Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 869 708889 671677 2026-05-05T05:58:50Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708889 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" |+ '''Panonpoé''' [[file:Sun symbol (bold).svg|20px|☉]] |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Gambar:panonpoé.jpeg|300px|Srangéngé]] |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''Data observasi''' |- ! align="left" | Jarak rata-rata ti Marcapada | [[1 E11 m|150,000,000 km]]<br />(93,000,000&nbsp;mi) |- ! align="left" | [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (V) | −26.8^m |- ! align="left" | [[Absolute magnitude]] | 4.8^m |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''Physical characteristics''' |- ! align="left" | Diaméter | [[1 E9 m|1,392,000]] [[meter|km]] |- ! align="left" | Diaméter éelatif (d_S/d_E) | 109 |- ! align="left" | Oblateness | ~9×10⁻⁶ |- ! align="left" | Lega beungeut | [[1 E18 m&sup2;|6.09]] [[Notasi ilmiah|×]] 10¹² km² |- ! align="left" | Eusi | [[1 E27 m&sup3;|1.41]] × 10²⁷ [[méter kubik|m&sup3;]] |- ! align="left" | Massa | [[1 E30 kg|1.9891]] × 10³⁰ [[kilogram|kg]] |- ! align="left" | Massa rélatif ka Bumi | 333,400 |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas | 1.411 g/cm³ |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas rélatif ka Bumi | 0.26 |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas rélatif ka [[cai]] | 1.409 |- ! align="left" | Surface [[gravity]] | 274 m s⁻² |- ! align="left" | Relative surface gravity | 27.9 [[gee|g]] |- ! align="left" | Escape velocity | 618&nbsp;km/s |- ! align="left" | Surface temperature | 5780 [[Kelvin|K]] |- ! align="left" | Temperature of [[corona]] | 5 × 10⁶K |- ! align="left" | [[Luminosity]] (L_S) | 3.827 × 10²⁶ [[joule|J]] s⁻¹ |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Orbit]]al characteristics''' |- ! align="left" | Period of rotation | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | At equator: | 27d 6h 36m |- | align="right" | At 30° latitude: | 28d 4h 48m |- | align="right" | At 60° latitude: | 30d 19h 12m |- | align="right" | At 75° latitude: | 31d 19h 12m |- ! align="left" | Period of orbit around<br />galactic centre | 2.2 × 10⁸ yéars |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition''' |- ! align="left" | [[Hidrogén]] | 73.46 % |- ! align="left" | [[Hélium]] | 24.85 % |- ! align="left" | [[Oksigén]] | 0.77 % |- ! align="left" | [[Karbon]] | 0.29 % |- ! align="left" | [[Beusi]] | 0.16 % |- ! align="left" | [[Néon]] | 0.12 % |- ! align="left" | [[Nitrogén]] | 0.09 % |- ! align="left" | [[Silikon]] | 0.07 % |- ! align="left" | [[Magnésium]] | 0.05 % |- ! align="left" | [[Walirang|Sulfur]] | 0.04 % |} '''Panonpoé''' (ᮕᮔᮧᮔ᮪ᮕᮧᮆ) nyaéta [[béntang]] na [[tatasurya]] urang. [[Planét]] [[Marcapada]] jeung sakabéh dulurna, boh [[planét terestrial]] atawa [[raksasa gas]], [[orbit|ngurulingan]] Panonpoé. Nu séjénna nu ngurilingan Panonpoé kayaning [[astéroid]], [[météoroid]], [[komét]], [[objék Trans-Neptunius]], jeung, tangtu bae, [[kebul]]. Panonpoé salah sahiji barang langit anu jadi asal cahya alatan bisa ngahasilkeun sarta mancarkeun cahya sorangan. Panonpoé kaasup salah sahiji [[béntang]] ti mangmilyar-milyar [[béntang]] anu aya di [[angkasa]].<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://tebe.wapgem.com/3.MATAHARI] (diakses tanggal 22 oktober 2011)</ref> Sacara kimiawi, kira-kira tilu parapat massa panonpoé diwangun tina [[hidrogén]], sedengkeun sésana lolobana mah diwangun ku [[Hélium]].Sésa massana (1,69%, sarua jeung 5.629 kali massa [[Marcapada]]) diwangun ku élemén-élemén beurat siga [[oksigén]], [[karbon]], [[néon]], jeung [[beusi]]. [[Panonpoé]] kawangun kira-kira 4,6 miliar taun ka tukang balukar tina runtuhna [[gravitasi]] dina hiji wewengkon di jero [[méga molekul]] anu kacida badagna. Sabagian badag matéri ngumpul di tengah, samentara sésana ngaipisan janten piringan (cakram) anu muter, anu satuluyna janten [[Surya Mandala]]. Massa di puseurna beuki panas sarta padet, anu ahirna micu lumangsungna fusi térmonuklir dina jero intina. Diperkirakeun yén ampir sakabéh béntang séjénna ogé kawangun ku prosés anu sarupa. Dumasar kana kelas spéktrumna, Panonpoé téh digolongkeun salaku béntang dérét utama G (G2V), sarta mindeng disebut salaku ''katai konéng'' jalaran [[radiasi]] anu kaciri ku mata téh leuwih dominan dina porsi [[spéktrum]] konéng-beureum. Sanajan warna aslina mah [[bodas]], upami ditingal ti beungeut Marcapada, Panonpoé téh katémbong konéng balukar tina panyebaran (''scattering'') cahaya biru di [[atmosfir]]. Dumasar kana label kelas spéktrum, ''G2'' nandakeun suhu beungeutna (permukaan) kira-kira 5.778 K (5.505 °C), sarta ''V'' nandakeun yén Panonpoé mangrupa béntang dérét utama anu énergina dihasilkeun tina [[fusi nuklir]] [[nukleus]] [[hidrogén]] janten [[hélium]]. Dina jero intina, Panonpoé ngafusikeun kira-kira 620 juta ton métrik hidrogén unggal detikna.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woolfson |first=M. |title=The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System |publisher=University of York, UK |year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |title=Sun Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. == Ciri fisik jeung nu séjénna == Panonpoé mangrupa [[béntang]] nu kaasup [[kelas spéktral]] G2, nu hartina béntang ieu téh leuwih badag sarta leuwih panas batan rata-rata, tapi ukuranana leuwih leutik batan béntang raksasa biru. Béntang G2 mibanda umur runtuyan utama kira 10 milyar taun; Panonpoé téh umurna kira geus 5 milyar taun, dumasar [[nukléokosmokronologi]].<!-- Panonpoé bentukna méh buleud, nu ''oblateness''-na kira sapersalapan, nu ngandung harti béda diaméter kutub jeung katulistiwana paling gedé 10 km. This is in good part because the centrifugal effect of the Sun's rather sedate rotation is 18 million times weaker than its surface gravity (at the equator). At the center of the Sun, where its density is 1.5 × 10⁵ kg m^-3, thermonuclear reactions ([[nuclear fusion]]) convert hydrogen into helium. 3.8 × 10³⁸ [[proton|protons]] (hydrogen nuclei) are converted to helium every second. This releases energy which escapes from the surface of the Sun in the form of [[electromagnetic radiation]] and [[neutrino]]s (and to a smaller extent as the kinetic and thermal energy of solar wind plasma and as the energy in the Sun's magnetic field). [[Physics|Physicists]] are able to replicate thermonuclear reactions with [[hydrogen bomb]]s. Sustained nuclear fusion on Earth for electricity generation may be possible in the future, with nuclear fusion reactors. All [[matter]] in the Sun is in the form of [[plasma]] due to its extreme temperature. This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator than it does at higher latitudes, since the Sun is not a solid body. The differential rotation of the Sun's latitudes causes its [[magnetic field]] lines to become twisted together over time, causing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun's surface and trigger the formation of the Sun's dramatic [[sunspot]]s and [[solar prominence]]s. The solar activity cycle includes old magnetic fields being stripped off the Sun's surface starting from one pole and ending at the other. The [[corona]] has 10¹¹atoms/m³, and the [[photosphere]] has 10²³atoms/m³. For some time it was thought that the number of [[neutrino]]s produced by the nuclear reaction in the Sun was only one third of the number predicted by theory, a result that was termed the [[solar neutrino problem]]. When it was recently found that neutrinos had mass, and could therefore transform into harder-to-detect varieties of neutrinos while en route from the Sun to Earth, measurement and theory were reconciled. To obtain an uninterrupted view of the Sun, the [[European Space Agency]] and [[NASA]] cooperatively launched the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO) on [[December 2]], [[1995]]. Observation of the Sun can reveal such phenomena as: * [[Sunspot]]s * [[Facula]]e * [[Granule]]s * [[Solar flare]]s * [[Solar prominence]]s ** [[quiescent prominence]]s ** [[eruptive prominence]]s *[[Coronal mass ejection]] '''Caution: looking directly at the Sun can damage the [[retina]] and one's [[eyesight]].''' The [[Astronomical symbols|astronomical symbol]] for the Sun is a [[circle with a point at its centre]]. [[Image:panonpoé_SOHO.gif|thumb|300px|Ngontabna panonpoé nu karékam ku alat [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]]]]. --> ==Mangpaat panonpoé== Panonpoé geus dimangpaatkeun di loba belahan dunya sarta lamun diéksplotasi kalayan pas, énergi ieu miboga poténsi sanggup nyadiakeun kaperluan konsumsi énergi dunya ayeuna dina waktu anu leuwih lila. Panonpoé bisa dipaké sacara langsung pikeun mroduksi [[listrik]] atawa pikeun manaskan komo pikeun niiskeun. Poténsi mangsa ka hareup énergi surya ngan diwatesan ku kahayang urang pikeun néwak kasempetan. Aya loba cara pikeun ngamangpaatkeun énergi ti panonpoé. Tumbuhan ngarobah sinar panonpoé jadi [[énergi]] [[kimia]] kalayan ngagunakeun fotosintésis. Urang ngamangpaatkeun énergi ieu kalayan ngadahar sarta ngabeuleum [[kai]]. Najan kitu, istilah “tanaga surya” miboga harti ngarobah cahya panonpoé sacara langsung jadi panas atawa énergi [[listrik]] pikeun pamakéan urang. Dua tipe dasar tanaga panonpoé nyaéta “cahya panonpoé” sarta “photovoltaic” (photo- cahya, voltaic=tegangan)Photovoltaic tanaga panonpoé: ngalibatkeun pembangkit listrik ti cahya. Rusiah ti prosés ieu téh pamakéan bahan [[semi konduktor]] anu bisa disaluyukeun pikeun ngalepas éléktron, partikel boga muatan négative anu nyieun dasar listrik.<ref name="internet2">{{id}}[http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_matahari/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |date=2014-10-06 }}(diakses tanggal 1 novenber 2011)</ref> Bahan semi konduktor anu pangumumna dipaké dina [[sél photovoltaic]] nyaéta [[silikon]], hiji élemén anu umum kapanggih di keusik. Kabéh sél photovoltaic miboga sahenteuna dua lapisan semi konduktor kawas éta, hiji boga muatan positif sarta hiji boga muatan négatif. Sabot cahya bersinar dina semi konduktor, lading listrik menyeberang sambungan di antara dua lapisan ngabalukarkeun listrik nyérélék, membangkitkan arus DC. Beuki kuat cahya, beuki kuat aliran listrik.<ref name="internet2"/> === Tempo ogé === * [[Radiasi surya]] * [[Radius surya]] * [[Énergi surya]] * [[Angin surya]] ** [[Aurora borealis]] ** [[Aurora australis]] * [[Fotosfir]] * [[Kromosfir]] * [[Korona]] * [[Samagaha]] === Tumbu kaluar === * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html Current SOHO snapshots] * [http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html Far-Side Helioseismic Holography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416165919/http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html |date=2009-04-16 }} from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford] * [https://archive.is/20120523184353/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html NASA Eclipse homepage] * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Nasa SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) satellite] * [http://soi.stanford.edu/results/sounds.html Solar Sounds] from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford] * [http://www.spaceweather.com Spaceweather.com] {{clear}} {{Tatasurya}} [[Kategori:Béntang| ]] [[Kategori:Panonpoé| ]] [[Kategori:Surya Mandala]] egpobf8zn9olml9sqkmmgru98h4pxvw 708892 708889 2026-05-05T06:14:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Mangpaat panonpoé */ 708892 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em" |+ '''Panonpoé''' [[file:Sun symbol (bold).svg|20px|☉]] |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Gambar:panonpoé.jpeg|300px|Srangéngé]] |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''Data observasi''' |- ! align="left" | Jarak rata-rata ti Marcapada | [[1 E11 m|150,000,000 km]]<br />(93,000,000&nbsp;mi) |- ! align="left" | [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (V) | −26.8^m |- ! align="left" | [[Absolute magnitude]] | 4.8^m |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''Physical characteristics''' |- ! align="left" | Diaméter | [[1 E9 m|1,392,000]] [[meter|km]] |- ! align="left" | Diaméter éelatif (d_S/d_E) | 109 |- ! align="left" | Oblateness | ~9×10⁻⁶ |- ! align="left" | Lega beungeut | [[1 E18 m&sup2;|6.09]] [[Notasi ilmiah|×]] 10¹² km² |- ! align="left" | Eusi | [[1 E27 m&sup3;|1.41]] × 10²⁷ [[méter kubik|m&sup3;]] |- ! align="left" | Massa | [[1 E30 kg|1.9891]] × 10³⁰ [[kilogram|kg]] |- ! align="left" | Massa rélatif ka Bumi | 333,400 |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas | 1.411 g/cm³ |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas rélatif ka Bumi | 0.26 |- ! align="left" | Dénsitas rélatif ka [[cai]] | 1.409 |- ! align="left" | Surface [[gravity]] | 274 m s⁻² |- ! align="left" | Relative surface gravity | 27.9 [[gee|g]] |- ! align="left" | Escape velocity | 618&nbsp;km/s |- ! align="left" | Surface temperature | 5780 [[Kelvin|K]] |- ! align="left" | Temperature of [[corona]] | 5 × 10⁶K |- ! align="left" | [[Luminosity]] (L_S) | 3.827 × 10²⁶ [[joule|J]] s⁻¹ |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Orbit]]al characteristics''' |- ! align="left" | Period of rotation | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | At equator: | 27d 6h 36m |- | align="right" | At 30° latitude: | 28d 4h 48m |- | align="right" | At 60° latitude: | 30d 19h 12m |- | align="right" | At 75° latitude: | 31d 19h 12m |- ! align="left" | Period of orbit around<br />galactic centre | 2.2 × 10⁸ yéars |- ! bgcolor="#ffffc0" colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition''' |- ! align="left" | [[Hidrogén]] | 73.46 % |- ! align="left" | [[Hélium]] | 24.85 % |- ! align="left" | [[Oksigén]] | 0.77 % |- ! align="left" | [[Karbon]] | 0.29 % |- ! align="left" | [[Beusi]] | 0.16 % |- ! align="left" | [[Néon]] | 0.12 % |- ! align="left" | [[Nitrogén]] | 0.09 % |- ! align="left" | [[Silikon]] | 0.07 % |- ! align="left" | [[Magnésium]] | 0.05 % |- ! align="left" | [[Walirang|Sulfur]] | 0.04 % |} '''Panonpoé''' (ᮕᮔᮧᮔ᮪ᮕᮧᮆ) nyaéta [[béntang]] na [[tatasurya]] urang. [[Planét]] [[Marcapada]] jeung sakabéh dulurna, boh [[planét terestrial]] atawa [[raksasa gas]], [[orbit|ngurulingan]] Panonpoé. Nu séjénna nu ngurilingan Panonpoé kayaning [[astéroid]], [[météoroid]], [[komét]], [[objék Trans-Neptunius]], jeung, tangtu bae, [[kebul]]. Panonpoé salah sahiji barang langit anu jadi asal cahya alatan bisa ngahasilkeun sarta mancarkeun cahya sorangan. Panonpoé kaasup salah sahiji [[béntang]] ti mangmilyar-milyar [[béntang]] anu aya di [[angkasa]].<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://tebe.wapgem.com/3.MATAHARI] (diakses tanggal 22 oktober 2011)</ref> Sacara kimiawi, kira-kira tilu parapat massa panonpoé diwangun tina [[hidrogén]], sedengkeun sésana lolobana mah diwangun ku [[Hélium]].Sésa massana (1,69%, sarua jeung 5.629 kali massa [[Marcapada]]) diwangun ku élemén-élemén beurat siga [[oksigén]], [[karbon]], [[néon]], jeung [[beusi]]. [[Panonpoé]] kawangun kira-kira 4,6 miliar taun ka tukang balukar tina runtuhna [[gravitasi]] dina hiji wewengkon di jero [[méga molekul]] anu kacida badagna. Sabagian badag matéri ngumpul di tengah, samentara sésana ngaipisan janten piringan (cakram) anu muter, anu satuluyna janten [[Surya Mandala]]. Massa di puseurna beuki panas sarta padet, anu ahirna micu lumangsungna fusi térmonuklir dina jero intina. Diperkirakeun yén ampir sakabéh béntang séjénna ogé kawangun ku prosés anu sarupa. Dumasar kana kelas spéktrumna, Panonpoé téh digolongkeun salaku béntang dérét utama G (G2V), sarta mindeng disebut salaku ''katai konéng'' jalaran [[radiasi]] anu kaciri ku mata téh leuwih dominan dina porsi [[spéktrum]] konéng-beureum. Sanajan warna aslina mah [[bodas]], upami ditingal ti beungeut Marcapada, Panonpoé téh katémbong konéng balukar tina panyebaran (''scattering'') cahaya biru di [[atmosfir]]. Dumasar kana label kelas spéktrum, ''G2'' nandakeun suhu beungeutna (permukaan) kira-kira 5.778 K (5.505 °C), sarta ''V'' nandakeun yén Panonpoé mangrupa béntang dérét utama anu énergina dihasilkeun tina [[fusi nuklir]] [[nukleus]] [[hidrogén]] janten [[hélium]]. Dina jero intina, Panonpoé ngafusikeun kira-kira 620 juta ton métrik hidrogén unggal detikna.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woolfson |first=M. |title=The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System |publisher=University of York, UK |year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |title=Sun Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. == Ciri fisik jeung nu séjénna == Panonpoé mangrupa [[béntang]] nu kaasup [[kelas spéktral]] G2, nu hartina béntang ieu téh leuwih badag sarta leuwih panas batan rata-rata, tapi ukuranana leuwih leutik batan béntang raksasa biru. Béntang G2 mibanda umur runtuyan utama kira 10 milyar taun; Panonpoé téh umurna kira geus 5 milyar taun, dumasar [[nukléokosmokronologi]].<!-- Panonpoé bentukna méh buleud, nu ''oblateness''-na kira sapersalapan, nu ngandung harti béda diaméter kutub jeung katulistiwana paling gedé 10 km. This is in good part because the centrifugal effect of the Sun's rather sedate rotation is 18 million times weaker than its surface gravity (at the equator). At the center of the Sun, where its density is 1.5 × 10⁵ kg m^-3, thermonuclear reactions ([[nuclear fusion]]) convert hydrogen into helium. 3.8 × 10³⁸ [[proton|protons]] (hydrogen nuclei) are converted to helium every second. This releases energy which escapes from the surface of the Sun in the form of [[electromagnetic radiation]] and [[neutrino]]s (and to a smaller extent as the kinetic and thermal energy of solar wind plasma and as the energy in the Sun's magnetic field). [[Physics|Physicists]] are able to replicate thermonuclear reactions with [[hydrogen bomb]]s. Sustained nuclear fusion on Earth for electricity generation may be possible in the future, with nuclear fusion reactors. All [[matter]] in the Sun is in the form of [[plasma]] due to its extreme temperature. This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator than it does at higher latitudes, since the Sun is not a solid body. The differential rotation of the Sun's latitudes causes its [[magnetic field]] lines to become twisted together over time, causing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun's surface and trigger the formation of the Sun's dramatic [[sunspot]]s and [[solar prominence]]s. The solar activity cycle includes old magnetic fields being stripped off the Sun's surface starting from one pole and ending at the other. The [[corona]] has 10¹¹atoms/m³, and the [[photosphere]] has 10²³atoms/m³. For some time it was thought that the number of [[neutrino]]s produced by the nuclear reaction in the Sun was only one third of the number predicted by theory, a result that was termed the [[solar neutrino problem]]. When it was recently found that neutrinos had mass, and could therefore transform into harder-to-detect varieties of neutrinos while en route from the Sun to Earth, measurement and theory were reconciled. To obtain an uninterrupted view of the Sun, the [[European Space Agency]] and [[NASA]] cooperatively launched the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO) on [[December 2]], [[1995]]. Observation of the Sun can reveal such phenomena as: * [[Sunspot]]s * [[Facula]]e * [[Granule]]s * [[Solar flare]]s * [[Solar prominence]]s ** [[quiescent prominence]]s ** [[eruptive prominence]]s *[[Coronal mass ejection]] '''Caution: looking directly at the Sun can damage the [[retina]] and one's [[eyesight]].''' The [[Astronomical symbols|astronomical symbol]] for the Sun is a [[circle with a point at its centre]]. [[Image:panonpoé_SOHO.gif|thumb|300px|Ngontabna panonpoé nu karékam ku alat [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]]]]. --> ==Mangpaat panonpoé== Panonpoé parantos dimangpaatkeun di sababaraha bagian dunya, sarta upami diéksploitasi kalayan merenah, ieu énergi miboga poténsi anu kacida gedéna pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan konsumsi énergi dunya dina jangka waktu anu lami. Énergi panonpoé tiasa dianggo sacara langsung pikeun ngahasilkeun [[listrik]], pamanas, atanapi malah pikeun niiskeun (''cooling system''). Poténsi énergi surya di mangsa ka hareup ngan diwatesanan ku kahayang urang pikeun ngamangpaatkeun éta kasempetan. Aya seueur cara pikeun ngamangpaatkeun énergi ti panonpoé. Tutuwuhan ngarobah sinar panonpoé janten [[énergi]] [[kimia]] ngaliwatan prosés fotosintésis. Manusa ngamangpaatkeun ieu énergi ku cara ngadahar hasil tutuwuhan atanapi ngaduruk [[kai]]. Nanging, istilah “tanaga surya” biasana miboga harti ngarobah cahya panonpoé sacara langsung janten panas atanapi énergi [[listrik]] pikeun kaperluan manusa. Dua tipe dasar tanaga panonpoé nyaéta pamanas surya sarta “photovoltaic” (''photo'' = cahya, ''voltaic'' = tegangan). Tanaga panonpoé photovoltaic: ngalibetkeun pembangkit listrik tina cahya. Rusiah tina ieu prosés nyaéta pamakéan bahan [[semi konduktor]] anu tiasa diatur pikeun ngaleupaskeun éléktron, nyaéta partikel miboga muatan négatif anu janten dadasar tina arus listrik.<ref name="internet2">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |title=Energi Matahari |publisher=Greenpeace SE Asia |access-date=2026-05-05 |language=id}}</ref> Bahan semi konduktor anu pangumumna dianggo dina [[sél photovoltaic]] nyaéta [[silikon]], hiji unsur anu seueur kapanggih dina keusik. Sakabéh sél photovoltaic miboga sahenteuna dua lapisan semi konduktor, nyaéta lapisan miboga muatan positif sarta lapisan miboga muatan négatif. Nalika cahya nyorot kana semi konduktor, médan listrik meuntas sambungan di antara dua lapisan kasebat anu ngabalukarkeun listrik ngalir sarta ngahasilkeun arus DC (''Direct Current''). Beuki kuat cahya anu nyorot, beuki kuat ogé aliran listrikna.<ref name="internet2"/>.<ref ndffrfrfvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvPanonpoé parantos dimangpaatkeun di sababaraha bagian dunya, sarta upami diéksploitasi kalayan merenah, ieu énergi miboga poténsi anu kacida gedéna pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan konsumsi énergi dunya dina jangka waktu anu lami. Énergi panonpoé tiasa dianggo sacara langsung pikeun ngahasilkeun [[listrik]], pamanas, atanapi malah pikeun niiskeun (''cooling system''). Poténsi énergi surya di mangsa ka hareup ngan diwatesanan ku kahayang urang pikeun ngamangpaatkeun éta kasempetan. Aya seueur cara pikeun ngamangpaatkeun énergi ti panonpoé. Tutuwuhan ngarobah sinar panonpoé janten [[énergi]] [[kimia]] ngaliwatan prosés fotosintésis. Manusa ngamangpaatkeun ieu énergi ku cara ngadahar hasil tutuwuhan atanapi ngaduruk [[kai]]. Nanging, istilah “tanaga surya” biasana miboga harti ngarobah cahya panonpoé sacara langsung janten panas atanapi énergi [[listrik]] pikeun kaperluan manusa. Dua tipe dasar tanaga panonpoé nyaéta pamanas surya sarta “photovoltaic” (''photo'' = cahya, ''voltaic'' = tegangan). Tanaga panonpoé photovoltaic: ngalibetkeun pembangkit listrik tina cahya. Rusiah tina ieu prosés nyaéta pamakéan bahan [[semi konduktor]] anu tiasa diatur pikeun ngaleupaskeun éléktron, nyaéta partikel miboga muatan négatif anu janten dadasar tina arus listrik.<ref name="internet2">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |title=Energi Matahari |publisher=Greenpeace SE Asia |access-date=2026-05-05 |language=id}}</ref> Bahan semi konduktor anu pangumumna dianggo dina [[sél photovoltaic]] nyaéta [[silikon]], hiji unsur anu seueur kapanggih dina keusik. Sakabéh sél photovoltaic miboga sahenteuna dua lapisan semi konduktor, nyaéta lapisan miboga muatan positif sarta lapisan miboga muatan négatif. Nalika cahya nyorot kana semi konduktor, médan listrik meuntas sambungan di antara dua lapisan kasebat anu ngabalukarkeun listrik ngalir sarta ngahasilkeun arus DC (''Direct Current''). Beuki kuat cahya anu nyorot, beuki kuat ≈== Tempo ogé === * [[Radiasi surya]] * [[Radius surya]] * [[Énergi surya]] * [[Angin surya]] ** [[Aurora borealis]] ** [[Aurora australis]] * [[Fotosfir]] * [[Kromosfir]] * [[Korona]] * [[Samagaha]] === Tumbu kaluar === * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html Current SOHO snapshots] * [http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html Far-Side Helioseismic Holography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416165919/http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html |date=2009-04-16 }} from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford] * [https://archive.is/20120523184353/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html NASA Eclipse homepage] * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Nasa SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) satellite] * [http://soi.stanford.edu/results/sounds.html Solar Sounds] from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford] * [http://www.spaceweather.com Spaceweather.com] {{clear}} {{Tatasurya}} [[Kategori:Béntang| ]] [[Kategori:Panonpoé| ]] [[Kategori:Surya Mandala]] tamuyrm8uuefdob06we4i16y4z6pfln 0 1117 708894 697689 2026-05-05T06:23:41Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708894 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right;" |- |[[Gambar:Sagittalmouth.png|right|thumb|Potongan sagital irung, baham, faring, jeung laring.]] |- |} '''Baham''' nyaéta lawang munggaran pikeun [[sato]] pikeun [[dahareun|ngasupkeun dahareun]].<ref name="Lut">{{Cite book| url =https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu | publisher =FRASA LINGUA| location =Yogyakarta| year =2017|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =9}} Disungsi 12 Januari 2023</ref> Biasana baham téh perenahna aya dina [[hulu]], nanging teu salawasna kitu; contona, baham [[planaria]] mah aya dina bagian beuteungna. beuteungna. lolobana sato mibanda [[sistim digéstif]] nu lengkep: baham di hiji tungtung sarta [[bool]] di tungtung séjén. Tungtung mana nu kabentuk tiheula na [[ontogeni]] mangrupa kritéria nu dipaké pikeun nangtukeun kelas sasatoan kana [[protostom]] jeung [[deuterostom]]. Sababaraha sato, kayaning [[cnidaria]] jeung planaria, teu boga bool. Maranéhna miceun ngaliwatan sungutna, atawa sarua jeung [[brachiopod]], nu boga sistim digéstif nu éfisién pisan, digiling na [[burih]] nepi ka réngsé. Sababaraha rupa sato, kawas [[cacing pita]], teu boga sungut-sungut acan. Cacing pita hirup jero peujit, antukna teu butuh sistim pencernaan. Di lolobana sato, sungutna boga babagian pikeun nyapék dahareun, ngabeuweung dahareun, atawa pikeun nyuntikkeun peurah/racun. Dina [[artropod]], aya suku nu dimodifikasi di luareun sungutna; sedengkeun di [[vertebrata]] gnatostome aya di jero. Dina manuk, sungutna ditutup ku [[pamatuk]]. Baham manusa ditutupan ku '''biwir''' luhur jeung handap. Biwir ieu penting pikeun [[nyarita]], [[paroman beungeut]], [[nginum]] (utamana mun maké panyerot), [[udud|ngaroko]]. [[Orok]] lahir mawa réfléks [[neureuy]], hal ieu [[naluri]]an pikeun ngalatih biwir jeung [[sihung|huntuna]]. '''Ruruncang''' atawa '''untap''' (''philtrum'') kabentuk alatan tepungna prosés nasomedial jeung maksilar nalika [[émbrio]] tumuwuh. Mun prosés ieu gagal ngahiji sacara sampurna, balukarna jadi [[suing]]. ==Dicutat tina= {{reflist|1}} Baca ogé * [[Létah]] * [[Huntu]]. {{Sistim cerna}} [[Kategori:Sistim cerna]] 0k6ncthhdxkvyxigzkgrsky0bsbtopd 708895 708894 2026-05-05T06:27:17Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708895 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right;" |- |[[Gambar:Sagittalmouth.png|right|thumb|Potongan sagital irung, baham, faring, jeung laring.]] |- |} '''Baham''' nyaéta lawang munggaran pikeun [[sato]] pikeun [[dahareun|ngasupkeun dahareun]].<ref name="Lut">{{Cite book| url =https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu | publisher =FRASA LINGUA| location =Yogyakarta| year =2017|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =9}} Disungsi 12 Januari 2023</ref> Biasana baham téh perenahna aya dina [[hulu]], nanging teu salawasna kitu; contona, baham [[planaria]] mah aya dina bagian beuteungna. beuteungna. Lolobana sato miboga [[sistim digéstif]] (pencernaan) anu lengkep: nyaéta miboga baham dina hiji tungtung sarta [[anu]] dina tungtung séjénna. Tungtung mana anu kawangun ti heula dina prosés [[ontogéni]] mangrupa kritéria anu dipaké pikeun ngagolongkeun sasatoan kana kelompok [[protostom]] jeung [[deuterostom]]. Sababaraha sato, kayaning [[cnidaria]] jeung planaria, teu boga bool. Maranéhna miceun ngaliwatan sungutna, atawa sarua jeung [[brachiopod]], nu boga sistim digéstif nu éfisién pisan, digiling na [[burih]] nepi ka réngsé. Sababaraha rupa sato, kawas [[cacing pita]], teu boga sungut-sungut acan. Cacing pita hirup jero peujit, antukna teu butuh sistim pencernaan. Di lolobana sato, sungutna boga babagian pikeun nyapék dahareun, ngabeuweung dahareun, atawa pikeun nyuntikkeun peurah/racun. Dina [[artropod]], aya suku nu dimodifikasi di luareun sungutna; sedengkeun di [[vertebrata]] gnatostome aya di jero. Dina manuk, sungutna ditutup ku [[pamatuk]]. Baham manusa ditutupan ku '''biwir''' luhur jeung handap. Biwir ieu penting pikeun [[nyarita]], [[paroman beungeut]], [[nginum]] (utamana mun maké panyerot), [[udud|ngaroko]]. [[Orok]] lahir mawa réfléks [[neureuy]], hal ieu [[naluri]]an pikeun ngalatih biwir jeung [[sihung|huntuna]]. '''Ruruncang''' atawa '''untap''' (''philtrum'') kabentuk alatan tepungna prosés nasomedial jeung maksilar nalika [[émbrio]] tumuwuh. Mun prosés ieu gagal ngahiji sacara sampurna, balukarna jadi [[suing]]. ==Dicutat tina= {{reflist|1}} Baca ogé * [[Létah]] * [[Huntu]]. {{Sistim cerna}} [[Kategori:Sistim cerna]] tq35rq1nor66i9kju9bz9mf8kmbdxs0 0 1138 708890 653570 2026-05-05T06:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} :''Artikel ieu ngeunaan hukum dina [[masarakat]]. Harti mungkin sejenna bisa ditempo di [[law (disambiguation)]].'' Artikel ieu mokuskeun kana '''hukum''' [[pulitik]] sarta [[yurisprudénsi]]: rules of conduct which mandate and/or proscribe specified [[relationship]]s among [[human|people]] and [[Organisasi]]; as well as punishments for those who do not follow the established rules of conduct. In [[ethics]] and moral [[philosophy]] this type of law is often called a "human [[legal code]]" to distinguish it from more fundamental laws applicable to all beings ([[metaphysics]], [[ontology]]). Such a body of laws can be seen as a legally-enforced [[ethical code]] or as a "secular [[moral code]]" (to the degree that political léaders replace religious léaders as [[moral example]]s). Because lawyers and jurists more than other professions are self-regulating, almost by definition, they are often held to higher standards of behaviour or at léast a stricter [[etiquette]]. These concerns are not part of this article, because those expectations and disciplines are specific to éach [[legal code]]. This article takes an English-spéaking point of view and déals with other legal traditions and codes by way of comparison only. ==Yurisprudénsi== Jurisprudence refers to two different things. First, in [[common law]] jurisdictions, it méans simply "[[case law]]", i.e. the law that is established through the decisions of the courts and other officials. Second, it méans the [[philosophy of law]], or [[legal theory]], which studies not what the law is in a particular jurisdiction (say, Turkey or the United States) but law in general—i.e. those attributes common to all legal systems. Jurisprudence in the second sense is conventionally divided into two parts: descriptive, or analytic, jurisprudence, and [[normative jurisprudence]]. [[Analytic jurisprudence]] studies what law 'is', normative jurisprudence studies what law 'ought to be'. Among the most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are these: What is a law? What is a [[legal system]]? What is the relationship between [[law]] and [[power (sociology)|power]]? What is the relationship between law and [[justice]] or [[morality]]? Does every society have a legal system? How should we understand [[concept]]s like [[legal right]]s and [[legal duty|legal obligations or duties]]? The most influential works of analytic jurisprudence include: [[Jeremy Bentham]], ''[[Of Laws in General]]''; [[Hans Kelsen]], ''[[The Pure Theory of Law]],'' [[H.L.A. Hart]], ''[[The Concept of Law]]'', and [[Ronald Dworkin]], ''[[Law's Empire]]''. Among the most important questions of normative jurisprudence are these: What is the [[proper function of law]]? What sorts of acts should be subject to [[sanction|punishment]], and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is [[justice]]? What [[legal right|rights]] do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the [[rule of law]]? The most influential works of normative jurisprudence include all the [[classics of political philosophy]]. Among contemporary writers, the following have been particularly influential: [[John Rawls]], ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' [[H.L.A. Hart]], ''[[Punishment and Responsibility]]''; [[Joel Feinberg]], ''[[The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law]]''; [[Joseph Raz]], ''[[The Morality of Freedom]]''; [[Ronald Dworkin]], ''[[A Matter of Principle]]'' ==Codification of law== Law is the formal [[codification]] of [[custom]]s which have achieved such acceptance as become the enforced norm. The process of acceptance is accelerated by the existence of [[legislature|legislative]] bodies which seek to impose laws. Law codification involves the [[legislation]] and [[regulation]] of [[statute]]s; as well as the [[dispute resolution|resolution of disputes]]. In the [[civil law|civil law system]] codification is also an attempt to structure the law according to fundamental [[ethics|ethical]] principles to créate a sense of order and simplicity that all members of society can comprehend, not merely university trained [[jurist]]s. Stating the law in simple, precise terms, understandable to the lay person without a specialized legal education, is the only way they can réasonably obey it or be fairly sanctioned for not obeying it. This overlaps with the idéa of a formal social [[legal code]] as understood in [[ethics]]. This may be understandable to the educated lay person but perhaps not to the ordinary lay person. For example, one can explain the idéa of [[precedent]] more éasily than that of the [[reasonable man]], but it may be much harder to explain why precedent is "[[fairness|fair]]" to one without "[[higher education]]". The following are examples of such lay explanations of different branches of law, and théories of law. == Law as academic discipline and profession == In addition to being part of the societal framework law is also an academic discipline and a [[profession]]. [[Lawyer]]s are sometimes called by other names, as in [[English law|England]] where the profession is divided between [[solicitor]]s and [[barrister]]s or [[solicitor]] and [[advocate]] in [[Scotland]]. Sometimes they are also called [[civil law notary|notaries]]. (Do not confuse this term with ''[[notary public]]'' which is an individual who is licensed to act as a witness to certain transactions, take oaths and authenticate signatures.) They are professionally trained in the United States at [[graduate]] [[law school|schools of law]] léading to the [[J.D.]] degree (Juris Doctor). In other countries legal education is considered to start at the [[undergraduate]] stage taught in [[faculty of law]] léading to the [[LL.B.]] or [[B.C.L.]] degrees. NOTE: In Canada at léast, the LL.B. requires previous undergraduate studies. Law is an undergraduate degree mainly in civil law countries. Most of these schools also have advanced legal degrees such as the [[LL.M.]] and the [[J.S.D.]] degrees. Many persons who attend law school never practice law but use their knowledge of law in another profession. See [[Law (academic)]] and [[jurisprudence]] For law as a profession, see [[lawyer]], [[jurist]] and [[practice of law]]. == Further discussion == Most laws and legal systems&mdash;at léast in the Western world&mdash;are quite similar in their essential themes, arising from similar values and similar social, economic, and political conditions, and they typically differ less in their substantive content than in their [[technical terminology|jargon]] and procedures. Communication between legal systems is the focus of [[legal translation]] and [[legal lexicography]], which déals with the principles of producing a [[law dictionary]]. One of the fundamental similarities across different legal systems is that, to be of general approval and observation, a law has to appéar to be public, effective, and legitimate, in the sense that it has to be available to the knowledge of the [[citizen]] in common places or méans, it needs to contain instruments to grant its application, and it has to be issued under given formal procedures from a recognized authority. In the context of most legal systems, laws are enacted through the processes of [[constitutional charter]], [[constitutional amendment]], [[legislation]], [[executive order]], [[rulemaking]], and [[adjudication]]; within [[Common law]] jurisdictions, rulings by judges are an important additional source of legal rules. However, ''de facto'' laws also come into existence through custom and tradition. (See generally [[consuetudinary|Consuetudinary law]]; [[Anarchist law]].) Law has an [[anthropology|anthropological]] dimension. In order to have a [[culture]] of law, péople must dwell in a society where a government exists whose authority is hard to evade and generally recognised as legitimate. Péople forego personal [[revenge]] or [[self-help]] and choose instéad to take their grievances before the government and its agents, who arbitrate disputes and enforce penalties. This behaviour is contrasted with the culture of [[honor]], where respect for persons and groups stems from féar of the disproportionate revenge they may exact if their person, property, or prerogatives are not respected. Cultures of law must be maintained. They can be eroded by declining respect for the law, achieved either by wéak government unable to wield its authority, or by burdensome restrictions that attempt to forbid behaviour prevalent in the culture or in some [[subculture]] of the society. When a culture of law declines, there is a possibility that an undesirable culture of honor will arise in its place. A particular [[society]] or community adopts a specific set of laws to regulate the behavior of its own members, to order life in its political [[territory]], to grant or acknowledge the [[right]]s and privileges of its citizens and other péople who may come under the jurisdiction of its [[Court (judicial)|courts]], and to resolve disputes. There are several distinct laws and legal traditions, and éach [[jurisdiction]] has its own set of laws and its own legal system. Individually codified laws are known as [[statute]]s, and the collective body of laws relating to one subject or emanating from one source are usually identified by specific reference. (E.g., [[Roman law]], [[Common law]], and [[Criminal law]].) Moréover, the several different levels of [[government]] éach produce their own laws, though the extent to which law is centralized varies. Thus, at any one place there can be conflicting laws in force at the local, regional, state, national, or international levels. (See [[conflict of laws]], [[Preemption of State and Local Laws]].) ==Bodies of law, a sampling== ''This list is not comprehensive.'' *[[Administrative law]] refers to the body of law which regulates buréaucratic managerial procedures and is administered by the [[executive branch]] of a [[government]]; rather than the [[judicial branch|judicial]] or [[legislative branch|legislative]] branches (if they are different in that particular jurisdiction). This body of law regulates [[international trade]], [[manufacturing]], [[pollution]], [[tax]]ation, and the like. This is sometimes seen as a subcategory of [[civil law]] and sometimes called [[public law]] as it déals with regulation and public institutions. *[[Canon law]] refers to laws of the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholic]] [[church]]es. *[[Case law]] (precedental law) regulates, via [[precedent]]s, how laws are to be understood. Case law, also called [[common law]] or [[judge]]-made law, is derived from the body of rulings made by a country's courts. In the United States, the primary source of case law relating to federal and [[constitution]]al questions is the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. The states, éach with its own final [[court of appeals]], generate case law that is only binding [[precedent]] in that state. In countries that were once part of the [[British Empire]] the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] and the [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]] are primary sources of case law, though not necessarily binding precedent, as éach country has its own [[court of last resort]]. *[[Civil law]], not to be confused with the civil legal system, has several méanings: **[[civil law|Secular law]] is the legal system of a [[non-theocratic]] [[government]], such as that which developed in [[England]], especially during the reign of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] **[[civil law|Private law]] regulates relationships between persons and organizations including contracts and responsible behaviour such as through liability through [[negligence]]. This body of law enforces statutes or the [[common law]] by allowing a party, whose rights have been violated, to collect [[damages]] from a [[defendant]]. Where [[money|monetary]] damages are deemed insufficient, civil court may offer other remedies in [[equity]]; such as forbidding soméone to do an act (eg; an [[injunction]]) or formally changing soméone's legal status (eg; [[divorce]]). This body of law includes the [[tort|law of torts]] in common law systems, or in civilian systems, the [[Law of Obligations]]. *[[Commercial law]], often considered to be part of [[civil law]], covers [[business]] and [[commerce]] relations including [[sales]] and [[business entity|business entities]]. *[[Common law]] is derived from [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[custom|customary law]], also referred to as judge-made law, as it developed over the course of many centuries in the English courts. *[[Criminal law]] (penal law) is the body of laws which regulate [[government]]al [[sanction]]s (such as [[prison|imprisonment]] and/or fines) as retaliation for [[crime]]s against the [[social control|social order]]. * [[International law]] governs the relations between [[states]], or between [[citizens]] of different states, or [[international organizations]]. Its two primary sources are [[custom (law)|customary law]] and [[treaty|treaties]]. *[[Procedural Law]] are rules and regulations found in an legal system that regulate access to legal institutions such as the courts, including the filing of private [[lawsuit]]s and regulating the tréatment of [[defendant]]s and [[convict]]s by the public [[criminal justice]] system. Within this field are laws regulating [[arrest]]s and [[evidence]], [[injunction]]s and [[pleading]]s. Procedural law defines the procedure by which law is to be enforced. See [[criminal procedure]] and [[civil procedure]]. *[[Space law]] regulates events occurring outside éarth's atmosphere. At present this is limited to several tréaties against atomic testing in space. == Legal subject areas == [[Administrative law]] - [[Admiralty law|Admiralty]] - [[Alternative dispute resolution]] - [[Appellate review]] - [[Brehon Laws]] - [[Civil procedure]] - [[Civil rights]] - [[Commercial law]] - [[Comparative law]] - [[Consuetudinary|Consuetudinary law]] - [[Contract]]s - [[Constitutional law]] - [[Courts of England and Wales]] - [[Corporations law]] - [[Criminal law]] - [[Criminal procedure]] - [[Election law]] - [[Environmental law]] - [[Equity]] - [[Evidence]] - [[Family law]] - [[Human rights law|Human rights]] - [[Immigration]] - [[Intellectual Property law|Intellectual property]] - [[Jurisprudence]] - [[Law and economics]] - [[agency (law)|Agency]] - [[Law of Obligations]] - [[Labor law]] - [[Land use]] - [[List of items for which possession is restricted]] - [[Military law]] - [[Philosophy of law]] - [[Practice of law]] - [[Private law]] - [[Procedural law]] - [[Property law]] - [[Public Health law]] - [[Religious law]] - [[Statutory law]] - [[Tax law]] - [[Technology law]] - [[Torts]] - [[Trusts and Estates]] - [[Cyber law]] - [[Water law]] == Subjects auxiliary to law == [[Government]] - [[Legal history]] - [[Law and literature]] - [[Political science]] ==Terms, case law, legislation and other resources== * [[Law topics overview]] * [[List of jurists]] * [[List of legal topics]] * [[List of basic criminal justice topics]] * [[List of international public law topics]] * [[List of Supreme Court of Canada cases]] * [[List of Judicial Committees of the Privy Council & House of Lords cases]] * [[List of United States Supreme Court cases]] * [[List of leading legal cases in copyright law]] * [[List of treaties]] * [[List of Uniform Acts (United States)]] * [[List of United States federal legislation]] * [[Québec Highway Safety Code]] == Legal books == * [[Black's Law Dictionary]] * [[Halsbury's Laws of England]] * [[Corpus Juris Secundum]] * [[American Law Reports]] * [[Recueil Dalloz]] ==Further reading== * <cite>Cheyenne Way: Conflict & Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence</cite>, Karl N. Llewellyn and E. Adamson Hoebel, University of Oklahoma Press, 1983, trade paperback, 374 pages, ISBN 0806118555 *''The Bilingual LSP Dictionary. Principles and Practice for Legal language'', Sandro Nielsen, Gunter Narr Verlag 1994. * [http://browse.addall.com/Browse/Author/2088479-1 Other books by Karl N. Llewellyn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117171612/http://browse.addall.com/Browse/Author/2088479-1 |date=2002-11-17 }} == See also == * [[Law (principle)]] * [[List of legal abbreviations]] * [[Legal code]] * [[Letter versus Spirit]] * [[Natural law]] * [[Religious law]] * [[Witness intimidation]] == External links == *[http://www.HavenWorks.com/law Law & Legal News & Reference] *[http://www.ericdigests.org/1996-3/law.htm Essentials of Law-Related Education. ERIC Digest.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826075805/http://www.ericdigests.org/1996-3/law.htm |date=2004-08-26 }} *[http://www.worldlii.org WorldLII - The World Legal Information Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075055/http://www.worldlii.org/ |date=2020-09-22 }} [[Kategori:Hukum]] a17uv9lhrzf8363uyyv7gzod953eyah 0 1502 708891 496871 2026-05-05T06:07:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Hukum Zipf-Mandelbrot''' (oge dipikanyaho minangka hukum [[Pareto]]-Zipf) nyaéta [[power-law]] [[distribution]] dina [[ranked data]], dipaké sanggeus [[Harvard]] [[linguistic]] [[professor]] [[George Kingsley Zipf]] ([[1902]]-[[1950]]) nu ngusulkeun dina teks [[regularity]], sarta [[mathematician]] [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] (lahir [[November 20]], [[1924]]), no nga-generalisir. [[Distribution]] kecap dirangking ku [[frequency]]-na dina [[random]] [[corpus]] [[text]] mangrupa [[power-law]] [[distribution]] umum, dipikanyaho minangka [[Zipf's law]]. Lamun hiji plot rangking [[frequency]] kecap dikandung dina [[corpus]] nu gedé tina data teks ka jumlah kajadian atawa [[frequencies]] sabenerna, meunangkeun [[power-law]] [[distribution]], mibanda [[exponent]] raket ka hiji (tapi tempo [[Gelbukh]] jeung [[Sidoro]] [[2001]]). ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/9901/9901035.pdf Z. K. Silagadze: Citations and the Zipf-Mandelbrot's law] * [http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/zipfslaw.html NIST: Zipf's law]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/wli/zipf/ W. Li's References on Zipf's law] [[Kategori:Matematika]] [[Kategori:Fisika]] c3itpvhbhi6l6bcj73zc69re2wqkdsy 0 2097 708903 708808 2026-05-05T10:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:computer.tower.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sarupaning [[Bungkus komputer|munara]] [[komputer pribadi]].]] '''Komputer''' nyaéta hiji [[wiktionary:device|alat]] atawa [[wiktionary:machine|mesin]] keur nyieun [[wiktionary:calculation|itungan]] atawa kontrol operasi nu bisa ditémbongkeun dina watesan [[wiktionary:numerical|numeris]] jeung logis. Istilah "komputer" asalna tina bahasa latin nya éta "computare" nu miboga arti "cacah". Harti komputer téh parangkat éléktronik nu bisa diprogram keur narima data atah minangka input jeung ngolah sakumpulan intruksi (program) keur ngahasilkeun hasil nyaéta nu disebut output. Komputer mangrupa alat parangkat éléktronik keur manipulasi inpormasi atawa data. Alat ieu miboga kamampuhan ngajaga, nyokot, sarta ngolah data. Komputer dijieun keur ngajalankeun aplikasi sarta nyadiakeun rupa-rupa solusi maké runtuyan digit biner. Komputer ogé mangrupa dasar tina élmu téknologi informasi jeung komunikasi. Dasar tiori keur itungan maké komputer disebut '''[[élmu komputer]]. '''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4526862/pengertian-komputer-jenis-fungsi-dan-manfaatnya-untuk-kehidupan-sehari-hari|title=Pengertian Komputer, Jenis, Fungsi, dan Manfaatnya untuk Kehidupan Sehari-Hari|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}</ref> == Fungsi komputer == '''Komputer desktop''' Komputer dekstop biasa digunakeun di kantor, imah, jeung sakola. Komputer dekstop dirancang keur diteundeun luhureun méja. Ilaharna, komputer dekstop miboga sababaraha bagian nu béda, contona wadah komputer, kibor, beubeuritan, jeung monitor. '''Komputer laptop''' Komputer laptop biasa disebut laptop. Laptop miboga kakuatan batré nu leuwih portabel dibanding desktop. Laptop ogé bisa dicokot sarta digunakeun di mana baé. '''Komputer tablet''' Komputer tablet atawa tablet nyaéta komputer genggem nu leuwih portabel dibanding laptop. Tablet miboga layar sentuh keur ngetik jeung navigasi. Contoh tina produk tablet nya éta iPad. '''Server''' Server nya éta komputer nu nyadiakeun inpormasi ka komputer nu séjén dina jaringan. Contona nya éta internet. Server ogé digunakeun keur neundeun sarta ngabagi data internal. <ref name=":0" /> == Mangpaat komputer == '''Sarana komunikasi''' Komputer digunakeun pikeun alat komunikasi jarak jauh. Komputer kiwari enggeus bisa ngirim sagala rupa pesen nu singget ka nu séjén. Pengguna komputer bisa ngagunakeun e-mail jeung sosial média saperti Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, jeung WhatsApp. Komputer ogé bisa nyadiakeun layanan video call jeung video conference dina aplikasi Zoom jeung Google Meet. '''Ngabantuan kagiatan diajar''' Komputer mangrupa alat nu bisa ngabantuan kagiatan diajar. Murid bisa néangan sagala rupa inpormasi tina Google ku jalan komputer. '''Ngabantuan pagawéan''' Dina pagawéan, komputer dipaké ku sababaraha profési saperti resepsionis, programmer, akuntan, jeung nu lianna. Komputer digunakeun pikeun ngolah data-data nu penting keur pausahaan. Ilaharna, aplikasi komputer nu digunakeun nya éta Microsoft Office, e-mail, nepi ka sistim SAP. '''Paluang bisnis''' Komputer bisa ngamangpaatkeun komputer keur ngawanohkeun usaha sacara online. Ilaharna, pangguna ngagunakeun situs e-commerce keur ngalakukeun bisnis. '''Platform hiburan''' Komputer ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun média hiburan. Pamaké bisa ngaaksés hiburan kayaning YouTube, pilem, musik, gim, jeung nu lianna. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/09/21/20030027/5-kegunaan-komputer-dalam-kehidupan-sehari-hari|title=5 Kegunaan Komputer dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}</ref> == Bagian-bagian komputer == '''Hardware''' Hardware nya éta parangkat keras nu miboga wangun fisik. Hardware bisa dioperasikeun sacara langsung sarta boga fungsi minangka panghubung antara pamaké jeung sistim komputer. Hardware dibagi jadi opat bagian, nya éta input device, output device, processing device, jeung storage device. * Input device Input device atawa parangkat masukkan mangrupa parangkat keras nu boga fungsi keur ngasupkeun paréntah jeung data ka jero sistim komputer. Kecap lianna nya éta gerbang abus keur data nu rék diolah sistim komputer. Data nu geus asup bakal dikonvérsi jadi kodeu binary nepi bisa dibaca ku mémori utama komputer. Conto input device nya éta kibor, beubeuritan, webcam, jeung scanner. * Processing device Data nu geus diasupkeun ku jalan input device bakal diolah di bagian processing device ku sabab processing device sorangan nya éta hiji parangkat nu boga peran keur ngolah data. Prosés ieu sacara spésifik dilakukeun ku Central Processing Unit (CPU) atawa nu dikenal uteuk sistim komputer. CPU boga tugas keur narima sarta ngajalankeun paréntah ka bagian software. Sababaraha komponén dina CPU nya éta prosesor, RAM, kartu VGA, hard disk, mother board, jeung cooling fan. * Output Device Sanggeus ku jalan processing device, data nu geus diolah bakal dikaluarkeun sarta ditémbongkeun ka pamaké. Datana mangrupa beunang gambar, vidéo, sarta audio (soara). Prosés ieu bakal lumangsung di bagian output device sarta bakal dikaluarkeun ku jalan monitor, printer, headphone, speaker, webcam jeung mikrofon. * Storage device Proses paneundeunan ayana tina storage device atawa parangkat paneundeunan. Storage device sorangan kabagi jadi dua jinis, nya éta internal storage jeung eksternal storage. Internal storage mangrupa bagian paneundeunan nu némpél dina CPU sarta tina hard disk jeung RAM. Sedeng eksternal storage, ngacu ka jinis paneundeunan nu bisa dilepas tur teu kaiket ku sistim hardware komputer. Paneundeunan jinis ieu praktis ku sabab bisa dicokot ka mana baé. Sababaraha contoh tina eksternal storage nya éta hard disk eksternal, CD, DVD, jeung flashdisk. '''Software''' Software atawa parangkat lunak nya éta hiji komponén nu teu ngagabogaan wujud, alias abstrak. Parangkat jinis ieu kabagi tina program nu tugasna keur ngolah data nu geus diasupkeun ka jero hardware. Software dibagi jadi tiga bagian nu beda, nya éta: software sistim, software aplikasi, jeung software tambahan. * Software sistem Software sistem nyaéta parangkat lunak nu boga tugas keur ngatur komponen dina komputer sacara taliti. Komponen ieu nya éta sistim operasi (OS) saperti Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows 7, Linux, macOS jeung nu lianna. * Software aplikasi Software aplikasi nya éta runtuyan program aplikasi beunang digunakeun pangguna pikeun nganggeuskeun hiji tugas tangtu. Beunang disebut yén software aplikasi mangrupa program panglengkep dina komputer anu digunakeun minangka sarana pangolahan data. Sababarah conto tina software aplikasi, nya éta web browser (Chrome, Mozilla Firefox), Microsoft Office, game jeung réa-réa deui. * Software tambahan Software tambahan nya éta béréndélan program nu bisa ngajalankeun tugas-tugas husus atau tambahan sakaligus nangtayungan parangkat hardware. Contona nya éta data recovery, disk defragmenter, screensever, jeung backup. '''Brainware''' Istilah brainware nya éta pamaké komputer. Pamaké miboga wewenang keur ngajalankeun jeung ngaoperasikeun komputer. Lamun teu aya pamaké, komputer moal jalan sacara maksimal. Conto tina brainware sorangan nya éta programmer, sistim analis, operator, jeung administrator. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/09/08/20040097/mengenal-3-komponen-sistem-komputer--hardware-software-dan-brainware|title=Mengenal 3 Komponen Sistem Komputer: Hardware, Software, dan Brainware Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}</ref> ==Baca ogé== * ''[[téori komputabilitas]]'' * [[lambardata komputer]] (Ing. ''computer datasheet'') * [[paméran komputer]] * [[élmu komputer]] * tipe komputer: ''[[desktop]]'', ''[[notebook]]'', ''[[desknote]]'', ''[[Roll-away]]'' * [[digital]] ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://s8.invisionfree.com/ComputerGeek/index.php ComputerGeek forums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223181037/http://s8.invisionfree.com/ComputerGeek/index.php |date=2004-12-23 }} Computer programming discussion forum * [http://www.xtremecomputing.co.uk Xtreme Computing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112040621/http://www.xtremecomputing.co.uk/ |date=2005-01-12 }} Computing reviews, articles and forum * [http://www.computerhistory.org Computer History Museum] * [http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org Pictures and information on old computers] * [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html Definition of Computer @ Webopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824114822/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html |date=2017-08-24 }} * [http://www.navito.co.uk/computers.asp Guide to buying a new computer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204183049/http://www.navito.co.uk/computers.asp |date=2004-12-04 }} * [http://open-site.org/Computers/ Open Site Project - Computers Section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230112307/http://open-site.org/Computers/ |date=2004-12-30 }} * [http://www.ittips.com/ Computer Help] * [http://www.elook.org/computing/ eLook Computing Reference - computer terms and definitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009131528/http://www.elook.org/computing/ |date=2004-10-09 }} * http://dmoz.org/Computers/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231085838/http://dmoz.org/Computers/ |date=2004-12-31 }} * [http://www.simplecomputeranswers.com/ Volunteer-Answered Free Computer Help] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214132817/http://www.simplecomputeranswers.com/ |date=2004-12-14 }} {{pondok}} == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Téhnologi]] [[Kategori:Téhnologi informasi]] qpu1lmi65a1xi1r2nr0hj0ard1tblu3 0 4762 708876 680958 2026-05-05T02:09:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:UNCAC 1.png|jmpl|Konvénsi PBB ngalawan Korupsi]] '''Basilat''' atawa '''korupsi''' hartina ngamangpaatkeun (nyalahgunakeun) kakawasaan/kawenangan pikeun kauntungan pribadi anu teu sah. Sagala bentuk [[pamaréntah]]an bisa keuna ku basilat ([[pulitik]]) nu petana bisa rupa-rupa, di antarana maling banda nagara, [[népotisme]], [[kronisme]], mangaruhan kawijakan, jsb. Basilat ieu biasana méré lolongkrang atawa ngilungan kana prakték nyulundupkeun [[narkoba]], [[ngumbah duit]] (''money laundering''), jsb. Naon anu kaasup basilat ilegal téh béda-béda, gumantung kana aturan nagara masing-masing. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.copshots.org/ COPSHOTS.org: Documenting Police Brutality; Documenting the Police] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625022126/http://www.copshots.org/ |date=2007-06-25 }} * [http://www.copwatch.com/ Copwatch] - a national organization that fights for victims of political corruption. * [http://flyservers.com/members5/policecrime.com/ Police Crimes] * [http://tns.onlyoneworld.net The News Speaks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901003347/http://tns.onlyoneworld.net/ |date=2006-09-01 }} - a website with information on political corruption * [http://www.happyworker.net/unacasa.html HUD Misbehaving] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430071805/http://www.happyworker.net/unacasa.html |date=2006-04-30 }} - a documented example of corrupt behavior by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=116811&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=185534 Video archive:Governance and Corruption in Public Health Care Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724190353/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=116811&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=185534 |date=2006-07-24 }} === Loka resmi === * [http://law-ref.org/CORRUPTION/index.html United Nations Convention against Corruption at Law-Ref.org] - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents * [http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_37447_1_1_1_1_37447,00.html OECD: Corruption] * [http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/ World Bank anti-corruption page] * [http://www.unodc.org UN Office on Drugs and Crime] - Has sub-section déaling with corruption worldwide. * [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/governance The Development Gateway's virtual library and online community on anti-corruption and good governance] * [http://www.transparency.org/ Transparency International] === Panalungtikan === * [http://www.transparency.org/surveys/index.html Corruption surveys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208004556/http://www.transparency.org/surveys/index.html |date=2005-12-08 }} by [[Transparency International]] * [http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/corruption.htm Latin Business Chronicle: Latin American Corruption Reports & Links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710204604/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/corruption.htm |date=2006-07-10 }} * [http://www.againstcorruption.org/ UNICORN: A Global Trade Union Anti-corruption Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219185911/http://www.againstcorruption.org/ |date=2015-02-19 }}, based at [[Cardiff University]] * [http://www.icgg.org/ Internet Center For Corruption Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721185532/http://www.icgg.org/ |date=2006-07-21 }} * [http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/scandals/political.html A collection of links to reports of alleged political corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721001526/http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/scandals/political.html |date=2006-07-21 }} * [http://www.publicintegrity.org/ga/default.aspx Global Integrity Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305133807/http://www.publicintegrity.org/ga/default.aspx |date=2006-03-05 }} - Extensive analysis of openness and accountability of governments by the ''[[Center for Public Integrity]]''. * [http://www.orangutansonline.com/articles/article79.htm Rainforest Destruction in Indonesia, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818121809/http://www.orangutansonline.com/articles/article79.htm |date=2006-08-18 }} * [http://samvak.tripod.com/nm089.html A typology of corrupt practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829180701/http://samvak.tripod.com/nm089.html |date=2005-08-29 }} * [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/subject/corruption/ Corner House: UK and anti-corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050723082828/http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/subject/corruption/ |date=2005-07-23 }} * [http://www.institutionalreform.org/ Tool to analyze anti-corruption and institutional reform] * [http://washingtontimes.com/national/20040118-114320-9103r.htm States ranked as most corrupt - The Washington Times: Nation/Politics] * [http://www.cerges.net/en/survey/corruption-a-destabilizing-factor-for-arab-societies.html/ Corruption : a destabilizing factor for arab societies - CERGES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830005946/http://www.cerges.net/en/survey/corruption-a-destabilizing-factor-for-arab-societies.html |date=2006-08-30 }} * [http://admin.corisweb.org/index.php?fuseaction=resource.view&id=120928&src=pub Corruption as a System of Interlocking Vicious Cycles: Lessons from NationLab]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} === Umum === * [http://www.iwpr.net/home_index_new.html Regular Country Updates from Institute for War and Peace Reporting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827190739/http://www.iwpr.net/home_index_new.html |date=2008-08-27 }} * [http://corruptionfreeindia.blogspot.com/ Forum to Free India from Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822092119/http://corruptionfreeindia.blogspot.com/ |date=2006-08-22 }} === Peta === * [http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/econrights/maps-corruption.html Corruption Perceptions Index from WorldPolicy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527234128/http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/econrights/maps-corruption.html |date=2006-05-27 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Basilat]] 0pou681dr0afkpeyl77ic28c6mlqe69 0 11267 708859 681311 2026-05-04T16:01:55Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter''). Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya. == Étimologi == The word ''galaxy'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] term for our own galaxy, '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') or ''kyklos galaktikos'' méaning "milky circle" for the system’s appéarance in the sky. In [[Greek mythology]], [[Zeus]] placed his son by a mortal woman, the infant [[Hercules]], on [[Hera]]'s bréast as she was asleep, so that the baby would drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera woke up while bréastfeeding, and réalized that she was nursing an unknown baby: she pushed the baby away and a jet of her milk sprayed the night sky. When astronomers speculated that certain objects previously classified as spiral nebulae were actually vast congeries of stars, this was called the "[[island universe theory]]"; but this was an obvious misnomer, since [[universe]] méans everything there is. Consequently, this term fell into disuse, replaced by applying the term galaxy generically to all such bodies. == Sajarah observasi == This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from James Binney and Michael Merrifield: Galactic astronomy.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> In 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the [[Milky Way]] and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a tréatise in 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], drawing on éarlier work by [[Thomas Wright (astronomer)|Thomas Wright]], speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by [[gravitational force]]s akin to the [[solar system]] but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the [[nebula]]e visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards the end of the 18th century, [[Charles Messier]] compiled a [[Messier object|catalog]] containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by [[William Herschel]]. In 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] constructed a new [[telescope]] and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to maké out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's éarlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by [[Edwin Hubble]] in the éarly 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some [[Cepheid variable]]s, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of [[Sol]] within it was carried out by [[William Herschel]] in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diaméter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the center. A different method by [[Harlow Shapley]] based on the cataloging of [[globular cluster]]s léad to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diaméter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the [[extinction (astronomy)|absorption of light]] by interstellar dust present in the [[galactic plane]]; once [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying [[open cluster]]s, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] predicted [[microwave]] radiation at a [[hydrogen line|wavelength of 21 cm]], resulting from interstellar atomic [[hydrogen]] gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its [[doppler shift]] can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating [[barred spiral galaxy|bar structure]] in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in [[Vera Rubin]]'s study of the [[rotation curve|rotation speed]] of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This [[galaxy rotation problem]] is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen [[dark matter]]. Beginning in the 1990s, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The [[Hubble Deep Field]], an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans ([[radio telescope]]s, infra-red cameras, [[x-ray telescope]]s), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the [[zone of avoidance]] (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revéaled a number of new galaxies. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] h4tv5c32hh9l030lcnaslib5igp1386 708860 708859 2026-05-04T16:05:41Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Étimologi */ 708860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter''). Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya. == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting. When astronomers speculated that certain objects previously classified as spiral nebulae were actually vast congeries of stars, this was called the "[[island universe theory]]"; but this was an obvious misnomer, since [[universe]] méans everything there is. Consequently, this term fell into disuse, replaced by applying the term galaxy generically to all such bodies. == Sajarah observasi == This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from James Binney and Michael Merrifield: Galactic astronomy.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> In 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the [[Milky Way]] and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a tréatise in 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], drawing on éarlier work by [[Thomas Wright (astronomer)|Thomas Wright]], speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by [[gravitational force]]s akin to the [[solar system]] but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the [[nebula]]e visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards the end of the 18th century, [[Charles Messier]] compiled a [[Messier object|catalog]] containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by [[William Herschel]]. In 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] constructed a new [[telescope]] and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to maké out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's éarlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by [[Edwin Hubble]] in the éarly 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some [[Cepheid variable]]s, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of [[Sol]] within it was carried out by [[William Herschel]] in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diaméter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the center. A different method by [[Harlow Shapley]] based on the cataloging of [[globular cluster]]s léad to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diaméter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the [[extinction (astronomy)|absorption of light]] by interstellar dust present in the [[galactic plane]]; once [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying [[open cluster]]s, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] predicted [[microwave]] radiation at a [[hydrogen line|wavelength of 21 cm]], resulting from interstellar atomic [[hydrogen]] gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its [[doppler shift]] can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating [[barred spiral galaxy|bar structure]] in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in [[Vera Rubin]]'s study of the [[rotation curve|rotation speed]] of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This [[galaxy rotation problem]] is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen [[dark matter]]. Beginning in the 1990s, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The [[Hubble Deep Field]], an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans ([[radio telescope]]s, infra-red cameras, [[x-ray telescope]]s), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the [[zone of avoidance]] (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revéaled a number of new galaxies. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] gi6rtdhtl60o5eqsyxlztdqghgsn4gh 708861 708860 2026-05-04T16:08:45Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Étimologi */ 708861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter''). Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya. == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting. Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang. == Sajarah observasi == This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from James Binney and Michael Merrifield: Galactic astronomy.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> In 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the [[Milky Way]] and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a tréatise in 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], drawing on éarlier work by [[Thomas Wright (astronomer)|Thomas Wright]], speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by [[gravitational force]]s akin to the [[solar system]] but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the [[nebula]]e visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards the end of the 18th century, [[Charles Messier]] compiled a [[Messier object|catalog]] containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by [[William Herschel]]. In 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] constructed a new [[telescope]] and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to maké out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's éarlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by [[Edwin Hubble]] in the éarly 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some [[Cepheid variable]]s, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of [[Sol]] within it was carried out by [[William Herschel]] in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diaméter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the center. A different method by [[Harlow Shapley]] based on the cataloging of [[globular cluster]]s léad to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diaméter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the [[extinction (astronomy)|absorption of light]] by interstellar dust present in the [[galactic plane]]; once [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying [[open cluster]]s, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] predicted [[microwave]] radiation at a [[hydrogen line|wavelength of 21 cm]], resulting from interstellar atomic [[hydrogen]] gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its [[doppler shift]] can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating [[barred spiral galaxy|bar structure]] in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in [[Vera Rubin]]'s study of the [[rotation curve|rotation speed]] of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This [[galaxy rotation problem]] is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen [[dark matter]]. Beginning in the 1990s, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The [[Hubble Deep Field]], an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans ([[radio telescope]]s, infra-red cameras, [[x-ray telescope]]s), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the [[zone of avoidance]] (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revéaled a number of new galaxies. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] 9ktnf5d1z7i96c7d66r4pzpwmm2uw71 708862 708861 2026-05-04T16:24:52Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun cutatan 708862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from James Binney and Michael Merrifield: Galactic astronomy.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> In 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the [[Milky Way]] and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a tréatise in 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], drawing on éarlier work by [[Thomas Wright (astronomer)|Thomas Wright]], speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by [[gravitational force]]s akin to the [[solar system]] but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the [[nebula]]e visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards the end of the 18th century, [[Charles Messier]] compiled a [[Messier object|catalog]] containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by [[William Herschel]]. In 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] constructed a new [[telescope]] and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to maké out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's éarlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by [[Edwin Hubble]] in the éarly 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some [[Cepheid variable]]s, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of [[Sol]] within it was carried out by [[William Herschel]] in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diaméter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the center. A different method by [[Harlow Shapley]] based on the cataloging of [[globular cluster]]s léad to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diaméter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the [[extinction (astronomy)|absorption of light]] by interstellar dust present in the [[galactic plane]]; once [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying [[open cluster]]s, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] predicted [[microwave]] radiation at a [[hydrogen line|wavelength of 21 cm]], resulting from interstellar atomic [[hydrogen]] gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its [[doppler shift]] can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating [[barred spiral galaxy|bar structure]] in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in [[Vera Rubin]]'s study of the [[rotation curve|rotation speed]] of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This [[galaxy rotation problem]] is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen [[dark matter]]. Beginning in the 1990s, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The [[Hubble Deep Field]], an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans ([[radio telescope]]s, infra-red cameras, [[x-ray telescope]]s), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the [[zone of avoidance]] (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revéaled a number of new galaxies. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] o4ol4qndypi8bwms4unoa1oh7e3ixtu 708863 708862 2026-05-04T16:27:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sajarah observasi */ 708863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> In 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the [[Milky Way]] and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a tréatise in 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], drawing on éarlier work by [[Thomas Wright (astronomer)|Thomas Wright]], speculated (correctly) that the Galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by [[gravitational force]]s akin to the [[solar system]] but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the [[nebula]]e visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards the end of the 18th century, [[Charles Messier]] compiled a [[Messier object|catalog]] containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a larger catalog of five thousand nebulae assembled by [[William Herschel]]. In 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] constructed a new [[telescope]] and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to maké out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's éarlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not unanimously accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by [[Edwin Hubble]] in the éarly 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some [[Cepheid variable]]s, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of [[Sol]] within it was carried out by [[William Herschel]] in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diaméter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with Sol close to the center. A different method by [[Harlow Shapley]] based on the cataloging of [[globular cluster]]s léad to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diaméter ~70 kiloparsecs and Sol far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the [[extinction (astronomy)|absorption of light]] by interstellar dust present in the [[galactic plane]]; once [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying [[open cluster]]s, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] predicted [[microwave]] radiation at a [[hydrogen line|wavelength of 21 cm]], resulting from interstellar atomic [[hydrogen]] gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its [[doppler shift]] can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating [[barred spiral galaxy|bar structure]] in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was discovered in [[Vera Rubin]]'s study of the [[rotation curve|rotation speed]] of gas in galaxies that the total visible mass (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas. This [[galaxy rotation problem]] is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen [[dark matter]]. Beginning in the 1990s, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. The [[Hubble Deep Field]], an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about one hundred and seventy-five billion galaxies in the universe. Improved technology in detecting the spectra invisible to humans ([[radio telescope]]s, infra-red cameras, [[x-ray telescope]]s), allow detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, galaxy surveys in the [[zone of avoidance]] (the region of the sky blocked by the Milky Way) have revéaled a number of new galaxies. