nicolas pungkal Refn ( ''Girang'' ), diulas McConaughey salaku juru dongéng hiji nyetir sabudeureun dina Lincoln urang MKC kawin silang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://media.lincoln.com/content/lincolnmedia/lna/us/en/news/2014/08/21/lincoln-mcconaughey-begin-new-creative-journey.html|title=Lincoln Motor Company and Matthew McConaughey Begin New Creative Journey}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Teu lila sanggeus éta commercials debut di September 2014, maranéhanana parodied ku Ellen DeGeneres , Conan O'Brien , Jim Carrey , ''Selatan Park ,'' sarta ''Sabtu Malam Live'' .  Jualan sakabéh pikeun Lincoln ngaronjat ku 25 persén sabulan sanggeus Iklan debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/new-matthew-mcconaughey-ads-lincoln-760569|title=New Matthew McConaughey Ads for Lincoln to Debut New Year's Day (Video)|last=Walker|first=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Runtuyan commercials dibintanginya McConaughey terus pikeun sababaraha taun leuwih; mangsa ieu anjeunna ogé dirojong di MKZ sedan jeung MKX kawin silang.

Dina 2014, anjeunna dibagikeun tagihan béntang sareng Woody Harrelson di HBO 's drama kajahatan antologi runtuyan ''Leres Detektif .'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/04/hbo-picks-up-matthew-mcconaughey-woody-harrelson-series-true-detective/|title=HBO Picks Up Matthew-Woody Series 'True Detective' With Eight-Episode Order|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=June 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pikeun peran minangka Tai hiang Cohle , anjeunna meunang Kritik 'pilihan Award Televisi keur Actor Best dina Drama Series .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8LMxdNO6hU|title=Matthew McConaughey Wins Critics Choice Awards 2014 Best Actor|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=March 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ogé bieu keur Primetime Emmy Award pikeun Actor Diterangkeun Pinunjul dina Drama Series , anu anjeunna leungit mun Bryan Cranston sarta Golden Globe Award pikeun Actor Best - Miniseries atawa Televisi Film .&lt;ref name=&quot;TrueDetectiveShutOut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/tv-zone-1.811968/emmys-why-did-true-detective-matthew-mcconaughey-get-shut-out-1.9152024|title=Emmys: Why did 'True Detective,' Matthew McConaughey get shut out?|last=Verne Gay|publisher=newsday.com|accessdate=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TrueDetectiveShutOut&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2014/12/11/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees/|title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|publisher=TVLine|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kalawan na Oscar win munggaran jeung acclaim kritis narima pikeun ''Leres Detektif'' &quot;McConaughey sigana jadi ngetok kana hal penting, sésana dirina bari manjang, lalaki heubeul bari tinggal di umur sarua&quot;.  Kritikus Rachel Syme dubbed pangakuan sarta pagelaran na bari nyandak on leuwih kompleks, kalungguhan dramatis salaku &quot;The McConaissance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2014/01/the-mcconaissance.html|title=The McConaissance|last=Rachel|first=Syme|publisher=The New Yorker|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On Nopémber 17, 2014, McConaughey narima hiji béntang dina Hollywood Walk Inohong , ayana dina 6931 Pegangsaan &lt;ref&gt;http://www.walkoffame.com/matthew-mcconaughey&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey ogé maénkeun Cooper, bapa randa na Astronot, barengan Anne Hathaway , Jessica Chastain , Michael Caine , Mackenzie Foy , sarta Casey Affleck di Christopher Nolan 's fiksi pilem ''Interstellar'' (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;COLLIDER.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/matthew-mcconaughey-christopher-nolan-interstellar/|title=Matthew McConaughey Confirmed to Lead Christopher Nolan's INTERSTELLAR|last=Goldberg|first=Matt|publisher=collider.com|accessdate=April 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saatos pagawean Gus Van Sant 's 2015 pilem ''The Sea of Tatangkalan'' jeung Ken Watanabe ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/matthew-mcconaughey-star-gus-van-677201|title=Matthew McConaughey to Star in Gus Van Sant's 'Sea of Trees'|last=Kit|first=Boris|website=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=TheHollywoodReporter.com|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; dina 2016, McConaughey dibéntangan dina dua film, ''Free Nagara Santang'' jeung ''Emas'' , jeung bersuara karakter ngarah dina dua film animasi, ''Kubo jeung Dua Senar'' sarta ''Sing'' .

Dina 2016, McConaughey ieu hired salaku diréktur kreatif sarta juru carios selebritis keur liar Turki urang kampanye panganyarna, dibawa dina leuwih awéwé jeung konsumén leuwih internasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBCWildTurkey&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/nod-female-bourbon-fans-wild-turkey-hires-matthew-mcconaughey-n623736|title=In Nod to Female Bourbon Fans, Wild Turkey Hires Matthew McConaughey|last=McMahan|first=Dana|access-date=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WildTurkeyShortFilm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmZZNbUsyt8|title=Wild Turkey Bourbon: Matthew McConaughey Short Film|website=YouTube|publisher=WildTurkey|accessdate=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dibéntangan di Stephen King adaptasi ''The Dark Tower'' (2017), salaku Walter Padick , éta narima réaksi négatip tina kritik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/dark-tower-franchise-future-tv-movies/|title=The Dark Tower: Where Can The Franchise Go From Here?|last=Fuller|first=Becky|website=[[Screen Rant]]|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dark-tower-idris-elba-is-good-movie-1026991|title=Idris Elba Is Too Good for 'The Dark Tower'|last=Spiegel|first=Josh|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/08/04/why-idris-elba-makes-the-dark-tower-a-must-see-in-theaters/|title=Why Idris Elba Makes 'The Dark Tower' A Must-See In Theaters|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/the-dark-tower-review-stephen-king-idris-elba-matthew-mcconaughey-video-1202142694/|title=‘The Dark Tower’ Review: Stephen King Fans Can Be Thankful Idris Elba Is Here To Save The World – And The Movie|last=Hammond|first=Pete|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The leres drama kahirupan gangster ''Bodas Boy Rick'' ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/matthew-mcconaughey-white-boy-rick-drama-1201922232/|title=Matthew McConaughey in Talks to Star in ‘White Boy Rick’|last=McNary|first=Dave|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=March 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; massana ulasan campur jeung éta hiji flop kotak kantor, sedengkeun erotis Thriller ''Serenity ,'' éta ogé dibéntangan Diane Lane jeung Anne Hathaway , ieu panned ku boh kritik sarta panongton sanggeus release na on 25th Januari 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;THRroundup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/serenity-review-roundup-what-critics-are-saying-1178912|title='Serenity': What the Critics Are Saying|last=Perez|first=Lexy|date=January 24, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peran na hareup aya dina harmoni Korine 's ''The Beach eun ,'' hiji komedi Amérika ogé dibintanginya Zac Efron na Yunus Hill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/berlinale-matthew-mcconaughey-harmony-korines-the-beach-bum-1201980016/|title=Matthew McConaughey to Star in Harmony Korine’s ‘The Beach Bum’|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=March 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pilem tos disetel pikeun dileupaskeun di bioskop on 5 April, 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribute.ca/movies/the-beach-bum/134610/|title=The Beach Bum synopsis and movie info|website=Tribute.ca|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== kahirupan pribadi ==
[[Gambar:McConaugheyAlves2010-Crop.jpg|ka|jmpl|226x226px| McConaughey jeung pamajikanana taun 2010]]
Sateuacan McConaughey patepung Camila Alves taun 2006, anjeunna kungsi hubungan jeung Penelope Cruz lajeng Sandra Bullock.  Anjeunna jeung Alves jadi kalibet dina tanggal 25 Désémber 2011, ku kituna nikah dina swasta Katolik Upacara &lt;ref name=&quot;methodism&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianpost.com/news/the-faith-of-matthew-mcconaughey-115649/ Christian Post: &quot;The Iman tina Mateus McConaughey&quot; Ku Jim Darajat] Maret 5, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; dina 9 Juni 2012, in Austin, Texas , di mana maranéhna reside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20602475,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey, Camila Alves Wedding|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=June 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/Matthew_McConaughey_and_Camila_Alves_Getting_Married_in_Top-Secret_Texas_WeddingmdashThis_Weekend/322058|title=Matthew McConaughey and Camila Alves Getting Married in Top-Secret Texas Wedding—This Weekend!|last=Bromley|first=Melanie|last2=Malkin|first2=Marc|publisher=[[E!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kalawan babarengan, biologi gaduh tilu barudak: putra Lewi Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun Juli 7 2008) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/07/08/matthew-mcconau-4/|title=Matthew McConaughey and Camila Alves welcome son Levi|website=People|accessdate=April 14, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120211151/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/07/08/matthew-mcconau-4/ |date=November 20, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung Livingston Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun tanggal 28 Désémber 2012),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/12/28/matthew-mcconaughey-welcomes-son-livingston/|title=Matthew and Camila McConaughey Welcome Son Livingston|website=People|accessdate=December 30, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810152550/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/12/28/matthew-mcconaughey-welcomes-son-livingston/ |date=August 10, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta putri Vida Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun January 3, 2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333981,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey, Camila Alves Welcome daughter, Vida|website=People|accessdate=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dimimitian dina ''ngan tetep livin'' yayasan, nu &quot;dedicated mun nulungan kids rumaja mingpin kahirupan aktip tur nyieun pilihan cageur jadi lalaki hébat sarta awéwé&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.matthewmcconaughey.com/|title=j.k. livin|publisher=Matthew McConaughey|accessdate=August 5, 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216230033/http://www.matthewmcconaughey.com/ |date=February 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On Pébruari 25, 2016, McConaughey nampi pangajén Nurani Kreatif ti unite4: manusa karyana kalawan yayasan-Na.&lt;ref name=&quot;unite4humanity-variety-matthew-mcconaughey-morgan-freeman-olivia-wilde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/scene/news/unite4humanity-variety-matthew-mcconaughey-morgan-freeman-olivia-wilde-1201715937/|title=Matthew McConaughey, Morgan Freeman, Others Honored at Variety's Unite4:Humanity Benefit|last=Saval|first=Malina|website=Variety|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media, LLC]]|accessdate=2016-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey rescued rupa pets terdampar sanggeus banjir tina New Orleans ti Hurricane Katrina .&lt;ref&gt;Toronto Fashion Monitor: [http://toronto.fashion-monitor.com/news.php/toronto_celebrities/2005091203Matthew_McConaughey &quot;Matthew McConaughey Saves the Pets.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112010044/http://toronto.fashion-monitor.com/news.php/toronto_celebrities/2005091203Matthew_McConaughey|date=2005-11-12}}. Retrieved March 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey geus ngajarkeun kelas di mater Alma-Na, UT-Austin, sidang mimiti nu éta ngeunaan syuting tina 2016 pilem ''Free Nagara Santang'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/matthew-mcconaughey-to-teach-film-at-university-of-texas-w211852|title=Matthew McConaughey will return to his alma mater to teach behind the scenes course|last=French|first=Megan|website=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=1 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Keur sési kadua, anjeunna bakal tim kalawan ''The lapar Kaulinan'' diréktur Gary Ross sarta dosén universitas témbal Rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot; /&gt;  Kursus kuliah, bagian tina Moody College of Communications, bakal kabuka pikeun juniors sarta manula.  Aya henteu prerequisites atawa waragad nyandak kursus mingguan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot; /&gt;

McConaughey mangrupa lifelong Redskins kipas, sanggeus dimimitian handap tim kusabab Chris Hanburger sarta rojongan na tina India di Cowboy na Pilem Western India.  Anjeunna malah ngaklaim geus ngahadiran Redskin Game panungtungan di Stadion RFK na buruan hareup di Stadion Jack Kent Cooke sarta salah mimitina di diganti FedEx Lapang &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.redskins.com/video/q-a-with-redskins-fan-matthew-mcconaughey-15999615 https://www.redskins.com/video/qa-with-redskins-fan-matthew-mcconaughey-15999615]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography jeung panghargaan ==

== rujukan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1969]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lion Feuchtwanger</title>
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      <text bytes="1364" sha1="9k7rvobcmbzm132crag01smdpyx4xkc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lion Feuchtwanger.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Lion Feuchtwanger]]
'''Lion  Feuchtwanger''' (lahir 7 Juli 1884 di Munich, Jérman jeung tilar 21 Désémber  1958 di Los Angeles, California) nyaéta panulis nu produktif jeung salah  sahiji tokoh penting dina kasusastraan Jérman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/lion-feuchtwanger|title=Lion Feuchtwanger Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|accessdate=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna dipikawanoh ku novél  sajarahna. Novél munggaran karyana nyaéta ''Die hässliche Herzogin'' (1923).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lion-Feuchtwanger|title=Lion Feuchtwanger {{!}} German writer|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kiwari, tulisan-tulisan titilar buku-buku nu pangpentingna tina koléksi ieu  panulis, sarta tulisanana sorangan dina rupa-rupa édisi jeung tarjamahanana  disimpen dina rak-rak buku jeung lomari Memorial Library Feuchtwanger di  Perpustakaan Doheny, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://libguides.usc.edu/feuchtwanger|title=Research Guides: Feuchtwanger Memorial Library *: Home|last=Ullmann|first=Michaela|website=libguides.usc.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==Rujukan==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[kategori:Panulis Jérman]]</text>
      <sha1>9k7rvobcmbzm132crag01smdpyx4xkc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Juniper beri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T05:38:42Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11921" sha1="s4x6jsm041ozceikfifmh72h5477v7j" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| image = Jeneverbes.jpg
| image_caption = ''Juniperus communis'' subspésiés ''communis''&lt;br&gt; di [[Walanda]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Farjon |first1=A. |title=''Juniperus communis'' |page=e.T42229A2963096 |year=2013 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42229/2963096 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en |access-date=16 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Juniperus
| parent = Juniperus subsect. Juniperus
| species = communis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Juniperus_communis_range_map.png
| range_map_caption = Sumebar sabudeureun dunya
| range_map2 = Juniperus communis North American range map 1.png
| range_map2_caption = Sebaran alami di Amérika Kalér 
}}
'''Juniper béri''' nyaéta siki buah [[Pines|pinus]] bikangna tina tutuwuhan juniper. Juniper béri wangunna buleud semu sisitan. Sisitna pinuh pisan nepi ka sarupa kulit buah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry|title=Juniper Berry Benefits &amp; Information|website=Indigo Herbs|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614181922/https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry |date=2023-06-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/|title=Juniper Berry: Top Health Benefits [2020 List]|website=urbol.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083001/https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2020-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/|title=Piney &amp; Pungent Juniper Berries|website=Lowlander Botanical Beers|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209093642/https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2022-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Juniper béri dipaké minangka rempah kalawan rasa anu semu pait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326|title=The Health Benefits of Juniper Berries|website=Verywell Health|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730004140/https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326 |date=2021-07-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://draxe.com/nutrition/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and Interactions|website=Dr. Axe|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Juniper béri (''Juniperu communis L''.) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan tina génus nu boga spésiés nu jumlahna 60-70 rupa. Jinis juniper béri anu pangmindengna dipaké nyaéta nu asalna tina varietas ''Juniperus communis'' L. Ilaharna mah ieu téh ndisebut juniperus, ogé dipikawanoh minangka buah juniperi, jujiper, jeung &quot;catang supernatural&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Juniper béri nu ngora kénéh warnana semu héjo, sarta dina umumna varietas warnana bakal robah jadi ungu lamun geus asak sanggeus leuwih kurang dua atawa tilu taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.herbco.com/c-328-juniper-berry.aspx|title=Juniper berry|website=Monterey Bay Spice Company|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries - Wild Rose College of Natural Healing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083137/https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/ |date=2020-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ieu spésiés mimiti muncul kira-kira 250 juta taun ka tukang, kalawan geus aya di bumi anu bagian daratanna masih ngahiji dina hiji buana anu disebut [[Pangaéa|Pangaea]], sarta ieu ngajelaskeun spésiés tunggal Junperus cmmunis  asalna bisa ti [[Éropa|Eropa]], [[Asia]], jeung [[Amérika Kalér]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|jmpl|kiri]]
Catetan mimiti anu nuliskeun dipakéna juniper béri nyaéta aya dina naskah [[papirus]] [[Mesir]] taun 1.500 saméméh maséhi sarta digunkeun pikeun ngubaran inféksi [[cacing pita]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/juniper-berry/profile|title=Mountain Rose Herbs: Juniper Berries|website=www.mountainroseherbs.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/|title=Juniper defines Gin. An indepth look at the spirit's core botanical|website=Gin Foundry|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112002/https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/ |date=2020-07-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Buah juniper béri kapanggih dina makam [[Tutankhamun]], ti jaman mesir kuno. Ieu buah dipaké pikeun ramuan jajamu dina prosés ngabalsem mayit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Juniper nyaéta simbul kasuburan Déwi Ashera pikeun bangsa Kanaan. Urang [[Éropa|Eropa kulon]] melak ieu tangka di deukeur panto imahna pikeun nyinglar sihir. Haseupna dipaké ku urang [[Skotlandia]] pikeun nyinglar iblis, cara anu dipaké ku urang Tibét.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Urang Romawi ngagunakeun ieu juniper béri pikeun ngaberesian beuteung tina kasakit. Ahli hérbal abad pertengahan, Culpeper, maké ieu tutuwuhan pikeun ngubaran beuteung kembung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Menjaga kesuburan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298480442|publisher=Prestasi|date=2006|location=Jakarta|isbn=9799799959552|oclc=298480442|last=Ana, Soumy.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina abad pertengahan, juniper béri dianggap minangka jajamu pikeun jimat panyalindung sarta dipaké pikeun nyinglar werejit atawa sihir. Haseup beungbeuleumanana anu seungit dipaké pikeun ritual meresihan jeung mantuan dina ngaramal. Dina waktu perayaan féstival Samhain pikeun bangsa Celtic, juniper béri dibeuleum pikeun ngamimitian hubungan jeung dunia séjén.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Pikeun bangsa asli [[Amérika Kalér]], juniper béri dipaké minangka ubar tuberkulosis jeung inféksi kandung kemih. Urang Yunani maké ieu tutuwuhan dina upacara pikeun nyucikeun jeung ningkatkeun stamina atlet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Urang Romawi ngagunakeun juniper béri pikeun ngaganti pedes hideung anu mahal lantaran kudu diimpor ti [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dina ilmu tatamba (pengobatan) tradisional [[Cina]], juniper béri geus mangabad-abad dipaké mianngka stimulan pikeun ginjal jeung kandung kemih, dipaké minangka antibiotak pikeun inféksi jeung ubar pikeun masalah pencernaan dina lambung, usus, jeung limpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ari urang Indian Zuni maké ieu buah pikeun mantuan prosés ngalahirkeun. Ahli hérbal di Inggris ngagunakeunna pikeun ngubaran gagal jantung kongestif jeung pikeun stimulasi [[Kareseban|menstruasi]]. Ku ahli hérbal Amérika abad kasalapan belas, juniper béri digunakeun minangka ubar gagal jantung kongestif, gonore jeung inféksi saluran kemih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780|title=Juniper Berry {{!}} Winchester Hospital|website=www.winchesterhospital.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083821/https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780 |date=2020-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Déskripsi==
Juniper béri nyaéta [[Tutuwuhan|pepelakan]] jenis gymnospermae anu wangun tangkalna leutik kalawan warna kulit tangkalna coklat semu beureum. Wangun tunas leutikna segi tilu. Kalakayna wangun silinder, ipis, lemes jeung ngareuy. Pucukna kira-kira 3&amp;nbsp;mm sisitan. Daunna nu ngora kénéh wangunna saperti jarum, panjangna 5–12&amp;nbsp;mm, tungtung daunna seukeut, bukuan di bagian handapna jeung cucukan. Daunna tilu umpak jeung tetep saperti kitu salila 3 taun. Juniper béri mangrupa jinis tutuwuhan anu tumuwuh langsung tina kalakayma kalawan stoma tunggal anu gedé jeung gedé di lebah luhurna, kadang-kadang dibagi ku garis héjo nepi ka puhuna jeung mindengna mah boga kelenjar anu ngaluarkeun [[geutah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of herbs and spices.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032316294|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-1-78684-754-6|oclc=1032316294|last=Ravindran, P. N., 1942-}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/juniperus/communis/|title=Juniperus communis (common juniper): Go Botany|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=227|title=Plant Database|website=www.hort.uconn.edu|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://science.jrank.org/pages/3729/Juniper.html|title=Juniper|website=science.jrank.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127165120/https://science.jrank.org/pages/3729/Juniper.html |date=2021-11-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ieu tutuwuhan biasana boga sifat dioseus. Ukuran buah pinus jaluna (strobili) kira-kira 8&amp;nbsp;mm, tunggal asak jeung ligar unggal taunna kalawan 3-6 benang sari; serbuk saruna teu jangjangan. BUah pinus nu bikangna muncul tina puhu daun, ukuranna 5–10&amp;nbsp;mm kalawan wangunna buleud sampurna atawa jeung variasi wangun oval. Di bagian handapna dikurilingan sisit saeutuk anu fungsina saperi daun, terus seperti kitu nepi ka asak, tuluy ngagabung jari hiji jeung wangunna saperti beri, lamun geus asak warnana biru. Ieu buah pinus bikangna téh manjang, semu buleud saperti [[endog]] kalawan wangun juru tilu. Hiji buah pinus bikangna ngahasilkeun 1-3 siki binih, masing-masing panjangna 4–5&amp;nbsp;mm, nancep kana dagung buah amis nu geutahan, jeung tuluy kasimpen di jero buah pinus dina waktu megar. Buah pinus bikangna asak dina waktu sataun nepi ka tilu taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

''Juniperus communis'' nyaéta spésiés juniper anu sumebarna panglegana, hirupna babarengan jeung spésiés nu sarupa séjénna. Para panalungtik ngabédakeun jenis nu hiji jeung jinis nu séjénna dumasar kualitas [[taneuh]], karaktersitik [[organismeu]] unsur hara jeung faktor iklim. Sahenteuna aya 10 varietas ''Juniperus communis'' nu geus kapanggih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==Budidaya==
''Juniperus communis'' dibudidayakeun dina perdagangan hortikultura jeung dipaké minangka tutuwuhan hias di taman. Sababaraha varietas anu dibudidayakeun meunang pangajén Awar of Garden Merit ti Royal Horticultural Society dina taun 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1)|title=RHS AGM Listing January 2015 (Ornamentals)|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930062437/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1) |date=2015-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta:
*''Juniperus communis'' 'Compressa'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97581/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Compressa/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Compressa' {{!}} juniper 'Compressa'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Juniperus communis'' 'Green Carpet'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60301/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Green-Carpet/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Green Carpet' {{!}} juniper 'Green Carpet'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Juniperus communis'' 'Hibernica'&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs.org.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95006/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Hibernica/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Hibernica' {{!}} Irish juniper/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Juniperus communis'' 'Repanda'&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs.org.uk&quot;/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Bungbu]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hias]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]]</text>
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    <title>Urang Kerinci</title>
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      <text bytes="5010" sha1="szdepm1f4h8fdvsyib8zh19xedpl7ef" xml:space="preserve">{{Geulis}}
{{ethnic group|
|group=Urang Kerinci&lt;br/&gt;Suku Kerinci&lt;br/&gt;سوكو كرينچي&lt;br/&gt;Uhang Kincai
|image = [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een aantal religieuze specialisten zitten rondom een met textiel bekleed bouwwerk tijdens een oogstfeest te Kumun Sumatra TMnr 10000989.jpg|thumb|300px]]
|poptime= kira-kira 300.000 (1996)
|popplace=Kabupatén Kerinci, [[Jambi]], [[Indonésia]]&lt;br/&gt;Kabupatén Merangin&lt;br/&gt;[[Sumatra Kulon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Riau]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kapuloan Riau]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sumatra Kidul]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bengkulu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lampung]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Banten]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jakarta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jawa Kulon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]&lt;br/&gt;Selangor, [[Malaysia]]&lt;br/&gt;Negeri Sembilan, [[Malaysia]]
|langs=[[basa Kerinci]], [[basa Indonésia]], [[basa Malayu]], [[basa Minangkabau]].
|rels=[[Islam]].
|related=[[Urang Malayu|Malayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minang]].
}}

'''Urang Kerinci''' ([[Basa Kerinci]]: ''Uhang Kincai''; {{lang-ms|'''Kerinci''' atau '''Kerinchi'''}}; [[Jawi]]: كرينچي) nyaéta hiji [[kelompok étnik|kelompok étnis]] Austronesia anu asalna ti propinsi [[Jambi]], utamana di kabupaten Kerinci, Merangin, Bungo, jeung Sungai Penuh. Salian ti Jambi, masarakat Kerinci ogé tiasa dipendakan di daérah tatangga [[Sumatra Kulon]]. Dina abad ka-19, sabagian urang Kerinci hijrah ka Semenanjung Malaya sareng ayeuna turunanana tiasa dipendakan di sababaraha nagara bagian di basisir kulon Semenanjung Malaysia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913647590/ Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Indonesia]&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkonna 4.200 km² kalayan jumlah penduduk 300.000 jiwa. Sacara topografis, Kabupatén Kerinci miboga lahan pagunungan jeung lebak di Pagunungan Barisan Bukit kalawan puncak pangluhurna nyaéta [[Gunung Kerinci]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Etimologi ==
Ngaran ''&quot;Kerinci&quot;'' asalna tina kecap Tamil ''&quot;Kurinci&quot;''. Tanah Tamil bisa dibagi jadi opat wilayah anu dingaranan dumasar kana kembang anu unik di unggal wilayah. Kembang has di daérah pagunungan nyaéta kembang '''Kurinci''' (Latin ''Strobilanthus''). Ku kituna, Kurinci ogé hartina 'daérah pagunungan'.{{cn}}

Jaman baheula, Sumatra katelah Swarnadwipa atawa Swarnabhumi (tanah atawa pulo emas). Dina waktos éta, Kerinci, Lebong, sareng Minangkabau mangrupikeun daérah penghasil emas utama di [[Indonésia]] (sanaos seueur sumber [[emas]] di luar Kabupatén Kerinci di daérah Pangkalan Jambu, Kabupatén Merangin). Di daérah Kerinci, seueur batu [[Mégalitikum|Mégalitik]] ti Jaman Perunggu anu dipangaruhan ku [[agama Buddha|Buddha]], kalebet keramik Cina, parantos kapanggih. Ieu nunjukkeun yén ieu daérah parantos ngagaduhan seueur kontak sareng dunya luar.

Mimitina ''Kerinci'' nyaéta ngaran gunung jeung ''situ'', tapi engkéna wewengkon sakurilingna disebut ku ngaran anu sarua. Ku kituna, éta wewengkon disebut Kerinci (''Kinci'' atawa 'Kince'' atawa &quot;Kincai&quot; dina basa lokal), sarta pangeusina ogé disebut urang Kerinci.

== Mata pencaharian ==
Mata pencaharian utama masarakat Kerinci nyaéta melak padi sareng tani. Kebon anu diurus ku aranjeunna biasana dipelakan [[kopi]], [[geutah|karét]], sareng [[kayu manis]]. Salian ti éta, biasana aranjeunna melak pepelakan hortikultura sapertos kacang, jagong, cabé sareng kentang.

== Kapercayaan ==
Urang Kerinci nyaéta jalma anu ngagem agama [[Islam]]. Ajaran Islam dibawa ku tokoh-tokoh anu nyebarkeun Islam, anu numutkeun sejarawan lokal katelah Siak Nan Berenam. Siak Nan Berenam nyaéta:
# Siak Rajo di Talang Banio Kemantan;
# Siak Indarjati di Koto Jelatang, Hiang;
# Siak Paribut Sati di Koto Merantih Tinggi, Tarutung;
# Siak Lengih di Koto Pandan, Sungai Penuh;
# Siak Alim di Koto Beringin, Sungai Liuk;
# Siak Jelir di Koto Jelir, Siulak.

Sanaos ngagem agama Islam, urang Kerinci tetep pageuh kana kapercayaanana kana roh-roh karuhun. Makam karuhun pangadeg dusun éta, anu katelah Jihat Ninek, masih sering didatangan pikeun neundeun sasajén sareng meuncit sato kurban. Biasana didatangan nalika kahayang atanapi sumpah kacumponan. Kagiatan ieu disebut munjung.

Salian ti éta, urang Kerinci ogé percaya kana ayana roh anu disebut roh sareng kasalametan anu mangaruhan kaséhatan sareng kasalametan hiji jalma. Aranjeunna ogé percaya kana ayana mahluk gaib anu nyicingan gunung, walungan, langit, sareng laut. Mahluk gaib ieu disebut mambang, dewo, jeung peri.

[[Gambar:Ritual Tulak Bla Dusun Siulak Mukai, Kerinci.jpg|thumb|225px|Ritual Asyeik Tulak Bla di Dusun Siulak Mukai Taun 2000]]

Suku Kerinci ngalaksanakeun ritual aseik sareng pelaho anu aya hubunganana sareng roh karuhun sareng mahluk gaib. Ritual asketis sareng pelaho dilaksanakeun pikeun nyingkahan panyakit, musibah sareng bencana. Sareng ngado'a kanggo kamakmuran, kasehatan sareng kakayaan anu seueur anu disebut lamat.

== Référensi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Kerinci]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Kerinci]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Kerinci]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Kerinci]]

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    <title>Musik klasik</title>
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      <text bytes="6453" sha1="2alv0d5bhjvg8760ef3i5iepnkpv2wn" xml:space="preserve">'''Musik klasik''' mangrupa istilah anu lega jeung biasana tujul kana musik anu diciptakeun atawa didadasaran ku tradisi artistik Kulon, musik orkestra. Periodeuna lumaku ti [[Abad ka-10|abad ka-9 nepi ka]] abad ka-21. {{Sfn|Kennedy|Kennedy|2013|loc=&quot;Classical&quot;}}[[Gambar:BWV1001-cropped.jpg|ka|jmpl|Gerakan otograpi munggaran ''Sonata No. 1 dina G minor'' pikeun biola, BWV 1001 ku [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], abad ka-18. —{{Audio|Sonata in in G m J.S.Bach (1 mov prelude).ogg|Audio}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Audio|Sonata in in G m J.S.Bach (1 mov prelude).ogg|Audio}}]]
[[Éropa|Musik klasik Éropa]] dibédakeun tina bentuk musik non-Éropa jeung musik populér utamana ku [[Serat Kanayagan|sistem notasi musikna]] anu geus lumaki ti abad ka-16.&lt;ref&gt;Chew, Geffrey; Rastall, Richard. ''Notation, §III, 1(vi): Plainchant: Pitch-specific notations, 13th–16th centuries''. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/ Grove Music Online].&lt;/ref&gt; Notasi musik kulon dipaké ku komposer pikeun méré instruksi ka palaku musik ngeunaan luhurna nada, tempo, metrum, wirahma individu, jeung mernahna komposisi musik. Ieu ngawatesan ayana praktik saperti improvisasi jeung ''ornamentasi ad libitum'' anu sering aya dina musik non-Éropa (bandingkeun musik klasik India jeung musik tradisional Jepang) ogé musik populér.&lt;ref&gt;Malm, W.P.; Hughes, David W.. ''Japan, §III, 1: Notation systems: Introduction''. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/ Grove Music Online].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bent, Ian D.; Hughes, David W., et all. ''Notation, §I: General''. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/ Grove Music Online].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Middleton, Richard. ''Popular music, §I, 4: Europe &amp; North America: Genre, form, style''. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/ Grove Music Online].&lt;/ref&gt; Ti abad ka-2 jeung abad ka-3 SM, di Cina jeung Mesir geus aya musik anu wangunna tangtu. Kalayan pangaruh ti Mesir sareng Babilon, musik Ibrani mekar tuluy jadi musik garéja anu jadi dadasar seni Abad Pertengahan .[[Gambar:Andy_Brick_Conducts_001.jpg|ka|jmpl| Konsér orkestra Symphony di Gewandhaus, Leipzig .]]
Musik harita dipikaresep ku masarakat, lantaran para musisi anu ngumbara jeung nyanyi lagu-lagu anu digunakeun dina upacara-upacara kaagamaan. Musik sumebar ka sakuliah Éropah sarta musik instrumental dimekarkeun gancang sanggeus perbaikan dina alat musik, kayaning [[biola]] jeung cello. Tuluy datang alat musik organ. Komposer anu piunggul muncul di Jerman, Austria, Perancis, Italia jeung Rusia. Dina abad ka-19, rasa kabangsaan mimiti binangkit sareng mekar. Ku alatan éta, mekarkeun musik bisa jadi bukti rasa kabangsaan maranéhanana, sanajan mimitina gaya musik téh Romantik. Numutkeun Aristoteles, musik mibanda kamampuhan pikeun ngahijikeun haté , salaku terapi rekreasi sarta ngaronjatkeun sumanget patriotismeu. Dimimitian dina abad ka-20, Perancis jadi panaratas musik Impresionistik anu gura-giru diganti ku musik Expressionist ti Austria. Saprak ahir abad ka-20, sababaraha [[Indonésia|inohong Indonésia]] geus ngagarap genre musik klasik, nyaéta komposer Ananda Sukarlan jeung Sinta Wullur ( [[:en:Sinta Wullur|en]] ), sarta pianis Hendry Wijaya, Eduardus Halim ( [[:en:Eduardus Halim|en]] ), Esther Budiardjo ( [[:ru:Esther Budiardjo|ru]] ) jeung Victoria Audrey Sarasvathi ( [[:en:Victoria Audrey Sarasvathi|en]] ).

== Jaman jeung gaya ==
Ti taun 1730-1760 atawa jaman pra-klasik, di [[Prancis|Perancis]] geus dimimitian Gaya Galan anu ngagabung jeung [[Italia|musik Italia]], nyaéta [[opera]], sonata, jeung simfoni. Periode saterusna disebut periode klasik awal (1760-1780) anu katelah gaya sensitip, sedengkeun taun (1780-1880) disebut periode klasik luhur. Gaya galan dimimitian di Perancis (1730) kalayan inisiatif pikeun ngajauhan téknik komposisi counterpoint Bach, tapi leuwih difokuskeun kana kabébasan jeung basajanna hiji karya. Kabébasan ditémbongkeun ku téknik omaméntik melodik anu leuwih lemes tibatan iringan anu henteu diwatesan ku jumlah sora. Komposisi musik dina waktu harita ditujukeun pikeun ngahibur kalawan mentingkeun kualitas. Gaya sénsitip dimimitian di [[Inggris]] dina 1742 kalayan niat pikeun nentang Gaya Baroque anu ketat jeung kaku. Ti harita dimimitian aya dinamika crescendo, pikeun ngungkarakeun kabébasan rasa sacara pribadi. Ieu gaya dimekarkeun di sakola Mannheim ku Stamitz. Di [[Paris]] dipingpin ku Gossec, Schobert, Beck, sareng CPE Bach, sedengkeun di Minna School dipingpin ku Monn, Wagenseil, jeung Haydn. Musik klasik téh musik nu leuwih merhatikeun émosi jeung rasa sacara individu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kustap -|first=|date=2006|title=Musik Klasik Mozart dan Beethoven suatu Refleksi Konsep Estetika Plato (The Clasical Music of Mozart and Bethoven a Reflection of Plato’s Aesthetic Concept )|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/harmonia/article/view/747|journal=Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education|language=Id|volume=7|issue=1|pages=39|doi=10.15294/harmonia.v7i1.747|issn=2541-2426}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030234807/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/harmonia/article/view/747 |date=2021-10-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mozart ==
Mozart geus nyumbang karya anu euyeub pikeun [[Manusa|pangwangunan manusa]], khususna widang [[Atikan|pendidikan]]. Musik Mozart nyaéta wirahma anu miboga [[frékuénsi]] anu leuwih luhur pikeun ngarangsang jeung méré [[Daya|kakuatan]] ka daérah kreatif jeung ngamotivasi kinerja [[Uteuk|otak]]. Tapi, musik Mozart miboga kamurnian jeung sora anu basajan keur didreungeukeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Amrizal|first=Amrizal|date=2016|title=PERANAN MUSIK KLASIK DAN MUSIK POP DALAM PEMBELAJARAN|url=https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/jpkm/article/view/3437|journal=JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT|language=id|volume=20|issue=76|pages=3|doi=10.24114/jpkm.v20i76.3437|issn=2502-7220}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musik Mozart kadang misterius tapi gampang dilenyepan. Mozart bisa nampilkeun kaéndahan jeung rangsangan sora anu ngaruntuy alami, tuluy dikedalkeun nepi ka nu ngareungeukeun téh ngalaman pangalaman anu sarua. Kapercékaan alam jeung komposisina anu basajan méré lolongkrang keur manggihan kabagjaan anu leuwih jero dina diri manusa. Musik Mozart geus kabuktian ngaronjatkeun daya maca, ingetan, ngawasa kandaga [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]], kréativitas, kamampuh [[Élmu]] jeung kamampuh akademik anu sampurna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Musik]]
[[Kategori:Seni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fransiskan</title>
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      <text bytes="7161" sha1="14vywhm42egee17eogexep5mpbszmmd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Francisbyelgreco.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|[[Santo Fransiskus ti Asisi]]. Lukisan ku El Greco]]

'''Fransiskan''' nyaéta hiji kelompok anu pakait jeung [[ordo kaagemanan Katolik|ordo kaagemanan]] [[ordo mendikan|mendikan]] dina [[Garéja Katolik]], diadegkeun taun 1209 ku [[Fransiskus ti Assisi]]. Ordo-ordo ieu ngawengku '''[[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]]''', '''[[Ordo Santa Clara]]''', jeung '''[[Ordo Katilu ti Santo Fransiskus]]'''. Istilah '''Fransiskan''' digunakeun pikeun ngarujuk kana [[ordo kaagemanan]] [[Katolik]] jeung [[Anglikan]] anu milu kana palanggeran anu dipikawanoh minangka [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html &quot;Palanggeran St. Francis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html |date=2013-05-27 }},&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html &quot;The Rule of the Franciscan Order&quot; from the ''Medieval Sourcebook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html |date=2013-05-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; atawa saurang anggota ti ordo-ordo éta. Aya ogé sababaraha komunitas leutik Katolik Kolot jeung Protéstan.