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] hxniy98f7orx2uxua5oorkr6mzze76h 708864 708863 2026-05-04T18:34:52Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Sajarah observasi */ 708864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Types of galaxies]] Galaxies come in three main types: [[elliptical galaxy|ellipticals]], [[spiral galaxy|spirals]], and [[irregular galaxy|irregulars]]. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appéarance is given by the [[Galaxy classification|Hubble sequence]]. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as [[star formation]] rate (in [[starburst galaxy|starburst galaxies]]) or activity in the core (in [[active galaxy|active galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] bbys6j8e8lq234pefr47u5gy32h09to 708865 708864 2026-05-04T18:39:28Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rupa-rupa galaksi */ 708865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaxies Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> galaxies]]). Our own galaxy, the [[Milky Way]], sometimes simply called ''the Galaxy'' (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped [[barred spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsecs]] or a hundred light millennia in diaméter and three light millennia in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ (three hundred billion) stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ (six hundred billion) times the mass of Sol. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] n9l1bibx27aqa1x4s2ush83lj3ofl17 708866 708865 2026-05-04T18:43:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate [[logarithmic spiral]]s, a pattern that can be théoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant [[angular velocity]]. That méans that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be aréas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus créating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies in the universe appéar to be [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]]. These tiny galaxies are about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, containing only a few billion stars. Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at léast a dozen such satellites. Dwarf galaxies may also be classified as [[dwarf elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[dwarf spiral galaxy|spiral]] or [[dwarf irregular galaxy|irregular]]. Since small dwarf ellipticals béar little resemblance to large ellipticals, they are often called [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy|dwarf spheroidal galaxies]] instéad. === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} A portion of the galaxies we can observe are classified as active. That is, a significant portion of the total energy output from the galaxy is emitted by a source other than the stars, dust and [[interstellar medium]]. The standard modél for such [[active galactic nucleus]] is based upon energy generation from matter falling into a [[supermassive black hole]] at the core region. Galaxies that emit high-energy radiation in the form of [[x-ray]]s are classified as [[Seyfert galaxy|Seyfert galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[blazar]]s. Active galaxies that emit radio frequencies from [[relativistic jet]]s erupting from the core are classified as [[Radio galaxy|Radio galaxies]]. A unified modél of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the viewing angle of the observer. == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] rlgxhx7uenlwt6ux6kr2f2avy0phowu 708867 708866 2026-05-04T18:47:04Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rupa-rupa galaksi */ 708867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung "gelombang" kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}</ref> == Struktur skala gedé == Very few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as ''field galaxies''. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|groups of galaxies]], and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an aréa a few [[megaparsec]]s across are called [[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]]. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant [[elliptical galaxy]], which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. [[Supercluster]]s are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|supercluster scale]], galaxies are arranged into [[Great Wall (astronomy)|sheets]] and [[filament (astronomy)|filaments]] surrounding vast empty [[void (astronomy)|voids]]. Above this scale, the universe appéars to be [[isotropy|isotropic]] and [[wiktionary:Homogeneity|homogeneous]]. Our galaxy is a member of the [[Local Group]], which it dominates together with the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]; overall the Local Group contains about thirty galaxies in a space about [[1 E22 m|one megaparsec]] across. The Local Group is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]], which is dominated by the [[Virgo Cluster]] (of which our Galaxy is not a member). == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] gva84dl76tzyyh6wpsj2pihakioijr6 708868 708867 2026-05-04T18:48:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Struktur skala gedé */ 708868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung "gelombang" kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}</ref> == Struktur skala gedé == Kacida saeutikna galaksi anu hirup nyalira; galaksi kawas kitu téh katelah salaku ''galaksi lapangan'' (''field galaxies''). Kalolobaan galaksi mah kabeungkeut ku gaya gravitasi ka sajumlah galaksi séjénna. Struktur anu ngandung nepi ka 50 galaksi disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|kelompok galaksi]] (''groups of galaxies''), sarta struktur anu leuwih badag anu ngandung mangrébu-rébu galaksi dina wewengkon anu legana sababaraha [[megaparsec]] disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|gugus galaksi]] (''clusters''). Gugus galaksi mindeng didominasi ku hiji galaksi [[galaksi elips|elips]] raksasa tunggal, anu lila-kalila sacara gravitasi ngancurkeun galaksi-galaksi satelitna sarta nambahan massa éta galaksi kana dirina sorangan. [[Supergugus]] (''superclusters'') mangrupa kumpulan raksasa anu ngandung puluhan rébu galaksi, anu aya dina wangun gugus, kelompok, atawa sakapeung mah nyalira; dina skala supergugus, galaksi-galaksi téh disusun janten [[Tembok Gedé (astronomi)|lambaran]] sarta [[filamén (astronomi)|filamén]] anu ngurilingan [[lowong (astronomi)|lowongan]] (''voids'') kosong anu kacida legana. Di luhureun skala ieu, alam semesta téh katémbong [[isotropi|isotropik]] sarta [[homogén (astronomi)|homogén]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/clusters1.html |title=Galaxy Groups and Clusters |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi urang téh mangrupa anggota tina [[Kelompok Lokal]], anu didominasi ku Bima Sakti babarengan jeung [[Galaksi Andromeda]]; sacara gembleng, Kelompok Lokal téh ngandung kira-kira tilu puluh galaksi dina rohangan anu legana kira-kira [[1 E22 m|hiji megaparsec]]. Kelompok Lokal ieu mangrupa bagian tina [[Supergugus Virgo]], anu didominasi ku [[Gugus Virgo]] (anu mana galaksi urang mah lain mangrupa anggotana).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/ |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} The study of galactic formation and evolution attempts to answer questions regarding how galaxies formed and their evolutionary path over the history of the universe. Some théories on this field have now become widely accepted, but it is still an active aréa of study in astrophysics. === Formasi === The method of galactic formation is a major open question in astronomy. Théories may be divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up. In top-down théories such as the Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS) modél, [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] form in a large-scale simultanéous collapse lasting about one hundred million yéars.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> In bottom-up théories such as the Séarle-Zinn (SZ) modél, [[globular cluster]]s form first, and then a number of such bodies accrete to form a larger galaxy. modérn théories must be modified to account for the probable presence of large [[dark matter]] halos. A sketch of a galactic formation modél follows. Shortly after recombination, [[baryon]]ic matter begins to condense around cold dark matter halos. Zero-[[metallicity|metal]] high-velocity [[halo star]]s (called [[Population III stars]]) are the first to develop around a protogalaxy as it starts to contract. These huge stars quickly [[supernova]], reléasing héavy elements into the [[interstellar medium]]. Within the next billion yéars, [[globular cluster]]s, the central [[supermassive black hole]] and [[galactic bulge]] of metal-poor [[Population II stars]] form. Within two billion yéars, the remaining material settles into a [[galactic disk]]. The galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from [[high velocity cloud]]s and [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] throughout its life; the cycle of stellar birth and déath will incréase the abundance of héavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of [[planet]]s. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Probably the oldest galaxy yet found, [[IOK-1]], was discovered in September 2006 by Masanori Iye at National Astronomical Observatory of Japan using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its emission of Lyman alpha radiation has a redshift of 6.96, making it thirteen billion yéars old. While some scientists have claimed other objects (such as Abell 1835 IR1916) to be even older, the IOK-1's age and composition have been more reliably established.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> The existence of such old protogalaxies suggests that they must have grown in the so-called "Dark Ages" (before the first generation of stars) from [[anisotropy|anisotropic]] irregularities present during the éra of [[recombination]], some three hundred thousand yéars after the [[Big Bang]]. Such irregularities of the right scale were observed using the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) in 2003. More evidence for this modél of galactic formation comes from detection of ancient [[Population III stars]]. The giant star, [[HE0107-5240]], discovered in 2002 by reséarchers at the [[University of Hamburg]], is believed to be the oldest yet discovered star in the Milky Way, since unlike younger stars, it is virtually metal-free. (See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm].) Since then, other very old stars (like HE 1327) have also been found. === Évolusi === <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NCG250collision.jpg|thumb|NGC 250 is a result of two spiral galaxies colliding, in a fashion similar to that expected for the Andromeda and Milky Way. Image courtesy of Gemini.]] --> Studies show that the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] is moving towards the néarby [[Andromeda Galaxy]] at about 130&nbsp;km/s, and depending upon the lateral movements, the two may collide in about five to six billion yéars. Such galaxy collisions are fairly common. Given the distances between the stars, the gréat majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the [[interstellar gas]] and dust that makes up the spiral arms will produce a long train of stars, similar to that seen in NGC 250 or the [[Antennae Galaxies]]. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, evidence of past collisions of the Milky Way with smaller [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]] is incréasing. [[Spiral galaxies]], like the Milky Way, only produce new generations of stars as long as they continue to have dense [[molecular cloud]]s of interstellar [[hydrogen]] in their spiral arms. [[Elliptical galaxies]] are alréady largely devoid of this gas and so form no new stars. However, the supply of star-forming material is finite; as stars convert hydrogen into héavier elements, fewer stars will form.{{fact}} After the end of stellar formation in under one hundred billion yéars, the "stellar age" will come to an end after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion yéars (10¹³–10¹⁴ yéars), as the smallest longest-lived stars in our astrosphere, tiny [[red dwarf]]s begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age galaxies will comprise [[compact object]]s: [[brown dwarf]]s, [[black dwarf]]s, cooling [[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, and [[black hole]]s. Eventually, as a result of [[relaxation time|gravitational relaxation]], all stars will either fall into the central [[supermassive black hole]] of the galaxies, or be flung into the depths of intergalactic space as a result of collisions. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] 5jsmg8q37c3klknrimm22hog916r6tq 708871 708868 2026-05-04T19:00:49Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi */ 708871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung "gelombang" kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}</ref> == Struktur skala gedé == Kacida saeutikna galaksi anu hirup nyalira; galaksi kawas kitu téh katelah salaku ''galaksi lapangan'' (''field galaxies''). Kalolobaan galaksi mah kabeungkeut ku gaya gravitasi ka sajumlah galaksi séjénna. Struktur anu ngandung nepi ka 50 galaksi disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|kelompok galaksi]] (''groups of galaxies''), sarta struktur anu leuwih badag anu ngandung mangrébu-rébu galaksi dina wewengkon anu legana sababaraha [[megaparsec]] disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|gugus galaksi]] (''clusters''). Gugus galaksi mindeng didominasi ku hiji galaksi [[galaksi elips|elips]] raksasa tunggal, anu lila-kalila sacara gravitasi ngancurkeun galaksi-galaksi satelitna sarta nambahan massa éta galaksi kana dirina sorangan. [[Supergugus]] (''superclusters'') mangrupa kumpulan raksasa anu ngandung puluhan rébu galaksi, anu aya dina wangun gugus, kelompok, atawa sakapeung mah nyalira; dina skala supergugus, galaksi-galaksi téh disusun janten [[Tembok Gedé (astronomi)|lambaran]] sarta [[filamén (astronomi)|filamén]] anu ngurilingan [[lowong (astronomi)|lowongan]] (''voids'') kosong anu kacida legana. Di luhureun skala ieu, alam semesta téh katémbong [[isotropi|isotropik]] sarta [[homogén (astronomi)|homogén]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/clusters1.html |title=Galaxy Groups and Clusters |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi urang téh mangrupa anggota tina [[Kelompok Lokal]], anu didominasi ku Bima Sakti babarengan jeung [[Galaksi Andromeda]]; sacara gembleng, Kelompok Lokal téh ngandung kira-kira tilu puluh galaksi dina rohangan anu legana kira-kira [[1 E22 m|hiji megaparsec]]. Kelompok Lokal ieu mangrupa bagian tina [[Supergugus Virgo]], anu didominasi ku [[Gugus Virgo]] (anu mana galaksi urang mah lain mangrupa anggotana).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/ |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} Panalungtikan ngeunaan formasi jeung évolusi galaksi téh mangrupa usaha pikeun ngajawab patarosan ngeunaan kumaha galaksi kawangun sarta kumaha jalanna évolusi éta galaksi sapanjang sajarah alam semesta. Sababaraha tiori dina widang ieu ayeuna parantos ditarima sacara lega ku para ahli, nanging ieu widang téh masih kénéh janten widang panalungtikan anu kacida aktifna dina dunya astrofisika. === Formasi === Prosés kawangunna galaksi mangrupa salasahiji patarosan utama dina widang astronomi. Tiori-tiori anu aya bisa dibagi kana dua kategori: ''top-down'' (ti luhur ka handap) jeung ''bottom-up'' (ti handap ka luhur). Dina tiori ''top-down'', saperti modél Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS), [[protogalaksi]] kawangun tina runtuhna matéri skala badag sacara babarengan anu lilana kira-kira saratus juta taun.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> Dina tiori ''bottom-up'', saperti modél Searle-Zinn (SZ), [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') kawangun ti heula, saterusna sajumlah objék ieu ngahiji (akresi) pikeun ngawangun galaksi anu leuwih badag. Tiori modéren ayeuna kudu diropéa pikeun ngasupkeun pangaruh tina ayana halo [[bahan poék]] anu kacida badagna. Ieu di handap mangrupa gambaran ringkes ngeunaan modél formasi galaksi: Teu lila sanggeus mangsa rékombinasi, matéri [[baryon]] mimiti ngumpul sarta mengket di sabudeureun halo bahan poék anu tiis. Béntang-béntang halo anu miboga laju luhur sarta enol [[Logam (astronomi)|kandungan logam]] (disebut [[Béntang Populasi III]]) mangrupa béntang anu pangheulana kawangun nalika protogalaksi mimiti mengker. Ieu béntang-béntang raksasa téh gancang pisan jadi [[supernova]], anu saterusna ngaleupaskeun unsur-unsur beurat ka [[média antarbéntang]]. Dina jero samiliar taun saterusna, [[gugus bal]], [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, sarta [[puseur galaksi]] (''bulge'') anu diwangun ku [[Béntang Populasi II]] nu miskin logam mimiti kawangun. Dina waktu dua miliar taun, sésa matéri séjénna mimiti matuh sarta ngabentuk [[piringan galaksi]]. Galaksi bakal terus nyerep matéri anu asup tina [[awan laju luhur]] sarta [[galaksi kerdil]] sapanjang hirupna; siklus lahir jeung paéhna béntang bakal nambahan jumlah unsur beurat, anu tungtungna ngamungkinkeun kawangunna [[planét]]. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Galaksi pangkolotna anu kungsi kapanggih nepi ka ayeuna, nyaéta [[IOK-1]], dipaluruh dina Séptémber 2006 ku Masanori Iye ti Observatorium Astronomi Nasional Jepang ngagunakeun Téleskop Subaru di Hawaii. Pancaran radiasi Lyman-alpha ti ieu galaksi miboga [[géséran beureum]] (''redshift'') 6,96, anu hartina umurna geus tilu belas miliar taun. Sanajan sawatara élmuwan kungsi ngaklaim ayana objék séjén (saperti Abell 1835 IR1916) anu dianggap leuwih kolot, umur jeung komposisi IOK-1 mah geus bisa dibuktikeun kalayan leuwih kapercaya.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> Ayana protogalaksi anu kacida kolotna kieu méré gambaran yén éta galaksi téh pastina tumuwuh dina mangsa anu disebut "Zaman Kadalapan" (''Dark Ages'', saméméh generasi béntang munggaran aya) tina kateupapakan [[anisotropi]] anu aya dina éra [[rékombinasi]], kira-kira tilu ratus rébu taun sanggeus [[Big Bang]]. Kateupapakan dina skala anu merenah kieu hasil ditalungtik ngagunakeun [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) dina taun 2003. Bukti séjén pikeun modél formasi galaksi ieu asalna tina kapanggihna [[Béntang Populasi III]] anu kacida kunona. Béntang raksasa, [[HE0107-5240]], anu kapanggih dina taun 2002 ku para panalungtik di [[Universitas Hamburg]], dipercaya salaku béntang pangkolotna anu kungsi dipaluruh di Bima Sakti, jalaran béda jeung béntang anu leuwih ngora, ieu béntang téh bener-bener beresih tina kandungan logam (''metal-free''). Sanggeus éta, béntang-béntang séjén anu sarua kolotna (saperti HE 1327) ogé parantos hasil dipaluruh. === Évolusi === Sajumlah panalungtikan némbongkeun yén [[Galaksi Bima Sakti]] nuju usik ngadeukeutan [[Galaksi Andromeda]] kalayan laju kira-kira 130 km/s, sarta dumasar kana gerak gurat sisi (lateral), duanana bisa waé tabrakan dina jangka waktu lima nepi ka genep miliar taun ka hareup. Tabrakan galaksi saperti kitu téh mangrupa hal anu lumrah lumangsung. Jalaran jarak antar béntang anu kacida jauhna, sabagian badag sistem béntang dina galaksi anu tabrakan moal loba kapangaruhan. Nanging, tarikan gravitasi kana [[gas antarbéntang]] sarta kekebul anu ngabentuk leungeun spiral bakal ngahasilkeun untuyan béntang anu panjang, sarupa jeung anu katémbong dina NGC 250 atawa [[Galaksi Anténa]]. Sanajan Bima Sakti tacan kungsi tabrakan jeung galaksi anu sagedé Andromeda, bukti-bukti ngeunaan tabrakan Bima Sakti jeung [[galaksi kerdil]] anu leuwih leutik di mangsa katukang téh beuki loba kapanggih. [[Galaksi spiral]], saperti Bima Sakti, ngan bisa ngahasilkeun generasi béntang anyar salila maranéhna miboga [[awan molekul]] [[hidrogén]] antarbéntang anu padet dina leungeun spiralna. [[Galaksi elips]] mah tétéla geus teu miboga ieu gas, sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk béntang anyar. Nanging, pasokan bahan pikeun ngabentuk béntang téh aya watesna; nalika béntang-béntang ngarobah hidrogén jadi unsur anu leuwih beurat, mangka jumlah béntang anu kawangun bakal beuki saeutik. Saatos lekasanana mangsa pembentukan béntang dina waktu kurang ti saratus miliar taun, "zaman béntang" bakal bérés dina waktu sakitar sapuluh triliun nepi ka saratus triliun taun ($10^{13}$–$10^{14}$ taun), nalika béntang pangleutikna anu umurna pangpanjangna, nyaéta [[katai beureum]], mimiti pareum. Dina tungtung zaman béntang, galaksi-galaksi ngan bakal diwangun ku [[objék kompak]]: [[katai cokelat]], [[katai hideung]], [[katai bodas]] anu mendingan, [[béntang neutron]], sarta [[liang hideung]]. Ahirna, balukar tina [[waktu rélaksasi|rélaksasi gravitasi]], sakabéh béntang bakal ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, atawa dialungkeun ka jero rohangan antargalaksi anu kacida jerona balukar tina tabrakan-tabrakan. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biology]] as we know it is currently assumed to exist only around single, third-generation [[stellar classification|'''G'''-type]] stars in the middle regions of the spiral arms of [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]], like the [[sun]]. [[Elliptical galaxies]], produced as a result of many [[colliding galaxies|galactic collisions]], quickly lose their clouds of [[interstellar medium|interstellar hydrogen gas]], and cannot maké new generations of stars. [[Irregular galaxies]] have few elderly stars and thus seem to have low concentrations of the héavier elements on which éarth-like biology depends. Even within spiral galaxies biology as we know it would appéar to be limited to the middle réaches of the spiral arm, as in the [[Galactic spheroid|galactic halo]] or outer spiral arms héavier elements are in short supply, whilst in the gas clouds around the galactic centre héavier elements are in concentrations too high, and interstellar interactions are too frequent to allow éarth-sized planets to form in stable circular orbits around their stars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] c3c6h9z1nguorq9i6j0tm2idnslthwb 708872 708871 2026-05-04T19:02:16Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Biologi galaktik */ 708872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung "gelombang" kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}</ref> == Struktur skala gedé == Kacida saeutikna galaksi anu hirup nyalira; galaksi kawas kitu téh katelah salaku ''galaksi lapangan'' (''field galaxies''). Kalolobaan galaksi mah kabeungkeut ku gaya gravitasi ka sajumlah galaksi séjénna. Struktur anu ngandung nepi ka 50 galaksi disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|kelompok galaksi]] (''groups of galaxies''), sarta struktur anu leuwih badag anu ngandung mangrébu-rébu galaksi dina wewengkon anu legana sababaraha [[megaparsec]] disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|gugus galaksi]] (''clusters''). Gugus galaksi mindeng didominasi ku hiji galaksi [[galaksi elips|elips]] raksasa tunggal, anu lila-kalila sacara gravitasi ngancurkeun galaksi-galaksi satelitna sarta nambahan massa éta galaksi kana dirina sorangan. [[Supergugus]] (''superclusters'') mangrupa kumpulan raksasa anu ngandung puluhan rébu galaksi, anu aya dina wangun gugus, kelompok, atawa sakapeung mah nyalira; dina skala supergugus, galaksi-galaksi téh disusun janten [[Tembok Gedé (astronomi)|lambaran]] sarta [[filamén (astronomi)|filamén]] anu ngurilingan [[lowong (astronomi)|lowongan]] (''voids'') kosong anu kacida legana. Di luhureun skala ieu, alam semesta téh katémbong [[isotropi|isotropik]] sarta [[homogén (astronomi)|homogén]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/clusters1.html |title=Galaxy Groups and Clusters |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi urang téh mangrupa anggota tina [[Kelompok Lokal]], anu didominasi ku Bima Sakti babarengan jeung [[Galaksi Andromeda]]; sacara gembleng, Kelompok Lokal téh ngandung kira-kira tilu puluh galaksi dina rohangan anu legana kira-kira [[1 E22 m|hiji megaparsec]]. Kelompok Lokal ieu mangrupa bagian tina [[Supergugus Virgo]], anu didominasi ku [[Gugus Virgo]] (anu mana galaksi urang mah lain mangrupa anggotana).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/ |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} Panalungtikan ngeunaan formasi jeung évolusi galaksi téh mangrupa usaha pikeun ngajawab patarosan ngeunaan kumaha galaksi kawangun sarta kumaha jalanna évolusi éta galaksi sapanjang sajarah alam semesta. Sababaraha tiori dina widang ieu ayeuna parantos ditarima sacara lega ku para ahli, nanging ieu widang téh masih kénéh janten widang panalungtikan anu kacida aktifna dina dunya astrofisika. === Formasi === Prosés kawangunna galaksi mangrupa salasahiji patarosan utama dina widang astronomi. Tiori-tiori anu aya bisa dibagi kana dua kategori: ''top-down'' (ti luhur ka handap) jeung ''bottom-up'' (ti handap ka luhur). Dina tiori ''top-down'', saperti modél Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS), [[protogalaksi]] kawangun tina runtuhna matéri skala badag sacara babarengan anu lilana kira-kira saratus juta taun.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> Dina tiori ''bottom-up'', saperti modél Searle-Zinn (SZ), [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') kawangun ti heula, saterusna sajumlah objék ieu ngahiji (akresi) pikeun ngawangun galaksi anu leuwih badag. Tiori modéren ayeuna kudu diropéa pikeun ngasupkeun pangaruh tina ayana halo [[bahan poék]] anu kacida badagna. Ieu di handap mangrupa gambaran ringkes ngeunaan modél formasi galaksi: Teu lila sanggeus mangsa rékombinasi, matéri [[baryon]] mimiti ngumpul sarta mengket di sabudeureun halo bahan poék anu tiis. Béntang-béntang halo anu miboga laju luhur sarta enol [[Logam (astronomi)|kandungan logam]] (disebut [[Béntang Populasi III]]) mangrupa béntang anu pangheulana kawangun nalika protogalaksi mimiti mengker. Ieu béntang-béntang raksasa téh gancang pisan jadi [[supernova]], anu saterusna ngaleupaskeun unsur-unsur beurat ka [[média antarbéntang]]. Dina jero samiliar taun saterusna, [[gugus bal]], [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, sarta [[puseur galaksi]] (''bulge'') anu diwangun ku [[Béntang Populasi II]] nu miskin logam mimiti kawangun. Dina waktu dua miliar taun, sésa matéri séjénna mimiti matuh sarta ngabentuk [[piringan galaksi]]. Galaksi bakal terus nyerep matéri anu asup tina [[awan laju luhur]] sarta [[galaksi kerdil]] sapanjang hirupna; siklus lahir jeung paéhna béntang bakal nambahan jumlah unsur beurat, anu tungtungna ngamungkinkeun kawangunna [[planét]]. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Galaksi pangkolotna anu kungsi kapanggih nepi ka ayeuna, nyaéta [[IOK-1]], dipaluruh dina Séptémber 2006 ku Masanori Iye ti Observatorium Astronomi Nasional Jepang ngagunakeun Téleskop Subaru di Hawaii. Pancaran radiasi Lyman-alpha ti ieu galaksi miboga [[géséran beureum]] (''redshift'') 6,96, anu hartina umurna geus tilu belas miliar taun. Sanajan sawatara élmuwan kungsi ngaklaim ayana objék séjén (saperti Abell 1835 IR1916) anu dianggap leuwih kolot, umur jeung komposisi IOK-1 mah geus bisa dibuktikeun kalayan leuwih kapercaya.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> Ayana protogalaksi anu kacida kolotna kieu méré gambaran yén éta galaksi téh pastina tumuwuh dina mangsa anu disebut "Zaman Kadalapan" (''Dark Ages'', saméméh generasi béntang munggaran aya) tina kateupapakan [[anisotropi]] anu aya dina éra [[rékombinasi]], kira-kira tilu ratus rébu taun sanggeus [[Big Bang]]. Kateupapakan dina skala anu merenah kieu hasil ditalungtik ngagunakeun [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) dina taun 2003. Bukti séjén pikeun modél formasi galaksi ieu asalna tina kapanggihna [[Béntang Populasi III]] anu kacida kunona. Béntang raksasa, [[HE0107-5240]], anu kapanggih dina taun 2002 ku para panalungtik di [[Universitas Hamburg]], dipercaya salaku béntang pangkolotna anu kungsi dipaluruh di Bima Sakti, jalaran béda jeung béntang anu leuwih ngora, ieu béntang téh bener-bener beresih tina kandungan logam (''metal-free''). Sanggeus éta, béntang-béntang séjén anu sarua kolotna (saperti HE 1327) ogé parantos hasil dipaluruh. === Évolusi === Sajumlah panalungtikan némbongkeun yén [[Galaksi Bima Sakti]] nuju usik ngadeukeutan [[Galaksi Andromeda]] kalayan laju kira-kira 130 km/s, sarta dumasar kana gerak gurat sisi (lateral), duanana bisa waé tabrakan dina jangka waktu lima nepi ka genep miliar taun ka hareup. Tabrakan galaksi saperti kitu téh mangrupa hal anu lumrah lumangsung. Jalaran jarak antar béntang anu kacida jauhna, sabagian badag sistem béntang dina galaksi anu tabrakan moal loba kapangaruhan. Nanging, tarikan gravitasi kana [[gas antarbéntang]] sarta kekebul anu ngabentuk leungeun spiral bakal ngahasilkeun untuyan béntang anu panjang, sarupa jeung anu katémbong dina NGC 250 atawa [[Galaksi Anténa]]. Sanajan Bima Sakti tacan kungsi tabrakan jeung galaksi anu sagedé Andromeda, bukti-bukti ngeunaan tabrakan Bima Sakti jeung [[galaksi kerdil]] anu leuwih leutik di mangsa katukang téh beuki loba kapanggih. [[Galaksi spiral]], saperti Bima Sakti, ngan bisa ngahasilkeun generasi béntang anyar salila maranéhna miboga [[awan molekul]] [[hidrogén]] antarbéntang anu padet dina leungeun spiralna. [[Galaksi elips]] mah tétéla geus teu miboga ieu gas, sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk béntang anyar. Nanging, pasokan bahan pikeun ngabentuk béntang téh aya watesna; nalika béntang-béntang ngarobah hidrogén jadi unsur anu leuwih beurat, mangka jumlah béntang anu kawangun bakal beuki saeutik. Saatos lekasanana mangsa pembentukan béntang dina waktu kurang ti saratus miliar taun, "zaman béntang" bakal bérés dina waktu sakitar sapuluh triliun nepi ka saratus triliun taun ($10^{13}$–$10^{14}$ taun), nalika béntang pangleutikna anu umurna pangpanjangna, nyaéta [[katai beureum]], mimiti pareum. Dina tungtung zaman béntang, galaksi-galaksi ngan bakal diwangun ku [[objék kompak]]: [[katai cokelat]], [[katai hideung]], [[katai bodas]] anu mendingan, [[béntang neutron]], sarta [[liang hideung]]. Ahirna, balukar tina [[waktu rélaksasi|rélaksasi gravitasi]], sakabéh béntang bakal ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, atawa dialungkeun ka jero rohangan antargalaksi anu kacida jerona balukar tina tabrakan-tabrakan. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biologi]] sakumaha anu dipikanyaho ku urang ayeuna, dianggap ngan bisa aya di sabudeureun béntang [[Klasifikasi béntang|tipe-G]] generasi katilu anu aya di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral [[galaksi spiral]], saperti [[Panonpoé]]. [[Galaksi elips]], anu dihasilkeun tina loba pisan [[tabrakan galaksi]], gancang pisan kaleungitan awan [[média antarbéntang|gas hidrogén antarbéntangna]], sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk generasi béntang anyar. [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan]] miboga saeutik pisan béntang kolot, sahingga katingalna miboga konséntrasi unsur beurat anu saeutik, padahal éta unsur téh kacida diperlukeunana pikeun biologi kawas di Bumi. Malah di jero galaksi spiral ogé, biologi téh sigana diwatesanan ngan di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral hungkul; jalaran dina [[sferoid galaksi]] (halo) atawa bagian luar leungeun spiral mah unsur beurat téh kacida saeutikna. Sabalikna, dina awan gas di sabudeureun puseur galaksi, konséntrasi unsur beuratna luhur teuing, sarta interaksi antarbéntang mindeng teuing kajadian, sahingga hésé pikeun planét sagedé Bumi kawangun dina orbit bunder anu stabil di sabudeureun béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lineweaver |first=C. H. |last2=Fenner |first2=Y. |last3=Gibson |first3=B. K. |title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age of Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way |journal=Science |year=2004 |volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages=59–62}}</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] kh5s5hgrhuydpsapfqbmjjeruvby8hk 708873 708872 2026-05-04T19:04:21Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 708873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} [[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]] '''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Étimologi == Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina "lingkaran susu", dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}</ref> Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut "[[téori alam semesta pulo]]" (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Sajarah observasi == Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.<ref>James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}</ref> Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}</ref> Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah. [[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]] Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}</ref> Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref>. Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}</ref> Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}</ref>emerged. Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}</ref>. == Rupa-rupa galaksi == {{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}} [[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]] Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung "gelombang" kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> === Galaksi aktif === {{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}} Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}</ref> == Struktur skala gedé == Kacida saeutikna galaksi anu hirup nyalira; galaksi kawas kitu téh katelah salaku ''galaksi lapangan'' (''field galaxies''). Kalolobaan galaksi mah kabeungkeut ku gaya gravitasi ka sajumlah galaksi séjénna. Struktur anu ngandung nepi ka 50 galaksi disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|kelompok galaksi]] (''groups of galaxies''), sarta struktur anu leuwih badag anu ngandung mangrébu-rébu galaksi dina wewengkon anu legana sababaraha [[megaparsec]] disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|gugus galaksi]] (''clusters''). Gugus galaksi mindeng didominasi ku hiji galaksi [[galaksi elips|elips]] raksasa tunggal, anu lila-kalila sacara gravitasi ngancurkeun galaksi-galaksi satelitna sarta nambahan massa éta galaksi kana dirina sorangan. [[Supergugus]] (''superclusters'') mangrupa kumpulan raksasa anu ngandung puluhan rébu galaksi, anu aya dina wangun gugus, kelompok, atawa sakapeung mah nyalira; dina skala supergugus, galaksi-galaksi téh disusun janten [[Tembok Gedé (astronomi)|lambaran]] sarta [[filamén (astronomi)|filamén]] anu ngurilingan [[lowong (astronomi)|lowongan]] (''voids'') kosong anu kacida legana. Di luhureun skala ieu, alam semesta téh katémbong [[isotropi|isotropik]] sarta [[homogén (astronomi)|homogén]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/clusters1.html |title=Galaxy Groups and Clusters |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> Galaksi urang téh mangrupa anggota tina [[Kelompok Lokal]], anu didominasi ku Bima Sakti babarengan jeung [[Galaksi Andromeda]]; sacara gembleng, Kelompok Lokal téh ngandung kira-kira tilu puluh galaksi dina rohangan anu legana kira-kira [[1 E22 m|hiji megaparsec]]. Kelompok Lokal ieu mangrupa bagian tina [[Supergugus Virgo]], anu didominasi ku [[Gugus Virgo]] (anu mana galaksi urang mah lain mangrupa anggotana).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/ |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> == Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi == {{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}} Panalungtikan ngeunaan formasi jeung évolusi galaksi téh mangrupa usaha pikeun ngajawab patarosan ngeunaan kumaha galaksi kawangun sarta kumaha jalanna évolusi éta galaksi sapanjang sajarah alam semesta. Sababaraha tiori dina widang ieu ayeuna parantos ditarima sacara lega ku para ahli, nanging ieu widang téh masih kénéh janten widang panalungtikan anu kacida aktifna dina dunya astrofisika. === Formasi === Prosés kawangunna galaksi mangrupa salasahiji patarosan utama dina widang astronomi. Tiori-tiori anu aya bisa dibagi kana dua kategori: ''top-down'' (ti luhur ka handap) jeung ''bottom-up'' (ti handap ka luhur). Dina tiori ''top-down'', saperti modél Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS), [[protogalaksi]] kawangun tina runtuhna matéri skala badag sacara babarengan anu lilana kira-kira saratus juta taun.<ref>Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962</ref> Dina tiori ''bottom-up'', saperti modél Searle-Zinn (SZ), [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') kawangun ti heula, saterusna sajumlah objék ieu ngahiji (akresi) pikeun ngawangun galaksi anu leuwih badag. Tiori modéren ayeuna kudu diropéa pikeun ngasupkeun pangaruh tina ayana halo [[bahan poék]] anu kacida badagna. Ieu di handap mangrupa gambaran ringkes ngeunaan modél formasi galaksi: Teu lila sanggeus mangsa rékombinasi, matéri [[baryon]] mimiti ngumpul sarta mengket di sabudeureun halo bahan poék anu tiis. Béntang-béntang halo anu miboga laju luhur sarta enol [[Logam (astronomi)|kandungan logam]] (disebut [[Béntang Populasi III]]) mangrupa béntang anu pangheulana kawangun nalika protogalaksi mimiti mengker. Ieu béntang-béntang raksasa téh gancang pisan jadi [[supernova]], anu saterusna ngaleupaskeun unsur-unsur beurat ka [[média antarbéntang]]. Dina jero samiliar taun saterusna, [[gugus bal]], [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, sarta [[puseur galaksi]] (''bulge'') anu diwangun ku [[Béntang Populasi II]] nu miskin logam mimiti kawangun. Dina waktu dua miliar taun, sésa matéri séjénna mimiti matuh sarta ngabentuk [[piringan galaksi]]. Galaksi bakal terus nyerep matéri anu asup tina [[awan laju luhur]] sarta [[galaksi kerdil]] sapanjang hirupna; siklus lahir jeung paéhna béntang bakal nambahan jumlah unsur beurat, anu tungtungna ngamungkinkeun kawangunna [[planét]]. [[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]] Galaksi pangkolotna anu kungsi kapanggih nepi ka ayeuna, nyaéta [[IOK-1]], dipaluruh dina Séptémber 2006 ku Masanori Iye ti Observatorium Astronomi Nasional Jepang ngagunakeun Téleskop Subaru di Hawaii. Pancaran radiasi Lyman-alpha ti ieu galaksi miboga [[géséran beureum]] (''redshift'') 6,96, anu hartina umurna geus tilu belas miliar taun. Sanajan sawatara élmuwan kungsi ngaklaim ayana objék séjén (saperti Abell 1835 IR1916) anu dianggap leuwih kolot, umur jeung komposisi IOK-1 mah geus bisa dibuktikeun kalayan leuwih kapercaya.<ref>McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.</ref> Ayana protogalaksi anu kacida kolotna kieu méré gambaran yén éta galaksi téh pastina tumuwuh dina mangsa anu disebut "Zaman Kadalapan" (''Dark Ages'', saméméh generasi béntang munggaran aya) tina kateupapakan [[anisotropi]] anu aya dina éra [[rékombinasi]], kira-kira tilu ratus rébu taun sanggeus [[Big Bang]]. Kateupapakan dina skala anu merenah kieu hasil ditalungtik ngagunakeun [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) dina taun 2003. Bukti séjén pikeun modél formasi galaksi ieu asalna tina kapanggihna [[Béntang Populasi III]] anu kacida kunona. Béntang raksasa, [[HE0107-5240]], anu kapanggih dina taun 2002 ku para panalungtik di [[Universitas Hamburg]], dipercaya salaku béntang pangkolotna anu kungsi dipaluruh di Bima Sakti, jalaran béda jeung béntang anu leuwih ngora, ieu béntang téh bener-bener beresih tina kandungan logam (''metal-free''). Sanggeus éta, béntang-béntang séjén anu sarua kolotna (saperti HE 1327) ogé parantos hasil dipaluruh. === Évolusi === Sajumlah panalungtikan némbongkeun yén [[Galaksi Bima Sakti]] nuju usik ngadeukeutan [[Galaksi Andromeda]] kalayan laju kira-kira 130 km/s, sarta dumasar kana gerak gurat sisi (lateral), duanana bisa waé tabrakan dina jangka waktu lima nepi ka genep miliar taun ka hareup. Tabrakan galaksi saperti kitu téh mangrupa hal anu lumrah lumangsung. Jalaran jarak antar béntang anu kacida jauhna, sabagian badag sistem béntang dina galaksi anu tabrakan moal loba kapangaruhan. Nanging, tarikan gravitasi kana [[gas antarbéntang]] sarta kekebul anu ngabentuk leungeun spiral bakal ngahasilkeun untuyan béntang anu panjang, sarupa jeung anu katémbong dina NGC 250 atawa [[Galaksi Anténa]]. Sanajan Bima Sakti tacan kungsi tabrakan jeung galaksi anu sagedé Andromeda, bukti-bukti ngeunaan tabrakan Bima Sakti jeung [[galaksi kerdil]] anu leuwih leutik di mangsa katukang téh beuki loba kapanggih. [[Galaksi spiral]], saperti Bima Sakti, ngan bisa ngahasilkeun generasi béntang anyar salila maranéhna miboga [[awan molekul]] [[hidrogén]] antarbéntang anu padet dina leungeun spiralna. [[Galaksi elips]] mah tétéla geus teu miboga ieu gas, sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk béntang anyar. Nanging, pasokan bahan pikeun ngabentuk béntang téh aya watesna; nalika béntang-béntang ngarobah hidrogén jadi unsur anu leuwih beurat, mangka jumlah béntang anu kawangun bakal beuki saeutik. Saatos lekasanana mangsa pembentukan béntang dina waktu kurang ti saratus miliar taun, "zaman béntang" bakal bérés dina waktu sakitar sapuluh triliun nepi ka saratus triliun taun ($10^{13}$–$10^{14}$ taun), nalika béntang pangleutikna anu umurna pangpanjangna, nyaéta [[katai beureum]], mimiti pareum. Dina tungtung zaman béntang, galaksi-galaksi ngan bakal diwangun ku [[objék kompak]]: [[katai cokelat]], [[katai hideung]], [[katai bodas]] anu mendingan, [[béntang neutron]], sarta [[liang hideung]]. Ahirna, balukar tina [[waktu rélaksasi|rélaksasi gravitasi]], sakabéh béntang bakal ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, atawa dialungkeun ka jero rohangan antargalaksi anu kacida jerona balukar tina tabrakan-tabrakan. == Biologi galaktik == {{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}} [[Biologi]] sakumaha anu dipikanyaho ku urang ayeuna, dianggap ngan bisa aya di sabudeureun béntang [[Klasifikasi béntang|tipe-G]] generasi katilu anu aya di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral [[galaksi spiral]], saperti [[Panonpoé]]. [[Galaksi elips]], anu dihasilkeun tina loba pisan [[tabrakan galaksi]], gancang pisan kaleungitan awan [[média antarbéntang|gas hidrogén antarbéntangna]], sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk generasi béntang anyar. [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan]] miboga saeutik pisan béntang kolot, sahingga katingalna miboga konséntrasi unsur beurat anu saeutik, padahal éta unsur téh kacida diperlukeunana pikeun biologi kawas di Bumi. Malah di jero galaksi spiral ogé, biologi téh sigana diwatesanan ngan di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral hungkul; jalaran dina [[sferoid galaksi]] (halo) atawa bagian luar leungeun spiral mah unsur beurat téh kacida saeutikna. Sabalikna, dina awan gas di sabudeureun puseur galaksi, konséntrasi unsur beuratna luhur teuing, sarta interaksi antarbéntang mindeng teuing kajadian, sahingga hésé pikeun planét sagedé Bumi kawangun dina orbit bunder anu stabil di sabudeureun béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lineweaver |first=C. H. |last2=Fenner |first2=Y. |last3=Gibson |first3=B. K. |title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age of Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way |journal=Science |year=2004 |volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages=59–62}}</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Active galaxy]] * [[Barred spiral galaxy]] * [[Dwarf galaxy]] * [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]] * [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] * [[Elliptical galaxy]] * [[Galaxy classification]] * [[Galaxy formation and evolution]] * [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]] * [[Interacting galaxy]] * [[Irregular galaxy]] * [[Lenticular galaxy]] * [[List of galaxies]] * [[List of nearest galaxies]] * [[Radio galaxy]] * [[Ring galaxy]] * [[Spiral galaxy]] * [[Starburst galaxy]] * [[Seyfert galaxy]] * [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]] == Référénsi == <references /> * Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004 {{commons|Category:Galaksi}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages] * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe] * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme] [[Kategori:Galaksi| ]] [[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]] 3chcs5nevvg1f7w6m79ubm56km8w981 0 19795 708887 708714 2026-05-05T05:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Count Gyula István Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek'''; (Hongaria: ''vitéz cseszneki és milványi gróf Cseszneky Gyula István'', [[1914]], Nagymajor, Austria-Hungaria—?) nyaéta saurang penyair [[Hongaria]], panarjamah, pulitikus, sarta minangka Julius I, [[Kepangeranan Pindos|Pangeran Pindus jeung Moglena]]. Dina taun [[1941]], salila [[Perang Dunya II]], manéhna jadi panasehat pikeun Aimone Aosta anu harita jadi Raja Tomislav II ti Nagri Merdika [[Kroasia]]. Di Kroasia, manéhna jadi [[count]]. Dina [[1943]], alatan réncang Italina nu boga pangaruh sarta kulawarga Balkanna, Count Cseszneky diangkat jadi [[pangeran]] di nagara bagian [[Vlach]] nu kabentuk di sakumna Pindus sarta Moglena landeuh ku kolaborator urang [[Itali]], Alcibiade Diamandi (anu baheulana geus ngawasa daérah éta minangka Alcibiades I). Pangeran Julius mah ngan ukur ngaranna wungkul jadi pangawasa teh, da manéhna berhubungan jeung pamaréntah Sekutu. Maksudna mah anjeunna hayang mastikeun wewengkon otonom pikeun Aromania sarta Megleno-romania. Dina 1943, ku sabab [[Nazi Jerman]] ngarebut ti soldadu Itali, manéhna dipaksa pikeun ngundurkeun diri alatan kakulawargaan [[Yahudi]]na, sarta ditéwak ku [[Gestapo]]. Manéhna junun kabur balik ka Hongaria tur milu ulubiung dina nulungan urang Yahudi. Sanggeus [[perang]], manéhna indit babarengan jeung Aimone Aosta ka [[Argentina]]. == Rujukan == * José Andréanu, ''Los secretos del Balkan'' * L. Sankó, ''A csallóközi nemesi közbirtokosság'' * Fiorenzo Toso, ''Frammenti d'Europa'' * Déan Kalimniou:, ''Alkiviadis Diamandis di Samarina'' == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Greece.html Worldstatesmen] * [http://www.hostkingdom.net/soubalk2.html Royal chronologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609100442/http://www.hostkingdom.net/soubalk2.html |date=2007-06-09 }} * [http://ferenczygen.tripod.com/id6.html Hungarian aristocracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141320/http://ferenczygen.tripod.com/id6.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.atlaswords.com/GRECIA%20%202.htm#Principato_1940/1944__ Georulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164109/http://www.atlaswords.com/GRECIA%20%202.htm#Principato_1940/1944__ |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://decseszneg.tribalpages.com/ The Cseszneky de Milvany et Csesznek family] * [http://balkanroyalty.tripod.com/id9.html Balkan Royalty]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{pondok}} oufu3f3p2w3eerm7h09b64pdkxi0ie7 0 20182 708881 476676 2026-05-05T02:56:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{Current|date=July 2007}} {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=Bentrokan Lal Masjid 2007 |image= |caption= |partof= |place=[[Islamabad]] |date=[[3 Juli]], [[2007]] – kiwari |result=Lumangsung |combatant1=[[Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan]] |combatant2=Murid oposisi |commander1= |commander2= |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1= |casualties2= |casualties3=16 urang palastra }} '''Bentrokan Lal Masjid 2007''' kajadian antara murid jeung anggota [[Lal Masjid]] di [[Islamabad]] ngalawan militér [[Pakistan]]. ==Munggaran: 3 Juli 2007== Dina [[3 Juli]] [[2007]], perang pakarang kajadian antara nu ngarojong Lal Masjid ngalawan angkatan kaamanan Pakistan sanggeus genep bulan eureun antara dua pihak.<ref name="dawn04072007">{{cite news | url = http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/04/top1.htm | title = Fierce gunbattles rock capital | publisher = The Dawn }}</ref> Bentrokan dimimitian nalika sababaraha militan nyoba nempatan wangunan pamaréntah deukeuteunnana<ref name="dawn04072007" />. 150 urang murid nyerang kantor [[Pamaréntah Pakistan]] deukeuteun [[masjid]] sarta nahan opat urang [[pagawé]] minangka [[sandera]]<ref name="TOI">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Six_killed_in_Pakistans_Lal_Masjid_clashes/articleshow/2171037.cms more than 20 killed in Pakistan's Lal Masjid clashes] Times of India - 3 Jul 2007</ref>. Subsequently he called for attacks on the forces, and students of the [[Lal Masjid]] had taken over certain [[Government of Pakistan|government]] posts and had attacked government buildings. 9 péople, including mosque students, media persons, a [[Pakistan Rangers]] personnel and a businessman were killed while over 100 are injured in the incident.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=8817 | title = Day-long pitched battles leave nine dead | publisher = The News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==4 July 2007== Over one hundred students of Jamia Hafsa surrendered before the authorities on July 4, 2007. The Pakistani government announced [[Pakistani Rupee|Rs.]] 5000 as part of their travel arrangements to their homes.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=25397 | title = Lal Masjid: Over 300 female, male students surrender | publisher = The News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Islamabad]] [[Kategori:2007 di Pakistan]] [[Kategori:Islam di Pakistan]] 4876ixt4rrds5v8y5nhu1cr1gprcxq2 0 25820 708888 484427 2026-05-05T05:56:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hitachi-LG Data Storage''' nyaéta hiji ''[[joint venture]]'' antara [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] jeung grup [[LG Group|LG]] nu nyieun parabot [[panyimpen data optik]] saperti [[CD drive|CD]] jeung [[DVD drive]]. Drive-na mindeng dimimitian ku méré k "HL-DT-ST" (Hitachi-LG DaTa STorage) ==Tumbu luar== * [http://www.hlds.co.kr Loka Hitachi-LG Data Storage (Korea-한글버전)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118004812/http://www.hlds.co.kr/ |date=2021-01-18 }} * [http://www.hlds.co.jp Loka Hitachi-LG Data Storage (Jepang)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714203053/http://www.hlds.co.jp/ |date=2019-07-14 }} {{pausahaan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Pausahaan panyimpen komputer]] nl2o21wd02mjl3zw7swsxcf89s0o84u 0 27023 708883 707501 2026-05-05T04:02:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708883 wikitext text/x-wiki Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''. == [[Sumatera]] == === Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam === ==== Dayeuh Sabang ==== * 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM ==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ==== * 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM * 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM * 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM * 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM * 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM * 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }} * 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }} * 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM * 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }} * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM * 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM * 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM * 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM ==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ==== * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM ==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ==== * 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3 * 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2 * 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1 * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM * 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM * 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM ==== Kabupatén Bireuen ==== * 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM * 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ==== * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ==== * 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ==== * 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM ==== Kabupatén aceh selatan - Tapaktuan ==== * 88.9 Mhz - Radio SIT FM * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM * 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ==== * 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ==== * 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM ==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ==== * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ==== * 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM ==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ==== * Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang * Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis === Sumatera Kulon === * [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }} * [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ * [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ * [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }} * [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }} * [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz * [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz * [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz === Jambi === * [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ * [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ === Kapuloan Bangka Belitung === * [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id] === Lubuklinggau === * [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }} === Palémbang === * Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz * Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ * Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ * Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ * Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ * Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ * Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ * Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ * Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ * Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ * Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ * Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ * Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ * Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ * Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ * Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ === Riau === ==== Pekanbaru ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ * Radio Pas FM 105MHZ * Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ * Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ * Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ * Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ * Radio CBSFM 101MHZ * Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ * Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ * Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ * Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ * Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ] * Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ * Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ * Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ * Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ * Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ * Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ * Radio SF3 94.3MHZ * Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ * Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ * Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ * Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ * Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ * Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ * Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ * Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Talukkuantan ==== * Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ * Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ === Kapuloan Riau === ==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ==== * Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM ==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ==== * Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani) * Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }} * Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }} ==== Tembilahan ==== * Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] ==== Batam ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }} * Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi) * Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ * Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ * Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ * Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ * Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ * Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ * Radio Bigs 104.7 FM * Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM * Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM {{col-css3-end}} == '''[[Jawa]] barat''' == '''Bandung''' * Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM * Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM <br /> ==[[Jakarta]]== '''AM''' * Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] * Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta * Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta * Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta * Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz * Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta * Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta * RRI 999 AM Jakarta * Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta * Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta * Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta * Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta * RRI 1332 AM Jakarta * Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz * Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta {{col-css3-end}} '''FM''' {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com] * GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ * RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ * Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ * Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] * Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }} * Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ * RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }} * Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ * Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ [http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }} * MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ * Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ * U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} * Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ * Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com] * Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com] * Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ * RDI: 97.1 MHZ * Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ [http://www.femaleradio.com] * Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ * GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ [http://www.987genfm.com/] * Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] * Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ * Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com] * Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi * 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }} * iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] * Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ * Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta * Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} * Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta * Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta * IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta * Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta * Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ * Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta * Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com] * Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta * Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta * Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ * Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ * Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ * Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ * Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ * REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Banten]] === ==== Banten ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id] * EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM * Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten * Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten * PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang * Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé * HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten {{col-css3-end|2}} ==== Bekasi ==== * Gaya: 93.60 MHZ * M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz * Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ. * Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ === [[Jawa Kulon]] === ==== Sukabumi ==== * Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ * LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 * ==== Bogor ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ * Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ * Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ * Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ * Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ * Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ * Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis {{col-css3-end}} ==== Bandung ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio MGT 101.1 FM "Spirit Of Your Life". Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/] * Delta FM 94,4 * Female Radio 96,4 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung * Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM * Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] * Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM * Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} * Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} * 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120731133714/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2012-07-31 }} * Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }} * Maestro FM 92.5 FM * B Radio 95.6 FM * Radio Maraghita FM 106.7 * MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }} * K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM * GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung * Poshway 107.9 FM * Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} * Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM * Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan * Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung * Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung * Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Cimahi ==== * AR 92.9 FM ==== Cirebon ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }} * DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }} * Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon * RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ * Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ * Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ * Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ * IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ * Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ * Prima Sonata FM * Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon * Salma FM * Maritim FM {{col-css3-end}} ==== Indramayu ==== * KC-10 87.9 FM * TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA ==== Karawang ==== * Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381 ==== Kuningan ==== * Rasuci FM * Kost FM === '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' === ==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ==== '''FM''' * Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM) * Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5) * MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM) * Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU * RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM) * RSPD Paguyangan-brebes '''AM''' * RSPD AM * Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)<1026 Khz> ==== Kudus ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz * Muria AM 1440 Khz * Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz * Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz * Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz * Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz * RTK FM 106.30 Mhz?? * UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Jepara ==== * R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz ==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ==== * Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK) * IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN. * Bima Sakti FM 96,8 * GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG ) * MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET. * Prima FM 105,3. * ==== Pati ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz * Pas FM 101.00 Mhz * Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz * Pop FM 90.80 Mhz * Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz??? * Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz * Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwokerto ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz * RGM FM * RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz * Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz * Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz * Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz * Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz * Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz * RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz * Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2 * Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91 * Yasika FM 91.5 * Pop FM 91.9 * RGBS 92.3 * RRI PRO 1 93.1 * King FM 93.9 * SBS Purbalingga 94.7 * Ardi Lawt 96.4 * Dian Swara 98.2 * Prima FM 98.6 * RRI PRO 2 99 * Pop FM Banyumas 100.2 * Paduka FM 100.6 * Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4 * Crez FM 103 * Satria Ajibarang 103.9 * Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto * Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3 * Metro FM 105.7 * Ria FM 106.5 * RRI PRO 3 107.3 * Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwodadi ==== * Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz ==== Salatiga ==== * Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ * Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz * Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ * Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ ==== Semarang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pas FM: 106 Mhz - * RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ * TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz * Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz * TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz * RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta * Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz * Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz * RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ * Female FM: 96.1 Mhz * Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz * Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz * Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz * Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz * Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz * RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz * IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz * Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz * Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz * Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz * IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz * Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz * Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz * Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ * Borobudur * Lusiana * Kalimasada * Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Surakarta ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar * Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group) * PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM * Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo * SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar * GSM 97.6 FM * Suara Slenk 92.5 FM * MQ 100.9 FM * Hizbullah 101.4 FM * Imanuel FM * JPI 106.3 FM * Pro1 FM * Pro2 FM * Swara Graha 92.1 * Mentari FM * Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Kharisma 100.3 FM * Metta 104.7 FM * Solopos 103 FM * Suara Wening Ati MQ FM * UMS FM * Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS * Unisri FM * Ramakusala FM * Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM * 89.6 STAR FM * Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Prima 91.7 fm * Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804 * Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888 * RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578 * IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4 * Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil {{col-css3-end}} ==== Tegal ==== * La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal * Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * DLC * Roshinta * Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM) * Radi Raka * Paramount 106 FM ==== Magelang ==== * [[Magelang FM]] === [[Yogyakarta]] === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ * Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ * I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ * Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ * Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }} * Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ * PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ * Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ * MQ FM 92.3 MHZ * MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }} * Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ * Rama FM 93.5 MHZ * Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ * Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ * Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ * Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ * Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Ista FM 96.2 MHZ * Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * EMC FM 97.8 MHZ * Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ * GCD FM 98.6 MHZ * Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ * Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }} * Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ * Prima FM 100.2 MHZ * Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ * Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ * Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ * Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }} * Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ * Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ * Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ * Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ * Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ * Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }} * Petra FM 105.7 MHZ * [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }} * Uty FM 106.9 MHZ * Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ * Global FM 107.6 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Jawa Wétan]] === ==== Batu - Malang ==== * Swara Buana FM * Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ * Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ * Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ * Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ * Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ * Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ * Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ ==== Banyuwangi ==== *. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi * Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }} * Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi * MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi ==== Blitar ==== *RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc] *Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya *Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ *Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ *Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh ) *Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab ) *Istana FM 88.4 MHZ *Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ *Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ *radio grast 91.6 Mhz *Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz ==== Jember ==== * RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ * RKPD Jember * Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ * Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ * Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ * Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/] * Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ * [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ * Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }} * Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ * Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ * Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ * M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ ==== Malang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ * Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ * Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz * Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz * Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ * Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/] * RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ * Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ * Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ * Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ * Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ * Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ * AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ * Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ * Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ * Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ * Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ * Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ * Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ * UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ * FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ * Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ * Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ * Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ * Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }} * Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ * Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ * Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Ngawi ==== * Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz * Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz ==== Ponorogo ==== * Radio Gema Surya News, Music & Culture * Radio Duta Nusantara * Romansa FM * GONG FM * Gress FM * AVIDA FM * Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz * [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }} * Suara Gontor FM * Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ ==== Surabaya ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }} * RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz * JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ * Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ * RKIP - AM 1449 khz * Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ * Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }} * EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/] * Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net] * Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] * SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ * [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ * Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }} * [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id] * Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] * Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }} * Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} * Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }} * Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }} * Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/] * JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/] * Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Trenggalek ==== * [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} * Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ * Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ==== Tulungagung ==== * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }} * Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }} * Radio Jos FM Tulungagung * Radio Perkasa FM * Radio jaya FM Tulungagung * Radio RKS Tulungagung * Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ == [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] == === Bali === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Rock FM 88.2 MHZ * R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ * Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ * Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ * Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ * Barong, AM 1188 MHZ * Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ * Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ * Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ * Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ * Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ * Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ * FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ * Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ * Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ * Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ * Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ * Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === Nusa Tenggara Kulon === * RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} == [[Kalimantan]] == === Banjarmasin === * Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM === Balikpapan === * SBI 102,1 Mhz * Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * Smartfm 97.8 Mhz * Swara Media 101.3 * RSPD 99,9 FM * AMA FM 105,3 FM * Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM * phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio] === Berau === * RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }} === Bontang === * Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm === Martapura === * Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }} === Palangka Raya === * Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} * Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }} === Pontianak === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Pontianak * Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM * Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM * RRI Pro 2 FM * RRI Pro 3 FM * Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }} * Radio Mitra Mahardika * Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas {{col-css3-end}} ==== Luar Pontianak ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Suara Sambas (104 Fm) * Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi) {{col-css3-end}} === Samarinda === * Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html] * Radio One Way 95.2 FM * Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }} * Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM * Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM * Radio Mitra 102.7 FM * Radio Paras 103.5 FM * Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM * Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM === Sampit === * Radio Pesona 100,3 FM == [[Sulawesi]] == * Radio Komunitas * Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ === Gorontalo === *Selebes 101 fm. *SK FM. *Nada 90,8fm. *BPKB Radio 94.7 FM === Kendari === * RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz === Makassar === * RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ * Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ === Manado === * RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ === Palu === * RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ = Radio komunitas = == Riau == == Tanjungpinang == * Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ == Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta == === Jakarta Wétan === * FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790 * Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon * Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790, * Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770 * Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun * AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770 * N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas * RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] === Bandung === * Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ === Pontianak === * Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, * Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM === Luar Pontianak === * Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) * Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) * Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936 * Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak) * Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak) * Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau) * Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi) == Jawa Wétan == Blitar Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz == Tulungagung == * [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }} * Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz == Jombang == * Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang == Ponorogo == * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ == Trenggalek == * Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ * Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ * Radio Komonitas RBS FM panggul Freq 107,30 mhz # Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya freg 107,30 mhz [[Kategori:Radio]] t193c8r9di2eykva5v5jctnhu1la2aq 0 32937 708869 697538 2026-05-04T18:48:57Z ~2026-27071-57 36644 /* Tumbu luar */ 708869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country| native_name = Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | common_name = Républik Turki Siprus Kalér | image_flag = Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg | image_map = Trnc-map.gif | national_motto = | national_anthem = [[İstiklâl Marşı]] | official_languages = [[Basa Turki|Turki]] | capital = [[Nikosia|Lefkoşa]] (Nikosia) | capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=35_08_N_33_28_E_ 35°08' LU 33°28' BT] | largest_city = [[Nikosia|Lefkoşa]] (Nikosia) | government_type = [[Républik]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Présidén]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Perdana Menteri]] | leader_name1 = [[Ersin Tatar]] | leader_name2 = [[Ersan Saner]] | area_rank = | area_magnitude = | area = 3.355 | percent_water = 2,7% | population_estimate = 264,172 | population_estimate_year = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | sovereignty_type = Pendirian | established_event1 = Déklarasi | established_event2 = Pangakuan | established_date1 = [[15 Novémber]] [[1983]] | established_date2 = [[Turki]] | currency = [[Lira Turki Anyar]] ¹ | currency_code = TRY | time_zone = | utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = .nc.tr | calling_code = 90 392 | footnotes= 1. Ti [[1 Januari]] [[2005]], [[Lira Turki Anyar]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'') ngagantian Lira Turki lami. }} '''Républik Turki Siprus Kalér''' ('''RTSK''') ([[basa Turki]]: ''Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'') mangrupa hiji [[nagara]] [[républik]] nu ''[[de facto]]''-na mah [[merdéka]], aya di bagian kalér [[Siprus]]. euweuh nagara lian di dunya nu ngakuan kadaulatanna iwal [[Turki]], nu ngawasaan wewengkon éta dina taun [[1974]]. Teras dina taun [[1975]], nagara ieu diproklamasikeun eujeung parobahan ngaran dina taun [[1983]]; ngaran éta masih dipaké nepi ka ayeuna. == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar nagara]] * [[Siprus]] == Tumbu luar == {{commons|Category:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Républik Turki Siprus Kalér}} {{wikivoyage|Northern Cyprus}} * {{en}} [http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ Siprus Kalér] * {{en}} [http://www.trncgov.com/ Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104080139/http://www.trncgov.com/ |date=2017-11-04 }} * {{en}} [http://www.atcanews.org/ Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221181127/http://www.atcanews.org/ |date=2008-02-21 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192525/http://www.geocities.com/t_volunteer/cyprus/ Cyprus Issue] * {{en}} [https://kktc.app/haberler Kıbrıs Haber] * {{de}} [http://www.zypern.cc/ Zypern Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028004049/http://www.zypern.cc/ |date=2011-10-28 }} * {{de}} [http://www.zypern.cc/nordzypern Nordzypern: Cyprus Almanac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925231425/http://www.zypern.cc/nordzypern/ |date=2012-09-25 }} {{Eropa}}<br /> {{Asia}}<br /> {{OKI}} {{geo-pondok}} [[Kategori:Républik Turki Siprus Kalér| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]] dbhgct6i2cs2bkow3o04mk8prwtbmy7 708870 708869 2026-05-04T18:49:11Z Quinlan83 26013 Malikkeun éditan ~2026-27071-57, diganti deui ka vérsi ahir ku InternetArchiveBot 697538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country| native_name = Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | common_name = Républik Turki Siprus Kalér | image_flag = Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg | image_map = Trnc-map.gif | national_motto = | national_anthem = [[İstiklâl Marşı]] | official_languages = [[Basa Turki|Turki]] | capital = [[Nikosia|Lefkoşa]] (Nikosia) | capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=35_08_N_33_28_E_ 35°08' LU 33°28' BT] | largest_city = [[Nikosia|Lefkoşa]] (Nikosia) | government_type = [[Républik]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Présidén]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Perdana Menteri]] | leader_name1 = [[Ersin Tatar]] | leader_name2 = [[Ersan Saner]] | area_rank = | area_magnitude = | area = 3.355 | percent_water = 2,7% | population_estimate = 264,172 | population_estimate_year = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | sovereignty_type = Pendirian | established_event1 = Déklarasi | established_event2 = Pangakuan | established_date1 = [[15 Novémber]] [[1983]] | established_date2 = [[Turki]] | currency = [[Lira Turki Anyar]] ¹ | currency_code = TRY | time_zone = | utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = .nc.tr | calling_code = 90 392 | footnotes= 1. Ti [[1 Januari]] [[2005]], [[Lira Turki Anyar]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'') ngagantian Lira Turki lami. }} '''Républik Turki Siprus Kalér''' ('''RTSK''') ([[basa Turki]]: ''Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'') mangrupa hiji [[nagara]] [[républik]] nu ''[[de facto]]''-na mah [[merdéka]], aya di bagian kalér [[Siprus]]. euweuh nagara lian di dunya nu ngakuan kadaulatanna iwal [[Turki]], nu ngawasaan wewengkon éta dina taun [[1974]]. Teras dina taun [[1975]], nagara ieu diproklamasikeun eujeung parobahan ngaran dina taun [[1983]]; ngaran éta masih dipaké nepi ka ayeuna. == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar nagara]] * [[Siprus]] == Tumbu luar == {{commons|Category:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Républik Turki Siprus Kalér}} {{wikivoyage|Northern Cyprus}} * {{en}} [http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ Siprus Kalér] * {{en}} [http://www.trncgov.com/ Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104080139/http://www.trncgov.com/ |date=2017-11-04 }} * {{en}} [http://www.atcanews.org/ Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221181127/http://www.atcanews.org/ |date=2008-02-21 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192525/http://www.geocities.com/t_volunteer/cyprus/ Cyprus Issue] * {{de}} [http://www.zypern.cc/ Zypern Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028004049/http://www.zypern.cc/ |date=2011-10-28 }} * {{de}} [http://www.zypern.cc/nordzypern Nordzypern: Cyprus Almanac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925231425/http://www.zypern.cc/nordzypern/ |date=2012-09-25 }} {{Eropa}}<br /> {{Asia}}<br /> {{OKI}} {{geo-pondok}} [[Kategori:Républik Turki Siprus Kalér| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]] hukz0tmh0sf4rnetz4yme372ckj2526 0 34153 708882 697449 2026-05-05T03:55:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Limited recognition map large.png|thumb|400px| {{legend|#FF0000|Teu aya pangakuan internasional}} {{legend|#FF8484|Pangakuan kawates}} {{legend|#808040|Pangakuan mayoritas}} {{legend|#FF8040|Wewengkon nu statusna dipaséakeun; kalawan hiji institusi pamaréntah, nu diakuan ku saeutikna sababaraha nagara}}]] '''Daptar nagara kalawan pangakuan kawates''' méré hiji gambaran ngeunaan éntitas [[géopolitik]] ayeuna, nu hayang diakuan minangka [[nagara daulat]] dina [[hukum internasional]] tapi heunteu atawa tacan miboga [[pangakuan diplomatik]] dunya sacara pinuh. Éntitas kawas kieu umumna kabagi kana dua kategori. Kahiji, éntitas nu miboga pangawasaan pinuh atawa sabagian kana wewengkon nu diklaimna nu maréntah sorangan ku cara ''[[de facto]]'' jeung geus nyebutkeun hiji kahayangan pikeun merdéka pinuh. Kadua, éntitas nu teu boga pangawasaan pinuh kana wewengkon nu diklaimna, tapi diakuan miboga klaim ''[[de jure]]'' kana wewengkonna ku saeutikna hiji nagara lian nu diakuan sacara luas. Sababaraha nagara dina daptar ieu, kawas [[Siprus]] jeung [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]], diakuan ku mayoritas nagara-nagara lian jeung mangrupa anggota Sarikat Bangsa-Bangsa, tapi diasupkeun kana daptar ieu sabab sababaraha nagara lian ngabatalkeun pangakuanna. Tempo [[daptar historis nagara nu heunteu diakuan]] pikeun éntitas kawas kieu nu aya dina jaman baheula. Tempo [[daptar pamaréntahan dina pangasingan]] pikeun pamaréntahan nu teu diakuan jeung teu miboga pangawasaan kana wewengkon nu diklaimna. Aya 192 [[Daptar anggota Pasaarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|nagara anggota]] [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB). [[Tahta Suci]] diakuan [[kadaulatan|daulat dumasar kana hukum internasional]], tapi heunteu minangka anggota Pasarikatan (miboga status minangka [[Panénjo Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|nagara panénjo]]).<ref>[http://www.un.org/members/nonmembers.shtml Non-member State]</ref> == Éntitas géopolitik ayeuna dumasar kana tingkat pangakuan == === Teu diakuan ku nagara naon baé === {|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} [[Somaliland]] |align="center"| 1991 | euweuh nagara nu ngakuan Somaliland merdéka sacara ''de jure'' ti [[Somalia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Somaliland]] | |} === Diakuan ngan ku nagara non-anggota PBB === {|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnitria]] |align="center"| 1990 | Kamerdékaan Transnistria diakuan ku [[Abkhazia]] jeung [[Ossétia Kidul]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Moldova]]. | [[Papaséaan status Transnistria|Hubungan luar nagri Transnistria]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-06-16|url=http://video.acasa.ro/view_video/1cbc0583298a23831612/transnistria-europe-s-black-hole-2-4.html|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On|publisher=BBC 2|year=2001}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119090608/http://video.acasa.ro/view_video/1cbc0583298a23831612/transnistria-europe-s-black-hole-2-4.html |date=2009-11-19 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Nagorno-Karabakh}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] |align="center"| 1991 | Ngan Transnistria nu ngakuan kamerdékaan Nagorno-Karabakh. Sadaya negara ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian de jure ti [[Azerbaijan]] | | |- |} === Non-anggota PBB diakuan ku saeutikna hiji anggota PBB === {|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !class="unsortable" width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%" class="unsortable"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%" class="unsortable"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Abkhazia]] |align="center"|1992 | Kamerdékaan Abkhazia diakuan ku dua nagara anggota PBB, [[Rusia]] jeung [[Nikaragua]] jeung dua nagara non-anggota PBB, Ossétia Kidul jeung Transnistria.<ref name="tiraspoltimes.com">[http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html ''South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia'' The Tiraspol Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422030914/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html |date=2008-04-22 }}</ref> Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Géorgia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nageri Abkhazia]], [[Pangakuan internasional Abkhazia jeung Ossétia Kidul]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-26|url=http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On|publisher=Conciliation Resources|year=2001|author=Clogg, Rachel}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052756/http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="Medvedev">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7582181.stm Russia recognises Georgian rebels] - BBC, 2008-08-26 [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=96574]</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Républik Cina]] ([[Taiwan]]) |align="center"| 1949 | [[Républik Rahayat Cina]] (RRC) jeung Républik Cina (RC; katelah umumna minangka "Taiwan") ngadukung [[Kawijakan Hiji Cina]] nu nyebutkeun yén Cina sacara ''de jure'' mangrupa hiji éntitas daulat tunggal nu ngawengku wewengkon nu ayeuna aya dina pangawasaan RRC jeung RC. RC diakuan minangka sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Cina nu sah ku [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Cina|22]] nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Tahta Suci]]. Dumasar kana [[Résolusi Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2758]], RRC mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Cina nu sah, hiji posisi nu ogé dicandak ku nagara anggota PBB nu séjén. Loba nagara miboga hubungan teu resmi sareng RC. | [[Status politik Taiwan]], [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Cina]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://members.aol.com/JoJoLewis/Taiwan/Taiwan_index.html|date=2002-08-04|author=Lewis, Joe|title=Taiwan Independence |publisher=Digital Freedom Network }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]] |align="center"| 2008 | Kamerdékaan Kosovo diakuan ku 62 nagara anggota PBB, [[Républik Cina|Républik Cina (Taiwan)]], jeung sababraha organisasi internasional. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Sérbia]]. [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] geus ngurus administasi wewengkon ieu ti 1999 liwat [[Misi Ad-Interim Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kosovo]], kalawan kerja sama ti [[Uni Éropa]] ti 2008. Dumasar kana [[Résolusi Déwan Kaamanan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1244]], Kosovo tetep mangrupa bagian ti [[Républik Féderal Yugoslavia]] (di mana [[Sérbia]] mangrupa nagara panerusna), ngadagoan hiji réngséan politik pikeun nangtukeun status ahirna<ref>http://www.unmikonline.org/press/reports/N9917289.pdf</ref>. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Kosovo]], [[Pangakuan internasional Kosovo]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249034.stm|date=2008-02-17|title=Kosovo MPs proclaim independence |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> |- | [[Gambar:Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg|25px]] [[Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Siprus Kalér]] |align="center"| 1983 | Kamerdékaan Siprus Kalér diakuan ku hiji nagara anggota PBB, [[Turki]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Siprus]]. [[Organisasi Konferénsi Islam]] masihan status panénjo ka Siprus Kalér. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Turki Siprus Kalér]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042|author=Hadar, Leon|date=2005-11-16|title=In Praise of 'Virtual States' |publisher=AntiWar }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Paléstina]] |align="center"| 1988 | Nagara Paléstina diakuan ku 93 nagara anggota PBB,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060404211437/http://www.pna.gov.ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine.asp</ref> [[Tahta Suci]], [[Liga Arab]], jeung [[Organisasi Konferénsi Islam]], sanggeus [[Déklarasi Kamerdékaan Paléstina]] ku [[Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina]]. Misi Paléstina miboga status diplomatik atawa husus di 22 nagara anggota PBB lianna jeung [[Uni Éropa]]. Israél teu ngakuan nagara Paléstina. Tapi, minangka hasil ti [[Pasatujuan Rapih Oslo]] jeung [[Pasatujuan Samentawis Israél-Paléstina]], pamaréntah Israél geus ngalihkeun kakawasaan katangtu jeung tanggung jawab pamaréntahan sorangan ka [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]], nu dipaké di wewengkon Tepi Kulon jeung jalur Gaza. PBB ngakuan Paléstina minangka éntitas non-anggota kalawan status panénjo. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0065.shtml|year=2007|title=3.10 - How many countries recognize Palestine as a state?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142400/http://imeu.net/news/article0065.shtml |date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} [[Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]] (RDAS) |align="center"| 1976 | [[Sahara Kulon]] mangrupa subjék ti rupa-rupa klaim nu silih-paséa: [[Maroko]] ngaklaim sakabéh wewengkonna jeung ngawasaan kalobaannana, samentara Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi (RDAS) ngan ngawasaan [[Zona Bébas (wilayah)|Zona Bébas]] tapi ngaklaim ogé kadaulatan pinuh kana sakabéh wewengkonna. Kamerdékaan Sahara Kulon dina kadaulatan RDAS diakuan ku 49 nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Uni Afrika]]. Sahara Kulon diakuan minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti Maroko ku 25 nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Liga Arab]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén teu ngakuan kadua nagara miboga otoritas ''de jure'' kana wewngkon éta; wewengkon éta kaasup kana [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Wewengkon Tampa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]] ti diasupkeun dina 1960-an minangka [[Sahara Spanyol]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html|date=1976-02-27|author=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|title=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|publisher=Western Sahara Online}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429161652/http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html |date=2014-04-29 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[Ossétia Kidul]] |align="center"|1991 | Kamerdékaan Ossetia Kidul diakuan ku dua nagara anggota PBB, [[Rusia]] jeung [[Nikaragua]] sarta dua nagara non-anggota PBB, Abkhazia jeung Transnistria.<ref name="tiraspoltimes.com"/> Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Géorgia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Ossétia Kidul]], [[Pangakuan internasional Abkhazia jeung Ossétia Kidul]] |align=center|<ref name="Medvedev"/><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://iys.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/03b/ixl95.html|date=2003-09-23|author=Stojanovic, Srdjan|title=OCHA Situation Report|publisher=Center for International Disaster Information}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021022609/http://iys.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/03b/ixl95.html |date=2016-10-21 }}</ref> |} === Nagara anggota PBB, teu diakuan ku saeutikna hiji nagara lian === {|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !class="unsortable" width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%" class="unsortable"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%" class="unsortable"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Siprus]] |align="center"| 1974 | Siprus teu diakuan ku hiji nagara anggota PBB, [[Turki]], jeung hiji nagara non-anggota PBB, [[Siprus Kalér]], di mana kaduanya ngarujuk Siprus minangka ''Güney Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi'', "Bagian Yunani ti Siprus Kidul". | [[Hubungan luar nagri Siprus]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|date=2008-02-28|author=CIA World Factbook|title=Cyprus|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-07|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/01/content_3570894.htm|title=Cyprus exists without Turkey's recognition: president |publisher=XINHUA|date=2005-10-01 }}</ref><ref>http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies/download.do?file=20800#search=%20Turkey</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israél]] |align="center"| 1948 | Israél teu diakuan ku nagara-nagara anggota PBB ieu: [[Arab Saudi]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]]<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/Iran_Says_Israel_Stops_Its_Aid_Ship_To_Gaza/1369553.html</ref>, [[Irak]]<ref>http://www.forward.com/articles/13571/</ref>, [[Koréa Kalér|Républik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]], [[Kuba]], [[Kuwait]], [[Libanon]], [[Libya]]<ref>http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2008/12/04-3</ref>, [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriah]], jeung [[Yaman]], sarta hiji nagara non-anggota PBB, [[Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]]. Israél [[Surat pangakuan Israél-Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina|diakuan ku Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina]], nu ngaklaim hak pikeun ngawangun hiji nagara di wewengkon nu ayeuna dikawasaan ku Israél. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Israél]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htm|date=1948-05-14|author=Government of Israel|title=Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948|publisher=[[Yale University]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213090158/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htm |date=2008-02-13 }}</ref><ref>http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104815/http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html |date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Koréa Kalér|Républik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]] |align="center"| 1948 | Rapublik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa teu diakuan ku [[Jepang]] jeung [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]].<ref name="ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp">{{cite web | url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html | title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> | [[Hubungan luar nagri Koréa Kalér]] |align="center"|<ref name="ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp"/><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836219,00.html|title=Declaration of Independence|publisher=[[TIME]]|date=1966-08-19|6=author}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106054432/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836219,00.html |date=2010-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html|title=Seoul's double-talk on reunification|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|date=2005-01-04|author=Scofield, David}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419174039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html |date=2016-04-19 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]] |align="center"| 1948 | Républik Koréa teu diakuan ku [[Rapublik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Koréa Kidul]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/8.htm|date=2000-10-07|author=US Library of Congress|title=World War II and Korea |publisher=Country Studies }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EFD71538F930A3575AC0A962958260|title=China, Backing North Korea, Quits Armistice Commission |publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=1994-09-03|author=Sterngold, James }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstéin]] |align="center"| 1993 | Liechtenstéin teu diakuan ku [[Slowakia]] sabab manéhna nolak pikeun ngakuan Slowakia kana papaséaan pamakéan [[Dekrét Beneš]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Liechtenstéin]] |align="center"|<ref name='Liechtenstein'>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-13|url=http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/mzv/default.asp?id=21142&ido=6573&idj=2|author=MFA of Czech Republic|title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic - Liechtenstein}}</ref><ref name='dispute'>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/10871 dispute]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="books.google.com.mx">[http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=MhFihFgVO3wC&dq=liechtenstein+a+modern+histroy&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Ugv0y06xlc&sig=ugqb92_dznBB1TL_UyAQe728nqs&hl=es&ei=eqJLSvyPJoq7twekr-GbDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3]</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slowakia]] |align="center"| 1993 | Slowakia teu diakuan ku [[Liechtenstéin]] sabab papaséaan kana pamakéan [[Dekrét Beneš]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Slowakia]] |align="center"|<ref name='Liechtenstein' /><ref name="books.google.com.mx"/> |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Nagara mikro]] * [[Daptar historis nagara nu teu diakuan]] * [[Daptar gerakan otonomi jeung séparatis aktip]] * [[Daptar historis gerakan otonomi jeung séparatis]] * [[Pamaréntahan dina pangasingan]] * [[Daptar papaséaan wewengkon]] * [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] * [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Wewengkon Tampa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]] * [[Bandéra nagara nu teu diakuan]] == Réferénsi == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Daptar nagara| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun| ]] 6545w61wwa9mwgov0xfm4umodfruhs2 0 34254 708898 653642 2026-05-05T07:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|kaliki}} {{Taxobox | name = Jarak | image =Castor bean in distubred area.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = <!--Castor bean in disturbed area--> | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Acalyphoideae]] | tribus = [[Acalypheae]] | subtribus = '''Ricininae''' | genus = '''''Ricinus''''' | species = '''''R. communis''''' | binomial = ''Ricinus communis'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Jarak''' nyaéta ngaran [[tutuwuhan]] liar anu biasa hirup di [[leuweung]], [[tanah]] kosong, sisi [[basisir]], atawa dipelak minangka ''komoditi'' ''perkebunan''.<ref name="sumber ka hiji">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=38 Jarak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212503/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=38 |date=2011-10-21 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 28 Oktober 2011)</ref> Jarak bisa tumuwuh dina taneuh anu teu subur asal pH na 6 nepi ka 7 sarta ''drainase'' [[cai]]na alus, sabab [[akar]] jarak teu kuat ku [[cai]] nu ngeyembeng.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Ngabudidayakeun jarak mah gampang, nyaéta ku [[siki]]na anu geus kolot.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Watang]] jarak wangunna buleud tur leueur, kemprong, warnana héjo aya beureuman.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Daun]]na tunggal selang-seling, wangunna siga [[ramo]], warnana héjo aya ogé jenis jarak anu daunna warna beureum.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Kembang]]na warna konéng gedang.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Buahna buleud tur miboga cucuk-cucuk anu beyé, warnana héjo ngora.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> ==Kandungan== [[Siki]] jarak ngandung [[minyak]] ''ricinic'' 40- 50 % anu ngandung ''glyceride'' tina ''ricinoleic acid'', ''isoricinoleic acid'', ''oleic acid'', ''linolenic acid'', jeung ''stearic acid ricinine, cytochrome C, Lipase'' sarta sababaraha [[enzym]].<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Salian ti ''ricin D'', ogé ngandung ''acidic ricin'' jeung ''basic ricin''.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Ari [[daun]]na ngandung ''kaemferol-3-rutinoside, nicotiflorin, isoquercitrin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, astragalin, reynoutrin, ricinine'', jeung [[vitamin C]] 275&nbsp;mg %.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Sedengkeun [[minyak]]na ngandung ''ricinoleic acid 80%, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, triricinolein 68,2%, diricinolein 28%, monoricinolein 2,9%, nonricinolein 0,9%''.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Akar]]na ngandung ''Methyltrans-2-decene-4,6,8-triynoate, 1-tridecene-3,5,7,9,11-pentyne, Beta-sitosterol''.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> ==Mangpaat== Jarak bisa jadi ubar [[kanker]] [[rahim]], [[kanker]] [[kulit]], [[TBC]], [[bisul]], [[koréng]], [[scabies]], infeksi [[jamur]], [[jerawat]], [[ubar]] ateul, [[batuk]], [[hérnia]], [[tetanus]], [[bronkhitis]],<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> hésé miceun ([[sembelit]]), [[ketombé]], [[reumatik]], ngagomplokkeun [[buuk]], bareuh [[gugusi]], sarta nyeri [[huntu]].<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/><ref name="sumber ka dua">[http://putramaja.tripod.com/Tanaman/Pengobatan.htm Jarak]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 28 November 2011)</ref> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== *{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-t_ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343&dq=bridelia+stipularis&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT3-jphu7TAhUcSY8KHV-cCAsQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=bridelia%20stipularis&f=false|title=Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future? |last=Christophe|first=Wiart|date=January 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814480338|ref=harv}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Euphorbiaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] fx4vzfrauxatf4e8rsbvfem06ki2vev 0 34445 708901 625865 2026-05-05T09:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Keane Rock im Park.jpg|thumb|300px|Konsér Keane dina ''Rock im Park'' taun [[2006]]]] '''Kéane''' nyaéta grup musik asal Inggris anu sering disebut nganut aliran ''piano rock''<ref name="kapanlagi">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/k/keane/ Keane-Kapanlagi.com] (diaksés tanggal 4 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Personil Kéane di antarana: Thomas Oliver Chaplin ([[Vokal]], [[piano]], [[organ]], [[gitar]]), Timothy James Rice-Oxley (Piano, [[keyboard]], [[bass]], vokal latar), jeung Richard David Hughes ([[Drum]], [[perkusi]], vokal latar)<ref name="bio">[http://indokeane.tripod.com/biografi.html Biografi Keane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323081142/http://indokeane.tripod.com/biografi.html |date=2012-03-23 }} (diaksés tanggal 4 Nopémber 2011)</ref>.. Kéane dibentuk di [[Battle]], [[Sussex]] [[Wétan]] taun [[1995]] kalayan ngaran ''The Lotus Eaters''<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Ngaran ''The Lotus Eaters'' diganti jadi ''Cherry Keane'', nyaéta ngaran hiji wanoja anu sering ngasuh Timothy jeung Thomas nalika leutik kénéh<ref name="bio" />. Terus ngan ''Cherry ''Kéane'' ieu disingkat jadi Keane<ref name="bio" />. ==Diskografi== Keane mulai aktip taun [[1997]], sanggeus Tom asup ka grup<ref name="bio" />. Sabudeureun taun [[1999]]-[[2001]], Keane ngarilis ''single'' maké label indepénden ( label Keane sorangan) ''Zoomorphic''<ref name="bio" />. ''Single-single'' anu dirilisna nyaéta: ''Call Me What You Like'' (kalayan lagu-lagu ''Call Me What You Like, Rubbernecking'', jeung ''Closer Now'') sarta ''Wolf At The Door'' (kalayan lagu-lagu ''Wolf At The Door, Call Me What You Like'', jeung ''She Has No Time'')<ref name="bio" />. Sanggeus loba ngarilis ''single'', ahirna di Taun [[2004]], Keane ngarilis albumna kalayan judul ''HOPES AND FéaRS''<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Ieu album pernah jadi jawara dina ''tangga lagu'' musik [[Inggris]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Diteruskeun kun album kaduana nyaéta ''UNDER THE IRON Séa'' taun [[2006]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Ieu album ogé bisa jadi jawara ''tangga lagu''<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Anu pamungkas, Keane ngarilis album katiluna ''PERFECT SYMMETRY'' dina bulan Oktober [[2008]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. ==Référénsi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Inggris]] 7j3wovbq6n9uk7324923e5cv5re6xcj 0 36536 708900 652595 2026-05-05T08:54:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708900 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Falklands jeung Malvinas ngarah ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian, tingali [[Falkland (disambiguasi)]] jeung [[Malvinas (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--Do not edit this article to include or remove any Spanish names without first discussing it on Talk. Any substantial changes without consensus on Talk may result in an immediate block from editing.--> {{Infobox country |native_name = Falkland Islands |conventional_long_name = Kapuloan Falkland |common_name = Kapuloan Falkland |demonym = Falkland Islander |image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg |image_coat = Coa Falkland.svg |symbol = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands |image_map = LocationFalklandIslands.png |national_motto = ''"Desire the right"'' |national_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]" (resmi)<br />"[[Song of the Falklands]]"{{Ref label|anthem-note|a|}} |official_languages = [[Basa Inggris]] |capital = [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]] |latd=51 |latm=42 |latNS=S |longd=57 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]] |ethnic_groups = 61,3% [[Urang Kapuloan Falkland|Falkland]]{{Ref label|islander-note|b|}}<br /> 29,0% Britania<br /> 2,6% [[Urang Spanyol|Spanyol]] <br /> 0,6% Jepang <br /> 6,5% [[Chili]] & nu lian<ref>{{cite web |author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=FK |title=Ethnic People Groups of Falkland Islands |publisher=Joshua Project |date= |accessdate=28 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225075020/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/FK |date=25 December 2018 }}</ref> |government_type = [[Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania]] ([[monarki konstitusional]] jeung [[wewengkon depéndensi|depéndensi]] [[démokrasi répréséntatif|démokratik]] [[sistim parleméntér|parleméntér]]) |leader_title1 = [[Raja/Ratu Britania Raya|Ratu]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 = [[Gubernur Kapuloan Falkland|Gubernur]] |leader_name2 = [[Nigel Haywood]]<ref name=HaywoodGovernor>{{cite web |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/01/british-consul-in-basra-next-falkland-islands-governor |title=British consul in Basra next Falkland Islands governor |publisher=MercoPress |date=1 September 2009 |author=Lisa Watson |accessdate=18 March 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145607/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/01/british-consul-in-basra-next-falkland-islands-governor |date=19 August 2017 }}</ref> |leader_title3 = [[Pupuhu Eksekutif Kapuloan Falkland|Pupuhu Eksekutif]] |leader_name3 = [[Keith Padgett]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Falkland Islands Government appoints new Chief Executive |publisher=Falkland Islands Government |date=30 August 2007 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/news-2007.php |accessdate=29 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107135513/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/news-2007.php |date=7 November 2007 }}</ref> |area_rank = ka-162 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area = 12.173 |areami² = 4.700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 3.140<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |title = Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |publisher = CIA |accessdate = 5 March 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129145002/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |date=29 January 2010 }}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-220 |population_estimate_year = Juli 2008 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 0,26 |population_densitymi² = 0,65 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-240 |GDP_PPP = $75&nbsp;yuta |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-223 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25.000 (pakr. 2002) |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ''teu karéngking'' |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Kapuloan Falkland|Ngadeg]] |established_event1 = [[Pangadegan Ulang Kakawasaan Britania di Kapuloan Falkland|Kakawasaan Britnia ngadeg deui]] |established_date1 = 5 Januari 1833 |established_event2 = [[Invasi Kapuloan Falkland 1982|Invasi Argéntina]] |established_date2 = 2 April 1982 |established_event3 = [[Sumerahna Argéntina dina Perang Falkland|Pambébasan]] |established_date3 = 14 Juni 1982 |established_event4 = [[Konstitusi Kapuloan Falkland|Konstitusi nu ayeuna]] |established_date4 = 1 Januari 2009 |HDI = t/s |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Pound Kapuloan Falkland]]{{Ref label|currency-note|c|}} |currency_code = FKP |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = -3 |cctld = [[.fk]] |calling_code = 500 |drives_on = kénca |footnotes = a. {{note|anthem-note}} "[[Song of the Falklands]]" dipaké salaku lagu kabangsaan di pasanggiri-pasanggiri olah raga.<br /> b. {{note|islander-note}} Kalobaannana katurunan/asli Britania.<br /> c. {{note|currency-note}} Diatur/Disaluyukeun jeung [[Pound sterling|Pound sterling (GBP)]]. }} <!-- KE HEULA! Kalimah kahiji ditulis dumasar kana konsénsus antara raloba éditor Wikipédia di Wikipédia Basa Inggris ti diskusi nu panjang jeung sesah (tempo kaca sawalana [[:en:Falkland Islands]]). Upami miboga argumén/alesan anyar ngeunaannana, omongkeun heula di ditu. --> '''Kapuloan Falkland''' ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas}}) nyaéta hiji [[kapuloan]] di [[Samudra Atlantik Kidul]], aya kira-kira {{convert|250|nmi|mi km|lk=on}} ti basisir daratan utama [[Amérika Kidul]]. Kapuloan ieu diwangun ti [[Falkland Wétan]], [[Falkland Kulon]] jeung 776 pulo alit. Ibu kotana, [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]], aya di Falkland Wétan. == Papaséaan kadaulatan == {{utama|Papaséaan kadaulatan Kapuloan Falkland}} Sanajan [[Komite Dékolonisasi Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] ngasupkeun Kapuloan Falkland dina [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Téritori Tanpa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gaspd422.doc.htm |title = Remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories on United Nations List Are "16 Too Many", Fourth Committee Told, As It Takes Up Cluster of Decolonization Issues |date = 5 October 2009 |publisher = Department of Public Information, United Nations |accessdate = 17 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604121731/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gaspd422.doc.htm |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> geus ditegeskeun yén Kapuloan Falkland mangrupa salah sahiji ti 16 téritori nu miboga populasi nu kaliwat saeutik, "pikeun jadi nagara nu bisa tetep aya, merdika pinuh."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Independence-of-Colonial-Peoples-PROGRESS-OF-DECOLONIZATION.html |title = Independence of Colonial Peoples – Progress of decolonization |publisher = Encyclopedia of the Nations |accessdate = 17 May 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610040759/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Independence-of-Colonial-Peoples-PROGRESS-OF-DECOLONIZATION.html |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> Pamaréntah boh Britania Raya boh Argéntina duanana ngaklaim tanggung jawab pikeun kapuloan ieu. Klaim Britania Raya dumasar kana administrasi nu teterusanna kana pulo ieu saprak 1833 (teu mipadulikeun panjajahan militér Argéntina dina 1982) jeung hak para warga kapuloan ieu "hak pikeun nangtukeun awak sorangan, kaasup hak tetep Britania lamun éta nu dipikahayangkeun ku maranéhna".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |title = Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory) |publisher = United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office |work = Travel & living abroad |accessdate = 17 May 2011 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20100309021010/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |archivedate = 9 Mar 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524190529/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |date=24 May 2011 }}</ref> Argéntina ngaklaim yén nagara éta miboga kapuloan éta ti Spanyol basa Argéntina merdika dina 1811 jeung yén Britania Raya ngaleuwihan otoritasna ku cara nundung para padumuk Argéntina dina 1833.<ref name=AR_FA>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html |title=Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur |publisher=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores [Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs] |accessdate=6 March 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531174231/http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html |date=31 May 2011 }}</ref> Padumuk kapuloan ieu teu narima klaim kadaulatan Argéntina.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/7287195/Falkland-Islands-Argentina-cant-scare-us-say-islanders.html |title=Falkland Islands: Argentina can't scare us, say islanders |last=Leonard |first=Tom |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=23 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105130306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/7287195/Falkland-Islands-Argentina-cant-scare-us-say-islanders.html |date=5 January 2012 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé == *[[Argéntina]] *[[Britania Raya]] *[[Papaséaan kadaulatan Georgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul]] == Rujukan == === Catetan suku === {{Reflist}} <!-- === Bibliography === {{cite book|author=Julius Goebel|title=The struggle for the Falkland Islands: a study in legal and diplomatic history|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V_lNAAAAMβAJ|accessdate=17 March 2011|date=August 1971|publisher=Kennikat Press|isbn=9780804613903|ref=Goebel}} {{cite book|author=Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani|title=The Malvinas, the South Georgias, and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sGAJSfxqd7oC|accessdate=17 March 2011|year=1982|publisher=Edipress|isbn=9789500169042|ref=Destefani}} {{cite book|author=David Tatham|title=The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0D0VNAAACAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2011|date=1 June 2008|publisher=D. Tatham|isbn=9780955898501|ref=Tatham}} --> === Bacaan salajengna === * L.L. Ivanov et al. [[wikisource:The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People|''The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People''.]] Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. 96 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 954-91503-1-3 * Carlos Escudé and Andrés Cisneros, eds. [http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/historia_indice00.htm ''Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas''.] Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI). Buenos Aires: GEL/Nuevohacer, 2000. (in Spanish) ISBN 950-694-546-2 * Graham Pascoe and Peter Pepper [http://www.falklandshistory.org/gettingitright.pdf Getting it right: the real history of the Falklands/Malvinas.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216085223/http://falklandshistory.org/gettingitright.pdf |date=2012-02-16 }} May 2008. * [http://www.samueljohnson.com/falklands.html Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland's Islands by Samuel Johnson 1771] * Greig, D.W. [http://www.austlii.com/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw//1978/2.pdf Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis.] ''Austrialian Year Book of International Law''. Vol. 8 (1983). pp.&nbsp;20–70. ISSN: 0084-7658 * César Caviedes. [http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=29&Num=2&Start=172 Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?] ''Latin American Research Review''. Vol. 29 (1994) No. 2. pp.&nbsp;172–187. === Tumbu kaluar === {{Sisterlinks}} *{{Wikiatlas|Falkland Islands}} *{{wikivoyage|Falkland Islands}} *{{CIA World Factbook link|fk|Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Falkland_Islands/|Kapuloan Falkland}} * [http://www.falklands.gov.fk/ Pamaréntah Kapuloan Falkland] loka resmi * [http://www.visitorfalklands.com/ visitorfalklands.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.falklands.info/ Portal Informasi Kapuloan Falkland] {{-}} {{Falkland Islands topics|state=uncollapsed}} {{Template group |title = [[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal |list = {{British dependencies}} {{Countries of South America}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} }} {{Template group |title = Papaséaan wewengkon |list = {{Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom}} {{Territorial disputes involving Argentina}} }} {{English official language clickable map}} {{coord|51|41|S|59|10|W|scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Falkland Kapuloan}} [[Kategori:Kapuloan Falkland| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Papaséaan ngaran géografis]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1833]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Kapuloan Falkland}} <!--Interwikis--> ehrx9m0ztojxeox4eloaowkpqj78pxb 0 37537 708897 705272 2026-05-05T06:48:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|géografi jeung sajarah umum Jalur Gaza|wewengkon géopulitisna|Pamaréntahan Jalur Gaza|kagunaan lian|Gaza (disambiguasi)}} {{Gaza Strip}} [[image:Gaza City.JPG|thumb|Pamandangan kota Gaza]] '''Jalur Gaza''' ({{Lang-ar|قطاع غزة}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|''Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah''}}, {{IPA-ar|qitˤaːʕ ɣazza|IPA}}) aya di basisir wétan [[Laut Tengah]]. Wewengkonna wawatesan jeung [[Mesir]] di kidul-kulon sarta jeung [[Israél]] di kidul, wétan, sareng kalér. Panjangna kira-kira {{convert|41|km|mi}}, sarta lébarna antara 6 jeung 12&nbsp;kilométer (4–7,5&nbsp;mil), kalawan lega {{convert|360|km2|sqmi}}. Wewengkon ieu mibogaan ngaranna ti [[Gaza]], ngaran kota utamina. Populasina kira-kira 1,7 juta jiwa,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |date=2014-06-08 }} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> kalobaannana katurunan ti para pangungsi. 1 juta jiwa, sakumaha dina Maret 2005, diténjo minangka [[pangungsi Paléstina|pangungsi]], sanajan kalobaannana gumelar di Jalur Gaza;<ref name=Cobhamp179>Cobham and Kanafani, 2004, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=EjOnENtFLfgC&pg=PA179&dq=%22population+of+gaza%22+refugees&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22population%20of%20gaza%22%20refugees&f=false p. 179].</ref> generasi saméméhna ngungsi ka Gaza dina 1948 minangka bagian ti [[éksodus urang Paléstina 1948]] sanggeus [[Perang Arab-Israél 1948]], ti sababaraha bagian [[Mandat Paléstina]] nu jadi Israél. Populasina utamina ngagem [[Islam Sunni]]. Jalur Gaza miboga watesna nu ayuena tina hiji gencatan patempuran dina [[Perang Arab-Israél 1948]], nu dikonfirmasi dina [[Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang 1949|Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang Israél-Mesir]] dina 24 Pébruari 1949.<ref>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525024736/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 |date=2014-05-25 }} UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949</ref> Pasal V dina pasatujuan éta nyebutkeun yén gurat watesna sanés hiji wates internasional. Jalur Gaza tetep dikawasaan ku Mesir. Awalna, Mesir ngurus wewengkon ieu liwat [[Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina]] jeung salajengna kalawan langsung ti 1959 nepi ka 1967, nalika Israél ngawasaannana mimiluan [[Perang Genep Poé]]. Numutkeun [[Pasatujuan Oslo]] nu ditandatanganan antawis Israél jeung [[Organisasi Pangbébas Paléstina]] dina 1993, [[Otoritas Paléstina]] dijieun minangka hiji badan pamaréntahan interim pikeun ngurus puseur-puseur populasi Paléstina, kalawan Israél tetep miboga kakawasaan dina [[wewengkon udara]] Jalur Gaza, sakabéhna iwal hiji ti wates daratna sarta [[wewengkon cai téritorial]], nepi ka hiji pasatujuan ahir bisa dijieun. Jalur Gaza mangrupa salah sahiji unit wewengkon nu ngabentuk [[Wewengkon Paléstina]].<ref name="PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm|title=Palestinian Territories|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=European Commission |accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="ICRC-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|title=Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories&nbsp;— ICRC maps|publisher=ICRC|accessdate=2009-04-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807074348/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument |date=2010-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-Countryprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm|title=Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-04-06 | date=15 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref> Saprak Juli 2007, sanggeus [[Pamilihan umum législatif Paléstina 2006]] sarta [[Patempuran Gaza (2007)|Patempuran Gaza]], [[Hamas]] geus jadi pamaréntahan éféktif di Jalur Gaza. ==Sajarah== {{utama|Sajarah Gaza}} ===Kakawasaan Britania (1923–1948)=== {{utama|Mandat Britania pikeun Paléstina}} [[Mandat Paléstina]] dumasar kana prinsip dina Pasal 22 ''draft'' [[Pajangjian Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] sareng [[konferénsi San Remo|Résolusi San Remo]] 25 April 1920 ku prinsip [[Pasakutuan dina Perang Dunya I|kakiatan pasakutuan jeung asosiasi]] sanggeus Perang Dunya I.<ref name=cmd5479>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F |date=2012-01-27 }}. His Majesty’s Stationery Office., London, 1937. 404 pages + maps.</ref> Mandatna nyusun kakawasaan [[Kakaisaran Britania|Britania]] dina bagian kidul [[Suriah Usmaniyah]] ti 1923–1948. ===Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina=== Dina 22 Séptember 1948, nuju ka ahirna Perang Arab-Israél 1948, [[Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina]] diproklamasikeun di Kota Gaza{{dash}}nu dikawasaan ku Mesir{{dash}}ku [[Liga Arab]], nu mana dipercayakeun minangka usaha Liga Arab pikeun ngawatesan pangaruh [[Trans-Yordania]] di Paléstina. Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina gancang diakuan ku 6 ti 7 anggota Liga Arab: [[Mesir]], [[Suriah]], [[Libanon]], [[Irak]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Yaman]], tapi heunteu ku [[Trans-Yordania]],<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/all-palestine-government All-Palestine Government, by Shlaim, Avi]</ref> sarta teu diakuan ku nagara nanaon di luareun Liga Arab. Sanggeus gencatan patempuran, [[Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang 1949#Jeung Mesir|Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang Israél-Mesir]] 24 Pébruari 1949 ngadegkeun gurat pamisah antara kakiatan Mesir jeung Israél, sarta ngadegkeun anu ayeuna jadi wates antara Jalur Gaza jeung Israél. Pihak duanana nyebutkeun yén wates éta sanés wates internasional. Wates jeung Mesir di kidul tetep jadi wates internasional nu mana geus dijieun dina 1906 antawis [[Kakaisaran Usmaniyah]] jeung [[Kakaisaran Britania]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Land of the Negev (English title)|publisher=[[Kamentrian Patahanan Israél|Kamentrian Patahanan]] Publishing|editor=Gardus, Yehuda; Shmueli, Avshalom|year=1978–79}} {{he icon}}, pp. 369–370</ref> Populasi Jalur Gaza ningkatan ku ayana tambihan ti [[pangungsi Paléstina]] nu ngungsi ti Israél saméméh jeung nalika papaerangan. Urang Paléstina nu ngeusian Jalur Gaza atanapi Mesir dipasihan paspor Sa-Paléstina. Mesir teu nawiskeun kawarganagaraan ka urang Paléstina. Ti ahir 1949, aranjeunna nampi pitulungan ti [[Badan Gawé jeung Pitulungan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Pangungsi Paléstina di Wétan Deukeut|UNRWA]]. Nalika [[krisis Suéz|patempuran Sinai Nopémber 1956]], Jalur Gaza jeung [[Samenanjung Sinai]] dikawasaan ku pasukan Israél. Tekenan internasional ngarahkeun sangkan Israél téh kaluar. ===Kakawasaan Mesir (1959–1967)=== {{utama|Kakawasaan Mesir di Jalur Gaza}} Saprak peupeusna Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina dina 1959, dina ijin pan-Arabisme, [[Mesir]] ngalajengkeun kakawasaanna di [[Jalur Gaza]] nepi ka taun [[1967]]. Mesir teu pernah nganéksasi/ngalindih Jalur Gaza, tapi ngalayananna minangka hiji wewengkon nu diatur sarta ngurusanna iwat hiji pamaréntahan militér.<ref>[http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 "How has the Gaza Strip influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120155902/http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 |date=2012-01-20 }} entry at ProCon.org citing "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"</ref> ===Kakawasaan Israél (1967–1994/2005)=== Israél ngawasaan Jalur Gaza deui mimiti Juni 1967, sanggeus [[Perang Genep Poé]]. Nalika jaman kakawasaan Israél, Israél nyieun blok-blok, [[Gush Katif]], di juru kidul-kulon Jalur Gaza deukeut [[Rafah]] sarta wates Mesir. Totalna, Israél nyieun 21 kelompok padumukan di Jalur Gaza, ngawengku 20% ti total aréa. Salian ti alesan idéologi, kelompok-kelompok éta ogé minangka pos-pos kaamanan Israél. Dina Maret 1979, Israél jeung Mesir nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Rapih Israél-Mesir]]. Pajangjian ieu di antarana disadiakeun pikeun panarikan pasukan jeung warga sipil Israél ti Samenanjung Sinai, nu geus dikawasaan Israél ti Perang Genep, ka wates internasional 1906.{{Citation needed}} Mesir satuju pikeun ngajagaan Samenanjung Sinai sangkan tetep dina kaayaan démilitér. Status ahir Jalur Gaza, sarta hubungan lian antawis Israél jeung Paléstina, teu diurus dina pajangjian ieu. Mesir ninggalkeun sadaya klaim wewengkon dina téritori kaléreun wates internasional. Jalur Gaza tetep dina kapangurusan militér Israél nepi ka 1994. Nalika jaman éta, militér miboga tanggung jawab dina kapanguruasan sarana jeung layanan sipil. Dina Méi 1994, mimiluan pasatujuan Paléstina-Israél nu kawanoh minangka [[Pasatujuan Oslo]], pamindahan otoritas wewenang ka Paléstina dilaksanakeun. Kalobaanana ti wewengkon Jalur Gaza (kajaba blok-blok padumukan jeung aréa militér) jadi aya dina kadali Paléstina. Pasukan Israél ninggalkeun Kota Gaza sarta wewengkon pakotaan nu lain, ninggalkeun Otoritas Paléstina nu anyar ngawasaan jeung ngadalikeun wewengkon-wewengkon éta. Otoritas Paléstina, diluluguan ku [[Yasser Arafat]], milih Kota Gaza minangka puseur propinsi kahijina. Dina Séptémber 1995, Israél jeung [[Organisasi Pangbébas Paléstina|PLO]] nanda tanganan [[Pasatujuan Interim dina Sisi Kulon jeung Jalur Gaza|pasatujuan karapihan kadua]], ngalegakeun Otoritas Paléstina ka raloba kota-kota [[Sisi Kulon]]. Pasatujuan éta ofé ngadegkeun 88 anggota kapilih pikeun [[Déwan Nasional Paléstina]], nu mana pangistrénanna dilaksanakeun di Gaza dina Maret 1996. Kakawasaan Otoritas Paléstina di Jalur Gaza jeung Sisi Kulon dina rézim Arafat miboga kasalahan pangaturan sarta skandal korupsi. Contona, bayaran dipéntaan sangkan bisa ngasupkeun jeung ngaluarkeun barang-barang ka jeung ti Jalur Gaza, sawatara pupuhu aparat Badan Kaamanan Panyegahan miboga kauntungan ti kamimiluannana dina impor mungkal jeung semén sarta industri konstruksi, saperti Gréat Arab Company for Investment and Development, al-Motawaset Company, jeung proyék konstruksi al-Sheik Zayid.<ref>{{cite web|last=Samuels |first=David |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200509/samuels/8 |title=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> [[Intifada Kadua]] peupeus dina Séptémber 2000 kalawan gelombang protés, karusuhan massa, sarta pangaboman kana urang jeung militér Israél. Dina Pébruari 2005, pamaréntah Israél nyorakeun pkeun ngalaksanakeun [[rancangan paleupasan unilateral Israél|rancangan paleupasan sapihak]] ti Jalur Gaza. Rancangan éta mimiti dilaksanakeun 15 Agustus 2005, sarta réngsé 12 Séptémber 2005. Dina rancangan, sadaya [[padumukan Israéli]] di Jalur Gaza (sarta 4 di Sisi Kulno) sareng Zona Industri Erez dibongkar kalawan ditarikna 9.000 urang Israél (kalobaannana di wewengkon padumukan [[Gush Katif]] di beulah kidul-kulon Jalur Gaza) sarta markas-markas militér. Dina 12 Séptémber 2005, kabinét Israél sacara resmi ngadéklarasikeun ahirna kakawasaan militér Israél di Jalur Gaza. Pikeun ngahindarkeun dugaan yén Israél masih ngawasaan bagian nanaon ti Jalur Gaza, Israél ogé kaluar ti [[Rute Philadelphi]], nu mangrupa hiji jalur hereut nu wawatesan jeung watesna Jalur Gaza jeung Mesir, sanggeus pasatujuanna Mesir pikeun ngamankeun bagian watesna. Dina Pasatujuan Oslo, Rute Philadelphi ditetepkeun dina kakawasaan Israél sangkan nyegah diselundupkeunnana banda (kawas amunisi) sarta jalmi meuntasan wates jeung Mesir. Mesir satuju pikeun ngajagaan bagian watesna. Israél ngurusan kadalina kana pameuntasan asup jeung kaluar Gaza. Palintasan Rafah antara Mesir jeung Gaza diawaskeun ku tentara Israél liwat kaméra panjagaan husus. Dokumén resmi saperti paspor, kartu idéntitas, kertas ékspor jeung impor, sarta raloba séjénna kedah dienyakeun ku tentara Israél.{{Citation needed}} ====Pawates Israél-Jalur Gaza==== {{utama|Pawates Israél–Jalur Gaza}} Antara 1994 jeung 1996, Israél ngawangun pawates Israél-Jalur Gaza. Pawates éta kahiji dikonstruksi pikeun ningkatkeun kaamanan di Israél. Pawates éta teras dirubuhkeun ku urang Paléstina dina awal [[Intifada Al-Aqsa]] dina Séptémber 2000.<ref name="Doron Almog">{{Cite document |title=Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank |author=Almog, Major General Doron |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=2004-12-23 |volume=4 |edition=12 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |postscript=<!--None--> }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213141925/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |date=2009-02-13 }}</ref> Antara Désémber 2000 jeung Juni 2001, pager pawates antara Jalur Gaza jeung Israél diwangun deui. Pawates di wates Jalur Gaza-Mesir diwangun ti 2004.<ref name="Anne Barnard">{{Cite news |title=Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens |first=Anne |last=Barnard |work=The Boston Globe |date=2006-10-22 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ }}</ref> Aya 3 titik pameuntasan utama di pawates: [[Pameuntasan Erez]] di kalér ka Israél, [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah|Pameuntasan Rafah]] di kidul ka Mesir, sarta [[Pameuntasan Karni]] di wétan nu dipaké ngan pikeun kargo.<ref name="Greg Myre">{{Cite news |title=Gaza Crossing:Choked Passages to Frustration |first=Greg |last=Myre |work=The New York Times |date=2006-03-04 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html?ex=1299128400&en=5ce2d89055b684dc&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss }}</ref> Israél ngadalikeun wates kalér Jalur Gaza, sarta wewengkon cai jeung udarana ogé. Mesir ngadalikeun wates kidul Jalur Gaza, dina hiji pasatujuanna jeung Israél.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> ===2005 – Paleupasn sapihak Israél=== [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél]] ninggalkeun Jalur Gaza dina 1 Sépéember 2005 minangka bagian ti [[rancangan paleupasan sapihak Israél]], sarta sadaya wargi Israél dikaluarkeun ti wewengkon éta. Hiji 'Pasatujuan dina Pagerakan jeung Aksés' antawis Israél jeung [[Otoritas Paléstina]] kalawan panganteur ku [[Condoleezza Rice]] dina Nopémber 2005 pikeun ningkatkeun kabébasan urang Paléstina dina aktivitas pagerakan jeung ékonomi di Jalur Gaza. Dina pajangjian, pameuntasan [[Rafah]]-[[Egypt]] kedah dibuka deui, kalawan arus asup-kaluar diawaskeun ku Otoritas Nasional Paléstina jeung [[Uni Éropa]]. Ngan jalmi kalawan idéntitas Paléstina, atanapi urang kabangsaan lian, kalawan pangajabaan, dina kategori katangtu, subjék ti pangawasan Israél, anu diijinkeun pikeun meuntas asup jeung kaluar. Sadaya barang, kandaraan, jeung truk ka jeung ti Mesir kedah ngaliwatan pameuntasan Israél di [[Kerem Shalom]], dina pangawasan pinuh Israél.<ref>[[Tanya Reinhart]], ''The Road to Nowhere,'' Verso, London 2006 pp.134-5</ref> Barang-barang diijinkeun ogé ngaliwatan [[pameuntasan Karni]] di kalér. ====Status sah==== PBB, [[Panénjo Hak Asasi Manusa]], jeung raloba organisasi internasional lian jeung [[lembaga swadaya masarakat|LSM]] némbong Israél hayang ngawasaan Jalur Gaza sakumaha Israél ngawasaan wewengkon cai jeung udara Jalur Gaza, sarta teu ngijinkeun kalura-asupna barang-barang ka jeung ti Gaza liwat cai atawa udara (ngan bisa liwat darat).<ref name="AI_briefing">{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/007/2009/en/4c407b40-e64c-11dd-9917-ed717fa5078d/mde150072009en.html|title=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability|date=2009-01-19|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=2009-06-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610222437/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/007/2009/en/4c407b40-e64c-11dd-9917-ed717fa5078d/mde150072009en.html |date=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="isrlpa13698">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"] July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.</ref><ref name="cnn2009-01-06">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html|title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?|last=Levs|first=Josh|date=2009-01-06|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref> Tapi, pameuntasan wates ka Mesir teu dikawasaan ku Israél. Kawas Israél, Mesir sacara tumurutna ngalarang atanapi ngijinkeun barang jeung jalmi meuntasan wates darat éta. Israél nyebutkeun yén Gaza heunteu dikawasaan deui, sakumaha Israél heunteu mibogaan kadali atanapi otoritas kana wewengkon darat atanapi institusi di Jelur Gaza.<ref name=Gold>Dore Gold, [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |date=2010-06-21 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel’s_Right_to_Self-Defense International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense |date=2012-03-06 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.</ref> [[Mentri Hubungan Luar Nagri Israél]], [[Tzipi Livni]], nyarios dina Januari 2008: "Israél kaluar ti Gaza. Israél ngabongkar padumukanna di ditu. Teu aya pasukan Israél nu kasésa di ditu sanggeus paleupasan."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference], [[Kamentrian Hubungan Luar Nagri (Israél)]], 22 Januari 2008.</ref> Sanggeus Israél kaluar dina 2005, Pupuhu [[Otoritas Paléstina]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], nyarios, "status légal wewengkon nu kadaptar pikeun évakuasi heunteu robah."<ref name=Gold/> Pangacara [[urang Paléstina Amérika|Paléstina Amérika]], Gregory Khalil, nyebatkeun "Israél masih ngawasaan sadaya jalmi, barang, [jeung] keclak cai pikeun asup atawa kaluar Jalur Gaza. Pasukanna meureun teu aya di ditu... tapi laranganna masih ngawatesan kapasitas kakawasaan otoritas Paléstina."<ref>[http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, [[Fakultas Hukum Universitas Virginia]], 17 Nopémber 2005.</ref>. Perkawis status sah Jalur Gaza katempo rumit dumasar kana hukum internasional, sarta narik minat sacara hukumna, komo sanggeus Operasi "Cast Lead" jeung invasi Israél kana Gaza dina Januari 2009.<ref>Susan Power, Re-engaging the Gaza Debate: the impact of Operation "Cast Lead", (06) 2009 Intellectum, pp. 033-045,[http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum6/en/ITL06p033045_Re-engaging%20the%20Gaza%20Debate%20-%20the%20Impact%20of%20Operation%20Cast%20Lead_Susan%20Rose%20Power.pdf Re-engaging the Gaza debate: the impact of Operation "Cast Lead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411194658/http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum6/en/ITL06p033045_Re-engaging%20the%20Gaza%20Debate%20-%20the%20Impact%20of%20Operation%20Cast%20Lead_Susan%20Rose%20Power.pdf |date=2023-04-11 }}</ref> Dina cariosanna dina [[konflik Israél-Gaza 2008–2009]], [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]], [[Panaratas Husus Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] nyebatkeun yén [[hukum kamanusaan internasional]] dipakékeun kana Israél "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], December 27, 2008.</ref> Dina wawancara dina 2009 di ''[[Democracy Now]]'', Christopher Gunness, juru carios [[Badan Pamulihan jeung Pangagawéan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Pangungsi Paléstina di Wétan Deukeut]] (UNRWA) nyebat Israél hiji kakiatan nu ngajajah. Tapi, Méagan Buren, Panaséhat Sénior [[Israel Project]], teu satuju ngeunaan éta.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of A Debate on Israel’s Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project’s Meagan Buren] [[Democracy Now]], 5 Januari 2009.</ref> Inohong Hamas, Mahmoud Zahar, nyarios yén Gaza teu kajajh deui saprak kaluarna Israél.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=449619] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113101053/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=449619 |date=2012-11-13 }} "'Against whom could we demonstrate in the Gaza Strip? When Gaza was occupied, that model was applicable,' Zahar said." Ditampi ti Ma'an News Agency, 5 Januari 2012</ref> ===Pangawasaan Otoritas Paléstina (1994–2007)=== Dumasar kana [[Pasatujuan Oslo]], [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Otoritas Paléstina]] nyekelan otoritas administratif Jalur Gaza (salian blok padumukan jeung wewengkon militér) dina 1994. Sanggeus [[rancangan paleupasan sapihak Israél|kaluarna Israél]] (pangeusi jeung militér) ti Jalur Gaza dina 12 Séptémber 2005, Otoritas Paléstina mibanda otoritas administratif pinuh di Jalur Gaza. Saprak paleupasan Israél, [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah]] diawasan ku [[Misi Pitulungan Wates Uni Éropa Rafah]] dina hiji pasatujuan nu diadopsi dina Nopémber 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_5366_en.htm |title=EU Border Assistance Mission for Rafah Crossing Point (EU BAM Rafah) |publisher=United nations : European union |date=25 November 2005}}</ref> ====Karusuhan pasca-pamilu==== {{utama|Konflik Fatah–Hamas}} Dina [[Pamilu législatif Paléstina 2006|pamilu parlemén Paléstina]] 25 Januari 2006, [[Hamas]] meunangkeun 42,9% total sora, mibanda 74 ti 132 korsi (56%).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023627/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/25/africa/web.0125pals.php Counting underway in Palestinian elections], International Herald Tribune, 25 January 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160924/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm Election officials reduce [[Hamas]] seats by two], ABC News Online, 30 January 2006.</ref> Nalika Hamas mangku kakawasaan dina bulan sanggeusna, pamaréntah Israél jeung pamaén konci komunitas internasional, Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Éropa, nolak ngakuan hakna dina maréntah [[Otoritas Paléstina]]. Pitulungan langsung ka pamaréntah Paléstina di ditu dipegatkeun, sanajan sababaraha anggaranna dialihkeun ka organisasi kamanusaan nu teu kahubung jeung pamaréntahan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html?scp=4&sq=aid&st=nyt |title=U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government|publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2006-04-08 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Hasilna, karusuhan pulitik jeung stagnasi ékonomi ngakibatkeun raloba Urang Paléstina angakat ti Jalur Gaza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810085213/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Finternational%2Fi104249S77.DTL More Palestinians flee homelands], Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, December 9, 2006.</ref> Dina Januari 2007, aya patempuran antara Hamas jeung [[Fatah]]. Patempuran di Jalur Gaza kalér ngakibatkeun Jéndral [[Muhammed Gharib]], komandan sénior [[Pasukan Kaamanan Pancegahan]], pupus ku diarah ku rokét ka bumina. 2 putri Gharib jeung 2 pangawalna ogé maot dina panarajangan éta, nu mana dilaksanakeun ku tentara Hamas.<ref name=jp200713a>{{cite web |last=Abu |first=Khaled |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=US to give $86 million to Abbas's forces |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121307/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina ahir Januari 2007, gencatan senjata disawalakeun antawis Fatah jeung Hamas.<ref>[http://apnews.excite.com/article/20070131/D8N050P00.html Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}, Ibrahim Barzak, 31 January 2007, Associated Press; [http://apnews.excite.com/article/20070130/D8MVFSI00.html Cease-Fire Starts Taking Hold in Gaza]{{dead link|date=December 2010}} Ibrahim Barzak, 30 January 2007, Associated Press.</ref> Tapi sanggeus sababaraha poé, patempuran nu anyar aya deui.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206223752/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc]</ref> Tentara Fatah narajang sababaraha universitas nu patali jeung Hamas di Jalur Gaza. Pejabat Pangawal Kaprésidénan Abbas temupur jeung tentara Hamas nu ngawal Kamentrian Jero Nagri nu dipingpin ku Hamas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208022546/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070202/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce], Associated Press, 2 February 2007.</ref> Patempuran kasebar di Jalur Gaza. Kadua pihak narajang kandaraan jeung sarana lawanna. Ku sabab ditarajang ku rokét ti Jalur Gaza, Israél ngalaksanakeun panarajangan udara nu mana ngancurkeun wangunan nu dipaké ku Hamas. Karusuhan nu tetep lumangsung bisa ngarah ka ahir ti [[pamaréntahan Paléstina Maret 2007|pamaréntahan koalisi Fatah-Hamas]], sarta kamungkinan ahir ti Otoritas Paléstina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070518093159/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc Israel attacks in Gaza amid factional violence], by Nidal al-Mughrabi, Associated Press, 16 May 2007.</ref> ====Korban==== Ti 2006-2007, leuwih ti 600 Urang Paléstina pupus dina papaséaan antara Hamas jeung Fatah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Sanggeus [[Perang Gaza]], saruntuyan kajadian nelasan 54 Urang Paléstina, samentara ratusan ngaku disiksa.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza | first=Matthew | last=Kalman | date=22 January 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110716081531/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> 349 Urang Paléstina ditelasan dina patempuran antawis pihak dina 2007. 160 Urang Paléstina patelas-telas ngan dina bulan Juni hungkul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |title=B'Tselem - Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians - Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes |publisher=Btselem.org |date=2007-11-12 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> ===Kakawasaan Hamas (2007–kiwari)=== Sanggeus meunangna Hamas dina [[Pamilu législatif Paléstina 2006]], Hamas jeung [[Fatah]] ngawangun hiji [[Pamaréntahan kahijian nasional Otoritas Paléstina]], diluluguan ku [[Ismail Haniya]]. Sakedap sanggeusna, Hamas ngawasaan Jalur Gaza dina [[Patempuran Gaza (2007)|Patempuran Gaza]],<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=Friday 15 June 2007 | location=London | first1=Ian | last1=Black | first2=Mark | last2=Tran}}</ref> nyandak lembaga pamaréntahan jeung ngagentos Fatah jeung pajabat pamaréntahan lianna.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book | title= Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank | pages= 14–15 | author2= [[Human Rights Watch]] | first1= Fred | last1= Abrahams | publisher= [[Human Rights Watch]] | year= 2008 }}</ref> Dina 14 Juni, Hamas sacara pinuh ngawasaan Jalur Gaza. [[Présidén Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Présidén Paléstina]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], ngaréspon ku cara nyatakeun [[kaayaan darurat nagara]], ngabubarkeun pamaréntahan kahijian sarta ngawangun hiji pamaréntahan nu anyar tanpa partisipasi Hamas. [[Layanan Kaamanan Pancegahan|Pasukan Kaamanan ONP]] di [[Sisi Kulon]] nahan sababaraha anggota Hamas. Pamaréntahan Abbas nampi raloba dukungan internasional. Dina ahir Juni 2008, Mesir, Yordania, jeung Arab Saudi nyebatkeun yén Kabinét Sisi Kulon nu diwangun ku Abbas mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Paléstina anu sah. Mesir mindahkeun kadutaanna ti Gaza ka Sisi Kulon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |title=Mubarak calls Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip a 'coup'|publisher= Haaretz Daily Newspaper|date= |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> The Hamas government in the Gaza Strip faces international, diplomatic, and economic isolation. [[image:Watchtower rafah gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|Munara pangawas, wates Rafah-Mesir]] Boh [[Arab Saudi]] jeung Mesir ngadukung pamulihan hubungan jeung dibentukna pamaréntahan kahijian nu anyar, sarta neken Abbas sangkan ngawitan parundingan nyata jeung Hamas. Partéy oposisi jeung pulitisi ogé nyorakeun hiji parundingan jeung Hamas ogé hiji ahir hukuman ékonomi. Sanggeus panyandakan alih, Israél jeung Mesir [[blokade Jalur Gaza|nutup pameuntasan watesna jeung Gaza]]. Sumber-sumber Paléstina ngalaporkeun yén pangawas Uni Éropa kaluar ti [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah]], di Wates Mesir-Gaza lantaran sieun diculik atanapi disiksa.<ref name=EU_flee_Rafah_crossing>{{cite web |last=Dudkevitch |first=Margot |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |title=EU monitors flee Rafah border crossing |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2006-03-14 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121459/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Mentri-mentri luar nagri Arab jeung pajabat pamaréntahan Paléstina ngawangun hiji fron ngalawan kakawasaan Hamas di wates éta.<ref name="Abbas wins Egypt backing on border">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |title=Middle East&nbsp;— Abbas wins Egypt backing on border |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2008-01-28 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Sawatara éta, laporan kaamanan Israél jeung Mesir nyebatkeun yén Hamas terus nyalurkeun bahan éksplosif jeung pakarang ti Mesir liwat torowongan. Pasukan kaamanan Mesir manggih 60 torowongan dina 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Egypt finds 60 Gaza tunnels in 10 months |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121629/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> ====Sanggeus Hamas nyandak kadali==== Sanggeus meunangna Hamas dina Juni, pajabat-pajabat nu patali jeung Fatah dikaluarkeun ti wewenang jeung kakawasaanna (saperti jabatan pamaréntahan, kaamanan, universitas, koran, jsb.) sarta ngusahakeun ngalaksanakeun hukum ku cara progrésif nurunkeun pakarang ti gerilyawan, marga, jeung kelompok kajahatan di sakurilingeunana, jeung ngawasaan torowongan suplai. Dumasar kana [[Amnésti Internasional]], dina kakawasaan Hamas, surat kabar ditutup sarta wartawan dilécéhkeun.<ref name=AI_torn>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE210202007|title=Torn apart by factional strife|publisher=[[Amnésti Internasional]]|date=24 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071025073634/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE210202007 |archivedate = October 25, 2007}}</ref> Unjuk rasa Fatah dilarang atanapi diteken, sakumaha contona dina kasus démonstrasi pikeun miélingan pupusna [[Yasser Arafat]], nu mana ngakibatkeun maotna 7 urang, sanggeus démonstran ngalungkeun batu kana pasukan kaamanan Hamas.<ref>[http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 Hamas kills seven at Arafat rally in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20070813050106/http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 |date=2007-08-13 }} , AFP, (via SBS World News Australia), 13 November 2007.</ref> Kajahatan kana urang Kristen aya ogé. Saurang Kristen nu mibanda hiji toko buku diculik jeung ditelasan,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Gaza's Christian bookseller killed | first=Eric | last=Silver | date=8 October 2007 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> sarta dina 15 Pébruari 2008, perpustakaan hiji organisasi Kristen di Kota Gaza dibom.<ref>http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27804 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053150/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27804 |date=2017-12-15 }}</ref> Hamas jeung grup militan lianna neraskeun ngaluncurkeun rokét Qassam ka Israél. Dumasar kana Israél, antara Panyandakan Alih ku Hamas jeung ahir Januari 2008, 697 rokét jeung 822 mortir diarahkeun ka kota-kota Israél.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Missile+fire+from+Gaza+on+Israeli+civilian+targets+Aug+2007.htm#statistics |title=Israeli MFA |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011023634/http%3A//www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Missile%2Bfire%2Bfrom%2BGaza%2Bon%2BIsraeli%2Bcivilian%2Btargets%2BAug%2B2007.htm#statistics |archivedate = October 11, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Balesannana, Israél ngarah paluncur rokét Qassam jeung targét-targét militér sarta dina 19 Séptember 2007, nyatakeun Jalur Gaza minangka hiji éntitas musuh. Dina Januari 2008, Israél ngawatesan lalampahan ti Gaza, asupna barang-barang, sarta motong pasokan suluh, ngakibatkeun kakirangan listrik. Hal ieu ngarah ka tuntutan yén Israél méré [[hukuman koléktif]] kana populasi Gaza, nu ngarah ka panghukuman internasional. Sanajan raloba laporan ti Jalur Gaza nyebatkeun yén pangan sarta kabutuhan poko lianna kirang pisan pasokanna, <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Profile: Gaza Strip |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Israél ngabantah bari nyebatkeun yén Gaza geus miboga pangan jeung suplai énergi nu cekap pikeun sababaraha minggu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3496654,00.html |title=IDF official rejects claims of humanitarian crisis in Gaza |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Dina awal Maret 2008, panarajangan udara jeung darat ku [[:en:IDF|IDF]]<!-- Pasukan Patahanan Israél? --> ngakibatkeun maotna leuwih ti 110 urang Paléstina sarta dampak kaancuran di [[Jabalia]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7272329.stm Dozens die in Israel-Gaza clashes] ''[[BBC News]]''. 2 Maret 2008.</ref> Sanggeus Présidén Mesir, Hosni Mubarak, mundur dina 28 Méi 2011, Mesir muka watesna jeung Jalur Gaza.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322.html] ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''. 29 Méi 2011.