Grup anu pangkasohorna anu nurut kana &quot;Palanggeran St. Francis&quot; nyaéta [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] (mindeng disebut &quot;Fransiskan&quot; atawa &quot;Minoritas&quot;). Ordo Fratrum Minorum nyaéta ordo kaagemanan anu ngamimitian tina [[Francis ti Assisi]].

== Rujukan ==
=== Buku ===
* ''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by John Richard Humpidge Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9
* ''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)'' by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4
* ''The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis'' by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4
* ''Francis and Clare: The Complete Works'' By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersy, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7

=== Artikel ===
* Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) &quot;Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). ''La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario.'' (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City.

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
=== Loka resmi ti tilu cagak tina Order Kahiji ===
* [http://www.ofm.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum], official website
* [http://www.ofmcap.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816054340/http://www.ofmcap.org/ |date=2019-08-16 }}, official website
* [http://www.ofm-conv.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509065748/http://www.ofm-conv.org/ |date=2008-05-09 }}, official website

=== Loka resmi ti tilu cagak tina Order Kadua Katilu jeung Biasa ===
* [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net The Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi, CFP located in the United States, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Brazil, Regular Third Order], official website
* [http://www.francescanitor.org/ Tertius Ordo Regularis], official website
* [http://www.ciofs.org/index.htm Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis], official website

=== Tutumbu séjénna ===
* [http://www.wtu.edu/franciscan/ Franciscan Web Page - Listing of various Franciscan Organizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207040619/http://www.wtu.edu/franciscan/ |date=2007-02-07 }}
* [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ The National Fraternity of the Secular Franciscan Order - USA]
* [http://www.franciscanbrothers.org/ The Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06217a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: The Franciscan Order]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06244b.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fraticelli]
* [http://www.franciscansinternational.org/ Franciscans International: a non-governmental organisation at the United Nations - NY and Geneva]
* [http://www.franciscans.com/ Franciscan Web Page - International Ecumenical Franciscans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111212/http://franciscans.com/ |date=2023-02-08 }}
* [http://www.tssf.org/ Third Order Society of Saint Francis (TSSF)]
* [http://www.penitents.org/ Confraternity of Penitents] Roman Catholic Lay Confraternity living a modern Rule based on the Rule of 1221
* [http://www.franciscans.com/ Order of Ecumenical Franciscans (OEF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111212/http://franciscans.com/ |date=2023-02-08 }} Ecumenical Order
* [http://francis.baznica.info The Saint Francis Ecumenical Society (SFES)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222025211/http://francis.baznica.info/ |date=2010-12-22 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - [http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&amp;tt=url&amp;intl=1&amp;fr=bf-home&amp;trurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffrancis.baznica.info%2F&amp;lp=ru_en&amp;btnTrUrl=Translate Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311233123/http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&amp;tt=url&amp;intl=1&amp;fr=bf-home&amp;trurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffrancis.baznica.info%2F&amp;lp=ru_en&amp;btnTrUrl=Translate |date=2007-03-11 }} Ecumenical Franciscan Society from Eastern Europe (lutheran, orthodox, anglican and free protestant members)

=== Tutumbu Fransiskan Anglikan ===
'''First Order (Society of Saint Francis, SSF)'''
* [http://www.franciscans.org.uk European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021315/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ |date=2011-07-17 }}
* [http://www.s-s-f.org/ Province of the Americas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226142346/http://s-s-f.org/ |date=2011-02-26 }}
* [http://www.franciscan.org.au/ Australian Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205160848/http://www.franciscan.org.au/ |date=2011-02-05 }}
* [http://www.franciscan.org.nz/ New Zealand Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813124146/http://franciscan.org.nz/ |date=2010-08-13 }}

'''First Order (Community of Saint Francis, CSF)'''
* [http://www.franciscans.org.uk/h-compton.html European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118102831/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/h-compton.html |date=2007-01-18 }}
* [http://www.communitystfrancis.org/ Province of the Americas]

'''Second Order (Community of Saint Clare, OSC)'''
* [http://www.franciscans.org.uk/02-osc.html European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204043956/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/02-osc.html |date=2007-02-04 }}

'''Third Order (TSSF)'''
* [http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ European Province]
* [http://www.tssf.org/ Province of the Americas]
* [http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz New Zealand Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922174647/http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ |date=2018-09-22 }}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Ordo jeung Sarikat Katolik Roma]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karajaan Kalinyamat</title>
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      <text bytes="10214" sha1="2lp4wg5melpg3bxf0xekipebobflf2k" xml:space="preserve">'''Karajaan Kalinyamat''' (ogé dikenal '''Karajaan Jepara''') nyaéta karajaan Jawa abad kagenep belas anu puseurna di [[Jepara]]. Boh Kalinyamat jeung Jepara asalna dua kadipaten misah nu tunduk kana [[Kasultanan Demak]]. Sanggeus [[Pangeran Trenggana]] pupus, Kalinyamat meunangkeun Jepara, Pati, Juwana, jeung Rembang.{{Sfn|Hayati|2000|p=40}}

Puncak kajayaanana lumangsung dina pertengahan abad kagenep belas nalika Kalinyamat dipingpin ku Ratu Kalinyamat. Dina taun 1551 jeung 1574, Kalinyamat nyieun ékspédisi ka [[Melaka Portugis|Portugis Melaka]] pikeun ngusir [[Portugal]] ti Hindia Wétan bari ngaluaskeun kakawasaanana ka luar Jawa, saperti [[Kalimantan Kulon]] jeung Pulo Bawean.{{Sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=41}}{{Sfn|Hayati|2000|p=31 jeung 67}}

== Sajarah ==

=== Awal mimitina ===
Wilayah Kalinyamat ayana kurang leuwih 18 km ka leuweung ti Jepara. Dina abad kagenep belas éta wewengkon jadi puseur pamaréntahan pikeun dayeuh palabuan [[Jepara]]. Numutkeun salah sahiji catetan naskah, Kalinyamat diadegkeun ku Juragan Tionghoa ngaranna (sanggeus diganti ku basa Jawa) Wintang, anu kapalna kandas di basisir Jepara. Nalika anjeuna sumping di Jepara (Jung Mara) dina kaayaan malarat, tuluy anjeuna dibantuan diajar basa daerah ku sabangsana anu samemehna asup [[Islam]]. Teras anjeunna diislamkeun ku [[Sunan Kudus]] sareng gentos namina janten Rakit. Sababaraha waktu ti harita, anjeunna ngadegkeun hiji dukuh di sisi jalan antara [[Kabupatén Kudus|Kudus]] jeung Jepara anu laun-laun jadi tempat anu maju jeung pesat. Anjeunna teras ngawula ka Sultan Trenggana di [[Kabupatén Demak|Demak]], sareng ngagaduhan salah sahiji putri Sultan Trenggana janten pamajikana. Nurutkeun silsilah Karajaan Demak, éta putri kacatet minangka [[Ratu Aria Jepara]] atawa dina ''[[Babad Tanah Jawi]]'' disebut [[Ratu Kalinyamat]].{{Sfn|de Graaf|2019|p=173-174}}

=== Pupusna Sultan Hadlirin ===
Dina taun 1549 kulawarga [[Sunan Prawata]], sultan Demak kaopat, dipaéhan ku Rangkut jeung Gopta, bawahana [[Arya Penangsang]], bupati Jipang Panolan. Ratu Kalinyamat manggihan keris Kyai Betok milik Sunan Kudus napel dina mayit lanceukna. Ku kituna, Pangeran jeung Ratu Kalinyamat indit ka Kudus ménta katerangan. Nurutkeun ''Babad Tanah Jawi'', Ratu Kalinyamat datang pikeun nungtut kaadilan pupusna lanceukna, tapi Sunan Kudus ngadukung Arya Penangsang dina perebutan tahta sanggeus Sultan Trenggana pupus. Dijelaskeun, waktu keur ngora Sunan Prawata geus maehan [[Pangeran Sekar Seda ing Lepen]], ramana Arya Penangsang. Ku kituna, Sunan Kudus ningali éta minangka imbalan.

Ratu Kalinyamat kuciwa ku sikep Sunan Kudus. Manéhna jeung salakina milih mulang ka Jepara. Di jalan, aranjeunna disergap ku anak buah Arya Penangsang nepika Pangeran Kalinyamat pupus. Nanging ratu Kalinyamat berhasil kabur tina kajadian rajapati eta. Manéhna tuluy hayang males kanyeri ku cara ménta tulung ka iparna, nyaéta [[Hadiwijaya]], bupati Pajang, sabab manéhna hiji-hijina nu boga kakuatan nu sarua jeung bupati Jipang. Hadiwijaya segan langsung nyanghareupan Arya Penangsang sabab duanana anggota kulawarga Demak. akhirna anjeunna ngayakeun pasanggiri anu dipasihan hadiah tanah Mataram sareng Pati. Pasanggiri ieu dimeunangkeun ku [[Ki Ageng Pamanahan]] jeung [[Ki Panjawi]]. Arya Penangsang pupus di tangan putra Ki Ageng Pemanahan, Sutawijaya jeung berkat siasat tina [[Ki Juru Martani]].

=== Sanggeus Arya Penangsang ===
Ratu Kalinyamat malik tahta sanggeus Arya Penangsang pupus taun 1549. Satuluyna Kalinyamat, Demak, jeung Jipang jadi bawahan [[Kasultanan Pajang|Pajang]], dipingpin ku Sultan Hadiwijaya. Sanajan kitu, Hadiwijaya tetep nganggap Ratu Kalinyamat salaku inohong anu dipihormat, malah Hadiwijaya teu boga niat ngawas Kalinyamat. Kitu deui jeung Ratu Kalinyamat anu teu ningali Pajang jadi halangan. Kacatet para padagang ti [[Acéh]], Melaka, Banten, Demak, [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]], Tegal, [[Bali]], [[Kota Makassar|Makasar]], Banjarmasin, [[Kabupatén Tuban|Tuban]] jeung [[Kabupatén Gresik|Gresik]] ogé ngahirupkeun Jepara. Bisa disebutkeun yén Palabuhan Jepara mangrupa tempat transaksi perdagangan internasional. Ratu Kalinyamat ogé ngumpulkeun bea cukai pikeun unggal kapal anu transaksi di Palabuhan Jepara. Hasil tina perdagangan béas jeung cukai ngajadikeun Jepara jadi karajaan anu makmur. Dina hiji carita, Kaagungan jeung kawani Ratu Kalinyamat diakuan ku sejarawan Portugis Diogo do Couto dina buku nu judulna ''Da Asia de João de Barros'' kalawan babasan ''Rainha de Japara, senhora poderosa, e rica'' nu hartina &quot;ratu Jepara, wanoja kakawasaan. jeung kakayaan.&quot;{{Sfn|de Graaf|2019|p=44}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto|url=http://archive.org/details/daasiadejoodeb09barr|publisher=Lisboa : Na Regia officina typografica|date=1778|last=Brandeis University Libraries|first=João de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hubungan jeung Maluku ==
Sumber-sumber basa Portugis ngalaporkeun yén [[Karajaan Tanah Hitu]] sababaraha kali menta tulung ka Kalinyamat ngalawan Portugis sarta suku-suku séjénna anu masih turunan maranéhanana, nyaéta Suku Hative. Bantuan kahiji dikirimkeun dina taun 1565. Perlawanan ieu ngahasilkeun pangaruh ka Portugis 10 taun sanggesna anu lalaunan ninggalkeun Maluku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kerajaan-tanah-hitu-dan-jurang-dua-agama-di-maluku-cyfc|title=Kerajaan Tanah Hitu dan Jurang Dua Agama di Maluku|last=RS|first=Zen|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2021-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamunduran ==
Sanggeus Ratu Kalinyamat pupus dina warsih 1579, kakawasaanana diganti ku putra angkatna, [[Pangeran Arya Jepara]]. Sanajan pangaruhna teu kuat saperti bibina, kakawasaan Arya Jepara di wewengkon laut tetep dipikahormat.{{Sfn|Hayati|2000|p=67}} Taun 1580, [[Maulana Yusuf]], Raja Banten jeung pahlawan nu ngarebut Pajajaran, pupus. Anjeunna ngan ninggalkeun putra anu ngora kénéh. Numutkeun para sastrawan sajarah di [[Banten]], pangeran Jepara anu masih lanceukna Maulana Yusuf, nungtut hakna kana tahta [[Kasultanan Banten]]. Anjeunna sareng panglima armada [[Demang Laksamana]] angkat ti Jepara ka Banten. Tapi dugi ka dinya, Demang Laksamana tiwas dina perang ngalawan Perdana Mentri Banten, ku kituna Pangean Jepara kapaksa mulih. Ti saprak kajadian ieu, pangaruh pamaréntahan Jepara di [[Jawa Kulon]] lekasan.{{Sfn|de Graaf|2019|p=180}}

Dina mangsa pamarentahan Pangeran Arya Jepara, [[Kasultanan Mataram]] anu dipingpin ku [[Sutawijaya]] sababaraha kali nyoba nalukkeun Kalinyamat, tapi gagal sabab Kota Jepara ditangtayungan ku benteng ngalingkar anu nyanghareup ka pedalaman sarta dijaga ketat ku pasukanana. Nurutkeun para pelaut [[Walanda]] anu nuturkeun ekspedisi Eerste Schipvaert I, dina abad ka genep belas lolobana kota palabuan di Jawa dikurilingan ku tembok batu atawa kai di sisi anu nyanghareup ka pedalaman.{{Sfn|de Graaf|2019|p=181}} Ngan dina taun 1599 Mataram berhasil nalukkeun Kalinyamat kalayan serangan anu ngancurkeun dayeuh Jepara, sacara fisik, politik, jeung ékonomi.{{Sfn|Hayati|2000|p=67}}{{Sfn|Supriyono|2013|p=35}} Dina surat Walanda taun 1615 (Colenbrander, Coen VII: 45), aya kecap ngeunaan ''destructie'' anu hartina karusakan di Kota Jepara. Serangan Kasultanan Mataram ti pedalaman ka kota palabuan basisir nimbulkeun karuksakan anu kacida gedéna, jeung kamungkinan Karajaan Kalimat téh salah sahiji anu jadi korban serangan éta.{{Sfn|de Graaf|2019|p=181}} Sumber tradisional ngarujuk kana kajadian ieu salaku ''bedhahe Kalinyamat'', anu hartina &quot;runtuhna Kalinyamat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sejarah dan hari jadi Jepara|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&amp;id=3glAAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=bedhahe+kalinyamat&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=tahun+1599+Masehi|publisher=Panitia Penyusunan Hari Jadi Jepara, Pemerintah Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Jepara|date=1988|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Daptar pustaka ==
{{refbegin|1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hayati|date=2000|url=|title=Peranan Ratu Kalinyamat di Jepara Pada Abad XVI|location=Jakarta|publisher=Proyek Peningkatan Kesadaran Sejarah Nasional Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional|isbn=|pages=|url-status=live|first=Chusnul|ref={{harvid|Hayati dkk.|2000}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Olthof|first=Willem Lodewijk|date=2008|url=|title=Babad Tanah Jawi|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Narasi|isbn=|pages=|translator-last=Soemarsono|translator-first=H. R.|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=[[M.C. Ricklefs|Ricklefs]]|first=[[M.C. Ricklefs|Merle Calvin]]|date=2008|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HPEnBQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Modern Indonesian since c.1200|location=|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137149183|pages=|url-status=live|edition=4}}
* {{Cite book|last=de Graff|first=H.J.|last2=Pigeaud|first2=TH. G. TH.|date=2019|title=Kerajaan Islam Pertama di Jawa: Tinjauan Sejarah Politik Abad XV dan XVI, cetakan V edisi revisi|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=MataBangsa|isbn=9789799471239|pages=|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sofiana|first=Anas|date=2017|title=Ratu Kalinyamat Penguasa Wanita Jepara Tahun 1549-1579.|url=https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/21467|journal=Avatara|volume=5|issue=3|pages=|doi=|issn=2354-5569|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108232814/https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/21467 |date=2021-01-08 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Supriyono|first=Agustinus|date=2013|title=Tinjauan Historis Jepara Sebagai Kerajaan Maritim dan Kota Pelabuhan|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/2494|journal=Paramita|volume=23|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.15294/paramita.v23i1.2494|issn=2407-5825|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130634/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/2494 |date=2020-07-26 }}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Qomariyah|title=Peranan Kerajaan Kalinyamat dalam Pengembangan Islam di Jepara (1527-1599 M)|date=2016|degree=Undergraduate|publisher=UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya|url=http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/9172/|doi=|first=Lailatul|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130130327/http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/9172/ |date=2021-11-30 }}</text>
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    <title>Nigel Ng</title>
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      <text bytes="2938" sha1="mhu5ejp0gj9vjpz63kur6cbukwo7tkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|image=File:Nigel Ng, 2020-11-14 A (crop).jpg|name=Nigel Ng|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1991|3|15}}|caption=Ng sebagai Uncle Roger di [[Brussels]], [[Belgia]] (November 2020)|birth_place=[[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]|relatives=Yoki Ng (adi)&lt;br /&gt;Gary Ng (anjeun)|occupation={{hlist|Komedian|vlogger|pembuat konten|[[YouTuber]]}}|nationality=[[Bangsa Malaysia|Malaysia]]|education=|known_for=Uncle Roger|website={{Official URL}}}}{{Infobox Chinese
| s = 黄瑾瑜
| t = 黃瑾瑜
| p = Huáng Jǐnyú
| poj = N̂g Kín-jû
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'''Nigel Ng Kin-ju''' {{IPAc-en|'|n|ai|dZ|@|l|_|ə|ng}} ; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-53577269|title=BBC不懂煮饭？网红吐嘈影片爆红 片中主角一同接受访问|website=BBC News 中文|language=zh-Hans|accessdate=2020-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lahirmati||15|3|1991|}} ), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/style-life/next-gen/ng-s-a-cracking-success-LC1545269|title=Ng's a cracking success|last=Sathiabalan|first=S. Indra|website=The Sun Daily|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316043514/https://www.thesundaily.my/style-life/next-gen/ng-s-a-cracking-success-LC1545269 |date=2023-03-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MrNigelNg/status/47538795616280576|title=@njkian Thank you!!!!!! It's my birthday. I better churn out something impressive|last=Ng|first=Nigel|website=Twitter|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; leuwih dipikawanoh ku persona onlinena '''Paman Roger''', nyaéta saurang pelawak, ogé selebritis [[Malaysia]] anu berbasis di [[London|London, Inggris]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_9808087|title=吐槽&quot;BBC蛋炒饭&quot;成名网红在伦敦街头无故遭殴打|last=南博一|website=澎湃新闻|language=zh|accessdate=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SCMorningPost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3117833/real-uncle-roger-who-malaysian-comedian-nigel-ng-behind|title=The real Uncle Roger: who is Malaysian comedian Nigel Ng, behind the YouTube sensation forever remembered for mocking the BBC's approach to fried rice?|last=Carla Thomas|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|accessdate=15 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ng janten populér dina média sosial salaku Paman Roger, saurang lalaki Asia tengah-yuswa anu ulasan resep tuangeun Asia kalawan aksen Manglish -kawas dibaca tur bangga dirina dina loba stereotypes Asia Tenggara. Anjeunna biasana muncul dina kompetisi di klub komik domestik jeung luar nagri. Anjeunna parantos kéngingkeun ''[[Amused Moose laugh off|seuri Amused Moose]]'' di 2016. Anjeunna mimiti ngalakukeun stand-up komedi nalika anjeunna di kuliah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://writengeow.com/interview-with-nigel-ng-malaysian-comedy-sensation/|title=Interview with Nigel Ng: Malaysian Comedy Sensation – WRITE NGEOW|website=writengeow.com|accessdate=2022-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lalawak</title>
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      <text bytes="6147" sha1="bndkansl08k383av2dbdbnufjhshyiq" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;&quot; | Barbodes bramoides
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Barbodes belinka Bleeker.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Barbodes bramoides, spésiés anu loba kapanggih di walungan Jawa sarta Sumatra.''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Regnum
| [[Animalia]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Phylum
| [[Chordata]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Classis
| [[Actinopterygii]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ordo
| [[Cypriniformes]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Familia
| [[Cyprinidae]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Genus
| [[Barbodes]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Species
| '''''B. bramoides'''''
|}


'''Lalawak''' ''(Barbodes bramoides)''
Nyaéta hiji lauk anu asalna tina kulawarga Cyprinidae. &lt;ref name=”J. ”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Taxonomy_Systematics_and_Zoogeograph.html?hl=id&amp;id=UW9ylgdpVpsC#v=onepage&amp;q=Puntius%20bramoides&amp;f=false| title =The Taxonomy, Systematics, and Zoogeography of Hypsibarbus, a New Genus of Large Barbs (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from the Rivers of Southeastern Asia| last =J. Rainboth| first =Walter | publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| location =University of California Press| year =1996|ISBN=|pages =84}} Disungsi8 April 2023&lt;/ref&gt;
Lauk ieu mangrupa salah sahiji spésiés anu asup kana kelompok lauk &quot;barb&quot; Asia Tenggara. Di sawatara tempat di [[Indonésia]], lauk ieu sering dianggap sarua jeung lauk [[tawés]], nanging para ahli taksonomi mindeng ngabédakeunana dumasar kana ciri ''fisik'' anu langkung spésifik.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseBarb&quot;&gt;Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2024). ''Barbodes bramoides''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Barbodes-bramoides.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Vérnakular]] ==
* Di [[Jawa Kulon]], lauk ieu mindeng disebut ku nami '''[[Lalawak]]''' atanapi '''[[Tawés Walungan]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions. https://archive.org/details/freshwaterfishes0000kott&lt;/ref&gt;
* Di wewengkon séjén, katelah ogé ku nami '''[[Lauk Amis-amis]]''' kusabab rasa dagingna anu pelem.&lt;ref name=&quot;KemenkeuLokal&quot;&gt;Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Identifikasi Ikan Lokal Air Tawar''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lalawak sok disebut ogé : ''Hala'' (Merap), ''Salap Merah'' (Kenyah), ''Alap'' (Punan)
Loba kapanggih hirup di : Kalimantan, Jawa, Malaysia, Kamboja, Thailand, Vietnam jeung Laos. Kahakanan lauk Lalawak, [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[gegeremet]]]. (Inger &amp; Chin 1962)&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat, M. (2013). ''The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries.'' The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27: 1–663.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Habitat==
Lalawak hirupna di tengah jeung dasar [[walungan]] anu caina palid lumayan tarik, loba mibanda [[taneuh]] liat, substrat aya [[keusik]], [[batu]] jeung dijerona  loba tutuwuhan cai atawa tutuwuhan anu geus paéh.&lt;ref name=”mekong”/&gt;  
Spésiés paling umum tina ieu  genus, gancang tumpur alatan jadi target buruan. &lt;ref name=”mekong”/&gt;
Diala maké [[useup]], [[kencrik]], [[bubu]], jeung sajabana. Dijual dipasar mangsa masih seger kénéh. &lt;ref name=”mekong”/&gt; Aya ogé anu didagangkeun dina akuarium. &lt;ref name=”mekong”/&gt;
* '''[[Habitat]]''': Lauk ieu langkung resep hirup dina caina anu herang sarta palid, saperti walungan di suku gunung atanapi hulu walungan (upstream).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat&quot;/&gt;
* '''[[Sebaran]]''': Sumebar di kapuloan [[Indo-Malaya]], kalebet [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], sarta [[Semenanjung Malaya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseBarb&quot;/&gt;

==Ciri mandiri ==
Ieu spesimén mibanda kelir semu konéng dina cécépét palebah beuteungna, Satengah bagian hareup cécépét bujurna sarta di tungtung lobus buntutna anu berongga. Ogé mibanda gurat ''submarginal'' hideung di sapanjang unggal lobus buntutna, mibanda tanda hideung di tungtung cécépét tonggongna.&lt;ref name=”mekong”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/A_First_Look_at_the_Fish_Species_of_the.html?hl=id&amp;id=7TnWPJvh0tsC#v=onepage&amp;q=Barbodes%20bramoides&amp;f=false| title =Fishes of the Cambodian MekongJ. Rainboth, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| last =J. Rainboth, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| first =Walter| publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| location =Jakarta| year =1996|ISBN=9789251037430|pages =95}} Disungsi8 April 2023&lt;/ref&gt;
Dibandingkeun sareng tawés budidaya (''Barbonymus gonionotus''), ''Barbodes bramoides'' miboga ciri:
* '''[[Sisit]]''': Warnana pérak rada semu konéng atanapi perunggu nalika parantos sawawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriouslyFishBarb&quot;&gt;Seriously Fish. ''Barbodes species profile''. https://www.seriouslyfish.com/group/barbs/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Cécépét]]''': Sirip buntut sarta sirip tonggongna mindeng miboga garis hideung anu ipis dina tungtungna.
* '''[[Sungut]]''': Miboga sapasang kumis leutik (barbel) dina juru sungutna anu fungsina salaku alat pangrasa nalika milari hakaneun dina dasar walungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseBarb&quot;/&gt;

== [[Riwayat Taksonomi]] ==
Nami genus lauk ieu mindeng robah-robah antara ''Puntius'', ''Barbodes'', sarta ''Barbonymus''. Dina klasifikasi panganyarna, spésiés anu miboga kumis sarta ciri anatomi tangtu diasupkeun kana genus '''[[Barbodes]]''', sedengkeun anu miboga awak langkung gepéng sarta luhur diasupkeun kana '''[[Barbonymus]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferraris&quot;&gt;Ferraris, Carl J. (2007). ''Checklist of fishes''. Zootaxa. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/&lt;/ref&gt;


==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}} 
[[Kategori:Ékologi akuatik]]
[[Kategori:Lauk darat]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:Barbodes]]
[[Kategori:Lauk Indonésia]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1103729}}
{{pondok}}</text>
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    <title>Musieum Emas, Bogotá</title>
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      <text bytes="4051" sha1="9ue8g9cs15mhiep4uwmvzs9en1nyh1k" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:BOG Museo del Oro.JPG|jmpl|Musieum Emas, Bogotá]]
'''Musieum Emas''' (''Spanyol: Museo del Oro'') mangrupakeun musieum [[arkéologi]] anu perenahna di [[Bogotá]], [[Kolombia]]. Ieu musieum téh salah sahiji tujuan wisata anu panglobana didatangan di nagara éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bogotatravelguide.com/places-to-go-in-bogota/gold-museum.php|title=Museum of Gold - 22 Places to go in Bogota|website=www.bogotatravelguide.com|accessdate=2025-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unggal taun, kira-kira 500.000 wisatawan ngadatangan musieum ieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/los-75-del-museo-del-oro/409766-3/|title=Los 75 del Museo del Oro|last=Semana|website=Semana.com   Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=spanish|accessdate=2025-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di jerona, musieum nembongkeun rupa-rupa koléksi [[emas]] [[pra-Kolumbus]] jeung campuran [[logam]] séjén saperti [[tambaga]]. Musieum ieu miboga kumpulan artéfak emas panggedéna di dunya, anu dipintonkeun dina rohangan pameran lanté dua jeung tilu. Salian ti éta, aya ogé barang tina [[keramik]], [[batu]], cangkang, [[kai]], jeung [[tékstil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.torch.ox.ac.uk/article/fake-gold-tumbaga|title=Fake Gold? Tumbaga|website=www.torch.ox.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2025-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadaya barang éta, nu dijieun tina logam anu ku budaya pribumi dianggap suci, ngabuktikeun kahirupan jeung pamikiran masarakat anu kungsi hirup di wewengkon Kolombia ayeuna saméméh panaklukan [[Spanyol]] ka [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika]].

Loba kelompok pribumi teu nganggap emas minangka sumber kakayaan, tapi leuwih percaya yén éta emas miboga [[nilai simbolis]] jeung ajén agama. Contona, panakluk Spanyol ngalaporkeun yén kulawarga karajaan Inca ngaku jadi turunan [[panonpoé]] jeung [[Bulan (satelit)|bulan]], sarta emas dianggap minangka “késang panonpoé” jeung pérak minangka “cipanon bulan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=16 - Techniques of gilding and surface-enrichment in pre-Hispanic American metallurgy|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750616119500200|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|date=1993-01-01|isbn=978-0-7506-1611-9|pages=182–192|first=Warwick|last=Bray|editor-first=Susan La|editor-last=Niece|editor-first2=Paul|editor-last2=Craddock}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Taun 1934, [[Bank Républik]] mimiti ngabantu ngajaga warisan [[arkéologi]] Kolombia. Barang anu kahiji diasupkeun kana koléksi nyaéta [[Poporo Quimbaya]], anu geus dipintonkeun salila kira-kira 70 taun. Ayeuna musieum ieu dikelola ku [[Banrepcultural]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.banrepcultural.org/en|website=www.banrepcultural.org|accessdate=2025-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musieum ogé nyimpen rakit emas Muisca anu kasampak di Pasca taun 1969. Rakit éta ngagambarkeun upacara pelantikan zipa anyar (pamingpin Muyquytá) anu jadi dasar mitos El Dorado. Dina patungna, pamingpin anyar éta nangtung di tengah rakit, dikurilingan ku para kapala suku, sadayana dihias ku emas jeung bulu.
[[Gambar:N1 Peace from Gold Museum Bogota.jpg|jmpl|Salah sahiji koléksi di Museum Emas, Bogotá]]
Sanggeus sapuluh taun gawé, musieum ieu dimekarkeun jeung dirénovasi dina Oktober 2008. Rénovasi éta nambahkeun lima rohangan paméran permanén anu ngeusian barang arkéologi, hiji rohangan interaktif, ogé fasilitas anyar saperti [[auditorium]], rohangan paméran samentara, kafé, réstoran, jeung toko cendera mata. Salian di Bogotá, aya ogé cabang Museo del Oro di sababaraha kota séjén di Kolombia, di antarana Calima, Quimbaya, Santa Marta, jeung Cartagena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://colecciones.banrepcultural.org/page/coleccin-arqueolgica-de-los-museos-del-oro/6357a765e27d753f221c6160|title=Banco de la República de Colombia|website=colecciones.banrepcultural.org|language=es|accessdate=2025-09-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114134705/https://colecciones.banrepcultural.org/page/coleccin-arqueolgica-de-los-museos-del-oro/6357a765e27d753f221c6160 |date=2025-01-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sumber rujukan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chester A. Arthur</title>
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      <text bytes="94301" sha1="obfxtxg9vtb5l3oz2adtgqg7m0bt3h2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chester A. Arthur
| image = Chester A. Arthur by Abraham Bogardus (cropped) (2).jpg
| caption = Arthur, {{circa|1880}}
| order = Présidén Amérika Serikat ka-21
| office = Présidén Amérika Serikat
| term_start = 19 Séptémber 1881
| term_end = 4 Maret 1885
| vicepresident = Kosong{{Efn|Arthur téh asalna Wakil Présidén James A. Garfield, naék tahta sanggeus [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|Garfield perlaya ditémbak]]. Harita mah can aya aturan ngeusian korsi wakil présidén nu kosong nepi ka panyilihan tahta saterusna.}}
| predecessor = [[James A. Garfield]]
| successor = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| order1 = Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat ka-20
| office1 = Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat
| president1 = James A. Garfield
| term_start1 = 4 Maret 1881
| term_end1 = 19 Séptémber 1881
| predecessor1 = [[William A. Wheeler]]
| successor1 = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
| order2 = Pupuhu [[New York Republican State Committee|Partéy Républik New York]]
| term_start2 = 11 Séptémber 1879
| term_end2 = 11 Oktober 1881
| predecessor2 = John F. Smyth
| successor2 = [[B. Platt Carpenter]]
| order3 = Nagara ka-21
| office3 = Collector of the Port of New York
| term_start3 = 1 Désémber 1871
| term_end3 = 11 Juli 1878
| appointer3 = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| predecessor3 = [[Thomas Murphy (Collector)|Thomas Murphy]]
| successor3 = [[Edwin Atkins Merritt]]
| birth_name = Chester Alan Arthur
| birth_date = {{birth date|1829|10|5}}
| birth_place = [[Fairfield, Vermont]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|5}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| resting_place = [[Albany Rural Cemetery]], Menands, New York
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Républik]] (1854–1886)
| otherparty = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (saméméh 1854)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nell Arthur|Ellen Herndon]]|25 Oktober 1859|12 Januari 1880|reason=tilar dunya}}
| children = {{hlist|William|[[Chester Alan Arthur II|Chester II]]|Ellen}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[William Arthur (clergyman)|William Arthur]]|Malvina Stone}}
| profession = {{hlist|Ahli Hukum|Pagawé Nagara}}
| education = {{plainlist|
*[[Union College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
*[[State and National Law School]]
}}
| signature = Chester Alan Arthur Signature.svg
| branch = [[New York Army National Guard|Milisi New York]]
| serviceyears = 1857–1863
| unit = {{plainlist|
* Brigadé Kadua, Milisi New York
* Staf Gubernur [[Edwin D. Morgan]]
}}
| rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadir Jéndral]]
| battles = [[American Civil War]]
}}

'''Chester Alan Arthur''' (gumelar 5 Oktober 1829{{efn|Aya sawatara rujukan heubeul anu nyebutkeun manéhna gumelar taun 1830,{{sfn|Howe|p=5}} tapi nu nulis riwayatna, [[Thomas C. Reeves]], negeskeun yén éta téh salah: Arthur ngahaja ngora-ngorakeun umur sataun &quot;ukur kusabab hayang katingal kénéh jagat&quot; (gengsi).{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=5}}}} – pupus 18 Nopémber 1886) téya Présidén Amérika Serikat anu ka-21, nyepeng kakawasaan ti taun 1881 nepi ka 1885. Manéhna téé urang Partéy [[Republican Party (United States)|Républik]] ti New York anu saméméhna jadi Wakil Présidén ka-20 marengan Présidén [[James A. Garfield]]. Sanggeus Garfield perlaya tilar dunya ditémbak ku musuhna ([[Assassination of James A. Garfield|dipaténi]]), Arthur naék tahta jadi présidén. Dina mangsa pamaréntahanana, angkatan laut Amérika Serikat dijieun nepi ka tohaga, aturan milih pagawé nagara dilereskeun (ngaleungitkeun sistem [[spoils system|balales budi]]), sarta aturan keur urang deungeun anu asup ka nagrina dijieun leuwih lekeut.

Arthur gumelar di [[Fairfield, Vermont]], sarta sapopoéna jadi ahli hukum di kota New York. Nalika aya [[American Civil War|Perang Sadulur Amérika]], manéhna téh jadi jéndral logistik (quartermaster general) di [[New York Army National Guard|Milisi New York]]. Réngsé perang, manéhna ancrub kana dunya pulitik sarta gancang naék darajatna dina organisasi Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Présidén [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ngangkat manéhna jadi [[Collector of the Port of New York]] dina taun 1871. Di dinya, Arthur jadi kakuatan utama faksi [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] dina Partéy Républik. Nanging, dina taun 1878, alatan aya papaséaan rongkah antara Conkling jeung Présidén [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] ngeunaan kakawasaan ngangkat pagawé, Hayes miceun Arthur tina jabatanna pikeun meresihan sistem birokrasi féderal.

Dina [[1880 Republican National Convention|Muktamar Nasional Républik taun 1880]], nalika aya perang campuh parebut sora antara Grant (faksi Stalwart) jeung [[James G. Blaine]] (faksi [[Half-Breeds (politics)|Half-Breed]]), James Garfield ahirna dipilih jadi jalan tengah (kompromi). Arthur tuluy dicalonkeun jadi wakil présidén pikeun ngalindeukkeun haté urang Stalwart anu kuciwa alatan Grant éléh. Garfield jeung Arthur ahirna unggul dina [[1880 United States presidential election|pamilihan umum taun 1880]] sarta mimiti marentah dina bulan Maret 1881. Opat bulan ti harita, Garfield ditémbak; sarta sanggeus 11 minggu nahan kanyeri, Garfield pupus, tuluy Arthur naék jadi présidén.

Nalika jadi présidén, Arthur mingpin dunya pawayangan pulitik kalayan ngahirupkeun deui angkatan laut Amérika, sanajan manéhna ogé loba dikritik alatan teu bisa ngatur kaleuwihan duit nagara (surplus) sésa Perang Sadulur. Arthur kungsi nolak (veto) aturan [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] taun 1882 anu nyaram urang Cina asup ka Amérika salila dua puluh taun, sabab dianggap ngarempak perjangjian [[Burlingame Treaty]]. Nanging, manéhna ahirna satuju nalika aturanana dirobah jadi sapuluh taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sturgis |first=Amy H. |date=2003 |title=Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fNPuBbSKUkC&amp;pg=PA83 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=83–84 |isbn=978-0-3133-1712-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé ngangkat [[Horace Gray]] jeung [[Samuel Blatchford]] jadi hakim agung. Salah sahiji jasa Arthur anu paling matak hookeun nyaéta nalika manéhna nandatanganan aturan [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] taun 1883, anu ngajadikeun sistim pagawé nagara leuwih beresih, padahal loba nu nyangka manéhna téh moal wani ngalakukeun éta sabab asalna ti faksi Conkling anu korup.

Kusabab panyakitna anu parna, Arthur teu pati sumanget nalika hayang dicalonkeun deui dina taun 1884, sarta milih reureuh sanggeus jabatanna bérés. Nepi ka ayeuna, manéhna téh présidén pamungkas anu teu kungsi milu deui pamilihan umum sanggeus jadi présidén ganti. Sanajan kaayaan awakna tuluy nyirorot sarta pamaréntahanana katingal &quot;anteng&quot; (teu pati loba polah cara présidén modéren), Arthur meunang pamuji ti jalma-jalma sajamanana alatan bisa ngajaga martabat nagara kalayan hadé.