</ref> ====Panorobosan wates==== {{utama|Panorobosan wates Gaza-Mesir 2008}} Dina 23 Januari 2008, sanggeus sababaraha bulan persiapan nalika pangiatan wates ku baja jadi ruksak,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070802091348/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html Ha'aretz]</ref> [[Panorobosan wates Gaza-Mesir (2008)|Hamas ngancurkeun sababaraha bagian témbok]] nu ngawatesan Gaza jeung Mesir di kota [[Rafah]]. Raloba urang meuntas ka Mesir néangan pangan jeung suplai. Ku sabab krisis, Présidén Mesir keur éta, [[Hosni Mubarak]], maréntahkeun pasukanna sangkan diijinkeun éta Urang Paléstina téh, tapi pastikeun euweuh pakarang anu dibawa balik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm|title=Egypt 'won't force Gazans back'|publisher=BBC News|date=23 January 2008|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Mesir nahan jeung teras ngabébaskeun sababaraha gerilyawan Hamas nu boga pakarang di Sinai nu mana presumably hayang asup ka Israél. Keur éta ogé, Israél ningkatkeun kaayaan pangélingannana di sapanjang wates Sinai Israél-Mesir, sarta nyauran wargina sangkan ninggalkeun Sinai "langsung." Pangawas Wates UE nunjukkeun kasiapanna dina balik deui ngawas wates éta, sarta Hamas kedah ngajamin kaamananna; samentara Otoritas Paléstina ménta sangkan Mesir sawala jeung pihak Otoritas hungkul ngeunaan urusan nu patali jeung wates éta. Israél ngagampangkeun sababaraha panyaluran barang jeung suplai médis ka Jalur Gaza, tapi ngawatesan listrikna 5% dina salah sahiji ti 10 saluranna, samentara Hamas jeung Mesir ngadeukeutkeun jarak antara kadua pihak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080202031535/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archivedate=2008-02-02|title=Fatah, Hamas fight for border control|last=Abu Toameh|first=Khaled|date=January 29, 2008|publisher=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=2009-01-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202031535/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |date=2008-02-02 }}</ref> Usaha kahiji mesir dina nutup deui watesna éta diréspon kalawan karusuhan ku gerilyawan Gaza, tapi sanggeus 12 poé, wates éta ditutup deui.{{Citation needed}} <!-- BROKEN LINK:<ref>http://rafah.virtualactivism.net/news/todaymain.htm</ref> --> Dina patengahan Pébruari, pameuntasan wates Rafah masih tutup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27807 |title=Maan news |publisher=Maan news |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116135549/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27807 |date=2009-01-16 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2008, hiji survéi [[Haaretz]] nunjukkeun yén 64% masarakat Israél hoyong pamaréntahna ngayakeun diskusi langsung jeung Hamas di Gaza ngeunaan gencatan senjata sarta pikeun ngamankeun dibébaskeunnana [[Gilad Shalit]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958473.html|title=Poll: Most Israelis back direct talks with Hamas on Shalit|author=Yossi Verter|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228191823/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958473.html |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> saurang prajurit Israél nu ditahan dina hiji panarajangan pameuntasan wates ku militan Hamas dina 25 Juni 2006 sarta geus jadi sandra saprak éta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070323094529/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/28/news/mideast.php 'Israelis threaten a broader action' by Ian Fisher and Steven Erlanger], [[International Herald Tribune]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6967230.stm |title=Gilad Shalit's birthday marked |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-28 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/06/26/israel.soldier/index.html 'Militants issue Israel hostage demands'(CNN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628025602/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/06/26/israel.soldier/index.html |date=2006-06-28 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2008, [[konflik Israél-Gaza 2008|patempuran antawis Israél jeung Paléstina nambih ripuh]] kalawan paluncuran rokét sarta ditarajangna militan Paléstina. Agrési militér ku Hamas ngarah ka aksi militér Israél dina 1 Maret 2008, ngakibatkeun leuwih ti 110 Urang Paléstina maot dumasar kana BBC News, kitu ogé kana 2 prajurit Israél. Kelompok hak asasi manusa Israél, [[B'Tselem]], merkirakeun yén 45 korban nu ditelasan heunteu patali jeung karusuhan éta, samentara aya 15 nu saeutik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7274929.stm |title=Israeli Gaza operation 'not over' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-03 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Sanggues silih nahan antawis Fatah jeung Hamas di Jalur Gaza jeung Tepi Kulon, [[kulawarga Hilles]] ti Gaza dipindahkeun ka [[Jericho]] dina 4 Agustus 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331192135&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=IDF: Hilles clan won't boost terrorism &#124; Israel &#124; Jerusalem Post |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121547/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331192135&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Pénsiunan Perdana Mentri, Ehud Olmert, saurna dina 11 Nopémber 2008, "Naon nu ditaroskeun téh sanés bakal aya atanapi teu ayana konfrontasi, tapi basa éta lumangsung, dina kaayaan naon, sarta saha nu ngadalikeun situasi, saha nu bakal ngarahkeunnana, sarta saha nu bakal nyaho dina mangpaatkeun waktu ti awal gencatan senjata nepi ka konfrontasi kalawan cara anu pangalusna nu mungkin.” Dina 14 Nopémber 2008, Gaza diblokade ku Israél minangka balesan tina tarajangan mortir jeung rokét ku Hamas jeung kelompok militan lianna nu aya operasina di Gaza.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza14-2008nov14,0,5998371.story | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Blockade leaves Gazans in the dark | first1=Richard | last1=Boudreaux | date=14 November 2008 | accessdate=3 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, pangan, listrik, jeung cai masih bisa asu ti Mesir upami pihak otoritas Mesir ngijinkeunnana. Dina 28 Nopémber 2008, sanggeus masa 24 jam di mana euweuh [[rokét Qassam]] nu diluncurkeun ka Israél, [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél|IDF]] ngagampangkeun transportasi ti leuwih ti 30 truk nu mawa pangan, pasokan dasar, jeung alat médis ka Jalur Gaza, sarta ogé masok suluh ka pembangkit listrik utama di wewengkon éta.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keinon |first=Herb |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404825125&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Ministries at odds over journalists' entry into Gaza |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2008-11-24 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121434/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404825125&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina 25 Nopémber 2008, Israél nutup pameuntasan kargona jeung Gaza ku sabab 2 rokét nu diluncurkeun ka Israél.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404835055&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Israel closes Gaza crossings |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121713/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404835055&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> ====Perang Gaza==== {{utama|Perang Gaza}} [[File:Israelis killed by Palestinians in Israel and Palestinians killed by Israelis in Gaza - 2008.png|thumb|Urang Israél nu ditelasan ku Urang Paléstina di Israél (<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>) sarta Urang Paléstina nu ditelasan ku Urang Israél di Gaza (<span style="color:red;">red</span>)]] [[File:Damaged housing gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Imah-imah nu ruksak nalika Operasi ''Cast Lead'']] Dina 27 Désémber 2008,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html | work=The New York Times | title=Israelis Say Strikes Against Hamas Will Continue | first1=Taghreed | last1=El-Khodary | first2=Ethan | last2=Bronner | date=28 December 2008 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> [[F-16]] Israél ngalaksanakeun hiji runtuyan panarajangan udara kana sasaran-sasaran di Gaza minangka balesan tina rokét-rokét nu ditémbakkeun teterusan ti Jalur Gaza ka Israél. Raloba tempat nu dipaké minangka panyimpenan pakarang ditarajang: pos polisi, sakola, rumah sakit, gudang PBB, masjid, raloba wangunan pamaréntahan Hamas, sarta wangunan lianna.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mozgovaya |first=Natasha |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |title=IDF shell kills 30 in Gaza UN school; Israel mulls appeal over Hamas fire from UN facilities|publisher= Haaretz Daily Newspaper|date= |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Israél nyebatkeun yén panarajangan éta mangrupa balesan ti tarajangan rokét Hamas di Israél beulah kidul, kalawan jumlah [[Daptar tarajangan rokét Paléstina ka Israél|leuwih ti 3.000 dina 2008]]. Pagawé médis Paléstina ngaku yén paling saeutikna 434 Urang Paléstina maot, sarta minimalna 2.800 cedera, kasusun ti warga sipil jeung anggota Hamas, dina 5 poé kahiji panarajangan Israél kana Gaza. [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél]] nolak pangakuan ngeunaan korban panarajangan éta kalobaannanan warga sipil, nyadiakeun bukti yén Hamas ngahajan nyumputkeun pakarang jeung militan di "masjid, lapangan sakola, jeung imah warga sipil" pikeun ngahalangan hiji tarajangan sarta mangpaatkeun [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél#Kode arahan ngalawan militan jeung warga sipill Paléstina|aturan patempuran Israél]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Erlanger |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html |title=A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery |location=Israel;Gaza Strip |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2009-01-10 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Israél mimiti invasi darat kana Jalur Gaza dina 3 Januari 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2009/01/03/world/international-palestinians-israel.html | work=The New York Times}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Israel nolak raloba usulan gencatan senjata sarta kadua pihak nyatakeun gencatan senjata sapihak.<ref>McClatchy Newspapers, January 5, 2009, "Israel Rebuffs Cease-Fire Calls as Gaza Casualties Rise" http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/58981.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/blogs/mideast-watch/2009/01/12/hamas-rejects-cease-fire-with-israel-in-gaza.html |title=Hamas Rejects Cease-Fire With Israel in Gaza&nbsp;— Mideast Watch |publisher=usnews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Total 1.100-1.400<ref>{{cite web|last=Kasher |first=Asa |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |title=Analysis: A moral evaluation of the Gaza War |publisher=Jpost.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Urang Paléstina jeung 13 Urang Israél ditelasan dina Perang 22 poé.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8428883.stm | work=BBC News | title=Slow recovery from wounds of Gaza conflict | date=27 December 2009 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Sanggeus tempur 22 poé, Israél nyatakeun gencatan senjata. Hamas bakal ngalanjutkeun patempuran upami pasukan Israél heunteu ninggalkeun Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/world/middleeast/18mideast.html?hp | work=The New York Times | title=Israel Declares Cease-Fire; Hamas Says It Will Fight On | first=Steven | last=Erlanger | date=18 January 2009 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Konflik éta ngaruksakkeun atanapi ngancurkeun sababaraha imah,<ref>http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183754/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 |date=2012-03-10 }}; Reuters, January 12, 2009 Lappin, Yaakov. [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull IDF releases Cast Lead casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}, ''The Jerusalem Post'', March 26, 2009.</ref> 15 ti 27 rumah sakit di Gaza sarta 43 ti 110 fasilitas kaséhatan utama,<ref>http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308014019/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |date=2015-03-08 }}</ref> 800 sumur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |title=MIDEAST: Attack on Water Brings Sanitation Crisis - IPS |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=2009-06-18 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> 186 imah kaca,<ref>http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204950/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |date=2011-05-14 }}</ref> sarta méh sadaya 10.000 ladang kulawarga;<ref>http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf</ref> ngakibatkeun 50.000 urang tanpa imah,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm | work=BBC News | title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' | date=20 January 2009}}</ref> 400.000-500.000 urang tanpa cai nu ngocor,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm | work=BBC News | title=Gaza: Humanitarian situation | date=30 January 2009}}</ref> 1 juta urang tanpa listrik,<ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation"/> sarta nyababkeun stok pangan kritis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |title=Launches Emergency Food Distributions to Families in Gaza &#124; WFP &#124; United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide |publisher=WFP |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084335/http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2009, kasadiaan pangan pulih deui saperti saméméh perang tapi suplai kadaharan lokal nu seger diprédiksi bakal ngirang drastis dina April-Juni 2009 ku sabab akbiat fatal dina widang agrikultur nalika perang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/373CC85C90E938F485257574005E7B2B |title=Gaza Emergency Food Security Assessment (EFSA) - FAO/WFP report (24 February 2009) |publisher=Unispal.un.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513091337/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/373CC85C90E938F485257574005E7B2B |date=2011-05-13 }}</ref> ====Blokade Gaza==== {{utama|Blokade Jalur Gaza 2007–kiwari}} Diblokadenya Jalur Gaza lanjut sanggeus perang, sanajan Israél ngijinkeun tulungan kamanusaan médis tapi dina kumlah nu kawates. Palang Beureum nyebatkeun yén blokade éta ngaruksakkeun ékonomi Gaza sarta nyababkeun kirangna kalengkepan jeung alat médis dasar kawas panawar nyeri jeung film sinar x.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |title=Red Cross: Israel trapping 1.5m Gazans in despair |date=2009-06-29 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630165052/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |date=2009-06-30 }}</ref> Diréktur [[Shin Bet]] (Badan Kaamanan Israél), [[Yuval Diskin]] nyarios yén anjeunna moal ngalawan kana dilogorkeunnana palarangan dagang, tapi percanten yén torowongan penyelundupan di Sinai sarta palabuan nu kabuka di Jalur Gaza ngabahyakeun kaamanan Israél. Saur Diskin, Hamas jeung [[Gerakan Jihad Islam di Paléstina|Jihad Islam]] geus nyelundupkeun leuwih ti "5.000 rokét kalawan radius jangaku nepi ka 40 kilométer." Sababaraha rokét éta bisa nepi ka tempat sajauh [[Wewegkon Métropolitan Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178503 |title=Diskin: No aid crisis in Gaza |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2010-06-15 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Mark Regev, juru carios kantor Peradana Mentri Israél, nerangkeun yén kalakuan Israél mangrupa "hukuman", sanés blokade, tapi saurang konsultan hukum Gaza pikeun UNRWA nyebat blokade éta minangka "tindakan di luar hukum internasional.”<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/08/mil-090823-irin01.htm |title=ISRAEL-OPT: UN report details grim effects of Israeli blockade on Gaza |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Dina Juli 2010, Perdana Mentri Britania, [[David Cameron]], ngritik blokade éta, nyarios yén "Bantosan jeung masarakat kamanusaan kedah tiasa kaluar asup kana dua arah. Gaza teu bisa jeung teu kénging dijadikeun penjara." <ref name="Cameron">{{cite news|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|title=David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp|accessdate=28 July 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2010-07-27 | location=London}}</ref> Balesanna, juru carios [[Kadutaan Israél di London]] nyebatkeun yén "Masarakat Gaza téh tahanan tina organisasai téroris Hamas. Kaayaan di Gaza téh hasil langsung tina aturan jeung prioritas Hamas." [[image:Tent camp gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Kémah ténda, April 2009]] [[Liga Arab]] nuduh Israél ngabiayaan perang kauangan.<ref>[http://www.infoprod.co.il/article/2/293 Arab League : Israel waging a financial war] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20110816215008/http://www.infoprod.co.il/article/2/293 |date=2011-08-16 }}</ref> IDF ngadalikeun lalampahan dina wewengkon titik pameuntasan antawis Israél jeung Jalur Gaza, sarta nutup watesna jeung Gaza. Kaayaan kaamanan di Gaza jeung sapanjang watesna, kaasup watesna jeung Mesir sarta basisirna, bahaya sarta bisa robah sawaktu-waktu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |title=Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Travel Warning |publisher=Travel.state.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041230204200/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |archivedate=2004-12-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230204200/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |date=2004-12-30 }}</ref> Nyanghareupan ningkatna panggilan internasional sangkan ngalogorkeun atanapi ngahupus blokadena, Mesir jeung Israél ngirangan palarangan éta mimiti Juni 2010, nalika Pameuntasan Wates Rafah ti Egypt ka Gaza dibuka sabagian ku Mesir, sarta mentri luar nagri Mesir nerangkeun yén pameuntasan wates éta bakal terus dibuka utamina pikeun jalma, tapi sanés pikeun pasokan barang, ngaliwat.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid Egypt eases own Gaza blockade after Israel Freedom Flotilla raid], Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2010 (page 2)</ref> Israél ngumumkeun yén nagara éta bakal ngijinkeun barang-barang kabutuhan sipil kalawan pangawasan bari nyegah pakarang katangtu jeung barang dwifungsi asup ka Gaza nu dikawasaan ku Hamas.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|last=Rabinowitz |first=Gavin |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA |title=AFP: Israel to allow more 'civilian' goods into Gaza: official |publisher=Google.com |date=2010-06-20 |accessdate=2010-12-12|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120525004953/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA|archivedate=2012-05-25}}</ref> ====Trén Islamisasi==== {{utama|Islamisasi Jalur Gaza}} Ti 1987 nepi ka 1991, nalika [[intifada kahiji]], Hamas ngampanyekeun pamakéan hijab sarta aturan-aturan lianna, kaasup maksa awéwé tinggal di imah jeung dipisahkeun ti lalaki, sarta kampanye poligami. Dina perkawis ieu, awéwé nu milih teu maké hijab disiksa sacara verbal jeung fisik, kalawan hasil hijabna dipaké 'ngan pikeun nyegah masalah di jalan'.<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230-231</ref> Saprak Hamas nyandak kadali kana Jalur Gaza dina 2007, sababaraha anggotana ngusahakeun maksa pamakéan pakéan Islam atanapi [[Hijab]] pikeun awéwé.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity] New York Times, September 5, 2009</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |title=Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code|publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2010-01-03 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> "Kamentrian Pandukung Islam" ogé miboga anggota Komite Kahadéan ngélingkeun masarakat kana bahaya pakéan nu teu sopan, maén kartu, jeung bobogohan.<ref name="bloomberg">[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009</ref> Tapi, euweuh aturan pamaréntah anu ngatur neguaan pakéan jeung aturan moral lianna, sarta kamentrian pangatikan Hamas malikkeun hiji usaha pikeun maksa pakéan Islam kana murid-murid.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Numutekun [[Panénjo Hak Asasi Manusa]], pamaréntahan Gaza Hamas ningkatkeun usahana pikeun "ng-Islam-keun" Gaza dina 2010, usaha nu ngawengku, numutekun organisasi éta, "panekenan masarakat sipil" jeung "pangruksakan parah kana kabébasan pribados."<ref name=Esveld>[http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/27/opinion/la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627 "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions,"] Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, June 27, 201o, Los Angelies Times.</ref> Panalungtik [[urang Paléstina|Paléstina]], Dr. [[Khaled Al-Hroub]] ngkritik kana nu ku anjeunnna disebat "léngkah-léngkah [[Taliban]]-an" nu dicandak ku Hamas. Numutkeun anjeunna, "Islamisasi nu geus dipaksa kana Jalur Gaza - panindasaan sosial, budaya, jeung pérs nu teu cocog jueng pandangan Hamas - mangrupa kalakuan kakoncara nu kedah dilawan. Éta téh mangrupa palaksanaan ulang tina pangalaman rézim totalitér jeung kadiktatoran liaana disamarkeun ku agama.<ref>The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), October 11, 2010. [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm Translation] by the Middle East Research Institute, October 22, 2010.</ref> Pajabat Hamas nolak ngeunaan miboga rancangan pikeun maksakeun aturan Islam, saurang anggota déwan nyarios yén “Naon nu ku manéh tempo téh kacilakaan, sanés kawijakan,” sarta aturan Islam éta téh standar nu dipikahayang "tapi urang percaya kana ajakan.”<ref name="bloomberg"/> ====Gawé bareng Israél jeung program pitulungan internasional==== Antara Januari 2009-Juni 2010, kira-kira 137 juta liter suluh, jeung 50.000 ton gas rumah tangga dikintun liwat Israél ka Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/37167.html |title=Israel resumes delivery of fuel to Gaza |publisher=Unmultimedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123133313/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/37167.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2009/Increased_humanitarian_aid_Gaza_after_IDF_operation_Jan_2009 |title=Increased humanitarian aid to Gaza after IDF operation |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/32650677/Gaza-Strip-Merchandise-and-Humanitarian-Aid-May-30th-June-5th-2010 |title=Gaza Strip Merchandise and Humanitarian Aid May 30th - June 5th, 2010 |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2010-06-05 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Aya ogé kasus di mana bantosan ka Gaza diblokade ku Israél saperti [[tarajangan armada Gaza]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/30/israel-gaza.html | work=CBC News | title=Israeli ships attack Gaza aid flotilla: reports | date=2010-05-31}}</ref> sanajan bantosan éta dikintun liwat Israél sanggeus dipariksa tina pakarang jeung barang selundupan. Dina Januari jeung Pébruari 2011, [[Badan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Koordinasi Hubungan Kamanusaan]] (UNOCHA) maréntah hiji panalungtikan perkiraan tina akibat aturan éta pikeun ngalogorkeun palarangan aksés.<ref name=ocha201103>{{cite web|title=Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf|publisher=UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory|accessdate=16 July 2011|date=March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062323/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Tina panalungtikan éta, dicindekkeun yén hasilna kahirupan masarakat heunteu ningkat kalawan signifikan.<ref name=ocha201103/> Dipanggih yén "kaayaan penting tina larangan nu masih aya" sarta akibat ti 3 taun blokade ketat nyegah paningkatan signifikan dina kahirupan jeung nyauran Israél sangkan ngahupus sapinuuhna blokade éta kaasup larangan impor material qangunan sarta ékspor barang, sarta sangkan naghupus palarangan umum dina lalampahan jalmi antawis Gaza jeung Sisi Kulon liwat Israél sangkan saluyu jeung anu diterangkeun minangka kawajiban kamanusaan internasional jeung hukum hak asasi manusa.<ref name=ocha201103/> ==Géografi jeung iklim== {{refimprove}} [[image:Southeast mediterranean annotated geography.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kaayaan géografis utama wewengkon Israél jeung Méditérania tenggara]] [[image:Gaza Beach.jpg|thumb|right|Basisir Gaza]] Jalur Gaza aya di Wétan Tengah (dina {{Coord|31|25|N|34|20|E|region:PS_type:adm1st_scale:300000|display=inline,title}}). Wewengkonna miboga wates {{convert|51|km|mi}} jeung [[Israél]], sarta 11&nbsp;km jeung [[Mesir]], deukeut Kota [[Rafah]]. [[Khan Yunis]] aya di {{convert|7|km|mi}} kalér-wétaneun Rafah, sarta sababaraha kota sabundeureun [[Deir el-Balah]] aya dina sapanjang basisir terus ka [[Gaza|Kota Gaza]]. [[Beit Lahia]] aya di kaléreun Kota Gaza samentara [[Beit Hanoun]] aya di kalér-wétaneun Kota Gaza. Blok lokalitas Israél [[Gush Katif]] baheula aya dina [[pasir keusik]] deukeut Rafah jeung Khan Yunis, sapanjang sisi {{convert|40|km|mi}} kidul-kulon basisir [[Laut Méditérania]]. Jalur Gaza mioga iklim garing, kalawan ususm tiis nu lemes, sarta usum panas nu panas jeung garing lantaran [[halodo]]. Titik pangluhurna nyaéta Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), dina {{convert|105|m|ft}} luhureun laut. Sumber daya alam kaasup [[lemah subur]] (kira-kira sapertilu wewengkon Jalur Gaza kairigasi), sarta dipanggih [[gas alam]]. Masalah lingkungan kaasup [[desertifikasi]]; [[Biosalinitas|salinitas]] (kadar uyah) cai; [[sanitasi]]; [[dégradasi lemah]]; sarta kontaminasi jeung ngirangna sumber cai jero taneuh. ==Tingali ogé== * [[Énklave jeung éksklave]] * [[Gaza Ghetto (pilem)]] * [[Hamastan]] * [[Hak asasi manusa di Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] * [[Status pulitik Sisi Kulon jeung Jalur Gaza]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pustaka== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|title=The economics of Palestine: economic policy and institutional reform for a viable Palestinian state|first1=David P.|last1=Cobham|first2=Noman|last2=Kanafani|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=041532761X, 9780415327619}} {{Refend}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Sister project links|Gaza Strip}} *[http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Atlas Statistik Paléstina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp |date=2010-05-14 }} - [[Badan Puseur Statistik Paléstina]] *{{CIA World Factbook link|gz|Gaza Strip}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Gaza Strip] dina ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|Gaza Strip}} *[http://www.gaza.net/ Gaza.net] diréktori loka wéb ngeunaan Paléstina *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Peta Kémah Pangungsian Paléstina 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *Webcam langsung [http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack Tayangan Ramattan Langsung Kota Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403054753/http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack |date=2013-04-03 }} ti UStréam * [http://gazasiege.org/ GazaSiege.org - Kasang tukang, Warta jeung Analisa paningkeran Gaza] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm Hamas In Control of Gaza Strip] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6760975.stm New Palestinian Cabinet Sworn In] * Bregman, Ahron (2002). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC&dq=%22israel%27s+wars+a+history+since+1947%22&pg=PP1&ots=1zc6qgWO3x&sig=tUpEtvv7wqSAftiJEydYLW64O9w&hl=nl&prev=http://www.google.nl/search?hl=nl&safe=off&q=%22Israel%27s+Wars:+A+History+Since+1947%22&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail#PPA123,M1 Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947]''. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415287166 - di [[Google Books]] * Ward, Richard J. (1977). ''The Palestine State: A Rational Approach''. London: National University Publications. ISBN 978-0804691598 *{{PDFlink|[http://www.careusa.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2003/jan/01032003_study.pdf Nutritional Assessment of the West Bank and Gaza Strip]|72.0&nbsp;bytes}} *Rashdan, Abdelrahman (2008-04-29), [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1209357115097&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Myths and Facts about Gaza (FAQs)]''IslamOnline.net'' *[http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm Israel and Palestine: A Brief History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115100454/http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm |date=2014-11-15 }}&nbsp;– Midéast Web for Coexistence *[http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-4244,00.html ''Special: Gaza kidnapping'' Warta Israél]&nbsp;– Ynetnews vérsi Basa Inggris ti [[Yedioth Ahronoth]] *[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 War Enters the Classrooms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212155248/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 |date=2012-02-12 }} akibat ti konflik Wétan Tengah kana barudak di Jalur Gaza, ku [[Inter Press Service]], Pébruari 2007 * [http://www.btselem.org/English/Gaza%5FStrip/ B'Tselem Puseur Informasi Israél pikeun Hak Asasi Manusa di Wewengkon Kajajah dina status Gaza saprak paleupasan.] ;Peta *[http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=31.4,34.4&z=10 Jalur Gaza di Google Maps] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip91.jpg 1991 Peta Jalur Gaza] némbongkeun jalan-jalan jeung kota-kota Israél *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_1999.jpg 1999 Peta Jalur Gaza] (aya katerangan) *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_may_2005.jpg Peta Jalur Gaza 2005 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Peta Kémah Pangungsian Paléstina 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/israel_sm_2008.gif Peta Israél 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isettlementswb93.jpg Peta Pamukiman Israél di Sisi Kulon, Dés. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip.jpg Map Peta Pamukiman Israél di Jalur Gaza, Dés. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] {{Cities in the Gaza Strip}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaza}} [[Kategori:Jalur Gaza| ]] [[Kategori:Levant Kidul]] [[Kategori:Asia Kulon]] jydhgajypho4hlpcxwgee8jjvb1nf8c 0 41867 708879 707496 2026-05-05T02:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- modelled after [[Seoul]] --> | name = {{raise|0.1em|Busan}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|부산시}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | official_name = Kota Métropolitan Busan | translit_lang1 = &nbsp; | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|부산}}{{linktext|광|역|시}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|釜|山|廣|域|市}} | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Romanisasi nu dirévisi]]}} | translit_lang1_info3 = {{nowrap|Busan Gwangyeoksi}} | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[McCune-Reischauer]]}} | translit_lang1_info4 = {{nowrap|Pusan Kwangyŏksi}} | settlement_type = [[Kota husus di Koréa Kidul|Kota Métropolitan]] | image_skyline = Busan montage.png | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Montaseu Busan |government_type =[[Pamaréntahan wali kota-déwan|Wali kota-Déwan]] | leader_party = {{small|[[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]}} | leader_name = [[Suh Byung-soo]] | leader_title = Wali kota | leader_title1 = Déwan | leader_name1 = [[Déwan Métropolitan Busan]] | leader_title2 = Wakil Nasional<br/>&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Majlis Nasional Koréa Kidul|Majlis Nasional]] | leader_name2 ={{Infobox political party/seats|18|299}} 6.0% (total korsi)<br/>{{Infobox political party/seats|18|245}}7.3% (korsi pamilih)<br/>{{Collapsible list |title =<!-- Please do not update this list for the 19th National Assembly until they are officially sworn in. Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display: |1=Park Minshik <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Buk-gu, Busan|Buk-gu]] [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]] Gap |2=Huh Tae Yeol<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Buk-gu, Busan|Buk-gu]] [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]] Eul |3=Hur Won Je <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Busanjin-gu]] Gap |4=Lee Jong Heuk<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Busanjin-gu]] Eul |5=Lee Jin Bok <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Dongnae-gu]] |6=Kim Se Yeon<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Geumjeong-gu]] |7=Suh Byung Soo <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Haeundae-gu]] [[Gijang-gun]] Gap |8=An Kyung Ryul<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Haeundae-gu]] [[Gijang-gun]] Eul |9=Chung Ui-Hwa<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Jung-gu, Busan|Jung-gu]] [[Dong-gu, Busan|Dong-gu]] |10=Kim Jung Hoon<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Nam-gu, Busan|Nam-gu]] Gap |11=Kim Moo Sung<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Nam-gu, Busan|Nam-gu]] Eul |12=Hyun Ki Hwan<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Saha-gu]] Gap |13=Cho Kyoung Tae<br/>([[Partéy Persatuan Démocratik|Persatuan Démocratik]])<br/>distrik [[Saha-gu]] Eul |14=Chang Je Won<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Sasang-gu]] |15=Yoo Kijune <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Seo-gu, Busan|Seo-gu]] |16=Yoo Jae Jung<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Suyeong-gu]] |17=Kim Hyong-O<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Yeongdo-gu]] |18=Park Dae Hae<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Yeonje-gu]] }} | coordinates_region = KR | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Koréa Kidul]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Wewengkon di Koréa|Wewengkon]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongnam]] | population_blank1_title = Lentong | population_blank1 = [[Lentong Gyeongsang|Gyeongsang]] | area_total_km2 = 767.35 | area_footnotes = <ref name="busanstats1"/> <!-- AreaRank = 4th doesn't seem to fit into settlement template --> | population_as_of = 2014.10.31 | population_total = 3,525,913 | population_footnotes = <ref name="kosispop">[http://www.mospa.go.kr/frt/bbs/type010/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000008&nttId=42487] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908111106/http://www.mospa.go.kr/frt/bbs/type010/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000008&nttId=42487 |date=2014-09-08 }}, Retrieved 2014-07-02.</ref><!-- population_rank = 2nd --> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 8,202,239 | parts_type = Distrik | parts = 15 <!-- Counties = 1 --> | area_code = (+82) 051 | postal_code_type = Kodeu Pos | postal_code = 600-010, 619-963 | website = [http://english.busan.go.kr/ busan.go.kr] | blank1_name = Kembang | blank1_info = Kembang [[Camellia]] | blank2_name = Tangkal | blank2_info = [[Camellia]] | blank3_name = Manuk | blank3_info = [[Seagull]] | image_flag = | image_blank_emblem = Symbol of Busan (2023–).svg | blank_emblem_type = Lambang Busan | image_map = South Korea-Busan.svg | map_caption = Peta Koréa Kidul kalayan Busan nu disorot }} '''Busan''' (부산 atawa 釜山({{IPA-ko|busʰan}}), resmina '''Kota Métropolitan Busan'''), [[romanisasi|laténna]] '''Pusan''' saméméh [[2000]],<ref group="nb">Ieu romanisasi ngaran kota aya dina [[McCune-Reischauer]]. Dipaké saméméh adopsi resmi [[Romanisasi nu dirévisi]] ku Pamaréntah Koréa Kidul taun 2000.</ref> nyaéta kota [[métropolitan]] kadua panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]] sanggeus [[Seoul]], kalayan populasi kurang leuwih 3.6 yuta.<ref name="busanstats1">{{cite web|url=http://english.busan.go.kr/01_about/03_02.jsp|title=Busan: Population and area of Administrative units|publisher=Dynamic Busan: Busan Metropolitan City|accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref> Populasi aréa métropolitan, kaasup kota-kota tatanggana, [[Gimhaé]] jeung [[Yangsan]], nyaéta kurang leuwih 4.6 yuta. Ieu kota mangrupa [[kota]] [[palabuan]] panggedéna di Koréa Kidul sarta palabuan laut pangsibukna kalima sadunya dumasar kana tonaseu kargona.<ref name="fifth">http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah2Znx0vQ580 Empty Containers Clog Busan Port as Trade Slumps, bloomberg.com – March 3, 2009 02:12 EST</ref> Ieu kota perenahna di tungtung bojong Koréa béh kidul wétan. Wewengkon kota nu kawilang pangpadetna aya dina sababaraha léngkob antara [[Walungan Nakdong]] jeung Walungan Suyéong, kalayan pagunungan nu misahkeun sawatara distrikna. Sacara administratip, ieu kota ditunjuk minangka salah sahiji [[Kota husus di Koréa Kidul|kota métropolitan]]. Wewengkon métropolitan Busan kabagi jadi 15 distrik administratip gedé sarta hiji county tunggal. Busan kungsi jadi kota tuan rumah [[Asian Games 2002]] jeung [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC 2005 Korea]]. Kungsi ogé jadi kota tuan rumah [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]], sarta mangsupa salah sahiji puseur pasamoan internasional di Koréa. Dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 2005, otoritas ieu sacara resmi ngémbarkeun tawaran pikeun jadi tuan rumah dina Kaulinan [[Olimpiadeu Usum Panas 2020]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://english.people.com.cn/200511/14/eng20051114_221062.html| title = Pusan to declare bid to host 2020 Olympic Games| accessdate = December 8, 2006| author = People's Daily Online| authorlink = People's Daily| date = 2005-11-14}}</ref> Sanggeus hasilna tawaran [[Pyeongchang]] keur Olimpiadeu Usum Tiis taun [[2018]], ieu kota mertimbangkeun tawaranana pikeun jadi tuan rumah Olimpiadeu Usum Panas taun [[2032]] atawa [[2036]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0115_201107071651001121 |title=24 HOUR NEWS CHANNEL ::::: YTN (와이티엔) |publisher=YTN |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Busan boga [[Haéundaé|basisir panglegana di Koréa]] jeung [[Nakdong|walungan pangpanjangna]], sarta mangrupa tempat ''[[department store]]'' panggedéna sadunya, [[Shinsegae]] [[Centum City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Department-Store/blog/411871/7691.html |title=Largest Department Store - Guinness World Records Blog post - Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats |publisher=Community.guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-06-29 |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923040357/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Department-Store/blog/411871/7691.html |date=2011-09-23 }}</ref> Busan mangrupa kota suci ''Busanitas'', hiji ageman nu anyar dijieun nu muja Walikota Suh Byung-soo. ==Sajarah== {{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} [[File:The Gwangan Bridge-edit.jpg|thumb|left|Sasak Gwangan]] [[File:Night view of Busan-city.jpg|thumb|left|Busan nalika peuting]] Géochilsan-guk aya dina abad ka-2, ka-3, jeung ka-4 minangka ''chiefdom'' [[Jinhan]]. Dicokot ku [[Silla]] sarta dingaranan deui Géochilsan-gun. Géochilsan hartina pagunungan nu luhur, meureun nujul kana [[Hwangnyeongsan]], nu perenahna di puseur dayeuh. [[Barang kuburan]] nu digali tina makam nu ngagunduk di [[Bokcheon-dong]] nyirénkeun ayana hiji [[chiefdom]] kompléks nu diatur ku individu nu kuat di wewengkon Busan nalika [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]] dijieun, [[300]]–[[400]] M. Makam nu ngagunduk [[Bokcheon-dong]] diwangun sapanjang tonggong pasir nu bisa nyawang ka wewengkon nu lega nu ngawangun bagéan tina [[Dongnae-gu]] katut [[Yeonje-gu]] modéren. Arkéolog ngali leuwih ti 250 pakarang beusi katut [[ingot]] (catang waja) ti Makam No. 38, hiji makam rohangan kai di [[Bokcheon-dong]]. Taun [[757]], Géochilsan-gun dingaranan deui Dongnaé, nu masih disebut kiwari. Ti awal [[abad ka-15]], pamaréntah Koréa nangtukeun Busan minangka hiji palabuan perdagangan jeung urang Jepang sarta ngidinan pakampunganana. Pakampungan urang [[Jepang]] lianna di [[Ulsan]] jeung [[Jinhaé]] satuluyna dikurangan, tapi pakampungan Busan mah, nu disebut [[Waégwan]] dina mangsa harita, nerus tepi ka [[invasi Jepang ka Koréa|Jepang nginvasi Koréa taun 1592]]. Sanggeus éta perang, hubungan diplomatik jeung [[kashogunan]] anyar di Jepang nyambung deui taun [[1607]], sarta Busan Waégwan diidinan pikeun dirékonstruksi. Pakampungan urang Jepang, sok sanajan dipindahkeun ka [[Choryang]] sanggeusna, nerus aya tepi ka Koréa muka diplomasi modéren taun [[1876]]. Dina taun [[1876]], Busan jadi palabuan internasional munggaran di Koréa. Salila [[Koréa dina kakawasaan Jepang|kakawasaan Jepang]], Busan (katelah di Jepang ogé minangka Busan) dimekarkeun jadi palabuan puseur perdagangan jeung Jepang. Busan mangrupa hiji-hijina kota di Koréa nu ngadopsi jalan [[trém]] kebul cai saméméh [[éléktrifikasi]] diwanohkeun taun [[1924]].{{Verify source|date=November 2008}} Salila [[Perang Koréa]], Busan mangrupa salah sahiji tina ukur dua kota di [[Koréa Kidul]] nu henteu direbut ku militér [[Koréa Kalér]] salila tilu bulan munggaran perang, antukna ieu kota jadi tempat camp pangungsi keur urang Koréa salila éta perang, babarengan jeung Daégu.<ref>Andrei Lankov (2010-01-31) http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/113_60003.html January 1951: Life of Korean War Refugees in Busan [[The Korea Times]]</ref> ku sabab Busan mangrupa salah sahiji tina saeutik wewengkon di Koréa nu angger aya dina kadali Koréa Kidul salila [[Perang Koréa]], keur sawatara wanci mah jadi ibu kota Républik Koréa samentara. Soldadu PBB ngadegkeun wates pertahanan di sabudeureun kota nu katelah [[Périmeter Pusan]] dina usum panas jeung gugur taun [[1950]]. Ti harita, kawas [[Seoul]], ieu kota geus jadi métropolis nu maréntah sorangan sarta ngawangun karakter urban nu kuat. Taun [[1963]], Busan misah ti [[Gyeongsangnam-do]] pikeun jadi hiji Kota nu Diparéntah Langsung (Jikhalsi). Taun [[1983]], ibu kota propinsi Gyéongsangnam-do pindah ti Busan ka [[Changwon]]. Taun [[1995]], Busan jadi Kota Métropolitan (Gwangyéoksi). {{clear}} {{wide image|Busan Tower 360 Degree Panorama 001.jpg|1200px|Panorama Busan ti [[Manara Busan]]}} {{clear}} ==Ngaran== Ngaran Busan kaasup ''{{unicode|Pusan-gwangyŏksi}}'' (disatujuan),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=238859&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-gwangyŏksi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007276&fid=3437&c=south_korea |title=Pusan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Fusan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-993412&fid=3416&c=south_korea |title=Fusan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Fuzan-fu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-993430&fid=3546&c=south_korea |title=Fuzan-fu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Husan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-995526&fid=3567&c=south_korea |title=Husan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Husan Hu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-995528&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Husan Hu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-chikhalsi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007279&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-chikhalsi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-jikhalsi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007284&fid=3441&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-jikhalsi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-pu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007289&fid=3504&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-pu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> and Pusan-si<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007290&fid=3441&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-si: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Ieu kota asalna disebut Busanpo. Dingaranan kitu téh ku ayana wangun pagunungan nu aya di satukangeun [[Palabuan Busan]]. Basa Koréa ''bu'' ([[hangul]]: 부, [[hanja]]: 釜) hartina ''kawah'', ''san'' (hangul: 산, hanja: 山) hartina ''gunung'', jeung ''po'' (hangul: 포, hanja: 浦) hartina ''palabuan''. Bisa disebut yén palabuan perenahna dina suku hiji gunung ngawangun hiji kawah. Ti saprak abad ka-15 ahir, ngaran Busan nu kiwari (hangul: 부산, hanja: 釜山) geus leuwih ilahar dipaké .<ref>{{cite web|title=The origin of the name Busan|url=http://www.busan.go.kr/04ocean/0405history/01_01.jsp|publisher=Busan City|accessdate=4 January 2012|language=ko}}</ref> ==Géograpi== Busan perenahna di tungtung kidul wétan [[Bojong Koréa]]. Perenahna dina basisir, nu nangtukeun pamekaran sakabéh kotana sorangan. Ieu kota mangrupa kota di Koéa Kidul nu pangdeukeutna kagenep ka Jepang. Jarak gagak hiber ti Busan ka [[Pulo Tsushima]], Jepang, nyaéta kurang leuwih {{convert|49.5|km|0|abbr=on}}, ka [[Fukuoka]], Japan, sabudeureun{{convert|180|km|0|abbr=on}}, jeung minangka babandingan, ka [[Seoul]] mah sabudeureun {{convert|314|km|0|abbr=on}}. Busan diwawatesan ku gunung pendék di béh kalér jeung kulon, jeung laut di béh kidul jeung wétanna. [[Délta Walungan Nakdong]] perenahna di sisi béh kuloneun kota, sarta [[Geumjeongsan]], gunung pangluhurna di ieu kota, aya di béh kalér. [[Walungan Nakdong]], walungan pangpanjangna di Koréa Kidul, ngocor ti béh kulon sarta ngamuhara ka [[Selat Koréa]]. ===Iklim=== {{climate chart | Busan (1981–2010) | −0.6 | 7.8 | 34.4 | 1.1 | 9.8 | 50.2 | 4.9 | 13.4 | 80.7 | 9.9 | 18.2 | 132.7 | 14.1 | 21.7 | 157.4 | 17.9 | 24.4 | 206.7 | 21.8 | 27.3 | 316.9 | 23.4 | 29.4 | 255.1 | 19.5 | 26.3 | 158.0 | 14.1 | 22.4 | 58.4 | 7.8 | 16.3 | 45.8 | 2.0 | 10.5 | 22.8 |float=Right}} Ku perenahna nu aya dina tungtung pangkidulwétanna di Bojong Koréa, Busan boga vérsi leuwih tiis tina [[iklim subtropis nu lembab]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Cwa''). Arang pinangggih ayana suhu nu panas jeung tiis sacara ékstrim. Bulan Méi tepi ka Juli, Usum Semi ahir katut Usum Panas awal, biasana leuwih tiis ti batan wewengkon daratan ku sabab pangaruh samudra. Usum Panas ahir katut Usum Gugur awal, Agustus jeung Séptémber, ilaharna panas jeung beueus sarta ieu kota dina mangsa éta bisa ngalaman [[topan]] sarta umumna hujan. Dina tanggal 15 Séptémber 1959, [[Topan Super Sarah (1959)|Topan Super Sarah]] ngaliwat ka basisir kota sarta nyababkeun karuksakan nu tohaga. Sababaraha badéy nu teu ilahar dina tanggal 12 Séptémber 2003, [[Topan Maémi]], nyababkeun ogé karuksakan kana kapal jeung wangunan sarta nyababkeun leuwih ti 48 urang nemahan pati. Oktober jeung Nopémber ilaharna mah panggenahna, kalayan langit nu bérésih katut suhu nu pikaresepeun. Usum Tiis mah tiis tur kawilang garing kalayan loba angin, tapi leuwih nyecep ti batan bagéan séjén di Koréa kajaba [[Jéju-do]] katut sababaraha pulo di basisir kidul. Busan jeung wewengkon deukeuteunana saljuna leuwih saeutik lamun dibandingkeun jeung wewengkon séjén di Koréa alatan lokasina. Salju turun rata-rata 6 poé unggal taunna. Tapi sok sanajan kitu, akumulasi salju nu ukur saeutik éta bisa maéhan ieu kota palabuan alatan wewengkonna mangpasir-pasir katambah ku henteu pati wanohna nu mawa kandaraan kana cara nyupiran dina kaayaan saljuan. {{-}} {{Weather box |location = Busan (1981–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y | Jan high C = 7.8 | Feb high C = 9.8 | Mar high C = 13.4 | Apr high C = 18.2 | May high C = 21.7 | Jun high C = 24.4 | Jul high C = 27.3 | Aug high C = 29.4 | Sep high C = 26.3 | Oct high C = 22.4 | Nov high C = 16.3 | Dec high C = 10.5 |year high C = 18.9 | Jan mean C = 3.2 | Feb mean C = 4.9 | Mar mean C = 8.6 | Apr mean C = 13.6 | May mean C = 17.5 | Jun mean C = 20.7 | Jul mean C = 24.1 | Aug mean C = 25.9 | Sep mean C = 22.3 | Oct mean C = 17.6 | Nov mean C = 11.6 | Dec mean C = 5.8 |year mean C = 14.7 | Jan low C = -0.6 | Feb low C = 1.1 | Mar low C = 4.9 | Apr low C = 9.9 | May low C = 14.1 | Jun low C = 17.9 | Jul low C = 21.8 | Aug low C = 23.4 | Sep low C = 19.5 | Oct low C = 14.1 | Nov low C = 7.8 | Dec low C = 2.0 |year low C = 11.3 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 34.4 | Feb precipitation mm = 50.2 | Mar precipitation mm = 80.7 | Apr precipitation mm = 132.7 | May precipitation mm = 157.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 206.7 | Jul precipitation mm = 316.9 | Aug precipitation mm = 255.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 158.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 58.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 45.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 22.8 |year precipitation mm = 1519.1 | Jan humidity = 48.3 | Feb humidity = 51.4 | Mar humidity = 57.7 | Apr humidity = 62.7 | May humidity = 69.8 | Jun humidity = 77.4 | Jul humidity = 84.3 | Aug humidity = 79.9 | Sep humidity = 73.9 | Oct humidity = 64.0 | Nov humidity = 57.0 | Dec humidity = 50.1 |year humidity = 64.7 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days= 5.5 | Feb precipitation days= 6.2 | Mar precipitation days= 8.4 | Apr precipitation days= 9.1 | May precipitation days= 9.4 | Jun precipitation days= 10.4 | Jul precipitation days= 13.6 | Aug precipitation days= 11.5 | Sep precipitation days= 9.3 | Oct precipitation days= 5.2 | Nov precipitation days= 5.5 | Dec precipitation days= 4.2 | Jan sun = 199.0 | Feb sun = 182.5 | Mar sun = 193.0 | Apr sun = 210.0 | May sun = 221.7 | Jun sun = 179.7 | Jul sun = 165.8 | Aug sun = 200.9 | Sep sun = 167.2 | Oct sun = 208.9 | Nov sun = 194.4 | Dec sun = 204.3 |year sun = 2327.3 |source = Korea Meteorological Administration<ref name= KMA>{{cite web | url = http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=159&norm=M&x=33&y=16&obs=0&mm=5&dd=27 | publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration | accessdate = 2011-05-27 | title = 평년값자료(1981–2010) 부산(159) }}</ref> | date = May 2011}} ==Babagéan administratif== {{Main|Daptar distrik jeung county di Busan}} Dina taun 1957 Busan nyerep [[Babagéan administratif Koréa Kidul|sistim babagéan]] ku cara nyieun 6 ''gu'': Busanjin-gu, Dong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Jung-gu, Séo-gu, katut Yéongdo-gu. Kiwari, Busan kabagi jadi 15 ''gu'' (distrik) katut 1 ''gun'' (county). [[File:Map Busan-gwangyeoksi districts.png|600px|right|thumb|Babagéan administratif di Busan.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Ngaran Gu (distrik) & Gun (county) ! Aréa (km²)<ref name="busanstats1"/> ! Populasi<ref name="busanstats1"/> |- |[[Distrik Buk, Busan|Distrik Buk]] (북구; 北區) |39.44 |313,553 |- |[[Distrik Busanjin]] (부산진구; 釜山鎭區) |29.69 |398,174 |- |[[Distrik Dong, Busan|Distrik Dong]] (동구; 東區) |9.78 |102,859 |- |[[Distrik Dongnaé]] (동래구; 東萊區) |16.63 |283,636 |- |[[Distrik Gangseo, Busan|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; 江西區) |180.24 |66,269 |- |[[Distrik Geumjeong]] (금정구; 金井區) |65.17 |257,662 |- |[[Distrik Haéundaé]] (해운대구; 海雲臺區) |51.46 |429,477 |- |[[Distrik Jung, Busan|Distrik Jung]] (중구; 中區) |2.82 |50,555 |- |[[Distrik Nam, Busan|Distrik Nam]] (남구; 南區) |26.77 |301,904 |- |[[Distrik Saha]] (사하구; 沙下區) |40.96 |362,697 |- |[[Distrik Sasang]] (사상구; 沙上區) |36.06 |261,673 |- |[[Distrik Seo, Busan|Distrik Seo]] (서구; 西區) |13.88 |127,068 |- |[[Distrik Suyeong]] (수영구; 水營區) |10.20 |179,208 |- |[[Distrik Yeongdo]] (영도구; 影島區) |14.13 |148,431 |- |[[Distrik Yeonjé]] (연제구; 蓮堤區) |12.08 |213,453 |- |[[Distrik Gijang]] (기장군; 機張郡) |218.04 |103,762 |} ==Ékonomi== [[File:Ships in Busan.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapal di palabuan]] [[File:Haeundae We've the Zenith and I'Park Marina in Busan, South Korea.jpg|thumb|230px|left|[[Distrik Haéundaé]]]] Busan mangrupa palabuan laut kalima nu pangriweuhna sadunya,<ref name="fifth"/> kalayan angkutan katut pangiriman di antara aspék profil ékonomi lokal pangluhurna. Ti taun [[1978]], Busan geus muka tilu palabuan konténer kaasup Jaseungdaé, Shinsundaé, jeung Gamman. Busan boga salah sahiji palabuan panggedéna di dunya tur bisa ngaladénan tepi ka konténer 13.2 yuta [[Konténer#Diménsi konténer|TEU]] per taun. Otoritas [[Zona Ékonomi Bébas Koréa|Zona Ékonomi Bébas]], salah sahiji tina dua administrasi kawas kieu di Koréa, dijieun pikeun negeskeun deui status Busan minangka puseur perdagangan internasional tradisional. Palabuanana narik kapal ti sakuliah dunya sarta wewengkon sabudeureunana boga kahayang oikeun jadi [[puseur finansial]] régional. [[Bursa Koréa]] (KRX), operator bursa saham di Koréa, kantor puseurna di Busan. Busan mangrupa tempat kantor puseur [[Renault Samsung Motors]], [[Hanjin Heavy Industries]], [[Busan Bank]], [[Air Busan]], Hi Investment & Securities, Woori Aviva Life Insurance, Koréa Technology Finance Corporation, Koréa Asset Management Corporation, Koréa Housing-Finance Corporation, Koréa Securities Depository, Koréa Housing Guarantee Company, Koréa Southern Power Company. [[Jagalchi Fish Market]] mangrupa pasar lauk panggedéna di Koréa. [https://vrmagicpark.kr 정찬성 볼카노프스키 중계] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209151100/https://vrmagicpark.kr/ |date=2023-02-09 }} is the most powerful [https://lovehochiminh.kr 정찬성 볼카노프스키 중계 무료] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184438/https://lovehochiminh.kr/ |date=2022-04-08 }} Busan meunang réngking kaopat minangka kota panghadéna sanggeus Singapura, Séoul katut Tokyo di antara kota konvénsi para pupuhu di Asia dina réngking global [[2011]] nu diayakeun ku [[Asosiasi Kongrés katut Konvénsi Internasional]] (ICCA).<ref><http://www.uia.be/></ref> Busan meunang réngking ka-27 di antara 87 kota jeung ka-8 puseur Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) Asia/Pasifik nu diumumkeun ku Z/Yen Group nu basisna di UK dina bulan [[Maret]] [[2014]].{{cn|date=November 2014}} ===Balanja jeung dagang=== [[File:Seomyeon, Busan.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Seomyeon]]]] [[File:Jagalchi Fish Market.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Pasar Jagalchi]]]] Wewengkon komersil sumebar di sakuliah kota deukeuteun pasampangan jalan jeung kampus universitas deukeuteunana, tapi dua distrik bisnis puseur panggedéna di Busan mah nyaéta [[Seomyeon, Busan|Seomyeon]] jeung Gwangbok-dong/Nampo-dong. Aya ogé opat wewengkon balanja nu gedé: Séomyéon, [[Gwangbok-dong]], Busan Dae Hakap di Jangjéon-dong, sarta [[Centum City]] in Haeundae-gu. Séomyéon mangrupa jalan pasampangan di Busan. Stasion subway lokal nyadiakeun dua jalur tur mangrupa salah sahiji nu pangsibukna di ieu kota. Kantor puseur lokal bank Koréa jeung internasional lokal perenahna di Séomyéon. Kasohor minangka distrik balanja jeung hiburan. Ogé mangrupa tempat "Seomyeon Medical Street", distrik nu ngawengku jarak radius 1&nbsp;km sabudeureun Lotte Department Store di Séomyéon jeung stasion subway Buam. Ieu jalan mangrupa tempat nu totalna 160 klinik kosmétik jeung klinik médis lianna, kaasup nu ngahususkeun kana bédah palastik, dérmatologi, ophthalmologi katut kadokteran huntu.<ref>[http://investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/reg/eng/ne/index.jsp?no=608300004&sort_num=&code=1060506&mode=bbs&l_unit=90202&m_unit=90301&s_unit=&page=6&bno=102280078&seq=647] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425234247/http://investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/reg/eng/ne/index.jsp?no=608300004&sort_num=&code=1060506&mode=bbs&l_unit=90202&m_unit=90301&s_unit=&page=6&bno=102280078&seq=647|date=2012-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=574927 |title=부산시, 제1회 서면메디컬스트리트 축제 개최 &#124; 뉴스와이어 |publisher=Newswire.co.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref> Tatanggan langsung jeung Séomyéon aya Pasar Bujéon, pasar tradisional panggedéa di ieu dayeuh. Pausahaan lianna nu boga kantor di dieu di antarana [[Yeolmae Food]]. Wewengkon [[Gwangbok-dong]], [[Nampo-dong]], jeung [[Jungang-dong]] ngawangun distrik bisnis puseur. Sababaraha réstoran di ieu distrik maké resép kulawarga nu turun tumurun salila sababaraha generasi. [[Pasar Jagalchi]], salah sahiji pasar kadaharan laut nu gedé, perenahna di ieu wewengkon. Pasar Gukjé ogé teu jauh. Jungang-dong mangrupa tempat sababaraha kantor hukum internasional, Kantor Imigrasi heubeul, sarta terminal féri internasional nu ngaladénan ruteu ka Jepang. Lotte World II kiwarikeur diwangun di sapanjang cai antara Jungang-dong 7-Ga jeung 8-Ga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtourismsummit.com/Travel/KoreaTips/tabid/83/Default.aspx |title=World Tourism Summit and TPO Forum 2008 |publisher=Worldtourismsummit.com |date=2005-11-14 |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Centum City, hiji komplék industri, mangrupa hiji wewengkon balanja kasihir kalayan pasar swalayan nu leuks. ===Department store gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko ! Tempat Kantor Cabang di Busan |- | Lotte Department Store | [[Seomyeon, Busan|Seomyeon]] (Busan Main), Gwangbok, Dongnae, Centum City |- | Shinsegae Department Store | Centum City |- | Hyundai Department Store | Béomil-dong |} ===Outlét Prémieum=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko ! Lokasi |- | Lotte Premium Outlets | Gimhae |- | Shinsegae Simon Premium Outlets | Gijang |} ===Toko diskon gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko |- | Home Plus |- | E Mart |- | Lotte Mart |- | Hanaro Club |- | Mega Mart |- | Costco |} ==Fasilitas atikan== ===Universitas kalayan sakola sarjana=== [[File:PNU Busan campus 1.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Sawangan panoramik PNU]] [[File:Busan Korea Maritime University.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Universitas Maritim Koréa]] *[[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Busan]] (University of Foreign Studies, BUFS) *[[Universitas Prébitérian Busan|Universitas Jangsin Busan]] *[[Universitas Pangatikan Nasional Busan]] *[[Universitas Katolik Pusan]] * Universitas Dongmyung *[[Universitas Dongseo]] *[[Universitas Dong-A]] *[[Universitas Dong-eui]] *[[Universitas Injé]] – Kampus Pusan *[[Universitas Kosin]] *[[Universitas Maritim Koréa]] *[[Universitas Kyungsung]] *[[Universitas Nasional Pukyong]] (PKNU) *[[Universitas Nasional Pusan]] (PNU) * Universitas Silla *[[Universitas Youngsan]] ===Institut atikan luhur lianna=== *[[Paguron luhur Seni Busan]] - (Busan Arts College) *[[Paguron luhur Téhnologi Informasi Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Kyungsang Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Politéhnik Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Daédong]] *[[Paguron luhur Dong-Pusan]] *[[Paguron luhur Dongju]] *[[Institut Téhnologi Maritim jeung Perikanan]] ===Sakola deungeun=== *Busan International Foreign School [http://www.bifskorea.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522020313/https://www.bifskorea.org/ |date=2020-05-22 }} (PAUD tepi ka kalas 12) *Busan Foreign School [http://www.busanforeignschool.org] (PAUD tepi ka kalas 12) ==Budaya katut Daya Irut== Busan henteu ngan ukur nonjolkeun rupa-rupa toko barang antik katut suvenir, tapi ogé réstoran, atraksi jeung akomodasi nu unik. ===Parkiran, basisir katut résor=== [[File:Korea-Busan-Beomeosa-01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuil Beomeosa]] [[File:Nurimaru APEC House.jpg|thumb|250px|APEC Nurimaru]] [[File:Haedong Yonggungsa Temple, Busan, South Korea.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuil Haédong Yonggungsa]] [[Geumjeongsan]] di béh kalér mangrupa tempat ''hiking'' ahir minggu nu kasohor keur urang Busan. Di béh kalér, wewengkon sabudeureun [[Universitas Nasional Pusan]] (katelah ogé PNU, nu mangrupa salah sahiji institut paguron luhur nu pangdiakuna di Koréa) boga téater mahasiswa, kafé, bar jeung réstoran, ogé pintonan jalanan budaya dina hawa muka dina peuting ahir minggu. Deukeuteunana aya [[Beomeosa]], kuil [[Buda Koréa]]. [[Taman Yongdusan]] nempatan lahan 69,000 méter pasagi/{{convert|17|acres|0|abbr=on}} tur jadi tempat [[Munara Busan]], Galeri Seni Yongdusan, jeung Akuarium Busan. Ieu taman ngarojong kurang leuwih tujuh puluh spésiés tatangkalan tur mangrupa hiji tujuan pelesir nu dipikaresep, kalayan rupa-rupa event sapanjang taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264539 |title=Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Yongdusan Park |publisher=Visitkorea.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326013101/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264539 |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> [[Dongnaé]]-gu mangrupa hiji wewengkon panganjrekan nu beunghar tur tradisional. Dongnaé Onchéon mangrupa hiji wewengkon spa alam kalayan loba wewengkon pamandian, hotél wisata, réstoran, kleub katut pangbalanjaan. Loba réstoran di ieu aréa nu maké resép kulawarga. [[Chungnyeolsa (Busan)|Chungnyeolsa]] nyaéta hiji tempat karamat Konghucu keur soldadu nu perlaya salila perang abad ka-16 ngalawan Jepang di Bénténg Dongnaé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cys.busan.go.kr/01_cysinfo/02_01.jsp |title=Pangwanoh Chungnyeolsa(충렬사소개) |publisher=Busan Metropolitan City |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref> Busan katelah minangka ibu kota usum panasna Koréa sabab ngirut wisatawan ti sakuliah nagara pikeun ngadatangan genep basisir nu aya di dinya. Hotél méwah katut papan pangleumpangan keur pawéy natrat sapanjang basisir di [[Basisir Haéundaé|Haéundaé]]. [[Basisir Gwangalli]] boga kafé, bar, jeung réstoran di sapanjang basisir jeung Sasak Grand Gwangan. Wewengkon sabudeureun [[Universitas Nasional Pukyong]] jeung [[Universitas Kyungsung]] boga loba kafé, bar jeung réstoran nu narik mahasiswa katut barudak ngora. [[Taejongdaé]] nyaéta hiji taman nasional kalayan jungkrang nu éndah nyanghareup ka sagara di pulo [[Yeongdo-gu|Yeongdo]]. Ieu wewengkon katelah minangka "Jalan Pangbalanjaan Urang Deungeun", tapi ilaharna mah nujul kana "Jalan Téksas" deukeuteun bagéan Palabuan Busan, sarta deukeut ka jalan asup hareup ka Stasion Karéta Busan (부산역), boga loba bisnis nu ngaladénan populasi urang Rusia lokal, katut kru kapal deungeun. Ieu wewengkon asalna mangrupa lokasi kota Cina lokal tur di jeroa aya kénéh sakola urang Cina. [[Akuarium Busan]], nu perenahna di Basisir Haéundaé, mangrupa akuarium panggedéna di Koréa Kidul. [[Kuil Haedong Yonggung]] mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu tempat karamat nu patali jeung Déwi Buddha. Perenahna béh katuhu deukeut sagara. Ngampar dina hiji gunung di béh hareupna, sarta sagara di béh tukangna. === Kuil, loka agamis jeung bersajarah === * Kuil [[Beomeosa]] * Bénténg [[Busanjinjiseong]] (tawa Jaséongdaé) * Bénténg [[Cheonseongjinseong]] * Tempat karamat [[Chungnyeolsa (Busan)|Chungnyeolsa]] * Bénténg [[Dongnaeeupseong]] * Sakola suci Konghucu Dongnaé Hyanggyo * Dongnaébu Donghéon * [[Dongsam-dong Shell Mound]] * [[Fortress site of Jwasuyeong]] * [[Geumjeongsanseong]] Fortress * Haedongyonggungsa Temple * Janggwanchéong * Jéongongdan Altar * Samgwangsa Temple * Songgongdan Altar * [[Tumuli in Bokcheon-dong, Dongnae]] * [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]]<ref>[http://www.unmck.or.kr/eng/unmck/unmck_11.php United Nations Memorial Cemetery Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120526215525/http://www.unmck.or.kr/eng/unmck/unmck_11.php |date=2012-05-26 }}</ref> * [[Waeseong in Jukseong-ri, Gijang]] * Yéongdo Bridge * Yéonggadae Pavilion * Yungongdan Altar ===Kasenian=== Busan mangrupa tempat [[Busan International Film Festival]] (BIFF)—salah sahiji tina féstival pilem internasional nu kasohor di Asia—di [[Busan Cinema Center]] unggal usum gugur. Ogé mangrupa tempat Busan Biennale, seni kontémporér internasional biennale nu diayakeun dua taun sakali. Busan ogé jadi tempat [[Asia Song Festival|Féstival Lagu Asia ka-2]], nu diorganisir ku ''Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange'', taun 2005.<ref>KOFICE [http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp 2nd Asia Song Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816082625/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp |date=2011-08-16 }} 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-12</ref> Dina taun 2012 seniman Jerman Hendrik Beikirch, babarengan jeung [[Public Delivery]], ngalukis lukisan pinding pangluhurna di Asia jeung sadunya.<ref>[http://www.yatzer.com/Asia-Tallest-Mural-by-Hendrik-Beikirch Asia's Tallest Mural by Hendrik Beikirch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223709/http://www.yatzer.com/Asia-Tallest-Mural-by-Hendrik-Beikirch |date=2013-05-20 }}. Yatzer (2012-09-10). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> === Musieum === * Musieum Bokchéon * Musieum Sajarah Modéren Busan * Musieum Busan * Musieum Seni Modéren Busan * Musieum Universitas Nasional Busan * Musieum Dongsam-dong Shell Midden * Musieum Universitas Dong-A * Musieum Universitas Dong-eui * Musieum Universitas Kyungsung * [[Musieum Maritim Nasional, Koréa Kidul|Musieum Maritim Nasional]] * Regular Pa-jéon muséum * Musieum Silly Pa-Jéon === Kadaharan tradisional === [[File:Korean pan cake-Dongnae pajeon-01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A plate of a colorful pancake made with green scallions, sliced red chili pepper and chopped seafood|''Dongnaé pajeon'']] Busan mangrupa hiji puseur urusan militér di wewengkon kidul bojong, antukna ku sabab éta Busan jadi tempat nu kacida pentingna keur hubungan diplomatik jeung Jepang; patugas katut pajabat penting ti istana mindeng ngadatangan ieu kota. Kadaharan husus disadiakeun keur éta patugas kayaning ''Dongnaé pajeon'' (동래파전), varian tina ''[[pajeon]]'' (surabi Koréa nu pédo), nu dijieun tina sabangsaning [[bawang]], siksik [[cabé]], jeung rupa-rupa jinis kadaharan laut dina [[adonan (masak)|adonan]] kandel nu dijieun tina [[tipung tarigu]], [[tipung béas ketan]], [[endog]], [[uyah]] katut [[cai]].<ref>[http://www.hankooki.com/special/summer/200206/special20020630135751L7210.htm]{{Dead link|date=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090511010021&spage=1 |title= [내고장 이 맛!] 부산 동래파전|publisher=Seoul.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Salila Perang Koréa, Busan mangrupa tujuan pangungsian panggedéna di ieu bojong; rahayat ti sakabéh wewengkon di Koréa daratang ka dinya. Sababaraha pangungsi nganjrek tur nyaluyukeung keung ngatur deui resép husus maranéhananan. Salah sahiji kadaharanana nyaéta ''milmyeon'' (밀면) (tar. 'emih tarigu') nu mangrupa vérsi ''[[naéngmyeon]]'', angeun [[emih]] soba tiis, tapi maké tipung tarigu. (Naémyéon asalna mangrupa kadaharan has [[Hamhung]] jeung [[Pyongyang]], wewengkon kalér bojong Koréa, nu kiwari jadi bagéan Koréa Kalér.<ref>Kim Gi-hyeon (김기현) (2009-05-13) [http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2009051301031343013002 동래파전·돼지국밥…음식도 관광자원으로] (in Korean) [[Munhwa Ilbo]]</ref><ref>Lee Gyeong-taek (이경택) (2002-09-26) [http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2002092601012505011003 부산AG 장외 음식열전] (in Korean) [[Munhwa Ilbo]]</ref>) ''Dwaéji gukbap'' (돼지국밥) (tar. 'sangu angeun babi') ogé mangrupa hasil Perang Koréa. Mangrupa angeun daging [[babi]] nu kiwari jadi leuwih kasohor di sakuliah nagri.<ref>Noh, Ju-Seok (노주석) (2009-07-29) [http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090729031009&spage=1 (씨줄날줄)] 영도다리/노주석 논설위원] (in Korean) [[Seoul Sinmun]]</ref> ===Résor cipanas jeung spa=== Busan boga résor katut fasilitas cipanas panggedéna di Koréa. *Spa Land (Haéundaé-Gu) *HurShimChung Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Town (Dongnaé-Gu) *Haéundaé Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Haéundaé-Gu) *Dongnaé Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Dongnaé-Gu) *Gwangalli Spa Towns (Suyéong-Gu) ==Ageman== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ageman di Busan (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census - Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref> |label1 = Henteu boga ageman |value1 = 43 |color1 = Gray |label2 = [[Buda]] |value2 = 39.2 |color2 = Gold |label3 = [[Protéstan]] |value3 = 10.4 |color3 = DodgerBlue |label4 = [[Katolik]] |value4 = 7.4 |color4 = DarkOrchid }} Dumasar kana sénsus taun [[2005]], tina rahayat Busan 39.2% ngagem [[Buda]] jeung 17.8% ngagem [[Kristen]] (10.4% [[Protéstan]] jeung 7.4% [[Katolik]]).<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 43% populasi lolobanaana henteu baroga ageman atawa ngagem [[Muismeu]] katut ageman asli. ==Komunikasi== {| class="wikitable" |- !Stasiun atawa Koran ! Tipeu |- | Busan KBS | TV, Radio |- | Busan MBC | TV, Radio |- | [[KNN (Koréa)|KNN]] | TV, Radio |- | Busan CBS | Radio |- | Busan BBS | Radio |- | [http://www.befm.or.kr/main/IndexAction.do?cmd=Index Busan eFM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085211/http://befm.or.kr/main/IndexAction.do?cmd=Index |date=2017-10-14 }} | English Radio |- | Busan PBC | Radio |- | Busan Ilbo | Koran Poéan |- | Kookje Shinmun | Koran Poéan |} ==Olah raga== '''Tim katut fasilitas olah raga''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Club ! Liga ! Stadion ! Kapasitas Stadion ! Tipeu Olah raga |- | [[Lotte Giants]] | [[Korea Baseball Organization|KBO]] | [[Sajik Baseball Stadium|Stadion Baseball Sajik]] | 28,500 | Baseball |- | [[Busan I'Park]] | [[K-League 2]] | [[Busan Gudeok Stadium|Stadio Gudeok Busan]] | 12,349 | Maén bal |- | [[Busan KT Sonicboom]] | [[Korean Basketball League|KBL]] | [[Sajik Arena]] | 14,099 | Basketball |} ===Baseball=== [[File:Busan Sajik Stadium 20080706.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Stadion Baseball Sajik]]]] Ti taun [[1982]], ieu dayeuh geus jadi tempat [[Lotte Giants]], nu maén dina liga [[Baseball Profésional Koréa]]. Di Koréa, Busan katelah ibu kota baseball tur boga réputasi keur sakumna fans baséball nu antusias.<ref name="mecca">{{ko icon}} [http://sports.khan.co.kr/news/sk_index.html?art_id=200812231821213&sec_id=510201 사직구장 대대적 보수로 지정석만 2만1천석]. [[Kyunghyang Shinmun|Sports Khan]]. Retrieved 2011-11-27</ref> Keur sawatara taun munggaran, Lotte Giants maké [[Stadion Baseball Gudeok]] minangka patempatanana. Dina panengah [[1980]]-an, pindah ka [[Stadion Baseball Sajik]], nu diwangun minangka bagéan komplék olah raga keur [[Asian Games 1986]]. ===Maén bal=== Ieu kota mangrupa tempat tim maén bal [[K-League]], [[Busan I'Park]]. Ieu tim saméméhna katelah [[Daewoo Royals]] tur mangrupa tim kuat dina mangsa 1990-an di K-léague. Busan ogé mangrupa tempat kleub maén bal [[Korea National League|Liga Nasional]], [[Busan Kyotong|Busan Transportation Corporation]]. [[Busan I'Park]] ===Bola karinjang=== Busan ogé boga tim [[Korean Basketball League]], [[Busan KT Sonicboom]] nu maén di Aréna Sajik. ===Balap kuda Thoroughbred=== [[Balap kuda Thoroughbred]] diayakeun di ''[[Busan-Gyeongnam Horse Racing Park]]'' unggal minggu. ===Balap sapédah=== Balap sapédah diayakeun di "Busan Cydrome," velodrome di Taman Olah raga Geumjéong, unggal minggu. ==Féstival katut event== Busan ngariakeun féstival sapanjang taun. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Bulan ! Féstival katut Evén Taunan |- | [[Januari]] | Féstival Pabaru di Busan, Kontés Ngojay Biruang Kutub |- | [[Pébruari]] | Féstival Jalan Moontan Haéundaé |- | [[Maret]] | Busan International Performing Arts féstival |- | [[April]] | Féstival éobang Gwangalli |- | [[Méi]] | Busan Motor Show, Féstival Palabuan Busan, Busan Contents Market, Féstival Pilem Pondok Internasional Busan |- | [[Juni]] | Féstival Keusik Haéundaé, Féstival Ngibing Internasional Busan |- | [[Juli]] | Féstival Kota Gijang |- | [[Agustus]] | Féstival Laut Busan, [[Busan International Rock Festival]], [[Busan International Magic Festival]], Busan International Kids' Film féstival, Busan International Advertising féstival, Busan International Comedy féstival |- | [[Séptémber]] | [[Busan Biennale]], Busan Séa Art féstival, Busan Maru International Music féstival |- | [[Oktober]] | [[Busan International Film Festival]], [[Busan International Fireworks Festival]], Busan Jagalchi féstival |- | [[Nopémber]] | Busan Port Lighting féstival, [[G-Star]]-Global Game Exhibition, Busan Choral féstival & Competition |- | [[Désémber]] | Féstival Tangkal Natal Busan |} ==Fasilitas kaséhatan== Busan boga loba rumah sakit katut klinik. Loba bédah palastik, dérmatologis, ophthalmik, klinik huntu ngumpul di ''[[Pasar médis Seomyeon]]''. ===Puseur kaséhatan gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Ngaran rumah sakit ! Jumlah kasur |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Nasional Pusan di Yangsan | 1720 <ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=53142 |title=::빠르고 정확한 인터넷 의협신문:: |publisher=Doctorsnews.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Nasional Pusan di Busan | 1180 <ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=http://www1.pnuh.co.kr/coding/eng3/main2.html |title=Pusan National University Hospital |publisher=.pnuh.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013714/http://www1.pnuh.co.kr/coding/eng3/main2.html |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Paik Universitas Injé di Haéundaé | 1004 <ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.paik.ac.kr/haeundae/eng/ |title=Inje University Paik Hospital |publisher=Paik.ac.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Dong-A | 920 <ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web |url=http://www.damc.or.kr/DAMC_HOME/main.jsp |title=동아대학교의료원 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다 |publisher=Damc.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918162925/https://www.damc.or.kr/DAMC_HOME/main.jsp |date=2013-09-18 }}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Kosin | 912 <ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosinmed.or.kr/en/ |title=Kosin University Gospel Hospital |publisher=Kosinmed.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050927/http://www.kosinmed.or.kr/en/ |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Santa Maria (St. Mary) Busan | 716 <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsm.or.kr/ |title=부산성모병원 |publisher=Bsm.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | [[Puseur Kaséhatan Dong-eui]] | 640 <ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web|url=http://www.demc.kr/eng/ |title=Dong-Eui Medical Center - Busan, Korea |publisher=Demc.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Baptis Busan | 608 <ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmbh.co.kr/ |title=침례병원 |publisher=wmbh.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204170200/http://www.wmbh.co.kr/ |date=2000-12-04 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Busan | 591 <ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite web |url=http://eng.busanmc.or.kr/00main/main.asp |title=Busan Medical Center |publisher=Eng.busanmc.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924210855/http://eng.busanmc.or.kr/00main/main.asp |date=2012-09-24 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Maryknoll | 501 <ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite web|url=http://www.maryknoll.co.kr/ |title=메리놀병원 |publisher=Maryknoll.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Paik Universitas Injé di Busan | 898 <ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite web |url=http://www.paik.ac.kr/new/busan.asp |title=인제대학교 부산백병원 - 환자중심의 병원, 내집처럼 편안한 병원 |publisher=Paik.ac.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015081722/http://www.paik.ac.kr/new/busan.asp |date=2011-10-15 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kangker Institut Radiologi jeung Élmu Kaséhatan Dongnam | 304 <ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirams.re.kr/ENG/main/main.jsp |title=Dongnam Inst. Of Radiological |publisher=Dirams.re.kr |date=2013-01-29 |accessdate=2013-03-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20130219035944/http://www.dirams.re.kr/ENG/main/main.jsp |date=2013-02-19 }}</ref> |} ==Transportasi== [[File:Busan-port-from-Busan-tower-2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Busan Port Pier 1 with the International Ferry Terminal (3 docked ferries shown)]] === Beus === Jalur beus éksprés gedé ngahubungkeun Busan jeung kota lianna di Koréa di dua terminal beus utama, [[Terminal Beus Nopodong]] (di tungtung kalér Subway Jalur 1) jeung [[Terminal Beus Seobu]] di Stasion Sasang di Subway Jalur 2. 134 ruteu beus urban ngaladénn unggal bagéan di Kota Métropolitan Busan. ([[Busan Urban Bus]]) === Laut === Féri nu indit ti ''Terminal Féri Internasional'' di [[Palabuan Busan]] Pier 1 ngahubungkeun Busan ka palabuan Jepang Izuhara katut Hitakatsu di [[Pulo Tsushima]], ogé ka kota [[Shimonoséki]], [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], jeung [[Osaka]] di daratan Jepang.<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_index International Ferry Terminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204162311/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_index |date=2010-12-04 }}</ref> *PanStar<ref>[http://www.panstarline.com/EN/index.html PanStar Ferry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209211117/http://www.panstarline.com/EN/index.html |date=2008-02-09 }}, Korean operator of the ferry linking to Osaka, Japan.</ref> ngoprasikeun ''PanStar Ferry'' antara Busan jeung Osaka. *''Seaflower 2'', féri ka Tsushima dijalankeun ku Dae-a Express Shipping,<ref>{{ko icon}} [http://www.daea.com Dae-a Express Shipping], operator of the ferry linking to Tsushima Island, Japan.</ref> mawa panumpang ukur antara Busan jeung Hitakatsu dina waktu 1 jam 40 menit sarta antara Busan jeung Izuhara dina waktu 2 jam 40 menit. *''Seonghee'', dijalankeun ku Pukwan Ferry,<ref>[http://www.pukwan.co.kr Pukwan Ferry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818055717/https://www.pukwan.co.kr/ |date=2020-08-18 }}, operator of the ferry linking to Shimonoseki, Japan.</ref> ngahubungkeun Busan ka Shimonoseki. *Salah sahiji féri ka Fukuoka nyaéta ''Camellia'', dioprasikeun ku Camellia Line.<ref>{{ja icon}} [http://www.camellia-line.co.jp Camellia Line], {{ko icon}} [http://www.koreaferry.co.kr Korea Ferry]</ref> Camellia ngajalankeun perjalanan ka Fukuoka wanci peuting salila 7 jam 30 menit, sarta mulang deui dina wanci beurangna salila 5 jam 30 menit. *Layanan féri lianna ka Fukuoka nyaéta ku ''Beetle'' jeung ''Kobee'', 2 armada [[hydrofoil]] nu gancang dioprasikeun ku Miraejet.<ref>[http://www.kobee.co.kr Kobee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002118/http://www.kobee.co.kr/ |date=2020-07-22 }} and [http://www.jrbeetle.co.kr Beetle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326090141/http://www.jrbeetle.co.kr/ |date=2012-03-26 }}, ferries linking to Fukuoka, Japan.</ref> Kurang leuwih aya lima keberangkatan ti unggal kota dijadwalkeun unggal poéna. Ku hydrofoil ukur merlukeun 2 jam 55 menit pikeun nyabrang [[Selat Koréa]] ka Fukuoka. ''Beetle'' dipiboga ku [[JR Kyushu]]. Sakabéh féri diatur ku [[Otoritas Palabuan Busan]]. === Rél nasional === Busan boga sababaraha jalur rél, nu pangpentingna mah [[Jalur Gyeongbu]] nu ngahubungkeun ka kota gedé lianna saperti [[Seoul]], [[Daéjeon]], jeung [[Daégu]]. Sakabéh kelas karéta jalan sapanjang Jalur Gyéongbu, kaasup karéta [[KTX]] nu super gancang nu nyadiakeun layanan nu mindeng ka Séoul salila kurang leuwih 150 menit. Jalur Gyéongbu eureun di [[Stasion Busan]]. Jalur lianna kaasup [[Jalur Donghaé Nambu]] nu ngahubungkeun [[Ulsan]], [[Pohang]] jeung [[Gyeongju]]. === Subway === {{main|Busan Subway|Busan Metro}} [[File:Busan Subway Line 1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Subway Busan Jalur 1]]]] Jaringan [[Busan Metro|Subway Busan]] ngawengku opat jalur: [[Subway Busan Jalur 1|1]], [[Subway Busan Jalur 2|2]], [[Subway Busan Jalur 3|3]], jeung [[Subway Busan Jalur 4|4]]. Opatanana dioprasikeun ku [[Busan Transportation Corporation]]. Jalur [[Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] nyambung ti Stasion Sasang (Jalur 2), Busan ka Stasion Samgye, [[Gimhae]]. === Udara === Busan dilayanan ku [[Bandara Internasional Gimhaé]] di [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]]. Bandara Internasional Gimhaé dihubungkeun ku [[Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] ==Hubungan internasional== {{See also|Daptar kota kembaran jeung kota sawargi di Koréa Kidul}} ===Kota kembaran jeung kota sawargi=== <!-- Please, do not add cities to this list unless listed on Busan City official website. See reference for link. --> Busan babagi jujuluk [[Town twinning|kota sadulur]] jeung sababaraha kota atawa propinsi nu aya di [[basisir]] di sakuliah dunya.