== Mangsa Leutik ==

=== Gumelar sarta Kulawarga ===
[[File:Fairfield ChesterArthur Nov2007.JPG|thumb|left|Imah tempat gumelar Arthur di [[Fairfield, Vermont]]]]
{{Chester A. Arthur series}}
Chester Alan Arthur gumelar di [[Fairfield, Vermont]].{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=4|Howe||2p=4}} Indungna, Malvina Stone, babar di [[Berkshire, Vermont]], putri ti George Washington Stone jeung Judith Stevens.{{sfn|Hambley|page=103}} Kulawarga indungna mah teureuh urang [[English Americans|Inggris]] jeung [[Welsh Americans|Wales]]. Aki ti pihak bapana, Uriah Stone, kungsi bajoang di [[Continental Army]] nalika jaman [[American Revolution|Révolusi Amérika]].{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=4|Howe||2p=4}}

Bapa Arthur, [[William Arthur (clergyman)|William Arthur]], babar taun 1796 di Dreen, [[Cullybackey]], County Antrim, Irlandia, ti kulawarga [[Presbyterianism|Présbitérian]]. Indungna William (nini Arthur) ngaranna Eliza McHarg anu nikah ka Alan Arthur.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=4}} William lulus kuliah di [[Belfast]] tuluy hijrah ka [[Lower Canada|Propinsi Kanada Hilir]] dina taun 1819 atawa 1820.{{sfn|Reeves|July 1, 1970|p=179}} Malvina Stone panggih jeung William Arthur nalika William keur ngajar di [[Dunham, Quebec]], deukeut wates Vermont.{{sfn|Reeves (Autumn 1970)|p=294}} Maranehna nikah di Dunham dina kaping 12 April 1821.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=4|Howe||2p=4}}

Kulawarga Arthur pindah ka Vermont sanggeus anak munggaranna, Regina, babar.{{sfn|Reeves (Autumn 1970)|p=294}} Maranehna pindah-pindah ti [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] ka [[Jericho, Vermont|Jericho]], nepi ka ahirna matuh di [[Waterville, Vermont|Waterville]], marengan William anu meunang pancén ngajar di sakola-sakola anu béda.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=4|Howe||2p=4}} William Arthur ogé kungsi sakedap neuleuman élmu hukum, tapi nalika di Waterville, manéhna ninggalkeun dunya hukum sarta kapercayaan Présbitérianana tuluy asup ka [[Free Will Baptist]]s; sésa hirupna dipaké pikeun jadi pandita di éta aliran.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=4|Howe||2p=4}} William Arthur téh saurang anu kacida teugeugna dina ngalawan perbudakan ([[abolitionist]]), nu matak manéhna mindeng teu dipikaresep ku sawatara anggotana sarta jadi sabab kulawargana sering pindah-pindah tempat.{{sfnm|Howe||1p=7|Reeves|1975|2p=6}}

Dina taun 1828, kulawargana pindah deui ka Fairfield, tempat Chester Alan Arthur babar dina taun saterusna; manéhna téh anak kalima ti salapan duduluran.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=5}}{{sfn|Howe|pp=5, 25, 28—29}} Ngaran &quot;Chester&quot; dicokot tina ngaran Chester Abell,{{sfn|Vermont Bureau of Publicity|page=84}} saurang dokter sarta sobat bapana anu mantuan babarna, ari &quot;Alan&quot; mah dicokot tina ngaran akina ti pihak bapa.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=436}}{{efn|Arthur ngucapkeun ngaran tengahna kalayan tekenan dina suku kata kadua (A-lan).{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=5}}}} Kulawargana matuh di Fairfield nepi ka taun 1832, tuluy pindah-pindah deui nuturkeun pancén bapana ka sawatara kota di Vermont jeung New York. Ahirna maranéhna matuh di [[Schenectady, New York]], dina taun 1844.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=7–8}}

Arthur miboga adi lalaki, George (1836–1838), anu pupus nalika masih kénéh budak leutik,{{sfn|Reeves (Autumn 1970)|p=295}} sarta tujuh urang duduluran anu hirup nepi ka sawawa:{{sfn|Hudson|p=246}}
* Regina (1822–1910), pamajikan William G. Caw, saurang padagang, bankir, sarta inohong di [[Cohoes, New York]].
* Jane (1824–1842).
* Almeda (1825–1899), pamajikan James H. Masten anu jadi kapala kantor pos di Cohoes.
* Ann (1828–1915), saurang guru anu ngajar di New York sarta South Carolina.
* Malvina (1832–1920), pamajikan Henry J. Haynesworth, pajabat di pamaréntahan Konfédérasi sarta perwira di Angkatan Darat AS nalika Arthur jadi présidén.
* William (1834–1915), lulusan sakola médis sarta perwira militer anu kungsi tatu nalika Perang Sadulur.
* [[Mary Arthur McElroy|Mary]] (1841–1917), pamajikan John E. McElroy, anu jadi &quot;ibu nagara&quot; samentara nalika Arthur nyepeng kalungguhan présidén.

Kulawargana anu mindeng pindah-pindah tempat jadi sabab ayana tuduhan yén Arthur téh sanés asli urang Amérika Serikat. Nalika dicalonkeun jadi wakil présidén taun 1880, saurang ahli hukum ti New York, Arthur P. Hinman, nyebarkeun gosip yén Arthur babar di Irlandia sarta karék asup ka Amérika nalika umur 14 taun. Upami éta bener, Arthur moal bisa jadi présidén dumasar kana aturan [[natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|konstitusi Amérika]].{{sfn|Karabell|pp=53–54}}{{sfn|Fisher|page=28}}{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=202–203}}{{efn|Amandemén ka-12 nyebutkeun yén syarat jadi wakil présidén téh sarua jeung syarat jadi présidén.}} Nalika éta berita teu loba nu percaya, Hinman nyebarkeun deui béja yén Arthur babar di Kanada. Nanging, sakabéh tuduhan éta teu kabuktian sabab dina catetan sénsus sarta Alkitab kulawarga, jelas disebutkeun yén Arthur babar di Vermont.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=202–203}}{{sfn|Reeves (Autumn 1970)|pp=292–293}}

=== Atikan ===
Arthur méakkeun mangsa leutikna matuh di sababaraha kota di New York saperti [[York, New York|York]], [[Perry, New York|Perry]], [[Greenwich (town), New York|Greenwich]], [[Lansingburgh, New York|Lansingburgh]], [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], jeung [[Hoosick, New York|Hoosick]].{{sfn|Ferris|1999|p=127}} Salah saurang guruna nyebutkeun yén Arthur téh budak anu &quot;jujur, taya kacangcaya, sarta soméah pisan&quot;.{{sfn|Howe|p=7}} Nalika sakola, manéhna mimiti mikaresep dunya pulitik sarta mihak ka [[Whig Party (United States)|Partéy Whig]]. Manéhna milu jeung barudak ngora Whig séjénna ngarojong [[Henry Clay]], malah kungsi milu campuh (gelut) ngalawan murid-murid anu ngarojong [[James K. Polk]] nalika [[1844 United States presidential election|pamilihan présidén taun 1844]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=7–8}} Arthur ogé ngarojong [[Fenian Brotherhood]], hiji organisasi républikan Irlandia anu diadegkeun di Amérika; manéhna némbongkeun rojonganana ku cara maké jaspati (coat) warna héjo.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=9}} Sanggeus bérés nyiapkeun diri di Lyceum Union Village (ayeuna [[Greenwich (village), New York|Greenwich]]) jeung sakola tatabasa di Schenectady, Arthur asup ka [[Union College]] dina taun 1845. Di dinya, manéhna neuleuman kurikulum klasik tradisional.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=7–8}} Manéhna jadi anggota [[Psi Upsilon]] [[fraternities and sororities|fraternity]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://psiu.org/alumni/distinguished-alumni/ |title=Notable Alumni, Chester A. Arthur |website=Distinguished Alumni |date=September 11, 2019 |publisher=Psi Upsilon Fraternity |location=Indianapolis, IN |access-date=August 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta nalika tingkat ahir, manéhna kapilih jadi présidén pakumpulan debat sarta asup ka [[Phi Beta Kappa]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=9}} Nalika libur usum tiis, manéhna sok ngajar di sakola di [[Schaghticoke (town), New York|Schaghticoke]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=9}}

Sanggeus lulus dina taun 1848, Arthur balik deui ka Schaghticoke jadi guru tetep, sarta teu lila ti harita mimiti neuleuman élmu hukum.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=10}} Sambil diajar hukum, manéhna tetep ngajar, pindah deukeut ka imahna ku cara narima gawé di sakola di [[North Pownal, Vermont]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=10}} Aya hiji kajadian anu kabeneran, Présidén [[James A. Garfield]] dina mangsa nu bakal datang kungsi ngajar nulis (penmanship) di sakola anu sarua tilu taun ti harita, nanging maranéhna duanana teu kungsi patepung nalika jadi guru.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=11}} Dina taun 1852, Arthur pindah deui ka [[Cohoes, New York]], jadi kapala sakola (principal) di tempat adina, Malvina, ngajar.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=11}} Dina taun 1853, sanggeus sakola di [[State and National Law School]] di [[Ballston Spa, New York]], sarta geus boga cukup duit keur pindah, Arthur indit ka kota New York pikeun magang hukum ([[Reading law]]) di kantor [[Erastus D. Culver]], saurang ahli hukum anu teugeug ngalawan perbudakan sarta sobat kulawargana.{{sfn|Karabell|p=12}} Nalika Arthur resmi jadi ahli hukum New York dina taun 1854, manéhna asup ka firma hukum Culver, anu tuluy robah ngaranna jadi Culver, Parker, jeung Arthur.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=14}}

== Karir Awal ==

=== Ahli Hukum New York ===
[[File:Chester A. Arthur 1858 lawyer (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Poto hideung bodas Arthur keur ngora miboga kumis|Arthur nalika jadi ahli hukum ngora]]
Nalika Arthur asup ka firma hukum Culver, Culver jeung saurang ahli hukum New York, [[John Jay (lawyer)|John Jay]] (incuna [[John Jay|inohong nu ngadegkeun Amérika]]), keur ngajalankeun gugatan ''[[habeas corpus]]'' ngalawan Jonathan Lemmon, saurang nu boga budak ti Virginia anu keur ngaliwat ka New York mawa dalapan urang budakna.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=14–15}} Dina kasus ''[[Lemmon v. New York]]'', Culver nandeskeun yén dumasar hukum New York anu teu méré idin ayana perbudakan, sakabéh budak anu nincak New York otomatis jadi jalma merdéka.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=14–15}} Gugatan éta unggul, sarta sanggeus ngaliwatan sababaraha banding, ahirna dikukuhkeun ku [[New York Court of Appeals]] dina taun 1860.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=14–15}} Tukang nulis riwayatna jaga bakal nyebutkeun yén Arthur boga jasa gedé dina éta kameunangan; padahal sabenerna mah peranna teu sabaraha, sanajan manéhna mémang milu ancrub dina éta perkara.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=16}}

Dina kasus hak sipil séjénna dina taun 1854, Arthur jadi lulugu ahli hukum anu ngawakilan [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]] sanggeus konduktor miceun manéhna sacara kasar tina jero karéta (streetcar) ukur kulantaran manéhna urang kulit hideung.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=16}} Arthur unggul dina éta perkara, sarta hasilna jadi cukang lantaran leungitna [[Desegregation in the United States|ségrégasi]] (pangbédaan warna kulit) dina jalur karéta di kota New York.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=16}}

Dina taun 1856, Arthur mimiti mikacinta [[Nell Arthur|Ellen Herndon]], putri ti [[William Lewis Herndon]], saurang perwira angkatan laut ti Virginia.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=19–20}} Teu lila ti harita maranéhna papacangan.{{sfn|Karabell|p=14}} Dina taun anu sarua, manéhna nyieun firma hukum anyar jeung sobatna, Henry D. Gardiner, tuluy ngalalana ka Kansas pikeun nempo lahan sarta rencana muka praktek hukum di ditu.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=16}} Harita, éta nagara bagian keur campuh ku [[Bleeding Kansas|papaséaan rongkah]] antara [[Border ruffian|nu pro-perbudakan]] jeung [[Free-Stater (Kansas)|nu anti-perbudakan]]; Arthur mah nancebkeun pihakna ka nu anti-perbudakan.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=17–18}} Nanging, hirup di daérah &quot;koboy&quot; (frontier) anu kasar téh teu cocog jeung urang New York anu biasa hirup lemes; sanggeus tilu atawa opat bulan, éta dua ahli hukum téh balik deui ka kota New York. Di dinya Arthur ngupahan tunanganana anu keur kasedihan alatan bapana palid di sagara nalika kapal [[SS Central America|SS ''Central America'']] karérem.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=17–18}} Dina taun 1859, maranéhna nikah di [[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Gréja Épiskopal Calvary]] di Manhattan.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=21}} Ieu pasangan téh dipaparin tilu urang putra:

* William Lewis Arthur (10 Désémber 1860 – 7 Juli 1863), pupus alatan &quot;[[convulsions|ayan]]&quot; (step).
* [[Chester Alan Arthur II]] (25 Juli 1864 – 18 Juli 1937), nikah ka Myra Townsend, tuluy ka Rowena Graves, ramana [[Gavin Arthur]].
* Ellen Hansbrough Herndon &quot;Nell&quot; Arthur Pinkerton (21 Nopémber 1871 – 6 Séptémber 1915), nikah ka Charles Pinkerton.

Sanggeus nikah, Arthur museurkeun tanagana pikeun ngawangun firma hukumna, tapi tetep boga waktu keur ancrub kana dunya pulitik Partéy Républik. Salian ti éta, manéhna ogé nyalurkeun karesepna kana dunya militer ku cara jadi [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army|Jaksa Militer]] (Judge Advocate General) keur Brigadé Kadua tina Milisi New York.{{sfn|Howe|pp=18–19}}

== Perang Sadulur ==
Dina taun 1861, Arthur diangkat jadi staf militer Gubernur [[Edwin D. Morgan]] minangka lulugu insinyur (engineer-in-chief).{{sfn|Howe|pp=18–19}} Mimitina ieu jabatan téh dianggap teu sabaraha pentingna, nanging nalika [[American Civil War|Perang Sadulur]] bitu dina April 1861, New York sarta nagara-nagara bagian kalér séjénna kudu sasadayaan nyiapkeun sarta pakarang keur balatentara anu jumlahna kacida lobana.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=20–21|Reeves|1975|2pp=22–23}} Arthur tuluy diangkat jadi [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadir jéndral]] sarta ditugaskeun di bagian logistik ([[quartermaster]]) milisi nagara bagian.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=20–21|Reeves|1975|2pp=22–23}} Manéhna kacida parigelna dina ngatur panyicingan sarta dangdanan keur para prajurit anu datang ka kota New York, nepi ka manéhna naék pangkat jadi inspektur jéndral milisi dina Maret 1862, tuluy jadi jéndral logistik (quartermaster general) dina bulan Juli taun éta kénéh.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=24–25}}

Arthur sabenerna boga lolongkrang keur maju ka médan perang nalika resimén [[9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]] milih manéhna jadi komandan kalayan pangkat [[colonel]], nanging ku pamenta Gubernur Morgan, manéhna nolak éta kalungguhan sabab tanagana leuwih dibutuhkeun di New York.{{sfn|Howe|p=25}} Manéhna ogé nolak mingpin opat resimén Brigadé Métropolitan kusabab pamenta Morgan deui waé.{{sfn|Howe|p=25}} Pangdeukeutna Arthur ka garis hareup pangperangan nyaéta nalika manéhna miang ka kidul pikeun mariksa pasukan New York deukeut [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], dina Méi 1862.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=26–27|Reeves|1975|2pp=28–29}} Dina usum panas harita, manéhna jeung utusan gubernur séjénna manggihan Sekretaris Nagara [[William H. Seward]] pikeun badami ngeunaan tambahan pasukan; Arthur méakkeun waktu sababaraha bulan pikeun ngumpulkeun 120.000 urang prajurit ti New York.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=26–27|Reeves|1975|2pp=28–29}} Sanajan meunang loba pamuji, jabatan Arthur téh mangrupa jabatan pulitik, nu matak manéhna dieureunkeun tina tugas milisi dina Januari 1863 nalika Gubernur [[Horatio Seymour]] ti Partéy [[Democratic Party (United States)|Démokrat]] naék tahta.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=30}}

Arthur balik deui jadi ahli hukum, sarta ku ayana kenalan-kenalan anyar ti dunya militer, firma hukum Arthur &amp; Gardiner jadi kacida majuna.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=30–31|Reeves|1975|2pp=33–34}} Nanging, sajeroning hirupna beuki ginding, Arthur jeung pamajikanana meunang cocoba anu kacida beuratna: anakna nu ngan hiji-hijina, William, pupus dadak-sakala dina umur dua taun.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=29–30|Reeves|1975|2pp=34–35}} Ieu pasangan téh kacida kasedihanana, nu matak nalika dipaparin deui putra, Chester Alan Jr., dina taun 1864, maranéhna kacida deudeuhna sarta ngageugeut éta budak.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=35}} Maranéhna ogé boga putri, Ellen, dina taun 1871.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=84}} Duanana hirup nepi ka sawawa.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=84}}

Lalakon pulitik Arthur beuki moncorong nalika pelindungna, urut Gubernur Morgan, kapilih jadi anggota [[United States Senate|Sénat AS]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=37}} Manéhna digawekeun ku [[Thomas Murphy (Collector)|Thomas Murphy]], saurang pulitikeun Républik anu ogé sobatna [[William M. Tweed]], kokolot Démokrat ti [[Tammany Hall]]. Murphy téh saurang tukang laken (hatter) anu ngajual barang ka Angkatan Darat Uni, sarta Arthur jadi wakilna di Washington. Duanana jadi akrab dina bunderan Partéy Républik New York, nepi ka naék darajatna dina faksi konservatif anu dipingpin ku [[Thurlow Weed]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=37}} Dina [[1864 United States presidential election|pamilihan présidén taun 1864]], Arthur jeung Murphy ngumpulkeun dana ti urang Républik di New York, sarta maranéhna milu hadir dina acara [[second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|pelantikan kadua Abraham Lincoln]] dina taun 1865.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=38}}

== Pulitikeun New York ==

=== Mesin Pulitik Conkling ===
[[File:NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|alt=Wangunan jangkung miboga pilar jeung kubah|[[New York Custom House]] (baheulana wangunan Merchants' Exchange di [[55 Wall Street]]) anu jadi kantor Arthur salila tujuh taun.]]
Réngséna Perang Sadulur méré lolongkrang anyar pikeun jalma-jalma dina &quot;mesin pulitik&quot; Républik nu dipingpin ku Morgan, kaasup Arthur.{{sfn|Karabell|p=17}} Morgan milih faksi konservatif dina Partéy Républik New York, kitu ogé jalma-jalma nu digawe jeung manéhna, saperti Weed, Seward, sarta [[Roscoe Conkling]] (urang [[Utica, New York|Utica]] anu pinter nyarita sarta jadi béntang anyar di partéy).{{sfn|Karabell|p=17}} Harita, Arthur jarang pisan midangkeun pamikiran pulitikna sorangan; sakumaha ilaharna jaman harita, kasatiaan sarta gawé rancagé pikeun kapentingan &quot;mesin&quot; leuwih utama batan sikep pulitik pribadi.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=39|Howe||2p=37}}

Jaman harita, kantor [[custom house]] (pabéan) AS diurus ku jalma-jalma lulugu anu diangkat dumasar pulitik. Dina taun 1866, Arthur kungsi nyobaan ngalamar jadi Perwira Laut (Naval Officer) di [[New York Custom House]], hiji jabatan anu kacida basana (nguntungkeun), nanging teu hasil.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=40–41}} Manéhna tuluy neruskeun deui praktek hukumna sarta jadi anggota pakumpulan luhur [[Century Association|Century Club]] dina taun 1867.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=40–41}} Conkling, anu kapilih jadi Sénat AS dina [[United States Senate election in New York, 1867|taun 1867]], merhatikeun Arthur sarta mantuan manéhna naék darajat di partéy; nepi ka Arthur jadi pupuhu komite éksékutip Républik kota New York dina taun 1868.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=42–45}} Ieu kasibukan téh matak Arthur mindeng balik peuting, nepi ka pamajikanana ngarasa kuciwa alatan Arthur jarang aya di imah keur kulawarga.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=71–73}}

Dina taun 1868, Conkling jadi pamingpin faksi konservatif Républik New York. Mesin pulitik Conkling kacida ngarojongna ka Jéndral [[Ulysses S. Grant]] dina pamilihan présidén, sarta Arthur milu ngumpulkeun dana keur kameunangan Grant dina [[1868 United States presidential election|taun 1868]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=48}} Sanajan Grant unggul di tingkat nasional, di nagara bagian New York mah éléh ku Horatio Seymour ti Démokrat. Arthur mimiti leuwih loba méakkeun waktu dina dunya pulitik batan dunya hukum, sarta dina taun 1869 manéhna diangkat jadi panaséhat hukum Komisi Pajak Kota New York kalayan gajih $10.000 sataun.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=49–50|Howe||2p=42}}{{efn|$10.000 dina taun 1870 téh sarua jeung kira-kira ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|10000|1870}}}} duit ayeuna.}} Arthur mundur tina éta jabatan sanggeus urang [[Tammany Hall]] (Démokrat) anu dipingpin ku William M. Tweed ngawasa deui parlemén.{{sfn|Howe|p=42}} Dina taun 1871, Grant nawarkeun jabatan Komisioner Pajak Intern (Commissioner of Internal Revenue) ka Arthur, nanging Arthur nolak.{{sfn|''The Tribune''|1871|page=2}}

Dina taun 1870, Présidén Grant méré kawenang ka Conkling pikeun ngatur jabatan-jabatan stratégis ([[Spoils system|patronage]]) di New York, kaasup di Custom House. Grant ngangkat Thomas Murphy jadi lulugu di dinya.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=51–53|Howe||2pp=44–45}} Murphy loba nu teu mikaresep, nepi ka ahirna mundur dina Désémber 1871.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=57–58}} Grant tuluy nawarkeun éta jabatan ka jalma séjén, tapi maranéhna nolak sarta kalah nyarankeun nami Arthur.{{sfn|Doyle &amp; Swaney|p=188}} Nalika Arthur dicalonkeun, koran ''New York Times'' nulis yén sanajan ngaranna jarang mucunghul, Arthur téh sabenerna jalma anu paling loba ngatur jalanna Partéy Républik di New York salila 10 taun panungtung.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=60|Howe||2pp=46–47}}

Arthur resmi jadi lulugu Custom House (Collector) sarta ngatur ampir sarébu pagawé kalayan panghasilan anu kacida gedéna.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=61–67|Schwartz||2p=182}} Sajaba ti gajih tetep, manéhna meunang tambahan tina sistem &quot;moiety&quot;, nyaéta perséntase tina barang nu disita sarta denda ti para importir anu curaling.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=59, 63, 85–86}} Total pangasilanna nepi ka leuwih ti $50.000—leuwih gedé batan gajih présidén harita, cukup pikeun hirup méwah sarta maké papakéan anu ginding.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=59, 63, 85–86}}{{efn|$50,000 dina taun 1871 téh sarua jeung kira-kira ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|50000|1871}}}} duit ayeuna.}} Arthur kaasup lulugu anu dipikaresep ku bawahanna sarta ku Partéy Républik, sabab manéhna pinter ngatur setoran dana kampanye ti para pagawé.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=71–73}} Nanging, para palulugu anu hayang ayana perobahan (reformis) tetep nyawad yén sistem ieu téh korup. Dina taun 1874, sanggeus ayana skandal denda anu teu merenah, Kongrés ngahapus sistem moiety sarta ngarobah gajih Arthur jadi gajih tetep $12.000 sataun.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=79–84|Howe||2p=49}} Sanajan turun drastis, éta gajih téh masih kénéh leuwih luhur batan gajih dunyana, nyaéta Sekretaris Kaunangan AS.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=79–84|Howe||2p=49}}

=== Pasalia jeung Hayes ===

[[File:Arthur NYcustoms house cartoon.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|alt=Gambar kartun saurang lalaki najong lalaki séjén ka jalan|Kartun anu ngagambarkeun Présidén [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] najong Arthur kaluar tina New York Custom House]]
Waktos jabatan opat taun Arthur minangka lulugu pabéan (Collector) bérés dina 10 Désémber 1875. Conkling, anu harita jadi salah sahiji pulitikeun pangkuatna di Washington, hasil ngatur sangkan Présidén Grant ngangkat deui anak emasna éta.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=87–89}} Conkling sabenerna hayang jadi calon présidén dina [[1876 Republican National Convention|Muktamar Nasional Républik taun 1876]], nanging anu unggul kalah ka [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], saurang inohong anu hayang ngaropéa birokrasi.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=95–96|Karabell||2pp=26–27}} Sanajan Arthur jeung mesin pulitikna soson-soson ngumpulkeun dana kampanye, Conkling mah katingalna rada &quot;tiis&quot; dina ngarojong Hayes.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=100–105}} Sanggeus ngaliwatan sababaraha bulan [[Electoral Commission (United States)|papaséaan sora]] anu kacida raména, Hayes ahirna dinyatakeun unggul.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=106–107}}

Hayes mimiti maréntah kalayan jangji hayang meresihan sistem birokrasi tina pangaruh pulitik ([[spoils system]]). Dina taun 1877, manéhna jeung Sekretaris Kaunangan [[John Sherman]] ngajadikeun mesin pulitik Conkling salaku udagan utama.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=100–105}} Sherman nitah hiji komisi anu dipingpin ku John Jay pikeun nalungtik New York Custom House.{{sfn|Hoogenboom|pp=318–319}} Jay (anu baheula kungsi bareng jeung Arthur dina kasus ''Lemmon'') nyebutkeun yén éta kantor pabéan téh pinuh teuing ku pagawé titipan pulitik, malah 20% pagawéna mah sabenerna mah teu diperlukeun.{{sfnm|Hoogenboom||1pp=322–325|Reeves|1975|2pp=118–119|Howe||3pp=68–69}} Sanajan Arthur milu nurut kana sawatara paréntah ngurangan pagawé, Komisi Jay tetep nyawad Arthur sarta ménta sangkan éta kantor dibombardir (dirombak total).{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=121–122}}

Hayes tuluy ngaluarkeun [[executive order]] anu nyaram para pajabat féderal milu campur dina urusan organisasi pulitik atawa kampanye.{{sfnm|Hoogenboom||1pp=322–325|Reeves|1975|2p=121}} Arthur jeung baladna, [[Alonzo B. Cornell]] sarta [[George H. Sharpe]], mugen (nolak) nurut kana éta paréntah. Sherman nawarkeun sangkan Arthur mundur sacara lemes kalayan diiming-imingan jabatan jadi [[United States Ambassador to France|Duta Besar di Paris]], tapi Arthur tetep nancebkeun pamadeganana: nolak!{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=121–123}} Dina Séptémber 1877, Hayes ménta maranéhna mundur, tapi tetep ditolak. Hayes tuluy nyoba ngangkat jalma-jalma séjén (kaasup [[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]) pikeun ngaganti Arthur, tapi ku kakuatan Conkling di Sénat, sakabéh calon ti Hayes téh ditalikung sarta ditolak ku Sénat.{{sfnm|Hoogenboom||1pp=353–355|Reeves|1975|2pp=126–131}}

Nanging, Arthur ahirna teu bisa mumpang deui nalika dina bulan Juli 1878, Hayes ngamangpaatkeun mangsa resés Kongrés pikeun mecat Arthur sarta Cornell sacara sapihak.{{sfnm|Hoogenboom||1pp=370–371|Reeves|1975|2pp=136–137}} Hayes nawarkeun deui jabatan Konsul Jéndral di Paris pikeun &quot;ngajaga pameunteu&quot; (ngoméan gengsi) Arthur, tapi sakali deui Arthur nolak.{{sfn|Hoogenboom|p=354}} Saenggeus meunang loba waktu lowong, Arthur tuluy museurkeun tanaga dina urusan pulitik di New York. Dina taun 1879, manéhna kapilih jadi pupuhu Komite Éksékutip Républik Nagara Bagian New York.{{sfn|&quot;The Sun&quot;}} Manéhna jeung Conkling hasil nyatakeun kakuatanana ku cara ngunggulkeun faksi maranéhna anu disebut **[[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]]**.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=153–155|Peskin||2p=704}} Sanajan meunang, Arthur ngan ukur sakedap bisa ngarasakeun kabungahna; dina 12 Januari 1880, pamajikanana, Nell, pupus dadak-sakala nalika Arthur keur di Albany.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=158–159|Karabell||2pp=38–39}} Arthur kacida kasedihanana, ngarasa dosa, sarta nepi ka tilar dunya manéhna teu kungsi nikah deui.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=98–99|Karabell||2pp=38–39}}

== Pamilihan Taun 1880 ==
{{utama|1880 United States presidential election}}

[[File:Grand national Republican banner 1880 LCCN2001702119.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Poster kampanye Garfield–Arthur]]

Conkling sarta baladna di faksi Stalwart, kaasup Arthur, boga harepan hayang neruskeun kameunangan taun 1879 dina [[1880 Republican National Convention|Muktamar Nasional Républik taun 1880]]. Maranéhna hayang ngunggulkeun deui sobatna, urut Présidén Grant.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=160–165}} Sabalikna, faksi [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breeds]] mah ngarojong [[James G. Blaine]], saurang sénator ti Maine anu leuwih satuju kana perobahan birokrasi.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=160–165}} Kadua calon éta taya nu meunang sora mayoritas, nepi ka dina voting ka-36, muktamar milih jalan tengah ku cara ngangkat &quot;kuda hideung&quot; ([[dark horse]]), nyaéta James A. Garfield, saurang anggota parlemén ti Ohio sarta jéndral Perang Sadulur anu teu milih ka faksi Stalwart atawa Half-Breed.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=177–178|Howe||2pp=107–108|Karabell||3pp=39–40}}

Garfield sarta nu ngarojongna sadar yén maranéhna bakal bangga unggul dina pamilihan lamun teu dibantuan ku urang Stalwart ti New York. Maranéhna tuluy nawarkeun korsi wakil présidén ka faksi éta.{{sfnm|Karabell||1p=41|Reeves|1975|2p=178}} Mimitina ditaunkeun ka [[Levi P. Morton]], nanging Conkling nyaram manéhna narima.{{sfn|Howe|pp=107–108}} Tuluy maranéhna ngadeukeutan Arthur. Conkling nyaram deui waé, sabab yakin yén Partéy Républik bakal éléh.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=179–181}} Nanging, Arthur mah béda pamadegan. Manéhna narima éta tawaran. Ceuk béja ti saurang wartawan, William C. Hudson, Arthur nyarita ka Conkling: &quot;Jabatan Wakil Présidén téh hiji kahormatan anu leuwih luhur batan nu kungsi dicipaneun ku kuring.&quot;{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=179–181}}{{efn|Nulis riwayat George Howe yakin kana ieu carita, nanging nulis riwayat sanggeusna mah curiga yén ieu téh ngan saukur carita rékaan (apokrif).}} Conkling ahirna léléh sarta milu kampanye keur éta pasangan.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=190–194}}

Sakumaha nu geus dikira-kira, pamilihan téh kacida raména. Calon ti Démokrat, Jéndral [[Winfield Scott Hancock]], kacida dipikaresepna ku balaréa.{{sfn|Jordan|pp=292–305}} Urang Républik mimitina ngagunakeun taktik &quot;[[bloody shirt]]&quot;—nyaéta ngingetkeun deui kakeueung Perang Sadulur sarta nyebutkeun yén milih Démokrat hartina méré angin ka urang kidul nu hayang misahkeun diri ([[Secession in the United States|séksési]]).{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=194–196|Jordan||2pp=294–295}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Hasil sora éléktoral taun 1880]]

Nanging, ku sabab perang geus liwat lima belas taun sarta kadua calon présidénna sarua jéndral Uni, éta taktik téh teu pati ampuh.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=194–196|Jordan||2pp=294–295}} Maranéhna tuluy ganti taktik ku cara nyebarkeun béja yén Démokrat bakal nurunkeun [[tariff|pajak impor]], anu matak barang-barang ti Éropa bakal banjir sarta rébuan pagawé pabrik di Amérika bakal kaleungitan pagawéan.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=196–197|Jordan||2pp=297–302}} Ieu taktik téh hasil pisan di New York jeung Indiana. Hancock kalah beuki ti késeman nalika nyebutkeun yén urusan pajak téh &quot;urusan lokal&quot;, anu matak manéhna katingal teu ngarti kana masalah nagara anu utama.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=196|Jordan||2p=301}} Salaku pupuhu Républik di New York, Arthur parigel pisan dina ngatur kampanye sarta ngumpulkeun dana.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=198–202}} Hasilna, Républik unggul di New York ku selisih 20.000 sora. Dina pamilihan anu pangkacida raména dina sajarah (78,4% sora asup), maranéhna unggul di tingkat nasional ku selisih anu kacida saeutikna: ngan 7.018 sora.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=203–204}} Nanging, dina [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] mah unggulna atra pisan, nyaéta 214 ka 155. Garfield jeung Arthur ahirna kapilih jadi pamingpin nagara.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=203–204}}


== Wakil Présidén (1881) ==
[[File:CAArthur-oathofoffice (edit).jpg|thumb|Arthur nampi sumpah jabatan présidén anu dipingpin ku Hakim [[John R. Brady]] di [[Chester A. Arthur Home|bumi Arthur]] di kota New York, 20 Séptémber 1881.]]

Sanggeus pamilihan, Arthur nyoba mangaruhan Garfield sangkan ngeusi sawatara jabatan ku baladna ti faksi Stalwart New York, utamana korsi Sekretaris Kaunangan; nanging Garfield kalah ka milih James G. Blaine, musuh buyutna Conkling, jadi Sekretaris Nagara.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=205–207}} Hubungan antara Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén beuki rengat nalika Garfield terus ngasingkeun faksi Stalwart tina kakawasaan. Darajat Arthur di pamaréntahan beuki nyirorot nalika manéhna biantara di hareupeun wartawan sarta nyebutkeun yén kameunangan di Indiana téh hasil tina kacurangan pulitik.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=213–216|Karabell||2pp=52–53}} Garfield ahirna ngangkat urang Stalwart, [[Thomas Lemuel James]], jadi Postmaster General, nanging papaséaan kabinét sarta biantara Arthur anu salah mangsa matak kaduana jadi &quot;tiis&quot; nalika resmi ngamimitian pancén dina 4 Maret 1881.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=216–219|Karabell||2pp=54–56}}

Sénat AS harita keur saimbang pisan sorana antara Républik jeung Démokrat. Arthur, salaku Wakil Présidén, ngagunakeun hak sora panangtu ([[tie-breaking vote]]) pikeun mastikeun yén Partéy Républik bisa mingpin sakabéh komite di Sénat.{{sfn|Bycoffe}}{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=220–223}} Nanging, nalika Conkling sarta Sénator Thomas C. Platt mundur ti Sénat pikeun protés ka Garfield, Arthur milih mulang ka kota New York sabab euweuh deui pancén di Washington.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=233–237|Howe||2pp=147–149}}

Nalika keur di Albany dina kaping 2 Juli, Arthur meunang béja yén Garfield ditémbak ku musuh.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=233–237|Howe||2pp=147–149}} Jalma anu némbakna, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], téh jalma anu kurang ingetan (gélo) anu hayang meunang jabatan. Manéhna ngagorowok ka jalma-jalma: &quot;Kuring urang Stalwart, sarta Arthur bakal jadi Présidén!&quot;{{sfnm|Karabell||1p=59|Reeves|1975|2p=237}} Sanajan Guiteau ngaku-ngaku balad Arthur, sabenerna hubungan maranéhna mah kacida jauhna. Guiteau ogé salah nganggap yén Arthur bakal méré hampura ka manéhna sanggeus Garfield perlaya.

Nu leuwih matak hariwang nyaéta euweuh aturan hukum anu jelas ngeunaan [[United States presidential line of succession|panyilihan tahta présidén]]: nalika Garfield keur sakarat nahan kanyeri, taya nu nyaho saha anu sabenerna boga kawenang mingpin nagara.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=241–243|Howe||2pp=152–154}} Arthur ogé hoream katembat nyokot kakawasaan présidén salila Garfield masih kénéh hirup. Salila usum panas, nagara kawas anu kaleungitan pamingpin sabab Garfield beuki lungse sarta Arthur embung migawé pancén présidén.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=244–248|Karabell||2pp=61–63}}

Dina peuting kaping 19 Séptémber, Arthur meunang béja yén Garfield ahirna tilar dunya. Hakim [[John R. Brady]] nyumpah Arthur jadi présidén di bumina di New York dina jam 2:15 subuh, 20 Séptémber. Isukna, manéhna miang ka Long Branch pikeun nepungan kulawarga Garfield, tuluy ka Washington.{{sfn|McCabe|page=764}} Saacanna, Arthur parantos mastikeun yén aturan panyilihan tahta tetep jalan ku cara ménta Sénat ngayakeun sidang husus. Sakali nepi ka Washington, manéhna resmi jadi pamingpin Amérika Serikat dina kaayaan anu kacida sedihna.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=247–248}}

== Mangsa Jabatan Présidén (1881–1885) ==
{{Utama|Presidency of Chester A. Arthur}}

=== Mimiti Ngajabat ===
{{Tempo ogé|Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur}}
Arthur nepi ka [[Washington, D.C.]], dina kaping 21 Séptémber.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1881}} Dina poé saterusna, manéhna ngalakukeun sumpah jabatan deui, harita mah di hareupeun Lulugu Hakim [[Morrison R. Waite]]. Arthur nyokot ieu léngkah pikeun mastikeun yén sagalana luyu jeung aturan hukum; sabab harita aya kacangcaya naha hakim nagara bagian (Brady) boga kawenang pikeun nyumpah pajabat féderal.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=53–54|Reeves|1975|2p=248}} Mimitina, manéhna matuh di imah Sénator [[John Percival Jones|John P. Jones]], bari nungguan Gedong Bodas ([[White House]]) dirénovasi dumasar pamentana, kaasup nambahan hiasan kaca sapanjang lima belas méter jieunan [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=252–253, 268–269}}

[[File:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|alt=Gambar sakelompok lalaki neuteup lalaki séjénna|''Dina bangbarung jabatan, naon anu bisa diarepkeun ti manéhna?'' Dina kartun ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' taun 1881, Arthur pahareup-hareup jeung [[James A. Garfield#Cabinet and inauguration|kabinét]] sanggeus Présidén Garfield ditémbak.]]