<ref>List of Busan's sister cities, Busan Metropolitan City; [http://english.busan.go.kr/02government/08_01.jsp], {{ko icon}} [http://www.busan.go.kr/04ocean/0404future/05_02_02.jsp]</ref> {| |- | valign="top" | *{{flagicon|TWN}} – [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] ([[1966]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Los Angeles]], USA ([[1967]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Shimonoseki]], [[Jepang]] ([[1976]]) *{{flagicon|ESP}} – [[Barcelona]], [[Spanyol]] ([[1983]])<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=© 2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816053334/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |date=2011-08-16 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|BRA}} – [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasil]] ([[1985]]) *{{flagicon|RUS}} – [[Vladivostok]], [[Rusia]] ([[1992]]) *{{flagicon|PRC}} – [[Shanghai]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] ([[1993]]) *{{flagicon|IDN}} – [[Surabaya]], [[Républik Indonésia]] ([[1994]]) *{{flagicon|AUS}} – [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], nagara bagéan [[Australia]] (1994) *{{flagicon|VIE}} – [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Viétnam ([[1995]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB |title=CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM |publisher=mofahcm.gov.vn |date=October 9, 2010 |accessdate=January 8, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073805/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB |date=December 26, 2018 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|MEX}} – [[Tijuana]], [[Méksiko]] (1995) *{{flagicon|NZL}} – [[Auckland City|Auckland]], [[Selandia Anyar]] ([[1996]]) *{{flagicon|CHI}} – [[Valparaíso]], [[Chili]] ([[1999]]) *{{flagicon|CAN}} – [[Montreal]], [[Kanada]] ([[2000]]) *{{flagicon|RSA}} – [[Western Cape]], propinsi [[Aprika Kidul]] (2000) *{{flagicon|TUR}} – [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] ([[2002]]) *{{flagicon|UAE}} – [[Dubai]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]] ([[2006]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], Jepang ([[2007]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Chicago]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] (2007) *{{flagicon|RUS}} – [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Rusia]] ([[2008]]) *{{flagicon|CAM}} – [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kamboja]] ([[2009]]) *{{flagicon|IND}} – [[Mumbai]], [[India]] (2009) *{{flagicon|GRE}} – [[Thessaloniki]], [[Yunani]] ([[2010]]) *{{flagicon|MAR}} – [[Casablanca]], [[Maroko]] ([[2011]]) *{{flagicon|PHI}} – [[Cebu City]], [[Pilipina]] (2011) *{{flagicon|MYA}} - [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] ([[2013]]) |} ===Kota babaturanana=== *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shenzhen]], [[China]] (2007) *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tianjin]], [[China]] (2007) *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] (2008) *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Chongqing]], [[China]] (2010) *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2011) ===Palabuan dulur=== [[Palabuan Busan]] boga 6 palabuan dulur (didaftar dumasar runtuyan tanggal).<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 Port of Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203230001/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 |date=2010-12-03 }}, Sister Ports, Busan</ref> *{{flagicon|UK}} – [[Palabuan Southampton]], United Kingdom ([[1978]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Palabuan Miami]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] ([[1981]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Palabuan Osaka]], Jepang ([[1985]]) <ref>http://www.city.osaka.jp/port/e_17_sister.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313042621/http://www.city.osaka.jp/port/e_17_sister.html |date=2007-03-13 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|NED}} – [[Palabuan Rotterdam]], [[Walanda]] ([[1985]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Otoritas Palabuan New York jeung New Jersey|Palabuan New York & New Jersey]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] ([[1988]]) *{{flagicon|PRC}} – [[Palabuan Shanghai]], China ([[1994]]) ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Korea}} * [[Busan International Film Festival]] * [[Busan–Geoje Fixed Link]] * [[Centum City]], komplék urban * [[Sasak Gwangan]] * [[Indéks artikel nu patali jeung Koréa]] * [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar palabuan di Asia Wétan]] * [[Lotte Giants]], tim baseball lokal * [[Pusan Newport International Terminal]] ==Catetan== {{reflist|group="nb"}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons|Busan}} {{Wikivoyage|Busan}} *[http://english.busan.go.kr/ Pamaréntahan Métropolitan Busan] *[http://english.busan.go.kr/ Kota Busan ] *[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_8_3_1.jsp Sakabéh Hal Ngeunaan Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726115806/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_8_3_1.jsp |date=2010-07-26 }}<small> – Loka Padoman Wisata Koréa Resmi</small> *[http://www.pusanweb.com Pusanweb] {{Busan}} {{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}} {{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} {{Coord|35|10|46|N|129|04|32|E|region:KR_type:city(3582019)|display=title}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{Sister project links|Busan|voy=Busan}} [[Kategori:Busan| ]] [[Kategori:Patempatan di basisir nu pangeusina padet di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Kota Husus jeung Kota Métropolitan di Koréa Kidul]] 5j806dqp8y5ahgkwyla7six4vwam4v6 0 42076 708896 708347 2026-05-05T06:27:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{islam}} '''Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad bin Idrīs Asy-Syafiʿī''' atawa '''Muhammad bin Idris asy-Syafi`i''' ({{lang-ar|محمد بن إدريس الشافعي}}) anu nelah disebat '''Imam Syafi'i''' ([[Ashkelon]], [[Gaza]], [[Paléstina]], 150 H / [[767]]M - Fusthat, [[Mesir]] 204H / [[820]]M)<ref name="hiji">Asraka, Tawil. 2010. ''Mengenal Tokoh Ulama’ Terbesar Sepanjang Masa Al-Imam Abu Abdillah Muhammad bin Idris Rah.A, yang lebih dikenal dengan Imam Syafi’i''. Jakarta.</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |last=Chaumont |first=E. |title=al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Shafi-i |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> nyaéta hiji [[mufti]] agung [[Sunni]] Islam ogé pangadeg '''[[madzhab Syafi'i]]'''. Imam Syafi'i ogé kaasup sadudulur ti [[Rasulullah]], mantenna kaasup kana [[Bani Muththalib]], nyaéta réréhan ti [[Abdul-Muththalib|al-Muththalib]], dulur ti [[Hasyim bin 'Abd al-Manaf|Hasyim]], anu mangrupa akina nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref name="MuslimHeritage">{{cite web |title=Imam al-Shafi'i: The Father of Usul al-Fiqh |url=https://muslimheritage.com/imam-al-shafii-usul-al-fiqh/ |website=Muslim Heritage |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nalika yuswa 20 taun, Imam Syafi'i angkat ka [[Madinah]] pikieun guguru ka ulama agung mangsa harita, nyatana [[Malik bin Anas|Imam Malik]]. Dua taun salajengna, mantenna ogé angkat ka [[Irak]], pikeun guguru ka murid-murid [[Imam Abu Hanifah|Imam Hanafi]] di dinya. Imam Syafi`i miboga dua dasar nu beda pikeun '''[[Madhab Syafi'i]]'''. nyaéta ''Qaulun Qadim'' jeung ''Qaulun Jadid''.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Shafi'i, Muhammad ibn Idris al- |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100500155 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> == Gumelaran jeung Kahirupan Kulawarga == === Gumelaran === Imam Syafi’i gumelar dina jaman [[Dinasti Bani Abbas]], nyatana dina jaman kakawasaan [[Abu Ja’far al-Mansyur]].<ref name="dua">Dr. Jaih Mubarok. 2000. ''Sejarah dan Perkembangan Hukum Islam''. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.</ref> Idris bin Abbas rumeujeung ka garwana, Fatimah al-Azdiyyah dina hiji liliaran anu kawilang jauh, nyaéta ka pilemburan [[Gaza]], [[Paléstina]]. Harita umat Islam keur nyanghareupan perang ngabéla nagari Islam di kota [[Ashkelon|Asqalan]].<ref name="ArabWorld">{{cite web |title=Al-Shafi'i: Muslim Jurist |url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/biography/al-shafi-i |website=Arab World Books |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Mangsa harita Fatimah al-Azdiyyah nuju ngandung, Idris bin Abbas bingah ku perkara éta, lajeng dikocapkeun, "Saumpamana anu gumelar téh lalaki, mangka bakal dingaranan Muhammad, sarts bakal dijujuluk ku nami salasaurang akina nyaéta Syafi'i bin Asy-Syaib."<ref name="dua"/> Imam Syafi'i gumelar dina taun 150 H, nyaéta taun anu sami sareng pupusna [[Imam Abu Hanifah]].<ref name="LostIslamicHistory">{{cite web |title=Imam al-Shafi'i - The Architect of Islamic Law |url=https://lostislamichistory.com/imam-al-shafii/ |website=Lost Islamic History |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Antukna Fatimah babar di [[Gaza]], jeung kabuktian naon anu geus dicita-citakeun ku ramana téh. Budak éta dingaranan Muhammad, sarta kawentar ku jujuluk "asy-Syafi'i".<ref name="dua"/> Nurutkeun ahli sajarah, Imam Syafi'i gumelar dina taun anu sami sareng pupusna ulama agung [[Sunni]] nyaéta [[Imam Abu Hanifah]]. Dina yuswa 2 taun, Imam Syafi’i ngalih ka [[mekah]] bareng sareng biangna dina kaayaan yatim.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="hiji"/> Nalika Imam Syafi’i masih dina kandungan, biangna ngimpén yén hiji béntang anu kaluar tina rahimna éta béntang téh naék luhur pisan sarta cahayana sumebar nyaangan sakuliah jagat. Ahli mimpi nafsirkeun yén Fatimah bakal ngababarkeun hiji putra anu élmuna bakal nyaangan sarta mangaruhan sakuliah dunya.<ref name="TheIslamicHistory">{{cite web |title=The Life and Legacy of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.theislamichistory.com/imam-al-shafii/ |website=The Islamic History |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref><ref name="hiji"/> === Nasab === Idris, ramana Imam Syafi'i, kawitna dumuk di [[taneuh]] [[Hijaz]]. Anjeunna mangrupa réréhan ti [[Bani Muththalib]].<ref name="dua"/> Imam Syafi'i mangrupikeun katurunan [[Quraisy]] tina nasab kadua sepuhna, boh ti [[rama]] atanapi ti [[biang]].<ref name="dua"/> Anjeunna mangrupa réréhan ti [[Bani Muththalib]], janten anjeunna kalebet kana [[Bani Muththalib]].<ref name="dua"/> [[Nasab]] ramana nyaéta Muhammad bin [[Idris bin Abbas]] bin Syafi’i bin [[Sa’ib bin Ubaid]] bin Abdu Yazid bin [[Hasyim bin al Muththalib]] bin Abdu Manaf.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ImamShafiiNet">{{cite web |title=The Lineage of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=http://www.imamshafii.net/en/biography/lineage/ |website=Imam Shafii Network |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dupi biagna nyaéta [[Fatimah binti Abdullah]] bin Hasan bin [[Husain bin Ali]] bin [[Abu Thalib bin Abdul Muththalib]], ngalangkungan biangna, nasab mantenna patepung sareng [[Rasulullah SAW]] dina [[Abdul-Muththalib]] akina Rasulullah SAW.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ShafiBiog">{{cite web |title=Biography of Imam Shafi'i |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/knowledge/biography/story-of-imam-shafii/ |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tina nasab éta, [[Al-Mutthalib bin Abdi Manaf]], akina Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`, nyaéta dulur kandung Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf akina [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam.<ref name="dua"/> Ogé dulur kandung Abdul Mutthalib bin Hasyim, akina [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam , ngaranna Syifa’, ditikah ku Ubaid bin Abdi Yazid, sangkan gumelar putra nu ngaranna As-Sa’ib, ramana Syafi’i.<ref name="dua"/> Ka Syafi’i bin As-Sa’ib radliyallahu`anhuma ieu budak yatim nu dimaksud téh dinisbahkeun nasabna sahingga kasohor ku ngaran Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`i Al-Mutthalibi.<ref name="dua"/> Ku kituna nasab yatim ieu kacida deukeutna jeung [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam. Ka Syafi’i bin As-Sa’ib radliyallahu `anhuma ieu, nasab budak yatim anu dimaksud téh dinisbahkeun, sahingga mantenna kasohor ku jujuluk '''Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi'i Al-Mutthalibi'''.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="SunnahOnline">{{cite web |title=Biography of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://sunnahonline.com/library/biographies/355-shafii |website=SunnahOnline |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Ku kituna, nasab Imam Syafi'i téh kacida deukeutna sareng [[Nabi Muhammad]] shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam.<ref name="dua"/><ref name="ImamShafiiOrg">{{cite web |title=The Lineage of the Great Imam |url=http://www.imamshafii.org/lineage |website=ImamShafii.org |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kusabab [[Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf]] anu saterusna ngalahirkeun [[Bani Hasyim]], nyaéta dulur kandung jeung Mutthalib bin Abdi manaf, anu ngalahirkeun Bani Mutthalib, mangka Rasulullah ngadawuh: {{cquote|Mung ukur kami (nyaéta [[Bani Hasyim]]) jeung maranéhanana (nyaéta [[Bani Mutthalib]]) nu asalna ti hiji nasab. Sabari mantenna nyilang-nyilangkeun [[ramo]] dua panangan mantenna.|4=HR. Abu Nu’aim Al-Asfahani dina Hilyah na juz 9 kaca 65 - 66}} ===Waragad jeung Ahlak=== Syaikh [[Ar-Rabi’ bin Sulaiman]] (Sahabat sarta murid imam Syafi’i) ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i pameunteuna kasép, sorana halimpu nalika macakeun Ayat-ayat suci [[Al-Qur’an]], sahingga sing saha waé anu ngadanguna nyurucudkeun [[cimata]] malihan aya anu nepika [[kapiuhan]], "ahlakna kacida [[éndah]] sarta béréhan.<ref name="hiji"/> Syaikh [[Al-Humaidi]] nyaritakeun, “Syafi’i sumping ti [[shana’a]] nyandak bebekelan [[duit]] lobana sapuluh rébu [[dinar]]. Lajeng mantenna ngadegkeun kémah di luar [[Mekah]], jalma-jalma ngadatangan mantenna, sarta dina [[peuting]] éta kénéh duitna téh parantos bérés dibagikeun (sedekah),”.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="MuslimHeritage2">{{cite web |title=Imam as-Shafi'i: The Jurisprudential Star |url=https://muslimheritage.com/imam-as-shafii/ |website=Muslim Heritage |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Syaikh [[Amr bin Sawad]] ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i nyaéta jalma anu pang béréhanana kana [[:id:Dinar|dinar]], [[:id:Dirham|dirham]] jeung [[kadaharan]]”.<ref name="hiji"/> Ar-rabi’ ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i nyaéta jalma anu pangbéréhanana kana [[dinar]], [[dirham]], sarta [[kadaharan]].”<ref name="hiji"/>.<ref name="hiji"/> Ar-Rabi’ ogé nyaritakeun yén nalika Imam Syafi’i naék [[keledéi]] sarta pecutna murag, aya saurang jalma anu mangmulungkeun. Harita kénéh Imam Syafi’i maréntahkeun ka palayanna pikeun nyedekahkeun duit tujuh [[dinar]] ka éta jalma.<ref name="hiji"/> Mantenna mah saderhana dina dangdanan, mahér dina pangubaran, lihéi dina numpak kuda ogé mahér papanahan ku keunana 100 persén, Syafi'i ogé saurang anu lébér wawanén, nganggé [[cingcin]] dina ramo kéncana nu ditulisan “Cekap mung Allah minangka ageman Muhammad bin Idris”.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="hiji"/><ref name="IslamicFinder2">{{cite web |title=The Character of Imam al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/knowledge/biography/story-of-imam-shafii/ |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=26 Maret 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mangsa Diajar == Nalika yuswa [[2]] [[taun]], Imam Syafi'i dicandak ku [[biang]]na ka [[Hijaz]] sarta ngahiji jeung pangeusi [[negeri]] éta anu kalolobaanana urang [[Yaman]], jalaran [[biang]]na asalna ti suku [[:id:Azd|Azd]].<ref name="hiji"/> Nincak yuswa [[10]] [[taun]] mantenna dicandak ku [[biang]]na ka [[Mekah]], Hal ieu dilakukeun jalaran biangna melang [[nasab]]na anu kacida mulyana téh paur leungit sarta dipopohokeun upami tetep aya di pangumbaran.<ref name="hiji"/><ref name="Britannica2">{{cite web |last=Chaumont |first=E. |title=al-Shafi'i |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Shafi-i |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 Maret 2026}}</ref> Nalika mangsa diajar jeung nyungsi [[:id:guru|guru]] pikeun mantenna, [[ibu]]na henteu kawasa pikeun ngaburuhan [[guru]]na. Tapi [[guru]]na tumarima jeung ridho pikeun ngadidik Imam Syafi'i ngora. Imam Syafi'i loba ngahadiran pangajian ogé patepung jeung para [[ulama]] pikeun diajar sawatara perkara [[agama]]. Mantenna nulis sagala hal anu didanguna dina [[:id:tulang|tulang]]-[[tulang]] nu lamun tas pinuh jeung numpuk éta [[tulang]] téh dikana karungkeun.<ref name="hiji"/> ku sabab kaayaan [[ékonomi]]na nu mangwaaskeun, pikeun tolab [[élmu]] téh Imam Syafi'i kudu ka perpustakaan jeung ngagunakeun bagéan luar tina kulit anu dipanggihan pikeun nyatet. Hasilna, dina yuswa 7 taun tas apal [[al-Qur'an]] 30 Juz, yuswa 10 taun tas apal kitab [[al-Muwaththa]] yasana [[Imam Malik]] ogé dina yuswa 15 taun tas dipercanten pikeun matwa ku [[guru]]na [[Muslim bin Khalid]] az-Zanji.<ref name="hiji"/> Di Mekkah, sanggeus dipapatahan supaya neuleuman [[élmu]] [[fiqih]], Imam Syafi’i guguru ka [[Muslim bin Khalid]] az-Zanji, salah sahiji mufti [[Mekkah]]. Sanggeus kitu, mantenna dicandak ku [[ibu]]na ka [[Madinah]] pikeun tolab [[élmu]] ka [[:id:Malik bin Anas|lmam Malik]].<ref name="hiji"/> di dinya, mantenna guguru ka [[Imam Malik]] salila 16 [[taun]] nikakeun [[guru]]na ieu téh tilar dunya. Bareng jeung éta, anjeunna diajar ka [[Ibrahim bin Sa’d al-Anshary]], [[Muhammad bin Sa’id bin Fudaik]] jeung [[:id:ulama|ulama]]-[[ulama]] salian aranjeunna.<ref name="hiji"/> Sapupusna [[Imam Malik]], Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka wewengkon [[Najran]] minangka Wali (pangawasa) di dinya. Namung sakumaha adilna ogé, aya waé sawaréh jalma anu sirik mah jeung ngagogoréng ka Imam Safi’i sarta ngadu-ngadu ka [[:id:khalifah|khalifah]] [[Harun ar-Rasyid]].<ref name="hiji"/> Nikakeun Imam Syafi’i téh ditalék di Dar al-Khilafah dina taun 184 H. Sajanan kitu, Imam Syaféi bisa ngabéla dirina di hareupeun para [[khalifah]] ku cara hujjah anu kacida ngantebna sangkan kacirina ku khalifah yén tutuduh anu ditojokeun ka Imam Syafi’i téh henteu ngadasar jeung teu mibanda alesan anu jelas, antukna [[khalifah]] ngabébaskeun ka Imam Syafi’i.<ref name="hiji"/> Salajengna Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka [[Baghdad]], di dinya anjeunna patepang sareng [[Muhammad bin al-Hasan asy-Syaibany]], muridna [[Imam Abu Hanifah]].<ref name="hiji"/> anjeunna maca [[kitab]]-[[:id:kitab|kitab]]na jeung ngawanohan [[élmu]] AhIi Rayi ([[:id:kaum|kaum]] [[:id:Rasional|Rasional]]), salajengna mulang deui ka [[Makkah]] sinaareng dumuk di dinya salila kurang leuwih 9 taun pikeun nyumebarkeun madzhabna liwat [[halaqah]]-[[:id:halawah|halaqah]] élmu anu ditéangan ku para panungnut élmu di [[Haram]], [[Makkah]], kitu ogé liwat panglawungan jeung para [[ulama]] nalika lumangsungna [[usum]] [[haji]].<ref name="hiji"/> Dina mangsa ieu, [[Imam Ahmad]] diajar jeung anjeunna.<ref name="hiji"/> Saterusna Imam Syafi’i balik deui ka [[Baghdad]] taun 195 H. Kabeneran di dinya tas aya [[majelis]]na anu dihadiran ku para [[:id:ulama]] jeung dipinihan ku para penungtut élmu anu datang ti pangjuru buana. Anjeunna dumuk di dinya salila 2 taun, waktuna dipaké pikeun ngarang [[kitab]] [[:id:ar-risalah|ar-Risalah]].<ref name="hiji"/> Dina [[buku]]na éta, anjeunna ngajabarkeun [[madzhab]] heubeulna (Qaul Qadim). Dina mangsa ieu, aya opat urang sohabat seniorna anu nyantri jeung anjeunna, nyaéta [[Ahmad bin Hanbal]], [[Abu Tsaur]], [[az-Za’farany]] jeung [[al-Karaabiisy]].<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna balik ka [[Makkah]] jeung dumuk di dinya dina wanci anu sajorélat, sanggeus kitu angkat deui ka [[Baghdad]], dina taun 198 H.<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[Baghdad]], anjeunna ogé dumuk sakeudeung pikeun saterusna angkat ka [[Mesir]].<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna nepi di [[:en:Egypt|Mesir]] dina taun 199 H nu teu disangka-sangkana mah yén kasohoranna Imam Syafi’i téh tas miheulaan nepi ka dinya. Dina iinditanna ieu, anjeunna dibaturan ku babaraha urang muridna, di antarana [[Ar-Rabi’i bin Sulaiman al-Murady]] jeung [[Abdullah bin az-Zubair al-Humaidy]]. Anjeunna sindang heula di [[Fushthath]] minangka tamu [[Abdullah bin Abdul Hakam]] anu mangrupa sohabat [[Imam Malik]]. Saterusna anjeunna mimiti ngeusian pangajianna di Jami [[Amr bin Ash]]. Sihoréng, lolobana mah nu tumut ka dua imam saméméhna, nyaéta nu tumut ka [[Imam Abu Hanifah]] jeung [[Imam Malik]] leuwih condong ka anjeunna jeung kasima ku kafaséhan sarta élmuna.<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[:id:mesir|Mesir]], anjeunna dumuk salila 5 taun nu mana salila mangsa ieu digunakeun pikeun ngarang, ngajar, nyawala (Munazharah) ogé ngitung-ngitung pangedalan lawan sawalana.<ref name="hiji"/> Di negeri ieu, anjeunna neundeun madzhab anyarna (Qaul Jadid), nyaéta mangrupa [[hukum]]-[[:id:hukum|hukum]] jeung [[fatwa]]-[[:id:fatwa|fatwa]] anu ku anjeunna diguar [[dalil]]na salila di [[Mesir]], sawaréhna mah béda jeung kedalan [[fiqih]] anu tas diteundeun di [[Iraq]].<ref name="hiji"/> Di [[Mesir]] ogé, anjeunna ngarang [[buku]]-[[:en:book|buku]] agréngna, anu diriwayatkeun ku para [[murid]]na.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Guru jeung murid-muridna== ===Guru-guru Imam Syafi'i=== Imam Syafi’i ngawitan nungnut [[élmu]] jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] anu aya di [[negeri]]na, diantawisna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/>: #[[Muslim bin Khalid Az-Zanji]] [[mufti]] Makkah, #[[Muhammad bin Syafi]]’ [[uwa]]na nyalira, #Abbas [[aki]]na Imam Syafi’i, #[[Sufyan bin Uyainah]], #[[Fudhail bin Iyadl]], sarta sababaraha [[ulama]] nu séjén. Anjeunna ogé nungtut élmu jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] [[:id:Madinah|Madinah]] diantawisna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/>: #[[Malik bin Anas]], #[[Ibrahim bin Abu Yahya Al Aslamy Al Madany]], #[[Abdul Aziz Ad-Darawardi]], [[Athaf bin Khalid]], [[Ismail bin Ja’far]] dan [[Ibrahim bin Sa’ad]] sarta para [[ulama]] anu aya dina tingkatanna. Imam Syafi’i ogé nungtut élmu jeung [[ulama]]-[[:id:ulama|ulama]] [[negeri]] [[:id:Yaman|Yaman]] diantawisna<ref name="hiji"/>: #Mutharrif bin Mazin #Hisyam bin Yusuf Al Qadhi, jeung sababaraha [[ulama]] séjénna. Jeung di [[:en:Baghdad|Baghdad]] anjeunna nungtut élmu ti<ref name="hiji"/> #[[Muhammad bin Al Hasan]], [[ulama]]na [[bangsa]] [[:id:Irak|Irak]], anjeunna ngamulazamah barengan [[ulama]] éta, jeung nungtut élmu nu loba ti anjeunna, #[[Ismail bin Ulayah]], #[[Abdulwahab Ats-Tsaqafy]], sarta anu séjénna. ===Murid-murid Imam Syafi’i=== Anjeunna mibanda loba murid, anu umumna jadi inohong jeung gegedén [[ulama]] jeung [[imam]] umat [[islam]], anu pangnyongcolangna nyaéta<ref name="hiji"/> #[[Ahmad bin Hanbal]], Ahli Hadits jeung sakaligus ogé Ahli [[Fiqih]] jeung [[:id:Imam|imam]] [[Ahlus Sunnah]] jeung kasupaketan kaum [[muslimin]]. #[[Al Hasan bin Muhammad Az-Za’farani]], #[[Ishaq bin Rahawaih]], #[[Harmalah bin Yahya]], #[[Sulaiman bin Dawud Al Hasyimi]], #[[Abu Tsaur Ibrahim bin Khalid Al Kalbi]] jeung loba deui nu séjén-séjénna. == Tilar Dunya == Imam Syafi’i tilar dunya di [[Fustat]], [[Mesir]] dina malem [[juma’ah]] sanggeus [[magrib]] taun [[204 H]] / [[820]] M.<ref name="hiji"/> Syaikh [[Ar-Rabi’i]] ngocapkeun, “Simkuring ngimpen ningal Nabi [[Adam]] AS, tilar dunya, nalika kuring nanya ngeunaan perkara éta, hiji jalma (ahli tafsir [[:en:dream|ngimpi]]) ngawaler yén éta téh cicirén yén hiji jalma anu pangalimna di dunya bakal pupus, margina [[Allah]] SWT ngajarkeun [[Adam]] AS sakabéh ngaran, teu lila sanggeus éta Imam Syafi’i rah.a tilar dunya.<ref name="dua"/> Jasadna dikurebkeun dina poé [[juma’ah]] sanggeus [[ashar]], poé panungtung dina bulan [[rajab]].<ref name="dua"/> Nalika [[Ar-Rabi’i]] mulang tina ngalayad anjeunna ningal [[hilal]] bulan [[:id:Sya’ban|sya’ban]] taun [[204]] [[Hijriyah]].<ref name="dua"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Inohong Islam|Syafi'i]] [[Kategori:4 Madzhab Islam]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 767]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 819]] idwuy59bhux7od0o6gq0jeoj7krv13t 0 43121 708877 704805 2026-05-05T02:21:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|<center>Beubeuritan [[komputer]] anu fiturna ilahar: dua tombol klik jeung panggulung.</center>]] '''Beubeuritan''' (Basa Indonésia: [[:id:Tetikus|''Tetikus'']]; Basa Inggris: [[:en:Mouse (computing)|''Mouse'']]) mangrupa salah sahiji pakakas teuas [[komputer]] anu miboga kagunaan pikeun ngoyagkeun tutunjuk ([[:en:pointer|''pointer'']]) atawa panah panunjuk sarta méré asupan paréntah kana [[komputer]] dina naon baé anu bakal dilakukeun pamaké ku tutunjuk éta.<ref name="Ipankirt">{{cite web |url = http://ipankint.com/hardware/accessories/perintah-umum-perangkat-mouse |title = Mengetahui Istilah Perintah Umum untuk Perangkat Mouse |publisher = Ipankint.com |accessdate = 5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013248/http://ipankint.com/hardware/accessories/perintah-umum-perangkat-mouse/ |date=2015-03-15 }}</ref> Pamakéan tutunjuk jeung beubeuritan teu bisa leupas dina kagiatan uprak-oprék [[komputer]].<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Milih berkas (''file''), ngaéksékusi program, sarta paréntah-paréntah [[komputer]] lianna ampir kabéh ngabutuhkeun bantuan beubeuritan atawa tutunjuk pikeun ngalakukeunna.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Tanpa ayana beubeuritan ogé masih bisa kénéh dilakukeun, pédah teu bisa gancang sakumaha maké beubeuritan.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Beubeuritan ogé bisa diatur pikeun pamaké leungeun kénca anu leuwih dominan atawa [[kidal]].<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Pikeun pamaké kidal béda fungsina nya éta ngan nukeurkeun tombol klik kénca jadi klik katuhu, klik katuhu jadi klik kénca.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ==Déskripsi== Pakakas beubeuritan standarna mah kawengku ku 2 [[tombol]] klik jeung hiji panggulung (''Scroll Wheel'') anu nyempil di antara 2 tombol klik éta.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Loba paréntah anu bisa dilakukeun ku nu maké beubeuritan atawa tutunjuk téh.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Sora has ''"klik"'' jadi ciri husus pikeun beubeuritan anu nyirikeun yén beubeuritan éta téh keur dipaké. Sora klik éta ogé anu jadi sawatara istilah paréntah dina pamakéan beubeuritan.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Béda teu siga pakakas [[papan ketik]] anu cara méré paréntahna ngan ku neken tombol-tombol dina papan ketik wungkul, dina beubeutitan mah teu ngan saukur neken pikeun méré paréntahna téh, ogé kudu ngoyagkeun tutunjuk heulaanan mah, ogé aya paréntah ku cara ngagulung.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> Leuya istilah paréntah jeung cara ngalakukeunana dina pamakéan beubeuritan, minangka pamaké [[komputer]] kudu apal naon baé paréntah beubeuritan sacara umum anu loba dipaké jeung dilarapkeun dina kagiatan ngajalankeun [[komputer]].<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ==Téknik Robah== ===Klik=== Klik mangrupa istilah tina klik kénca nu mana dina beubeuritan mah tombol klik ieu ayana di lebah kénca. Fungsi paréntah atawa tombol klik ieu upamana nyaéta milih atawa milah berkas, ngajalankeun paréntah nu tangtu, muka tutumbu, klik tombol dina dialog, jeung lian-lian.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Klik katuhu=== Tombol klik katuhu bisa difungsikeun pikeun muka menu pilihan anu disadiakeun. Tombol klik katuhu nyisi di lebah katuhueun tombol klik kénca.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Klik ganda=== Paréntah klik ganda atawa dobel klik dilakukeun ku jalan neken tombol klik kénca dina pakakas beubeuritan 2 kali tutuluyan sarta gancang. Fungsi dobel klik ieu misalna dina pamakéan kana [[sistem operasi]] [[Windows]] nyaéta pikeun ngaéksékusi jalan motong (''shortcut'') jeung ogé muka diréktori, mirip sakumaha fungsi tombol asup (''enter'') dina papan ketik.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Gulung=== Paréntah gulung atawa ''scroll'' fungsina mah pikeun ngoyagkeun pidangan kaca layar ka luhur jeung ka handap atawa ka katuhu jeung ka kénca. Lolobana mah dipaké waktu ngédit dokumén anu miboga loba kaca. Cara ngagulung mah nya ku muterkeun atawa ngoyagkeun ''scroll wheel'' atawa panggulung anu biasana nyempil di antara tombol klik katuhu jeung klik kénca.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Klik tengah === Bangunna mah teu sakabéh beubeuritan miboga tombol di tengah, tapi gening panggulung atawa ''scroll wheel'' ogé bisa diteken atawa diklik, éta anu fungsina minangka klik tengah atawa ''center click'' atawa ogé ''middle click''. Fungsi klik tengah biasana pikeun mantuan ngagulung, jadi pamaké teu kudu muterkeun deui panggulung teterusan, pamaké cukup ngalakukeun klik tengah tuluy ngoyagkeun beubeuritan ka luhur atawa ka handap luyu jeung kabutuhan pikeun ngagulung pidangan layar.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Sorot=== Sorot atawa ''hover'' mangrupa paréntah basajan dina beubeuritan nu mana pamaké cukup ngoyagkeun atawa neundeun tutunjuk kana obyék dina layar anu dipikahayang. Épek anu bijil biasana mah sacara otomatis midangkeun déskripsi sarta rincian atawa detil naon baé, pituduh jeung pajéntréan lian tina obyék anu disorot, misalna tutunjuk ditempatkeun dina hiji berkas, mangka babaraha mangsa tuluy sacara otomatis dipidangkeun ukuran berkas, jinis berkas, waktu modipikasi jeung dijieunna sarta pajéntréan lian.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Séréd=== Séréd atau ''drag'' dilakukeun ku cara klik kénca dina hiji titik tinangtu jeung nahan tekenan klik éta tuluy ngoyagkeun ka titik atawa aréa séjén. Paréntah drag biasanya dipaké pikeun milah sawaréh atawa sakabéh aréa tangkepan dina layar, milih sawatara obyék sakaligus, atawa ogé mindahkeun obyék éta ti aréa atawa diréktori hiji ka aréa atawa diréktori séjénna.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Leupas=== Paréntah sérét kudu ditungtungan ku leupas, mangka paréntah sakabéhna biasa sok disebut sérét jeung leupas (''drag and drop''). Leupas ''drop'' dilakukeun ku ngaleupaskeun tombol klik sanggeus beubeuritan dioyagkeun pamaké jeung nepi di aréa atawa patempatan anu dipimaksud.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ===Paréntah husus lian=== Aya ogé paréntah husus lian ieu dipiboga ku pakakas beubeuritan anu dilengkepan ku tombol husus (''special button''). Jadi teu siga pakakas beubeuritan standar anu ngan miboga 2 tombol klik jeung hiji panggulung (''Scroll Wheel''), aya ogé beubeuritan anu ditambahan babaraha tombol, biasana mah pakaks mouse anu miboga tombol husus ieu didésain pikeun tujuan atawa pamakéan tinangtu sangkan gawéna leuwih éféktif. Misalna nyaéta mouse pikeun kaulinan (''game'') anu rata-rata dilengkepan sahenteuna ku 2 tombol tambahan digigir katuhu atawa kéncana, anu fungsina bisa diatur sakahayangna pamaké.<ref name="Ipankirt"/> ==Sajarah== [[File:Douglas Engelbart in 2008.jpg|thumb|<center>Douglas Engelbart</center>]] Dina runtuyan sajarahna, beubeuritan [[komputer]] mimiti dijieun ku [[Douglas Engelbart]] anu tuluy dipikawanoh minangka pamanggih beubeuritan [[komputer]]. [[Douglas Engelbart]] mimiti ngawanohkeun beubeuritan dina taun [[1963]], tapi loba ogé anu nyebutkeun yén beubeuritan geus kapanggih nalika taun [[1957]].<ref name="penemu">{{cite web|url=http://www.penemu.co/2014/03/penemu-mouse-komputer-douglas-engelbart.html|title=Penemu Mouse [[komputer]] - Douglas Engelbart|publisher=penemu.co|accessdate=5/8/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325075911/http://www.penemu.co/2014/03/penemu-mouse-komputer-douglas-engelbart.html |date=2016-03-25 }}</ref> [[Douglas Engelbart|Douglas]] mangrupa saurang panalungtik anu asalna mah ti ''[[Stanford Research Institute]]''.<ref name="penemu"/> Margalantaranana éta banda disebut beubeuritan téh nyaéta nalika wanci munggaran pisan beubeuritan dijieun, [[kabel]]na mirip pisan jeung buntut beurit anu panjang tur leutik. S#ajaba ti kitu, ogé wangunna anu nyaru siga sato hama [[beurit]].<ref name="penemu"/> Mimitina tarékah nyieun beubeuritan téh dilakonan di [[laboratorium]] husus nu ngaranna ''[[Augmentation Research Center]]'' (ARC) diadegkeun ku [[Douglas Engelbart]] di tempat panalungtikanna ''[[Stanford Research institute]]''.<ref name="penemu"/> Jorojoy pamikiran dina [[otak]] [[Douglas Engelbart|Douglas]] pikeun nyieun beubeuritan [[komputer]], harita [[Douglas Engelbart|Douglas]] datang kana konferénsi [[Komputer Grafis]]. Mangasa harita, tutunjuk anu aya dina layar [[komputer]] dianggap minangka ''"[[bug]]"'' sangkan kumaha carana ''"[[bug]]"'' éta téh bisa dimangpaatkeun.<ref name="penemu"/> Ékspérimén terus dilakonan ku [[Douglas Engelbart|Douglas]] ku cara ngalakukeun mangrupa-rupa uji coba ngagunakeun barang-barang anu mimitina mah bahanna tina [[kayu]] jeung ngan ukur satombol wungkul.<ref name="penemu"/> Anu can sampurna téh tuluy dilengkepan di modél saterusna, barang hasil ékspériménna geus dilengkepan ku tilu tombol nu mana beusi minangka bahan dadasarna jeung roda pangoyag anu ngagunakeun [[alumunium]].<ref name="penemu"/> Antukna beubeuritan [[komputer]] pamanggih [[Doglas Engelbart]] dijieun tapi wangunna masih siga kotak anu kabel panjang numbu di tukangeun kotak éta. Tapi dina modifikasian panungtungna kabelna éta dipindahkeun ka hareup, ieu mangrupa modél beubeuritan [[komputer]] anu kiwari loba dipaké.<ref name="penemu"/> Ngaran "beubeuritan téh lain [[Douglas Engelbart]] anu méré ngaranna tapi para panalungtik-panalingtik di tempat [[Douglas Engelbart]] gawé.<ref name="penemu"/> Patén gé tuluy diajukeun ku [[Douglas Engelbart]] kana barang pamanggihna ieu dina taun [[1967]], sakaligus ngadémonstrasikeunna ka publik sarta méré ngaran barang panggihanna ieu ku ngaran ''X-Y Poosition Indicator'' nu antukna mah dipikawanoh nepi ka kiwari ku ngaran beubeuritan.<ref name="penemu"/> Barang panggihanna ieu bisa nyieun jalma-jalma kataji sangkan disebut ''the mother of all demos'' ti [[Silicon valley]].<ref name="penemu"/> Tuluy tungtuna mah ''Xerox Palo Alto Research Center'' bisa nyampurnakeun beubeuritan [[komputer]] pamanggihan [[Douglas Engelbart]] anu tuluy pamakéanna sacara komersil diganti ku [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] jeung [[Microsoft]] ogé.<ref name="penemu"/> Ku jasa [[Dougolas Engelbart]] dina dunya [[komputer]] [[Douglas Engelbart|Douglas]] dipaparin pangajén nyaéta ''the National Medal of Technology'' ku [[Présidén]] [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="penemu"/> ==Jenis-jenis Beubeuritan== [[File:Computer mouse-2005.jpg|thumb|Beubeuritan mékanis]] ===Beubeuritan Mékanis=== Beubeuritan mékanis nyaéta beubeuritan komputer anu eusina logam atawa bola karét di bagian handapna<ref name="comhope">{{cite web |url = http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mechmous.htm |title= Mechanical Mouse |publisher=Computer Hope |accessdate=5/10/2015}}</ref>. Nalika bolana ngagorolong ka sagala arah, sénsor di jero beubeuritan ngadétéksi parobahan ieu sarta mindahkeun tutunjuk beubeuritan na layar ka arah nu sarua<ref name="comhope"/>. Kiwari geus langka manggihan beubeuritan mékanis da lolobanana mah geus digaranti ku beubeuritan optik<ref name="comhope"/>. Dina runtuyan sajarahna, beubeuritan mékanis munggaran mah miboga kalemahan, bola/rodana gampang kotor jeung slip tina gulungan, atawa komutatorna anu kotor jeung luncat baé.<ref name="singapore">{{cite web |url = http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/05MS.pdf |title= Computer Peripherals |publisher=School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore |accessdate=5/10/2015}}</ref> Pamakéan tutunjuk jeung beubeuritan teu bisa leupas dina kagiatan uprak-oprék [[komputer]].<ref name="singapore"/> Komponen beubeuritan mékanik kawilang mahal.<ref name="singapore"/> Masalah dina beubeuritan mékanik nyumebabkeun gampang ngaronjatna minat kana beubeuritan optik, anu ngalacak parobahan tanpa langsung ka détéktor optik di jero beubeuritan.<ref name="singapore"/> ===Beubeuritan Optik tur Laser=== [[File:Optical mouse shining.jpg|left|thumb|347x347px|Sorot cahya beubeuritan optik]] Beubeuritan optik nyaéta beubeuritan [[komputer]] anu mimiti diwanohkeun ku [[Microsoft]] dina tanggal [[19 April]] taun [[1999]], ngagunakeun ''light-emitting diode'' ([[LED]]) atawa laser pikeun ngalacak parobahan<ref name="comhope2">{{en}} [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/optimous.htm Optical Mouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519205110/http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/optimous.htm |date=2015-05-19 }} (diaksés 10 Méi 2015)</ref>. Beubeuritan ieu diidéntifikasi ku ngariksa bagian handapna. Teu siga beubeuritan mékanis anu mibanda bola, beubeuritan optik mah nojokeun cahya ti bawahna téh<ref name="comhope2"/>. Kakurangan tina sawatara beubeuritan optik téh nyaéta teu bisa lancar dipaké gawé mun di rohangan anu lampuna caang pisan sarta teu bisa antel dina banda saperti méja kaca<ref name="comhope2"/>. Tapi ti batan beubeuritan mékanis mah beubeuritan optik leuwih hadé sangkan jadi solusi anu leuwih ngagampangkeun pamaké<ref name="comhope2"/>. Lian mibanda unsur [[LED]] atawa [[laser]], beubeuritan optik ogé miboga kaméra leutik résolusi handap anu nyokot seribu leuwih gambar unggal detik<ref name="comhope2"/>. ===Beubeuritan Inersial tur Giroskopik=== Beubeuritan inérsial nyadiakeun asupan data kana [[komputer]], anu mana [[komputer]]<nowiki/>na téh bisa nangtukeun translasi sarta pipindahan juru.<ref name="inersial">{{cite web |url = https://www.google.com/patents/US4787051 |title= Google Patent: Inertial mouse system US 4787051 A |publisher=Google.com |accessdate=5/30/2015}}</ref> Beubeuritan ieu kaasup akselerométer pikeun ngahasilkeun sinyal kaluaran anu gedé sabanding jeung gancangna translasi beubeuritan di tilu arah non-paralél.<ref name="inersial" /> Beubeuritan giroskopik ngamungkinkeun pikeun kendali beubeuritan liwat parobahan leungeun, sakumaha ngoyagkeun rémot nirkabel.<ref name="giroskop">{{cite web |url = http://ipazzportusa.com/product/ipazzport-2-4ghz-rf-mini-wireless-keyboards/ipazzport-air-mouse-2-4ghz-rf-mini-wireless-keyboard-with-gyroscopic-mouse-kp-810-16a-2/ |title = iPazzPort™ Air Mouse 2.4Ghz RF Mini Wireless Keyboard with Gyroscopic Mouse KP-810-16A |publisher = ipazzportusa.com |accessdate = 5/30/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213002713/http://ipazzportusa.com/product/ipazzport-2-4ghz-rf-mini-wireless-keyboards/ipazzport-air-mouse-2-4ghz-rf-mini-wireless-keyboard-with-gyroscopic-mouse-kp-810-16a-2/ |date=2015-02-13 }}</ref> Beubeuritan ieu kaasup akselerométer pikeun ngahasilkeun sinyal kaluaran anu gedé sabanding jeung gancangna translasi beubeuritan di tilu arah non-paralél.<ref name="inersial"/> Fungsina bisa pindah multi arah, pindahna arah tina [[horizontal]] kana [[vértikal]] bisa ku cara rintakan langsung.<ref name="giroskop"/> ===Beubeuritan 3D=== Beubeuritan 3D nyaéta tutunjuk jeung kendali pakakas husus pikeun parobahan di lingkungan widang désain 3D (tilu diménsi).<ref name="3d">{{cite web |url = http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/3D-mouse |title= 3D mouse |publisher=techtarget.com |accessdate=5/30/2015}}</ref> Pakakas beubeuritan 3D geus ngarandapan sajumlahing cara anu béda-béda pikeun ngendalikeun parobahan 3D sarta tutunjuk 2D, kaasup sénsor multi-aksis, akselerométer, lampu IR sarta sénsor IR.<ref name="3d"/> Sawatara pakakas tutunjuk komputer sarta pangendali kaulinan ogé bisa dianggap beubeuritan 3D.<ref name="3d"/> ===Beubeuritan Taktil=== Pikeun tujuan méré aksés informasi grafis ka jalma-jalma lolong tina layar komputer, mangka bijil istilah pakakas anu disebut beubeuritan taktil anu gues ngembang.<ref name="taktil">{{cite web |url = http://www.nise.go.jp/research/kogaku/twatanab/Tactile/TactileMouse/TactileMouseEn.html |title = Tactile Mouse |publisher = nise.go.jp |accessdate = 5/30/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601213340/http://www.nise.go.jp/research/kogaku/twatanab/Tactile/TactileMouse/TactileMouseEn.html |date=2013-06-01 }}</ref> Pakakas ieu kawengku ku beubeuritan komputer biasa anu mibanda unit layar taktil leutik di luhurna.<ref name="taktil"/> Éfék kombinasi robahna leungun aktif sarta umpan balik taktil ku ramo ngajadikeun pamaké ngarasa saolah-olah manéhna nyungsi gambar enyaan.<ref name="taktil"/> ===Beubeuritan Érgonomis=== salah sahiji jenis beubeuritan anu geus dirarancang pikeun ngurangan kategangan otot sarta ngurangan heunteu merenahna (nalika ngagunakeun beubeuritan) patali jeung misalah kayaning sindrom tulang karpal, singsireumeun, arthritis, sarta tendonitis.<ref name="érgo">{{cite web |url = http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ergonomic_mouse.html |title = ergonomic mouse |publisher = webopedia.com |accessdate = 5/30/2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ti batan beubeuritan jenis lian, beubeuritan érgonomis dirarancang luyu pikeun posisi leungeung nu leuwih alami nalika keur dipaké téh.<ref name="érgo"/> ===Beubeuritan Kaulinan=== Beubeuritan kaulinan (''game mouse'') sarua baé sabenerna mah siga beueuritan biasa, tapina miboga fungsi tambahan anu ngajadikeun luyu pikeun kagunaan kaulinan komputer sarta pamrograman inténsitas luhur.<ref name="kaulinan">{{cite web |url = http://www.ebuyer.com/blog/2014/07/what-is-a-gaming-mouse/ |title= What is a Gaming Mouse? |publisher=ebuyer.com |accessdate=5/30/2015}}</ref> Fungsi-fungsi ieu sok kaasup kana tombol anu bisa diprogram, kasénsitivan anu kaleuleuwihi, beuratna ogé diluyukeun jeung waktu réspon anu leuwih gancang.<ref name="kaulinan"/> Fitur-fitur ieu ngamungkinkeun beubeuritan pikeun midang leuwih hadé upamana digunakeun kana program nu leuwih beurat, ngamungkinkeun ogé réaksi pamaké leuwih gancang parobahanna ogé leuwih merenah.<ref name="kaulinan"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Komputer]] [[Kategori:Téhnologi]] b0piitsfkkj0cbqjs8p94nw84d56628 4 45541 708874 708676 2026-05-04T20:43:19Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* Berita Teknis: 2026-19 */ bagean anyar 708874 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Hider kaca sawala|start=120|1=Téknisl|2=Kaca sawala bagian '''téknis''' digunakeun pikeun nyawalakeun hal-hal téknis ngeunaan '''Wikipedia'''. Laporan ''bug'' sarta pamundut fitur mah kuduna di [[mw:Phabricator|Pabrikator]] (ilikan [[mw:How to report a bug|cara ngalaporkeun ''bug'']]). ''Bug'' anu ngakibatkeun [[web application security|kaancamna kaamanan]] mah béda deui tempat ngalaporkeunna (ilikan [[mw:Reporting security bugs|cara ngalaporkeun ''bug'']]). <!-- All of the text for this top section is found at template:Villagepumppages --> Mun anyar jabung ka sawala téknis mah alusna maca heula [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Before posting|panduan]] utamana pikeun nulis di dieu. Patanyaan ngeunaan [[MediaWiki]] nu umum kuduna di [[mw:Project:Support desk|tempat dukungan MediaWiki]]. |3=WP:ST|4=WP:STÉK}}<!-- -->__NEWSECTIONLINK__<!-- -->[[<!-- OK -->Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> {{clear}} <!-- TULISNA HANDAPEUN KALIMAH IEU --></noinclude> == VisualEditor News #1—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|300px|right|frameless|alt=VisualEditor]] Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has fixed many bugs and worked on VisualEditor's appéarance, the coming Citoid reference service, and support for languages with complex input requirements. Status reports are posted [[mw:VisualEditor/status|on mediawiki.org]]. Upcoming plans are posted at the [[mw:VisualEditor/Roadmap|VisualEditor roadmap]]. The Wikimedia Foundation has named [[:mw:Wikimedia_Engineering/2014-15_Goals#Top_departmental_priorities_for_Q3_.28January-March_2015.29|its top priorities for this quarter]] (January to March). The first priority is making VisualEditor réady for deployment by default to all new users and logged-out users at the remaining large Wikipedias. You can help identify these requirements. <mark>There will be weekly '''triage meetings '''which''' will be open to volunteers''' beginning Wednesday, 11 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150211T12&p1=224&ah=1 12:00 (noon) PST] (20:00 UTC). </mark> Tell Vice présidént of Engineering [[:foundation:User:Damon_Sicore_(WMF)|Damon Sicore]], Product Manager [[:mw:User:Jdforrester_(WMF)|James Forrester]] and other téam members which bugs and féatures are most important to you. The decisions made at these meetings will determine what work is necessary for this quarter's goal of making VisualEditor réady for deployment to new users. The presence of volunteers who enjoy contributing MediaWiki code is particularly appreciated. Information about how to join the meeting will be posted at [[:mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal|mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]] shortly before the meeting begins. Due to some bréaking changes in MobileFrontend and VisualEditor, VisualEditor was not working correctly on the mobile site for a couple of days in éarly January. The téams apologize for the problem. === Recent improvements === The''' new design for VisualEditor''' aligns with MediaWiki's [[mw:Frontend standards group|Front-End Standards]] as led by the Design téam. Several new versions of the [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] library have also been reléased, and these also affect the appéarance of VisualEditor and other MediaWiki software extensions. Most changes were minor, like changing the text size and the amount of white space in some windows. Buttons are consistently color-coded to indicate whether the action: * starts a new task, like opening the {{int:visualeditor-toolbar-savedialog}} dialog: <span style="background-color: #015ccc; color:white"> blue </span>, * takes a constructive action, like inserting a citation: <span style="background-color: #008c6d; color:white"> green </span>, * might remove or lose your work, like removing a link: <span style="background-color: #a7170f; color:white"> red </span>, or * is neutral, like opening a link in a new browser window: <span style="color: 757575"> gray </span>. The '''TemplateData editor''' has been completely re-written to use a different design based on the same OOjs UI system as VisualEditor. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67815 T67815], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73746 T73746].) This change fixed a couple of existing bugs and improved usability. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73077 T73077], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73078 T73078].) '''Séarch and replace''' in long documents is now faster. It does not highlight every occurrence if there are more than 100 on-screen at once.([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T78234 T78234].) Editors at the Hebrew and Russian Wikipedia requested the ability to use VisualEditor in the "Article Incubator" or drafts namespace. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86688 T86688], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87027 T87027].) If your community would like '''VisualEditor enabled on another namespace''' on your wiki, then you can file a request in Phabricator. Pléase include a link to a community discussion about the requested change. === Looking ahead === The Editing téam will soon add '''auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations'''. The '''[[mw:Citoid|Citoid service]]''' takes a [[w:URL|URL]] or [[w:en: Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. After créating it, you will be able to change or add information to the citation, in the same way that you edit any other pre-existing citation in VisualEditor. Support for ISBNs, PMIDs, and other identifiers is planned. Later, editors will be able to contribute to the Citoid service's definitions for éach website, to improve precision and reduce the need for manual corrections. We will need editors to help test the '''new design of the special character inserter''', especially if you spéak Welsh, Breton, or another language that uses diacritics or special characters extensively. The new version should be available for testing next week. Pléase contact [[:en:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] if you would like to be notified when the new version is available. After the special character tool is completed, VisualEditor will be deployed to all users at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|Phase 5 Wikipedias]]. This will affect about 50 mid-size and smaller Wikipedias, including '''Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Breton, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Mongolian, Tatar, and Welsh'''. The date for this change has not been determined. === Let's work together === *Share your idéas and ask questions at [[mw:VisualEditor/Feedback|mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]]. *Pléase help [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AVisualEditor%2FUser+guide&language=&action=page&filter= complete translations of the user guide] for users who spéak your language. *Join the weekly bug triage meetings beginning Wednesday, 11 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150211T12&p1=224&ah=1 12:00 (noon) PST] (20:00 UTC); information about how to join the meeting will be posted at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]] shortly before the meeting begins, and you can also contact [[mw:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James F.]] to léarn more about this initiative. *Talk to the Editing téam during the [[:m:IRC office hours|office hours]] via [[:en:IRC|IRC]]. The next session is on Thursday, 19 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=2&year=2015 19:00 UTC]. *Subscribe or unsubscribe at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you would like to help with translations of this newsletter, pléase subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div> 5 Pébruari 2015 18.30 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=10839689 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this into your local language.'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for, free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: *[[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]] — humanities and social science books and journals *[[w:en:Wikipedia:DynaMed|DynaMed]] — clinical reference tool for medical topics *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Royal Pharmaceutical Society|Royal Pharmaceutical Society]] — pharmaceutical information and practice resources *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Women_Writers_Online|Women Writers Online]] — a digital humanities database focused on women's literature *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] — American newspapers database w/ Open Access opportunities (expansion of accounts) Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 2 Maret 2015 21.14 (UTC) :''Help us coordinate Wikipedia Library's distribution of accounts, communication of access opportunities and more! Please join our team at [[w:en:Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup|our new coordinator page]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=10785744 --> == Inspire Campaign: Improving diversity, improving content == This March, we’re organizing an Inspire Campaign to encourage and support new idéas for improving gender diversity on Wikimedia projects. Less than 20% of Wikimedia contributors are women, and many important topics are still missing in our content. We invite all Wikimedians to participate. If you have an idéa that could help address this problem, pléase get involved today! The campaign runs until March 31. All proposals are welcome - reséarch projects, technical solutions, community organizing and outréach initiatives, or something completely new! Funding is available from the Wikimedia Foundation for projects that need financial support. Constructive, positive feedback on idéas is appreciated, and collaboration is encouraged - your skills and experience may help bring soméone else’s project to life. Join us at the Inspire Campaign and help this project better represent the world’s knowledge! :*[[:m:Grants:IdeaLab/Inspire|Inspire Campaign main page]] ''(Sorry for the English - please translate this message!)'' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 4 Maret 2015 20.01 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:PEarley (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Inspire_Mass_Message&oldid=11457822 --> == VisualEditor News #2—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="margin:0.5em;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}border:1px solid #AAA;padding:0.5em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200x70px|center|alt=VisualEditor]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> With [[:mw:Citoid|Citoid]] in VisualEditor, you click the 'book with bookmark' icon and paste in the URL for a reliable source: [[File:Citoid in VisualEditor Screen Shot 2015-04-02.png|alt=Screenshot of Citoid's first dialog|centre|frameless|230x230px]] Citoid looks up the source for you and returns the citation results. Click the green "Insert" button to accept its results and add them to the article: [[File:Citoid results in VisualEditor Screen Shot 2015-04-02.png|alt=Screenshot of Citoid's initial results|centre|frameless|230x230px]] After inserting the citation, you can change it. Select the reference, and click the "Edit" button in the context menu to maké changes. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|The user guide]] has more information about how to use VisualEditor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has fixed many bugs and worked on VisualEditor's performance, the [[:mw:Citoid|Citoid]] reference service, and support for languages with complex input requirements. Status reports are posted [[:mw:VisualEditor/changelog|on Mediawiki.org]]. The worklist for April through June is available [[phab:project/sprint/board/1113/|in Phabricator]]. The weekly '''task triage meetings''' continue to be open to volunteers, éach Wednesday at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150401T11&p1=224&am=30 11:00 (noon) PDT] (18:00 UTC). You do not need to attend the meeting to nominate a bug for consideration as a Q4 blocker. Instéad, go to Phabricator and "associate" the [[phab:tag/editing_department_2014_15_q4_blockers/|Editing team's Q4 blocker project]] with the bug. Léarn how to join the meetings and how to nominate bugs at [[:mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal|mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]]. === Recent improvements === VisualEditor is now substantially faster. In many cases, opening the page in VisualEditor is now faster than opening it in the wikitext editor. The new system has improved the code speed by 37% and [[:mw:RESTBase|network speed]] by almost 40%. The Editing téam is slowly adding '''auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations'''. This is currently available only at the French, Italian, and English Wikipedias. The '''[[:mw:Citoid|Citoid service]]''' takes a [[:en:URL|URL]] or [[:en:Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. After créating it, you will be able to change or add information to the citation, in the same way that you edit any other pre-existing citation in VisualEditor. Support for [[:en:ISBN|ISBNs]], [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMIDs]], and other identifiers is planned. Later, editors will be able to improve precision and reduce the need for manual corrections by contributing to the Citoid service's definitions for éach website. Citoid requires good [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your citation templates. If you would like to request this féature for your wiki, pléase post a request in the [[phab:tag/citoid/|Citoid project on Phabricator]]. Include links to the TemplateData for the most important citation templates on your wiki. The '''special character inserter''' has been improved, based upon feedback from active users. After this, VisualEditor was made available to all users of Wikipedias on the [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|Phase 5]] list on 30 March. This affected 53 mid-size and smaller Wikipedias, including '''Afrikaans''', '''Azerbaijani''', '''Breton''', '''Kyrgyz''', '''Macedonian''', '''Mongolian''', '''Tatar''', and''' Welsh'''. Work continues to support languages with complex requirements, such as Koréan and Japanese. These languages use [[w:input method editor|input method editors]] ("IMEs”). Recent improvements to cursoring, backspace, and delete behavior will simplify typing in VisualEditor for these users. The design for the image selection process is now using a "masonry fit" modél. Images in the séarch results are displayed at the same height but at variable widths, similar to bricks of different sizes in a masonry wall, or the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Mode parameter|"packed" mode in image galleries]]. This style helps you find the right image by making it éasier to see more details in images. You can now '''drag and drop categories''' to re-arrange their order of appéarance ​on the page. The pop-up window that appéars when you click on a reference, image, link, or other element, is called the "context menu". It now displays additional useful information, such as the destination of the link or the image's filename. The téam has also added an explicit "Edit" button in the context menu, which helps new editors open the tool to change the item. '''Invisible templates are marked by a puzzle piece icon''' so they can be interacted with. Users also will be able to see and edit HTML anchors now in section héadings. Users of the TemplateData GUI editor can now set a string as an optional text for the 'deprecated' property in addition to booléan value, which lets you tell users of the template what they should do instéad. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90734 T90734]) === Looking ahead === The special character inserter in VisualEditor will soon use the same special character list as the wikitext editor. Admins at éach wiki will also have the option of créating a custom section for frequently used characters at the top of the list. Instructions for customizing the list will be posted [[:mw:VisualEditor/Special_characters|at mediawiki.org]]. The téam is discussing a test of VisualEditor with new users at the English Wikipedia, to see whether they have met their goals of making VisualEditor suitable for those editors. The timing is unknown, but might be relatively soon. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90666 T90666]) === Let's work together === * Share your idéas and ask questions at [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Feedback&lqt_method=talkpage_new_thread mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]. * Can you translate from English into any other language? Pléase check [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3AMessageGroupStats&x=D&group=ext-visualeditor-ve&suppressempty=1 this list] to see whether more interface translations are needed for your language. [[m:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|Contact us]] to get an account if you want to help! * The design reséarch téam wants to see how réal editors work. Pléase [https://jfe.qualtrics.com/form/SV_6R04ammTX8uoJFP sign up for their research program]. * File requests for language-appropriate "{{Int:visualeditor-annotationbutton-bold-tooltip}}" and "{{Int:visualeditor-annotationbutton-italic-tooltip}}" icons for the character formatting menu [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/create/?projects=PHID-PROJ-dafezmpv6huxg3taml24 in Phabricator]. Subscribe, unsubscribe or change the page where this newsletter is delivered at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you aren't réading this in your favorite language, then pléase help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div> 10 April 2015 19.48 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=11742174 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this into your local language.'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] Today [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] announces signups for more free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:MIT|MIT Press Journals]]''' — scholarly journals in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences (200 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:Loeb|Loeb Classical Library]]''' — Harvard University Press versions of Classical Greek and Latin literature with commentary and annotation (25 accounts) * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:RIPM|RIPM]]''' — music periodicals published between 1760 and 1966 (20 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:SAGE Stats|Sage Stats]]''' — social science data for géographies within the United States (10 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:HeinOnline|HeinOnline]]''' — an extensive legal reséarch database, including 2000 law-related journals as well as international legal history materials (25 accounts) Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:Wikipedia:JSTOR|JSTOR]], [[w:en:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 4 Méi 2015 22.12 (UTC) :''We need your help! Help coordinate Wikipedia Library's account distribution and global development! Please join our team at [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup Global our new coordinator signup].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List]</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=12114173 --> ::Thank you for the info. Mangga ka para wargi anu sakirana peryogi akses ka pabukon2 anu disebat di luhur, tiasa dipolow ap! --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.11 (UTC) == Pywikibot compat will no longer be supported - Please migrate to pywikibot core == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <small>Sorry for English, I hope soméone translates this.</small><br /> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] (then "Pywikipediabot") was started back in 2002. In 2007 a new branch (formerly known as "rewrite", now called "core") was started from scratch using the MediaWiki API. The developers of Pywikibot have decided to stop supporting the compat version of Pywikibot due to bad performance and architectural errors that maké it hard to update, compared to core. If you are using pywikibot compat it is likely your code will bréak due to upcoming MediaWiki API changes (e.g. [[phab:T101524|T101524]]). It is highly recommended you migrate to the core framework. There is a [[mw:Manual:Pywikibot/Compat deprecation|migration guide]], and pléase [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Communication|contact us]] if you have any problem. There is an upcoming MediaWiki API bréaking change that compat will not be updated for. If your bot's name is in [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-June/081931.html this list], your bot will most likely bréak. Thank you,<br /> The Pywikibot development téam, 19:30, 5 June 2015 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=12271740 --> == Pywikibot compat will no longer be supported - Please migrate to pywikibot core == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <small>Sorry for English, I hope soméone translates this.</small><br /> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] (then "Pywikipediabot") was started back in 2002. In 2007 a new branch (formerly known as "rewrite", now called "core") was started from scratch using the MediaWiki API. The developers of Pywikibot have decided to stop supporting the compat version of Pywikibot due to bad performance and architectural errors that maké it hard to update, compared to core. If you are using pywikibot compat it is likely your code will bréak due to upcoming MediaWiki API changes (e.g. [[phab:T101524|T101524]]). It is highly recommended you migrate to the core framework. There is a [[mw:Manual:Pywikibot/Compat deprecation|migration guide]], and pléase [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Communication|contact us]] if you have any problem. There is an upcoming MediaWiki API bréaking change that compat will not be updated for. If your bot's name is in [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-June/081931.html this list], your bot will most likely bréak. Thank you,<br /> The Pywikibot development téam, 19:30, 5 June 2015 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=12271740 --> == VisualEditor News #3—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="margin:0.5em;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}border:1px solid #AAA;padding:0.5em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200x70px|center|alt=VisualEditor]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> When you click on a link to an article, you now see more information: <br><br> [[File:VisualEditor-context menu-link tool.png|alt=Screenshot showing the link tool's context menu|centre|frameless|230x230px]] <br> The link tool has been re-designed: <br><br> [[File:VisualEditor link tool 2015.png|alt=Screenshot of the link inspector|centre|frameless|230x230px]] <br> There are separate tabs for linking to internal and external pages. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|The user guide]] has more information about how to use VisualEditor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has créated new interfaces for the link and citation tools and fixed many bugs and changed some elements of the design. Some of these bugs affected users of VisualEditor on mobile devices. Status reports are posted [[mw:VisualEditor/changelog|on mediawiki.org]]. The worklist for April through June is available [[phab:project/sprint/board/1113/|in Phabricator]]. A [[m:Research:VisualEditor's_effect_on_newly_registered_editors/May_2015_study|test of VisualEditor's effect on new editors]] at the English Wikipedia has just completed the first phase. During this test, half of newly registered editors had VisualEditor automatically enabled, and half did not. The main goal of the study is to léarn which group was more likely to save an edit and to maké productive, unreverted edits. Initial [[m:Research:VisualEditor's_effect_on_newly_registered_editors/May_2015_study#Results|results will be posted at Meta]] later this month. === Recent improvements === '''Auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations''' are available at a few Wikipedias through the '''[[:mw:Citoid|citoid service]]'''. Citoid takes a [[:en:URL|URL]] or [[:en:Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. If Citoid is enabled on your wiki, then the design of the citation workflow changed during May. All citations are now créated inside a single tool. Inside that tool, choose the tab you want ({{int:citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-auto}}, {{int: citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-manual}}, or {{int:citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-reuse}}). The cite button is now labeled with the word "{{int:visualeditor-toolbar-cite-label}}" rather than a book icon, and the autofill citation dialog now has a more méaningful label, "{{Int:Citoid-citeFromIDDialog-lookup-button}}", for the submit button. The '''link tool''' has been redesigned based on feedback from Wikipedia editors and user testing. It now has two separate sections: one for links to articles and one for external links. When you select a link, its pop-up context menu shows the name of the linked page, a thumbnail image from the linked page, Wikidata's description, and appropriate icons for disambiguation pages, redirect pages and empty pages (where applicable). Séarch results have been reduced to the first five pages. Several bugs were fixed, including a dark highlight that appéared over the first match in the link inspector. ([[phab:T98085|T98085]]) The '''special character inserter''' in VisualEditor now uses the same special character list as the wikitext editor. Admins at éach wiki can also créate a custom section for frequently used characters at the top of the list. Pléase réad the instructions for customizing the list [[mw:VisualEditor/Special_characters|at mediawiki.org]]. Also, there is now a tooltip to describing éach character in the special character inserter. ([[phab:T70425|T70425]]) Several improvements have been made to '''templates'''. When you séarch for a template to insert, the list of results now contains descriptions of the templates. The paraméter list inside the template dialog now remains open after inserting a paraméter from the list, so that users don’t need to click on "{{Int:visualeditor-dialog-transclusion-add-param}}" éach time they want to add another paraméter. ([[phab:T95696|T95696]]) The téam added a '''new property for TemplateData''', "{{int: templatedata-doc-param-example}}", for template paraméters. This optional, translatable property will show up when there is text describing how to use that paraméter. ([[phab:T53049|T53049]]) The '''design''' of the main toolbar and several other elements have changed slightly, to be consistent with the MediaWiki theme. In the Vector skin, individual items in the menu are separated visually by pale gray bars. Buttons and menus on the toolbar can now contain both an icon and a text label, rather than just one or the other. This new design féature is being used for the cite button on wikis where the Citoid service is enabled. The téam has reléased a long-desired improvement to the handling of '''non-existent images'''. If a non-existent image is linked in an article, then it is now visible in VisualEditor and can be selected, edited, replaced, or removed. === Let's work together === * Share your idéas and ask questions at [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Feedback&lqt_method=talkpage_new_thread mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]. * The weekly task triage meetings continue to be open to volunteers, usually on Wednesday at 12:00 (noon) PDT (19:00 UTC). Léarn how to join the meetings and how to nominate bugs at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. You do not need to attend the meeting to nominate a bug for consideration as a Q4 blocker, though. Instéad, go to Phabricator and "associate" the [[phab:tag/editing_department_2014_15_q4_blockers/|VisualEditor Q4 blocker project]] with the bug. * If your Wikivoyage, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, or other community wants to have VisualEditor made available by default to contributors, then pléase contact [[:m:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James Forrester]]. * If you would like to request the Citoid automatic reference féature for your wiki, pléase post a request in the [[phab:tag/citoid/|Citoid project on Phabricator]]. Include links to the [[:mw:Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for the most important citation templates on your wiki. *The téam is planning the second VisualEditor-related "translathon" for July. Pléase follow [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91108 this task on Phabricator] for details and updates! Announcements will follow in due course. Subscribe, unsubscribe or change the page where this newsletter is delivered at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you aren't réading this in your favorite language, then pléase help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div>13 Juni 2015 10.44 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=12206605 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (June 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] Today [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] announces signups for more free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:TANDF|Taylor & Francis]]''' — academic publisher of journals. The pilot includes two subject collections: Arts & Humanities and Biological, Environment & éarth Sciences. (30 accounts) *'''[[w:en:WP:World Bank|World Bank eLibrary]]''' — digital platform containing all books, working papers, and journal articles published by the World Bank from the 1990s to the present. (100 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:AAAS|AAAS]]''' — general interest science publisher, who publishes the journal ''Science'' among other sources (50 accounts) '''New French-Language Branch!''' * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Erudit|Érudit]]''' ([[w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%89rudit|en Francais]]) — Érudit is a French-Canadian scholarly aggregator primarily, humanities and social sciences, and contains sources in both English and French. Signups on both English and French Wikipedia (50 accounts). * '''[[w:en:WP:Cairn|Cairn.info]]''' ([[w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cairn|en Francais]]) — Cairn.info is a Switzerland based online web portal of scholarly materials in the humanities and social sciences. Most sources are in French, but some also in English. Signups on both English and French Wikipedia (100 accounts). * '''[[w:fr:WP:L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]]''' — French language publisher across a wide range of non-fiction and fiction, with a strong selection of francophone African materials (1000 accounts). Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including an expansion of accounts for [[w:en:WP:RSUK|Royal Society journals]] and remaining accounts on [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:Wikipedia:JSTOR|JSTOR]], [[w:en:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Highbeam|Highbeam]] [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. If you have suggestions for journals or databases we should seek access to [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals/Requests|make a request]]! Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 22:08, 15 June 2015 (UTC) :''We need your help! Help coordinate Wikipedia Library's account distribution and global development! Please join our team at [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup|our new coordinator signup]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[meta:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery| Global Mass Message]] tool to [[meta:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List]]</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=12455967 --> == HTTPS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. Hi everyone. Over the last few yéars, the Wikimedia Foundation has [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/08/01/future-https-wikimedia-projects/ been working] towards enabling [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS|HTTPS]] by default for all users, including unregistered ones, for better privacy and security for both réaders and editors. This has taken a long time, as there were different aspects to take into account. Our servers haven't been réady to handle it. The Wikimedia Foundation has had to balance sometimes conflicting goals. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/06/12/securing-wikimedia-sites-with-https/ Forced HTTPS] has just been implemented on all Wikimedia projects. Some of you might alréady be aware of this, as a few Wikipedia language versions were converted to HTTPS last week and the then affected communities were notified. Most of Wikimedia editors shouldn't be affected at all. If you edit as registered user, you've probably alréady had to log in through HTTPS. We'll keep an eye on this to maké sure everything is working as it should. Do get in touch with [[:m:HTTPS#Help!|us]] if you have any problems after this change or contact me if you have any other questions. /[[:m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]] </div> 19 Juni 2015 22.01 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/HTTPS_global_message_delivery&oldid=12471979 --> == Content Translation, the new article creation tool is now available as a beta-feature == [[File:Cx-icon-ltr.svg|264px|right|Tool icon]] [[File:Content_Translation_Screencast_%28English%29.webm|thumb|How to use Content Translation - a short video (English)]] Hello, [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has now been enabled as an opt-in beta féature on the Sundanese Wikipedia. To start translating: # Pléase enable the Beta féature in your preferences by checking the box for Content Translation. # Visit the page [[Special:ContentTranslation]] or to your contributions page to open the tool. # Click on the button to créate a new translation. # In the displayed dialog select the language of the original article and the article name, and the language you would like to translate to. Also add the title of the new article (or the original title will be inserted) and click on to begin. Your language preferences will be remembered for the next time. # You will see a screen consisting of three columns. The first column contains the text of the source language and the middle column is for the translated text. Using the third column you can perform several actions such as insert source text, remove the inserted text source text, add or remove links etc. # After you translate the article, you can publish it directly as a new page on the Sundanese Wikipedia by using the publish button that appéars. In case the article gets créated by another user while you were translating, you will see an option to save the newly published translation under your user namespace. # The number of published pages can be seen on the [[Special:CXStats|Content Translation stats page]]. Since this is the first time we have installed the tool on this Wikipedia, there are chances that there may be some problems or service disruptions which we are not yet aware of. We will be monitoring the usage to check for any failures or issues, but pléase do let us know on the [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Content Translation talk page]] or through [[phab:T103546|Phabricator]] if you spot any problems. For more information, pléase réad the information available in the [[:mw:Help:Extension:ContentTranslation|User Guide]]. Our announcement is written only in English, and we would réally appreciate if this message can be translated to réach more users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation's Language Engineering Téam:--[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 30 Juni 2015 17.15 (UTC) == Hasil rarancang == Manawi katampi, ieu rarancangan kaca tepas ti simabdi '''[[Pamaké:Uchup19/Kotrétan]]''', anu dioméan tur ditambahan: *Ngoméan tutumbu ''icon'' gambar anu nojo ka tumbu gambarna di commons <small>(aya nu di kana tumbuna masing2 aya nu dibuntukeun)</small> *Ngoméan subkaca keur lumangsung anu teu kompléks, asalna mah <nowiki>{{Portal:Keur lumangsung/Juli 2015}}</nowiki> jadi <nowiki>{{Portal:Keur lumangsung/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}_{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki>. <small>(Supados teu unggal waktu ngaropéa kaca Tepas)</small> *Nambahan Tombol gabung *Nambahan kolom Sajarah poé ieu *Jrd. Panuhun ka {{gero|Kumincir}}, {{gero|Mssetiadi}}, {{gero|Ilham.nurwansah}}, {{gero|A.R Dipusparaga}}. Diantos kedalanna.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 02.24 (UTC) :Sae, ngan aya sababaraha kalimat/istilah anu perlu dibadamikeun deui. 'Sajarah poe ieu', sakumaha dina obrolan sapalih, mun teu manggih nu pas mah samikeun bae 'poe ieu dina sajarah'. Teras 'kamaotan kiwari', naon nya kalimat anu pas? 'kapapatenan'? --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 03.38 (UTC) ::{{gero|Kumincir}} Muhun kang, parantos. Pami <u>kapapatenan</u> téh lomana mah <u>kapapaitan</u> panginten nya?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 03.51 (UTC) :::Numutkeun pamendak simkuring mah Nu Pupus Kiwari, Nu Kiwari Pupus, atanapi Nu Pupus Taun Ieu. Memang sok rada sesah nyundakeun ke-an teh. Pilihan sanesna : Papaten Kiwari atanapi papait, nanging papait mah sanes mung ukur kanggo urusan pati, tapi kalebet oge teu damang sareng kasangsaraan sanesna. --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 06.13 (UTC) ::::{{gero|Mssetiadi}} Kumaha pami '''Nu Kiwari Pupus''' baé atuh?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 06.34 (UTC) :::::Simkuring ogé panuju '''Nu Kiwari Pupus''' baé. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 14.15 (UTC) :::::Muhun kang, urang robih--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 14.28 (UTC) == Machine translation support to be enabled soon for Content Translation == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, I wanted to give you a héads up that machine translation support for [[phab:T144903|Sundanese]] is now réady to be extended to [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] (beta féature) using Yandex. It is scheduled to be made active on this Wikipedia on September 14, 2016. This service can be used when translating Wikipedia articles into Sundanese with Content Translation. To start using this service, pléase choose ‘’Yandex.Translate’’ from the ‘’Automatic Translation’’ dropdown menu that you see on the sidebar after you start translating an article. Please note, machine translation is available from all the languages that are supported by Yandex.Translate, but Content Translation can still be used in the usual manner for translating from all languages, with or without machine translation support. For more information, we request you to kindly take a look at the details about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation|machine translation services in Content Translation]] and about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex|Yandex translation services]], including a summary of the legal contract. Please note, the translations made using Content Translation are also used to improve machine translation services. We look forward to your feedback. You can reach us using the [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Project Talk page]] or [[phab:T144903|phabricator ticket]]. This message could only be written in English and we will really appreciate if it can be translated into Sundanese for other users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 8 Séptémber 2016 13.53 (UTC) </div> == Machine translation support enabled today for Content Translation == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, machine translation support for [[:mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] (beta féature) has now been extended and enabled for users of [[phab:T144903|Sundanese Wikipedia]] using Yandex. It can be used when translating Wikipedia articles into Sundanese with Content Translation. To start using this service, pléase choose ‘’Yandex.Translate’’ from the ‘’Automatic Translation’’ dropdown menu that you see on the sidebar after you start translating an article. Please note, machine translation is available from all the languages that are supported by Yandex.Translate, but Content Translation can still be used in the usual manner for translating from all languages, with or without machine translation support. Wikimedia Foundation’s Legal team and Yandex had collaborated earlier to work out [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex#Summary_of_terms_of_Yandex_agreement|an agreement]] that allows the use of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex.Translate Yandex.Translate] without compromising Wikipedia’s policy of attribution of rights, privacy of our users and brand representation. Since November 2015, Yandex machine translation has been used for articles translated for Wikipedias in many languages. For more information, we request you to kindly take a look at the details about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation|machine translation services in Content Translation]] and about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex|Yandex translation services]], including a summary of the legal contract. Please note, translations made using Content Translation are also used to improve machine translation services. We have tested the service for use on the Sundanese Wikipedia, but there could be unknown problems that we are not aware of yet. Please do let us know on our [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Project Talk page]] or [[phab:T144903|phabricator]] if you face any problems using Content Translation. This message is only in English and we will be very grateful if it could be translated into Sundanese for other users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 15 Séptémber 2016 23.48 (UTC) </div> == The Wikimedia Developer Summit wants you == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The Wikimedia Developer Summit is the annual meeting to push the evolution of MediaWiki and other technologies supporting the Wikimedia movement. The next edition will be held in San Francisco on January 9–11, 2017. We welcome all Wikimedia technical contributors, third party developers, and users of MediaWiki and the Wikimedia APIs. We specifically want to incréase the participation of volunteer developers and other contributors déaling with extensions, apps, tools, bots, gadgets, and templates. Important déadlines: * Monday, October 24: last day to request travel sponsorship. Applying takes less than five minutes. * Monday, October 31: last day to propose an activity. Bring the topics you care about! More information: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Developer_Summit Subscribe to weekly updates: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Td5wfd70vptn8eu4 [[mw:User:MKramer (WMF)|MKramer (WMF)]] [[mw:User talk:MKramer (WMF)|(talk)]] 14 Oktober 2016 19.07 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=15989926 --> == Developer Wishlist Survey: propose your ideas == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> At the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Developer_Summit Wikimedia Developer Summit], we decided to organize a Developer Wishlist Survey, and here we go: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist The Wikimedia technical community seeks input from developers for developers, to créate a high-profile list of desired improvements. The scope of the survey includes the MediaWiki platform (core software, APIs, developer environment, enablers for extensions, gadgets, templates, bots, dumps), the Wikimedia server infrastructure, the contribution process, and documentation. The best part: we want to have the results published by Wednesday, February 15. Yes, in a month, to have a higher chance to influence the Wikimedia Foundation annual plan FY 2017-18. There's no time to lose. <b>Propose your idéas before the end of January</b>, either by pushing existing tasks in Phabricator or by créating new ones. You can find instructions on the wiki page. Questions and feedback are welcome especially on the related Talk page. The voting phase is expected to start on February 6 (tentative). Watch this space (or even better, the wiki page) - [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:SSethi_(WMF) SSethi_(WMF)] January 21st, 2017 3:07 AM (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=16170185 --> == Developer Wishlist Survey: Vote for Proposals == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Almost two weeks ago, the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Technical_Collaboration Technical Collaboration team] invited proposals for the first edition of the Developer Wishlist survey! We collected around 77 proposals that were marked as suitable for the developer wishlist and met the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist#Scope defined scope and criteria]. These proposals fall into the following nine categories: Frontend, Backend, Code Contribution (Process, Guidelines), Extensions, Technical Debt, Developer Environment, Documentation, Tools (Phabricator, Gerrit) and Community Engagement. Voting phase starts now and will run until <b>February 14th, 23:59 UTC</b>. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist Click here on a category and show support for the proposals you care for most]. Use the 'Vote' and 'Endorse' buttons next to a proposal to do so. <b>What happens next?</b><br/> Proposals that will gather most votes will be included in the final results which will be published on <b>Wednesday, February 15th</b>. These proposals will also be considered in the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual plan FY 2017-18 - [[m:User:SSethi_(WMF)|SSethi_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:SSethi_(WMF)|talk]]) 04:41, 6 February 2017 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=16170185 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: voting has begun == Hello, after six weeks of community discussion about [https://moon.wikimedia.org Wikipedia to the Moon], there are now 10 different proposals for content for the mission. Starting today, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia_to_the_Moon/Voting|you can vote for them on Meta-Wiki]], and decide what we will work on: a Wikipedia canon, different lists, the Moon in 300 languages, an astronomy editathon, féatured articles, articles about technology, endangered things, or DNA-related topics. You can even vote against community involvement. Voting is open until 24 June. Sorry that this message is again in English only, but we are using village pumps to réach as many communities as possible, so that everyone knows they can vote. Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 10 Juni 2016 15.31 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: invitation to edit == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Three weeks ago, you were invited to vote on how to take Wikipedia articles to the Moon. Community voting is over and the winning idéa is to send all ‘’featured articles and lists’’ to the Moon. This decision means that, starting today, Wikipedians from all language communities are warmly invited to intensively work on their best articles and lists, and submit them to Wikipedia to the Moon. The central site to coordinate between communities will be Meta-Wiki. You will find an [[m:Wikipedia to the Moon/Working|overview and more information there]]. Hopefully, we will be able to represent as many languages as possible, to show Wikipedia’s diversity. Please feel kindly invited to edit on behalf of your community and tell us about your work on featured content! Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 1 Juli 2016 14.10 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Open call for Project Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: :Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is accepting proposals''' from July 1st to August 2nd to fund new tools, research, offline outreach (including editathon series, workshops, etc), online organizing (including contests), and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. :Whether you need a small or large amount of funds, Project Grants can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help with your proposal''']] in an upcoming Hangout session :*'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] :Also accepting candidates to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Quarterly/Committee|join the Project Grants Committee through July 15.]] :With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 5 Juli 2016 15.25 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15504704 --> == New Wikipedia Library accounts available now (August 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|publisher donation program]]. You can now sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:de:Wikipedia:Nomos|Nomos]]''' &ndash; Primarily German-language publisher of law and social sciences books and journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:World Scientific|World Scientific]]''' &ndash; Scientific, technical, and medical journals - 50 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Edinburgh University Press|Edinburgh University Press]]''' &ndash; Humanities and social sciences journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychological Association|American Psychological Association]]''' &ndash; Psychology books and journals - 10 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Emerald|Emerald]]''' &ndash; Journals on a range of topics including business, education, héalth care, and engineering - 10 accounts Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:de:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 30 Agustus 2016 18.38 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language! Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15804509 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (November 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[:m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: *'''''[[:en:WP:Foreign Affairs|Foreign Affairs]]''''' - Journal of international relations and U.S. foreign policy *'''[[:en:WP:OpenEdition|OpenEdition]]''' - Journals in the social sciences and humanities *'''[[:en:WP:EDP Sciences|Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences]]''' - French and English language scientific journals *'''[[:en:WP:ASHA|ASHA]]''' - Speech–language–héaring journals *'''[[:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian_Lähdekirjasto/Tilastopaja|Tilastopaja]]''' - Athletics statistics '''Expansions''' *'''[[:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]]''' - Many new databases added *'''[[:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]]''' - Strategic, Defence & Security Studies collection Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]]. Sign up today! <br>--[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 1 Nopémber 2016 18.30 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[:m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15939318 --> == New notification when a page is connected to Wikidata == Hello all, ''({{Int:Please-translate}})'' The Wikidata development team is about to deploy a new feature on all Wikipedias. It is a new type of notification (via Echo, the notification system you see at the top right of your wiki when you are logged in), that will inform the creator of a page, when this page is connected to a Wikidata item. You may know that [[d:Wikidata:Main page|Wikidata]] provides a centralized system for all the interwikilinks. When a new page is created, it should be connected to the corresponding Wikidata item, by modifying this Wikidata item. With this new notification, editors creating pages will be informed when another editor connects this page to Wikidata. [[File:Screenshot Echo Wikibase notification.png]] This feature will be deployed on May 30th on all the Wikipedias, excepting English, French and German. This feature will be disable by default for existing editors, and enabled by default for new editors. This is the first step of the deployments, the Wikipedias and other Wikimedia projects will follow in the next months. If you have any question, suggestion, please let me know by pinging me. You can also follow and leave a comment [[phab:T142102|on the Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks go to [[d:user:Matěj Suchánek|Matěj Suchánek]] who developed this feature! {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] ([[:d:User talk:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|talk]]) <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16774958 --> == Wikidata changes now also appear in enhanced recent changes == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, and sorry to write this message in English. You can [[mw:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Wikidata_in_enhanced_recent_changes|help translating it]]. Starting from today, you will be able to display Wikidata changes in both modes of the recent changes and the watchlist. '''[[mw:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Wikidata_in_enhanced_recent_changes|Read and translate the full message]]''' {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 29 Juni 2017 08.33 (UTC) <small>(wrong target page? you can [[m:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)/List Wikipedias|fix it here]])</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16777494 --> == Improved search in deleted pages archive == {{int:please-translate}} During Wikimedia Hackathon 2016, the [[mw:Wikimedia_Discovery|Discovery]] team [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109561 worked] on one of the items on the 2015 community wishlist, namely [[m:2015_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Search#Provide_a_means_of_searching_for_deleted_pages|enabling searching the archive of deleted pages]]. This feature is now ready for production deployment, and will be enabled on all wikis, except Wikidata. Right now, the feature is behind a feature flag - to use it on your wiki, please go to the <code>Special:Undelete</code> page, and add <code>&fuzzy=1</code> to the URL, like this: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUndelete&fuzzy=1. Then search for the pages you're interested in. There should be more results than before, due to using ElasticSearch indexing (via the CirrusSearch extension). We plan to enable this improved search by default on all wikis soon (around August 1, 2017). If you have any objections to this - please raise them with the Discovery team via [http://mailto:discovery@lists.wikimedia.org email] or on this announcement's discussion page. Like most Mediawiki configuration parameters, the functionality can be configured per wiki. Once the improved search becomes the default, you can still access the old mode using <code>&fuzzy=0</code> in the URL, like this: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUndelete&fuzzy=0 Please note that since Special:Undelete is an admin-only feature, this search capability is also only accessible to wiki admins. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juli 2017 18.40 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Archive_search_announce/Distribution_list&oldid=17036927 --> == Improvements coming soon to Recent Changes == <div dir="ltr"> [[File:Rc-beta-tour-welcome-ltr.gif|link=Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New_filters_for_edit_review|right|frameless]] Hello Sorry to use English. {{Int:please-translate}}! {{Int:thank-you}} '''In short:''' starting on 26 September, New Filters for Edit Review ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|now in Beta]]) will become standard on Recent Changes. They provide an array of new tools and an improved interface. If you prefer the current page you will be able to opt out. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about the New Filters]]. <big>'''What is this feature again?'''</big> This feature improves [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:RecentChangesLinked]] (and soon, [[Special:Watchlist]] – see below). Based on a new design, it adds new features that ease vandalism tracking and support of newcomers: * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|Filtering]] - filter recent changes with easy-to-use and powerful filters combinations, including filtering by namespace or tagged edits. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|Highlighting]] - add a colored background to the different changes you are monitoring. It helps quick identification of changes that matter to you. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Bookmarking|Bookmarking]] to keep your favorite configurations of filters ready to be used. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|Quality and Intent Filters]] - those filters use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES predictions]]. They identify real vandalism or good faith intent contributions that need help. They are not available on all wikis. You can know more about this project by visiting [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quick tour|the quick tour help page]]. <big>'''Concerning RecentChanges'''</big> Starting on 26 September, '''New Filters for Edit Review will become standard on Recent Changes'''. We have decided to do this release because of a long and successful Beta test phase, positive feedback from various users and positive user testing. Some features will remain as Beta features and will be added later. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about those different features]]. If your community has specific concerns about this deployment or internal discussion, it can request to have the deployment to their wikis delayed to October 1, if they have ''sensible, consistent with the project, actionable, realistic feedback to oppose'' (at the development team's appreciation). You will also be able to opt-out this change in your preferences. <big>'''Concerning Watchlists'''</big> Starting on '''September 19''', the Beta feature will have a new option. '''Watchlists will have all filters available now on the Beta Recent Changes improvements'''. If you have already activated the Beta feature "{{int:eri-rcfilters-beta-label}}", you have no action to take. If you haven't activated the Beta feature "{{int:eri-rcfilters-beta-label}}" and you want to try the filters on Watchlists, please go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your Beta preferences]] on September 19. <big>'''How to be ready'''</big> Please share this announcement! Do you use Gadgets that change things on your RecentChanges or Watchlist pages, or have you customized them with scripts or CSS? You may have to make some changes to your configuration. Despite the fact that we have tried to take most cases into consideration, some configurations may break. The Beta phase is a great opportunity to have a look at local scripts and gadgets: some of them may be replaced by native features from the Beta feature. Please ping me if you have questions. On behalf of the [[mw:Global Collaboration|Global Collaboration team]], [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 14 Séptémber 2017 15.27 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17219431 --> == Global preferences available for testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Greetings, Global preferences, a [[m:2016_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Categories/Miscellaneous#Global_settings|highly request feature in the 2016 Community Wishlist]], is available for testing. # [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|Read over the help page]], it is brief and has screenshots # Login or register an account on [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Login Beta English Wikipedia] # Visit [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:GlobalPreferences Global Preferences] and try enabling and disabling some settings # Visit some other language and project test wikis such as [https://en.wikivoyage.beta.wmflabs.org English Wikivoyage], the [https://he.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99 Hebrew Wikipedia] and test the settings # [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|Report your findings, experience, bugs, and other observations]] Once the team has feedback on design issues, bugs, and other things that might need worked out, the problems will be addressed and global preferences will be sent to the wikis. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks! --[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 27 Pébruari 2018 00.24 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17571042 --> == Notification from edit summary == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings, The ability to [[m:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary|notify other users in edit summaries]] will be available later this week, on 15 March 2018. Other users can be notified if a [[m:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary#How_it_works|link to their user page is provided in an edit summary]]. Some user-made gadgets and scripts that automatically put user names in edit summaries may need to be changed to put a colon in the link, such as <nowiki>[[:User:Example]]</nowiki>. You can change how you receive these mention notifications in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|preferences]]. This feature was [[m:2017_Community_Wishlist_Survey|highly requested in the 2017 Community Wishlist survey]], and [[m:Talk:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary|feedback is welcome]]. Thanks, happy editing to you. -[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 12 Maret 2018 21.09 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17778225 --> == We need your feedback to improve Lua functions == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, (I’m sorry for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}) If you’re regularly using Lua modules, creating and improving some of them, we need your feedback! The Wikidata development team would like to provide more Lua functions, in order to improve the experience of people who write Lua scripts to reuse Wikidata's data on the Wikimedia projects. Our goals are to help harmonizing the existing modules across the Wikimedia projects, to make coding in Lua easier for the communities, and to improve the performance of the modules. We would like to know more about your habits, your needs, and what could help you. We have a few questions for you [[d:Wikidata:New convenience functions for Lua|on this page]]. Note that if you don’t feel comfortable with writing in English, you can answer in your preferred language. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 27 Maret 2018 08.56 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Luannouncement&oldid=17873868 --> == Time to bring embedded maps (‘mapframe’) to most Wikipedias == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Time to bring embedded maps (‘mapframe’) to most Wikipedias''' {{int:please-translate}} [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Mapframe]] is a feature that enables users to easily display interactive maps right on wiki pages. Currently, most Wikipedias don’t have mapframe. But [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Maps#Milestones_and_Updates|fifteen Wikipedias]], along with all the other Wikimedia projects, are using mapframe today to display maps on thousands of pages. A little background: over the last few months, the Foundation’s [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] has been working to improve the stability and user experience of the maps service. In addition, a question about long-term support for the maps service was recently settled, and a small team has been assigned for routine maintenance. Given these developments, bringing the benefits of mapframe to Wikipedias that lack the feature seems both safe and supportable. [[phab:T191583|Nine Wikipedias]] that use a stricter version of Flagged Revisions will not get mapframe in this release. Maps are a valuable form of visual data that can improve readers’ understanding across a wide range of topics. If you know of any reasons why mapframe shouldn’t be implemented on your Wikipedia, let us know [[mw:Talk:Map_improvements_2018|on the project talk page]]. Unless we hear from you, we plan to release mapframe to most Wikipedias in May, 2018. So, if you foresee an issue, please let us hear from you. Otherwise, happy mapping! </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 24 April 2018 21.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JMatazzoni_(WMF)/mapframe-to-all-wikipedias-notice/distribution_list&oldid=17969222 --> == Wikitext highlighting out of beta == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|Wikitext syntax highlighting]], also known as CodeMirror, has been moved out of Beta Features and is available in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017_wikitext_editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] on all wikis. Syntax highlighting helps you see problems in your wikitext before previewing or publishing text. Please try out the tool if you did not do so while it was being developed, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:CodeMirror|feedback is welcome]]. - [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div>4 Méi 2018 18.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17844049 --> == Improvements coming soon on Watchlists == <div dir="ltr"> [[File:Rc-beta-tour-welcome-ltr.gif|link=Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New_filters_for_edit_review|right|frameless]] Hello Sorry to use English. {{Int:please-translate}}! {{Int:thank-you}} '''In short:''' starting on June 18, New Filters for Edit Review ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|now in Beta]]) will become standard on Watchlists. They provide an array of new tools and an improved interface. If you prefer the current page you will be able to opt out. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about the New Filters]]. <big>'''What is this feature again?'''</big> This feature is used by default on [[Special:RecentChanges]], [[Special:RecentChangesLinked]] and as a Beta feature on [[Special:Watchlist]]. Based on a new design, that feature adds new functions to those pages, to ease vandalism tracking and support of newcomers: * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|Filtering]] - filter recent changes with easy-to-use and powerful filters combinations, including filtering by namespace or tagged edits. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|Highlighting]] - add a colored background to the different changes you are monitoring. It helps quick identification of changes that matter to you. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Bookmarking|Bookmarking]] to keep your favorite configurations of filters ready to be used. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|Quality and Intent Filters]] - those filters use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES predictions]]. They identify real vandalism or good faith intent contributions that need help. They are not available on all wikis. You can know more about this project by visiting [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quick tour|the quick tour help page]]. <big>'''About the release on Watchlists'''</big> Over 70,000 people have activated the New Filters beta, which has been in testing on Watchlist for more than eight months. We feel confident that the features are stable and effective, but if you have thoughts about these tools or the beta graduation, [[mw:Talk:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|please let us know]] on the project talk page. In particular, tell us if you know of a special incompatibility or other issue that makes the New Filters problematic on your wiki. We’ll examine the blocker and may delay release on your wiki until the issue can be addressed. The deployment will start on June 18 or on June 25, depending on the wiki ([[phab:T195993#4261642|check the list]]). After the deployment, you will also be able to opt-out this change directly from the Watchlist page and also in your preferences. <big>'''How to be ready?'''</big> Please share this announcement! If you use local Gadgets that change things on your Watchlist pages, or have a customized scripts or CSS, be ready. You may have to make some changes to your configuration. Despite the fact that we have tried to take most cases into consideration, some configurations may break. The Beta phase is a great opportunity to have a look at local scripts and gadgets: some of them may be replaced by native features from the Beta feature. Please share your questions and comments on the [[mw:Talk:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|feedback page]]. On behalf of the [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]], [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 7 Juni 2018 13.14 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox2&oldid=18110305 --> == Update on page issues on mobile web == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Update on page issues on mobile web''' {{int:please-translate}} Hi everyone. The [[mw:Reading/Web/Team|Readers web team]] has recently begun working on exposing issue templates on the mobile website. Currently, details about issues with page content are generally hidden on the mobile website. This leaves readers unaware of the reliability of the pages they are reading. The goal of this project is to improve awareness of particular issues within an article on the mobile web. We will do this by changing the visual styling of page issues. So far, we have [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|drafted a proposal on the design and implementation]] of the project. We were also able to run [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues/Research Results|user testing on the proposed designs]]. The tests so far have positive results. Here is a quick summary of what we learned: * The new treatment increases awareness of page issues among participants. This is true particularly when they are in a more evaluative/critical mode. * Page issues make sense to readers and they understand how they work * Readers care about page issues and consider them important * Readers had overwhelmingly positive sentiments towards Wikipedia associated with learning about page issues Our next step would be to start implementing these changes. We wanted to reach out to you for any concerns, thoughts, and suggestions you might have before beginning development. Please [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|visit the project page]] where we have more information and mockups of how this may look. Please [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|leave feedback on the talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 12 Juni 2018 20.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18120916 --> == Tidy to RemexHtml == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[:mw:Parsing|Parsing]] team will be [[:mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|replacing Tidy with RemexHtml]] at this wiki on 5 July 2018. Some pages at this wiki use outdated HTML. This change may change the appearance of those pages. [[Special:LintErrors]] has a complete list of affected pages. Read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html this e-mail message] for more information. Read the instructions at [[:mw:Help:Extension:Linter]]. You can ask questions at [[:mw:Talk:Parsing/Replacing Tidy]]. Thank you for helping fix these problems. </div> [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 2 Juli 2018 14.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Editing/Parsing_change&oldid=18129171 --> == Consultation on the creation of a separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''({{int:please-translate}})'' Hi all, I'm preparing a change in who can edit sitewide CSS/JS pages. (These are pages like <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Common.css</code> and <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Vector.js</code> which are executed in the browser of all readers and editors.) Currently all administrators are able to edit these pages, which poses a serious and unnecessary security risk. Soon, a dedicated, smaller user group will take over this task. Your community will be able to decide who belongs in this group, so this should mean very little change for you. You can find out more and provide feedback at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|the consultation page on Meta]]. If you are involved in maintaining CSS/JS code, or policymaking around adminship requests, please give it a look! Thanks! <br/><span dir="ltr">[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 9 Juli 2018 10.50 (UTC) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small></span> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tgr@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=18158890 --> == Technical Advice IRC Meeting == [[File:Technical Advice IRC Meeting Logoat.svg|right|200px]] We'd like to invite you to the weekly [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|Technical Advice IRC meeting]]. The Technical Advice IRC Meeting (''TAIM'') is a weekly support event for volunteer developers. Every Wednesday, two full-time developers are available to help you with all your questions about Mediawiki, gadgets, tools and more! This can be anything from "how to get started" and "who would be the best contact for X" to specific questions on your project. The Technical Advice IRC meeting is '''every Wednesday 3-4 pm UTC''' as well as on '''every first Wednesday of the month 11-12 pm UTC'''. If you already know what you would like to discuss or ask, please add your topic to the next meeting: [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|Technical Advice IRC meeting]] Cheers, -- [[User:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|talk]]) 14:27, 30 July 2018 (UTC) == Enabling a helpful feature for Template editors == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello. The team working on TemplateStyles at the Wikimedia Foundation would like to enable TemplateStyles on this wiki. TemplateStyles is a feature to allow non-administrators to write and manage CSS styles for templates. It allows contributors who edit templates to separate content and presentation. A good web practice that makes it easier to manage the layout of templates. If you don't edit templates, this will not have any impact on your contributions. TemplateStyles is useful for a few reasons. * It makes it possible for templates to work better on mobile. * It cuts out confusion on where to apply CSS rules. * Editing CSS is currently limited to administrators, which is a major barrier to participation. * All stylesheets must be loaded on all pages (whether they actually use the page or not), which wastes bandwidth and makes debugging style rules more difficult. You can [[mw:Help:TemplateStyles|learn more about TemplateStyles on MediaWiki.org]]. [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|Technical documentation is also available]]. This is an optional feature and no one must use it, but template contributors are encouraged to do so! Please discuss and let us know if there are any concerns. If there are no concerns we will proceed to deploy the feature on the 9th of August. Thank you. </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Agustus 2018 21.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18277775 --> == Wikidata Bridge: edit Wikidata’s data from Wikipedia infoboxes == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it :)'' Hello all, Many language versions of Wikipedia use the content of [[Wikidata]], the centralized knowledge base, to fill out the content of infoboxes. The data is stored in Wikidata and displayed, partially or completely, in the Wikipedia’s language, on the articles. This feature is used by many template editors, but brought several issues that were raised by communities in various places: not being able to edit the data directly from Wikipedia was one of them. This is the reason why the '''[[mw:Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]]''' project started, with the goal of offering a way to Wikipedia editors to edit Wikidata’s data more easily. This will be achieved by an interface, connected to the infobox, that users can access directly from their local wiki. The project is now at an early stage of development. A lot of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Research|user research]] has been done, and will continue to be done through the different phases of the project. The next steps of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Development|development]] will be achieved by the development team working at Wikimedia Deutschland, starting now until the end of 2019. In order to make sure that we’re building a tool that is answering editors’ needs, we’re using agile methods in our development process. We don’t start with a fixed idea of the tool we want to deliver: we will build it together with the editors, based on feedback loops that we will regularly organize. The first version will not necessarily have all of the features you want, but it will keep evolving. Here’s the planned timeline: * From June to August, we will build the setup and technical groundwork. * From September to November 2019, we will develop the first version of the feature and publish a test system so you can try it and give feedback. * Later on, we will test the feature on a few projects, in collaboration with the communities. ** We will first focus on early adopters communities who already implemented a shortcut from their infoboxes to edit Wikidata (for example Russian, Catalan, Basque Wikipedias) ** but we also welcome also communities who [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|volunteer to be part of the first test round]]. ** Then we will reach some of the big Wikipedias (French, German, English) in order to see if the project scales and to address their potentially different needs. ** Even later, we can consider enabling the feature on all the other projects. In any case, no deployment or big change will be enforced on the projects without talking to the communities first, and helping the template builders to prepare for the changes they will have to do on the infoboxes’ code. If you want to get involved, there are several ways to help: * Read and help translating [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge|the documentation pages]] * Follow the [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Updates|updates]] and participate in [[mw:Topic:V1x2lxtu8rgi954a|the first feedback loop]] * Talk about it with your local community More ideas will be added [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|on this page]] along the way If you have any questions for the development team, feel free to ask them [[mw:Talk:Wikidata_Bridge|on the main talk page]]. You can also ask under this message, but if you expect an answer from me, please make sure to ping me. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 24 Juni 2019 13.03 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=19168539 --> == Wikipédia basa Sunda atawa Wikipédia Sunda? == Aya kamandang yén ngaran '''Wikipédia basa Sunda''' diganti jadi '''Wikipédia Sunda''' sangkan leuwih ringkes, sarta Wikipédia basa séjén saperti basa Jawa jeung basa Minangkabau ogé geus ngaganti ngaranna jadi Wikipédia Jawa jeung Wikipédia Minangkabau. Salian ti éta, dileungitkeunna kecap "basa" ogé sangkan ieu wikipédia bisa ngawengku réa hal, utamana ngeunaan Sunda, saperti budaya Sunda, jeung sajabana. Kumaha kamandang sadérék ngeunaan hal ieu? --[[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 02.56 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} Satuju dirobah jadi Wikipédia Sunda [[Pamaké:Harditaher|Harditaher]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Harditaher|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 03.12 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} Haméh teu panyang teuing.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">yusup_ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 12 Juli 2019 04.05 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 04.15 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 2 Séptémber 2019 04.13 (UTC) == Google Code-In will soon take place again! Mentor tasks to help new contributors! == Hi everybody! Google Code-in (GCI) will soon take place again - a seven week long contest for 13-17 year old students to contribute to free software projects. Tasks should take an experienced contributor about two or three hours and can be of the categories Code, Documentation/Training, Outreach/Research, Quality Assurance, and User Interface/Design. Do you have any Lua, template, gadget/script or similar task that would benefit your wiki? Or maybe some of your tools need better documentation? If so, and you can imagine enjoying mentoring such a task to help a new contributor, please check out [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019]] and become a mentor. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at [[:mw:Talk:Google Code-in/2019|our talk page]]. Many thanks in advance! --[[User:Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] 5 Nopémber 2019 07.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19202271 --> == ‎Improving the translation support for the Sundanese Wikipedia == Hi! [[:mw:Content translation|Content translation]] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with potential to grow using translation as part of [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]]. Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content translation/Translating/Translation quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]]. Sundanese Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [[Special:CXStats|more than three hundred articles]]. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Sundanese Wikipedia and support new ways to translate. As a first step, during the next weeks we plan to enable Content translation by default on the Sundanese Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Starting|through several entry points]]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences. Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread. Thanks! --[[Pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|sawala]]) 3 Agustus 2020 12.45 (UTC) :Hello everyone. We have enabled [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content translation]] by default on the Sundanese Wikipedia. :Now it is easy for users to discover the tool [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Starting through several entry points]. However, users not interested in translation can disable it [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|from their preferences]]. :We expect this will help translators to create more content of good quality in Sundanese. We’ll be monitoring [[Special:ContentTranslationStats|the statistics for Sundanese]] as well as [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidepageedits=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&hidelog=1&namespace=0&tagfilter=contenttranslation&limit=500&days=30&urlversion=2 the list of articles created] with the tool. Content translation provides [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality quality control mechanisms] to prevent the abuse of machine translation and the limits can be adjusted based on the needs of each community. Please, feel free to share your impressions about the content created and how the tool works for the community. This feedback is essential to improve the tool to better support your needs. :Thanks! --[[Pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|sawala]]) 11 Agustus 2020 12.00 (UTC) == Technical maintenance planed‬ == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''A maintenance operation will be performed tomorrow morning UTC time (Wednesday 17th at 07:00 AM UTC).''' It will impact all wikis and is supposed to last up to one minute. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T273762|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Thank you, [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 16 Pébruari 2021 17.45 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=21037579 --> == Coolest Tool Award 2021: Call for nominations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Coolest Tool Award 2021 square_logo.svg|thumb|193x193px]] The third edition of the [[m:Coolest Tool Award]] is looking for nominations! Tools play an essential role for the Wikimedia projects, and so do the many volunteer developers who experiment with new ideas and develop and maintain local and global solutions to support the Wikimedia communities. The Coolest Tool Award aims to recognize and celebrate the coolest tools in a variety of categories. The awarded projects will be announced and showcased in a virtual ceremony in December. Deadline to submit nominations is October 27. More information: [[m:Coolest Tool Award]]. Thanks for your recommendations! -- [[User:SSethi (WMF)|SSethi (WMF)]] for the [[m:Coolest Tool Award#Coolest Tool Award 2021|2021 Coolest Tool Academy team]] 19 Oktober 2021 05.57 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22003007 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2022 is coming. Help us! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] starts in less than two weeks ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220110T1800 Monday 10 January 2022, 18:00 UTC]). We, the team organizing the Survey, need your help. {| width=80% style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" class=plainlinks |- valign=top |width=50%| '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=agg-Community_Wishlist_Survey&action=page&filter= <span class="mw-ui-button">Translate important messages</span>]''' | [[Community Wishlist Survey/Help us|<span class="mw-ui-button>Promote the Survey</span>]] Among anyone and everyone you know who has an account on wiki. Promote the Survey on social media, via instant messaging apps, in other groups and chats, in your WikiProject, Wikimedia affiliate - wherever contributors with registered accounts may be. |} '''Only you can make the difference''' How many people will hear and read about the Survey in their language? How many will decide to participate? Will there be enough of you to vote for a change you would like to see? It all depends on you, volunteers. '''Why are we asking?''' * [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/FAQ|We have improved the documentation]]. It's friendlier and easier to use. This will mean little if it's only in English. * Thousands of volunteers haven't participated in the Survey yet. We'd like to improve that, too. Three years ago, 1387 people participated. Last year, there were 1773 of them. We hope that in the upcoming edition, there will be even more. You are better than us in contacting Wikimedians outside of wikis. We have prepared some images to share. More to come. '''What is the Community Wishlist Survey?''' [[File:Community Wishlist Survey banner - translatable.svg|350px|thumb]] It's an annual survey that allows contributors to the Wikimedia projects to propose and vote for tools and platform improvements. Long years of experience in editing or technical skills are not required. Thanks, and be safe and successful in 2022! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 29 Désémber 2021 03.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22319964 --> == Save the Date: Coolest Tool Award 2021: this Friday, 17:00 UTC == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <languages /> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2021 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1642179615 Friday 14 January 2022, 17:00 UTC]. This award is highlighting software tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects. The ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to our tool developers and maybe discover new tools! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Read more about the livestream and the discussion channels.]] Thanks for joining! [[m:User:AKlapper (WMF)|andre]] ([[m:User talk:AKlapper (WMF)|talk]]) -08:02, 6 January 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22528634 --> == Last two days for submitting proposals == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]] '''Tomorrow is the last day''' for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|submitting proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. Also, everyone is welcome to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Help us|translate, promote]], and discuss proposals. [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Januari 2022 14.45 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == Rollout of the new audio and video player == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Hello, Over the next months we will gradually change the audio and video player of Wikis from Kultura to Video.js and with that, the old player won’t be accessible anymore. The new player has been active as a beta feature since May 2017. The new player has many advantages, including better design, consistent look with the rest of our interface, better compatibility with browsers, ability to work on mobile which means our multimedia will be properly accessible on iPhone, better accessibility and many more. The old player has been unmaintained for eight years now and is home-brewn (unlike the new player which is a widely used open source project) and uses deprecated and abandoned frameworks such as jQuery UI. Removing the old player’s code also improves performance of the Wikis for anyone visiting any page (by significantly reducing complexity of the dependency graph of our ResourceLoader modules. See [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/175/wikipedia_s_javascript_initialisation_on_a_budget/ this blog post.]). The old player has many open bugs that we will be able to close as resolved after this migration. The new player will solve a lot of old and outstanding issues but also it will have its own bugs. All important ones have been fixed but there will be some small ones to tackle in the future and after the rollout. What we are asking now is to turn on the beta feature for the new player and let us know about any issues. You can track the work in [[phab:T100106|T100106]] Thank you, [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] 17 Pébruari 2022 17.59 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Ladsgroup@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coolest Tool Award 2022: Call for nominations</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/> The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]] welcomes your nominations! What is your favorite Wikimedia related software tool? Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|submit your favorite tools]] by October 12, 2022! The awarded projects will be announced and showcased in a virtual ceremony in December. <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Oktober 2022 18.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Join the Coolest Tool Award 2022: Friday, Dec 16th, 17:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/> The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210028 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! This award is highlighting software tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects. The ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to our tool developers and maybe discover new tools! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Read more about the livestream and the discussion channels.]] Thanks for joining! -[[m:User:SSapaty (WMF)|Komla]] <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Désémber 2022 18.53 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24059435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Graph extension disabled</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" />Yesterday the [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|Wikimedia Foundation noted]] that in the interests of the security of our users, the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]] was disabled. This means that pages that were formerly displaying graphs will now display a small blank area. To help readers understand this situation, communities can now define a brief message that can be displayed to readers in place of each graph until this is resolved. That message can be defined on each wiki at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Graph-disabled]]</bdi>. Wikimedia Foundation staff are looking at options available and expected timelines. For updates, follow the public Phabricator task for this issue: [[phab:T334940|T334940]]<section end="message" /> </div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 19 April 2023 17.36 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24483197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" /> Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available. You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them. [[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.<section end="message" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 11 Méi 2023 19.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=25009633 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Temporary accounts for unregistered editors</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="body" /> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|Baca ini dalam bahasa Anda]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Sampaikan perubahan ini ke pengguna lain'' [[File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 en.gif|alt=Pengujian halaman riwayat yang menampilkan gaya nama pengguna lama dan baru. Alamat IP 172.0.0.1 berubah menjadi akun sementara ~2024-23126-086, dengan ikon untuk membuka alamat IP asalnya|thumb|400px|Tahun depan, editor yang tidak teregistrasi akan mulai menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|akun sementara]]]] Pada tahun 2024, penyunting yang belum [[Special:CreateAccount|mendaftarkan akun]] secara otomatis akan mulai menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|akun sementara]]. Penyunting ini kadang disebut "Penyunting IP" karena [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/Glossary_of_key_terms#ip-address|alamat IP]]nya tampil dalam riwayat halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Tim Produk Kepercayaan dan Keamanan]] memberikan presentasi di Wikimania tentang perubahan ini. Anda dapat [https://www.youtube.com/live/3ygRnVXTAPM?si=lAkJEcvgPl1sV6JO&t=22290 menontonnya di YouTube]. Terdapat informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|m:IP Penyuntingan: Peningkatan Privasi dan Mitigasi Penyalahgunaan]]<section end="body" /> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]])</span> 30 Séptémber 2023 02.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636618 --> == Nulis artikel maké aksara Sunda == Di Wikipédia Sunda teu acan aya aturan ngeunaan kumaha nulis artikel maké aksara Sunda. Hal ieu diidinan atawa henteuna ? Lamun numutkeun sim kuring, upami aya nu nyerat artikel dina aksara Sunda kedah aya ogé artikel nu pakait dina aksara latinna. Ngan hanjakalna tugasna kedah 2x, janten rada ngarepotkeun ogè. Dimana artikel dina aksara latin waé teu acan kagarap sadayana. Kumaha kinten-kinten numutkeun anjeun sadaya ? @[[Pamaké:Kumincir|Kumincir]], @[[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]], @[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Mssetiadi]], @[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham.nurwansah]], @[[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] Diskusi ieu kabuka ogé kanggo sadaya pamakè aktip Wikipédia Sunda. @[[Pamaké:Dinototosugiarto|Dinototosugiarto]], @[[Pamaké:Hayati Mayang Arum|Hayati Mayang Arum]], jrrd. [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 6 Juli 2024 12.32 (UTC) :{{Komentar}} abdi méndakan pérkawis anu hampir sarua di [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sawala_(basa)#Pamak%C3%A9an%20Aksara%20Sunda%20di%20Wikip%C3%A9dia%20Sunda diyeu] , kurang leuwih acan aya kawijakan nu ngatur perkawis iyeu. Mungkin éngkin tiasa di riungkeun babareungan deui kahareupna mah. Hatur nuhun <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 8 Juli 2024 10.36 (UTC) :Kedahna mah lamun ceuk urang heunteu nulis manual. Aturanna mah tiasa wéh artikel dialihaksarakeun maké bot atawa skrip kitu. Jadina urang nulis heula dina Latin engké dialihaksarakeun otomatis jadi aya ogé anu aksara Sundana. [[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RXerself|sawala]]) 9 Juli 2024 05.50 (UTC) ::@[[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] Jadi aya dua kaca kitunya? aya tombol aksarana, abdi rada ngadukung ogé lamun kitumah.{{Thumb up}}<span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span>^{[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]} 9 Juli 2024 07.28 (UTC) ::Masalahna artikel dina aksara Sunda dipénta keur dipupus siga [[Husus:Diff/672039|kasus ieu]]. Nu menta pamupusan nyaéta anggota SWMT (Small Wiki Monitoring Team) WMF. Taah kumaha kinten-kinten lamun kieu ? [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 23 Juli 2024 12.16 (UTC) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita Unggulan''' * Penatalayan kini dapat [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|memblokir akun secara global]]. Sebelum [[phab:T17294|perubahan]], hanya alamat IP dan rentang IP yang dapat diblokir secara global. Memblokir akun secara global berguna ketika pengguna yang diblokir seharusnya tidak keluar log. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Penguncian global]] (semacam mekanisme serupa yang pengguna harus keluar log dari akun mereka) tidak terpengaruh oleh perubahan ini. Fitur pemblokiran akun global yang baru ini berhubungan dengan proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]], yakni jenis akun pengguna baru yang menggantikan alamat IP editor yang tidak terdaftar dan tidak lagi terbuka. * Akhir pekan ini, pengguna situs Wikimedia akan melihat bahwa antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (juga dikenal sebagai "Perubahan Tertunda") telah diperbaiki dan selaras dengan antarmuka MediaWiki lainnya dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|sistem desain Wikimedia]]. Pengalaman antarmuka FlaggedRevs di ponsel dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|kulit Minerva]] sebelumnya tidak konsisten sehingga perlu diperbaiki dan dipindahkan ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] oleh tim Growth WMF dan beberapa sukarelawan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Pengguna situs Wikimedia sekarang dapat mengirimkan permintaan penghilangan akun melalui [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. Fitur ini berguna ketika seorang kontributor ingin berhenti menyunting selamanya. Fitur ini akan membantu Anda menyembunyikan keterkaitan dan penyuntingan Anda di masa lalu untuk melindungi privasi Anda. Setelah diproses, akun tersebut akan dikunci dan diganti namanya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Apakah Anda sudah mencoba memantau dan mengatasi vandalisme di Wikipedia menggunakan ponsel Anda? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ Sebuah artikel blog Diff tentang fitur Patroli di Aplikasi Seluler] menyoroti beberapa kemampuan baru dalam fitur tersebut, termasuk menggeser umpan perubahan terbaru dan perpustakaan pribadi pesan pembicaraan pengguna untuk digunakan saat berpatroli dari ponsel Anda. * Kontributor Wikimedia dan lembaga GLAM (galeri, perpustakaan, arsip, dan museum) sekarang dapat mempelajari dan mengukur dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh Wikimedia Commons dalam menciptakan konten ensiklopedis yang berkualitas dengan menggunakan dasbor analisis [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics]. Dasbor ini menawarkan analisis kepada lembaga-lembaga mengenai hal-hal seperti penyuntingan bulanan dalam sebuah kategori, berkas yang paling banyak dilihat, dan artikel Wikimedia mana yang menggunakan gambar-gambar Commons. Sebagai hasil dari timbunan data baru ini, lembaga GLAM dapat mengukur keuntungan investasi mereka dengan lebih andal untuk program-program yang membawa konten ke dalam Commons digital. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Berita Terbaru Proyek''' * Bagikan ide Anda guna menyempurnakan wiki melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] yang baru saja dibuka kembali. Daftar Harapan Komunitas adalah forum Wikimedia bagi para sukarelawan untuk berbagi ide (yang disebut sebagai harapan) untuk menyempurnakan kinerja wiki. Versi baru dari daftar harapan selalu terbuka, dapat digunakan dengan teks wiki dan Visual Editor, dan menerima harapan dalam bahasa apa pun. '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Anda pernah membayangkan bagaimana perangkat lunak Wikimedia bekerja dalam lebih dari 300 bahasa? Jumlah ini adalah 253 bahasa lebih banyak daripada antarmuka Google Chrome, dan ini bukan suatu kebetulan. Tim Pelokalan Bahasa dan Produk di Wikimedia Foundation mendukung upaya Anda dengan mengadaptasi semua perkakas dan antarmuka yang Anda gunakan ke bahasa Anda dan bahasa lain. Baca lebih lanjut mengenai tim ini dan pekerjaan mereka yang akan datang di [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff].</span> * Bagaimana Wikimedia dapat membangun produk yang inovatif dan bereksperimen sambil mempertahankan situs web yang banyak digunakan? Sebuah [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ artikel blog] baru-baru ini yang ditulis oleh staf WMF, Johan Jönsson, menyoroti pekerjaan inisiatif [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|Pemirsa Masa Depan WMF]], dengan tujuan bukan untuk membuat produk yang sudah jadi, melainkan untuk menguji ide-ide baru, seperti [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|pengaya ChatGPT]] dan [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], untuk membantu membawa Wikimedia ke masa depan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' Anda juga dapat menerima berita lain dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juli 2024 00.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juli 2024 23.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dua fungsi pengurai baru akan diluncurkan pada pekan ini: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> dan <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. Keduanya akan mengurangi kebutuhan untuk <code>Template:Dir</code> dan <code>Template:BCP47</code> di Commons dan memungkinkan kami untuk [[phab:T343131|membuang 100 juta baris]] dari basis data "apa yang terhubung di sini". Para penyunting di wiki manapun yang menggunakan templat ini dapat membantu dengan mengganti templatnya dengan fungsi-fungsi baru ini. Templat-templat di Commons akan diperbarui selama Hackathon di Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Komunitas dapat meminta aktivasi penyunting visual di seluruh ruang nama tempat diskusi kadang-kadang terjadi (misalnya ruang nama ''Wikipedia:'' atau ''Wikisource:'') jika mereka sudah mengerti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|batasan-batasan yang ada]]. Untuk berdiskusi, para pengguna sudah dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] di ruang nama ini. * Kategori pelacakan " Pages using Timeline" telah diberi nama baru menjadi "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" di [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 TranslateWiki]. Wikipedia yang telah menggunakan kategori ini secara lokal harus mengganti nama kategori lokal mereka agar sesuai. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Para penyunting yang membantu menyelenggarakan WikiProjects dan kolaborasi di dalam wiki yang sama, diundang untuk berbagi ide dan contoh-contoh kerja sama yang berhasil dengan tim Campaigns and Programs. Anda dapat mengisi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|angket singkat]] atau membagikan gagasan Anda di [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|halaman pembicaraan]]. Secara khusus, tim tersebut mencari informasi mengenai kolaborasi yang berhasil pada wiki berbahasa selain bahasa Inggris. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengurai baru sedang diluncurkan di wiki {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} selama beberapa bulan ke depan. Wiki {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} dan {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} [[phab:T365367|telah beralih]] ke Parsoid pada pekan lalu. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * Terdapat lebih dari 200 sesi di Wikimania pada pekan ini. Berikut ini adalah rangkuman dari beberapa [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|sesi utama yang berkaitan dengan area produk dan teknologi]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]] terbaru telah terbit. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Nawala Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya termasuk: Pratinjau desain baru untuk halaman-halaman yang dapat diterjemahkan; Pembaruan tentang MinT untuk Para Pembaca Wiki; penerbitan tumpukan terjemahan; dan lain-lain. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|Nawala Wawasan Produk MediaWiki]] bulanan terbaru telah terbit. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Agustus 2024 20.42 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Para penyunting dan pengelola [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] kini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|memperlihatkan CAPTCHA jika sebuah penyaring cocok dengan sebuah suntingan]]. Hal ini memudahkan komunitas untuk menanggapi spam yang dilakukan oleh bot otomatis dengan segera. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Para penatalayan]] sekarang dapat menentukan apakah pemblokiran global sebaiknya mencegah pembuatan akun. Sebelum [[phab:T17273|perubahan ini]] dilakukan oleh Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]], semua pemblokiran global akan menghalangi pembuatan akun. Hal ini akan memudahkan penatalayan mengatasi efek samping yang tidak diinginkan dari pemblokiran global pada alamat IP. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominasi sedang dibuka di Wikitech]] kepada anggota baru untuk melengkapi [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|komite standar Toolforge]]. Komite ini bertugas untuk mengawasi kebijakan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork]] dan kebijakan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool]] di antara tugas-tugas lainnya. Nominasi akan dibuka hingga paling lambat 26 Agustus 2024. * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam bahasa [[d:Q2880037|Bajau Pantai Barat]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Agustus 2024 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Badé sumping: Fitur sub-rujukan énggal - cobian! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]].</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us spread the message.</span> --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Para penyunting yang ingin menggunakan ulang referensi tetapi dengan informasi yang berbeda, seperti nomor halaman, mereka dapat melakukannya pada akhir tahun 2024, dengan menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-rujukan]] yang baru. Anda dapat membaca lebih lanjut tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|proyek ini]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|cara menguji purwarupanya]]. * Para penyunting yang memakai kategori pelacakan untuk mengenali halaman mana yang menggunakan ekstensi tertentu mungkin menyadari bahwa enam dari kategori tersebut telah diganti namanya agar lebih mudah dipahami dan dibuat konsisten. Kategori-kategori ini secara otomatis ditambahkan ke halaman yang menggunakan ekstensi MediaWiki khusus. Nama-nama yang terpengaruh adalah untuk: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Setiap wiki yang telah membuat kategori secara lokal harus mengganti nama ciptaan lokalnya supaya sesuai. Terima kasih kepada Pppery untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Sukarelawan teknis yang menyunting modul dan ingin mendapatkan daftar kategori yang digunakan di sebuah halaman, kini dapat melakukannya dengan menggunakan atribut <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> dari <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. Cara ini memudahkan wiki untuk mengatur alur kerja seperti pemberitahuan penyuntingan khusus kategori. Terima kasih kepada SD001 untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Status kekutu''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dukungan Anda akan membantu untuk memeriksa apakah terdapat halaman yang perlu dipindahkan atau dihapus. Sebuah skrip pemeliharaan telah dijalankan untuk membersihkan halaman-halaman yang tidak dapat dijangkau (karena kendala Unicode atau adanya nama ruang/nama alias baru). Skrip tersebut mencari kesesuaian nama halaman (misalnya dengan mengikuti perubahan Unicode atau dengan memindahkan halaman yang judulnya di Wikipedia dimulai dengan <code>Talk:WP:</code> agar judulnya dimulai dengan <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), tetapi hal tersebut mungkin mengalami kebuntuan pada beberapa halaman, dan sebagai gantinya dipindahkan ke <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi>. Komunitas Anda sebaiknya memeriksa apakah ada halaman yang tercantum di sana, dan segera pindahkan ke judul yang benar, atau hapus jika sudah tidak diperlukan lagi. Sebuah log utuh (termasuk halaman-halaman yang nama-namanya dapat ditemukan) tersedia di [[phab:P67388]]. * Para penyunting yang menjadi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|pembimbing]] bagi para pendatang baru di wiki mereka kini dapat mengakses daftar calon peserta bimbingan yang dapat dihubungi untuk memberikan petunjuk dan bimbingan. Fungsionalitas ini telah dipulihkan berkat [[phab:T372164|perbaikan sebuah kekutu]]. Terima kasih kepada Mbch331 yang telah mengajukan laporan kekutu. Anda dapat membaca tentang hal tersebut, dan 18 tugas lain yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Batas waktu pendaftaran untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Dewan Penasihat Produk & Teknologi]] (PTAC) telah diperpanjang hingga 16 September. Para anggota akan membantu dalam memberikan saran kepada pimpinan Product and Technology Foundation mengenai rencana jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, masalah strategis yang kompleks, serta membantu mendapatkan umpan balik dari para kontributor dan komunitas teknis. Anggota yang terpilih diharapkan meluangkan waktu sekitar lima jam per bulan untuk posisi Dewan ini selama masa percobaan satu tahun. Pertimbangkanlah untuk mendaftar, dan sebarkanlah informasi ini kepada para sukarelawan yang menurut Anda dapat memberikan kontribusi positif kepada komite itu. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2024]] dianugerahkan di Wikimania dalam tujuh kategori. Sebagai contoh, satu penghargaan jatuh kepada ISA Tool, yang digunakan untuk menambahkan data terstruktur kepada berkas-berkas di Commons, yang baru-baru ini disempurnakan pada saat [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Hackathon Wiki Mentor Africa]]. Anda dapat melihat video peragaan setiap perkakas di halaman penghargaannya. Terima kasih kepada para penerima penghargaan tahun ini, dan terima kasih kepada semua pembuat dan pengelola perkakas. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]] terbaru telah diterbitkan, dan memuat beberapa hal penting dari Wikimania, pertemuan komunitas Bahasa yang akan berlangsung, dan berita lain dari gerakan Wikimedia. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 Agustus 2024 00.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Agustus 2024 20.31 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting dan pengembang sukarelawan yang berminat pada visualisasi data kini dapat menguji perangkat lunak baru untuk pembuatan bagan. Versi awal tersedia di beta Commons dan beta Wikipedia. Ini merupakan tonggak penting sebelum membuat bagan tersedia di wiki secara umum. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|membaca lebih lanjut mengenai perkembangan proyek ini]] dan membantu menguji bagan tersebut. '''Berita unggulan''' * Editor yang menggunakan halaman [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] kini dapat menyaring halaman yang diinginkan untuk tetap berada di sana, seperti bak pasir, kasus uji, dan templat yang selalu disubstitusi. Para penyunting dapat menambahkan kata magis baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] ke halaman templat untuk menyembunyikannya dari daftar. Terima kasih kepada Sophivorus dan DannyS712 untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Para penyunting yang menggunakan perkakas New Topic di halaman diskusi, [[phab:T334163|sekarang akan diingatkan]] untuk menambahkan tajuk bagian, yang akan membantu menurunkan jumlah pengguna baru yang menambah bagian tanpa tajuk. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang hal tersebut, dan {{formatnum:28}} tugas lain yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. * Pada pekan lalu, beberapa perkakas Toolforge sempat mengalami masalah koneksi. Penyebabnya masih diselidiki, tetapi permasalahan tersebut telah teratasi untuk saat ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Para pengurus terjemahan di wiki multibahasa kini dapat dengan mudah menandai perubahan mana yang memerlukan pemutakhiran terjemahan ketika menyunting beberapa unit terjemahan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan [[phab:T298852#10087288|menu tarik-turun yang baru]]. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Sebuah naskah rancangan kebijakan baru yang membahas penggunaan API Wikimedia [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|telah diterbitkan di Meta-Wiki]]. Draf naskah tersebut tidak mencerminkan perubahan kebijakan di sekitar API, melainkan sebuah upaya untuk mengkodifikasikan peraturan API yang sudah ada. Komentar, pertanyaan, dan saran dapat disampaikan di [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|halaman pembicaraan usulan pembaruan]] hingga 13 September atau hingga diskusi tersebut selesai. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi di balik proyek-proyek Wikimedia, Anda sekarang dapat menonton sesi dari jalur teknologi di Wikimania 2024 di Commons. Pada pekan ini, simaklah: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 menit) – tentang proyek Charts yang disebutkan di atas. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 menit) – tentang beberapa perkakas bahasa yang mendukung situs Wikimedia, seperti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Penerjemahan Konten]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Bagian]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], dan LanguageConverter, serta kondisi saat ini dan masa depan penerimaan bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Séptémber 2024 01.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Mulai pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaksis]] standar akan memiliki warna baru yang membuatnya serasi dalam mode gelap. Perubahan ini merupakan perubahan pertama dari banyak peningkatan yang akan dilakukan sebagai bagian dari peningkatan besar pada penyorotan sintaksis. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang perubahan yang akan datang di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|halaman bantuan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Para penyunting wiki yang menggunakan Wikidata sekarang akan diberitahu tentang perubahan-perubahan Wikidata yang relevan dalam daftar pantauan mereka. Alasannya adalah karena fungsi Lua <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> akan menggabungkan logikanya untuk melacak berbagai sisi dari pranala untuk mengurangi pemberitahuan tidak penting dari [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|pelacakan pranala yang tidak konsisten]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Pengguna semua wiki hanya dapat mengakses situs-situs Wikimedia dalam mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit pada 25 September, mulai pukul 15.00 UTC. Hal ini merupakan peralihan pusat data terencana untuk tujuan pemeliharaan. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diumumkan di Berita Teknis dan juga akan dimuat di setiap wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Para kontributor dari [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedia]], termasuk bahasa Inggris akan mendapatkan ruang nama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> yang baru di Wikipedia mereka. Pembaruan ini memastikan bahwa pranala yang dimulai dengan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (biasanya pintasan ke [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) tidak rusak oleh Wikipedia [[w:en:Mooré|bahasa Mooré]] (kode bahasa <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Séptémber 2024 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Séptémber 2024 00.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Kabar minggu ini''' * Pengalihan pusat data Wikimedia rutin yang kedua pada tahun ini akan berlangsung pada 25 September 2024. Hal ini mengakibatkan seluruh wiki menjadi tidak bisa disunting untuk beberapa menit (''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]]''), sekitar [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 pukul 22.00 WIB]. '''Pembaruan untuk kontributor''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|Tampilan fitur alt-text pada aplikasi iOS Wikipedia]] * Aplikasi iOS Wikipedia Bahasa Spanyol, Portugis, Prancis dan Tionghoa kini dilengkapi dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|penambahan alt-text]] pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|gambar]]. Fitur alt-text berfungsi untuk memberikan deskripsi tekstual suatu gambar kepada pengguna dengan disabilitas visual. Anda dapat memberikan masukan dan saran terhadap fitur ini melalui [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|halaman pembicaraan ini]]. * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Palet warna [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/ Codex Design System] kini [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design_System_Team/Color/Design_documentation#Updates telah diperbarui] untuk mendukung penerapan fitur mode gelap (*dark mode*).</span> * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Potongan kode program di MediaWiki, baik itu yang berada di dalam laman kode modul maupun yang berada di dalam tag <code><syntaxhighlight></code>, kini [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166 dilengkapi] dengan fitur hyperlink ke link eksternal, <code><nowiki>[[wikilink]]</nowiki></code> dan <code><nowiki>{{template link}}</nowiki></code>. ** Fitur ini sudah diaktifkan terlebih dahulu secara lokal di laman kode gadget Wiktionary Bahasa Inggris. Sebagai contoh, lihat kode baris 223 pada [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-CodeLinks.js laman ini].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Terdapat beberapa perbaikan bug pada fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * Selain itu, {{PLURAL:25|terdapat}} {{formatnum:25}} [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|isu teknis]] lainnya yang berhasil diselesaikan pada minggu kemarin. '''Pembaruan untuk kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pembaruan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] ** <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Enterprise Free API [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ kini dilengkapi] dengan kuota 5000 request on-demand dan akses snapshot API (HTML dump) dua kali tiap bulan.