Kulantaran geus duda, adina Arthur, [[Mary Arthur McElroy]], jadi &quot;ibu nagara&quot; samentara anu ngurus sagala rupa jamuan di Gedong Bodas.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=252–253, 268–269}} Arthur jadi duda anu paling dipikaresep di Washington nepi ka loba béja ngeunaan hubungan asmarana, nanging sabenerna manéhna tetep satia mikacinta ka pamajikanana anu parantos tilar dunya.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=275–276}} Putrana, Chester Jr., harita keur kuliah tingkat mimiti di [[Princeton University]], ari putrina, Nell, tetep di New York bareng jeung guru pribadina ([[governess]]) nepi ka taun 1882. Nalika Nell datang ka Washington, Arthur kacida ngajagana sangkan budakna teu kaganggu ku wartawan.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=275–276}}

Teu lila ti harita, Arthur mimiti pasalia jeung kabinét titinggal Garfield, anu lolobana mah faksi lawan di partéyna. Manéhna ménta sangkan anggota kabinét tetep ngajabat nepi ka bulan Désémber, nanging Sekretaris Kaunangan [[William Windom (politician)|William Windom]] mundur leuwih ti heula dina bulan Oktober.{{sfnm|Howe||1p=160|Reeves|1975|2p=254}} Arthur tuluy milih [[Charles J. Folger]], sobatna ti faksi Stalwart New York, pikeun ngaganti Windom.{{sfnm|Howe||1p=160|Reeves|1975|2p=254}} Jaksa Agung [[Wayne MacVeagh]] ogé mundur sabab ngarasa salaku reformis manéhna moal cocog aya di kabinét Arthur.{{sfnm|Howe||1p=161|Reeves|1975|2pp=254–255}} Sanajan Arthur ménta manéhna tetep cicing, MacVeagh tetep mundur sarta diganti ku [[Benjamin H. Brewster]].{{sfnm|Howe||1p=161|Reeves|1975|2pp=254–255}}

Blaine, musuh buyut faksi Stalwart, tetep jadi Sekretaris Nagara nepi ka Kongrés ngayakeun sidang deui, tuluy langsung mundur.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=160–161|Reeves|1975|2pp=255–257}} Conkling ngarep-ngarep Arthur bakal ngangkat manéhna ngaganti Blaine, nanging Présidén kalah milih [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] ti New Jersey dumasar saran urut Présidén Grant.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=160–161|Reeves|1975|2pp=255–257}} Tina sakabéh anggota kabinét anu diwariskeun ti Garfield, ngan saukur Sekretaris Perang [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] (putra Abraham Lincoln) anu tetep ngajabat nepi ka mangsa jabatan Arthur bérés.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=162–163|Reeves|1975|2pp=257–258}}

Harita, Arthur teu bisa ngangkat wakil présidén anyar pikeun ngeusi korsi anu kosong, sabab aturanana (Amandemén ka-25) can aya dina mangsa éta.

=== Reformasi Birokrasi ===
[[File:Chester Alan Arthur (cropped).jpg|thumb|276x276px|Arthur dina taun 1882]]
Dina taun 1870-an, kabongkar ayana [[star route scandal|hiji skandal]] &quot;ruteu béntang&quot; (star route), di mana para kontraktor kiriman pos dibayar kaleuleuwihi ku ayana &quot;uucingan&quot; (konspirasi) jeung pajabat pamaréntah.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=93–95|Reeves|1975|2pp=297–298}} Para reformis hariwang yén Arthur, salaku urut nu ngarojong sistem setoran pulitik ([[spoils system]]), moal neruskeun pamariksaan éta skandal.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=93–95|Reeves|1975|2pp=297–298}} Nanging, Jaksa Agung pilihan Arthur, Brewster, kalah terus méré lolongkrang pikeun nalungtik éta perkara, malah nyéwa ahli hukum ti Partéy Démokrat pikeun nguatkeun tim jaksa sarta nyingkahan kacurigaan masarakat.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=299–300|Howe||2p=182}} Sanajan Arthur kungsi akrab jeung salah sahiji palakuna méméh jadi présidén, sanggeus ngajabat mah manéhna tegas ngarojong pamariksaan sarta mecat pajabat-pajabat anu kacepet ku éta skandal.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=299–300|Howe||2p=182}} Sanajan dina ahirna taya vonis nu beurat pikeun para palaku utama, Arthur hasil ngeureunkeun éta prakték curaling (fraud).{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=303–305|Howe||2pp=189–193}}

Kajadian perlaya na Garfield ku jalma nu gélo hayang jabatan beuki ngagedékeun pamenta masarakat pikeun ayana reformasi birokrasi.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=320–324|Doenecke||2pp=96–97}} Dina taun 1880, Sénator Démokrat [[George H. Pendleton]] ngasongkeun aturan sangkan pagawé nagara dipilih dumasar kana pangabisa (merit) ngaliwatan [[Civil service examination|ujian]], lain dumasar kadituna-kadieuna (koneksi pulitik).{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=320–324|Doenecke||2pp=96–97}} Dina biantara taunanana taun 1881, Arthur ménta sangkan undang-undang reformasi birokrasi geuwat dijieun.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=320–324|Doenecke||2pp=96–97}} Sanggeus Partéy Républik kaleungitan loba korsi dina pamilihan parlemén 1882, Kongrés ahirna léléh sarta nyatujuan éta aturan. Arthur nandatanganan **[[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]]** jadi undang-undang dina 16 Januari 1883.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=324|Doenecke||2pp=101–102}} Dina waktu ngan dua taun, saurang inohong Stalwart anu teugeug geus robah jadi présidén anu muka jalan pikeun reformasi birokrasi anu geus lila dianti-anti.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=324|Doenecke||2pp=101–102}}

Mimitina, ieu undang-undang ngan lumaku pikeun 10% jabatan féderal. Lamun présidénna teu daria, ieu aturan téh moal jalan.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=325–327|Doenecke||2pp=102–104}} Loba jalma nu sangsi kana kasatiaan Arthur. Nanging, manéhna kalah gerak gancang ku cara ngangkat anggota [[United States Civil Service Commission|Komisi Birokrasi]] anu jujur.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=325–327|Doenecke||2pp=102–104}} Lulugu pamariksa nu diangkatna, [[Silas W. Burt]], malah baheulana mah musuh Arthur nalika di New York Custom House.{{sfn|Howe|pp=209–210}} Dina taun 1884, Arthur ngarasa sugema ku ieu sistem anyar, sarta nyebutkeun yén ieu aturan hasil ngajaga para pajabat ti &quot;tekenan kapentingan pribadi&quot; sarta ngajaga kualitas pagawé nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arthur 1884&quot; /&gt;

=== Kaleuwihan Anggaran sarta Pajeg Impor ===
{{CSS image crop|Image=ARTHUR, Chester A-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|bSize=310|cWidth=230|cHeight=270|oTop=48|oLeft=38|Location=left|Description=Poto ukiran Présidén Arthur ti [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]}}
Kulantaran pajeg jaman perang masih kénéh lumaku, pamaréntah féderal ngumpulkeun duit leuwih loba batan nu dikaluarkeun saprak taun 1866; nepi ka taun 1882, kaleuwihan anggaran (surplus) nepi ka $145 juta.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=328–329|Doenecke||2p=168}} Aya rupa-rupa pamadegan ngeunaan cara [[Balanced budget|nyaruakeun anggaran]]; urang Démokrat hayang nurunkeun [[tariff|pajeg impor (tarif)]] sanggeusna harga barang impor jadi leuwih murah, sedengkeun urang Républik yakin yén pajeg impor nu luhur téh penting pikeun ngajaga gajih para pagawé pabrik jeung tambang di jero nagara. Maranéhna leuwih satuju lamun éta duit surplus dipaké pikeun [[internal improvements|pangwangunan infrastruktur]] sarta ngurangan pajeg cukai (excise).{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=328–329|Doenecke||2p=168}}

Arthur sapamadegan jeung partéyna. Dina taun 1882, manéhna ménta sangkan pajeg cukai dihapus (iwal ti keur inuman keras) sarta ménta aturan pajeg impor anu leuwih basajan.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=330–333|Doenecke||2pp=169–171}} Dina bulan Méi taun éta, ditépakeun hiji komisi pajeg impor; Arthur ngangkat jalma-jalma anu lolobana mah [[Protectionism|protéksionis]] (nu ngabela pajeg luhur) kana éta komite. Nanging, dina Désémber 1882, éta komite kalah ngasongkeun laporan anu ménta pajeg impor diturunkeun antara 20 nepi ka 25%. Kongrés teu maliré kana éta saran, sarta dina ahirna [[Tariff of 1883|Undang-Undang taun 1883]] ngan saukur nurunkeun pajeg impor rata-rata 1,47%. Arthur nandatanganan éta aturan, tapi euweuh pangaruhna kana kaleuwihan anggaran nagara.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=334–335}}

Kongrés ogé nyoba nyaruakeun anggaran ku cara méakkeun duit dina [[Rivers and Harbors Act]] taun 1882 kalayan jumlah anu kacida badagna, nyaéta $19 juta.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=280–282|Doenecke||2p=81}} Sanajan Arthur satuju kana pangwangunan, manéhna ngarasa beurat ku badagna éta anggaran sarta kusabab éta proyék ngan saukur nguntungkeun &quot;daérah-daérah nu tangtu&quot; wungkul, lain pikeun kapentingan nasional.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=280–282|Doenecke||2p=81}} Dina 1 Agustus 1882, Arthur ngagunakeun hak **[[Veto]]** (nolak) kana éta undang-undang; manéhna nyebutkeun yén éta anggaran téh lain pikeun &quot;pertahanan babarengan atawa karaharjaan umum.&quot;{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=281}} Nanging, poé isukna, Kongrés [[Veto override|ngabatalkeun veto]] présidén (override), sarta éta aturan tetep jalan, ngurangan surplus nagara ku $19 juta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim-Dwor&quot;/&gt; Urang Républik harita ngarasa éta téh hiji kameunangan, nanging jaga mah katingal yén éta léngkah téh kalah matak maranéhna kaleungitan korsi dina pamilihan parlemén 1882.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=196–197|Reeves|1975|2pp=281–282|Karabell|3p=90}}

=== Urusan Luar Nagri sarta Imigrasi ===
[[File:The only one barred out cph.3b48680.jpg|thumb|alt=Saurang lalaki Cina diuk di luar pager nu dikonci|Kartun pulitik taun 1882, anu nyawad kawijakan [[Chinese exclusion|panghalangan urang Cina]]]]

Nalika mangsa Garfield, Sekretaris Nagara James G. Blaine nyoba ngahirupkeun deui hubungan diplomatik jeung nagara-nagara Amérika Latin. Manéhna hayang ayana perjangjian dagang sarta jadi panengah dina papaséaan antar nagara di dinya.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=55–57|Reeves|1975|2pp=284–289}} Blaine malah ngasongkeun ide konferensi Pan-Amérika dina taun 1882 pikeun ngeureunkeun [[War of the Pacific|Perang Pasifik]] antara [[Bolivia]], Chili, jeung [[Peru]].{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=55–57|Reeves|1975|2pp=284–289}} Nanging, nalika Frelinghuysen ngaganti Blaine dina ahir taun 1881, éta rencana téh jadi [[wikt:dead letter|surat paéh]] (teu jalan). Frelinghuysen hoream neruskeun usaha perdamaian Blaine sabab sieun Amérika Serikat kalah kacepet asup kana éta konflik.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=129–132|Reeves|1975|2pp=289–293|Bastert||3pp=653–671}}

Kongrés ka-47 ogé loba méakkeun waktu pikeun nguruskeun imigrasi. Dina Juli 1882, Kongrés nyieun aturan ngeunaan kapal uap anu mawa imigran ka Amérika. Teu sangka, Arthur ngagunakeun hak [[Veto]]-na sarta ménta sangkan éta aturan diropéa deui; sanggeus dibenerkeun, kakara ku Arthur disatujuan.{{sfnm|Howe||1pp=168–169|Doenecke||2p=81}} Manéhna ogé nandatanganan [[Immigration Act of 1882]], anu nerapkeun pajeg 50 sén pikeun unggal imigran sarta ngalarang asupna jalma anu boga gangguan jiwa, jalma nu kurang ingetan, kriminal, atawa sing saha waé anu dianggap bakal jadi bangbaluh nagara.{{sfnm|Hutchinson||1p=162|Howe||2p=169}}

Papaséaan anu pangpanasna mah lumangsung ngeunaan urang imigran ti Cina. Saacanna, dina taun 1868, Amérika boga perjangjian ([[Burlingame Treaty]]) anu ngamajukeun urang Cina asup sacara bébas. Nanging, nalika ékonomi keur siméte (Panic of 1873), urang Cina dianggap jadi cukang lantaran turunna gajih pagawé lokal.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=277–278|Hoogenboom||2pp=387–389}} Dina taun 1882, Kongrés nyoba ngaluarkeun aturan anu ngalarang pagawé Cina asup salila 20 taun.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=278–279|Doenecke||2pp=81–84}}

Arthur deui-deui ngagunakeun hak **[[Veto]]**-na. Manéhna ngarasa yén larangan salila 20 taun téh méngpar tina perjangjian internasional anu ngan meunangkeun &quot;panghalangan anu wajar.&quot; Koran-koran di bagian Wétan muji kana kawani Arthur, sedengkeun urang bagian Kulon mah katingalna bendu pisan. Ahirna, Kongrés ngasongkeun deui aturan anyar anu ngalarang imigrasi Cina salila 10 taun. Sanajan sabenerna masih kénéh kurang sapuk, Arthur ahirna nandatanganan [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] dina 6 Méi 1882 salaku jalan tengah.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=278–279|Doenecke||2pp=81–84}} Ieu undang-undang ngahalangan sakabéh urang Cina asup ka Amérika, iwal ti diplomat, guru, murid, padagang, sarta nu keur pelesir.

=== Ngawangum Angkatan Laut ===
[[File:Chicago. Leading the Squadron of Evolution, 1889 - NARA - 512952.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Poto opat kapal perang|Barisan kapal &quot;Squadron of Evolution&quot; keur balabuh dina taun 1889: ''Chicago'', ''Yorktown'', ''Boston'', sarta ''Atlanta''.]]
Sanggeus Perang Sadulur bérés, kakuatan [[United States Navy|Angkatan Laut Amérika]] nyirorot pisan. Kapal anu tadina ampir 700 siki, kari 52 deui, malah lolobana mah geus tinggaleun jaman.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1p=337|Doenecke||2p=145}} Salami lima belas taun saacanna, pamaréntah leuwih museurkeun tanaga kana [[American Indian Wars|perang jeung urang Indian]] di daratan Kulon batan nguruskeun lautan. Nanging, nalika kaayaan di darat geus mimiti aman, Kongrés mimiti melang ningali kaayaan kapal perangna anu geus bobo.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=338–341||Doenecke|2pp=145–147}}

Dina biantara taunanana taun 1881, Arthur ménta sangkan Angkatan Laut dikuatkeun deui.{{sfn|Weisberger|2002|p=277}} Manéhna méré kawenang sapinuhna ka Sekretaris Angkatan Laut anyar, [[William E. Chandler]]. Chandler, saurang pamingpin anu tegas, langsung &quot;meresihan&quot; para pajabat anu masih kénéh milih kapal kai sarta ngadegkeun [[Naval War College]].{{sfn|Weisberger|2002|p=277}}

Chandler ngabentuk tim ahli pikeun ngaropéa Angkatan Laut sangkan bisa ngajaga Amérika nepi ka rébuan mil jauhna, lain ngan saukur ngajaga basisir wungkul.{{sfnm|Weisberger|2002|1p=277||Doenecke|2pp=147–149}} Dumasar saran éta tim, Kongrés méré anggaran pikeun nyieun tilu kapal perang baja (''[[USS Atlanta (1884)|Atlanta]]'', ''[[USS Boston (1884)|Boston]]'', sarta ''[[USS Chicago (1885)|Chicago]]'') jeung hiji kapal panganteur (''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]''). Ieu kapal téh katelah &quot;Kapal ABCD&quot; atawa ''[[Squadron of Evolution]]''.{{sfnm|Weisberger|2002|1p=277|Reeves|1975|2pp=342–343}} Kontrakna dibikeun ka [[John Roach &amp; Sons]], pausahaan anu nawarkeun harga pangmurahna, sanajan Roach baheulana kungsi jadi dunungan Chandler.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=343–345|Doenecke||2pp=149–151}}

Sanajan urang Démokrat di Kongrés ka-48 nyoba ngahalangan anggaran pikeun kapal baja saterusna, kaayaan Angkatan Laut tetep beuki maju. Kapal-kapal anyar éta ahirna resmi dioperasikeun dina taun 1889.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=349–350|Doenecke|2pp=152–153}} Chandler sorangan ngarasa reueus sabab geus hasil &quot;ngancurkeun angkatan laut kolot&quot; sarta ngagantina ku nu modérn.{{sfn|Weisberger|2002|p=277}}

Dina mangsa jabatan Arthur, Amérika ogé ngayakeun ékspédisi ilmiah ka kutub kalér (Lady Franklin Bay Expedition). Sanajan aya anggota anu hasil nyieun catetan pangjauhna ka kalér ([[Farthest North]]), nanging tina 25 urang anggota ékspédisi, ngan saukur tujuh urang anu hasil salamet nepi ka balik deui.

=== Hak Sipil sarta Urusan Masarakat ===
[[File:Mahone, Hon. Senator of Virginia, Brig. Gen. in Civil War Crop.jpg|thumb|Pamingpin Partéy Readjuster [[William Mahone]] anu bajoang pikeun hak sipil di Virginia]]

Saperti para présidén ti Partéy Républik méméhna, Arthur ngarasa beurat nyanghareupan pasalian kumaha cara nangtang kakuatan Partéy Démokrat di wilayah Kidul sarta kumaha cara ngajaga hak-hak sipil urang kulit hideung di dinya.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=306–308|Doenecke||2pp=105–108}} Sanggeus mangsa [[Reconstruction Era|Rekonstruksi]] bérés, urang kulit bodas ti Partéy Démokrat (nu sok disebut &quot;[[Bourbon Democrat]]s&quot;) miboga kakuatan deui, sarta Partéy Républik beuki léléh sabab nu ngarojong utamana, nyaéta urang kulit hideung, [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|hak sorana ditalikung]].{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=306–308|Doenecke||2pp=105–108}}

Aya hiji lolongkrang di wilayah Kidul nalika mecenghul partéy anyar di Virginia, nyaéta **[[Readjuster Party]]**.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=307–309|Ayers||2pp=46–47}} Ieu partéy mawa janji hayang ngaronjatkeun anggaran pendidikan (boh keur sakola kulit hideung atawa bodas) sarta ngahapus [[Poll tax (United States)|pajeg sora]] nu matak hésé ka rahayat leutik. Arthur satuju pikeun gawé bareng jeung ieu faksi sarta méré jabatan-jabatan féderal ka urang Readjuster batan ka urang Républik asli di dinya. Sanajan loba urang Républik kulit hideung anu ngarasa &quot;dihianatan&quot; ku ieu taktik, nanging inohong kawas [[Frederick Douglass]] mah ngarojong sabab kawijakan urang Readjuster dianggap leuwih adil batan urang Démokrat.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=310–313}}

Nanging, usaha séjénna pikeun ngabéla urang kulit hideung téh kurang hasilna. Nalika Mahkamah Agung ngabatalkeun [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] dina kasus ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' (1883), Arthur nyatakeun teu sapuk kana éta kaputusan dina biantarana ka Kongrés, tapi manéhna teu hasil mangaruhan Kongrés pikeun nyieun aturan anyar salaku gagantina.{{sfn|Doenecke|pp=112–114}} Dina hiji hal mah Arthur hasil campur tangan, nyaéta nalika ngabatalkeun hukuman ka saurang kadét kulit hideung di [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], [[Johnson Chesnut Whittaker]], sanggeus dipaluruh yén éta kasus téh pinuh ku kacua dumasar kana warna kulit (rasial).{{sfn|Marszalek|loc=''[[passim]]''}}

Di wilayah Kulon, Arthur ogé nyanghareupan masalah ngeunaan prakték [[polygamy|poligami]] ku kelompok [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormon]] di Utah. Arthur sapamadegan jeung Garfield yén poligami téh hiji tindak kajahatan anu ngaruksak ajén kulawarga.{{sfn|Doenecke|pp=84–85}} Dina taun 1882, manéhna nandatanganan **[[Edmunds Act]]** anu ngajadikeun poligami salaku kajahatan féderal sarta ngalarang palakuna pikeun nyepeng jabatan publik atawa milu milih dina pamilihan.{{sfn|Doenecke|pp=84–85}}

=== Kawijakan Urang Indian ===
Pamaréntahan Arthur nyanghareupan tangtangan tina parobahan hubungan jeung sélér-sélér [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] di wilayah Kulon.{{sfn|Doenecke|pp=85–89}} [[American Indian Wars|Perang Indian]] geus mimiti réngsé, sarta sikep masarakat mimiti robah jadi leuwih hadé ka urang Indian. Arthur ménta ka Kongrés sangkan nambahan anggaran pikeun pendidikan urang Indian, anu ahirna disatujuan dina taun 1884, sanajan jumlahna teu saluyu jeung kahayang manéhna.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=89–92|Reeves|1975|2pp=362–363}}

Manéhna ogé satuju kana parobahan sistem lahan jadi [[Allotment Era|sistem jatah (allotment)]], di mana urang Indian sacara pribadi—lain dumasar sélér—boga hak milik kana tanah. Arthur teu hasil ngayakinkeun Kongrés pikeun ngajalankeun ieu ide salila manéhna ngajabat, nanging dina taun 1887, [[Dawes Act]] ahirna ngarobah hukum sangkan saluyu jeung éta sistem.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=89–92|Reeves|1975|2pp=362–363}} Ieu sistem jatah téh harita mah dipuji ku para reformis, nanging tétéla jaga mah kalah matak rugi ka urang Indian sabab tanah maranéhna loba nu dijual deui kalayan harga murah ka para [[Speculation|tukang spekulasi]] kulit bodas.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1p=91|Stuart||2pp=452–454}}

Salami mangsa présidén Arthur, para nu bubuara (settlers) sarta nu boga ingon-ingon terus-terusan asup sarta ngarebut wilayah urang Indian.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=89–90|Reeves|1975|2pp=362–363}} Mimitina mah Arthur nolak kana éta peta, nanging sanggeus Sekretaris Jero Nagri [[Henry M. Teller]] ngayakinkeun yén éta lahan téh teu ditangtayungan ku hukum, Arthur ahirna muka wilayah [[Crow Creek Reservation]] di [[Dakota Territory]] pikeun para nu bubuara ngaliwatan paréntah éksékutip dina taun 1885.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=89–90|Reeves|1975|2pp=362–363}} Présidén saterusna, [[Grover Cleveland]], manggihan yén éta tanah téh sabenerna hak milik urang Indian, sarta langsung ngabolaykeun paréntah Arthur sababaraha bulan ti harita.{{sfnm|Doenecke||1pp=89–90|Reeves|1975|2pp=362–363}}

=== Kaséhatan sarta Lalampahan ===
[[File:President Chester A. Arthur Yellowstone National Park Expedition 1883.jpg|upright=1.15|alt=Sakelompok lalaki diuk di leuweung|thumb|left|Arthur dina hiji ékspédisi di [[Yellowstone National Park]] bareng jeung [[Philip Sheridan]] sarta [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].]]
Teu lila sanggeus jadi présidén, Arthur didiagnosa kakeunaan ku panyakit **[[Bright's disease]]**, nyaéta gangguan [[kidney|ginjal]] anu ayeuna disebut **[[nephritis]]**.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=317–318|Howe||2pp=243–244}} Manéhna nyoba nyumputkeun éta kaayaan sangkan teu kanyahoan ku balaréa, nanging dina taun 1883, béja ngeunaan panyakitna mimiti sumebar. Awakna beuki lila beuki begang sarta pameunteuna katingal beuki sepuh, malah manéhna ogé mimiti &quot;ngos-ngosan&quot; (hésé) nuturkeun wirahma gawé présidén anu kacida padetna.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=317–318|Howe||2pp=243–244}}

Pikeun mulikkeun deui kaséhatanana, dina bulan April 1883, Arthur sarta sawatara sobat pulitikna indit ka Florida.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=355–359|Howe||2pp=244–246}} Nanging, éta pakansi téh kalah matak sabalikna; Arthur kalah katarajang kanyeri anu kacida méméh balik deui ka Washington.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=355–359|Howe||2pp=244–246}} Dina ahir taun éta, dumasar saran ti Sénator Missouri [[George Graham Vest]], manéhna nganjang ka **[[Yellowstone National Park]]**.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=364–367|Howe||2pp=247–248}}

Loba wartawan anu milu dina éta rombongan présidén, anu ahirna milu ngawanohkeun sistem [[History of the National Park Service|Taman Nasional]] anyar ka masarakat luas.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=364–367|Howe||2pp=247–248}} Lalampahan ka Yellowstone katingalna leuwih mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan Arthur batan pakansi ka Florida. Manéhna balik ka Washington dina kaayaan anu leuwih jagrag sanggeus dua bulan lalampahan.{{sfnm|Karabell||1pp=124–125|Reeves|1975|2pp=366–367}}

=== Pamilihan Présidén 1884 ===
Nalika [[1884 United States presidential election|pamilihan présidén taun 1884]] geus deukeut, James G. Blaine dianggap salaku calon pangkuatna ti Partéy Républik. Nanging, Arthur ogé kungsi boga niat hayang nyalonkeun deui pikeun hiji mangsa jabatan pinuh.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=368–371|Howe||2pp=254–257}} Tapi, sababaraha bulan méméh [[1884 Republican National Convention|Muktamar Nasional Républik]], Arthur mimiti sadar yén taya hiji faksi ogé di partéyna anu bener-bener daék ngarojong manéhna sapinuhna. Faksi Half-Breed tetep satia ka Blaine, sedengkeun faksi Stalwart masih kénéh bingung; aya nu ngadukung Arthur, aya ogé nu milih Sénator [[John A. Logan]].{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=368–371|Howe||2pp=254–257}}

Urang Républik anu mikacinta reformasi birokrasi memang geus mimiti resep ka Arthur sanggeus manéhna nandatanganan UU Pendleton, tapi maranéhna masih kénéh cangcaya naha Arthur téh bener-bener &quot;beresih&quot; atawa henteu. Maranéhna kalah leuwih milih Sénator [[George F. Edmunds]] ti Vermont.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=368–371|Howe||2pp=254–257}} Sanajan para pangusaha sarta urang Républik di wilayah Kidul ngadukung manéhna, Arthur ahirna mutuskeun pikeun teu milu campur sacara daria dina rebutan korsi calon présidén.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=373–375|Doenecke||2pp=181–182}}

Manéhna tetep milu &quot;étalaseu&quot; (token effort) hungkul, sabab lamun manéhna mundur kitu waé, urang bakal curiga kana kaséhatanana sarta bakal cangcaya kana naon anu geus dipigawé ku manéhna salila ngajabat. Nalika muktamar dimimitian dina bulan Juni, geus katingal yén Arthur bakal éléh. Dina voting kaopat, Blaine meunang 541 sora, sedengkeun Arthur ngan meunang 207 sora.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=380–381|Howe||2pp=264–265}} Arthur tuluy ngirim telegram ucapan salamet ka Blaine sarta narima éta kaéléhan kalayan tenang ([[equanimity]]).{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=380–381|Howe||2pp=264–265}} Manéhna teu milu dina kampanye taun 1884, anu engkéna ku Blaine dianggap salaku cukang lantaran éléhna ku calon ti Démokrat, Gubernur New York [[Grover Cleveland]].{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=387–389|Howe||2pp=265–266}}

=== Pangangkatan Hakim ===
{{utama|Daptar hakim féderal anu diangkat ku Chester A. Arthur}}

Arthur ngangkat dua urang hakim pikeun ngeusi korsi kosong di [[United States Supreme Court|Mahkamah Agung AS]]. Anu kahiji nyaéta dina Juli 1881 nalika Hakim [[Nathan Clifford]] tilar dunya.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=260–261|Howe||2p=195}} Arthur milih [[Horace Gray]], saurang ahli hukum ti Massachusetts, sarta pamilihan ieu gampang disatujuaun ku Sénat.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=260–261|Howe||2p=195}} Gray ngabdikeun dirina di Mahkamah Agung salila leuwih ti 20 taun.

Korsi kosong kadua mecenghul nalika Hakim [[Ward Hunt]] pangsiun dina Januari 1882. Arthur mimitina milih urut dununganana, [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Sabenerna Arthur rada cangcaya naha Conkling bakal narima atawa henteu, nanging manéhna ngarasa kudu méré pangajén ka jalma anu kungsi ngangkat karirna.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=260–261|Howe||2p=195}} Sénat nyatujuan, nanging luyu jeung sangkaan, Conkling nolak.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=260–261|Howe||2p=195}} Ieu mangrupakeun kajadian pamungkas di mana saurang calon anu geus disatujuaun ku Sénat kalah nolak jabatanana. Salaku gantina, Arthur ngangkat [[Samuel Blatchford]], saurang hakim ti Pangadilan Banding Federal anu kacida dipikahormatna.{{sfnm|Reeves|1975|1pp=260–261|Howe||2p=195}}

== Saatos Jadi Présidén (1885–1886) ==

Arthur bérés ngajabat dina taun 1885 sarta mulang ka bumina di kota New York. Sababaraha urang Stalwart New York ménta manéhna pikeun nyalonkeun jadi Sénator, nanging Arthur nolak. Manéhna leuwih milih balik deui jadi pokrol (pengacara) di firma hukumna, Arthur, Knevals &amp; Ransom.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=412–414}} Nanging, kaséhatanana beuki nyirorot nepi ka manéhna jarang bisa kaluar imah.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=416–418}}

=== Tilar Dunya ===
[[File:Chester Arthur grave.jpg|thumb|Makam Arthur di [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] di Menands, New York]]

Sanggeus méakkeun usum panas taun 1886 di Connecticut, Arthur balik deui ka bumina dina kaayaan anu beuki parna. Dina kaping 16 Nopémber, manéhna méré paréntah sangkan sakabéh dokumén pribadina sarta dokumén resmina diduruk nepi ka béak.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=416–418}} Isukna, Arthur katarajang stroke ([[cerebral hemorrhage]]) sarta teu éling deui. Manéhna tilar dunya dina poé saterusna, 18 Nopémber, dina umur 57 taun.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=416–418}}

Dina kaping 22 Nopémber, hiji upacara pamakaman dilaksanakeun di New York anu dihadiran ku Présidén Cleveland sarta urut Présidén Hayes. Arthur dimakamkeun di gigireun pamajikanana dina hiji [[sarcophagus]] (peti batu) anu megah di [[Albany Rural Cemetery]], [[Menands, New York]].{{sfn|Reeves|1975|pp=416–418}} Dina taun 1889, hiji monumén patung malaikat tina perunggu ditepakeun di luhureun makamna salaku tanda pangajén pikeun jasa-jasana ka nagara.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1894}}

Mangsa hirup Arthur sanggeus jadi présidén téh mangrupakeun anu kadua pangpondokna dina sajarah AS (ngan sataun dalapan bulan), sanggeus James K. Polk.

== Sawangan Pulitik ==
Salaku saurang konservatif,{{sfn|Nelson|2015|p=370}} Arthur kabeungkeut kana faksi Stalwart dina Partéy Républik salila taun 1860-an jeung 1870-an, anu ngarojong [[Ulysses S. Grant]] sarta kawijakan-kawijakan konservatif pamaréntahanana.{{sfn|Whalen|2007|p=58}}

== Warisan Sajarah ==
[[File:Carthur.jpeg|thumb|Potrét resmi Présidén Arthur]]
Sawatara pos [[Grand Army of the Republic]] dingaranan dumasar kana ngaran Arthur, kaasup di [[Goff, Kansas]], [[Lawrence, Nebraska]], [[Medford, Oregon]], sarta [[Ogdensburg, Wisconsin]]. Dina 5 April 1882, Arthur kapilih jadi anggota kahormatan [[Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States]] (MOLLUS) salaku tanda pangajén kana kontribusina dina mangsa perang.{{sfn|&quot;The Loyal Legion&quot;|page=1}}

Union College méré gelar [[Legum Doctor|LL.D.]] (Doktor Kahormatan dina widang Hukum) ka Arthur dina taun 1883.{{sfn|University of the State of New York|pages=21–22}}

Dina taun 1898, hiji patung parunggu Arthur saluhur 4,5 méter anu dijieun ku George Edwin Bissell ditepakeun di [[Madison Square]], Kota New York.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=419}} Nalika upacara panyingkapan éta patung, Sekretaris Perang [[Elihu Root]] nyebutkeun yén Arthur téh saurang pamingpin anu &quot;wijaksana dina nagara sarta teguh dina pamaréntahan,&quot; sanajan manéhna ngarasa kasingkur sarta kurang dipikanyaah ku partéyna sorangan.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=419}}


Dina taun 1938, Kantor Pos AS ngaluarkeun prangko husus pikeun ngahormatan manéhna. Dina taun 2012, gambar Arthur ogé dipaké dina koin saméméh hiji dollar AS.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
File:Chet Arthur Mad Sq jeh.JPG|[[Statue of Chester A. Arthur|Patung Arthur]] di [[Madison Square Park]], Kota New York, dijieun taun 1898.
File:Chester A Arthur, 21c, 1938 issue.jpg|Prangko Arthur, kaluaran taun 1938.
File:Chester A. Arthur, Presidential Dollar.jpg|Koin dollar AS gambar Arthur, dicitak taun 2012.
File:Arthur Avenue Streetsign (36769067783).jpg|[[Arthur Avenue]] di [[the Bronx]] dingaranan dumasar kana ngaran Présidén Arthur.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Ngaran Arthur mimitina kurang dipikawanoh ku para ahli sajarah sanggeus manéhna bérés ngajabat.{{sfn|Karabell|p=139}} Dina taun 1935, sejarawan George F. Howe nyebutkeun yén Arthur téh &quot;nepi ka poék (henteu kawentar), kontras pisan jeung peranna anu kacida pentingna dina sajarah Amérika.&quot;{{sfn|Howe|p=288}} Nanging, dina taun 1975, [[Thomas C. Reeves]] nulis yén pangangkatan pajabat ku Arthur téh kacida hadéna, sarta skandal korupsi anu ramé harita mah teu nempel ka pamaréntahanana.{{sfn|Reeves|1975|p=420}}

Wartawan [[Alexander McClure]] nulis, &quot;Taya jalma anu asup jadi Présidén kalayan rasa teu percaya anu kacida gedéna saperti Chester Alan Arthur, sarta taya jalma anu bérés ngajabat... kalayan rasa hormat anu leuwih luhur, boh ti sobat pulitikna atawa ti musuhna.&quot; [[Mark Twain]] ogé nulis, &quot;Hésé pisan néangan pamaréntahan anu leuwih hadé batan pamaréntahan Présidén Arthur.&quot;{{sfn|Feldman|p=95}} Dina sawangan sejarawan modérn, Arthur umumna dianggap présidén anu &quot;rata-rata&quot; atawa biasa waé, malah mindeng disebut présidén anu paling gampang dipopohokeun.

Imah Arthur di New York saterusna dijual ka [[William Randolph Hearst]]. Saprak taun 1944, éta tempat dipaké jadi toko samara (spice emporium) **[[Kalustyan's]]** anu kasohor nepi ka ayeuna.

=== Dina Média ===

Sosok Arthur diperankeun ku [[Nick Offerman]] dina miniseri [[historical drama]] [[Netflix]] taun 2025 anu judulna ''[[Death by Lightning]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death By Lightning' Gives Nick Offerman the Role of a Lifetime in Chester A. Arthur|last=O'Keefe| first=Meghan|date=7 November 2025|website=Decider.com|url=https://decider.com/2025/11/07/death-by-lightning-nick-offerman-chester-a-arthur-muttonchops/|access-date=Dec 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo Ogé ==
{{Portal|American Civil War|Biography|United States|Politics|New York City|New York (state)|Law}}
* Arthur Cottage, imah karuhun Arthur di [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], Irlandia Kalér.
* [[Julia Sand]], awéwé anu surat-suratan sarta méré saran ka Arthur.
* [[List of presidents of the United States|Daptar Présidén Amérika Serikat]].
* [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|Daptar Présidén Amérika Serikat dumasar pangalaman méméhna]].

{{clear}}

== Catetan ==
{{notelist}}

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Arthur 1884&quot;&gt;
{{cite web | url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address | title = Fourth State of the Union Address | first = Chester A. | last = Arthur | year = 1884 | publisher = Wikisource, The Free Library | access-date = July 15, 2011
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim-Dwor&quot;&gt;
Lewis A. Kimmel, ''Federal-Budget and Fiscal Policy 1789–1958'', (Washington, D. C.: The Brooking Institute, 1959). Dicutat dina Dworsky: &quot;The temptation to squander money was overwhelming; the Rivers and Harbors Act passed over (President) Arthur's veto in 1882 demonstrated how strongly it lay upon the Congress.&quot;
&lt;/ref&gt;

{{sfn|&quot;Supreme Court Nominations&quot;}}
&lt;/references&gt;

== Bibliografi ==
=== Buku ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | title = The Naval History of the United States | volume = 2 | last = Abbot | first = Willis J. | author-link = Willis J. Abbot | publisher = Peter Fenelon Collier | year = 1896 | oclc = 3453791 | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26416 | ref = {{sfnRef|Abbot}} }}
* {{cite book | title = The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction | last = Ayers | first = Edward L. | author-link = Edward L. Ayers | year = 2007 | orig-year = 1992 | publisher = Oxford University Press, US| location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-532688-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ayers}} }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Burton T. | last2 = Swaney | first2 = Homer H. | date = 1881 | title = Lives of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur | url = https://archive.org/details/livesofjamesa00doyle | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Rufus H. Darby | ref = {{sfnRef|Doyle &amp; Swaney}} }}
* {{cite book | title = The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur | last = Doenecke | first = Justus D. | year = 1981 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence | isbn = 978-0-7006-0208-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Doenecke}} | url = https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen }}
* {{cite book | last = Feldman | first = Ruth Tenzer | year = 2006 | title = Chester A. Arthur | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books | isbn = 978-0-8225-1512-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Feldman}} | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/chesteraarthur0000feld }}
* {{cite book |last=Ferris |first=Gary W. |date=1999 |title=Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of U.S. Presidents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVvOyszUlpEC&amp;pg=PA127 |location=Chicago |publisher=R. R. Donnelly and Sons |isbn=978-0-89587-176-3 }}
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* {{cite book | last = Hoogenboom | first = Ari | author-link = Ari Hoogenboom | title = Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President | year = 1995 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence | isbn = 978-0-7006-0641-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hoogenboom}} }}
* {{cite book | title = Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics | last = Howe | first = George F. | year = 1966 | orig-year = 1935 | publisher = F. Ungar Pub. Co | location = New York | asin = B00089DVIG | ref = {{sfnRef|Howe}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=David L. |date=2012 |title=The Handy Presidents Answer Book |url=https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000huds |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000huds/page/246 246] |location=Canton, MI |publisher=Visible Ink Press |ref={{sfnRef|Hudson}} |isbn=978-1-57859-317-0 }}
* {{cite book | title = Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life | last = Jordan | first = David M. | year = 1988 | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomfield | isbn = 978-0-253-36580-4 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jordan}} }}
* {{cite book | title = Chester Alan Arthur | last = Karabell | first = Zachary | author-link = Zachary Karabell | year = 2004 | publisher = Henry Holt &amp; Co | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-6951-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Karabell}} | url = https://archive.org/details/chesteralanarthu00kara }}
* {{cite book|last1=McCabe|first1=James D.|title=Our Martyred President&amp;nbsp;... : The Life and Public Services of Gen. James A. Garfield|date=1881|publisher=National Publishing Company|ref={{sfnRef|McCabe}}}}
* {{cite book | title = Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur | url = https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev | url-access = registration | last = Reeves | first = Thomas C. | author-link = Thomas C. Reeves | year = 1975 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-394-46095-6 }}
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896'' (1919) [https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst04rhodgoog online lengkep]; buku klasik, faktual, sarta museur kana pulitik, karya pameunang Hadiah Pulitzer.
* {{cite book |last=University of the State of New York |date=1883 |title=Annual Report of the Board of Regents |volume=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx0tAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA21 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=Weed, Parsons &amp; Company |ref={{sfnRef|University of the State of New York}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Vermont Bureau of Publicity |date=1913 |title=Vermont: The Land of Green Mountains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo0UAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA84 |location=Montpelier |publisher=Vermont Secretary of State |ref={{sfnRef|Vermont Bureau of Publicity}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Weisberger|first=Bernard A.|title=The Presidents A Reference History James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|editor=Henry F. Graff|date=2002}}
{{refend}}

=== Artikel ===
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* {{cite web |ref=Chester A. Arthur |title=Chester A. Arthur |url=http://newyorkcitystatues.com/chester-a-arthur/ |publisher=New York City Statues |access-date=October 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013092658/http://newyorkcitystatues.com/chester-a-arthur/ |archive-date=October 13, 2012}}
* {{cite web |last=Easley-Walsh |first=Megan |url=https://praguepapers.ff.cuni.cz/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2024/04/Megan_Easley-Walsh_36-52.pdf |title=Chester Alan Arthur: The forgotten American President who Changed the World through two Conferences (the International Meridian Conference of 1884 and the Berlin Africa Conference of 1884–1885) |date=February 2022 |website=Prague Papers on the History of International Relations}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies |journal=The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly |first=C.P. |last=Hutchinson |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=April 1947 |jstor=3348178 |ref={{sfnRef|Hutchinson}} |pages=161–173 |doi=10.2307/3348178}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Jampoler |first=Andrew C.A. |title=Disaster at Lady Franklin Bay |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2010/august/disaster-lady-franklin-bay |date=August 2010 |magazine=Naval History Magazine |volume=24 |number=4 |publisher=U.S. Naval Institute |ref=Jampoler (August 2010) |accessdate=December 25, 2022}}
* {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Arthur, Chester Alan |volume= 1 |pages= 146-151 |short=|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |title=A Black Cadet At West Point |journal=American Heritage |first=John F. Jr. |last=Marszalek |author-link=John F. Marszalek |volume=22 |issue=5 |date=August 1971 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/black-cadet-west-point?page=show |ref={{sfnRef|Marszalek}} |access-date=September 1, 2018}}
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* {{cite journal |title=The Search for the Chester Alan Arthur Papers |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |first=Thomas C. |last=Reeves |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Summer 1972 |jstor=4634741 |pages=310–319}}
* {{cite journal |last=Reeves |first=Thomas C. |date=July 1, 1970 |title=The Diaries of Malvina Arthur: Windows Into The Past of Our 21st President |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/DiariesOfMalvinaArthur.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society |location=Montpelier |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |access-date=September 1, 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Reeves|July 1, 1970}}}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur's Birthplace |journal=Vermont History |first=Thomas C. |last=Reeves |volume=38 |issue=4 |date=Autumn 1970 |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/MysteryOfChester.pdf |access-date=September 1, 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Reeves (Autumn 1970)}}}}
* {{cite journal |title=In Defense of Chester Arthur |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |first=Sybil |last=Schwartz |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=Autumn 1978 |jstor=40255548 |ref={{sfnRef|Schwartz}} |pages=180–184}}
* {{cite journal |title=United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission |journal=Social Service Review |first=Paul |last=Stuart |volume=51 |issue=3 |date=September 1977 |jstor=30015511 |ref={{sfnRef|Stuart}} |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1086/643524 |s2cid=143506388}}
* {{cite journal |title=Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People |journal=The Journal of Politics |first=Sean M. |last=Theriault |volume=65 |issue=1 |date=February 2003 |jstor=3449855 |ref={{sfnRef|Theriault}} |pages=50–68 |doi=10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00003 |s2cid=153890814}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Todd |first=A. L. |date=June 1960 |volume=11 |issue=4 |title=Ordeal In The Arctic |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/ordeal-arctic |magazine=American Heritage |ref=Todd (June 1960) |accessdate=December 27, 2022}}
{{refend}}

=== Surat Kabar ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |title=Afternoon Dispatches: Pleasanton |work=The Tribune |location=Lawrence, KS |date=July 9, 1871 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-kansas-tribune-afternoon-dispa/185199734/ |page=2 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Tribune''|1871}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Republican State Committee: Gen. Chester A. Arthur Elected Chairman – Campaign Plans |work=The Sun |location=New York |page=2 |date=September 12, 1879 |url-access=limited |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-herald-republican-state-committ/186244751/ |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;The Sun&quot;}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Organization of the Republican State Committee |work=Boston Post |location=Boston, MA |page=1 |date=October 12, 1881 |url-access=limited |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post-organization-of-the-republic/186244844/ |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Boston Post&quot;}}}}
* {{cite news |title=The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/09/23/98566684.pdf |access-date=January 14, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 22, 1881 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times''|1881}}}}
*{{cite news |date=April 6, 1882 |title=The Loyal Legion: Meeting Last Night; President Arthur Elected to Membership |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/national-republican-meeting-last-night/186244933/ |work=National Republican |location=Washington, DC |url-access=limited |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;The Loyal Legion&quot;}}}}
*{{cite news |date=August 30, 1891 |title=Leading Officials: The Three Principal Officers in the Nebraska Posts |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-daily-bee-the-three-principal-offi/186245007/ |work=Omaha Daily Bee |location=Omaha, NE |url-access=limited |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Leading Officials&quot;}}}}
*{{cite news |date=September 23, 1892 |title=In the Encampment at the Reunion at Ashland |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-medford-mail-in-the-encampment-at-th/186245093/ |work=[[Mail Tribune|Medford Mail]] |location=Medford, OR |url-access=limited |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;In the Encampment at the Reunion at Ashland&quot;}}}}
*{{cite news |date=January 26, 1893 |title=Meeting of C. A. Arthur Post, No. 411 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-goffs-advance-c-a-arthur-post-no/186245245/ |work=The Goffs Advocate |location=Goff, KS |url-access=limited |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Meeting of C. A. Arthur Post, No. 411&quot;}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Monuments At Albany |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/07/104104464.pdf |date=January 7, 1894 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times''|1894}}}}
* {{cite news |date=November 17, 1910 |title=Sister of Arthur Dead: Mrs. Regina M. Caw Was Born In Dunham, Canada in 1822 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-washington-post-sister-of-arthur-dea/186245293/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, DC |page=3 |url-access=limited |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Sister of Arthur Dead&quot;}}}}
* {{cite news |date=April 12, 1915 |title=Sister of Late President Arthur Dies at Age of 87 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-burlington-free-press-sister-of-late/186245623/ |work=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, VT |page=1 |url-access=limited |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Burlington Free Press&quot;}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Jenks |first=J. E. |date=March 6, 1915 |title=Obituary, Major William Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVE-AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA310 |work=Army and Navy Register |location=Washington, DC |ref={{sfnRef|Jenks}}}}
* {{cite news |date=January 9, 1917 |title=Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead: Sister of Late President Arthur Succumbs in Atlantic City |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-herald-mrs-john-e-mcelroy-dead/186245652/ |work=Washington Times |location=Washington, DC |page=9 |url-access=limited |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead&quot;}}}}
{{refend}}

=== Situs Wéb Séjénna ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |url=http://greenwichhistory.blogspot.com/2013/07/another-sister-for-chester-almeda.html |title=Another Sister for Chester: Almeda Arthur Masten |last=Dolton |first=Trisha |date=July 12, 2013 |website=Greenwich History |publisher=Greenwich Town Historian |location=Greenwich, NY |ref={{sfnRef|Dolton}} }}
* {{Cite news |last=Bycoffe |first=Aaron |date=February 7, 2017 |title=Pence Has Already Done Something Biden Never Did: Break A Senate Tie |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/pence-has-already-done-something-biden-never-did-break-a-senate-tie/ |access-date=June 4, 2025 |work=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |ref={{sfnRef|Bycoffe}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=A Dramatic Tie-Breaker |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Dramatic_Tie-Breaker.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210121228/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Dramatic_Tie-Breaker.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=June 4, 2025 |website=[[United States Senate]] |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;A Dramatic Tie-Breaker&quot;}} }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789 |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |access-date=February 11, 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Supreme Court Nominations&quot;}} }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.suvcw.org/garrecords/garposts/wi.pdf |title=Historical Summary of Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Posts by State: Wisconsin |date=2005 |last=National GAR Records Program |website=garrecords.org |publisher=Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;GAR Posts by State: Wisconsin&quot;}} |access-date=March 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205328/http://www.suvcw.org/garrecords/garposts/wi.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205328/http://www.suvcw.org/garrecords/garposts/wi.pdf |date=July 27, 2020 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://rimollus.tripod.com/ |title=From the Headquarters Desk |last=Rhode Island Commandery |date=2009 |website=Original Civil War Officer Members of MOLLUS |publisher=Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Original Civil War Officer Members of MOLLUS&quot;}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205120/http://rimollus.tripod.com/ |date=2020-07-27 }}
* {{cite web |title=Chester A. Arthur Fourth Annual Message |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fourth-annual-message-12 |publisher=The American Presidency Project |date=December 1, 1884 |accessdate=January 25, 2023 |ref=Chester A. Arthur Fourth Annual Message (December 1, 1884) }}
{{refend}}

== Bacaan Salajengna ==
* {{cite book |last=Aubin |first=J. Harris |date=1906 |title=Register of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MoXlAAAAMAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MoXlAAAAMAAJ/page/n27 20] |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of Massachusetts}}
* {{cite book |last=Department of Oregon, Grand Army of the Republic |date=1919 |title=Journal of the Annual Encampment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bIPB0S4iegC&amp;pg=PA83 |location=Salem, OR |publisher=State Publishing Department }}
* {{cite book |last=Greenberger |first=Scott S. |date=2017 |title=The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur |publisher=Da Capo |page=xii |isbn=978-0-30-682389-3}}
* {{cite book |last= McCrory |first=Thomas J. |date=2005 |title=Department of Wisconsin, Grand Army of the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeuBye82K0EC&amp;pg=PA100 |location=Black Earth, WI |publisher=Trails Books |isbn=1-931599-28-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Edgar A. |date=1889 |title=The New-York Civil List |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXM1AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA170 |location=Albany |publisher=Weed, Parsons &amp; Co. |pages=170–171}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Chester A. Arthur Is the Most Forgotten President in U.S. History, According to Science |url=http://www.time.com/5160978/presidents-day-history-memory/ |magazine=Time |access-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140929/https://time.com/5160978/presidents-day-history-memory/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=192&amp;cid=999&amp;ctype=na&amp;instate=na | title = Blatchford, Samuel M. | work = Biographical Directory of Federal Judges | publisher = Federal Judicial Center | access-date = July 27, 2011}}

== Tumbu Luar ==
{{sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Chester A. Arthur|q=Chester A. Arthur|v=no|n=no|s=Author:Chester Alan Arthur|b=no}}

* {{CongBio|A000303}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=1653}}
*{{Librivox author |id=11292}}
* [http://millercenter.org/president/arthur Ésai ngeunaan Chester Arthur sarta ésai pondok ngeunaan unggal anggota kabinétna], ti [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/arthur/index.html Chester Arthur: Pituduh Sumber Daya] ti [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151431-1/life-portrait-chester-arthur &quot;Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur&quot;], ti [[C-SPAN]] ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', 6 Agustus 1999
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?306347-1/life-career-chester-arthur &quot;Life and Career of Chester A. Arthur&quot;], presentasi ku [[Zachary Karabell]] di [[Kansas City Public Library]], 23 Mei 2012
* [http://www.history.com/topics/chester-a-arthur/videos#president-chester-a-arthur ''Pamaréntahan Chester A. Arthur''], vidéo ku [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History.com]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdq0ADd91zI ''Biantara di Makam Chester Alan Arthur, Albany Rural Cemetery, 5 Oktober 2019''] ku sejarawan [[David Pietrusza]]
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Arthur-Chester-A Manuskrip Pribadi Chester A. Arthur] ti [http://www.shapell.org/ Shapell.org]
* {{YouTube|id=7S47gxS3wPo|Adegan tina épisode ''Futurama'' &quot;The Day the Earth Stood Stupid&quot;}}

{{Chester A. Arthur}}
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== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>obfxtxg9vtb5l3oz2adtgqg7m0bt3h2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Expo 2025 Osaka</title>
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      <text bytes="9473" sha1="89lj46bsv0kilp7wi9zey85p49b6jpg" xml:space="preserve">'''Expo 2025''' (2025年日本国際博覧会, Nisennijūgo-nen Nippon Kokusai Hakurankai,atawa anu disebut 大阪・関西万博 Ōsaka–Kansai Banpaku jadi panyingkatan.) nayeta pameran dunya anu di ayakeun jeung di satujuan ku Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), anu ditempatkeun di Osaka, Jepang. Pameran ieu lumangsung salila genep bulan dinu taun 2025, mimiti  dibuka dina kaping 13 April 2025 jeung ditutup dinu kaping 13 Oktober 2025, ngabogaan waktu sakitar 184 poe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&amp;oldid=28910357|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Expo 2025 mangrupikeun salah sahiji acara internasional panggedéna, ngahijikeun nagara-nagara pikeun nunjukkeun inovasi, téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu ngeunaan masa depan dunya. Acara ieu dilaksanakeun ti abad ka-19 sareng janten platform pikeun nagara-nagara pikeun nunjukkeun prestasina dina sagala rupa widang. Dina taun 2025, Jepang sakali deui bakal ngayakeun World Expo, Expo 2025 Osaka, anu diayakeun di Osaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&amp;oldid=28910357|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Téma Expo 2025 ==
Téma utama Expo 2025 nyaéta &quot;Ngarancang Masarakat Masa Depan pikeun Kahirupan Urang,&quot; anu hartosna ngarancang masarakat masa depan pikeun kahirupan urang. Téma ieu ngagambarkeun usaha global pikeun nyiptakeun kahirupan anu langkung saé ngaliwatan téknologi, inovasi, sareng kolaborasi internasional.

Salian téma utama, Expo 2025 ogé ngagaduhan tilu subtéma penting:

Nyalametkeun Nyawa - museurkeun kana kaséhatan manusa sareng ngajagaan kahirupan.
Empowering Lives - highlights atikan, téhnologi, sarta ngaronjatkeun kualitas kahirupan.

Nyambungkeun Kahirupan - nekenkeun pentingna hubungan sareng gawé babarengan antara bangsa.
Ngaliwatan téma ieu, Expo 2025 ngajak masarakat global mertimbangkeun kumaha téknologi sareng inovasi tiasa dianggo pikeun nyiptakeun masarakat anu langkung sustainable sareng harmonis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brasilexpoosaka2025.com/content/expoosaka/br/pt.html|title=Expo Osaka 2025 {{!}} ApexBrasil (PT)|website=brasilexpoosaka2025.com|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah EXPO Osaka 2025 ==
Expo mangrupikeun paméran internasional skala ageung anu diayakeun sacara périodik sareng ngalibetkeun seueur nagara di sakumna dunya. Anu kahiji dilaksanakeun dina 1851 di London kalayan nami Great Exhibition. Saprak harita, sagala rupa nagara geus ganti hosted Dunya Expos.

Tujuan utama World Expo nyaéta pikeun ngamajukeun inovasi, téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu anu tiasa gaduh dampak anu positif pikeun masarakat global. Loba pamanggihan penting mimiti diwanohkeun dina acara ieu, kayaning telepon, televisi, sarta sagala rupa inovasi téhnologis lianna.

World Expo diayakeun dina pangawasan organisasi internasional anu disebut Bureau International des Expositions, anu tanggung jawab pikeun netepkeun jadwal, téma, sareng standar pikeun ngalaksanakeun World Expos. Organisasi ieu mastikeun yén unggal Expo ngagaduhan tujuan anu jelas sareng nguntungkeun masarakat global.

Jepang sorangan boga sajarah signifikan dina hosting World Expo. Nagara ieu ngayakeun Expo 1970 Osaka, anu dianggap salah sahiji Expo anu paling suksés dina waktosna. Kasuksésan ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji alesan kunaon Jepang dipercayakeun janten host Expo deui di 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&amp;oldid=28910357|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

INDONESIA Ilubiung dina WORLD EXPO
Dina World Expo 1970 di Osaka, Indonésia milu munggaran dina Expo. Éta parantos ilubiung dina World and Specialized Expos ti saprak éta. Pikeun ningkatkeun partisipasina dina ekspo, Indonésia ngagabung ka BIE dina taun 1997. Dua Penghargaan Perunggu dipasihkeun ka paviliunna di World Expo 2005 Aichi sareng hiji kanggo desainna di World Expo 2010 Shanghai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/history|title=Indonesia Pavilion - Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai|website=expo2025indonesia.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lokasi Expo ==
Expo 2025 bakal dilaksanakeun di Pulo Yumeshima, pulo buatan anu aya di Teluk Osaka. Pulo ieu kapilih jadi lokasi Expo sabab boga rohangan anu cukup pikeun nampung rupa-rupa paviliun nagara jeung fasilitas pendukung séjénna.

Salaku Expo munggaran anu diayakeun di hiji pulo, Yumeshima dirancang kalayan sistem transportasi anu modern sareng efisien. Nu datang bisa ngahontal situs Expo ku karéta, beus, kapal, atawa angkutan umum lianna. Pamakéan kendaraan pribadi di pulo ogé diwatesan pikeun ngirangan kamacetan sareng polusi.

Saterusna, wewengkon Expo dirancang kalayan konsép futuristik némbongkeun rupa-rupa téknologi canggih, kaasup kandaraan listrik sarta angkutan ramah lingkungan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.expo2025.or.jp/en/expo-map-index/map/|title=Map|website=Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan Official Website|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Partisipasi Global ==
Expo 2025 ngalibatkeun partisipasi langkung ti 150 nagara sareng organisasi internasional, masing-masing ngawangun paviliun nyalira pikeun mintonkeun budaya, téknologi, sareng inovasi na. Paviliun-paviliun ieu dirancang kalayan konsép unik anu ngagambarkeun idéntitas unggal nagara.

Pangunjung Expo tiasa ngajalajah rupa-rupa paviliun pikeun diajar ngeunaan kamekaran téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu ka hareup anu ditawarkeun ku nagara-nagara anu milu. Paviliun-paviliun ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji daya tarik utama Expo, nyayogikeun pangalaman atikan sareng interaktif pikeun para pengunjung.

Sababaraha paviliun malah mintonkeun téknologi futuristik sapertos robotika, kecerdasan jieunan, sareng inovasi énergi terbarukan anu dipiharep tiasa ngabantosan ngarengsekeun rupa-rupa masalah global. 

== Indonesia di Panutupan World Expo 2025 Osaka ==
Dinu kaping  12 Oktober 2025 Indonesia hadir dinu acara EXPO Osaka 2025 ieu sahari sacaan acara eta ditutup dinu kaping 13 Oktobe r 2025. Tema anu dijieun ku Indonesia dinu acara ieu “Thriving in Harmony: Nature, Culture, Future” anu ngabogaan harti ngabangun budaya hirup anu saimbang, yang bermakna membangun budaya hidup seimbang, salaras jeung alam, ekeu kamajuan jeung kalangsungan kahirupan dibumi. Tema ieu teh sajalan pisan ejeung visi Indoenesia EmAS 2045. Paviliun Indonesia lain ngan nyajikeun kakayaan alam wungkul tapina kalobaan budaya Indoensia, pelungan ejeung potensi ekonomi, jeung kerja sama dinu invertasi atawa kerja sama bareng dinu panggung global dunya. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/artikel-gpr/detail/jelang-penutupan-world-expo-2025-osaka-paviliun-indonesia-catat-berbagai-capaian-penting{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Program Indonesia di EXPO Osaka 2025 ==
Proyék anu dipilih salaku &quot;Praktik Pangsaéna&quot; kedah ningkatkeun kualitas kahirupan manusa, gaduh dampak anu jelas sareng nyata, hasil tina gawé bareng anu efektif antara rupa-rupa éntitas (umum/swasta sareng warga), sareng tiasa dianggo pikeun daérah sanés.

Salajengna, proyék-proyék anu dipilih salaku prakték pangsaéna diperkirakeun aya hubunganana sareng salah sahiji sub-téma Expo: &quot;Saving Lives,&quot; &quot;Empowering Lives,&quot; atanapi &quot;Connecting Lives.&quot; Widang sareng daérah anu aya hubunganana sareng subtéma ieu didaptarkeun salaku conto dina lingkup téma anu dibahas dina &quot;Minggu Téma&quot; Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Jepang. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/program|title=Indonesia Pavilion - Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai|website=expo2025indonesia.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Capaian Indonesia di EXPO Osaka 2025 ==
Paviliun Indonésia junun ngayakeun langkung ti 104 forum bisnis sareng rapat hiji-hiji kalayan komitmen investasi anu langkung ti AS $28,3 milyar. Pencapaian ieu ditimbulkeun tina sababaraha kasapukan, saperti 20 Nota Kesepahaman (MoU), 9 Letter of Intent, 2 Joint Venture Agreement, 1 Joint Statement, jeung 11 perjanjian penjualan paket wisata. Nepi ka tanggal tutup, Paviliun Indonésia geus kacatet leuwih ti 3,5 juta nu datang, ngaleuwihan target awal 2,8 juta nu datang. Pencapaian ieu ogé dirojong ku dedikasi para patugas penghubung anu ngajabat salila genep bulan sapinuhna salaku pangdeudeul Anjungan Indonésia, méré sémah pangalaman langsung ngeunaan silaturahmi Indonésia. 

Paviliun Indonésia ogé meunang panghargaan pérak dina kategori Desain Pameran pikeun paviliun anu diwangun sorangan anu legana leuwih 1.500 m2 ti Bureau International des Expositions. Panghargaan ieu ditampi ku Vivi Yulaswati, Deputi Bidang Perekonomian dan Transformasi Digital Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Bappenas, salaku Konsul Jenderal Paviliun Indonesia di World Expo 2025 Osaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bappenas.go.id/berita/paviliun-indonesia-di-expo-2025-osaka-sebuah-perjalanan-melintasi-alam-budaya-dan-masa-depan-PLvYO|title=Paviliun Indonesia di Expo 2025 Osaka: Sebuah Perjalanan Melintasi Alam, Budaya, dan Masa Depan {{!}} Kementerian PPN/Bappenas|website=bappenas.go.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/artikel-gpr/detail/jelang-penutupan-world-expo-2025-osaka-paviliun-indonesia-catat-berbagai-capaian-penting{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
= Rujukan =
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  <page>
    <title>Golden Disc Awards 2025</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:31:41Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="6037" sha1="8dtzp8322qu4b8xy51iuk9znwd037vn" xml:space="preserve">'''Golden Disc Awards''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji panghargaan musik anu paling bergengsi di Koréa Kidul, anu dipasihkeun ka musisi dumasar kana prestasi dina penjualan album sareng pagelaran digital&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-15|title=39th Golden Disc Awards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=39th_Golden_Disc_Awards&amp;oldid=1338515932|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ieu sering disebut &quot;Korean Grammy Awards&quot; kusabab prestise sareng pangaruh anu signifikan dina industri musik. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/|title=Soompi: Latest K-Pop, K-Drama, Korean Entertainment News (2024)|website=Soompi|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir, industri K-pop parantos gancang mekar sareng suksés nembus pasar global. Seueur grup sareng artis solo Koréa ayeuna gaduh penggemar di sababaraha nagara, kalebet Asia, Amérika, sareng Éropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/|title=CNN Indonesia {{!}} Berita Terbaru, Terkini Indonesia, Dunia|website=CNNindonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasuksésan ieu teu tiasa dipisahkeun tina peran média digital, platform streaming, sareng strategi promosi anu inovatif. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/|title=Berita Terkini, Kabar Terbaru Hari Ini Indonesia dan Dunia - Liputan6.com|last=Liputan6.com|website=www.liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Golden Disc Awards maénkeun peran penting dina ngakuan prestasi ieu sareng ngadorong musisi pikeun teras-terasan nyiptakeun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/|title=detikcom - Informasi Berita Terkini dan Terbaru Hari Ini|website=detikcom|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012115506/https://www.detik.com/ |date=2023-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ku alatan éta, Golden Disc Awards 2025 mangrupikeun momen anu penting pikeun meunteun kamekaran industri musik Koréa sacara global.

== Sajarah jeung Perkembangan Golden Disc Awards ==
Golden Disc Awards mimitina diayakeun dina taun 1986 salaku bentuk pangakuan pikeun musisi Koréa dumasar kana penjualan musikna. Kana waktu, acara ieu parantos mekar janten salah sahiji panghargaan musik anu paling bergengsi di Koréa Selatan. Mimitina, panghargaan éta ngan ukur museur kana penjualan album fisik. Nanging, kalayan kamajuan téknologi digital, sistem panghargaan ayeuna ogé kalebet streaming sareng pagelaran digital. Ieu nunjukkeun adaptasi industri musik anu terus-terusan kana parobahan jaman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Panyalangaraan Golden Disc 2025 ==
Dina taun 2025, Golden Disc parantos ngaléngkah ka édisi ka-39 na sareng diayakeun di Mizuho PayPay Dome dina tanggal 4–5 Januari 2025. Pilihan Jepang salaku tempatna nunjukkeun pangaruh K-pop anu kuat sacara internasional. Acara ieu diayakeun ku Sung Si-kyung, Cha Eun-woo, sareng Moon Ga-young, tokoh-tokoh anu kasohor dina industri hiburan Koréa. Ayana aranjeunna nambihan daya tarik acara ieu ka pamiarsa global. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kategori Panghargaan ==
Panghargaan Golden Disc 2025 bakal nampilkeun rupa-rupa kategori pangajén, kalebet Daesang (Hadiah Utama), Bonsang, Rookie of the Year, sareng pangajén pikeun artis grup sareng solo pangsaéna. Panimbangan dumasar kana penjualan album, nomer streaming digital, sareng penilaian juri profésional. Sistem ieu dianggap cukup obyektif sabab ngagabungkeun data statistik sareng penilaian kualitas musik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Daptar Pamenang Golden Disc Awards 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/pop/korean-wave/d-7719221/daftar-lengkap-pemenang-golden-disc-awards-2025|title=Daftar Lengkap Pemenang Golden Disc Awards 2025|last=Yusron|first=Atmi Ahsani|website=detikpop|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Digital Song of the Year (Daesang): aespa
* Best Digital Song (Bonsang): aespa, BIBI, DAY6, (G)I-DLE, ILLIT, IVE, IU, NewJeans, Taeyeon, TWS
* Best Group: LE SSERAFIM
* Best Band: DAY6
* Rookie of the Year: ILLIT, TWS
* Most Popular Artist (Female): LE SSERAFIM
* Most Populart Artist (Male): PLAVE
* Cosmopolitan Artist: NewJeans
* Next Generation: KISS OF LIFE
* Best OST: Crush
* Golden Honorable Choice: Shin Hae Chul
* Album of the Year (Daesang): SEVENTEEN
* Best Album (Bonsang): aespa, ATEEZ, ENHYPEN, (G)I-DLE, IVE, NCT DREAM, SEVENTEEN, Stray Kids, TXT, ZEROBASEONE
* Global K-Pop Artist: ENHYPEN, IVE
* Rookie of the Year: BABYMONSTER, NCT WISH
* Best Solo Artist: Yuqi (G)I-DLE
* Fans' Choice: ENHYPEN
* Best Producer: Han Sung Soo

== Paghargaan sareng Momen Penting ==
Panghargaan Golden Disc 2025 nampilkeun pagelaran anu spektakuler ti seniman K-pop&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .Pagelaran panggung anu pikaresepeun sareng visual anu pikaresepeun mangrupikeun daya tarik utama. Salajengna, aya sababaraha momen penting, sapertos interaksi antara idola sareng momen émosional nalika upacara panghargaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ieu langkung nguatkeun hubungan antara seniman sareng penggemar.

== Dampak Panghargaan Golden Disc 2025 ==
Panghargaan ieu gaduh dampak anu signifikan kana karir seniman, khususna dina ningkatkeun popularitas sareng pangakuan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Seniman anu meunang panghargaan biasana ngalaman paningkatan penjualan sareng basis penggemar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Salajengna, Panghargaan Golden Disc ogé maénkeun peran dina ngalegaan pangaruh K-pop sacara global&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun kamekaran sareng panampi industri musik Korea anu ningkat di sababaraha nagara.Salila palaksanaanna, Golden Disc Awards 2025 ogé nyanghareupan sababaraha halangan, sapertos ditundana siaran kusabab kaayaan anu tangtu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun yén acara-acara utama sanés tanpa tantangan. Salajengna, aya kritik ti sababaraha anggota masarakat ngeunaan sistem penilaian panghargaan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Nanging, kritik ieu mangrupikeun bagian tina dinamika industri hiburan anu terus berkembang.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
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  <page>
    <title>Asian Winter Games 2025</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:32:15Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="5228" sha1="7p02ipeut7mku7k9u0dcyg98a99s7r3" xml:space="preserve">Asian Winter Games 2025 nyaéta acara olahraga usum tiris panggedéna di Asia, anu ngahijikeun para atlit ti sababaraha nagara pikeun berkompetisi dina rupa-rupa olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-04|title=2025 Asian Winter Games|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Asian_Winter_Games&amp;oldid=1341606151|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Acara ieu aya dina naungan Déwan Olimpiade Asia, anu tanggung jawab pikeun ngatur acara olahraga di tingkat Asia&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-winter-games-harbin-2025-medal-table-all-medals-full-list?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-winter-games-harbin-2025-medal-table-all-medals-full-list]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Asia Winter Games penting teu ngan ukur salaku kompetisi tapi ogé salaku sarana pikeun nguatkeun hubungan antara nagara sareng ngamajukeun pamekaran olahraga usum tiris di Asia &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/tag/asian-winter-games|title=Berita Harian Asian Winter Games - CNN Indonesia|website=CNNindonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dina sababaraha taun ka pengker, minat kana olahraga usum tiris parantos ningkat, khususna saatos kasuksésan rupa-rupa acara internasional sapertos Olimpiade Usum Tiris &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/5901731/indonesia-kirim-6-atlet-ke-asian-winter-games-2025-harbin|title=Indonesia Kirim 6 Atlet ke Asian Winter Games 2025 Harbin|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Asia Winter Games 2025 janten sorotan sabab nunjukkeun pamekaran kamampuan atlit Asia pikeun berkompetisi sacara global sareng ningkatna investasi nagara-nagara Asia dina olahraga usum tiris &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/sport-lain/d-7756134/incar-prestasi-asian-winter-games-indonesia-buka-kans-naturalisasi-atlet|title=Incar Prestasi Asian Winter Games, Indonesia Buka Kans Naturalisasi Atlet|last=Raya|first=Mercy|website=detiksport|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sajarah dan Parkembangan Asian Winter Games ==
Asian Winter Games mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1986 di Jepang salaku platform pikeun ngembangkeun olahraga usum tiris di Asia&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Saprak harita, acara ieu diayakeun sacara rutin sareng terus ningkat dina hal pamilon sareng olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Sairing waktos, nagara-nagara sapertos Jepang, Koréa Kidul, sareng Cina parantos janten kakuatan utama dina acara ieu kusabab infrastruktur sareng pangalaman anu langkung maju dina olahraga usum tiris&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nyorot disparitas dina pamekaran olahraga usum tiris di sakumna wilayah Asia&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Panyalenggaraan Asian Winter Games 2025 ==
Asia Winter Games 2025 bakal diayakeun di Harbin, Cina, hiji kota anu kawéntar ku kaayaan usum tiris anu ekstrim sareng fasilitas olahraga anu nyukupan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kota ieu sateuacanna parantos ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara olahraga usum tiris internasional)&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

Acara ieu bakal dilaksanakeun dina awal 2025 sareng bakal dihadiran ku puluhan nagara ti sakumna Asia &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Upacara bubuka bakal nampilkeun rupa-rupa pagelaran budaya anu ngagambarkeun kabeungharan budaya Cina sareng kamajuan téknologi modéren&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Olahraga anu Bakal Ditandingkeun ==
Asia Winter Games 2025 bakal nampilkeun rupa-rupa olahraga usum tiris, sapertos:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* Ski Alpine

* Snowboarding

* Skating tokoh

* Hoki és

* Skating speed
* Biathlon
* Cross-country skiing
* Curling
* Freestyle skiing
* Short-track speed skating
* ski mountaineering
Olahraga ieu populér dina kompetisi usum tiris internasional. Salian ti éta, sababaraha olahraga anyar diwanohkeun pikeun narik minat generasi ngora&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Hasil sareng Jumlah Medali ==
Dina Asian Winter Games 2025, nagara tuan rumah Cina ngadominasi jumlah medali, meunangkeun medali emas panglobana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun kakuatan Cina dina olahraga usum tiris, anu terus ningkat gancang.

Salian ti Cina, nagara-nagara sapertos Jepang sareng Koréa Selatan ogé nunjukkeun kinerja anu kuat, meunangkeun seueur medali. Tilu nagara ieu mangrupikeun kakuatan utama dina acara ieu&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Indonesia di Asian Winter Games 2025 ==
Indonesia bakal berkompetisi di Asian Winter Games 2025 di Harbin, Cina, ti tanggal 7 nepi ka 14 Pébruari. Tim Indonésia dijadwalkeun diwangun ku genep atlét. Genep atlét (tilu ti unggal gender) bakal berkompetisi dina dua cabang olahraga. Atlét skat Dwiki Eka Ramadhan sareng Kelly Supangat bakal janten pamawa bendera pikeun upacara bubuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-24|title=Indonesia at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_at_the_2025_Asian_Winter_Games&amp;oldid=1277327521|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Genep atlit ieu bakal berkompetisi dina tilu disiplin dina olahraga seluncur és. Aranjeunna bakal dibarengan ku tilu palatih sareng dua tanaga médis sapanjang kompetisina di Asian Winter Games 2025. Ieu bakal janten partisipasi kadua Indonésia dina Asian Winter Games 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>97th Academy Awards</title>
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      <text bytes="8128" sha1="f466hhp8t1gwk4rhdhm920ybzt1r66k" xml:space="preserve">'''97th Academy Awards''' nyaéta upacara pangajén pilem anu paling bergengsi di dunya, anu diayakeun ku Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Pangajén ieu ngakuan pilem pangsaéna anu dirilis dina taun saméméhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-21|title=97th Academy Awards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=97th_Academy_Awards&amp;oldid=1344657439|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acara ieu, anu dikenal sacara lega salaku Oscar, mangrupikeun indikator utama kasuksésan pilem sacara global. Salajengna, Academy Awards ogé ngagambarkeun tren anu terus mekar dina industri pilem, kalebet inovasi téknologi, karagaman carita, sareng kualitas produksi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://abc.com/news/8d96bb37-bd59-4c28-a470-46f244f63b3b/category/3590742|title=Oscars 2025 Winners: Full List of the 97th Academy Awards Winners! - Oscars 2026 News {{!}} 98th Academy Awards|website=ABC|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2025, Academy Awards asup kana édisi ka-97 na, narik perhatian global pikeun presentasi pilem kualitas luhur ti sababaraha nagara. 

Academy Awards ka-97 diayakeun dina tanggal 2 Maret 2025, di Dolby Theatre. Conan O'Brien ngayakeun upacara ieu pikeun anu munggaran kalina.Panghargaan dipasihkeun dina 23 kategori anu ngawengku rupa-rupa aspék pilem, kalebet akting, sutradara, sareng produksi téknis. Upacara ieu disiarkeun dina ABC sareng ogé sayogi dina platform streaming Hulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pilem Utama sareng Nominasi ==
Pilem Emilia Pérez nampi nominasi panglobana dina acara ieu, kalayan 13 nominasi. Ieu ngajantenkeun salah sahiji pilem kalayan jumlah nominasi panglobana di Oscar taun éta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Salian ti éta, sababaraha pilem sanés anu dinominasikeun pikeun Best Picture kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Anora

* The Brutalist

* Dune: Part Two

* Wicked

Pilem-pilem ieu ngagambarkeun karagaman genre sareng téma dina industri pilem modéren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Pemenang Utama ==
Pilem &quot;Anora&quot; mangrupikeun juara panggedéna, mawa lima panghargaan, kalebet Film Pangsaéna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Pemenang utama anu sanés:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/list-of-winners-97th-academy-awards/7994812.html|title=List of winners: 97th Academy Awards|website=Voice of America|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* Aktor Pangsaéna: Adrien Brody – The Brutalist

* Aktris Pangsaéna: Mikey Madison – &quot;Anora&quot;

* Aktor Pendukung Pangsaéna: Kieran Culkin – &quot;A Real Pain&quot;

* Aktris Pendukung Pangsaéna: Zoe Saldaña – Emilia Pérez

Salajengna, pilem sapertos &quot;Dune: Part Two&quot; sareng &quot;Wicked&quot; ogé meunang dina sababaraha kategori téknis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Daptar Pemenang Jeung Nominasi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sea.ign.com/the-brutalist/225280/news/oscar-winners-2025-the-full-list-of-winners-from-the-97th-academy-awards|title=Oscar Winners 2025: The Full List of Winners From the 97th Academy Awards|last=Bankhurst|first=Adam|website=IGN Southeast Asia|language=en-sg|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;==
=== Best Picture ===
* Anora - WINNER
* The Brutalist
* A Complete Unknown
* Conclave
* Dune: Part Two
* Emilia Pérez
* I’m Still Here
* Nickel Boys
* The Substance
* Wicked

=== Best Director===
* Sean Baker (Anora) - WINNER
* Brady Corbet (The Brutalist)
* James Mangold (A Complete Unknown)
* Jacques Audiard (Emilia Pérez)
* Coralie Fargeat (The Substance)

=== Actor in a Leading Role ===
* Adrien Brody (The Brutalist) - WINNER
* Timothée Chalamet (A Complete Unknown)
* Colman Domingo (Sing Sing)
* Ralph Fiennes (Conclave)
* Sebastian Stan (The Apprentice)

=== Actress in a Leading Role ===
* Cynthia Erivo (Wicked)
* Karla Sofía Gascón (Emilia Pérez)
* Mikey Madison (Anora) - WINNER
* Demi Moore (The Substance)
* Fernanda Torres (I’m Still Here)

=== Actor in a Supporting Role ===
* Yura Borisov (Anora)
* Kieran Culkin (A Real Pain) - WINNER
* Edward Norton (A Complete Unknown)
* Guy Pearce (The Brutalist)
* Jeremy Strong (The Apprentice)

=== Actress in a Supporting Role ===
* Monica Barbaro (A Complete Unknown)
* Ariana Grande (Wicked)
* Felicity Jones (The Brutalist)
* Isabella Rossellini (Conclave)
* Zoe Saldaña (Emilia Pérez) - WINNER

=== Writing (Adapted Screenplay) ===
* A Complete Unknown
* Conclave - WINNER
* Emilia Pérez
* Nickel Boys
* Sing Sing

=== Writing (Original Screenplay) ===
* Anora - WINNER
* The Brutalist
* A Real Pain
* September 5
* The Substance

=== Cinematography ===
* The Brutalist - WINNER
* Dune: Part Two
* Emilia Pérez
* Maria
* Nosferatu

=== Animated Feature Film ===
* Flow - WINNER
* Inside Out 2
* Memoir Of A Snail
* Wallace &amp; Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl
* The Wild Robot

=== Music (Original Score) ===
* The Brutalist - WINNER
* Conclave
* Emilia Pérez
* Wicked
* The Wild Robot

=== Music (Original Song) ===
* El Mal (Emilia Pérez) - WINNER
* The Journey (The Six Triple Eight)
* Like A Bird (Sing Sing)
* Mi Camino (Emilia Pérez)
* Never Too Late (Elton John: Never Too Late)

=== Production Design ===
* The Brutalist
* Conclave
* Dune: Part Two
* Nosferatu
* Wicked - WINNER

=== Film Editing ===
* Anora - WINNER
* The Brutalist
* Conclave
* Emilia Pérez
* Wicked

=== Documentary Feature Film ===
* Black Box Diaries
* No Other Land - WINNER
* Porcelain War
* Soundtrack To A Coup D’Etat
* Sugarcane

=== Documentary Short Film ===
* Death By Numbers
* I Am Ready, Warden
* Incident
* Instruments Of A Beating Heart
* The Only Girl In The Orchestra - WINNER

=== International Feature Film ===
* I’m Still Here (Brazil) - WINNER
* The Girl With The Needle (Denmark)
* Emilia Pérez (France)
* The Seed Of The Sacred Fig (Germany)
* Flow (Latvia)

=== Makeup and Hairstyling ===
* A Different Man
* Emilia Pérez
* Nosferatu
* The Substance - WINNER
* Wicked

=== Visual Effects ===
* Alien: Romulus
* Better Man
* Dune: Part Two - WINNER
* Kingdom Of The Planet Of The Apes
* Wicked

=== Costume Design ===
* A Complete Unknown
* Conclave
* Gladiator II
* Nosferatu
* Wicked - WINNER

=== Animated Short Film ===
* Beautiful Men
* In The Shadow Of The Cypress - WINNER
* Magic Candies
* Wander To Wonder
* Yuck!

=== Live-Action Short Film ===
* A Lien
* Anuja
* I’m Not A Robot - WINNER
* The Last Ranger
* The Man Who Could Not Remain Silent

=== Sound ===
* A Complete Unknown
* Dune: Part Two - WINNER
* Emilia Pérez
* Wicked
* The Wild Robot

== Momen Kunci sareng Rékor ==
Salah sahiji momen konci dina Oscar 2025 nyaéta kasuksésan sutradara Sean Baker, meunang sababaraha panghargaan pikeun &quot;Anora&quot;. Salajengna, kameunangan pilem internasional sapertos &quot;I'm Still Here&quot; nunjukkeun pangaruh pilem non-Hollywood anu ningkat dina Oscar. Acara ieu ogé ngagambarkeun ningkatna karagaman industri pilem global, boh dina hal basa, budaya, sareng latar tukang sutradara pilem. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dampak kana Industri Pilem ==
Academy Awards ka-97 parantos gaduh dampak anu signifikan kana industri pilem global. Pilem-pilem anu meunang pangajén parantos ngalaman paningkatan anu signifikan dina popularitas sareng pendapatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kameunangan pilem mandiri sapertos &quot;Anora&quot; nunjukkeun yén kualitas carita sareng kreativitas tetep janten faktor konci dina kasuksésan pilem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/oscar-nominations-academy-award-nominees-winners-list-2025|title=Oscar winners 2025: See the full list|last=Guerrasio|first=Jason|website=Business Insider|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Salajengna, acara ieu nguatkeun posisi Oscar salaku platform global pikeun ngamajukeun pembuatan pilem ti sababaraha nagara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Academy Awards ka-97 mangrupikeun upacara panghargaan anu ngagambarkeun kamekaran industri pilem global. Kalayan &quot;Anora&quot; meunang sareng dominasi karya anu berkualitas tinggi, Oscar 2025 nunjukkeun yén industri pilem beuki inklusif sareng inovatif. Academy Awards tiasa teras ngadukung karagaman sareng nyayogikeun langkung seueur rohangan pikeun pilem ti sababaraha nagara pikeun berkompetisi di tingkat internasional.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
== Rujukan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Superman 2025 (Pilem)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708790</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:33:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="5747" sha1="gizzwrt4tfduehinxw81esw7pqrtdfa" xml:space="preserve">Pilem superhero parantos janten salah sahiji genre anu paling dominan dina industri pilem global dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/superman_2025|title=Superman (2025) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji karakter anu paling ikonik dina genre ieu nyaéta Superman, anu mimiti muncul dina komik DC sareng dikenal salaku simbol harepan sareng kaadilan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-19|title=Superman (2025 film)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_(2025_film)&amp;oldid=1344222094|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sairing waktos, karakter Superman parantos ngalaman rupa-rupa adaptasi pilem kalayan pendekatan anu béda-béda, mimitian ti klasik dugi ka modéren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5950044/|website=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2025, reboot dilakukeun sareng pilem Superman, anu tujuanana pikeun ngenalkeun deui karakter éta ka generasi énggal&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Pilem ieu disutradarai ku James Gunn, anu ogé mingpin pamekaran DC Universe (DCU) anu énggal sareng langkung terstruktur &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ku alatan éta, pilem ieu nandakeun titik awal anu penting dina fase énggal DC, anu disebut Chapter One: Gods and Monsters &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dc.com/|title=DC.com - The Official Home of DC|website=DC|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pilem Superman (2025) nyaéta reboot tina waralaba saméméhna, anu tujuanana pikeun ngawangun deui jagat DC ku cara anu langkung konsisten&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pilem ieu diproduksi ku DC Studios sareng Warner Bros. Pictures salaku distributor utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/superman|title=WarnerBros.com {{!}} Superman {{!}} Movies|website=www.warnerbros.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pangangkatan James Gunn salaku sutradara sareng panulis skénario mangrupikeun léngkah anu penting, sabab anjeunna dikenal pikeun ngagabungkeun carita émosional sareng aksi dina pilem superhero&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Para Pamaén jeung Karakter ==
Pilem ieu nampilkeun aktor anyar pikeun mawa pandangan anyar kana karakter:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title='Superman': All About the Reboot of the 1978 Superhero Classic (and the New Face Wearing the Cape!)|url=https://people.com/superman-movie-everything-to-know-8764333|newspaper=People.com|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* David Corenswet salaku Superman / Clark Kent
* Rachel Brosnahan salaku Lois Lane
* Nicholas Hoult salaku Lex Luthor

Pamilihan karakter ieu dimaksudkeun pikeun nampilkeun interpretasi karakter anu langkung modéren sareng realistis&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Lois Lane digambarkeun salaku wartawan anu kuat, sedengkeun Lex Luthor tetep janten antagonis utama anu gaduh kecerdasan anu luhur&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sinopsis Carita ==
Pilem ieu nyaritakeun lalampahan Superman pikeun ngimbangan idéntitasna salaku manusa sareng Kryptonian&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Konflik utama timbul nalika masarakat mimiti ragu kana peran Superman salaku pelindung dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Samentawis éta, Lex Luthor ngamangpaatkeun kaayaan ieu pikeun ngarubuhkeun Superman sareng ngawangun opini publik anu négatif &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Caritana nekenkeun perjuangan moral sareng émosional pahlawan di tengah-tengah tekanan dunya modéren.

== Téma jeung Pesen ==
Pilem ieu ngajalajah téma utama idéntitas, iman, jeung harepan&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Superman digambarkeun salaku simbol kahadéan anu tetep pageuh sanajan nyanghareupan mamang ti masarakat&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, pilem ieu nyorot konflik antara kakawasaan jeung tanggung jawab, ogé pentingna nilai-nilai kamanusaan dina nyanghareupan tantangan global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Produksi jeung Téhnologi ==
Pilem Superman (2025) ngamangpaatkeun téknologi éfék visual (VFX) canggih pikeun nyiptakeun adegan aksi anu réalistis&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Panggunaan CGI ngamungkinkeun visualisasi kakuatan Superman anu langkung modéren sareng pikaresepeun pikeun pamiarsa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Desain kostum Superman ogé diropéa, nahan unsur klasik anu ngalambangkeun idéntitas karakter&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Visual sareng Sinematografi ==
Dina hal visual, Superman (2025) nganteurkeun sinematografi kualitas luhur nganggo téknologi pangénggalna&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Adegan ngalayang Superman dijieun langkung réalistis kalayan épék visual anu halus sareng rinci&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pamakéan warna dina pilem ieu ogé ngagaduhan harti simbolis. Warna-warna anu caang dina kostum Superman ngalambangkeun harepan, sedengkeun nada poék dina sababaraha adegan ngagambarkeun konflik anu disanghareupan ku karakter&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.Sinematografi anu kuat ngabantosan nguatkeun émosi dina unggal adegan, ngamungkinkeun pamiarsa ngalaman inténsitas carita sacara pinuh&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak kana Alam Semesta DC ==
Pilem ieu ngabentuk pondasi pikeun Alam Semesta DC anu énggal sareng bakal nangtukeun arah pilem DC ka hareup&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Salaku bagian tina Bab Hiji: Dewa sareng Monster, pilem ieu muka kasempetan pikeun ngenalkeun karakter sanés dina alam semesta anu nyambung&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Antusiasme Pamirsa ==
Saprak diumumkeun, pilem ieu parantos nampi perhatian anu signifikan ti penggemar di sakumna dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Trailer sareng inpormasi awal ngeunaan pilem ieu nunjukkeun harepan anu luhur yén Superman (2025) tiasa mulangkeun kamulyaan DC dina industri pilem superhero&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: Pilem Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category: Pilem taun 2025]]
[[Category: Pilem Indonesia]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>708791</id>
      <parentid>708790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:33:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zulaihamaryam</username>
        <id>29662</id>
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      <comment>removed [[Category:Pilem Indonesia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5717" sha1="p80tltjt49m7qawlr387g8xe0o4pn74" xml:space="preserve">Pilem superhero parantos janten salah sahiji genre anu paling dominan dina industri pilem global dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/superman_2025|title=Superman (2025) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji karakter anu paling ikonik dina genre ieu nyaéta Superman, anu mimiti muncul dina komik DC sareng dikenal salaku simbol harepan sareng kaadilan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-19|title=Superman (2025 film)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_(2025_film)&amp;oldid=1344222094|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sairing waktos, karakter Superman parantos ngalaman rupa-rupa adaptasi pilem kalayan pendekatan anu béda-béda, mimitian ti klasik dugi ka modéren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5950044/|website=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2025, reboot dilakukeun sareng pilem Superman, anu tujuanana pikeun ngenalkeun deui karakter éta ka generasi énggal&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Pilem ieu disutradarai ku James Gunn, anu ogé mingpin pamekaran DC Universe (DCU) anu énggal sareng langkung terstruktur &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ku alatan éta, pilem ieu nandakeun titik awal anu penting dina fase énggal DC, anu disebut Chapter One: Gods and Monsters &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dc.com/|title=DC.com - The Official Home of DC|website=DC|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pilem Superman (2025) nyaéta reboot tina waralaba saméméhna, anu tujuanana pikeun ngawangun deui jagat DC ku cara anu langkung konsisten&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pilem ieu diproduksi ku DC Studios sareng Warner Bros. Pictures salaku distributor utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/superman|title=WarnerBros.com {{!}} Superman {{!}} Movies|website=www.warnerbros.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pangangkatan James Gunn salaku sutradara sareng panulis skénario mangrupikeun léngkah anu penting, sabab anjeunna dikenal pikeun ngagabungkeun carita émosional sareng aksi dina pilem superhero&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Para Pamaén jeung Karakter ==
Pilem ieu nampilkeun aktor anyar pikeun mawa pandangan anyar kana karakter:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title='Superman': All About the Reboot of the 1978 Superhero Classic (and the New Face Wearing the Cape!)|url=https://people.com/superman-movie-everything-to-know-8764333|newspaper=People.com|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* David Corenswet salaku Superman / Clark Kent
* Rachel Brosnahan salaku Lois Lane
* Nicholas Hoult salaku Lex Luthor

Pamilihan karakter ieu dimaksudkeun pikeun nampilkeun interpretasi karakter anu langkung modéren sareng realistis&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Lois Lane digambarkeun salaku wartawan anu kuat, sedengkeun Lex Luthor tetep janten antagonis utama anu gaduh kecerdasan anu luhur&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sinopsis Carita ==
Pilem ieu nyaritakeun lalampahan Superman pikeun ngimbangan idéntitasna salaku manusa sareng Kryptonian&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Konflik utama timbul nalika masarakat mimiti ragu kana peran Superman salaku pelindung dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Samentawis éta, Lex Luthor ngamangpaatkeun kaayaan ieu pikeun ngarubuhkeun Superman sareng ngawangun opini publik anu négatif &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Caritana nekenkeun perjuangan moral sareng émosional pahlawan di tengah-tengah tekanan dunya modéren.

== Téma jeung Pesen ==
Pilem ieu ngajalajah téma utama idéntitas, iman, jeung harepan&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Superman digambarkeun salaku simbol kahadéan anu tetep pageuh sanajan nyanghareupan mamang ti masarakat&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, pilem ieu nyorot konflik antara kakawasaan jeung tanggung jawab, ogé pentingna nilai-nilai kamanusaan dina nyanghareupan tantangan global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Produksi jeung Téhnologi ==
Pilem Superman (2025) ngamangpaatkeun téknologi éfék visual (VFX) canggih pikeun nyiptakeun adegan aksi anu réalistis&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Panggunaan CGI ngamungkinkeun visualisasi kakuatan Superman anu langkung modéren sareng pikaresepeun pikeun pamiarsa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Desain kostum Superman ogé diropéa, nahan unsur klasik anu ngalambangkeun idéntitas karakter&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Visual sareng Sinematografi ==
Dina hal visual, Superman (2025) nganteurkeun sinematografi kualitas luhur nganggo téknologi pangénggalna&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Adegan ngalayang Superman dijieun langkung réalistis kalayan épék visual anu halus sareng rinci&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pamakéan warna dina pilem ieu ogé ngagaduhan harti simbolis. Warna-warna anu caang dina kostum Superman ngalambangkeun harepan, sedengkeun nada poék dina sababaraha adegan ngagambarkeun konflik anu disanghareupan ku karakter&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.Sinematografi anu kuat ngabantosan nguatkeun émosi dina unggal adegan, ngamungkinkeun pamiarsa ngalaman inténsitas carita sacara pinuh&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak kana Alam Semesta DC ==
Pilem ieu ngabentuk pondasi pikeun Alam Semesta DC anu énggal sareng bakal nangtukeun arah pilem DC ka hareup&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Salaku bagian tina Bab Hiji: Dewa sareng Monster, pilem ieu muka kasempetan pikeun ngenalkeun karakter sanés dina alam semesta anu nyambung&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Antusiasme Pamirsa ==
Saprak diumumkeun, pilem ieu parantos nampi perhatian anu signifikan ti penggemar di sakumna dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Trailer sareng inpormasi awal ngeunaan pilem ieu nunjukkeun harepan anu luhur yén Superman (2025) tiasa mulangkeun kamulyaan DC dina industri pilem superhero&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: Pilem Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category: Pilem taun 2025]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==</text>
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    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708823</id>
      <parentid>708641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T11:50:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4768" sha1="gq8y4em5gu3bsr5et9izkq7ul0qzdew" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Rumah Tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan).jpg|jmpl|Rumah Adat Toraja (Tongkonan)]]
'''Pambongkaran imah adat Toraja''' nyaéta hiji kajadian [[sengketa lahan]] anu lumangsung di [[Kacamatan Kurra]], [[Kabupatén Tana Toraja|Kabupaten Tana Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi]] [[Sulawesi Kidul|Kidul]]. Pambongkaran éta dilaksanakeun minangka tindak lanjut tina putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale dina perkara perdata Nomor 184/Pd.tG/209/PN Mak Jo. 268/PDT/2020/PT MKS Jo. 1749 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 613 PK/Pdt/2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dandapala.com/article|title=Sempat Ricuh, PN Makale Tuntaskan Eksekusi Tanah Tongkonan di Tana Toraja|website=www.dandapala.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pambongkaran anu kajadian dina 5 Désémber 2025 ngancurkeun 11 wangunan, anu diwangun ku genep [[lumbung paré]] (alang), dua imah Toraja, dua imah semi permanén, sarta hiji imah adat Tongkonan Ka'pun anu umurna leuwih ti 300 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-3-abad-runtuh-di-ujung-palu-pengadilan/|title=Rumah adat Toraja berusia 3 abad runtuh di ujung palu pengadilan|last=Kurniawan|first=Fikri|website=Ekuatorial|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengketa anu nyababkeun pembongkaran ieu dimimitian tina paselisihan kapamilikan lahan antara kulawarga Tongkonan Ka'pun jeung pihak Sarra cs. Dumasar kana putusan Pangadilan Negeri Makale anu ngaluarkeun surat éksekusi Nomor W22-U10/10180/HDPT/12/2025, lahan éta ditetepkeun jadi hak Sarra cs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalderanews.com/2025/12/ironis-rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan-akibat-eksekusi-lahan-warga-dan-mahasiswa-tolak-pembongkaran/|title=Ironis, Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan Akibat Eksekusi Lahan! Warga dan Mahasiswa Tolak Pembongkaran|last=Apriyani|first=Tiara|website=https://www.kalderanews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bentrokan antara aparat jeung warga ==
Usaha éksekusi lahan anu dilaksanakeun ku pihak aparat meunang perlawanan ti warga anu ngarojong Tongkonan Ka'pun sarta nolak putusan pangadilan. Maranéhna ngagunakeun bom molotov, busur panah, jeung petasan, ogé ngalakukeun blokade jalan ku batang kai, ranting, jeung ban urut sangkan alat beurat teu bisa nepi ka lokasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/09/085713378/rumah-adat-toraja-berusia-300-tahun-dirobohkan|title=Rumah Adat Toraja Berusia 300 Tahun Dirobohkan|last=Dennys|first=Ferril|date=9-12-2025|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=24-03-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaayaan beuki memanas ku datangna ratusan personil aparat gabungan ti pulisi, [[Brimob]] Parepare, [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]], jeung [[Satpol PP]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Perlawanan ti warga nyababkeun aparat kaamanan nembakkeun [[gas cimata]] pikeun ngadalikeun kaayaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Panitera PN Makale tuluy maca putusan, sarta ékskavator ngarobohkeun wangunan, kaasup Tongkonan Ka'pun. Akibat tina bentrokan dina prosés éksekusi éta, belasan warga luka sarta dibawa ka RSUD Dr. F. K. Kalimbo Toraja.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tongkonan salaku simbol éksisténsi masarakat Toraja ==
[[Gambar:A funeral ceremony in Tana Toraja.jpg|jmpl|Upacara pupus di Tana Toraja]]
[[Tongkonan]] miboga ciri husus nyaéta sok diwangun nyanghareup ka kalér, sabab masarakat Toraja boga kayakinan yén Puang Matua atawa Nu Maha Kawasa aya di beulah kalér dunya, sarta biasana salawasna nyanghareupan lumbung paré (alang). Tongkonan jadi pilar utama dina kahirupan masarakat Toraja pikeun ngalestarikeun tradisi komunal maranéhna ti generasi ka generasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://balaibahasasulsel.kemendikdasmen.go.id/duta-bahasa/pindai-pandai-pin-pan/bahasa-toraja/rumah-adat-tongkonan/|title=Rumah Adat Tongkonan|website=Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tongkonan {{!}} Dinas Kebudayaan dan Paribudaya Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://disbudpar.torajautarakab.go.id/page/budaya/11/tongkonan|access-date=2026-03-24|language=en|last=DisBudPar Kabupaten Toraja Utara}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tongkonan ngalangkungan harti imah biasa dina struktur sosial masarakat Toraja. Imah adat ieu miboga fungsi minangka wadah mémori koléktif anu nangtukeun jati diri [[Suku Toraja]]. Kaunikan utama Tongkonan aya dina hateupna anu melengkung siga haluan parahu, hiji gambaran historis anu jadi identitas visual anu ikonik. Pikeun masarakat Toraja, ngajaga Tongkonan sarua jeung miara puseur asal-usul jeung kahormatan kulawarga gedé anu geus diwariskeun sacara turun-temurun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:WikiSuarana]]
[[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FIFA 2025</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:34:42Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="7873" sha1="4u5l598r0rgrzhisds94g5o1lmngn17" xml:space="preserve">Maén bal nyaéta olahraga anu pang populerna di dunya, dimaénkeun sareng dinikmati ku milyaran jalma di sababaraha nagara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/?utm_source|website=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Badan pangatur internasional maén bal nyaéta FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), diadegkeun dina taun 1904 di Paris&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-24|title=FIFA|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA&amp;oldid=1345092928|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. FIFA gaduh langkung ti 200 asosiasi anggota di sakumna dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-24|title=FIFA|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA&amp;oldid=1345092928|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Salaku badan pangatur utama, FIFA tanggung jawab pikeun ngatur turnamén internasional sapertos Piala Dunia FIFA, kompetisi maén bal anu paling bergengsi di dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Football - latest news today, results &amp; video highlights|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salajengna, FIFA ngatur aturan kaulinan, pamekaran pamaén, sareng promosi maén bal global &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Nalika FIFA lebet kana taun 2025, FIFA nyanghareupan parobihan utama, kalebet inovasi téknologi, kompetisi anu dilegaan, sareng ningkatna keterlibatan global &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-13|title=2025 FIFA Club World Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_FIFA_Club_World_Cup&amp;oldid=1343306051|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ieu ngajantenkeun taun 2025 janten période anu penting dina transformasi maén bal modéren.

== Sajarah sareng Kamekaran FIFA ==
FIFA diadegkeun ku tujuh nagara Éropa kalayan tujuan ngahijikeun aturan maén bal internasional&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kana waktu, organisasi ieu parantos mekar janten lembaga global anu gaduh pangaruh anu signifikan dina dunya olahraga &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. FIFA parantos ngayakeun rupa-rupa turnamén internasional ti saprak awal abad ka-20&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Kamekaran FIFA teu tiasa dipisahkeun tina globalisasi, anu ngajantenkeun maén bal beuki populér di sakumna buana&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, FIFA ogé maénkeun peran dina ningkatkeun kualitas kompetisi ngalangkungan peraturan anu langkung terstruktur&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Kapamingpinan FIFA di Taun 2025 ==
Dina taun 2025, FIFA bakal dipingpin ku Présidén Gianni Infantino, anu parantos ngajabat ti saprak 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Dina kapamingpinanna, FIFA bakal ngalaksanakeun rupa-rupa reformasi pikeun ningkatkeun transparansi sareng efisiensi organisasi &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Infantino ogé ngadorong perluasan turnamén internasional pikeun ningkatkeun partisipasi ku nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Kawijakan ieu bertujuan pikeun nguatkeun posisi FIFA salaku organisasi global anu inklusif &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Kompetisi Utama FIFA di Taun 2025 ==

=== Piala Dunia Klub FIFA 2025 ===
Salah sahiji inovasi panggedéna FIFA di taun 2025 nyaéta palaksanaan Piala Dunia Klub FIFA 2025 kalayan format anyar &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu bakal dilegaan ka 32 tim ti rupa-rupa konfederasi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Parobahan format ieu bertujuan pikeun ningkatkeun daya saing sareng ngalegaan perwakilan klub ti sakumna dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, turnamén ieu diperkirakeun janten acara global anu sami sareng Piala Dunia antar nagara &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Persiapan pikeun Piala Dunia 2026 ===
FIFA ogé fokus kana persiapan pikeun Piala Dunia FIFA 2026, anu bakal diayakeun di Amérika Kalér&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Taun 2025 bakal janten fase anu penting dina prosés kualifikasi sareng pamekaran infrastruktur&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Persiapan ieu ngalibetkeun sababaraha nagara tuan rumah sareng organisasi anu aya hubunganana pikeun mastikeun kalancaran turnamén&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. FIFA ogé mastikeun standar anu luhur dina ngatur kompetisi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Téhnologi dina Maén Bal ==
FIFA nuju ngembangkeun téknologi pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Salah sahiji téknologi anu dianggo nyaéta VAR (Video Assistant Referee) pikeun ngabantosan wasit dina nyieun kaputusan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Salajengna, téknologi garis gawang ogé dianggo pikeun mastikeun akurasi dina nangtukeun gol &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Panggunaan téknologi ieu ningkatkeun kaadilan dina pertandingan maén bal&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Digitalisasi sareng Média ==
Dina taun 2025, FIFA bakal beuki ngamangpaatkeun platform digital pikeun ngahontal fans global&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Média sosial sareng layanan streaming bakal janten sarana utama pikeun nyebarkeun eusi maén bal &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Digitalisasi ieu ngamungkinkeun fans pikeun ngaksés pertandingan sacara real time tina rupa-rupa alat &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. FIFA ogé ngembangkeun pangalaman digital anu langkung interaktif pikeun panongton &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Kalestarian sareng Lingkungan ==
FIFA berkomitmen pikeun ngirangan dampak lingkungan tina ngayakeun turnamén &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Program kalestarian kalebet panggunaan énergi anu tiasa dianyari sareng ngirangan émisi karbon&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Léngkah ieu nunjukkeun yén FIFA henteu ngan ukur fokus kana olahraga, tapi ogé kana tanggung jawab sosial sareng lingkungan &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Pangwangunan Maén Bal Global ==
FIFA ngajalankeun rupa-rupa program pikeun ngembangkeun maén bal di nagara-nagara berkembang &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Program-program ieu kalebet pelatihan palatih, pangwangunan fasilitas, sareng pamekaran pamaén nonoman&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Usaha-usaha ieu bertujuan pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas maén bal sacara adil di sakumna dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Maén bal ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan, khususna ngalangkungan turnamén internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Panghasilan asalna tina hak siar, sponsor, sareng penjualan tikét (Wikipedia, 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén utama ogé nyayogikeun kauntungan ékonomi pikeun nagara-nagara tuan rumah ngalangkungan pariwisata sareng investasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Dampak Sosial ==
Sepak bola maénkeun peran penting dina ngawangun persatuan sareng solidaritas&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. FIFA sacara aktif ngamajukeun kampanye anti diskriminasi sareng kasamaan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Kagiatan ieu nunjukkeun yén sepak bola tiasa janten alat pikeun parobahan sosial anu positif&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan FIFA ==
FIFA nyanghareupan rupa-rupa tantangan, sapertos masalah transparansi sareng tata kelola &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Kritik kana organisasi parantos nyababkeun reformasi internal &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, kateusaruaan antara nagara maju sareng nagara berkembang ogé janten perhatian utama &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Sepak Bola Awéwé ==
Sepak bola awéwé parantos ngalaman kamekaran anu signifikan dina sababaraha taun terakhir &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. FIFA ningkatkeun investasi sareng dukungan pikeun kompetisi awéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun komitmen FIFA kana kasamaan gender dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Sepak Bola ==
Masa depan sepak bola dipangaruhan ku téknologi sareng globalisasi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. FIFA gaduh peran penting dina mastikeun pangwangunan anu lestari (Wikipedia, 2025).Kalayan inovasi anu terus-terusan, sepak bola diprediksi bakal beuki populér di masa depan &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Taun 2025 mangrupikeun période anu penting pikeun FIFA dina ngembangkeun maén bal global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Rupa-rupa inovasi sareng kawijakan nunjukkeun komitmen FIFA pikeun kamajuan olahraga &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. FIFA dipiharep bakal teras ningkatkeun transparansi sareng ngalegaan aksés kana maén bal di sakumna dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, panggunaan téknologi kedah teras dikembangkeun pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
== Rujukan ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ibadah Haji 2025</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708794</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:35:16Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="6521" sha1="kzym33mpptqu18oq07a8s7v3bpix2jn" xml:space="preserve">Ibadah haji mangrupikeun salah sahiji rukun Islam sareng wajib pikeun unggal Muslim anu mumpuni sacara fisik, finansial, sareng méntal &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kemenag.go.id/|title=Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia|website=kemenag.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibadah haji dilaksanakeun di Mekah, pusat ibadah pikeun umat Islam di sakumna dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-16|title=Hajj|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajj&amp;oldid=1343725036|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Unggal taun, jutaan jamaah ti sagala rupa nagara ngumpul pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji ieu, jantenkeun salah sahiji kumpul manusa panggedéna di dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news|title=BBC News - Breaking news, video and the latest top stories from the U.S. and around the world|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibadah haji dikokolakeun ku pamaréntah Arab Saudi ngalangkungan Kementerian Haji sareng Umrah &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, ibadah haji bakal nyanghareupan rupa-rupa dinamika énggal, kalebet paningkatan jumlah jamaah, panggunaan téknologi digital, sareng upaya pikeun ningkatkeun kaamanan sareng kanyamanan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ku kituna, ibadah haji 2025 penting pikeun ditalungtik salaku bagian tina transformasi ibadah dina jaman modéren&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Définisi sareng Dasar Hukum Haji ==
Haji nyaéta lalampahan ka Mekah pikeun ngalaksanakeun runtuyan ibadah anu tangtu dina waktos anu ditangtukeun &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Haji nyaéta rukun Islam kalima anu kedah dilaksanakeun ku jalma anu mampuh &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Dasar hukum pikeun kawajiban Haji aya dina Al-Qur'an, khususna dina Surat Ali Imran ayat 97&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ayat ieu nekenkeun yén Haji mangrupikeun kawajiban pikeun umat Islam anu mampuh &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Rukun sareng Kawajiban Haji ==
Rukun Haji kalebet:

* Ihram
* Wukuf di Arafah
* Thawaf di Ka'bah
* Sa'i antara Shafa sareng Marwah
* Tahallul
* Tertib

Rukun-rukun ieu kedah dicumponan supados Haji sah &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salian ti éta, aya sarat wajib Haji sapertos nginep di Muzdalifah sareng Mina &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Palaksanaan Haji 2025 ==
Dina taun 2025, ibadah Haji bakal normal deui, kalayan jumlah jamaah ningkat saatos sababaraha taun larangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pamaréntah Arab Saudi ningkatkeun kapasitas layanan pikeun nampung jutaan jamaah &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://haj.gov.sa/|title=وزارة الحج والعمرة|website=haj.gov.sa|language=ar|accessdate=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Indonesia, salaku nagara anu gaduh jumlah jamaah pangageungna, ngirim ratusan rébu jamaah unggal taun&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Persiapan kalebet latihan ritual (manasik), pamariksaan kaséhatan, sareng administrasi keberangkatan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Téknologi dina Haji 2025 ==
Salah sahiji parobahan anu signifikan dina Haji 2025 nyaéta panggunaan téknologi digital &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Pamaréntah Arab Saudi ngenalkeun aplikasi pikeun ngawas gerakan jamaah haji sareng ngatur jadwal sholat &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Téknologi ieu ngabantosan ngirangan rame sareng ningkatkeun kaamanan jamaah haji&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, sistem kartu pinter dianggo pikeun idéntifikasi jamaah sareng aksés layanan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Kaséhatan sareng Kasalametan Jamaah Haji ==
Kasehatan mangrupikeun fokus utama dina palaksanaan Haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pamaréntah nyayogikeun jasa médis di sababaraha lokasi sapertos Mina sareng Arafah &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Salajengna, jamaah haji diwajibkeun pikeun nyumponan sarat kaséhatan anu tangtu sateuacan angkat &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ukuran ieu bertujuan pikeun nyegah panyebaran panyakit sareng mastikeun kasalametan jamaah &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Transportasi sareng Akomodasi ==
Transportasi jamaah haji diatur sacara terpadu nganggo beus sareng karéta api kecepatan tinggi &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Sistem ieu dirancang pikeun ngirangan kamacetan sareng ngagancangkeun mobilitas jamaah &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Akomodasi pikeun jamaah haji ogé parantos ditingkatkeun kalayan fasilitas anu langkung modéren sareng nyaman &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ieu ngagambarkeun usaha pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas jasa Haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi Haji ==
Haji gaduh dampak ékonomi anu signifikan pikeun Arab Saudi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Panghasilan asalna tina transportasi, akomodasi, sareng séktor jasa sanésna &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, Haji ogé nyayogikeun kauntungan ékonomi pikeun nagara asal jamaah haji ngalangkungan séktor perjalanan sareng jasa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Sosial sareng Spiritual ==
Haji ngagaduhan dampak sosial anu signifikan sabab ngahijikeun umat Islam ti sababaraha nagara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Interaksi ieu nguatkeun duduluran sareng solidaritas di antara umat Islam &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Sacara spiritual, Haji janten sarana pikeun nyucikeun diri sareng nguatkeun kaimanan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Jamaah haji dipiharep bakal uih deui kalayan parobihan anu positif dina kahirupan sadidintenna&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan Palaksanaan Haji ==
Sanaos aya kamajuan, palaksanaan Haji masih nyanghareupan rupa-rupa tantangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Salah sahijina nyaéta ngatur jutaan jamaah haji dina waktos anu singget &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, kaayaan cuaca ekstrim di Arab Saudi ogé janten tantangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; . Ku alatan éta, perencanaan anu ati-ati diperyogikeun pikeun ngungkulan halangan ieu &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Haji ==
Ka hareupna, palaksanaan ibadah haji diprediksi bakal langkung modéren kalayan panggunaan téknologi canggih &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Digitalisasi bakal maénkeun peran penting dina ningkatkeun efisiensi sareng kanyamanan jamaah haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Nanging, nilai-nilai spiritual tetep janten inti tina ibadah haji sareng kedah dijaga &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Haji haji 2025 nunjukkeun kamekaran anu signifikan dina téknologi, jasa, sareng manajemen jamaah haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji sanés ngan ukur kawajiban agama tapi ogé fenomena global anu rumit &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Koordinasi anu ningkat antara nagara-nagara pengirim sareng Arab Saudi diperyogikeun pikeun mastikeun kalancaran ibadah haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, panggunaan téknologi kedah teras dikembangkeun tanpa ngirangan nilai spiritual tina ibadah haji &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==
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  <page>
    <title>2025 Cannes Film Festival</title>
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      <text bytes="6927" sha1="2i0ty2f9qsbgujxrrblpm1n2hna1d9y" xml:space="preserve">Festival pilem mangrupikeun bagian penting tina industri pilem global, janten platform pikeun apresiasi, promosi, sareng distribusi karya sinematik ti sababaraha nagara &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news|title=BBC News - Breaking news, video and the latest top stories from the U.S. and around the world|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salah sahiji festival pilem anu paling bergengsi di dunya nyaéta Festival Film Cannes 2025, anu diayakeun di kota Cannes &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-10|title=2025 Cannes Film Festival|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Cannes_Film_Festival&amp;oldid=1342788981|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Festival ieu mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1946 sareng saprak harita janten pusat perhatian pilem internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Cannes dikenal henteu ngan ukur pikeun mintonkeun pilem tapi ogé pikeun nangtukeun tren dina industri pilem global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/|title=Festival de Cannes - International film festival for more than 78 years|website=Festival de Cannes|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, festival ieu lebet kana édisi ka-78 na, anu lumangsung ti 13 dugi ka 24 Méi 2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000147/2025/1|website=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Festival ieu nampilkeun rupa-rupa pilem ti sutradara kasohor sareng sutradara pilem anu muncul anu bersaing dina rupa-rupa kategori &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah sareng Kamekaran Festival Cannes ==
Festival Film Cannes mangrupikeun salah sahiji festival film pangkolotna sareng paling bergengsi di dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Mimitina didamel pikeun nandingan festival film Éropa anu sanés sareng nyayogikeun rohangan pikeun kabébasan artistik &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Sairing waktos, Cannes parantos janten simbol kaunggulan dina dunya perfilman sareng tempat peluncuran pikeun film-film anu parantos meunang panghargaan internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Cannes 2025 ==
Festival 2025 lumangsung ampir dua minggu di Cannes sareng dihadiran ku rébuan profesional industri film &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Acara dibuka ku pilem Amélie Bonnin Leave One Day &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bubuka ieu nandakeun awal tina séri pamutaran pilem, konferensi pers, sareng acara karpét beureum &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Juri utama festival ieu dipingpin ku aktris Perancis anu kasohor Juliette Binoche &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ayana juri internasional nyayogikeun pandangan global dina évaluasi pilem &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Pilem sareng Susunan Kompetisi ==
Festival ieu nampilkeun 22 pilem dina kategori kompetisi utama &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Pilem-pilem ieu asalna ti sababaraha nagara sareng ngagambarkeun karagaman budaya sareng téma global &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/|title=Screen Daily {{!}} Film News, Film Reviews, Film Festivals and Awards|website=Screen|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sababaraha sutradara anu kasohor kalebet Wes Anderson, Joachim Trier, sareng Lynne Ramsay &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Salaku tambahan, para sutradara anu muncul ogé kéngingkeun kasempetan pikeun nampilkeun karyana &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Pemenang Utama Cannes 2025 ==
Panghargaan pangluhurna festival ieu nyaéta Palme d'Or, anu dileler ka pilem pangsaéna &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Dina taun 2025, panghargaan ieu dimeunangkeun ku Jafar Panahi pikeun pilemna It Was Just an Accident &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Salian ti éta, Grand Prix dileler ka Joachim Trier pikeun pilemna Sentimental Value &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/all-the-winners-at-the-2025-cannes-film-festival|title=All the Winners at the 2025 Cannes Film Festival|last=Seth|first=Radhika|website=Vogue|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Panghargaan sanésna kalebet:

* Sutradara Pangsaéna: Kleber Mendonça Filho (The Secret Agent)
* Aktor Pangsaéna: Wagner Moura
* Aktris Pangsaéna: Nadia Melliti
* Skenario Pangsaéna: Dardenne Brothers

Panghargaan ieu ngagambarkeun kualitas luhur pilem anu dipidangkeun dina festival &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/cannes-film-festival-2025-winners|title=2025 Cannes Film Festival: See All The Winners|last=Batey|first=Eve|website=Vanity Fair|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Panghargaan sareng Pangajén Husus ==
Dina taun 2025, dua panghargaan Palme d'Or kahormatan dileler ka Robert De Niro sareng Denzel Washington &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Panghargaan ieu dibikeun salaku pangakuan kana kontribusina kana industri pilem global &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Masalah Sosial dina Festival ==
Festival Cannes 2025 ogé janten platform pikeun ngabahas masalah global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salah sahiji masalah anu disorot nyaéta konflik di Gaza, anu narik perhatian para sutradara pilem &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Langkung ti 350 tokoh industri pilem nandatangan surat terbuka ngeunaan masalah ieu &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun yén festival pilem henteu ngan ukur janten hiburan tapi ogé janten rohangan pikeun diskusi sosial &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Téknologi sareng Inovasi dina Festival ==
Festival Cannes 2025 ogé nunjukkeun kamekaran téknologi dina industri pilem &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Panggunaan téknologi digital dina produksi pilem ningkat &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, distribusi pilem ngalangkungan platform digital janten tren anu terus ningkat &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Festival ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan pikeun kota Cannes &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Rébuan wisatawan sareng profesional industri pilem ngarumpul ka kota unggal taunna &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu ningkatkeun pendapatan tina séktor pariwisata, hotél, sareng réstoran &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak kana Industri Pilem ==
Cannes ngagaduhan pangaruh anu signifikan dina netepkeun tren dina industri pilem global &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Pilem anu diputer dina festival ieu sering janten pesaing anu kuat pikeun upacara panghargaan anu sanés, sapertos Oscar &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, festival ieu janten platform pikeun nyebarkeun pilem ka pasar internasional&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan di Cannes 2025 ==
Festival taun ieu nyanghareupan sababaraha tantangan, kalebet pareum listrik dina dinten panutupan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sanaos kitu, acara éta lumangsung sakumaha anu direncanakeun sareng réngsé kalayan suksés &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Peran Média sareng Publisitas ==
Média maénkeun peran penting dina nyebarkeun inpormasi ngeunaan festival &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Liputan média ngabantosan ningkatkeun popularitas pilem sareng aktor anu kalibet &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Festival Cannes ==
Festival Cannes diperkirakeun bakal terus mekar, nuturkeun tren industri pilem &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Panggunaan téknologi sareng rupa-rupa téma pilem bakal janten fokus konci &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piala Afrika 2025</title>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="5322" sha1="n5x80q8sdd0fite4t5vzgqj61fks8h4" xml:space="preserve">Maén bal mangrupikeun olahraga anu paling populér di dunya sareng maénkeun peran penting dina ngawangun idéntitas sareng persatuan nasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Football - latest news today, results &amp; video highlights|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Afrika, turnamén maén bal panggedéna nyaéta Piala Afrika, anu diayakeun ku Konféderasi Maén Bal Afrika (CAF)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-25|title=Africa Cup of Nations|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Cup_of_Nations&amp;oldid=1345266194|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Turnamén ieu mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1957 sareng saprak harita janten acara anu paling bergengsi pikeun nagara-nagara Afrika pikeun nunjukkeun kamampuan pangsaéna di tingkat internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, Piala Afrika ogé janten platform pikeun pamekaran pamaén sareng ningkatkeun kualitas maén bal di buana éta &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/|title=Confédération Africaine de Football|website=Confédération Africaine de Football|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Édisi 2025 turnamén ieu diayakeun di Maroko saatos panyesuaian jadwal tina rencana sateuacana &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu mangrupikeun momen konci dina kalénder maén bal internasional, anu nampilkeun nagara-nagara Afrika anu pangsaéna&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah sareng Kamekaran Piala Afrika ==
Piala Afrika nyaéta kompetisi maén bal antar-Afrika anu diayakeun ku Konfederasi Maén Bal Afrika &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu parantos mekar gancang ti saprak diadegkeun dina taun 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Sairing waktos, jumlah pamilon parantos ningkat ti ngan tilu nagara janten langkung ti 20 tim dina unggal édisi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Kamekaran ieu ngagambarkeun kamekaran maén bal anu beuki kompetitif di Afrika&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tuan Rumah sareng Infrastruktur ==
Piala Afrika 2025 bakal diayakeun di Maroko, anu ngagaduhan infrastruktur maén bal modéren &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nagara ieu dipilih kusabab stadion, transportasi, sareng fasilitas pendukung sanésna &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Sababaraha stadion utama anu dianggo kalebet anu aya di Casablanca, Rabat, sareng Marrakesh &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Fasilitas-fasilitas ieu nyumponan standar internasional pikeun ngayakeun turnamén utama &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

== Format Kompetisi ==
Turnamén ieu ngawengku 24 tim anu dibagi kana genep grup &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Unggal tim berkompetisi dina format round-robin salami babak grup&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Tim anu lolos tina babak grup bakal maju ka babak gugur sareng final &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Format ieu nyayogikeun kasempetan pikeun langkung seueur nagara pikeun ilubiung sareng berkompetisi dina tingkat anu luhur &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Tim anu Ilubiung sareng Favorit ==
Sababaraha tim top dina Piala Afrika 2025 kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Tim maén bal nasional Senegal
* Tim maén bal nasional Mesir
* Tim maén bal nasional Nigeria
* Tim maén bal nasional Maroko

Tim-tim ieu gaduh sajarah anu kuat dina turnamén sareng didukung ku pamaén anu maén di liga Éropa top &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Pamaén Béntang ==
Turnamén ieu ogé nampilkeun pamaén béntang sapertos:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Mohamed Salah
* Sadio Mané
* Victor Osimhen

Ayana pamaén ieu ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan sareng narik perhatian global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Téknologi dina Turnamén ==
Piala Afrika 2025 nganggo téknologi VAR pikeun ngabantosan wasit dina nyieun kaputusan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Téknologi ieu ningkatkeun kaadilan pertandingan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, analisis data dianggo pikeun ningkatkeun kinerja tim sareng strategi kaulinan &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Turnamén ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan ka Maroko&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; . Sektor pariwisata ngalaman paningkatan anu signifikan salami turnamén &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Salajengna, investasi dina infrastruktur ogé nyayogikeun kauntungan jangka panjang pikeun nagara tuan rumah&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Sosial ==
Piala Afrika maénkeun peran penting dina nguatkeun idéntitas sareng persatuan di Afrika &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu mangrupikeun sumber kareueus nasional pikeun unggal nagara anu milu &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sepak bola ogé janten sarana pikeun ngungkulan bédana sosial sareng budaya di sakuliah nagara &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan Ngayakeun Acara ==
Sababaraha tantangan dina ngatur turnamén kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Kaamanan
* Logistik
* Cuaca

Faktor-faktor ieu meryogikeun perencanaan anu ati-ati pikeun mastikeun turnamén lancar &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Peran Média sareng Globalisasi ==
Média maénkeun peran penting dina nyebarkeun inpormasi ngeunaan turnamén &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Siaran langsung ngamungkinkeun pamiarsa di sakumna dunya pikeun nuturkeun pertandingan &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Globalisasi ogé parantos ningkatkeun popularitas maén bal Afrika sacara internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Sepak Bola Afrika ==
Piala Afrika 2025 mangrupikeun tonggak penting pikeun kamekaran sepak bola di Afrika &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Investasi dina pamaén ngora sareng infrastruktur bakal nangtukeun masa depan olahraga ieu &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==</text>
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    <title>Met Gala 2025</title>
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      <text bytes="5621" sha1="kjhuieun9ue0912viznk97ayoby8fi6" xml:space="preserve">Dunya mode teu ngan ukur ngeunaan pakean; éta ogé ngagambarkeun budaya, idéntitas, sareng parobahan sosial anu lumangsung dina masarakat global. Salah sahiji acara anu paling bergengsi dina industri mode nyaéta Met Gala, anu diayakeun unggal taun di Metropolitan Museum of Art, khususna di Costume Institute na&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/|title=Vogue: Fashion, Beauty, Celebrity, Fashion Shows|last=Nast|first=Condé|website=Vogue|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Met Gala katelah salaku acara panggalangan dana sareng perayaan bubuka pameran mode taunan museum (Wikipedia, 2025). Acara ieu ngahijikeun selebriti, désainer, sareng tokoh berpengaruh ti sagala rupa widang pikeun nampilkeun interpretasi aranjeunna ngeunaan téma anu khusus &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fashion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/section/fashion|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2026-03-26|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, Met Gala balik deui ka sorotan global kalayan téma anu nyorot masalah budaya sareng éksprési idéntitas dina mode modéren&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah sareng Kamekaran Met Gala ==
Met Gala mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1948 salaku acara panggalangan dana pikeun Costume Institute&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-26|title=Met Gala|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Met_Gala&amp;oldid=1335012469|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Sairing waktos, acara ieu parantos mekar janten salah sahiji acara anu paling éksklusif di dunya, kalayan daptar tamu anu terbatas sareng undangan éksklusif&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Dina kapamingpinan Anna Wintour, Met Gala parantos ngalaman transformasi ageung janten acara global anu ngagabungkeun fashion, seni, sareng hiburan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Téma Met Gala 2025 ==
Téma pikeun Met Gala 2025 nyaéta &quot;Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Téma ieu ngajalajah kebangkitan deui barang-barang fashion klasik anu parantos lami dipopohokeun &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/|title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Téma ieu nyorot hubungan antara sajarah fashion sareng inovasi modéren, sareng kumaha pakean tiasa &quot;hirup deui&quot; ngalangkungan interpretasi énggal&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion|title=Fashion news, advice and pictures {{!}} The Guardian|website=www.theguardian.com|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aturan Pakéan jeung Interpretasi ==
Aturan pakéan pikeun taun 2025 nyaéta &quot;The Garden of Time,&quot; anu méré kabébasan ka sémah pikeun ngébréhkeun interpretasi kréatifna &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Seueur selebriti nganggo pakéan anu mibanda unsur kembang, vintage, sareng futuristik, anu ngagambarkeun jalanna waktu dina mode&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/|title=Harper's BAZAAR - Your Source for Fashion Trends, Beauty Tips, Pop Culture News, and Celebrity Style|website=Harper's BAZAAR|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Selebriti jeung Tokoh Anu Hadir ==
Met Gala 2025 dihadiran ku rupa-rupa selebriti anu kasohor, diantarana:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Zendaya
* Kim Kardashian
* Rihanna
* Timothée Chalamet

Ayana aranjeunna narik perhatian média sareng masarakat &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Désainer sareng Fesyen ==
Acara ieu ogé nampilkeun karya-karya désainer kasohor sapertos:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* Karl Lagerfeld
* Alexander McQueen

Desain-desainna nampilkeun unsur-unsur seni, sajarah, sareng téknologi anu digabungkeun&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Peran Média sareng Publisitas ==
Média maénkeun peran penting dina nyebarkeun inpormasi ngeunaan Met Gala &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture|title=BBC Culture {{!}} Arts, Film &amp; TV, Reviews, Books, Music, Style|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Liputan karpét beureum mangrupikeun salah sahiji momen anu paling diantisipasi unggal taun&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Média sosial ogé ngalegaan jangkauan acara ka pamiarsa global &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak kana Industri Fesyen ==
Met Gala gaduh pangaruh anu signifikan dina nangtukeun tren fesyen global &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Desain anu dipidangkeun sering janten inspirasi pikeun koleksi désainer sareng merek fesyen di sakumna dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Acara ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan ngalangkungan panggalangan dana pikeun Institut Kostum &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.Salajengna, industri fashion sareng média nguntungkeun tina paparan global &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Masalah Sosial sareng Budaya ==
Met Gala 2025 ogé nyorot masalah keberlanjutan sareng inklusivitas dina fashion&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Seueur désainer nganggo bahan anu ramah lingkungan sareng nunjukkeun karagaman dina karyana&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Téknologi dina Fashion ==
Pamakéan téknologi sapertos AI sareng fashion digital mangrupikeun tren di Met Gala 2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;. Ieu nunjukkeun yén industri fashion terus adaptasi kana perkembangan téknologi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Kritik sareng Kontroversi ==
Sapertos taun-taun sateuacanna, Met Gala henteu tanpa kritik ngeunaan éksklusivitas sareng élitisme&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Nanging, acara ieu tetep janten simbol prestise di dunya mode&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Met Gala ==
Met Gala diperkirakeun bakal terus berkembang salaku platform global pikeun inovasi mode&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kolaborasi antara seni, téknologi, sareng budaya bakal janten fokus utama di masa depan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>United Nations Climate Change Conference 2025</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T03:38:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Zulaihamaryam</username>
        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="5350" sha1="51pl6sazlfhqiih05qxn8srlyegpedy" xml:space="preserve">Konferensi Perubahan Iklim PBB nyaéta forum internasional taunan anu ngahijikeun nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya pikeun ngabahas léngkah-léngkah strategis pikeun ngungkulan perubahan iklim &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/|website=unfccc.int|accessdate=2026-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Konferensi ieu sering disebut Konferensi Para Pihak (COP) sabab mangrupikeun bagian tina rapat nagara-nagara anggota Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB ngeunaan Perubahan Iklim (UNFCCC) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/|title=Welcome to the United Nations|website=www.un.org|language=EN|accessdate=2026-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, konferensi ieu ngagaduhan pentingna khusus sabab dunya nyanghareupan tantangan utama anu aya hubunganana sareng pemanasan global, émisi karbon, sareng dampak lingkungan anu beuki signifikan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science_and_environment|title=Science &amp; Environment {{!}} Latest News &amp; Updates {{!}} BBC News|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sajarah sareng Évolusi Konferensi Iklim Global ==
Konferensi Parobahan Iklim PBB parantos mekar ti saprak diadegkeun dina taun 1995 di Berlin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-26|title=United Nations Climate Change Conference|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference&amp;oldid=1345439506|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Konferensi ieu parantos janten forum utama pikeun ngarumuskeun kawijakan global anu aya hubunganana sareng parobahan iklim.

Salah sahiji tonggak penting nyaéta diadopsina Perjanjian Paris dina taun 2015, anu netepkeun target pikeun ngawatesan kanaékan suhu global di handap 2°C &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Saprak harita, unggal konferensi COP parantos fokus kana ngalaksanakeun sareng ningkatkeun komitmen nagara-nagara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kamekaran ieu nunjukkeun yén kerjasama internasional mangrupikeun konci pikeun ngungkulan krisis iklim global &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== COP30 di Brazil ==
COP30, anu diayakeun di Belém, miboga harti strategis kusabab caketna ka leuweung hujan Amazon&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Wewengkon ieu maénkeun peran penting dina nyerep karbon dioksida sareng ngajaga kasaimbangan ékosistem global&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Konferensi ieu ngalibetkeun rébuan delegasi ti sababaraha nagara, organisasi internasional, akademisi, sareng aktivis lingkungan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Agenda utama kalebet negosiasi kawijakan, diskusi ilmiah, sareng kolaborasi lintas sektor&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Salajengna, Brazil, salaku tuan rumah, narékahan pikeun nunjukkeun komitmenna pikeun ngajaga leuweung hujan Amazon sareng ngirangan déforestasi&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Implementasi sareng Tujuan ==
Konferensi 2025, atanapi COP30, dijadwalkeun dilaksanakeun di Belém, Brazil &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Lokasi ieu dipilih kusabab caketna ka leuweung hujan Amazon, simbol konci parobahan iklim global&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Tujuan utama konferensi ieu nyaéta pikeun nguatkeun komitmen nagara-nagara pikeun ngirangan émisi gas rumah kaca sareng ngahontal target anu ditetepkeun dina Perjanjian Paris&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, konferensi ieu bakal ngabahas pendanaan pikeun nagara-nagara berkembang anu kapangaruhan ku parobahan iklim&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Masalah Kunci dina COP30 ==
Konferensi 2025 nyorot sababaraha masalah konci anu jadi perhatian global. Salah sahijina nyaéta ngirangan émisi gas rumah kaca, anu jadi panyabab utama pemanasan global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Salajengna, transisi énergi tina bahan bakar fosil ka énergi terbarukan mangrupikeun agenda konci dina diskusi&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nagara-nagara didorong pikeun ningkatkeun panggunaan sumber énergi bersih sapertos tanaga surya sareng angin&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Masalah sanésna nyaéta ngajaga leuweung, khususna Amazon, anu maénkeun peran penting dina nyerep karbon&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Usaha konservasi sareng pengelolaan leuweung anu lestari mangrupikeun fokus utama konferensi. Sababaraha masalah konci dina konferensi ieu kalebet ngirangan émisi karbon, transisi ka sumber énergi anu tiasa dianyari, sareng ngajaga leuweung sareng ékosistem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Nagara-nagara berkembang nungtut dukungan kauangan anu langkung ageung ti nagara-nagara maju pikeun ngatasi dampak parobahan iklim&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-crisis|title=Climate crisis {{!}} The Guardian|website=www.theguardian.com|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salajengna, masalah kaadilan iklim ogé mangrupikeun fokus konci diskusi global&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Global ==
Konferensi ieu gaduh dampak anu signifikan kana kawijakan lingkungan di sababaraha nagara (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, 2025). Kaputusan anu dilakukeun dina forum ieu tiasa mangaruhan arah pangwangunan ékonomi sareng énergi global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Salajengna, konferensi ieu ogé ningkatkeun kasadaran global ngeunaan pentingna ngajaga lingkungan sareng ngirangan tapak karbon urang&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Konferensi Perubahan Iklim PBB 2025 mangrupikeun momen anu penting dina upaya global pikeun ngungkulan krisis iklim. Kalayan partisipasi sababaraha nagara sareng organisasi internasional, konferensi ieu dipiharep ngahasilkeun kawijakan anu efektif sareng lestari pikeun masa depan bumi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>51pl6sazlfhqiih05qxn8srlyegpedy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>2025 Women's Cricket World Cup</title>
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    <id>108126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708799</id>
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        <username>Zulaihamaryam</username>
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      <text bytes="6191" sha1="f4ks4dov2748sfgvsio462np3ixbax3" xml:space="preserve">Kriket mangrupikeun salah sahiji olahraga anu paling populér di dunya, khususna di Asia Kidul, Inggris, sareng Australia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket|title=Cricket – Ashes, Test, T20 &amp; ODI news, scores &amp; results|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dina sababaraha dasawarsa terakhir, kriket awéwé parantos ningali kamekaran anu signifikan, boh dina hal kualitas maén sareng perhatian global &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/|title=Home|last=icc|website=icc|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Salah sahiji acara anu paling bergengsi dina kriket awéwé nyaéta Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé, anu diayakeun ku Déwan Kriket Internasional (ICC) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-08|title=Women's Cricket World Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup&amp;oldid=1342308387|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Turnamén ieu janten platform utama pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun nunjukkeun kamampuan pangsaéna di tingkat internasional &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Dina taun 2025, turnamén ieu uih deui dina skala anu langkung ageung sareng kalayan perhatian global anu ningkat &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé ==
Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1973, bahkan sateuacan turnamén lalaki&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu janten simbol penting dina perjuangan pikeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kana waktu, kualitas kaulinan ningkat sareng langkung seueur nagara anu ilubiung&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Turnamén 2025 ==
Édisi 2025 bakal diayakeun di India salaku tuan rumah utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. India dipilih kusabab basis penggemar kriket anu ageung sareng infrastruktur anu nyukupan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Pertandingan bakal dilaksanakeun di kota-kota ageung sapertos Mumbai, Delhi, sareng Bengaluru&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Stadion-stadion ieu nyumponan standar internasional pikeun ngayakeun turnamén utama&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Format Kompetisi ==
Turnamén ieu bakal nampilkeun dalapan dugi ka sapuluh tim pangsaéna di dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Format anu dianggo nyaéta format round-robin, kalayan unggal tim maén ngalawan silih&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Opat tim luhur bakal maju ka semifinal teras final pikeun nangtukeun juara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tim Anu Ngiluan ==
Sababaraha tim top dina turnamén ieu kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Tim kriket nasional awéwé Australia
* Tim kriket awéwé Inggris
* Tim kriket nasional awéwé India
* Tim kriket nasional awéwé Afrika Kidul

Tim-tim ieu gaduh sajarah anu kuat sareng sering janten pesaing gelar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Pamaén Béntang ==
Turnamén ieu ogé nampilkeun pamaén top dunya sapertos:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Meg Lanning
* Smriti Mandhana
* Nat Sciver-Brunt

Ayana aranjeunna ningkatkeun kualitas kaulinan sareng narik perhatian global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Téhnologi dina Turnamén ==
Pamakéan téknologi sapertos Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS) ngabantosan ningkatkeun kaadilan pertandingan &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.Salajengna, analisis data dianggo pikeun ningkatkeun strategi tim&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Téhnologi maénkeun peran penting dina ningkatkeun kualitas pertandingan. Panggunaan Sistem Tinjauan Kaputusan (DRS), analitik data, sareng siaran kualitas luhur ngajantenkeun pangalaman ningali langkung pikaresepeun &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi|title=Women’s ODI Team Rankings – Official One Day International Standings {{!}} ICC|last=icc|website=icc|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203132746/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/odi |date=2025-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salajengna, média sosial sareng platform digital ngamungkinkeun penggemar pikeun nuturkeun perkembangan turnamén sacara real time, ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Turnamén ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan ka India&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sektor pariwisata, perhotelan, sareng média ngalaman kamekaran anu signifikan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Sosial ==
Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé maénkeun peran anu penting dina ningkatkeun kasamaan gender dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Turnamén ieu ngainspirasi awéwé ngora pikeun ngudag karir dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salah sahiji aspék penting tina Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 nyaéta kontribusina kana kasamaan gender dina olahraga. Turnamén ieu nyayogikeun platform pikeun atlit awéwé pikeun ngahontal pangakuan anu sami sareng atlit lalaki&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/sport]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ningkatna jumlah panongton sareng sponsor nunjukkeun yén minat kana kriket awéwé terus ningkat. Ieu ogé nyababkeun ningkatna investasi dina pamekaran atlit awéwé ngora di sababaraha nagara.

== Peran Média ==
Média maénkeun peran anu penting dina promosi turnamén&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Siaran langsung sareng média sosial ngalegaan jangkauan pamiarsa global&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tangtangan Ngayakeun Acara ==
Sababaraha tantangan kalebet logistik, cuaca, sareng jadwal pertandingan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nanging, kalayan manajemen anu saé, turnamén masih lancar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Kriket Awéwé ==
Turnamén ieu nandakeun tonggak penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Investasi dina pamaén ngora sareng infrastruktur bakal nangtukeun masa depan olahraga ieu&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Piala Dunia Kriket Awéwé 2025 mangrupikeun acara anu penting pikeun kamekaran kriket awéwé sacara global. Turnamén ieu henteu ngan ukur bakal ningkatkeun kualitas olahraga tapi ogé gaduh dampak sosial sareng ékonomi anu signifikan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Dukungan anu langkung ageung ti pamaréntah sareng organisasi olahraga diperyogikeun pikeun ngembangkeun kriket awéwé&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, média kedah teras-terasan ngamajukeun olahraga ieu pikeun ningkatkeun popularitasna&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f4ks4dov2748sfgvsio462np3ixbax3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>2025 World Athletics Championships</title>
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        <id>29662</id>
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      <text bytes="5318" sha1="bacopmptr7321oaaoyqpt888fkjcxds" xml:space="preserve">Kejuaraan Atletik Dunia 2025 mangrupikeun acara olahraga anu ngagambarkeun kamekaran atletik modéren sacara global. Kejuaraan ieu henteu ngan ukur mintonkeun prestasi para atlit tapi ogé gaduh dampak ékonomi, sosial, sareng budaya anu signifikan. Kajuaraan Atletik Dunia nyaéta acara atletik tingkat pangluhurna anu diayakeun ku World Athletics (WAT). Kajuaraan ieu ngahijikeun atlit-atlit pangsaéna ti sakumna dunya dina rupa-rupa acara sapertos lumpat, luncat, ngalungkeun, sareng balap leumpang &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/|title=World Athletics Home Page {{!}} World Athletics|website=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Édisi 2025 bakal diayakeun di Tokyo, Jepang. Tokyo bakal ngayakeun deui acara olahraga utama saatos suksés ngayakeun Olimpiade 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-26|title=World Athletics Championships|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Athletics_Championships&amp;oldid=1345530275|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Panunjukan ieu ngagambarkeun kapercayaan global kana kamampuan Jepang pikeun ngatur acara internasional skala ageung &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics|title=Athletics - Latest News &amp; Highlights|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kajuaraan ieu aya dina sorotan global sabab nampilkeun atlit-atlit elit anu bersaing pikeun gelar kajuaraan dunia sareng nyetél rékor énggal &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kejuaraan Atletik Dunia 2025 mangrupikeun acara olahraga anu ngagambarkeun kamekaran atletik modéren sacara global. Kejuaraan ieu henteu ngan ukur mintonkeun prestasi para atlit tapi ogé gaduh dampak ékonomi, sosial, sareng budaya anu signifikan.

== Sajarah sareng Kamekaran Kajuaraan ==
Kajuaraan Atletik Dunia mimiti diayakeun dina taun 1983 di Helsinki, Finlandia &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Saprak harita, kajuaraan ieu parantos janten acara dua taunan anu ngahijikeun atlit pangsaéna ti sababaraha nagara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Kamekaran kajuaraan ieu nunjukkeun paningkatan kualitas kompetisi sareng jumlah nagara anu milu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Atletik salaku olahraga dasar terus berkembang kalayan dukungan téknologi modéren sareng élmu olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Acara 2025 ==
Édisi 2025 bakal dilaksanakeun di Stadion Nasional Tokyo, salah sahiji fasilitas olahraga paling modéren di dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Stadion ieu gaduh kapasitas anu ageung sareng dilengkepan ku téknologi canggih pikeun ngadukung kompetisi atletik&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Rupa-rupa acara bakal dipertandingkeun, ti sprint dugi ka maraton&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Salian ti éta, luncat jauh, luncat luhur, sareng lempar lembing ogé mangrupikeun acara penting dina kajuaraan ieu&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Disiplin sareng Acara ==
Kajuaraan ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa acara atletik, kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* Lumpat (100m, 200m, 400m, maraton)
* Luncat (luncat jauh, luncat luhur, lompat galah)
* Lempar (cakram, lempar lembing, tolak peluru)
* Lari Balap

Unggal acara kompetitif pisan, nampilkeun atlit pangsaéna di dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Atlit Unggulan ==
Sababaraha atlit anu disorot dina kajuaraan ieu kalebet:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Noah Lyles
* Faith Kipyegon
* Armand Duplantis

Atlit-atlit ieu dikenal ku prestasi anu luar biasa sareng poténsi pikeun mecahkeun rekor dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Téknologi dina Atletik Modéren ==
Kajuaraan 2025 nunjukkeun panggunaan téknologi canggih dina atletik&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sistem pangimeutan waktu digital ngamungkinkeun ngarékam hasil anu akurat pisan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, téknologi analisis gerakan ngabantosan atlit ningkatkeun kinerjana&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Ékonomi ==
Ngayakeun kajuaraan ieu ngagaduhan dampak ékonomi anu signifikan pikeun Jepang&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Sektor pariwisata ngalaman paningkatan anu signifikan kusabab seueurna wisatawan ti sababaraha nagara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Investasi dina infrastruktur ogé nyayogikeun kauntungan jangka panjang pikeun kota Tokyo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Dampak Sosial sareng Budaya ==
Kajuaraan ieu henteu ngan ukur janten acara olahraga tapi ogé salaku platform pikeun pertukaran budaya&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Atlit ti sababaraha nagara mawa idéntitas budaya masing-masing ka kompetisi&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Salajengna, kajuaraan ieu ngadorong generasi ngora pikeun ilubiung dina olahraga&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Kalungguhan Média sareng Globalisasi ==
Média maénkeun peran penting dina nyebarkeun inpormasi ngeunaan kajuaraan ieu &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.Siaran langsung ngamungkinkeun jutaan jalmi di sakumna dunya pikeun nonton pertandingan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Globalisasi ogé ningkatkeun popularitas atletik salaku olahraga universal &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Tantangan dina kahareupna ==
Sanaos kasuksésanna, kajuaraan ieu nyanghareupan rupa-rupa tantangan sapertos logistik, cuaca, sareng kaamanan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nanging, kalayan manajemen anu saé, tantangan ieu tiasa diatasi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Masa Depan Atletik Dunia ==
Kajuaraan Atletik Dunia 2025 bakal janten tonggak penting pikeun pamekaran atletik global&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Kalayan dukungan téknologi sareng investasi anu terus-terusan, atletik diperkirakeun bakal terus berkembang di masa depan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bacopmptr7321oaaoyqpt888fkjcxds</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osphronemidae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>708822</id>
      <parentid>707917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T11:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3808" sha1="77fmutxsxmbyst59hf5v28rz3rq8p0z" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;&quot; | Trichogaster lalius
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Colisa lalia.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Trichogaster lalius (Dwarf Gourami) jalu.''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Regnum
| [[Animalia]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Phylum
| [[Chordata]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Classis
| [[Actinopterygii]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ordo
| [[Anabantiformes]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Familia
| [[Osphronemidae]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Genus
| [[Trichogaster]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Species
| '''''T. lalius'''''
|}

'''Trichogaster lalius''' (sinonim: '''''Colisa lalia''''') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[Lauk]] hias cai tawar ti kulawarga [[Guramé]] ([[Osphronemidae]]). Lauk ieu asalna ti wewengkon [[Asia Kidul]] sarta kacida dipikaresepna ku para hobiis [[Akuarium]] sakuliah dunya kusabab warnana anu mencrang sarta ukuran awakna anu leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseLalia&quot;&gt;Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2024). ''Trichogaster lalius - Dwarf gourami''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Trichogaster-lalius.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Vérnakular]] ==
* Dina basa internasional, lauk ieu disebut '''[[Dwarf Gourami]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritGourami&quot;&gt;Encyclopaedia Britannica. ''Gourami fish group''. https://www.britannica.com/animal/gourami&lt;/ref&gt;
* Di [[Indonésia]], para hobiis sering nyebutna ku nami '''[[Guramé Kerdil]]''' atanapi saukur '''[[Lalia]]''' dumasar kana nami spésiés heubeulna.&lt;ref name=&quot;KKPLalia&quot;&gt;Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Jenis Ikan Hias Air Tawar Populer''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/artikel/1655-jenis-ikan-hias-air-tawar{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Sebaran]] ==
Lauk ieu mangrupa sato asli ti wewengkon:
* '''[[Pakistan]]''', '''[[India]]''' (hususna di bagian kalér), sarta '''[[Bangladesh]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseLalia&quot;/&gt;
* Habitat aslina nyaéta walungan anu arusna lambat, situ, sarta sawah anu loba tutuwuhan caina.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriouslyFish&quot;&gt;Seriously Fish. ''Trichogaster lalius - Dwarf Gourami''. https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/trichogaster-lalius/&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Karakteristik]] ==
* '''[[Ukuran]]''': Ukuran awakna kacida leutikna pikeun golongan guramé, ngan ukur nepi ka 8 cm nalika parantos sawawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriouslyFish&quot;/&gt;
* '''[[Warna]]''': Lauk jalu miboga warna biru muda mencrang kalayan garis-garis beureum atawa oranyeu anu condong vertikal. Lauk bikangna miboga warna anu langkung kulawu atanapi pérak polos.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritGourami&quot;/&gt;
* '''[[Organ Labirin]]''': Sarua jeung kulawargana, Lalia miboga organ labirin anu mungkinkeun manéhna ngarénghap langsung tina hawa di permukaan cai.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseLalia&quot;/&gt;

== [[Baranahan]] ==
* '''[[Sayang Gelembung]]''': Lauk jalu bakal nyieun sayang tina gelembung hawa anu dicampur jeung potongan tutuwuhan cai di permukaan pikeun neundeun endog.&lt;ref name=&quot;BettaBio&quot;&gt;International Betta Congress. ''Anabantoid Breeding and Biology''. https://www.ibcbettas.org/&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Sipat]]''': Lauk jalu bakal kacida agrésifna ngajaga sayangna tina gangguan lauk sanésna saatos prosés mijah réngsé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriouslyFish&quot;/&gt;

== [[Riwayat Taksonomi]] ==
Mimitina lauk ieu diasupkeun kana genus ''[[Colisa]]'' ku Hamilton dina taun 1822. Nanging, dumasar kana klasifikasi modéren, genus ''Colisa'' parantos dilebetkeun (disinonimkeun) ka jero genus ''[[Trichogaster]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferraris&quot;&gt;Ferraris, Carl J. (2007). ''Checklist of Anabantoid fishes''. Zootaxa. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Référénsi]] ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Osphronemidae]]
[[Kategori:Lauk hias]]
[[Kategori:Lauk India]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mystacoleucus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>708819</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="3898" sha1="k4n4qd3o28oq2xbd28m8rj5q93ydp09" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;&quot; | Mystacoleucus
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Barb gonio 080525 9625 ltn.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Salah sahiji jinis Mystacoleucus (Génggéhék) ti perairan Jawa.''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Regnum
| [[Animalia]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Phylum
| [[Chordata]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Classis
| [[Actinopterygii]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ordo
| [[Cypriniformes]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Familia
| [[Cyprinidae]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Genus
| '''Mystacoleucus'''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jinis
| [[Lauk Cai Tawar]]
|}

'''Mystacoleucus''' nyaéta salah sahiji genus [[Lauk]] tina kulawarga [[Cyprinidae]] (kulawarga lauk mas). Genus ieu sumebar di perairan tawar wilayah [[Asia Tenggara]] sarta [[Asia Timur]]. Lauk-lauk tina genus ieu miboga ciri fisik anu has sarta mangrupa bagian penting tina ékosistem walungan di Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseMysta&quot;&gt;Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2026). ''Genus Mystacoleucus''. FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/identification/RegionSpeciesList.php?genus=Mystacoleucus&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Vérnakular]] ==
* Di [[Indonésia]], anggota genus ieu anu paling kasohor nyaéta '''[[Ampa|Génggéhék]]''' (''M. marginatus'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Di sawatara daérah, lauk ieu ogé disebut ku nami '''[[Kapiat]]''' atanapi '''[[Masik]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KemenkeuMysta&quot;&gt;Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan RI. ''Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Ikan Lokal''. https://kkp.go.id/djpb/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Karakteristik Mandiri]] ==
Genus ''Mystacoleucus'' miboga bédana anu nyata dibandingkeun genus sanésna dina kulawarga Cyprinidae:
* '''[[Cucuk Nyangirah]] (Procumbent Dorsal Spine):''' Ciri utama genus ieu nyaéta miboga cucuk leutik anu seukeut sarta nyangirah (ngarah) ka hareup, perenahna pas di payuneun sirip tonggongna.&lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonFish&quot;&gt;Nelson, J.S. (2006). ''Fishes of the World''. John Wiley &amp; Sons.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Sisit]]:''' Miboga sisit anu warna pérak mencrang, mindeng miboga pola garis atanapi bintik hideung dina tungtung siripna.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseMysta&quot;/&gt;
* '''[[Ukuran]]:''' Lolobana anggota genus ieu ukuranna sedeng, biasana henteu leuwih ti 20 cm panjangna.

== Sebaran sarta Habitat ==
* '''[[Wilayah]]:''' Kapanggih sacara alami di walungan-walungan di [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Laos]], [[Viétnam]], sarta [[Indonésia]] (hususna [[Jawa]], [[Sumatra]], sarta [[Kalimantan]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat&quot;/&gt;
* '''[[Habitat]]:''' Resep hirup di walungan anu palina cai sedeng dugi ka tarik, caina herang, sarta dasarna taringgul ku sela-sela batu walungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeriouslyFishMysta&quot;&gt;Seriously Fish. ''Mystacoleucus species profile''. https://www.seriouslyfish.com/group/barbs/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daptar Spésiés ==
Aya sababaraha spésiés anu parantos diaku sacara ilmiah dina genus ieu, di antarana:
* ''[[Mystacoleucus argenteus]]''
* ''[[Mystacoleucus atridorsalis]]''
* ''[[Mystacoleucus marginatus]]'' ([[Génggéhék]])
* ''[[Mystacoleucus padangensis]]'' (Lauk Bilih ti situ Singkarak)&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBaseMysta&quot;/&gt;

== Baranahan ==
Lauk dina genus ieu baranahan ku cara neundeun endog dina substrat dasar walungan. Prosés mijahna kacida gumantungna kana kaayaan usum, dimana parobahan debit cai nalika usum hujan janten tanda pikeun mimiti baranahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;KemenkeuMysta&quot;/&gt;

== [[Référénsi]] ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:Mystacoleucus]]
[[Kategori:Lauk cai tawar]]
[[Kategori:Lauk Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Lauk]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Calvin Coolidge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>708783</id>
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      <comment>Kenging Narjamahkeun</comment>
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      <text bytes="33115" sha1="gdh2mjardpucw3u1c9e0v24say5gxdt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = President Calvin Coolidge, 1924 portrait photograph (3x4 cropped).jpeg
| caption             = Coolidge in 1924
| alt                 = Black-and-white head shot of Coolidge facing slightly right
| order               = 30th
| office              = President of the United States
| term_start          = August 2, 1923
| term_end            = March 4, 1929
| vice_president       = {{plainlist|
* Vacant {{nowrap|(1923–1925)}}{{Efn|Coolidge was vice president under Warren G. Harding and became president upon Harding's death on August 2, 1923. As this was prior to the adoption of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] in 1967, the vacancy was not filled until the next election and inauguration.}}
* {{longitem|[[Charles G. Dawes]]&lt;br/&gt;(1925–1929)}}
}}
| predecessor         = [[Warren G. Harding]]
| successor           = [[Herbert Hoover]]
| order2              = 29th
| office2             = Vice President of the United States
| term_start2         = March 4, 1921
| term_end2           = August 2, 1923
| president2          = Warren G. Harding
| predecessor2        = [[Thomas R. Marshall]]
| successor2          = Charles G. Dawes
| order3              = 48th
| office3             = Governor of Massachusetts
| lieutenant3         = Channing H. Cox
| term_start3         = January 2, 1919
| term_end3           = January 6, 1921
| predecessor3        = [[Samuel W. McCall]]
| successor3          = [[Channing H. Cox]]
| order4              = 46th
| office4             = Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
| governor4           = Samuel W. McCall
| term_start4         = January 6, 1916
| term_end4           = January 2, 1919
| predecessor4        = [[Grafton D. Cushing]]
| successor4          = Channing H. Cox
| office5             = 16th [[Northampton, Massachusetts#Government|Mayor of Northampton]]
| term_start5         = January 3, 1910
| term_end5           = January 1, 1912
| predecessor5        = James W. O'Brien
| successor5          = William Feiker
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| Legislative offices
| titlestyle         = border:1px dashed lightgrey}}
| office6             = [[President of the Massachusetts Senate]]
| term_start6         = January 7, 1914
| term_end6           = January 6, 1915
| predecessor6        = [[Levi H. Greenwood]]
| successor6          = [[Henry Gordon Wells]]
| office7             = Member of the [[Massachusetts Senate]]
| term_start7         = January 3, 1912
| term_end7           = January 6, 1915
| predecessor7        = [[Allen T. Treadway]]
| successor7          = John B. Hull
| constituency7       = Berkshire, Hampden, and Hampshire counties
| state_house8        = Massachusetts
| district8           = [[Massachusetts House of Representatives' 1st Hampshire district|1st Hampshire]]
| term_start8         = January 2, 1907
| term_end8           = January 6, 1909
| predecessor8        = Moses M. Bassett
| successor8          = Charles A. Montgomery
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name          = John Calvin Coolidge Jr.
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1872|7|4}}
| birth_place         = [[Plymouth Notch, Vermont]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1933|1|5|1872|7|4}}
| death_place         = [[Northampton, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Plymouth Notch Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| father              = [[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Grace Coolidge|Grace Goodhue]]|October 4, 1905}}
| children            = 2, including [[John Coolidge|John]]
| relatives           = {{plainlist|
* [[Calvin Galusha Coolidge]] (grandfather)
* [[Park Pollard]] (cousin)
}}
| education           = [[Amherst College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| blank1              = Other names
| data1               = Wamblee-Tokaha
| nickname            = &quot;Silent Cal&quot;
| signature           = C Coolidge signature.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Speech on Taxes, Liberty, and the Philosophy of Government, by Calvin Coolidge.ogg|title=Calvin Coolidge's voice|type=speech|description=Coolidge speaking on [[Government spending in the United States|government spending]]&lt;br/&gt;Recorded August 11, 1924}}
}}
'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.''' (ᮏᮧᮔ᮪ ᮎᮜ᮪ᮗᮤᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥᮜᮤᮓ᮪ᮏ᮪; gumelar 4 Juli 1872 – tilar dunya 5 Januari 1933) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-30, anu ngajabat ti taun 1923 dugi ka 1929. Salaku pengacara ti partéy [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] asal [[Massachusetts]], anjeunna sateuacanna ngajabat salaku Wakil Présidén ka-29 (1921–1923) dina mangsa pamaréntahan Présidén [[Warren G. Harding]], sarta kungsi janten Gubernur Massachusetts ka-48 (1919–1921). Coolidge kawéntar salaku sosok konservatif anu nyepeng prinsip pamaréntahan leutik (''small-government''), boga watek nu carang takol (henteu loba catur), sarta humorna anu garing nepi ka anjeunna meunang jujuluk &quot;'''Silent Cal'''&quot; (Cal nu Simé).

Coolidge ngamimitian karirna salaku anggota Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Massachusetts. Karir politikna terus nanjak nepi ka kapilih janten gubernur dina taun 1918. Nalika janten gubernur, anjeunna panceg dina kawijakan ékonomi nu irit (konservatisme fiskal), ngarojong pisan kana hak pilih awéwé (''women's suffrage''), sarta nembongkeun sikep nu teges nalika kajadian mogokna pulisi di Boston taun 1919. Peta paréntahna anu gancang tur éféktif harita ngajadikeun anjeunna sorotan nasional. Dina taun 1920, anjeunna dicalonkeun janten wakilna Warren G. Harding sarta meunang mutlak. Coolidge naék janten présidén saatos Harding tilar dunya dina taun 1923.

Nalika janten présidén, Coolidge hasil malikkeun deui kapercayaan masarakat ka [[Gedong Bodas]] saatos rupa-rupa skandal dina mangsa Harding. Sababaraha kawijakan pentingna nyaéta:
* Néken Undang-Undang Kawarganagaraan Indian 1924, anu maparin status warga nagara ka sakumna urang pribumi (Native Americans).
* Néken Undang-Undang Imigrasi 1924 pikeun ngatur watesan imigran sarta ngadegkeun Patroli Wates Amérika Sarikat.
* Ngaping mangsa kamekaran ékonomi anu gancang sarta lega anu katelah &quot;[[Roaring Twenties]]&quot;.

Coolidge dipikahormat ku sabab kateguhanana dina ngarojong kasaruaan ras dina mangsa tegangan rasial anu luhur harita. Sanajan kitu, para kritikus boga pamadegan yén anjeunna gagal ngagunakeun kamekaran ékonomi harita pikeun mantuan para patani sarta pagawé industri anu keur sangsara. Aya ogé perdebatan di kalangan sejarawan ngeunaan sakumaha gedé pangaruh kawijakan ékonomina kana kajadian Depresi Gedé (''Great Depression'') anu lumangsung teu lila saatos anjeunna lungsur jabatan. Coolidge mutuskeun pikeun henteu nyalonkeun deui dina Pemilu 1928, kalayan nyebutkeun yén sapuluh taun janten présidén téh geus &quot;leuwih lila ti batan jalma séjén—teuing ku lila!&quot;

== Mangsa leutik sarta sajarah kulawarga ==

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. gumelar dina kaping 4 Juli 1872, di [[Plymouth, Vermont|Plymouth Notch]], Vermont—hiji-hijina [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu babar dina poé [[Poé Kamardikaan Amérika Sarikat|Kamardikaan Amérika Sarikat]]. Anjeunna téh putra cikal ti dua sadulur pasangan [[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]] sarta Victoria Josephine Moor. Sanajan jenenganana dicokot tina nami ramana, ti leuleutik kénéh Coolidge leuwih mindeng ditalingakeun ku nami tengahna. Nami &quot;Calvin&quot; téh geus dipaké turun-tumurun dina kulawarga Coolidge, anu sigana mah dicokot pikeun ngahormat ka [[John Calvin]], saurang tokoh [[Réformasi Protéstan]]. Dina otobiografina, Coolidge nyebutkeun yén karuhunna téh nyaéta &quot;turunan Puritan Inggris.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion |url=https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/blog/the-pilgrims-faith-coolidge-and-religion/ |website=coolidgefoundation.org |access-date=December 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karuhun pangheulana anu netep di Amérika nyaéta John Coolidge, anu hijrah ti [[Cottenham]], Cambridgeshire, Inggris, kira-kira taun 1630 sarta matuh di [[Watertown, Massachusetts]]. Coolidge ogé miboga turunan ti [[Samuel Appleton]], saurang tokoh anu matuh di [[Ipswich, Massachusetts|Ipswich]] sarta mingpin [[Koloni Teluk Massachusetts]] nalika [[Perang Raja Philip]]. Buyut Coolidge, anu ogé jenenganana John Coolidge, nyaéta saurang perwira militér dina [[Perang Revolusi Amérika]] sarta janten salah sahiji aparat pamingpin (selectman) munggaran di kota Plymouth.

Akina, [[Calvin Galusha Coolidge]], kungsi ngabdikeun diri di Déwan Perwakilan Vermont. Dulur misanna, [[Park Pollard]], nyaéta saurang pangusaha di [[Cavendish, Vermont]], sarta lila janten pupuhu Partéy Démokrat Vermont. Indung Coolidge nyaéta putri ti Hiram Dunlap Moor, saurang patani di Plymouth Notch, sarta Abigail Franklin.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:PlymouthVT_CalvinCoolidgeHouse.jpg|Imah kulawarga Coolidge di [[Plymouth Notch, Vermont]]
File:CoolidgeAmherst.png|Coolidge nalika janten mahasiswa di [[Amherst College]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Ramana Coolidge téh jalma anu tapis dina rupa-rupa widang sarta boga jenengan di sakuliah nagara bagian salaku patani anu suksés, nu boga toko, sarta abdi nagara. Anjeunna nyepeng rupa-rupa kalungguhan lokal, kalebet [[Hakim perdamaian|hakim perdamaian]] sarta koléktor pajeg, sarta kungsi ngabdi di dua kamar [[Majelis Umum Vermont]]. Nalika Coolidge yuswa 12 taun, ibuna anu parantos lami teu damang pupus dina yuswa 39 taun, sigana mah ku sabab [[tuberculosis|TBC]]. Adina, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), pupus dina yuswa 15 taun, sigana mah ku sabab amandel (appendicitis), nalika Coolidge yuswa 18 taun. Ramana Coolidge nikah deui ka saurang guru sakola di Plymouth dina taun 1891, sarta jumeneng dugi ka yuswa 80 taun.

== Karir awal sarta panganténan ==

=== Atikan sarta prakték hukum ===
Coolidge sakola di [[Black River Academy]] saterusna di [[St. Johnsbury Academy]] saméméh asup ka [[Amherst College]], di dinya anjeunna mimiti katémbong onjoy dina kelas debat. Nalika tingkat ahir, anjeunna ngagabung ka fraternitias [[Phi Gamma Delta]] sarta lulus kalayan prédikat ''[[cum laude]]''. Salila di Amherst, Coolidge kapangaruhan pisan ku profésor filsafat [[Charles Edward Garman]], saurang mistikus [[Congregationalism in the United States|Kongrégasional]] anu miboga filosofi [[Neo-Hegelianism|neo-Héngélian]]. Opat puluh taun saatosna, Coolidge ngécéskeun étika Garman:

{{Quote|[A]ya standar bebeneran yén kakuatan téh lain hartina bener, yén tujuan téh lain hartina ngahalalkeun sagala cara, sarta yén kabijakan anu ngan saukur neangan kauntungan (expediency) salaku prinsip gawé pasti bakal gagal. Hiji-hijina harepan pikeun nyampurnakeun hubungan antar manusa nyaéta saluyu jeung hukum pangabdian, di mana manusa henteu pati paduli kana naon anu bakal ditarima, tapi leuwih paduli kana naon anu bakal dibikeun ku maranéhna. Sanajan kitu, jalma téh boga hak kana ganjaran tina hasil usahana. Naon anu dihasilkeun ku maranéhna nyaéta milik maranéhna, boh saeutik boh loba. Tapi miboga harta banda téh mawa kawajiban pikeun ngagunakeunana dina pangabdian anu leuwih jembar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=White|first=William Allen|year=1938|title=A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge|pages=43–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Sabada lulus, dumasar kana pangjurung ramana, Coolidge pindah ka [[Northampton, Massachusetts]], pikeun janten pengacara. Coolidge nuturkeun kabiasaan umum harita nyaéta magang di firma hukum lokal, Hammond &amp; Field, sarta neuleuman hukum (&quot;reading law&quot;) di dinya. [[John C Hammond|John C. Hammond]] jeung Henry P. Field, anu duanana lulusan Amherst, ngenalkeun Coolidge kana prakték hukum di puseur dayeuh [[Hampshire County, Massachusetts]]. Dina taun 1897, Coolidge ditarima janten anggota [[Massachusetts Bar Association|asosiasi advokat Massachusetts]], sarta janten [[country lawyer]] (pengacara di daérah).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Shlaes|first=Amity|year=2013|title=Coolidge|pages=66–68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngagunakeun tabunganana sarta warisan saeutik ti akina, Coolidge muka kantor hukumna sorangan di Northampton dina taun 1898. Anjeunna mokuskeun kana hukum komérsial, kalayan kayakinan yén anjeunna méré palayanan pangalusna ka klien ku cara nyingkahan prosés pangadilan. Sabot reputasina salaku pengacara anu getol tur telik beuki sumebar, bank-bank lokal sarta pausahaan séjénna mimiti ngagunakeun jasana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Fuess|first=Claude M.|year=1940|title=Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont|pages=74–81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;width: 90%; margin: 1em auto; padding: 1em; font-style: italic; border-left: 5px solid #ccc;&quot;
| &quot;Aya standar bebeneran yén kakuatan téh lain hartina bener, yén tujuan téh lain hartina ngahalalkeun sagala cara, sarta yén kabijakan anu ngan saukur neangan kauntungan (expediency) salaku prinsip gawé pasti bakal gagal.&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right; font-style: normal;&quot; | — '''Calvin Coolidge''', ''Autobiography'' (1938)
|}

=== Panganténan sarta kulawarga ===
[[File:Coolidge family LCCN2014716433.jpg|thumb|upright|Coolidge sareng kulawargana, k. 1915.]]

Dina taun 1903, Coolidge patepang sareng [[Grace Goodhue]], saurang lulusan [[Universitas Vermont]] sarta guru di Sakola Clarke pikeun Tunarungu (''Clarke School for the Deaf'') di Northampton. Maranéhna nikah dina kaping 4 Oktober 1905, tabuh 14.30 dina hiji upacara basajan anu lumangsung di rohang tamu imah kulawarga Grace, saatos hasil nungkulan panyaram ti indungna Grace.{{sfn|Bryson|2013|p=187}} Pangantén anyar éta tuluy [[bulan madu]] ka [[Montreal]], anu mimitina direncanakeun dua minggu tapi dicepetkeun janten saminggu dumasar pamenta Coolidge. Saatos 25 taun ti harita, anjeunna nulis ngeunaan Grace, &quot;kurang leuwih saparapat abad manéhna geus sabar nyanghareupan kakurangan kuring sarta kuring geus kabagjaan ku sagala kahadéanana.&quot;{{sfn|White|1938|p=61}}

Kulawarga Coolidge dipaparin dua putra: [[John Coolidge|John]] (1906–2000) sarta Calvin Jr. (1908–1924). Dina kaping 30 Juni 1924, Calvin Jr. maén [[ténis]] sareng lanceukna di lapangan ténis [[Gedong Bodas]] tanpa nganggo kaos kaki, anu ngabalukarkeun dampal sukuna molotok. Éta tatu téh saterusna janten inféksi getih ([[sepsis]]). Anjeunna pupus saminggu ti harita dina yuswa 16 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Shapell |first1=Benjamin |last2=Willen |first2=Sara |title=The Death of Calvin Coolidge Jr. |url=https://www.shapell.org/historical-perspectives/between-the-lines/death-calvin-coolidge-jr/ |publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation |access-date=April 8, 2019 |date=July 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coolidge henteu kantos tiasa ngahampura dirina sorangan alatan pupusna Calvin Jr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Remini |editor1-first=Robert V. |editor2-last=Golway |editor2-first=Terry |title=Fellow Citizens: The Penguin Book of U.S. Presidential Inaugural Addresses |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=307 |isbn=978-1440631573 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Putra cikalna, John, nyebatkeun yén kajadian éta &quot;matak nyerieun kacida&quot; pikeun Coolidge. Ahli biografi psikiatri Robert E. Gilbert nyebatkeun yén Coolidge &quot;eureun fungsina salaku Présidén saatos pupusna putra anu yuswa genep belas taun éta.&quot; Gilbert nulis yén Coolidge némbongkeun sakumna gejala [[gangguan déprési mayor]] dumasar kana catetan [[Asosiasi Psikiatri Amérika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/12/president-coolidges-burden/303175/|title= President Coolidge's Burden |work= The Atlantic |date= 2003|access-date= December 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; John saterusna janten éksékutif karéta api, ngabantu ngadegkeun Yayasan Coolidge, sarta miboga peran penting dina nyieun Situs Sajarah Nagara Présidén Calvin Coolidge.{{sfn|Martin|2000}}

Coolidge téh jalma anu hirupna irit (''frugal''), malah dina urusan tempat cicing ogé anjeunna leuwih milih nyéwa imah tinimbang mésér. Anjeunna sarta pamajaganna rajin ibadah di Gréja Kongrégasional Edwards di Northampton sateuacan sareng saatos janten présidén.{{sfn|Shlaes|2013|p=91}}

== Jabatan pulitik lokal: 1898–1915 ==

=== Jabatan di kota ===
[[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]] mangrupa kakuatan anu dominan di New England harita, sarta Coolidge nuturkeun tapak lacak Hammond jeung Field ku cara aktip dina pulitik lokal.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|pp=49–51}} Dina taun 1896, Coolidge milu kampanye pikeun calon présidén ti Partéy Républik, [[William McKinley]], sarta kapilih janten anggota Komite Kota Partéy Républik dina taun saatosna.{{sfn|White|1938|pp=51–53}} Dina taun 1898, anjeunna meunangkeun pamilihan pikeun Déwan Kota Northampton, nempatan urutan kadua di hiji distrik (ward) di mana tilu calon pang luhurna bakal kapilih.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|pp=49–51}} Ieu kalungguhan téh teu aya gajihanana, tapi méré luang (pangalaman) pulitik anu kacida berhargana pikeun Coolidge.{{sfn|Fuess|1940|p=83}}

Dina taun 1899, déwan kota milih Coolidge janten panaséhat hukum kota (''city solicitor''). Anjeunna kapilih pikeun masa jabatan sataun dina taun 1900, sarta kapilih deui dina taun 1901.{{sfn|Fuess|1940|pp=84–85}} Ieu jabatan méré Coolidge leuwih loba luang salaku pengacara sarta dibayar gajih $600 (sarua jeung kira-kira $18.000 jaman ayeuna).{{sfn|Fuess|1940|pp=84–85}} Dina taun 1902, déwan kota milih saurang Démokrat janten panaséhat hukum, janten Coolidge mulang deui kana prakték hukum swasta. Teu lami ti harita, panitera pangadilan (''clerk of courts'') pikeun wilayah kasebut tilar dunya, sarta Coolidge kapilih pikeun ngagentoskeunana. Ieu jabatan téh gajihna lumayan badag, tapi anjeunna dicaram pikeun buka prakték hukum, janten anjeunna ngan ukur sataun nyepeng éta jabatan.{{sfn|McCoy|1967|p=29}}

Dina taun 1904, Coolidge ngarandapan hiji-hijina kasorangan (éléh) dina kotak sora, nalika anjeunna éléh dina pamilihan déwan sakola Northampton. Nalika dibéjaan yén sababaraha tatanggana milih ngalawan anjeunna ku sabab anjeunna teu acan miboga putra anu sakola di dinya, Coolidge anu kakara nikah harita ngajawab sakedap: &quot;Béré atuh kuring waktu!&quot;{{sfn|McCoy|1967|p=29}}

=== Anggota legislatif sarta walikota Massachusetts ===
{{tempo ogé|Legislatur Massachusetts ka-134 (1913)|Legislatur Massachusetts ka-135 (1914)|Legislatur Massachusetts ka-136 (1915)}}
[[File:1908 Calvin Coolidge Massachusetts House of Representatives.png|thumb|upright|Coolidge salaku anggota déwan (state representative), 1908.]]

Dina taun 1906, komite Républik lokal nyalonkeun Coolidge pikeun [[Déwan Perwakilan Massachusetts]]. Anjeunna meunang tipis ti calon petahana Démokrat, sarta mimiti ngantor di [[Boston]] pikeun sidang taun 1907.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=61}} Salaku anggota anyar (freshman), Coolidge ditempatkeun dina komite-komite leutik. Sanajan anjeunna satia ka partéy, Coolidge dipikawanoh salaku urang Républik anu Progrésif, anu ngarojong kawijakan sapertos hak pilih awéwé sarta pamilihan langsung Sénator.{{sfnm|Sobel|1998a|1p=62|Fuess|1940|2p=99}}

Nalika di Boston, Coolidge janten batur sakutu sarta saterusna janten pangrojong satia Sénator AS [[Winthrop Murray Crane]], anu ngawasa faksi kulon Partéy Républik Massachusetts. Coolidge ogé ngawangun aliansi strategis sareng [[Guy Currier]], saurang tokoh anu miboga kabeungharan sarta jaring parantosan anu lega, anu méré pangaruh gedé kana karir pulitikna.{{sfn|White|1938|pp=99–102}}

Ganti tinimbang nyalonkeun deui ka Déwan Nagara Bagian, Coolidge milih mulang ka lemburna pikeun kulawargana anu beuki gedé, tuluy nyalonkeun janten walikota Northampton. Anjeunna dipikaresep ku warga kota, sarta meunang dina pamilihan kalayan sora 1.597 ngalawan 1.409.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=72}} Salila masa jabatan munggaranna (1910–1911), anjeunna naékeun gajih guru sarta ngalunasan sababaraha hutang kota bari tetep bisa nurunkeun pajeg sakedik.{{sfnm|Fuess|1940|1pp=106–107|Sobel|1998a|2p=74}}

Dina taun 1911, Coolidge kapilih janten Sénator Nagara Bagian. Anjeunna janten pupuhu komite anu nungkulan aksi mogok &quot;[[Bread and Roses]]&quot; ku para pagawé di [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]]. Saatos dua bulan anu tegang, pihak pausahaan tungtungna satuju kana tungtutan pagawé dumasar usulan komite Coolidge.{{sfnm|Fuess|1940|1pp=110–111|McCoy|1967|2pp=45–46}}

Dina taun 1914, Coolidge kapilih janten Présidén Sénat Massachusetts. Nalika dilantik, anjeunna nepikeun biantara anu kawéntar kalayan judul ''Have Faith in Massachusetts'' (Sing Percaya ka Massachusetts):

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;width: 90%; margin: 1em auto; padding: 1em; font-style: italic; border-left: 5px solid #ccc;&quot;
| &quot;Tungtukeun pagawéan poé ieu. Upami éta pikeun nangtayungan hak-hak jalma nu lemah, sing saha waé anu ngalawan, pigawe baé. Upami éta pikeun mantuan korporasi badag sangkan bisa ngaladénan masarakat kalayan leuwih hadé, naon waé tantanganana, pigawe baé. Harepkeun anjeun disebut 'stand-patter' (nu maceuh), tapi ulah jadi stand-patter. Harepkeun anjeun disebut 'demagog', tapi ulah jadi demagog. Ulah asa-asa pikeun jadi révolusionér sakumaha sains. Ulah asa-asa pikeun jadi réaksionér sakumaha tabél kali-kalian. Ulah miharep bisa ngawangun nu lemah ku cara ngaruntuhkeun nu kuat. Ulah rusuh teuing nyieun undang-undang. Béré kasempetan ka administrasi pikeun ngudag undang-undang anu aya.&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right; font-style: normal;&quot; | — '''Calvin Coolidge''', ''Have Faith in Massachusetts'' (1914)
|}

Biantara ieu ditarima kacida hadéna sarta ngajadikeun Coolidge mimiti dipikawanoh di tingkat nasional. Pangrojong ka anjeunna, dipingpin ku [[Frank Stearns]], ngajurung Coolidge pikeun nyalonkeun janten wakil gubernur dina pamilihan taun 1915.{{sfn|White|1938|p=117}}

==vWakil Gubernur sarta Gubernur Massachusetts: 1916–1921 ==
Coolidge milu dina [[Pamilihan primér|pamilihan primér]] pikeun wakil gubernur sarta dicalonkeun pikeun marengan calon gubernur [[Samuel W. McCall]]. Coolidge janten pameunang sora pangseueurna dina primér Républik, sarta méré kasaimbangan dina tiket Républik ku cara nambihan kakuatan ti daérah kulon pikeun ngarojong McCall anu basisna di daérah wétan.{{sfn|Fuess|1940|pp=139–142}} McCall sarta Coolidge meunang dina pamilihan taun 1915 pikeun masa jabatan sataun, di mana Coolidge ngéléhkeun lawanana kalayan béda leuwih ti 50.000 sora.{{sfn|Fuess|1940|p=145}}

Di Massachusetts, wakil gubernur téh henteu mingpin Sénat nagara bagian, sakumaha ilaharna di nagara bagian séjén; sanajan kitu, salaku wakil gubernur, Coolidge janten wakil gubernur anu boga fungsi salaku pamariksa administratif sarta janten anggota déwan gubernur. Anjeunna ogé janten pupuhu komite kauangan sarta komite pangampura (grasi).{{sfn|White|1938|p=125}} Salaku pajabat kapilih anu digawé pinuh waktu, Coolidge ngeureunkeun prakték hukumna dina taun 1916, sanajan kulawargana tetep matuh di Northampton.{{sfn|Fuess|1940|pp=151–152}} McCall sarta Coolidge duanana kapilih deui dina taun 1916 sarta 1917. Nalika McCall mutuskeun pikeun henteu nyalonkeun deui pikeun kaopat kalina, Coolidge ngumumkeun niatna pikeun nyalonkeun janten gubernur.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|pp=107–110}}

=== Pamilihan 1918 ===
Coolidge maju tanpa saingan pikeun nominasi Républik dina [[Daptar Gubernur Massachusetts|pamilihan gubernur Massachusetts]] taun [[Pamilihan gubernur Massachusetts 1918|1918]]. Anjeunna sareng pasanganana, [[Channing Cox]], saurang pengacara ti Boston sarta Juru Ngomong [[Déwan Perwakilan Massachusetts]], kampanye dumasar kana catetan prestasi pamaréntahan sateuacanna: [[konservatisme fiskal]], sikep nu samar dina nolak [[Larangan inuman keras di Amérika Sarikat|Larangan (Prohibition)]], rojongan kana hak pilih awéwé, sarta rojongan kana kalibetna Amérika dina [[Perang Dunya I]].{{sfnm|Sobel|1998a|1p=111|McCoy|1967|2pp=75–76}} Masalah perang janten pasalia anu rongkah, utamana di kalangan warga [[Amérika-Irlandia]] sarta [[Amérika-Jérman]].{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=112}} Coolidge kapilih kalayan béda 16.773 sora ti lawanana, [[Richard H. Long]], anu mangrupa béda sora pangleutikna dina sakuliah kampanye tingkat nagara bagian anu kantos djalankeun ku anjeunna.{{sfnm|Sobel|1998a|1p=115|McCoy|1967|2p=76}}

=== Aksi mogok pulisi Boston ===
{{Utama|Aksi mogok pulisi Boston}}
[[File:Coolidge inspects militia.jpg|thumb|upright|Coolidge nuju mariksa milisi nalika kajadian [[Aksi mogok pulisi Boston]] taun 1919.]]

Dina taun 1919, salaku réaksi kana rarancang para pulisi ti Departemén Pulisi Boston pikeun ngagabung ka [[Sarekat dagang|sarekat buruh]], Komisaris Pulisi [[Edwin U. Curtis]] ngumumkeun yén peta kitu téh moal bisa diantep. Dina bulan Agustus taun éta, [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL) ngaluarkeun piagam pikeun Sarekat Pulisi Boston.{{sfnm|Russell|1975|1pp=77–79|Sobel|1998a|2p=129}} Curtis nyatakeun yén para pamingpin sarekat éta salah alatan baha (insubordinasi) sarta bakal diberhentikeun, tapi anjeunna méré kasempetan pikeun ngabatalkeun skorsing upami éta sarekat dibubarkeun sateuacan kaping 4 Séptémber.{{sfn|Russell|1975|pp=86–87}} Walikota Boston, [[Andrew James Peters]], hasil ngarayu Curtis sangkan nunda tindakanana sababaraha poé, tapi taya hasilna, nepi ka tungtungna Curtis nyékors para pamingpin sarekat dina kaping 8 Séptémber.{{sfnm|Russell|1975|1pp=111–113|Sobel|1998a|2pp=133–136}} Poé isukna, kurang leuwih tilu parapat pulisi di Boston ngalakukeun aksi mogok.{{sfn|Russell|1975|p=113}}

Coolidge, anu sacara cicingeun ngarojong pinuh kana sikep Curtis, terus ngawaskeun kaayaan kalayan taliti, sanajan mimitina mah masrahkeun urusan éta ka otoritas lokal. Anjeunna boga kayakinan yén kaayaan anu teu tartib (chaos) bakal janten palajaran pikeun masarakat sangkan ngarti kana prinsip utama: yén pulisi téh teu meunang mogok. Peuting éta sarta peuting isukna, karusuhan sarta tindak kekerasan lumangsung di sakuliah kota.{{sfn|White|1938|pp=162–164}} Alatan hariwang ku ayana aksi mogok susulan ti patugas pamadam kahuruan sarta nu séjénna, Walikota Peters manggil sababaraha unit [[Garda Nasional Massachusetts]] sarta ngaberhentikeun Curtis tina jabatanna.{{sfn|Russell|1975|p=120}}

Ngarasa yén kaayaan geus beuki parna sarta merlukeun campur tanganana, Coolidge tuluy sasaduan sareng William Butler (jalma kapercayaan Crane) sarta tuluy meta.{{sfn|White|1938|pp=164–165}} Anjeunna manggil deui unit Garda Nasional anu leuwih loba, malikkeun deui jabatan Curtis, sarta nyandak alih kadali pinuh kana kakuatan pulisi.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=142}} Curtis ngumumkeun yén sakumna pulisi anu mogok diberhentikeun tina pagawéanana, sarta Coolidge maréntahkeun sangkan ditéangan tanaga pulisi anyar.{{sfn|Russell|1975|pp=182–183}}

Peuting harita, Coolidge nampi télégram ti pamingpin AFL, [[Samuel Gompers]]. &quot;Naon waé karusuhan anu geus lumangsung,&quot; tulis Gompers, &quot;éta téh alatan paréntah Curtis anu geus nolak hak-hak pulisi.&quot;{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=143}}

Coolidge ngajawab télégram Gompers sacara kabuka, nolak sagala rupa alesan pikeun aksi mogok éta—sarta jawaban ieu pisan anu ngangkat jenenganana ka tingkat nasional.{{sfn|Sobel|1998a|p=143}} Surat kabar di sakuliah nagara ngamuat pernyataan Coolidge, sarta anjeunna janten pahlawan anyar pikeun pihak anu nolak aksi mogok. Di tengah mangsa &quot;First Red Scare&quot; (sieun ku paham komunis), loba urang Amérika anu muringkak ku sumebarna révolusi komunis saperti di Rusia, Hungaria, jeung Jérman. Sanajan Coolidge kaleungitan sababaraha babaturan ti kalangan buruh, para konservatif nempo anjeunna salaku &quot;bentang anyar&quot; anu keur nanjak.{{sfn|Shlaes|2013|pp=174–179}} Aksi mogok pulisi Boston méré Coolidge reputasi nasional salaku pamingpin anu teges sarta nu panceg dina ngajaga hukum sarta katartiban (''law and order'').

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;width: 90%; margin: 1em auto; padding: 1em; font-style: italic; border-left: 5px solid #ccc;&quot;
| &quot;Panyatujuan anjeun yén Komisaris téh salah, moal bisa jadi dadasar benerna lampah ninggalkeun kota tanpa panangtayungan. Éta téh méré lolongkrang; sarta unsur kriminal anu meta. Teu aya hak pikeun mogok ngalawan kasalametan umum ku saha waé, di mana waé, sarta iraha waé. ... Kuring sarua pancegna pikeun ngabéla kadaulatan Massachusetts sarta ngajaga wewenang sarta yurisdiksi pikeun para pajabat publikna sakumaha anu geus ditangtukeun ku Konstitusi sarta hukum masarakatna.&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right; font-style: normal;&quot; | — '''Télégram ti Gubernur Calvin Coolidge ka Samuel Gompers''', 14 Séptémber 1919
|}


==Tutumbu Ka Luar==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Coolidge |b=no |n=no |s=Author:Calvin Coolidge |v=no}}
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?310540-1/amity-shlaes ''Q&amp;A'' interview with Amity Shlaes on ''Coolidge'', February 10, 2013], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?110049-1/coolidge-american-enigma ''Booknotes'' interview with Robert Sobel on ''Coolidge: An American Enigma'', August 30, 1998], [[C-SPAN]]}}

'''Biographical information'''
* [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/calvin-coolidge/ White House biography]
* {{CongBio|C000738}}

'''Digital collections'''
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/calvin-coolidge}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=1661}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Calvin Coolidge}}
* [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#coolidge Text of a number of Coolidge speeches], [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]
* {{librivox author|id=7190}}

'''Physical collections'''
* [https://forbeslibrary.org/coolidge/ Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library &amp; Museum]
* [https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/ Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/coolidge/index.html Calvin Coolidge: A Resource Guide], [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Coolidge-Calvin Calvin Coolidge Personal Manuscripts]

'''Other'''
* {{NYT topic|people/c/calvin_coolidge}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/coolidge_1924 President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground]'', the first presidential film with sound recording
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151626-1/life-portrait-calvin-coolidge &quot;Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge&quot;], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', September 27, 1999
* {{C-SPAN|39815}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003451}}

{{Calvin Coolidge}}
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[[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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