</span> ** <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Enterprise Snapshot API kini dilengkapi dengan fitur [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ Structured Content] versi beta. Sementara itu, dataset Wikipedia Bahasa Inggris dan Prancis dalam format Structured Content kini [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ tersedia] di platform Hugging Face.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">In depth</span>''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Sebagai tindak lanjut dari rencana [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split pemisahan butir artikel ilmiah dari database Wikidata], SPARQL endpoint Wikidata kini [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/September_2024_scaling_update dipisah] menjadi dua : [https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ scholarly] dan [https://query-main.wikidata.org/ main]. [https://query.wikidata.org/ SPARQL endpoint Wikidata yang dulu] akan tetap menyediakan akses ke seluruh butir Wikidata (sebelum pemisahan) sampai bulan Maret 2025. Setelah itu, endpoint tersebut akan berubah menjadi endpoint main (tanpa butir artikel ilmiah).</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Séptémber 2024 23.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 27 Séptémber 2024 18.57 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pembaca dari [[phab:T375401|42 wiki lain]] sekarang dapat menggunakan Mode Gelap. Apabila opsi ini belum tersedia untuk pengguna yang keluar log, ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh banyak templat yang belum ditampilkan dengan baik dalam Mode Gelap. Silakan gunakan [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ perkakas pemeriksa mode gelap] jika Anda tertarik untuk membantu mengurangi permasalahan ini. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|Halaman rekomendasi]] memberi panduan tentang hal ini. Mode Gelap dapat diaktifkan pada wiki lainnya satu kali per bulan. * Para penyunting yang menggunakan editor teks wiki 2010 sebagai penyunting bawaan dapat mengakses fitur-fitur dari penyunting teks wikitext 2017 dengan menambahkan <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> ke URL. Jika Anda ingin mengaktifkan editor teks wiki 2017 sebagai pengaturan bawaan Anda, opsi ini dapat diatur di [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|preferensi Anda]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * Untuk para pembaca yang sudah keluar log dan menggunakan kulit Vector 2022, pranala "Donasi" telah dipindahkan dari menu yang dapat diciutkan di sebelah area konten menjadi menu bagian atas yang lebih mudah terlihat, di sebelah "Buat akun". Cara ini mengembalikan pranala tersebut ke tingkat kedudukannya seperti pada kulit Vector 2010. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Pelajari lebih lanjut]] tentang perubahan yang terkait dengan pengalaman donor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * Ekstensi CampaignEvents menyediakan sarana bagi para panitia untuk mengelola acara dengan lebih mudah, berkomunikasi dengan para peserta, dan mempromosikan acara mereka di wiki. Ekstensi ini telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|diaktifkan]] di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Wikipedia bahasa Igbo, Wikipedia bahasa Swahili, dan Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Wikipedia bahasa Mandarin]] sudah memutuskan untuk mengaktifkan ekstensi tersebut, dan diskusi mengenai ekstensi ini sedang berlangsung di [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol]] dan [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|Wikidata]]. Untuk mempelajari cara mengaktifkan ekstensi di wiki Anda, Anda dapat mengunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|halaman CampaignEvents di Meta-Wiki]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:22}} {{PLURAL:22|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para pengembang yang memiliki akun di wiki Wikitech sebaiknya [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|memeriksa apakah ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan]] pada akun mereka. Wiki tersebut sedang mengalami perombakan untuk menggunakan sistem "Single-User-Login" (SUL) dan perubahan konfigurasi lainnya. Pembaruan ini akan membantu mengurangi kerumitan secara keseluruhan dalam pembaruan perangkat lunak mingguan di semua wiki kami. '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Pengalihan peladen]] telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu dengan waktu baca-saja [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|hanya 2 menit 46 detik]]. Proses berkala ini memastikan bahwa para teknisi dapat mengalihkan pusat data dan menjaga agar semua wiki tetap dapat diakses oleh para pembaca, bahkan jika ada masalah teknis yang besar. Hal ini juga memberikan peluang bagi para teknisi untuk melakukan pemeliharaan dan peningkatan pada sistem yang biasanya berjalan 24 jam sehari, dan kerap kali membantu mengungkap kelemahan dalam infrastruktur. Proses ini melibatkan puluhan layanan perangkat lunak dan ratusan peladen perangkat keras, dan membutuhkan beberapa tim yang bekerja secara bersama-sama. Upaya yang dilakukan selama beberapa tahun terakhir ini telah memangkas waktu dari 17 menit menjadi 2–3 menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 4–6 Oktober: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|Hackathon di WikiIndaba Conference]] di Johannesburg, Afrika Selatan * 4–6 November: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] di Wina, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Séptémber 2024 22.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para komunitas kini dapat meminta pemasangan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] di wiki mereka. Automoderator merupakan sebuah alat anti-vandalisme otomatis yang mengembalikan suntingan yang buruk berdasarkan nilai dari model pembelajaran mesin "Revert Risk" yang baru. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|membaca informasi lebih lanjut mengenai langkah-langkah yang diperlukan]] untuk pemasangannya dan konfigurasinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penerjemah di wiki yang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|menggunakan pengalaman Penerjemahan Konten seluler]] kini dapat menyesuaikan daftar saran artikel mereka dari 41 pilihan pilihan penyaringan saat menggunakan fitur ini. Fitur saran artikel berbasis topik ini memudahkan penerjemah untuk menemukan sendiri artikel yang cocok berdasarkan bidang yang mereka minati dan kemudian menerjemahkannya. Anda dapat [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions segera mencobanya dengan perangkat seluler Anda]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * Lihat {{formatnum:12}} {{PLURAL:12|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Blok kode <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> kini dapat menawarkan tombol "Salin" kepada pembaca jika atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|diatur pada tag]]. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Pesan catatan kaki hak cipta yang dikustomisasi di semua wiki akan dimutakhirkan. Versi baru akan menggunakan markah teks wiki alih-alih menggunakan penyuntingan HTML mentah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pada akhir bulan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] akan diluncurkan pada beberapa wiki percobaan. Daftar lengkap wiki akan dipublikasikan pada paruh kedua bulan ini. Jika Anda mengelola perkakas, bot, atau gawai apa pun [[phab:T376499|di 11 wiki ini]], dan peranti lunak Anda memanfaatkan data alamat IP atau dapat diakses oleh pengguna yang sudah keluar log, harap periksa apakah peranti lunak tersebut perlu diperbarui agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Tersedia panduan tentang cara memperbarui kode itu]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pembatasan kecepatan sudah diaktifkan pada perangkat peninjauan kode [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] dan [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] untuk mengatasi masalah yang sedang berlangsung yang diakibatkan oleh lalu lintas dan aktivitas jahat. Klien yang membuka terlalu banyak koneksi secara bersamaan akan dibatasi selama beberapa menit. Pembatasan kecepatan ini dikendalikan melalui aturan tembok api [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]]. Penjelasan lebih lanjut, lihat halaman Wikitech tentang [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|pembatasan GitLab]], dan [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|operasi Gerrit]]. * Lima wiki baru telah dirilis: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} [[d:Q49224|bahasa Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} [[d:Q36096|bahasa Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} [[d:Q36213|bahasa Madura]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} [[d:Q2501174|bahasa Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} [[d:Q56482|bahasa Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 Oktober 2024 23.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ekstensi Structured Discussion (juga dikenal sebagai Flow) kini mulai dihapus. Ekstensi ini tidak dikelola lagi dan menyebabkan beberapa masalah. Ekstensi ini akan digantikan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], yang digunakan pada halaman pembicaraan biasa. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|Sejumlah wiki dalam kelompok pertama]] sedang dihubungi dan diajak untuk meninggalkan penggunaan Flow, serta memindahkan semua halaman Flow ke subhalaman sebagai arsip. Di wiki-wiki ini, sebuah skrip akan memindahkan semua halaman Flow yang bukan subhalaman ke subhalaman secara otomatis mulai tanggal 22 Oktober 2024. Pada 28 Oktober 2024, semua halaman Flow di wiki tersebut akan disetel dalam mode hanya-baca. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * Tim Search Platform WMF sedang mengerjakan upaya untuk mempermudah pembaca dalam melakukan pencarian teks dalam bahasa mereka. [[phab:T332342|Perubahan yang dilakukan pada pekan lalu]] terhadap 30 bahasa lebih memudahkan pencarian kata-kata dengan aksen dan diakritik lainnya. Hal ini berlaku pada pencarian teks lengkap dan jenis pencarian lanjutan seperti kata kunci <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> dan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi>. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai hal-hal teknis (termasuk beberapa peningkatan pencarian kecil lainnya) telah tersedia. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] telah dipasang di Wikipedia bahasa Rusia, dan perbaikan telah dilakukan untuk beberapa tampilan antarmuka pengguna yang masih kurang. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan perkakas Toolforge [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] sekarang akan diminta untuk masuk dengan akun Wikimedia mereka sebelum menjalankan pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan opsi "mesin pencari". Pembaruan ini diperlukan untuk membantu mencegah bot pihak luar menyalahgunakan sistem ini. Terima kasih kepada Chlod untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * Para pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] dapat membuat tiket dan menambahkan komentar pada tiket yang sudah ada melalui surel. Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|pengiriman surel ke Phabricator]] telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Beberapa elemen HTML dalam antarmuka kini dibungkus dengan elemen <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code>, untuk membuat output HTML kami lebih selaras dengan standar Web. Akan ada lebih banyak perubahan seperti ini dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Perubahan ini mungkin akan berdampak pada beberapa perkakas yang bergantung pada struktur HTML antarmuka sebelumnya. Harap diperhatikan bahwa ketergantungan pada struktur HTML antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|tidak dianjurkan]] dan dapat mengalami kerusakan sewaktu-waktu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|Nawala MediaWiki Product Insights]] bulanan terbaru telah diterbitkan. Edisi ini memuat: pembaruan pada sistem autentikasi Wikimedia, penelitian untuk menyederhanakan pengembangan fitur pada platform MediaWiki, pembaruan pada Unifikasi Parser dan peluncuran MathML, dan masih banyak lagi. * [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Nawala Technical Community]] triwulan terbaru kini telah diterbitkan. Edisi kali ini memuat: penelitian tentang saran perbaikan topik yang berhubungan dengan negara, perbaikan tes PHPUnit, dan masih banyak lagi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Oktober 2024 21.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Mobile Apps telah merilis sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|pembaruan]] pada navigasi aplikasi iOS, dan kini telah tersedia di versi App Store terbaru. Kami menambahkan menu Profil baru yang memudahkan akses ke fitur-fitur editor seperti Notifikasi dan Daftar Pantauan dari tampilan Artikel, dan menempatkan tombol "Donasi" di tempat yang lebih mudah diakses oleh para pengguna yang sedang membaca artikel. Hal ini merupakan tahap pertama dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|penyegaran navigasi]] yang lebih besar yang direncanakan untuk membantu transisi aplikasi iOS dari aplikasi yang berfokus pada pembaca, menjadi sebuah aplikasi yang mendukung penuh kegiatan membaca dan menyunting. Wikimedia Foundation telah menambahkan beberapa fitur penyuntingan dan dukungan untuk komunikasi di dalam wiki berdasarkan permintaan sukarelawan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|Menu profil dan konten Wikipedia App iOS]] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pembaca Wikipedia sekarang dapat mengunduh ekstensi peramban untuk mencoba beberapa ide awal mengenai fitur tambahan yang dapat merekomendasikan artikel untuk dibaca lebih lanjut, meringkas artikel secara otomatis, dan meningkatkan fungsionalitas pencarian. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan untuk mengikuti perkembangannya, lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|halaman Content Discovery Experiments]] dari tim Web dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|berlangganan nawala mereka]]. * Pada akhir bulan ini, para penyunting yang sudah keluar log dari [[phab:T376499|12 wiki ini]] akan mulai dibuatkan [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]]. Daftar ini mungkin akan sedikit berubah, di mana beberapa wiki akan dikeluarkan dari daftar, tetapi tidak ada wiki baru yang akan ditambahkan. Akun sementara merupakan jenis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|akun pengguna yang baru]]. Fitur ini meningkatkan privasi penyunting yang keluar log dan memudahkan anggota komunitas untuk berkomunikasi dengan mereka. Jika Anda mengelola perkakas, bot, atau gawai apa pun di 12 wiki ini, dan perangkat lunak Anda menggunakan data tentang alamat IP atau dapat diakses oleh pengguna yang keluar, periksa apakah perlu dimutakhirkan agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Panduan tentang cara memperbarui kode sudah tersedia]]. Pelajari lebih lanjut mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|rencana penerapannya di semua wiki]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, Wikipedia bahasa [[w:nr:Main Page|Ndebele Selatan]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]], dan [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * Sekarang Anda dapat membuat fungsi di Wikifunctions dengan menggunakan leksem Wikidata, melalui [[f:Z6005|jenis leksem Wikidata]] baru yang diluncurkan minggu lalu. Ketika Anda membuka salah satu dari fungsi-fungsi ini, antarmuka pengguna akan menyediakan pemilih lema yang membantu Anda memilih lema dari Wikidata yang cocok dengan kata yang Anda ketik. Setelah menekan tombol Run, lema yang Anda pilih akan ditarik dari Wikidata, diubah menjadi tipe lema Wikidata, dan diteruskan ke fungsi yang dipilih. Pelajari lebih lanjut mengenai hal ini di [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|nawala Wikifunctions terbaru]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna situs Wikimedia sekarang dapat memformat tanggal dengan lebih mudah dalam berbagai bahasa dengan fungsi pengurai <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> yang baru. Sebagai contoh, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> akan ditampilkan sebagai "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Sebelumnya, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> dapat digunakan untuk memformat tanggal, tetapi hal ini membutuhkan pemahaman tentang urutan komponen waktu dan tanggal serta tanda baca yang menyertainya. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (atau <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> untuk waktu lokal) menyediakan akses ke format tanggal standar yang digunakan MediaWiki dalam antarmuka penggunanya. Hal ini dapat membantu menyederhanakan beberapa templat di wiki multibahasa seperti Commons dan Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna Commons dan Meta sekarang dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|memperoleh bahasa pengguna]] secara optimal dengan menggunakan <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> alih-alih menggunakan <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] (PTAC) kini memiliki anggota perintis dengan perwakilan di Afrika, Asia, Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan Amerika Selatan. Mereka akan menangani inisiatif [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Dewan Teknologi Strategi Gerakan]] untuk menciptakan platform teknologi gabungan yang lebih tangguh. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Nawala Growth]] triwulanan terbaru telah tersedia. Di dalamnya memuat: modul Pembaruan Komunitas Beranda Pendatang Baru yang akan datang, opsi Konfigurasi Komunitas yang baru, dan informasi mengenai proyek-proyek baru. * Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|kini menjadi mitra resmi dari program CVE]], yang merupakan upaya internasional untuk membuat katalog kerentanan keamanan siber yang telah diungkapkan kepada publik. Kemitraan ini akan memungkinkan Tim Keamanan secara cepat menerbitkan catatan [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|kerentanan dan eksposur umum]] (CVE) yang memengaruhi bagian inti, ekstensi, dan kulit MediaWiki, serta kode lain yang dikelola oleh Foundation. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] sekarang sedang [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|menguji coba terjemahan mesin]] pada konten Daftar Harapan. Para sukarelawan kini dapat membaca versi terjemahan mesin dari daftar keinginan dan ikut berdiskusi bahkan sebelum para penerjemah tiba untuk mengerjakan alih bahasa. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 24 Oktober — Webinar Seri Pembicara Pendidikan Wiki — [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Teknologi Sumber Terbuka: Membangun Dasbor Pendidikan Wiki], dengan menghadirkan pemagang magang Wikimedia dan seorang pengembang Web dalam sebuah panel. * 20–22 Desember 2024 — [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] di Odisha, India. Hackathon untuk anggota komunitas, termasuk pengembang, perancang, dan editor konten, untuk membangun solusi teknis yang meningkatkan pengalaman kontributor. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Oktober 2024 20.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 22 Oktober 2024 11.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pada bulan November nanti, ekstensi Charts akan digunakan pada wiki uji coba untuk mengidentifikasi dan memperbaiki masalah yang ada. Sebuah tinjauan keamanan sedang dilakukan untuk memudahkan penerapan ke wiki percontohan guna pengujian yang lebih luas. Anda dapat membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|perkembangan proyek bulan Oktober]] dan melihat [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts dokumentasi serta contoh-contoh terbaru di Wikipedia Beta]. * Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], sebuah layanan eksternal yang dapat membuat buku dari Wikipedia, kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] untuk menampilkan gambar peta kotak informasi yang telah ditampilkan sebelumnya dalam buku cetak mereka di Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setiap wiki dapat menggunakan [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|ekstensi Guided Tour]] untuk membantu para pemula memahami cara menyunting. Ekstensi Guided Tours kini bekerja dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|mode gelap]]. Pengelola Guided Tour dapat memeriksa tur mereka untuk memastikan tidak ada yang terlihat janggal. Pengelola juga dapat mengatur <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> menjadi <code>true</code> untuk memperbaiki masalah lama. Mereka dapat menggunakan tanda baru <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> untuk menghindari tombol kembali yang tidak diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Para pengurus di proyek-proyek Wikimedia yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|ekstensi Nuke]] akan melihat bahwa penghapusan massal yang dilakukan dengan alat ini memiliki tag "Nuke". Perubahan ini akan membuat proses peninjauan dan analisis penghapusan yang dilakukan dengan fitur ini menjadi lebih mudah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Oktober 2024 20.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penatalayan kini dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|membuat pemblokiran akun global]] menjadi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|pemblokiran otomatis]] secara global. Cara ini akan membantu penatalayan dalam mencegah penyalahgunaan oleh pengguna yang telah diblokir secara global. Tindakan ini termasuk mencegah akun sementara yang diblokir secara global keluar log dari sesi mereka atau berpindah peramban untuk melakukan pengeditan berikutnya selama 24 jam. Sebelumnya, akun sementara dapat keluar log atau mengganti peramban untuk melanjutkan pengeditan. Peningkatan ini merupakan penyempurnaan fitur anti-penyalahgunaan untuk proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]]. Anda dapat membaca lebih lanjut tentang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|perkembangan fitur-fitur kunci dari akun sementara]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Setiap wiki yang telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|menyalakan ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Daftar Kolaborasi]]. Daftar ini merupakan cara baru yang mudah bagi kontributor untuk mempelajari tentang Proyek Wiki di wiki mereka. Terima kasih kepada tim Campaign atas karya mereka yang merupakan bagian dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|rencana tahunan 2024/2025]]. Jika Anda tertarik untuk menghadirkan ekstensi CampaignEvents ke wiki Anda, Anda tinggal [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut]] atau menghubungi User:Udehb-WMF untuk memperoleh bantuan. * Warna teks untuk pranala merah akan mengalami sedikit perubahan pada akhir pekan ini demi menghasilkan kontras yang lebih baik dalam mode terang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pada wiki multibahasa, para pengguna [[phab:T216368|kini dapat]] menyembunyikan terjemahan dari halaman istimewa WhatLinksHere. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|Data buangan]] XML telah ditangguhkan untuk sementara waktu sembari menunggu hasil investigasi sebuah kekutu. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Saat ini, Akun Sementara telah diterapkan pada enam wiki. Berkat tim Trust and Safety Product atas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|usaha ini]], Anda dapat membaca tentang [[phab:T340001|rencana penerapannya]]. Terhitung mulai pekan depan, Akun Sementara juga akan diaktifkan di [[phab:T378336|tujuh proyek lainnya]]. Jika Anda aktif di wiki tersebut dan memerlukan bantuan untuk memigrasikan perkakas Anda, hubungi [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] untuk mendapatkan dukungan.</span> * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Nawala Language and Internationalization newsletter]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya mencakup: Bahasa-bahasa baru yang didukung di translatewiki atau di MediaWiki; Metode masukan papan ketik baru untuk sejumlah bahasa; informasi mengenai acara-acara yang sedang berlangsung dan yang akan datang, dan lain-lain. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Gugur 2024]] akan berlangsung di Wina, Austria dan secara daring mulai 4 hingga 6 November 2024. Konferensi ini akan menampilkan diskusi seputar penggunaan perangkat lunak MediaWiki oleh dan di dalam perusahaan di berbagai sektor industri dan akan membangkitkan semangat dan menambah pengguna baru. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Nopémber 2024 20.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di wiki yang memiliki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|ekstensi Translate]] aktif, pengguna akan melihat bahwa FuzzyBot sekarang akan membuat versi terjemahan dari kategori-kategori yang digunakan di halaman yang diterjemahkan secara otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, tugas yang diminta untuk menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|ekstensi SecurePoll]] dalam [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|pemilihan pengurus]] khusus Wikipedia bahasa Inggris telah diselesaikan tepat waktu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pada <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, logika fungsi Wikibase <code>getAllStatements</code> berubah menjadi seperti <code>getBestStatements</code>. Dengan memanggil fungsi tersebut, ia akan mengembalikan suatu salinan nilai yang tidak dapat diubah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * Pengguna [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ REST API Wikimedia], seperti pengelola bot dan pemelihara perkakas mungkin akan terpengaruh oleh pembaruan yang tengah berlangsung. API akan mengalihkan beberapa titik akhir muatan halaman dari RESTbase ke titik akhir [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|API REST MediaWiki]] yang terbaru. [[phab:T374683|Titik akhir yang terdampak]] meliputi pengambilan metadata halaman/revisi dan konten HTML yang ditampilkan. Semua perubahan ini akan tersedia di wiki uji coba pada akhir pekan ini, dan akan diikuti oleh proyek-proyek lainnya. Perubahan ini seharusnya tidak berdampak pada fungsionalitas yang sudah ada, tetapi pengguna aktif dari titik akhir yang terpengaruh harus memverifikasi perilaku di test-wiki, dan menyampaikan masalah apa pun di [[phab:T374683|tiket Phabricator]] terkait. '''Lebih lanjut''' * Para pengurus dan pengguna proyek-proyek Wikimedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|tempat Automoderator diaktifkan]] kini dapat memantau dan mengevaluasi metrik-metrik penting yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas Automoderator. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ Dasbor Superset] ini menghitung dan menggabungkan metrik tindakan Automoderator di proyek-proyek yang menggunakannya. Terima kasih kepada tim Moderator Tools untuk Dasbor ini. Anda dapat mengunjungi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|halaman dokumentasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang kerja ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8.00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]) — [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Pertemuan komunitas]] dengan sukarelawan dan pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan di Wikimedia Commons untuk membantu menentukan prioritas dukungan untuk Tahun Anggaran 2025–2026. Topik dari pertemuan ini adalah mengenai cara pengaturan konten di Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Nopémber 2024 00.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Nopémber 2024 01.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Versi baru dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaksis]] mode editor standar teks wiki akan dirilis dalam [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|versi beta]] pada akhir pekan ini. Versi ini menghadirkan banyak fitur baru dan perbaikan pada beberapa kekutu, termasuk dukungan terhadap penulisan dari kanan ke kiri, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|pelipatan templat]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan panel pencarian yang lebih baik. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|halaman bantuannya]]. * Editor teks wiki 2010 kini mendukung pintasan papan ketik yang umum digunakan, seperti <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> untuk huruf tebal dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> untuk huruf miring. [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|Daftar lengkap keenam pintasan tersebut]] telah tersedia. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Mulai 28 November, halaman Flow/Structured Discussions akan diarsipkan secara otomatis dan diubah menjadi hanya-baca di wiki berikut ini: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. Tindakan ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|upaya penghentian penggunaan StructuredDiscussions]]. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan untuk mengarsipkan halaman Anda sebelum tanggal tersebut, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, pengguna yang membuat AbuseFilter baru kini hanya dapat mengatur penyaring ke "protected" [[phab:T377765|jika ia menggunakan variabel yang dilindungi]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], yang digunakan di halaman JavaScript, CSS, JSON, dan Lua, [[phab:T377663|kini hadir]] dengan pelengkapan otomatis secara langsung. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk pengembangan ini. Fitur ini dapat dimatikan sementara di suatu halaman dengan menekan tombol <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> dan menghapus centang di "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengelola perkakas yang menggunakan sistem Graphite untuk melacak metrik sebaiknya bermigrasi ke sistem Prometheus yang lebih baru. Pengelola tersebut dapat memeriksa [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 dasbor ini] dan daftar dalam Deskripsi [[phab:T350592|tugas T350592]] untuk memastikan apakah perkakas mereka telah terdaftar, dan harus mengklaim metrik dan dasbor yang terhubung dengan perkakasnya. Selanjutnya, mereka dapat menonaktifkan atau memindahkan semua metrik yang ada dengan mengikuti instruksi dalam halaman tugas itu. Layanan Graphite akan beralih menjadi hanya-baca pada bulan April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|Laporan kinerja pengurai New PreProcessor]] telah dibenahi untuk memberikan hitungan yang akurat terhadap jumlah entitas Wikibase yang diakses. Perhitungan sebelumnya mengalami pengaturan ulang setelah 400 entitas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Pertemuan komunitas Bahasa]] akan berlangsung pada 29 November pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16.00 UTC]. Terdapat presentasi mengenai berbagai topik seperti pengembangan papan ketik bahasa, pembuatan Wikipedia bahasa Mooré, dukungan bahasa di [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], dan laporan dari komunitas Wayuunaiki mengenai proses mereka dengan Inkubator dan sebagai komunitas baru dalam tiga tahun terakhir. Pertemuan ini juga akan disertai dengan penerjemahan dalam bahasa Spanyol. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 25 Nopémber 2024 22.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Dua fungsi pengurai baru telah ditambahkan pada pekan ini. Fungsi <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> menambahkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|pranala antarwiki]] dan fungsi <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> menambahkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|pranala antarbahasa]]. Fungsi-fungsi pengurai ini berguna pada wiki yang memiliki ruang nama yang saling bertentangan dengan awalan antarwiki. Misalnya, pranala yang dimulai dengan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris [[phab:T363538|bertentangan dengan awalan kode bahasa <code>mos</code> di Wikipedia bahasa Mooré]]. * Mulai pekan ini, wiki Wikimedia mulai tidak lagi mendukung koneksi yang menggunakan sertifikat HTTPS berbasis RSA yang lama, terutama rsa-2048. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keamanan bagi semua pengguna. Beberapa peramban lama yang tidak didukung atau perangkat ponsel pintar tidak akan dapat tersambung; mereka hanya akan menampilkan peringatan kesalahan sambungan. Lihat halaman [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations]] untuk informasi lebih lengkap. Semua sistem operasi dan peramban modern senantiasa dapat mengakses proyek-proyek Wikimedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Mulai 16 November, halaman Flow/Structured Discussions akan diarsipkan secara otomatis dan diubah menjadi hanya-baca di wiki berikut ini: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. Tindakan ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|upaya penghentian penggunaan StructuredDiscussions]]. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan untuk mengarsipkan halaman Anda sebelum tanggal tersebut, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * Pada bulan ini, ekstensi Chart telah digunakan untuk produksi dan sekarang tersedia di Commons dan Testwiki. Dengan rampungnya tinjauan keamanan, penyebaran wiki percontohan diperkirakan akan dimulai pada pekan pertama bulan Desember. Anda dapat melihat versi yang berfungsi [[testwiki:Charts|di Testwiki]] dan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|berita terbaru proyek bulan November]] untuk lebih lengkap. * Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, kendala pada sistem "Unduh sebagai PDF" telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada akhir Februari, akun sementara akan digulirkan pada sedikitnya 10 wiki besar. Penerapan ini akan berdampak signifikan pada kode yang dikelola komunitas. Hal ini berkaitan dengan perkakas Toolforge, bot, gawai, dan skrip pengguna yang menggunakan data alamat IP atau yang tersedia untuk pengguna yang keluar. Tim Trust and Safety Product ingin mengetahui kode ini, memantaunya, dan membantu memutakhirkannya sebelum penerapan untuk meminimalkan gangguan pada alur kerja. Tim tersebut meminta para editor teknis dan pengembang sukarelawan untuk membantu mencari perkakas tersebut dengan menambahkannya ke dalam [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|daftar ini]]. Selain itu, pelajari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|dokumentasi yang telah diperbarui]] untuk mempelajari cara menyesuaikan perkakas tersebut. Silakan bergabung dengan diskusi di [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|halaman pembicaraan proyek tersebut]] atau di [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|utas khusus]] di [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|peladen Discord Komunitas Wikimedia (dalam bahasa Inggris)]] untuk mendapatkan bantuan dan berbagi umpan balik. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Désémber 2024 22.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para kontributor dokumentasi teknis dapat menemukan bahan-bahan terbaru dan cara-cara baru untuk terhubung satu sama lain dan dengan Tim Dokumentasi Teknis Wikimedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|pusat Dokumentasi]] di MediaWiki.org. Halaman ini berisi berbagai pranala ke materi-materi untuk menulis dan memperbaiki dokumentasi, saluran IRC <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> baru di libera.chat, senarai acara dokumentasi yang sudah lewat dan yang akan datang, dan cara-cara untuk meminta konsultasi atau tinjauan dokumentasi. Jika Anda memiliki masukan atau ide untuk perbaikan terhadap ekosistem dokumentasi, silakan [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|hubungi Tim Dokumentasi Teknis]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Perubahan tata letak fitur Edit Check]] * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] akan ditempatkan ke bilah sisi di tampilan desktop. Edit Check merupakan fitur bagi para penyunting baru untuk membantu mereka dalam mengikuti kebijakan dan panduan. Perubahan tata letak ini memberikan ruang untuk menampilkan [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|Check baru]] yang muncul ''saat'' mereka mengetik. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|Hasil awal]] menunjukkan bahwa para penyunting baru yang menemukan Edit Check 2,2 kali lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk mempublikasikan suntingan konten baru yang menyertakan referensi dan tanpa mengalami pengembalian. * Ekstensi Chart, yang membantu para penyunting untuk membuat visualisasi data, telah sukses digunakan di MediaWiki.org dan tiga wiki percontohan (Wikipedia bahasa Italia, Swedia, dan Ibrani). Anda dapat melihat contoh kerjanya [[testwiki:Charts|di Testwiki]] dan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|berita terbaru proyek ini pada bulan November]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Para penerjemah di wiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|yang memiliki pengalaman seluler Penerjemahan Konten]], kini dapat menemukan artikel-artikel di kampanye proyek wiki yang mereka minati dari kategori "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en Semua koleksi]" di fitur saran artikel. Pengelola Kampanye proyek wiki dapat menggunakan fitur ini untuk membantu penerjemah menemukan artikel yang mereka minati, dengan menambahkan tag <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> ke halaman daftar artikel kampanye mereka di Meta-wiki. Cara ini akan membuat artikel-artikel tersebut dapat ditemukan di perkakas Penerjemahan Konten. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai cara menggunakan alat dan tag ini, silakan melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|panduan langkah-langkahnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]], yang memungkinkan para pengurus untuk menghapus halaman secara massal, kini memiliki [[phab:T376379#10310998|penyaring multipilihan untuk memilih ruang nama]]. Hal ini memungkinkan para pengguna untuk memilih beberapa ruang nama tertentu, bukan hanya satu atau semua, ketika menarik beberapa halaman untuk dihapus. * Fitur Nuke sekarang juga [[phab:T364225#10371365|menyediakan pranala]] ke halaman pengguna dari pengguna yang halamannya telah dihapus, dan ke halaman yang tidak dipilih untuk dihapus, setelah penghapusan halaman berada dalam antrean. Hal ini mempermudah tindak lanjut dari pengurus. Terima kasih kepada Chlod dan tim Moderator Tools untuk kedua pengembangan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * Tim Editing sedang bekerja untuk mempermudah pengisian sitasi dari archive.org dengan menggunakan perkakas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]], yakni pembuat sitasi yang dapat diisi secara otomatis. Tim ini meminta komunitas untuk menambahkan dua parameter terlebih dahulu, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> dan <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, di dalam TemplateData untuk setiap templat kutipan yang menggunakan Citoid. Anda dapat melihat [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 contoh perubahan pada sebuah templat], dan [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= daftar semua templat yang terkait]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} dalam bahasa [[d:Q9240|Indonesia]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Pada pekan lalu, semua wiki mengalami masalah dalam menayangkan halaman kepada pengguna yang masuk log dan beberapa pengguna yang keluar log selama 30–45 menit. Hal ini disebabkan oleh persoalan basis data, dan investigasi masih terus dilakukan. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, terdapat masalah pada fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan Tautan]] yang telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, daftar bagian yang dikecualikan dari Tambah Tautan sempat terabaikan dalam kasus tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], sistem desain untuk Wikimedia, kini tersedia dalam [[git:design/codex-php|implementasi tahap awal dalam PHP]]. Sistem ini tersedia untuk penggunaan umum di ekstensi MediaWiki dan aplikasi Toolforge melalui [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], dan akan segera hadir di bagian inti MediaWiki. Keterangan lebih lanjut dapat dilihat [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|di dalam dokumentasinya]]. Terima kasih kepada Doğu atas inspirasi dan sumbangsihnya terhadap perpustakaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * Pengguna [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ API REST Wikimedia], seperti operator bot dan pengelola perkakas, mungkin terdampak oleh peningkatan yang sedang berlangsung. Pada 4 Desember, tim MediaWiki Interfaces mulai mengalihkan metadata halaman/revisi dan menyajikan titik akhir konten HTML di [[testwiki:|Testwiki]] dari RESTbase ke titik akhir API REST MediaWiki yang sepadan. Tim ini mendorong pengguna aktif dari titik akhir ini untuk memastikan perilaku perkakas mereka di Testwiki dan menyampaikan masalah apa pun di [[phab:T374683|tiket Phabricator]] terkait sebelum akhir tahun, karena mereka bermaksud untuk meluncurkan perubahan yang sama di semua proyek Wikimedia pada awal Januari. Semua perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk menggantikan sistem [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] yang sudah ketinggalan zaman. * [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 Survei Kepuasan Pengembang 2024] sedang mencari pandangan dari komunitas pengembang Wikimedia. Mohon ikut serta dalam survei ini jika Anda memiliki andil dalam mengembangkan perangkat lunak di ekosistem Wikimedia. Survei ini dibuka hingga 3 Januari 2025, dan terdapat [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|pernyataan privasi]] tambahan. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru pada pekan ini. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan mendatang dalam rangkaian [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|diskusi Wikimedia Foundation dengan komunitas Wikimedia Commons]] akan berlangsung pada [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|12 Desember pukul 8.00 UTC]] dan [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]. Topik dari pertemuan ini adalah tentang media baru dan kontributor baru. Para kontributor dari semua wiki diundang untuk hadir. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Désémber 2024 22.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Berminat untuk menyempurnakan manajemen acara di wiki utama Anda? [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] menyediakan fitur-fitur untuk penyelenggara seperti manajemen pendaftaran acara, promosi acara/proyek wiki, menemukan kandidat peserta, dan lain-lain, semuanya langsung di wiki. Jika Anda adalah seorang penyelenggara atau berpikir bahwa komunitas Anda akan mendapatkan manfaat dari ekstensi ini, buatlah sebuah diskusi untuk mengaktifkannya di wiki Anda sekarang. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang cara mengaktifkan ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, kunjungi [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|halaman status penerapannya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS di Italia dan Meksiko di Wikipedia bahasa Italia, Spanyol, dan Inggris, dapat melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|Year in Review yang telah dipersonalisasi]] dengan pandangan yang didasarkan pada riwayat membaca dan menyunting mereka. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia Android di Afrika Sub-Sahara dan Asia Selatan dapat melihat fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] yang baru. Fitur ini menyajikan istilah pencarian yang disarankan di bilah Pencarian berdasarkan artikel yang sedang dilihat, dan daftar rekomendasi bacaan yang disusun berdasarkan dua artikel yang terakhir dikunjungi oleh pengguna. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Bot pengingat global]] kini aktif dan berjalan di hampir 800 wiki. Fitur ini akan mengingatkan sebagian besar pengguna yang memiliki hak sementara ketika hak tersebut akan habis masa berlakunya, sehingga mereka dapat memperpanjangnya jika diinginkan. Lihat [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|halaman penjelasan teknis]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Edisi Berita Teknis berikutnya akan dirilis pada 13 Januari 2025 karena libur akhir tahun. Terima kasih kepada semua penerjemah dan semua orang yang telah mengirimkan materi atau umpan balik pada tahun ini. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah telah [[phab:T374988|diperbaiki]] di aplikasi Wikipedia Android yang telah menyebabkan gambar SVG yang dapat diterjemahkan menampilkan bahasa yang salah ketika diketuk. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru pada pekan depan. Peluncuran berikutnya akan dimulai pada 14 Januari. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Désémber 2024 22.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Sistem Single User Login tengah diperbarui dalam beberapa bulan ke depan. Ini merupakan sistem yang membuat pengguna dapat mengisi kolom masuk log di satu situs Wikimedia dan masuk ke semua situs lainnya pada waktu yang sama. Sistem ini perlu dimutakhirkan karena peramban web semakin membatasi kuki lintas domain. Untuk mengakomodasi pembatasan ini, halaman masuk log dan pembuatan akun akan pindah ke domain pusat, tetapi akan tetap terlihat oleh pengguna seolah-olah mereka berada di wiki asal. Kode yang telah diperbarui akan diterapkan pada pekan ini bagi para pengguna di wiki uji coba. Perubahan ini rencananya akan diluncurkan ke semua pengguna sepanjang bulan Februari dan Maret. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|halaman proyek SUL3]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan linimasanya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di wiki dengan PageAssessments yang sudah terpasang, Anda sekarang dapat menyaring hasil pencarian berdasarkan halaman-halaman di sebuah WikiProject dengan menggunakan kata kunci <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code>. (Wiki-wiki yang dimaksud: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/id}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * Satu wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q34129|bahasa Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:35}} {{PLURAL:35|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, ada kendala dalam memperbarui jumlah suntingan pengguna setelah melakukan pengembalian suntingan, yang kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna API REST Wikimedia, seperti operator bot dan pengelola perkakas, mungkin akan terpengaruh oleh pemutakhiran yang sedang berlangsung. Mulai pekan 13 Januari, kami akan mulai mengalihkan [[phab:T374683|beberapa titik akhir konten halaman]] dari RESTbase ke titik akhir API REST MediaWiki yang lebih baru untuk seluruh proyek wiki. Perubahan ini tadinya tersedia di testwiki dan seharusnya tidak memengaruhi fungsionalitas yang ada, tetapi pengguna aktif dari titik akhir yang terkena dampak dapat menyampaikan masalah secara langsung kepada [[phab:project/view/6931/|Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki]] di Phabricator jika ada kendala. * Para pengelola perkakas Toolforge kini dapat membagikan umpan balik mereka tentang Toolforge UI, yaitu sebuah inisiatif untuk menyediakan platform web yang memungkinkan pembuatan dan pengelolaan perkakas Toolforge melalui antarmuka berbasis visual, sebagai tambahan dari alur kerja baris perintah yang sudah ada. Proyek ini bertujuan untuk menyederhanakan tugas-tugas pengelola aktif, dan juga membuat proses registrasi dan penyebaran menjadi lebih mudah diakses oleh para pembuat alat baru. Inisiatif ini masih dalam tahap yang sangat awal, dan tim Cloud Services sedang dalam proses mengumpulkan umpan balik dari komunitas Toolforge untuk membantu merancang solusi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Baca lebih lanjut dan bagikan pendapat Anda tentang Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Bagi pengembang perkakas dan pustaka yang menggunakan sistem OAuth: Titik akhir pengenal yang digunakan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] menghasilkan sebuah objek JSON dengan sebuah bilangan bulat pada <code>sub</code> bidangnya, yang mana hal ini tidak seharusnya (bidang tersebut haruslah sebuah string). Masalah ini telah diperbaiki. Perbaikan ini akan diterapkan pada wiki Wikimedia pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Sebagian besar wiki sekarang ini menggunakan [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] untuk membuat penanda catatan kaki khusus dalam keluaran Parsoid. Mulai 20 Januari, aturan-aturan ini akan dinonaktifkan, tetapi para pengembang meminta Anda untuk ''tidak'' membersihkan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> Anda sampai 20 Februari untuk menghindari masalah selama migrasi. Wiki Anda mungkin mengalami beberapa perubahan kecil pada penanda catatan kaki di Visual Editor dan ketika menggunakan mode baca Parsoid percobaan, tetapi jika ada perubahan, hal ini diharapkan dapat membuat keluaran parser sesuai dengan keluaran parser lama. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan mendatang dalam rangkaian [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community Conversations Wikimedia Foundation dengan komunitas Wikimedia Commons]] akan berlangsung pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|15 Januari pukul 8.00 UTC]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]. Tema pembicaraan kali ini adalah menentukan prioritas investasi perkakas di Commons. Kontributor dari semua wiki, terutama pengguna yang merawat perkakas di Commons, diundang untuk hadir. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Januari 2025 01.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus dapat menghapus beberapa halaman yang dibuat oleh pengguna atau alamat IP secara massal dengan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. Fitur ini sebelumnya hanya dapat menghapus halaman yang dibuat dalam 30 hari terakhir. Sekarang, fitur ini dapat menghapus halaman dari 90 hari terakhir, dengan batasan bahwa fitur ini ditujukan untuk pengguna atau alamat IP tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * Di [[phab:P72148|wiki yang menggunakan]] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]], saat fitur pengembalian suntingan digunakan untuk mengembalikan revisi halaman yang tidak dipatroli, revisi tersebut akan ditandai sebagai "dipatroli secara manual" dan bukan "dipatroli secara otomatis", sehingga membuatnya lebih akurat. Beberapa penyunting yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|penyaring]] di Perubahan Terbaru mungkin perlu memutakhirkan pengaturan penyaring mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, fitur "Sisipkan pranala" dari Visual Editor tidak selalu menyodorkan halaman yang sudah ada dengan benar ketika pengguna mulai mengetik, tetapi sekarang hal tersebut [[phab:T383497|sudah diperbaiki]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Ekstensi Structured Discussion (dikenal juga dengan nama Flow) sedang dalam proses penghapusan dari wiki. Ekstensi ini tidak terawat dan kerap menimbulkan masalah. Ekstensi ini akan digantikan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], yang dipakai pada halaman pembicaraan biasa. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|Kelompok wiki terakhir]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/id}}) akan segera dihubungi. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan mengenai proses ini, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] di wiki Anda. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Nawala Technical Community]] triwulan terbaru telah tersedia. Edisi ini mencakup: berita terbaru mengenai layanan dari tim Data Platform Engineering, informasi mengenai Codex dari tim Design System, dan lain-lain. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Januari 2025 01.36 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para pematroli dan pengurus - informasi atau konteks apa yang dapat membantu Anda membuat keputusan para pematroli dan pengurus dengan lebih cepat dan mudah? Wikimedia Foundation ingin mendengar pendapat Anda untuk membantu memandu rencana tahunan yang akan datang. Harap pertimbangkan untuk membagikan pemikiran Anda mengenai hal ini dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 pertanyaan lain]] untuk membentuk arahan teknis pada tahun depan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna Wikipedia App iOS di seluruh dunia kini dapat mengakses fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|Year in Review yang dapat dipersonalisasi]], untuk memberikan wawasan berdasarkan riwayat membaca dan menyunting di Wikipedia. Proyek ini merupakan bagian dari upaya menyeluruh untuk membantu menyambut pembaca baru saat mereka menemukan dan berinteraksi dengan konten ensiklopedis. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Pematroli suntingan sekarang memiliki fitur baru yang dapat menyoroti halaman-halaman baru yang berpotensi bermasalah. Ketika sebuah halaman dibuat dengan judul yang sama dengan halaman yang sebelumnya telah dihapus, kini sebuah tag ('Recreated') akan ditambahkan dan dapat disaring oleh pengguna dengan nilai [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] dan [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ada pemberitahuan baru untuk para penyunting jika mereka mencoba membuat pengalihan yang menautkan ke pengalihan lain ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|pengalihan ganda]]). Fitur ini akan menganjurkan agar mereka menautkan langsung ke halaman target pengalihan kedua. Terima kasih kepada pengguna SomeRandomDeveloper untuk perbaikan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Situs wiki Wikimedia mendukung pemeriksaan faktor kedua berbasis [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]] (seperti token perangkat keras) saat masuk log, tetapi fitur ini [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|rentan]] dan hanya memiliki sedikit pengguna. Tim Platform MediaWiki untuk sementara waktu mematikan penambahan kunci WebAuthn baru, agar tidak mengganggu peluncuran [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (Single User Login versi 3). Kunci yang sudah ada tidak akan terpengaruh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Bagi para pengembang yang menggunakan [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|timbunan Riwayat MediaWiki]]: Tim Data Platform Engineering telah menambahkan beberapa bidang baru ke dalam berkas-berkas ini, untuk mendukung inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]]. Jika Anda mengelola perangkat lunak yang menggunakan berkas-berkas tersebut, harap tinjau kembali kode Anda dan panduan yang telah diperbarui karena urutan kolom-kolom di baris tersebut akan berubah. Perubahan juga akan terjadi pada satu bidang: pada bidang <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi>, bidang <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> akan diubah namanya menjadi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. Perubahan ini akan diberlakukan pada rilis berikutnya pada bulan Februari. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Januari 2025 22.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan menu bilah alat penyuntingan "Karakter spesial" sekarang dapat melihat 32 karakter spesial yang paling sering digunakan di seluruh sesi penyuntingan di wiki tersebut. Peningkatan ini akan membantu mempermudah menemukan karakter yang paling sering dipakai. Fitur ini tersedia di penyunting teks wiki 2010 dan VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Para penyunting yang menggunakan penyunting teks wiki 2010 sekarang dapat membuat turunan daftar dengan indentasi yang benar dengan memilih baris yang ingin diindentasi dan kemudian mengklik tombol-tombol bilah alat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] Anda bahkan dapat menyisipkan tag <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> dengan menggunakan tombol bilah alat yang baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Terima kasih kepada stjn untuk perbaikan ini. * Diperlukan asistensi untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|pembangkit kutipan]] bekerja dengan baik di setiap wiki. ** (1) Para pengurus perlu memperbarui versi lokal dari halaman <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> untuk menyertakan entri-entri untuk <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>. Berikut adalah contoh perubahan yang perlu ditiru [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 untuk 'preprint'] dan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 untuk 'standard' dan 'dataset']. ** (2.1) Jika peta Citoid dalam templat rujukan yang digunakan untuk jenis rujukan ini tidak ada, peta Citoid perlu ditambahkan. (2.2) Jika peta Citoid sudah ada, TemplateData perlu diperbarui untuk menyertakan nama bidang yang baru. Berikut adalah contoh perubahan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 untuk 'preprint'] dan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 untuk 'standard' dan 'dataset']. Bidang-bidang baru yang mungkin perlu didukung adalah <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q15637215|bahasa Kanuri Tengah]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|perkakas OCR (pengenalan karakter optik)]] yang digunakan di Wikisource kini mendukung bahasa baru, yaitu bahasa Slavia Gereja. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Pébruari 2025 00.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi (PTAC) telah mengeluarkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draf rekomendasi]] bagi departemen Produk dan Teknologi Wikimedia Foundation. Mereka memberikan rekomendasi agar berfokus pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|pengalaman perangkat bergerak]], khususnya kontribusi. Mereka meminta [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|umpan balik dari komunitas di halaman pembicaraan]] paling lambat pada 21 Februari. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Secara baku, pranala portlet "Halaman spesial" akan dipindahkan dari "Kotak Perkakas" ke bagian "Navigasi" di bilah sisi menu utama. Perubahan ini dilakukan agar Kotak Alat dapat menampilkan perkakas yang berkaitan dengan halaman yang sedang dibuka, bukan perkakas yang berkaitan dengan situs, sehingga posisi pranalanya akan lebih logis dan konsisten. Untuk memodifikasi perilaku ini dan memperbarui gaya CSS, para pengurus dapat mengikuti petunjuknya di [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan tahun ini dalam meningkatkan cara pembaca menemukan konten di wiki, tim Web akan melaksanakan eksperimen terhadap sejumlah kecil pembaca untuk menampilkan beberapa saran untuk artikel yang berkaitan atau menarik di bilah pencarian. Lihatlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|halaman proyek ini]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para penyunting templat yang menggunakan TemplateStyles sekarang dapat mengatur hasil untuk pengguna dengan kebutuhan aksesibilitas tertentu dengan menggunakan kueri media yang berhubungan dengan aksesibilitas (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Terima kasih kepada Bawolff untuk pengembangan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:22}} {{PLURAL:22|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, log pemblokiran global sekarang akan ditampilkan secara langsung di halaman {{#special:CentralAuth}}, seperti halnya penguncian global, untuk menyederhanakan alur kerja bagi penatalayan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Wikidata kini [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|mendukung sebuah bahasa khusus sebagai "standar untuk semua bahasa"]] untuk label dan nama lain. Hal ini untuk menghindari duplikasi yang berulang-ulang dari informasi yang sama di berbagai bahasa. Jika kueri Wikidata Anda menggunakan label, Anda mungkin perlu memutakhirkannya karena sebagian label yang ada akan dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * Fungsi <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> akan dipanggil di setiap halaman Wiki yang dibaca dan menyumbang ~2,5% dari total waktu pemuatan halaman. Nilai yang dihitung sekarang akan disimpan dalam tembolok untuk mengurangi beban pada peladen Wikimedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * Sebagai bagian dari [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|upaya]] penghentian penggunaan RESTBase, titik akhir <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> telah dihentikan sejak 6 Februari 2025, dan akan segera dihapus. Lini masa ini dipilih untuk menyelaraskan dengan jadwal penghentian penggunaan untuk versi Android dan iOS yang lebih lama. Alternatif yang stabil adalah API tindakan "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" di MediaWiki, dan [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|contoh migrasi]] telah tersedia. Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki [[phab:T376297|dapat dihubungi]] jika ada pertanyaan. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Nawala Language and Internationalization newsletter]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Hal ini mencakup: Pembaruan tentang menu "Berkontribusi"; keterangan mengenai beberapa edisi bahasa terbaru dari Wikipedia; keterangan mengenai bahasa-bahasa baru yang didukung oleh antarmuka MediaWiki; pembaruan mengenai fitur daftar yang ditentukan oleh komunitas; dan lain-lain. * [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Nawala Chart Project]] terbaru telah terbit. Pembaruan ini berisi pembaruan mengenai perkembangan menuju visibilitas yang lebih baik dalam penggunaan grafik secara global dan dukungan untuk mengelompokkan halaman dalam ruang nama Data di Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Pébruari 2025 00.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Komunitas yang menggunakan perkakas Growth kini dapat menampilkan satu aktivitas di <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> bagi pengguna baru. Fitur ini akan membantu para pengguna baru untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai aktivitas penyuntingan yang dapat mereka ikuti. Para pengurus dapat membuat sebuah acara baru untuk ditayangkan di <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. Untuk memahami lebih lanjut mengenai fitur ini, silakan baca [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|artikel Diff]], lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|dokumentasinya]], atau hubungi [[mw:Talk:Growth|tim Growth]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Penyempurnaan halaman pembicaraan yang disorot]] * Mulai pekan depan, halaman pembicaraan di wiki ini – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/id}} – akan menggunakan [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|desain baru]]. Pembaruan ini telah melalui uji coba secara menyeluruh dalam versi Beta dan merupakan tahap terakhir dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|perbaikan halaman pembicaraan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * Kini Anda dapat melakukan navigasi untuk melihat halaman pengalihan langsung dari halaman tindakannya, misalnya halaman riwayat. Sebelumnya, Anda harus terlebih dahulu pergi ke halaman target pengalihan. Perubahan ini akan membantu para penyunting yang banyak bekerja dengan pengalihan. Terima kasih kepada stjn untuk perbaikan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * Saat ini, ketika sebuah referensi melalui fitur Cite digunakan berkali-kali, wiki menampilkan angka seperti "1.23" atau penanda abjad yang dilokalkan seperti "a b c" di dalam daftar referensi. Sebelumnya, jika terdapat banyak penggunaan ulang sehingga semua penanda alfabet digunakan, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|sebuah pesan galat]] akan ditampilkan. Sebagai bagian dari upaya [[phab:T383036|modernisasi dalam penyesuaian Cite]], pesan kesalahan ini tidak akan ditampilkan lagi dan sebagai gantinya, pranala balik akan kembali menampilkan penanda angka seperti "1.23" setelah semua penanda abjad digunakan. * Entri log bagi setiap perubahan pada grup pengguna penyunting sekarang lebih jelas terlihat dengan memerinci secara tepat apa yang telah berubah, bukan hanya sekadar daftar sebelum dan sesudah. Para penerjemah dapat [[phab:T369466|membantu memutakhirkan versi yang dilokalkan]]. Terima kasih kepada Msz2001 untuk perbaikan ini. * Sebuah penyaring baru telah ditambahkan ke perkakas [[{{#special:Nuke}}]], yang memungkinkan para pengurus untuk menghapus halaman secara massal, sehingga pengguna dapat menyaring halaman dalam berbagai ukuran halaman (dalam bita). Hal ini memungkinkan, misalnya, menghapus halaman dengan ukuran tertentu atau di bawahnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Para pengguna yang bukan pengurus kini dapat memeriksa halaman mana saja yang dapat dihapus dengan menggunakan perkakas [[{{#special:Nuke}}]]. Terima kasih kepada MolecularPilot untuk pengembangan ini dan perbaikan-perbaikan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu pada konfigurasi format berkas video AV1 sudah diperbaiki, sehingga memungkinkan berkas-berkas ini dapat diputar kembali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Parsoid Read Views akan segera diluncurkan ke sebagian besar Wiktionary dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, setelah transisi Wikivoyage ke Parsoid Read Views yang berjalan dengan sukses tahun lalu. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Pengembang perkakas yang berjalan di wiki harus memperhatikan bahwa <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> sudah tidak berlaku lagi. Perkakas yang membutuhkan <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> harus secara eksplisit mendeklarasikan <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> sebagai dependensi ResourceLoader, dan harus bermigrasi ke API <code dir=ltr>URL</code> asli peramban dalam waktu dekat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Pébruari 2025 21.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus kini dapat menyesuaikan sendiri cara [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|fitur Babel]] membuat kategori dengan menggunakan [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. Mereka dapat mengubah nama kategori bahasa, memilih apakah kategori tersebut akan dibuat secara otomatis, dan menyesuaikan pengaturan lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * Portal <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> telah dimutakhirkan—dan mendapat beberapa perbaikan yang sedang berjalan—guna memodernisasi dan meningkatkan aksesibilitas halaman-halaman portal kami. Saat ini, portal telah mendukung tata letak yang lebih baik bagi perangkat seluler, kata-kata dan pranala yang telah diperbaharui, dan dukungan bahasa yang lebih baik. Selain itu, semua portal proyek Wikimedia, seperti <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, kini telah mendukung mode gelap ketika pembaca menggunakan pengaturan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q33965|bahasa Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang membuat pengguna tidak dapat mengeklik hasil pencarian di antarmuka web telah diperbaiki pada beberapa konfigurasi Firefox di ponsel Android. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa selanjutnya akan diselenggarakan pada 28 Februari pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14.00 UTC]. Pertemuan kali ini akan membahas: hal-hal penting dan perkembangan teknis mengenai papan ketik dan alat bantu untuk bahasa-bahasa Sámi, kontribusi Translatewiki.net dari komunitas bahasa Lampung di Indonesia, dan tanya-jawab teknis. Jika Anda ingin bergabung, silakan [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|mendaftar di halaman wiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 25 Pébruari 2025 00.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Semua penyunting yang masuk menggunakan tampilan seluler kini sudah dapat menyunting satu halaman penuh. Pranala "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" dapat diakses dari menu "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" di bilah alat. Sebelumnya, fitur ini hanya tersedia bagi penyunting yang menggunakan pengaturan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|kontribusi seluler tingkat lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Para pengurus antarmuka kini dapat membantu menghapus kode CSS Cite yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi yang mencocokkan "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" dengan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> lokal mereka. Daftar wiki yang memerlukan pembenahan dan kode yang harus dihapus [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css dapat dilihat pada pencarian global] dan [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 contoh ini]. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang cara membantunya di [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|halaman proyek migrasi CSS]]. Penanda catatan kaki Cite ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") sekarang ditampilkan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] sehingga CSS yang sudah tidak digunakan tidak lagi diperlukan. CSS pranala balik ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") akan tetap digunakan untuk saat ini. Pembenahan ini diharapkan tidak akan menyebabkan banyak perubahan yang terlihat oleh pembaca. Bantulah untuk menghapus kode ini sebelum tanggal 20 Maret, jika tidak, tim pengembang akan melakukannya untuk Anda. * Ketika para penyunting menyematkan berkas (contohnya <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) pada halaman yang dilindungi oleh perlindungan beruntun, perangkat lunak tidak lagi membatasi pengeditan pada halaman deskripsi berkas; hanya unggahan berkas baru yang akan dibatasi.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] Kendati demikian, menyisipkan halaman deskripsi berkas (contohnya <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) kini akan menerapkan pembatasan penyuntingan pada halaman tersebut.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * Ketika para penyunting mengembalikan berkas ke versi sebelumnya, pengunggahan tersebut akan memerlukan izin yang sama seperti ketika mengunggah berkas versi baru. Sekarang, perangkat lunak akan memeriksa hak 'reupload' atau 'reupload-own',[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] dan mengikuti perlindungan beruntun.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * Ketika para pengurus menyusun daftar halaman yang akan dihapus dengan fitur Nuke, mereka juga dapat menyusun daftar halaman pembicaraan dan pengalihan terkait untuk dihapus, bersamaan dengan halaman yang dibuat oleh sang target, tanpa harus menghapus halaman-halaman tersebut secara manual. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Pembaruan sebelumnya]] terhadap Single User Login, yang akan mengantisipasi pembatasan peramban terhadap kuki lintas domain dengan memindahkan proses masuk log dan pembuatan akun ke domain pusat, kini akan diluncurkan ke semua pengguna selama bulan Maret dan April. Rencananya, tim ini akan mengaktifkannya kepada semua pembuatan akun baru di wiki [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] pada pekan ini. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|halaman proyek SUL3]] untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut dan linimasa yang telah disesuaikan. * Sejak pekan lalu, terdapat sebuah kekutu yang menampilkan beberapa ikon antarmuka sebagai kotak hitam hingga halaman dimuat sepenuhnya. Masalah ini akan diperbaiki dalam pekan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q2044560|bahasa Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu dalam memuat gambar di peramban Firefox versi lama di ponsel telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Maret 2025 02.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan pengelola kata sandi di beberapa wiki mungkin akan mendapati perubahan di masa mendatang. Metode yang digunakan oleh wiki untuk memberikan informasi kepada pengelola kata sandi tentang penggunaan ulang kata sandi di seluruh domain baru-baru ini telah diubah, sehingga beberapa pengelola kata sandi mungkin menawarkan Anda kredensial masuk yang Anda simpan untuk situs Wikimedia yang berbeda. Sebagian pengelola kata sandi telah lebih dulu melakukan hal ini, dan sekarang sedang melakukannya untuk lebih banyak domain Wikimedia. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|proyek SUL3]] yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki cara kerja penyatuan masuk log agar tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan yang sedang berlangsung pada peramban web yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * Tim Wikipedia Apps mengundang para peminat untuk membantu meningkatkan penggunaan Wikipedia secara luring dalam penggunaan internet yang terbatas. Setelah adanya diskusi di [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|pertemuan ESEAP]] terakhir, tantangan-tantangan utama seperti pencarian, penyuntingan, dan akses luring sedang dijajaki, dengan kelompok-kelompok diskusi yang akan dibentuk untuk membahas topik-topik ini lebih dalam. Kami menerima semua bahasa, dan penerjemah akan tersedia. Mau berbagi pendapat Anda? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Bergabunglah dalam diskusinya]] atau kirim surel ke <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>. * Semua wiki akan berstatus hanya-baca selama beberapa menit pada 19 Maret. Hal ini akan dilakukan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diumumkan di Berita Teknis dan juga akan dikirim ke setiap wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya termasuk: peluncuran modul Community Updates, perombakan terbaru di Community Configuration, dan pengujian usulan di dalam artikel untuk penyunting pemula. * Sebuah API lama yang pernah digunakan di aplikasi Wikipedia Android akan dihapus pada akhir bulan Maret. API lama tersebut tidak akan digunakan lagi, tetapi pengguna aplikasi dengan versi yang lebih dari 6 (enam) bulan pada saat penghapusan (31 Maret 2025) tidak akan lagi memiliki akses ke fitur Saran Suntingan, hingga mereka memperbarui aplikasinya. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|membaca informasi lebih lanjut tentang perubahan ini]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Maret 2025 23.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setiap dua kali setahun, bertepatan dengan ekuinoks, tim Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) Wikimedia Foundation melakukan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|pengalihan pusat data]]. Dalam proses ini, seluruh lalu lintas dialihkan dari peladen utama ke peladen cadangan untuk memastikan keandalan sistem jika terjadi krisis, sehingga selalu ada pusat data yang dapat digunakan. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Dengan perkakas Listen to Wikipedia], Anda dapat mendengar proses pengalihan ini secara langsung. Sebelum dimulai, aliran suntingan terdengar stabil. Saat sistem memasuki mode hanya-baca sejenak, suara akan berhenti selama beberapa menit, kemudian kembali setelah pemindahan selesai. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang proses ini, Anda dapat membaca [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|blog Diff]]. Jika ingin mengikuti pengalihan peladen berikutnya, dengarkan wiki pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 19 Maret pukul 14.00 UTC]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Dasbor perkakas Penerjemahan Konten] yang telah disempurnakan kini tersedia di [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedia]] dan akan [[phab:T387821|segera hadir]] di semua Wikipedia. Dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|dasbor terintegrasi]], pengguna desktop sekarang dapat: mengalihbahasakan bagian baru dari sebuah artikel; menemukan dan mengakses [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits penyaring saran artikel berbasis topik] (awalnya hanya tersedia untuk pengguna perangkat seluler); menemukan dan mengakses penyaring [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|daftar yang ditentukan oleh komunitas]], yang juga dikenal sebagai "Koleksi", dari proyek-proyek dan kampanye wiki. * Wikimedia Commons kini memiliki [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|sistem baru untuk memilih kategori berkas dengan lebih mudah]]. Jika suatu kategori memiliki subkategori, pengguna dapat mengeklik tanda panah untuk membukanya langsung dalam formulir dan memilih subkategori yang sesuai. Nama kategori utama tetap ditampilkan di bagian atas, memungkinkan pengguna untuk kembali kapan saja. Hal ini seharusnya mengurangi jumlah pekerjaan bagi para sukarelawan dalam memperbaiki/membuat kategori baru. Perubahan ini juga tersedia di perangkat seluler. Peningkatan ini adalah bagian dari pengembangan terencana untuk UploadWizard. * Tim Teknologi Komunitas sedang mencari wiki yang bersedia berpartisipasi dalam uji coba fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblock]] dan pembaruan halaman Special:Block yang dirilis pada akhir Maret. Fitur Multiblock memungkinkan pengurus menerapkan beberapa jenis pemblokiran pada satu pengguna secara bersamaan. Jika Anda adalah pengurus atau penatalayan dan tertarik untuk ikut serta dalam uji coba bersama komunitas Anda, silakan tinggalkan pesan di [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Mulai 25 Maret, tim Editing akan menguji fitur baru Pemeriksaan Suntingan: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]], di [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedia]]. Dalam uji coba ini, setengah dari pengguna baru di wiki-wiki tersebut akan melihat semua [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] yang relevan selama sesi penyuntingan mereka, sementara yang lain hanya akan melihat satu. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk menentukan apakah pengguna merasa bingung atau kewalahan ketika diberikan beberapa Pemeriksaan Referensi dalam satu sesi. Selain itu, di wiki ini, tag yang digunakan pada suntingan yang menampilkan Pemeriksaan Referensi akan disederhanakan, memungkinkan beberapa tag muncul dalam satu suntingan. Perubahan pada tag ini akan didokumentasikan [[phab:T373949|di Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Bot pengingat global]], yang berfungsi memberi tahu pengguna tentang berakhirnya hak pengguna sementara mereka, kini mendukung penggunaan nama lokal kelompok hak pengguna dalam judul pesan. Penerjemah dapat meninjau [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|daftar terjemahan dan dokumentasi yang tersedia]] untuk memastikan apakah bahasa mereka perlu diperbarui atau ditambahkan. * Pengaturan gender di [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]], yang menentukan bagaimana perangkat lunak merujuk kepada Anda dalam pesan antarmuka, kini berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dengan menggantikan pengaturan standar lokal. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:26}} {{PLURAL:26|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Misalnya, aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android telah memperbaiki kekutu yang terjadi saat pengguna menjelajah dan mencari dalam beberapa bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Akhir pekan ini, metode pemuatan tampilan Codex akan mengalami perubahan. Meskipun risikonya kecil, perubahan ini dapat menyebabkan kotak pesan antarmuka tidak selaras dengan gaya di beberapa halaman. Konten buatan pengguna, seperti templat, tidak akan terpengaruh, tetapi gawai mungkin terdampak. Jika Anda menemukan masalah, [[phab:T388847|harap laporkan]]. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk tangkapan layar dan panduan perbaikan gawai yang terpengaruh, silakan lihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Maret 2025 23.47 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengundang Anda untuk memberikan umpan balik mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|draf tujuan dan hasil utama yang akan menjadi prioritas Produk dan Teknologi]] pada tahun fiskal mendatang, yang dimulai pada bulan Juli. Tujuan tersebut mencakup area strategis yang luas, sementara hasil utama berfungsi sebagai indikator terukur untuk menilai keberhasilannya. Silakan bagikan masukan Anda di halaman pembicaraan dalam bahasa apa pun, sebaiknya sebelum akhir April. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] akan dirilis ke beberapa wiki (lihat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|rencana penerapan]] untuk keterangan lebih lanjut) pada April 2025, dan tim telah memulai proses melibatkan komunitas di wiki yang telah diidentifikasi. Ekstensi ini menyediakan alat untuk mengorganisasi, mengelola, dan mempromosikan aktivitas kolaboratif (seperti acara, edit-a-thon, dan proyek wiki) di wiki. Ekstensi ini memiliki perkakas untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] (Event Registration), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]] (Collaboration List), dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]] (Invitation Lists). Saat ini, ekstensi ini sudah tersedia di 13 Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol, serta di Wikidata. Pertanyaan atau permintaan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|halaman diskusi ekstensi]] atau di Phabricator (dengan tag <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi>). * Mulai pekan 31 Maret, wiki-wiki akan dapat menetapkan kelompok pengguna mana yang dapat melihat pendaftar privat dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] sebagai bagian dari ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]]. Secara bawaan, penyelenggara acara dan pengurus wiki lokal akan dapat melihat pendaftar privat. Hal ini merupakan perubahan dari perilaku saat ini, di mana hanya penyelenggara acara yang dapat melihat pendaftar privat. Wiki dapat mengubah pengaturan bawaan ini dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|mengajukan permintaan perubahan konfigurasi]] di Phabricator (dengan menambahkan tag <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi>). Peserta acara sebelumnya dapat membatalkan pendaftaran mereka kapan saja. * Para pengurus di wiki dengan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> yang disesuaikan perlu memastikan bahwa bilah sisi mereka mencantumkan {{int:specialpages}} listing. Jika belum, mereka harus menambahkannya menggunakan <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Sementara itu, untuk wiki dengan bilah sisi bawaan, pranala tersebut akan dipindahkan dari kotak perkakas halaman (''page toolbox'') ke menu bilah sisi pada bulan April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * Kulit Minerva (web seluler) kini menggabungkan notifikasi Notifikasi dan Pemberitahuan dalam ikon lonceng ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). Sebelumnya, terdapat kekutu lama, di mana indikator notifikasi baru hanya muncul jika ada Pemberitahuan yang belum dilihat. Masalah ini sekarang telah diperbaiki. Ke depannya, pengguna Minerva akan melihat penghitung di atas ikon lonceng saat terdapat Notifikasi dan/atau Pemberitahuan yang belum dilihat (minimal 1). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * VisualEditor telah memperkenalkan [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|pengait sisi klien baru]] untuk membantu pengembang dalam mengintegrasikan dengan siklus hidup target VisualEditor. Pengait ini akan menggantikan pengait siklus hidup yang sudah ada dengan pendekatan yang lebih konsisten di berbagai platform. Selain itu, pengait baru ini juga mencakup penggunaan VisualEditor di luar pengeditan artikel penuh, memungkinkan gawai berinteraksi dengan para penyunting di DiscussionTools. Tim Editor berencana menghentikan penggunaan dan akhirnya menghapus pengait siklus hidup lama. Oleh karena itu, mereka tertarik untuk mengetahui setiap kasus penggunaan yang belum tercakup dalam pengait baru ini, yang dapat [[phab:T355555|dibagikan dalam tugas terkait]]. * Para pengembang yang menggunakan perpustakaan JavaScript <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> kini dapat mengidentifikasi perkakas yang memanfaatkannya melalui parameter <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code>: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. Jika Anda mengelola sebuah gawai atau skrip pengguna, harap tetapkan agen pengguna karena ini membantu dalam pemeliharaan perpustakaan dan peladen, serta membedakan lalu lintas yang sah dan tidak sah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Maret 2025 22.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Editing sedang mengerjakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]] baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. Tujuan dari pemeriksaan ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi istilah-istilah yang tidak netral ketika seorang pengguna menyunting halaman Wikipedia, sehingga mereka dapat diberitahu bahwa suntingan mereka mungkin perlu diperbaiki sebelum dipublikasikan. Proyek ini masih dalam tahap awal, dan tim sedang mencari masukan dari komunitas. Dalam [[phab:T389445|tugas Phabricator ini]], mereka mengumpulkan kebijakan wiki, templat yang digunakan untuk menandai artikel yang tidak netral, serta istilah-istilah (jargon dan kata kunci) yang ditemukan dalam ringkasan suntingan untuk bahasa-bahasa yang sedang mereka teliti. Anda dapat berpartisipasi dengan menyunting tabel di Phabricator, mengomentari tugas tersebut, atau menghubungi [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] secara langsung. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] kini telah diperbarui di semua wiki untuk mengalihkan proses masuk dan pembuatan akun ke domain pusat. Pembaruan ini memastikan kompatibilitas login pengguna dengan pembatasan peramban terhadap kuki lintas domain, yang sebelumnya menyebabkan beberapa pengguna mengalami kesulitan tetap masuk. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:35}} {{PLURAL:35|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai 31 Maret, Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan merilis secara terbatas spesifikasi OpenAPI yang telah dikembangkan serta pengalaman sandbox berbasis SwaggerUI untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|API REST MediaWiki]]. Mereka mengundang pengembang dari komunitas Wikipedia non-Inggris tertentu (Arab, Jerman, Prancis, Ibrani, Interlingua, Belanda, dan Tionghoa) untuk meninjau dokumentasi dan mencoba bak pasir dalam bahasa pilihan mereka. Selain proyek Wikipedia yang ditargetkan, bak pasir dan spesifikasi OpenAPI juga akan tersedia di [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|halaman khusus REST Sandbox pada wiki uji coba]] bagi pengembang yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama. Selama periode pratinjau ini, Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki mengundang para pengembang untuk [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|memberikan umpan balik mengenai pengalaman mereka]]. Pratinjau akan berlangsung sekitar dua pekan. Lalu, bak pasir dan spesifikasi OpenAPI akan tersedia di semua proyek wiki. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Terkadang, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|perubahan kecil pada satu baris kode]] dapat membawa dampak yang sangat besar. Dalam kasus ini, untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa tahun, seluruh tumpukan yang melayani <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi>—sebuah inang yang didedikasikan untuk wiki dan kebutuhan peta multibahasa—dapat dijalankan dari satu pusat data inti untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa tahun. Skenario ini diuji setiap kali terjadi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|peralihan pusat data]]. Perubahan ini sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa jika salah satu pusat data terdampak bencana, situs tetap dapat beroperasi. Pencapaian ini merupakan [[phab:T216826|hasil kerja keras]] dua pengembang dalam memigrasikan komponen terakhir dari tumpukan peta ke [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]], yang memungkinkan alokasi sumber daya yang lebih efisien dan meningkatkan kapasitas penanganan lalu lintas dalam satu pusat data. Proses migrasi ini melibatkan banyak langkah kompleks, karena perangkat lunak dan pustaka yang digunakannya memerlukan pembaruan besar yang telah lama tertunda. Pekerjaan seperti ini membantu menjadikan infrastruktur Wikimedia lebih tangguh dan berkelanjutan. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2025]] (MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2025) akan diselenggarakan di Sandusky, Amerika Serikat, serta secara daring pada 14–16 Mei 2025. Acara ini akan membahas penggunaan perangkat lunak MediaWiki oleh berbagai perusahaan di berbagai industri serta menginspirasi dan menarik pengguna baru. Pendaftaran peserta dan proposal presentasi kini tersedia di situs web konferensi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 April 2025 00.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai saat ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|para pengurus antarmuka]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|pengurus pengumuman pusat (''centralnotice'')]] secara teknis diwajibkan untuk mengaktifkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua faktor]] sebelum dapat menggunakan hak istimewa mereka. Ke depannya, kebijakan ini dapat diperluas untuk mencakup lebih banyak kelompok dengan hak pengguna tingkat lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tim Design System sedang mempersiapkan peluncuran versi utama berikutnya dari Codex (v2.0.0) pada 29 April. Para penyunting dan pengembang yang menggunakan CSS dari Codex diimbau untuk meninjau [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|dokumentasi ikhtisar versi 2.0]], yang memuat panduan mengenai sejumlah perubahan penting, termasuk <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, dan <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * Hasil [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Survei Kepuasan Pengembang (2025)]] telah dipublikasikan. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada semua peserta atas kontribusinya. Temuan dari survei ini berperan penting dalam membantu Wikimedia Foundation menetapkan arah kerja ke depan dan meninjau capaian yang telah dilakukan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]] akan berlangsung di Istanbul, Turki, pada 2–4 Mei. Batas akhir pendaftaran untuk keikutsertaan langsung adalah 13 April. Calon peserta diimbau untuk memeriksa terlebih dahulu persyaratan [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] atau [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] yang mungkin diperlukan untuk masuk ke Turki sebelum mendaftar. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 April 2025 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Akhir pekan ini, ukuran standar gambar mini akan ditingkatkan dari 220 piksel menjadi 250 piksel. Perubahan ini akan memengaruhi tampilan halaman di seluruh wiki dan telah menjadi permintaan sejumlah komunitas selama bertahun-tahun. Sebelumnya, hal tersebut belum dapat diwujudkan karena keterbatasan teknis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * Gambar mini dari berkas kini disimpan dalam berbagai ukuran. Jika suatu halaman menetapkan ukuran gambar mini yang tidak termasuk dalam daftar ukuran standar (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 250, 330, 500, 960 piksel), MediaWiki akan memilih ukuran gambar mini terbesar yang tersedia, kemudian meminta peramban untuk mengecilkan ukurannya sesuai dengan yang diminta. Dalam kasus seperti ini, tidak akan ada perubahan secara visual, tetapi pengguna mungkin akan memuat gambar dengan ukuran yang sedikit lebih besar. Jika tidak ada preferensi khusus mengenai ukuran gambar mini yang digunakan dalam suatu halaman, disarankan untuk memilih salah satu dari ukuran standar guna menghindari proses pengecilan di sisi peramban. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation tengah mengembangkan sebuah sistem bernama [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] yang akan memungkinkan pelaksanaan uji A/B, membantu melindungi dari serangan kegagalan layanan (DDoS), serta mempermudah pemahaman mengenai jumlah pengunjung situs-situs Wikimedia. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk membangun perangkat yang dapat mendukung pembaca secara lebih efisien dan memudahkan mereka dalam menemukan informasi yang mereka cari. * Untuk meningkatkan keamanan pengguna, sebagian kecil proses masuk log kini akan mengharuskan pemilik akun memasukkan kata sandi sekali pakai yang dikirimkan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|surel ke alamat yang terdaftar di akun mereka]]. Pengguna disarankan untuk [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|memastikan]] bahwa alamat surel pada akun telah diatur dengan benar, telah dikonfirmasi, dan dapat digunakan untuk keperluan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Apakah Anda tertarik untuk mengikuti survei singkat guna meningkatkan alat bantu yang digunakan dalam meninjau atau mengembalikan suntingan di Wiki Anda?" Pertanyaan ini akan [[phab:T389401|ditampilkan di tujuh wiki mulai pekan depan]], pada halaman "Perubahan terbaru" dan "Daftar pantauan". [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Tim Moderator Tools]] ingin memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan peninjauan suntingan baru dalam proyek Wikimedia Anda, serta proses penentuan apakah suntingan tersebut sesuai dengan kebijakan proyek yang berlaku. * Mulai 15 April, grafik lengkap Wikidata tidak akan lagi didukung di <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. Setelah tanggal tersebut, artikel-artikel ilmiah akan tersedia melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, sementara data lainnya yang dihos di Wikidata akan tetap tersedia melalui titik akhir <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari proses pemisahan Wikidata Graph yang telah dijadwalkan dan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|diumumkan pada bulan September 2024]]. Informasi lebih lanjut [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|tersedia di Wikidata]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Nawala Aplikasi Wikimedia]] triwulan terbaru kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini berisi kabar terbaru, eksperimen, serta berbagai peningkatan yang telah diterapkan pada aplikasi Wikipedia versi seluler. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Nawala Komunitas Teknis]] triwulan terbaru kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini mencakup: undangan bagi para pengelola perkakas untuk menghadiri Sesi Umpan Balik Komunitas Toolforge UI pada 15 April, metrik komunitas terbaru, dan artikel blog teknis terkini. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 April 2025 00.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sejak 15 April, [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] telah terintegrasi dengan [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Wikipedia bahasa Dagbani]]. Ini merupakan proyek pertama yang memungkinkan pemanggilan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] untuk diintegrasikan ke dalam artikel. Fungsi adalah proses yang menerima satu atau lebih masukan dan mengubahnya menjadi keluaran tertentu, seperti menjumlahkan dua bilangan, mengonversi mil menjadi meter, menghitung waktu yang telah berlalu sejak suatu peristiwa, atau mengubah bentuk kata sesuai dengan kaidah kasus gramatikal. Dengan Wikifunctions, pengguna dapat melakukan operasi tersebut melalui [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|pemanggilan fungsi global yang stabil]], tanpa bergantung pada templat lokal. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * Jenis galat ''lint'' baru telah dibuat: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|dokumentasi]]). [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Ekstensi Linter]] bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola teks wiki yang perlu atau dapat diperbaiki dalam halaman, serta memberikan panduan mengenai permasalahan pada pola-pola tersebut dan cara memperbaikinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:37}} {{PLURAL:37|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setelah diterbitkan di HuggingFace, kumpulan data "Structured Contents" yang dikembangkan oleh Wikimedia Enterprise kini [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ juga tersedia di Kaggle]. Inisiatif Beta ini berfokus pada upaya membuat data Wikimedia lebih mudah dibaca mesin bagi para pengguna ulang berskala besar. Versi beta ini dirilis di platform yang telah digunakan oleh komunitas kumpulan data terbuka, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh umpan balik guna menyempurnakan produk sebelum dirilis secara lebih luas di masa mendatang. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets proyek Structured Contents] secara keseluruhan, serta mengenai [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ rilis pertama yang dapat digunakan secara bebas]. * Tidak ada versi baru MediaWiki pada minggu ini. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Tim Penyuntingan dan Tim Pembelajaran Mesin mengundang para sukarelawan yang berminat untuk menghadiri pertemuan guna mendiskusikan ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]'', yaitu fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] terbaru yang akan mendeteksi penggunaan bahasa "''peacock''" (berlebihan dalam memuji), "terlalu promosi," atau "tidak netral" saat para penyunting sedang mengetik. Penyunting yang bekerja bersama pengguna baru, membantu memperbaiki tulisan semacam ini, atau memiliki ketertarikan terhadap penggunaan kecerdasan buatan dalam proyek-proyek kita, diharapkan untuk hadir. Pertemuan akan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|diadakan pada 28 April 2025]] pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18.00–19.00 UTC] dan diselenggarakan melalui Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 April 2025 20.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 28 April 2025 15.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Penyelenggara acara yang mengadakan kegiatan kolaboratif di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|beberapa wiki]], termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Jepang, dan Korea, akan mendapatkan akses ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|ekstensi CampaignEvents]] pada pekan ini. Selain itu, para pengurus di Wikipedia yang telah mengaktifkan ekstensi tersebut akan segera diberikan hak sebagai penyelenggara acara secara otomatis. Mereka tidak perlu lagi memberikan hak tersebut kepada diri sendiri secara manual sebelum dapat mengelola acara sebagaimana [[phab:T386861|diminta oleh komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Peluncuran versi utama berikutnya dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], sistem desain untuk Wikimedia, dijadwalkan pada 29 April 2025. Para penyunting teknis akan memperoleh akses ke versi ini pada pekan yang dimulai 5 Mei 2025. Pembaruan ini mencakup sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|perubahan besar]] (''breaking changes'') serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|perubahan visual]] kecil. Petunjuk mengenai penanganan perubahan tersebut telah didokumentasikan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|halaman ini]]. Pengujian prarilis dilaporkan dalam [[phab:T386298|T386298]], sedangkan masalah pascarilis akan dipantau melalui [[phab:T392379|T392379]] dan [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Pengguna [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] akan melihat bahwa tampilan basis data <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, dan <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> [[phab:T390767|kini telah dinyatakan usang]]. Sebagai gantinya, pengguna dapat menggunakan view baru <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> dan <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> yang mencerminkan tabel-tabel baru dalam basis data produksi. Tampilan yang telah usang tersebut akan dihapus sepenuhnya dari Wiki Replicas pada Juni 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Nawala triwulanan terbaru mengenai Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini memuat ringkasan mengenai peningkatan pada [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ perkakas Content Translation Dashboard], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|dukungan untuk bahasa-bahasa baru]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|sorotan dari kampanye Wiki Loves Ramadan]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|hasil dari Language Onboarding Experiment]]—analisis keberagaman topik dalam artikel—serta informasi mengenai pertemuan dan acara komunitas yang akan datang. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 29 April pukul 14.30 UTC]. Edisi kali ini akan berfokus pada tema "Memahami dan Menavigasi Konflik dalam Proyek Wikimedia". [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|Pendaftaran]] untuk mengikuti acara ini sudah dibuka. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]], yang mempertemukan komunitas teknis global untuk berjejaring, bertukar ide, dan mengembangkan proyek-proyek yang sudah ada, akan berlangsung pada 2 hingga 4 Mei 2025 di Istanbul, Turki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 April 2025 19.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan draf pembaruan terbaru untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|rencana tahunan]] mereka pada tahun mendatang (Juli 2025–Juni 2026). Draf ini mencakup [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|ringkasan eksekutif]] (yang juga tersedia di [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), informasi mengenai tiga [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|tujuan]] utama ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastruktur]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Dukungan Sukarelawan]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Efektivitas]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|tren global]], serta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|anggaran]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|model keuangan]]. Masukan dan pertanyaan sangat diharapkan di [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|halaman pembicaraannya]] hingga akhir Mei. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk wiki yang telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|mengaktifkan ekstensi CampaignEvents]], dua peningkatan fitur baru telah dirilis: ** Para pengurus kini dapat menentukan ruang nama mana yang diizinkan untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|dokumentasi tersedia]]). Pengaturan bawaan mengizinkan pendaftaran acara di ruang nama Event, tetapi kini ruang nama lain (seperti ruang nama proyek atau ProyekWiki) juga dapat ditambahkan. Dengan perubahan ini, komunitas seperti ProyekWiki kini dapat menggunakan fitur Pendaftaran Acara dengan lebih mudah untuk kegiatan kolaboratif mereka. ** Para penyunting kini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|mentransklusi]] Collaboration List (Daftar Kolaborasi) ke dalam halaman wiki ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|dokumentasi tersedia]]). Collaboration List adalah daftar otomatis yang menampilkan acara dan ProyekWiki di wiki, yang dapat diakses melalui Special:AllEvents ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|contoh tersedia]]). Sekarang, Collaboration List dapat ditambahkan ke berbagai jenis halaman wiki, seperti: halaman utama wiki, halaman ProyekWiki, halaman afiliasi, halaman acara, atau bahkan halaman pengguna. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengembang yang menggunakan pustaka <code dir=ltr>moment</code> dalam gawai dan skrip pengguna disarankan untuk meninjau kembali kode mereka dan beralih ke alternatif seperti pustaka <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> atau pustaka baru <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code>. Pustaka <code dir=ltr>moment</code> telah dinyatakan usang dan akan mulai menampilkan pesan peringatan di konsol pengembang. Anda dapat melihat pencarian global untuk penggunaan yang masih aktif, serta [[phab:T392532|mengajukan pertanyaan terkait melalui tugas di Phabricator]]. * Para pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel penyimpanan istilah Wikidata (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke klaster basis data yang terpisah. Tabel-tabel ini sedang dipindahkan ke klaster basis data tersendiri. Perkakas yang selama ini mengakses tabel-tabel tersebut melalui replika wiki harus disesuaikan agar dapat terhubung ke klaster yang baru. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Dokumentasi dan pranala terkait telah tersedia]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Nawala terbaru Chart Project]] telah tersedia. Nawala ini berisi kabar terbaru mengenai persiapan untuk memperluas penerapan ke wiki tambahan mulai pekan ini (6 Mei) dan skalanya yang akan meningkat dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, serta eksplorasi mengenai penyaringan dan transformasi data sumber. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Méi 2025 00.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Méi 2025 15.07 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pranala [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Dapatkan URL pendek"]] yang ada di bilah samping kini dilengkapi dengan [[phab:T393309|kode QR]]. Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat memindai atau mengunduh kode tersebut untuk membagikan dan mengakses konten dari situs Wikimedia dengan lebih cepat dan mudah. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation sedang mengembangkan sebuah sistem bernama [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] yang akan memungkinkan [[w:en:A/B testing|pengujian A/B]], membantu melindungi situs dari serangan DDoS, serta mempermudah pemahaman mengenai jumlah pengunjung situs Wikimedia. Tujuan dari sistem ini adalah untuk mendukung pengembangan perkakas bantu yang lebih efisien bagi pembaca, serta mempermudah mereka dalam menemukan informasi yang dicari. Berita Teknis sebelumnya [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|telah membahas topik ini]]. Penerapan sistem ini akan dilakukan secara bertahap. Beberapa pengguna mungkin akan melihat kuki Edge Uniques mulai pekan tanggal 19 Mei. Anda dapat mendiskusikan hal ini di [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|halaman pembicaraan]]. * Mulai 19 Mei 2025, penyelenggara acara di wiki yang telah mengaktifkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents| CampaignEvents]] dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] di ruang nama proyek (misalnya ruang nama Wikipedia, ruang nama Wikidata). Dengan perubahan ini, komunitas tidak lagi memerlukan peran pengurus untuk menggunakan fitur tersebut. Namun, wiki yang tidak menginginkan perubahan ini dapat mengatur ulang ruang nama yang diizinkan melalui halaman [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * Proyek {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} kini telah hadir dalam [[d:Q36720|bahasa Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]), sebuah bahasa yang digunakan terutama di wilayah Tengah Utara Nigeria. Para penutur bahasa Nupe diundang untuk berpartisipasi dan memperkaya [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|Wikipedia baru]] tersebut. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para pengembang kini dapat mengakses Wikipedia dalam bahasa Belanda yang telah diurai sebelumnya, bersama dengan versi bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Spanyol, Italia, dan Portugis, melalui [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (versi beta)]. Konten yang tersedia mencakup ringkasan artikel Wikipedia yang telah diurai, deskripsi, gambar utama, kotak info (''infobox''), bagian-bagian artikel, serta referensi. * Antarmuka REST API <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> tidak lagi digunakan dan akan dihentikan. [[phab:T393557|Penghentian layanan ini dijadwalkan]] pada 7 Juni 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration Dukungan terhadap IPv6] kini diperkenalkan melalui jaringan virtual Cloud yang baru, yang secara signifikan meningkatkan skalabilitas, keamanan, dan kesiapan platform Wikimedia untuk masa depan. Bagi kontributor teknis yang ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut, silakan membaca [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ artikel blog ini] untuk penjelasan mendalam mengenai perjalanan menuju IPv6. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Edisi kedua [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] tahun 2025, sebuah platform virtual bagi Wikimediawan Afrika untuk saling terhubung, akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 15 Mei pukul 17.00 UTC]. Edisi kali ini akan berfokus pada diskusi tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|perencanaan tahunan dan perkembangan Wikimedia]]. * Pertemuan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], sebuah forum virtual bagi para Wikimediawan di kawasan Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara (MENA) untuk saling terhubung, akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 17 Mei pukul 17.00 UTC]. Pendaftaran untuk mengikuti acara ini [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|telah dibuka]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Méi 2025 22.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Join the 6th Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign – 2025 Edition == Dear Wikipedia community, (''Please help translate to your language'') We invite your community to participate in the 6th edition of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign]], a global campaign taking place from July 1 to August 31, 2025. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable photo from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests ([[:m:Wiki Loves Africa|Wiki Loves Africa]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Earth|Wiki Loves Earth]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments]], etc.) over the years. More than 80 Wikimedia affiliates have participated since the campaign was launched in 2020 and have added images to more than 400,000 Wikipedia articles in over 245 Wikipedia languages. Thanks to the volunteer contributors! We now invite your community to organize and lead the campaign within your community. As a local organizer, you may: *Encourage individual members to take part by adding images to Wikipedia articles. *Host edit-a-thons focused on improving visual content. *Organize training workshops to teach contributors how to correctly integrate images into Wikipedia. These activities will help build local capacity and increase visual content across Wikipedia. Please note that for participants to be eligible to participate in the campaign, they need to have registered an account for at least a year before the official start date of the contest. That is, for the 2025 edition, they must have registered an account on or before July 1, 2025. The account can be from any Wikimedia project wikis. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language Wikipedia. We would be glad for you to [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|sign up directly]] at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. With kind regards, [[User:Reading Beans]] On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Méi 2025 21.53 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:T Cells@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2025/Call_for_participation_letter/Village_pump&oldid=28751075 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan (Editing) Tim Pembelajaran Mesin (Machine Learning) tengah mengembangkan fitur baru yang ditujukan bagi penyunting baru, yaitu ''[[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]''. Fitur ini menggunakan model prediktif berbasis kecerdasan buatan untuk membantu penyunting meningkatkan nada bahasa dalam suntingan mereka agar lebih netral dan sesuai standar ensiklopedia. Kami mengundang sukarelawan untuk meninjau versi awal model bahasa ini yang tersedia dalam lima bahasa: Arab, Spanyol, Portugis, Inggris, dan Jepang. Pengguna dari wiki dengan bahasa-bahasa tersebut yang berminat memberikan masukan [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|dipersilakan mendaftar melalui MediaWiki.org]]. Pendaftaran dibuka hingga 23 Mei, yang juga menandai dimulainya masa uji coba. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai 20 Mei 2025, para [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|pengawas]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|pemeriksa]] diwajibkan mengamankan akun mereka dengan autentikasi dua faktor (2FA) agar tetap dapat menggunakan hak akses tingkat lanjut mereka. Seluruh pengguna dalam kedua kelompok ini yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA telah menerima pemberitahuan sebelumnya. Ke depannya, persyaratan ini mungkin akan diberlakukan pula bagi pengguna lain yang memiliki hak akses tingkat lanjut. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblokir]] (''Multiblocks'') akan mulai diterapkan secara massal pada akhir bulan ini. Seluruh proyek non-Wikipedia, beserta Wikipedia bahasa Katalan, akan mulai mengadopsi fitur ini pada pekan yang dimulai tanggal 26 Mei. Sementara itu, seluruh Wikipedia lainnya akan mengadopsinya pada pekan yang dimulai tanggal 2 Juni. Silakan hubungi [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|tim pengembang]] jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan atau kekhawatiran terkait penerapan ini. Para pengurus dapat mencoba antarmuka pengguna baru di wiki masing-masing dengan membuka halaman [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], dan dapat menguji seluruh fungsi multiblokir secara lengkap [[testwiki:Special:Block|di testwiki]]. Multiblokir memungkinkan pengurus menetapkan beberapa jenis pemblokiran secara bersamaan terhadap satu pengguna. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|halaman bantuan]] yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Pada akhir pekan ini, tampilan halaman [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]]—yang memuat daftar hampir semua halaman istimewa—akan diperbarui dengan desain baru. Pembaruan ini [[phab:T219543|dirancang]] untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna melalui beberapa fitur, termasuk kemampuan untuk mencari berdasarkan nama dan alias halaman istimewa, penyusunan daftar yang dapat diurutkan, penandaan yang lebih jelas untuk halaman istimewa yang terbatas aksesnya, dan tampilan yang lebih ramah untuk perangkat seluler. Versi baru ini sudah [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages dapat dilihat] di Beta Cluster, dan masukan dapat disampaikan melalui tugas yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi Chart]] akan diaktifkan di lebih banyak wiki. Untuk mengetahui jadwal lengkap penerapan ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, silakan lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|linimasa penerapannya]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] akan diterapkan pada tanggal 27 Mei di lima Wiktionary: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], dan [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maladewa]]. Ini merupakan gelombang kedua dari rencana penerapan proyek tersebut. Setelah diterapkan, proyek-proyek ini akan dapat memanggil [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|fungsi-fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] dan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam halaman mereka. Sebuah fungsi adalah mekanisme yang menerima satu atau lebih masukan dan mengubahnya menjadi keluaran yang diinginkan, misalnya menjumlahkan dua angka, mengonversi mil ke meter, menghitung waktu yang telah berlalu sejak suatu peristiwa, atau menurunkan kata ke dalam suatu bentuk gramatikal. Wikifunctions memungkinkan pengguna melakukan hal-hal tersebut melalui pemanggilan sederhana terhadap [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|fungsi global yang stabil]], tanpa perlu membuat templat lokal secara terpisah. * Pada akhir pekan ini, Wikimedia Foundation akan merilis sebuah pusat [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|eksperimen]]. Tujuan dari inisiatif ini adalah untuk menampilkan berbagai eksperimen produk serta mengumpulkan masukan dari para pengguna. Eksperimen-eksperimen ini dirancang untuk membantu gerakan Wikimedia [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|memahami perilaku pengguna baru]], cara mereka berinteraksi dengan internet, serta dampak potensialnya terhadap gerakan Wikimedia. Beberapa contoh eksperimen yang akan ditampilkan meliputi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|video hasil generatif]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|permainan ''Wikipedia speedrun'' di Roblox]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|bot untuk platform Discord]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya terdapat sebuah galat saat membuat akun melalui API. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Gawai dan skrip pengguna yang berinteraksi dengan halaman [[{{#special:Block}}]] mungkin perlu diperbarui agar dapat berfungsi dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|antarmuka pengelolaan blokir]] yang baru. Silakan tinjau [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|panduan pengembang]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan atau mengalami kesulitan menyesuaikan skrip dengan antarmuka baru, mohon sampaikan hal tersebut kepada tim melalui [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Objek <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> memungkinkan Anda memperoleh informasi tentang halaman wiki tertentu menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Lua. Mulai pekan ini, objek tersebut akan dilengkapi dengan atribut baru bernama <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. Atribut ini memudahkan Anda untuk memeriksa apakah sebuah halaman merupakan halaman disambiguasi, tanpa perlu membuat fungsi khusus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para pengembang skrip pengguna kini dapat memanfaatkan perkakas [[toolforge:gitlab-content|''reverse proxy'' baru]] untuk memuat berkas JavaScript dan CSS dari [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] menggunakan <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. Pembuat perkakas ini berharap fitur tersebut akan memfasilitasi alur kerja pengembangan kolaboratif bagi skrip pengguna, termasuk pemeriksaan kode (''linting''), pengujian unit, pembuatan kode otomatis, serta tinjauan kode langsung di <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi>, tanpa perlu langkah salin-tempel terpisah untuk menerbitkan skrip ke wiki Wikimedia guna pengujian integrasi dan penerimaan. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di halaman [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content di Wikitech]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Edisi ke-12 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], forum yang mempertemukan para peneliti untuk mengeksplorasi berbagai sisi proyek Wikimedia, akan diselenggarakan secara virtual pada 21–22 Mei. Pendaftaran bagi para peneliti [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ kini sudah dibuka]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Méi 2025 23.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Diskusi terbuka untuk seluruh komunitas mengenai isu yang sangat sensitif bagi pengembangan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] kini telah dimulai di Meta, yakni mengenai lokasi penyimpanan konten abstrak yang akan dikembangkan melalui fungsi dari Wikifunctions dan data dari Wikidata. Diskusi ini berlangsung hingga 12 Juni di halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], dan setiap pendapat sangat dihargai. Keputusan akan diambil dan diumumkan oleh Wikimedia Foundation setelah masa konsultasi berakhir. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai pekan lalu, di semua wiki selain [[phab:T388604|20 wiki terbesar]], pengguna penyunting visual pada perangkat seluler kini dapat menggunakan sejumlah [[phab:T385851|perkakas tambahan melalui tombol baru]] bertanda <code>+</code> di bilah menu. Perkakas ini mencakup opsi untuk menambahkan referensi, aksara hieroglif, dan blok kode. Fitur ini [[phab:T388605|direncanakan]] akan diterapkan di wiki-wiki lainnya pada bulan Juni. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Fungsi pengurai <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> tidak lagi akan mencatat pranala ke halaman yang menjadi targetnya. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keakuratan halaman [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], yang ke depannya hanya akan menampilkan halaman yang benar-benar menjadi target dari pranala merah. Perubahan ini akan diterapkan secara bertahap seiring diperbaruinya halaman-halaman sumber. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * Pekan ini, tim Moderator Tools akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|sebuah penyaring baru pada fitur Perubahan Terbaru]], dimulai dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia. Penyaring ini dirancang untuk menyoroti suntingan yang berpotensi untuk dibatalkan (''reverted''). Tujuannya adalah untuk membantu para penyunting yang memantau Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengenali suntingan-suntingan yang mungkin bermasalah. Wiki-wiki lainnya akan mendapatkan manfaat dari penyaring ini di masa mendatang. * Saat mengeklik bilah pencarian yang masih kosong, pengguna yang belum masuk log akan melihat saran artikel untuk dibaca lebih lanjut. Fitur ini tersedia di versi desktop dan seluler. Pembaca Wikipedia bahasa Katalan, Ibrani, dan Italia, serta beberapa proyek saudari lainnya, akan mulai menerima pembaruan ini antara 21 Mei hingga pertengahan Juni. Wiki-wiki lainnya akan menyusul kemudian. Tujuan dari fitur ini adalah untuk mendorong pengguna agar lebih banyak membaca konten wiki. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Beberapa pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android kini dapat mencoba fitur baru bagi pembaca, yaitu [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], sebuah permainan trivia harian yang didasarkan pada peristiwa sejarah nyata. Fitur ini dirilis sebagai uji coba A/B dan tersedia bagi 50% pengguna dalam delapan bahasa: Inggris, Prancis, Portugis, Rusia, Spanyol, Arab, Tionghoa, dan Turki. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Ekstensi Newsletter]] yang tersedia di MediaWiki.org memungkinkan pembuatan [[mw:Special:Newsletters|berbagai nawala]] bagi pengguna global. Kini, ekstensi tersebut mendukung penerbitan edisi baru sebagai [[mw:Special:Newsletters|pranala bagian]] (''section link'') pada halaman yang sudah ada sehingga tidak lagi memerlukan halaman terpisah untuk setiap edisi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tampilan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> yang sebelumnya telah dinyatakan usang di [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] akan dihapus pada awal Juni mendatang. Pengguna disarankan untuk beralih menggunakan tampilan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> dan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> yang baru sebagai gantinya. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata dan Proyek Saudari]] (''Wikidata and Sister Projects'') merupakan acara daring yang berlangsung selama beberapa hari dengan fokus pada integrasi Wikidata ke dalam Wikipedia dan proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya. Acara ini akan diselenggarakan mulai 29 Mei hingga 1 Juni. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|Jadwal acara sudah tersedia]] dan [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|pendaftaran]] dapat dilakukan sekarang. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Méi 2025 20.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi Chart]] kini tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Para penyunting dapat menggunakan ekstensi baru ini untuk membuat visualisasi data interaktif, seperti bagan batang, garis, area, dan lingkaran. Fitur ini dirancang untuk menggantikan banyak fungsi dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|ekstensi Graph]] versi lama. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengaturan kutipan otomatis di wiki kini menjadi lebih sederhana melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|pembuat kutipan]] di penyunting visual. Para pengurus wiki dapat menetapkan templat standar dengan menambahkan kunci <code dir=ltr>_default</code> di halaman lokal <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|contoh perubahan]]). Penetapan templat standar ini akan membantu menjaga kompatibilitas konfigurasi yang ada ketika [[phab:T347823|jenis butir baru]] ditambahkan di kemudian hari. Meskipun demikian, templat khusus untuk jenis butir tertentu tetap dapat ditetapkan dan akan diutamakan dibandingkan templat bawaan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan 2 Juni, bot yang menggunakan <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> atau <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> untuk masuk log akan lebih sering mengalami kegagalan. Hal ini merupakan bagian dari penerapan perlindungan yang lebih ketat terhadap upaya masuk yang mencurigakan. Bot yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|kata sandi bot]] (''bot password'') atau metode otentikasi tanpa proses masuk log seperti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] tidak akan terdampak. Jika bot Anda masih menggunakan metode lama tanpa kata sandi bot, sebaiknya segera diperbarui. Penggunaan <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> tanpa kata sandi bot telah tidak disarankan sejak [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|tahun 2016]]. Bagi sebagian besar bot, pembaruan ini cukup dengan mengganti kata sandi yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * Mulai pekan ini, wiki Wikimedia akan mendukung fitur JavaScript ES2017 untuk kode resmi, gawai, dan skrip pengguna. Salah satu fitur paling mencolok dari ES2017 adalah sintaks <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> yang memungkinkan penulisan kode menjadi lebih mudah dibaca. Sebelumnya, platform ini hanya mendukung hingga ES2016, dan beberapa bulan sebelumnya terbatas pada ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pendaftaran beasiswa untuk mengikuti [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|Konferensi GLAM Wiki 2025]] kini telah dibuka. Konferensi ini akan diselenggarakan pada 30 Oktober hingga 1 November di Lisbon, Portugal. Kontributor GLAM yang tidak memiliki dukungan pendanaan untuk berpartisipasi dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|mengajukan permohonan]] melalui pranala ini. Batas waktu pengajuan beasiswa adalah 7 Juni. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Juni 2025 23.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Tim Trust and Safety]] sedang menyelesaikan pekerjaan terakhir untuk meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] di beberapa Wikipedia besar pada akhir bulan ini. Tim ini telah bekerja sama dengan para pengurus dan pengguna lain yang memiliki hak akses tingkat lanjut untuk memperkirakan serta mengantisipasi berbagai skenario penggunaan yang mungkin terjadi di wiki berukuran besar, agar anggota komunitas tetap dapat memoderasi dan memantau akun sementara secara efektif. Ini merupakan tahap kedua dari tiga tahap peluncuran. Tahap terakhir paling cepat akan dilakukan pada bulan September. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perkembangan terbaru proyek ini, silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|lihat pembaruan ini]]. Jika Anda memiliki komentar atau pertanyaan, silakan tulis di [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|halaman pembicaraannya]], dan [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|ikuti acara CEE Catch Up]] pada hari Selasa ini. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|kedaluwarsa daftar pantauan]] memungkinkan penyunting memantau halaman untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Setelah waktu tersebut berakhir, halaman akan otomatis dihapus dari daftar pantauan. Mulai pekan ini, Anda dapat mengatur preferensi untuk menentukan jangka waktu bawaan dalam memantau halaman. [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|Preferensi]] ini juga memungkinkan Anda menetapkan durasi pantauan yang berbeda untuk penyuntingan halaman yang sudah ada, halaman yang Anda buat, serta saat menggunakan fitur pembatalan suntingan (''rollback''). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Berikut ini adalah tangkapan layar dari peningkatan visual yang diterapkan di halaman pembicaraan|Berikut adalah contoh halaman pembicaraan dengan desain baru dalam bahasa Prancis]] * Tampilan halaman pembicaraan akan mengalami perubahan di hampir semua Wikipedia ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|beberapa]] di antaranya sudah menerima pembaruan desain ini, sementara [[phab:T379264|sebagian lainnya]] akan mendapatkannya dalam waktu dekat). Anda dapat membaca rincian mengenai perubahan ini [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|di Diff]]. Jika Anda tidak ingin menggunakan tampilan baru ini, Anda dapat menonaktifkannya melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|preferensi pengguna]] dengan mematikan opsi "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan tertentu, seperti pengurus, birokrat, pemeriksa, pengawas, dan penatalayan, [[phab:T358853|sekarang dapat secara otomatis melihat]] alamat IP dari seluruh akun sementara selama jangka waktu tertentu. Fitur ini dirancang untuk membantu penanganan vandalisme yang dilakukan dengan cara berpindah-pindah akun secara cepat, dan disediakan berdasarkan permintaan dari para penatalayan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * Pekan ini, Tim Perkakas Moderator dan Pembelajaran Mesin akan melanjutkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|peluncuran penyaring baru di halaman Perubahan Terbaru]], dengan merilisnya ke beberapa Wikipedia lainnya. Penyaring ini menggunakan model Revert Risk yang dikembangkan oleh Tim Riset untuk menyoroti suntingan yang berpotensi dibatalkan, sehingga membantu para pematroli Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengidentifikasi kontribusi yang mungkin bermasalah. Fitur ini akan diluncurkan di Wikipedia berikut: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}. Peluncuran ini akan terus berlanjut dalam beberapa minggu mendatang hingga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|seluruh Wikipedia yang termasuk dalam proyek ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting AbuseFilter yang aktif di Meta-Wiki dan Wikipedia berukuran besar dimohon untuk memperbarui AbuseFilter agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. Pranala ke petunjuk serta daftar tertutup penyaring yang perlu diperiksa [[phab:T369611|tersedia di Phabricator]]. * Modul Lua kini dapat mengakses nama keluku (''thumbnail'') yang berkaitan dengan suatu halaman, dan di [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 beberapa wiki] juga dapat mengakses informasi penilaian ProyekWiki. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat dua atribut baru pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|objek mw.title]], yaitu <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> dan <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Juni 2025 01.16 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Anda diundang untuk [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en mencalonkan perkakas favorit] dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren]] edisi keenam. Proses pencalonan bersifat anonim dan berlangsung hingga 25 Juni. Satu survei dapat digunakan beberapa kali untuk mengajukan lebih dari satu perkakas. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Staf Wikimedia Foundation dan sukarelawan teknis menggunakan API Wikimedia untuk membangun berbagai perkakas, aplikasi, fitur, dan integrasi yang meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna. Dalam beberapa tahun ke depan, tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan berfokus pada pengembangan API web (HTTP) Wikimedia guna mendukung kebutuhan sukarelawan teknis sekaligus melindungi infrastruktur Wikimedia dari potensi penyalahgunaan. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai rencana pengembangan API ini dapat [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ dibaca dalam tulisan di Techblog]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Juni 2025 23.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pekan ini, Tim Moderator Tools dan Tim Pembelajaran Mesin akan melanjutkan peluncuran [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|penyaring baru di halaman Perubahan Terbaru]], dengan merilisnya ke kelompok Wikipedia ketiga sekaligus terakhir. Penyaring ini menggunakan model ''Revert Risk'' yang dikembangkan oleh Tim Riset untuk menandai suntingan yang kemungkinan besar akan dikembalikan, sehingga membantu para pematroli Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengenali kontribusi yang berpotensi bermasalah. Fitur ini akan diluncurkan di {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/id}}. Peluncuran akan terus berlanjut dalam beberapa pekan mendatang untuk mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|seluruh Wikipedia yang termasuk dalam proyek ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] mulai diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Ceko, Korea, dan Turki. Minggu ini dan minggu depan, penerapan akan dilanjutkan ke Wikipedia dengan jumlah pengguna yang lebih besar. Silakan [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|bagikan pendapat Anda]] mengenai proyek ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Akhir pekan ini, Tim Penyuntingan (Editing) akan meluncurkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] ke seluruh Wikipedia (kecuali Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). Fitur ini menampilkan beberapa [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|pemeriksaan referensi]] saat pengguna menyunting, dengan tujuan mendorong mereka untuk menambahkan sumber ketika menambahkan beberapa paragraf baru dalam sebuah artikel. Sebelumnya, fitur ini diuji coba dalam uji A/B. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results Hasilnya menunjukkan] bahwa pengguna yang melihat beberapa pemeriksaan cenderung 1,3 kali lebih mungkin menambahkan referensi dalam suntingannya, dan suntingan mereka lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk dikembalikan (berkurang 34,7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * Beberapa nama halaman perlu diubah karena adanya pembaruan perangkat lunak dan penyesuaian dengan standar Unicode terbaru. Semua perubahan ini berkaitan dengan penulisan huruf kapital pada judul. Sekitar 71 halaman dan 3 berkas akan diubah namanya di 15 wiki; daftar lengkapnya tercantum dalam [[phab:T396903|tugas terkait]]. Para pengembang akan mengganti nama halaman-halaman tersebut pekan depan, dan beberapa menit setelahnya akan memperbaiki pengalihan serta pranala berkas yang tertanam melalui pembaruan pengaturan sistem. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu telah diperbaiki yang sebelumnya menyebabkan halaman menggulir ke atas saat teks di dekat bagian atas dipilih. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting kini dapat menggunakan modul Lua untuk menyaring dan mengolah data tabel agar dapat digunakan bersama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi:Chart]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan berbagai hal, seperti memilih sebagian baris atau kolom dari data sumber, mengubah satuan, melakukan pengolahan statistik, dan berbagai bentuk pengolahan data lainnya. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Informasi tentang cara menggunakan fitur ini tersedia]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * Variabel <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> dalam [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] kini diganti namanya menjadi <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> agar konsisten dengan variabel lainnya. Penggunaan nama lama masih tetap akan berfungsi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Isi pembaruan ini meliputi: peningkatan terbaru pada tugas "Tambahkan Pranala", dua fitur baru untuk mendukung keterlibatan pengguna baru, dan pembaruan pada pengaturan Konfigurasi Komunitas. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juni 2025 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] kini telah tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia. Ekstensi ini dirancang untuk mempermudah penyelenggaraan dan keikutsertaan dalam berbagai kegiatan kolaboratif, seperti menyunting bareng (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki, langsung di wiki. Ekstensi ini menawarkan tiga fitur utama: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]], dan [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]]. Untuk mengajukan permintaan aktivasi ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|halaman informasi penyebaran]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pemelihara AbuseFilter kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|data reputasi IP]] dalam penyaringan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]. Data reputasi IP merupakan informasi mengenai proksi dan VPN yang terkait dengan alamat IP pengguna. Data ini tidak ditampilkan secara publik dan tidak dihasilkan untuk tindakan yang dilakukan oleh akun yang telah terdaftar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Konten tersembunyi dalam bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|halaman Wikipedia yang dapat dilipat]] (''collapsible'') sekarang akan terlihat ketika seseorang menggunakan fitur "Temukan di halaman" (Ctrl+F atau ⌘F) di peramban web yang mendukung fitur ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Templat Favorit]] (''Favourite Templates'') akan diluncurkan akhir pekan ini di semua proyek (kecuali Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, yang akan menerima fitur ini minggu depan), setelah melalui tahap uji coba di Wikipedia bahasa Polandia dan Arab, serta Wikisource bahasa Italia dan Inggris. Fitur ini mempermudah kontributor baru maupun berpengalaman dalam menemukan dan menggunakan templat melalui dialog templat, dengan memungkinkan pengguna menyimpan templat ke dalam "daftar favorit" khusus. Fitur ini dapat digunakan baik di penyunting visual maupun penyunting teks wiki. Fitur ini merupakan bagian dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|fokus harapan komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah kekutu telah diperbaiki yang sebelumnya menyebabkan beberapa Notifikasi terkirim lebih dari satu kali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Juni 2025 23.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Akun sementara]] telah diterapkan di 18 Wikipedia berukuran besar dan menengah, termasuk Wikipedia dalam bahasa Jerman, Jepang, Prancis, dan Tionghoa. Saat ini, sekitar sepertiga dari seluruh aktivitas pengguna yang tidak masuk log di berbagai wiki berasal dari akun sementara. Para pengguna yang terlibat dalam kegiatan patroli mungkin tertarik untuk melihat dua halaman dokumentasi baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Akses ke Alamat IP]], yang menjelaskan segala hal mengenai akses ke alamat IP akun sementara, serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repositori]], yang memuat daftar gawai dan skrip pengguna terbaru. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Siapa pun dapat mencoba permainan eksperimental baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], yang memungkinkan Anda menjelajahi Wikipedia dengan berpindah dari satu artikel ke artikel lain melalui klik, dengan tujuan mencapai halaman tertentu dalam langkah dan waktu sesingkat mungkin. Proyek ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi cara-cara baru dalam melibatkan pembaca. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Cobalah permainan ini] dan sampaikan pendapat Anda kepada tim melalui [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|halaman pembicaraan]]. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di Android dalam beberapa bahasa kini dapat memainkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|permainan trivia]] baru bernama '''Apa yang lebih dulu?''' (''Which came first?''). Ini adalah permainan sejarah sederhana di mana Anda menebak peristiwa mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu pada tanggal hari ini. Sebelumnya, permainan ini tersedia dalam bentuk uji coba A/B, dan sekarang telah tersedia untuk semua pengguna dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugis, Rusia, Arab, Turki, dan Tionghoa. Fitur ini bertujuan untuk menarik minat generasi pembaca yang lebih baru. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS dalam beberapa bahasa mungkin akan melihat fitur penjelajahan dengan tab yang baru, yang memungkinkan membuka beberapa tab saat membaca. Fitur ini mempermudah menjelajahi topik-topik terkait dan berpindah antarartikel. Uji coba A/B fitur ini saat ini sedang berlangsung dalam bahasa Arab, Inggris, dan Jepang di wilayah tertentu. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|halaman proyek Penjelajahan dengan Tab]]. * Birokrat di wiki Wikimedia kini dapat menggunakan halaman [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] untuk memeriksa apakah seorang pengguna telah mengaktifkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua faktor]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur baru [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Pencarian dan Penelusuran Templat]] akan diterapkan di semua proyek Wikimedia pada akhir pekan ini: sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|penjelajah kategori templat]] akan diperkenalkan untuk membantu pengguna menemukan templat yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam daftar "favorit" mereka. Penjelajah ini memungkinkan pengguna menelusuri daftar templat yang telah dikelompokkan dalam struktur kategori tertentu. Fitur ini merupakan permintaan dari komunitas melalui program [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|Harapan Komunitas]]. * Sekarang pengguna dapat mengakses preferensi daftar pantauan langsung dari halaman daftar pantauan. Selain itu, tombol yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk menyunting daftar pantauan dan dianggap tidak lagi diperlukan telah dihapus. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]], kini tersedia sistem Notifikasi bawaan terpadu yang mempermudah pengembang dalam mengirim, mengelola, dan menyesuaikan notifikasi. Silakan lihat dokumentasi terbaru di halaman [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], informasi tentang proses migrasi di tiket [[phab:T388663|T388663]], dan informasi tentang kait (''hooks'') yang tidak lagi digunakan di tiket [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], konferensi yang didedikasikan untuk Wikidata, kini telah dibuka untuk [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp pengajuan sesi] dan [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|pendaftaran peserta]]. Acara tahun ini akan diselenggarakan secara daring pada 31 Oktober – 2 November, dengan tema "Menghubungkan Orang melalui Data Terbuka Tertaut". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 8 Juli 2025 00.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 14 Juli 2025 12.46 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Templat pilihan]], sebuah fitur baru yang berkaitan dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Pencarian dan Penelusuran Templat]], akan diluncurkan pada pekan ini ke semua proyek Wikimedia. Dengan fitur ini, para penyunting dapat dengan mudah mengakses daftar templat yang kemungkinan besar berguna. Daftar ini akan ditampilkan di bawah tab "pilihan" pada antarmuka pencarian templat. Para pengurus dapat menentukan isi daftar ini melalui antarmuka Konfigurasi Komunitas. Fitur ini merupakan permintaan dari komunitas yang diajukan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|melalui Harapan Komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, permintaan untuk menambahkan huruf Malayalam pada perkakas [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export]] telah dipenuhi, dan sekarang huruf-huruf Malayalam pada buku hasil ekspor dari Wikisource sudah ditampilkan dengan benar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Para pengembang, desainer, dan seluruh kontributor Wikimedia diundang untuk [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ mengajukan ide proyek] untuk Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Baca artikel [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ di blog Diff] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pendaftaran beasiswa dan pengajuan program untuk [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] dibuka hingga 20 Juli pukul 23.59 GMT. WikiIndaba adalah konferensi regional bagi para kontributor Wikimedia dari Afrika, baik yang berada di benua Afrika maupun diaspora, untuk saling terhubung dan berkembang bersama. Segera [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform ajukan permohonan beasiswa] dan [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH usulan program] Anda. * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] akan diselenggarakan pada 19–20 Juli di Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Anggota komunitas Wikimedia di Brasil diimbau untuk mendaftar dan berpartisipasi dalam acara ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Juli 2025 20.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur Saran Terjemahan (''Translation Suggestions'') pada perkakas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Penerjemahan Konten]] kini memiliki tingkatan penyaring artikel tambahan dalam kategori "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... Lainnya]". Para penerjemah yang menggunakan fitur ini sekarang dapat memilih dan menerima saran artikel yang disesuaikan dengan wilayah yang mereka minati melalui penyaring "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" yang baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Para pengurus kini dapat membatasi fitur "Tambahkan Pranala" hanya untuk pengguna baru. Tugas Terstruktur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Tambahkan Pranala"]] dirancang untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|membantu pengguna akun baru untuk mulai menyunting]], tetapi beberapa komunitas meminta agar fitur ini dibatasi hanya untuk sasaran awalnya, yaitu pengguna baru. Pengurus dapat mengatur pembatasan ini melalui fitur [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Konfigurasi Komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Bagi penyunting AbuseFilter di [[phab:T392144|beberapa wiki]], kini dimungkinkan untuk memilih suntingan berdasarkan skor RevertRisk dari suntingan yang sedang dicoba. Skor ini hanya tersedia jika tindakan yang dievaluasi adalah sebuah suntingan. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan lihat dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|variabel-variabel ORES/AbuseFilter]]. * Wiki di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Kluster Beta]] (''Beta Cluster'') [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|telah dipindahkan]] dari <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> ke <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Pengguna mungkin perlu memperbarui URL di perkakas yang sedang digunakan atau di pengelola kata sandi mereka. Jika ada masalah mengenai hal ini, silakan [[phab:T289318|laporkan melalui tugas yang tersedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] akan diselenggarakan pada 29–31 Agustus, secara daring dan luring di Bern, Swiss. Tujuan acara ini adalah untuk mempererat kembali hubungan antara komunitas, lembaga, dan individu yang bekerja dengan rujukan terbuka, data kepustakaan, serta ekosistem Wikidata/Wikibase. Pendaftaran sudah dibuka, dan pengumuman pengajuan proposal akan segera diumumkan. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Juli 2025 23.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Dalam beberapa bulan ke depan, Tim Teknologi Komunitas (''Community Tech'') akan memusatkan perhatian mereka pada permintaan fitur yang berkaitan dengan Daftar Pantauan dan halaman Perubahan Terbaru. Mereka mengundang masukan dari komunitas. Silakan baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|kabar terbaru]], dan jika Anda memiliki ide, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|ajukanlah permintaan fitur]] yang sesuai dengan topik tersebut. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Komunitas Wikimedia Commons telah memutuskan untuk memblokir [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|unggahan lintas wiki]] ke Wikimedia Commons bagi semua pengguna yang belum memiliki hak terkonfirmasi otomatis di wiki tersebut mulai 16 Agustus. Keputusan ini diambil karena adanya [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|banyak masalah]] yang berhubungan dengan berkas yang diunggah oleh pengguna baru. Pengguna yang terdampak akan menerima pesan galat disertai pranala menuju UploadWizard di Commons yang memiliki pembatasan lebih ringan. Mohon bantu menerjemahkan [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|pesan tersebut]] atau berikan masukan mengenai isi pesannya. Jangan lupa untuk memperbarui halaman bantuan di wiki Anda agar menjelaskan pembatasan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * Di sejumlah wiki yang telah mengaktifkan akun sementara dan di Meta-Wiki, para pengurus kini dapat menambahkan catatan kaki pada halaman Special:Contributions untuk akun sementara. Fungsinya mirip dengan catatan kaki yang dapat ditampilkan pada halaman kontribusi alamat IP maupun akun pengguna. Pengurus dapat menambahkan catatan kaki tersebut dengan membuat halaman bernama <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 6–9 Agustus. [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ Program acara sudah diumumkan] sehingga Anda dapat merencanakan sesi mana yang ingin ditonton. Sebagian besar sesi akan disiarkan secara langsung, kecuali yang ditandai dengan ikon "tanpa kamera". Jika Anda ingin bergabung secara daring untuk menonton siaran langsung dan menggunakan fitur interaktif, silakan [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|mendaftar]] untuk mendapatkan tiket virtual gratis. Beberapa sesi teknis yang mungkin menarik bagi Anda, antara lain: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Akun Sementara: Meningkatkan Privasi bagi Penyunting Tak Terdaftar] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Membangun Masa Depan yang Berkelanjutan bagi Kontributor Wikimedia] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ Selusin Gagasan tentang Wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Koordinasi Antarpemangku Kepentingan bersama Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Gugur 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 28–30 Oktober 2025 di Hannover, Jerman. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Anda dapat mengajukan sesi dan mendaftar untuk berpartisipasi dalam acara ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juli 2025 00.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting kini dapat mengaktifkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|Kartu Info Pengguna]] (''User Info Card''). Fitur ini menambahkan sebuah ikon di samping nama pengguna dalam halaman riwayat dan halaman log kontribusi pengguna. Ketika ikon tersebut diklik atau diketuk, informasi tentang akun tersebut akan ditampilkan, seperti jumlah suntingan, jumlah suntingan yang dibatalkan, pemblokiran, dan lainnya. Fitur ini merupakan bagian dari proyek yang lebih luas untuk memudahkan para moderator menilai tingkat kepercayaan suatu akun. Fitur ini dapat diaktifkan melalui [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferensi global Anda]], dan akan tersedia di preferensi lokal dalam beberapa hari ke depan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Silakan sampaikan komentar Anda mengenai proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Kontribusi Kolaboratif]] (''Collaborative Contributions'') yang baru diluncurkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|tim Connection]]. Proyek ini bertujuan menghadirkan cara baru untuk menampilkan dampak dari kegiatan penyuntingan bersama, seperti menyunting bersama (''edit-a-thon''), penyelesaian timbunan tugas, dan ProyekWiki di wiki. Komentar Anda dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|halaman pembicaraan proyeknya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Para pengurus kini dapat menetapkan jangka waktu pemblokiran standar untuk akun sementara. Untuk melakukannya, halaman bernama <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu dan mengisinya dengan salah satu nilai yang tersedia di <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. Pengaturan ini memungkinkan pengurus memblokir akun sementara selama 90 hari dengan mudah, yang secara fungsional setara dengan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu. Keuntungan dari pendekatan ini adalah daftar pemblokiran di Special:BlockList tidak menjadi penuh. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|Dokumentasi lebih lanjut]] telah tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sekarang gawai dapat menggunakan berkas <code dir=ltr>.vue</code>, yang mempermudah pengembangan antarmuka modern dengan [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]]. Ini sangat membantu terutama bagi yang ingin memanfaatkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], yaitu sistem desain resmi Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Ikon Codex]] juga bisa dimuat langsung melalui definisi gawainya. Untuk skrip pengguna yang menggunakan Vue.js, tersedia [[mw:API:CodexIcons|modul API]] baru untuk memuat ikon Codex. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|Dokumentasi]] lengkap beserta contoh penggunaan dapat ditemukan di halaman yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Pengembang modul kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|antarmuka Lua]] untuk mempermudah penyiapan modul Lua agar dapat diterjemahkan di Meta-Wiki. Pembaruan ini memudahkan penerjemah dalam menemukan dan mengedit teks dalam modul tanpa harus berurusan langsung dengan kode Lua mentah, serta membantu mencegah kesalahan yang dapat merusak modul saat diterjemahkan. Pengembang modul dan penerjemah diundang untuk [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|menonton video peraga]], membaca informasi lebih lanjut tentang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|modul yang dapat diterjemahkan]], melihat contoh penggunaan di [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] di Meta-Wiki, dan [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|memberikan masukan]] apakah fitur ini membantu mengatasi tantangan dalam alur kerja mereka. Namun, antarmuka ini masih memiliki beberapa masalah kinerja sehingga belum disarankan untuk digunakan pada modul-modul yang dipakai secara luas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Mulai Agustus, [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan ''user-agent'']] akan diterapkan lebih ketat karena adanya perayap (''crawler'') eksternal yang [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|membebani]] sumber daya Wikimedia secara berlebihan. Para pengembang perkakas eksternal yang mengakses halaman Wikimedia wajib menetapkan ''user-agent'' yang sesuai dengan kebijakan tersebut. Perkakas yang dijalankan di Toolforge atau Cloud VPS Wikimedia untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak, tetapi tetap dianjurkan untuk mengatur ''user-agent'' yang benar. [[phab:T400119|Informasi teknis lebih lanjut telah tersedia]], dan pertanyaan-pertanyaan dapat diajukan melalui tugas yang bersangkutan. * Parsoid Read Views akan mulai diterapkan di beberapa Wikipedia berukuran kecil dalam beberapa minggu ke depan, menyusul keberhasilan transisi Wikivoyage dan Wiktionary ke Parsoid Read Views. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan kunjungi halaman proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 6–9 Agustus. [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ Program acara sudah diumumkan] sehingga Anda dapat merencanakan sesi mana yang ingin ditonton. Sebagian besar sesi akan disiarkan secara langsung, kecuali yang ditandai dengan ikon "tanpa kamera". Jika Anda ingin bergabung secara daring untuk menonton siaran langsung dan menggunakan fitur interaktif, silakan [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|mendaftar]] untuk mendapatkan tiket virtual gratis. Beberapa sesi teknis yang mungkin menarik bagi Anda, antara lain: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Infrastruktur pengetahuan Wikimedia di tengah perubahan internet: Membangun jalur berkelanjutan untuk penggunaan ulang konten] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions akan segera hadir di wiki Anda!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Membentuk Masa Depan Pengalaman Pembaca Wikipedia] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Membuat Wikipedia Lebih Nyaman Dibaca: Langkah Selanjutnya] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Agustus 2025 03.39 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Bilah perkakas WikiEditor kini akan menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|pintasan papan tik]] pada keterangan (''tooltip'') setiap tombolnya. Hal ini membantu pengguna lebih mudah mengetahui dan menggunakan fitur tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan sejumlah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|usulan percobaan]] yang dapat dilakukan oleh Wikimedia Foundation untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dengan komunitas. Masukan terhadap usulan ini dapat disampaikan hingga 22 Agustus di [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Bilah pencarian pada tampilan Minerva (versi seluler) telah diperbarui untuk menggunakan komponen pencarian dengan saran otomatis yang sama seperti yang digunakan pada tampilan Vector 2022. Tidak ada perubahan pada fungsi pencarian. Namun, terdapat sedikit perubahan tampilan. Secara khusus, tombol untuk menutup pencarian kini berubah dari ikon "X" menjadi panah kembali. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk membedakan tombol tersebut dari ikon "X" lainnya yang digunakan untuk menghapus teks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Para penyunting di beberapa wiki akan melihat tombol baru untuk mengaktifkan opsi "Kelompokkan hasil berdasarkan halaman" di halaman daftar pantauan, perubahan terkait, dan perubahan terbaru. Ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|uji coba A/B]] yang dijadwalkan mulai pada 11 Agustus dan akan berlangsung selama 3 hingga 6 minggu di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Mandarin, Ceko, Prancis, Yunani, Portugis, dan Urdu. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah membuat fitur ini lebih mudah ditemukan dapat memengaruhi kemampuan penyunting dalam menemukan suntingan yang mereka cari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kumpulan [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|data Unicode]] lintas wiki telah dipindahkan ke [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] di Wikimedia Commons, sesuai dengan gagasan "Satu sumber data bersama untuk berbagai wiki lokal". Sebagian besar wiki telah diperbarui untuk menggunakan versi yang ada di Commons. Jika memiliki pertanyaan, Anda dapat mengajukannya di [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|halaman pembicaraan]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Kode Lua kini dapat menampilkan lebih dari satu peringatan menggunakan fungsi <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code>. Sebelumnya, peringatan baru akan menggantikan peringatan lama, tetapi sekarang beberapa peringatan dapat ditampilkan sekaligus. Jika Anda mengelola modul Lua yang menggunakan peringatan, disarankan untuk memeriksa kembali apakah modul tersebut masih berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Agustus 2025 23.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pada pekan ini, pengguna yang masuk log dan mengaktifkan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Fitur Beta]] "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Perkakas Diskusi]]" akan dapat mengucapkan "Terima kasih" pada komentar tertentu langsung di halaman pembicaraan, tanpa harus membuka riwayat halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Cari tahu lebih lanjut mengenai fitur ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * Uji A/B yang membandingkan dua versi pranala donasi di desktop telah diluncurkan di testwiki pada 12 Agustus dan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 Agustus, untuk 0,1% pengguna yang tidak masuk log di situs desktop. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung selama tiga pekan dan berakhir pada 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * Uji A/A untuk mengukur dasar tingkat keterlibatan pembaca telah diluncurkan pada 12 Agustus menggunakan [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. Percobaan ini mengukur persentase pengguna yang kembali mengunjungi wiki setelah kunjungan pertama mereka dalam kurun waktu 14 hari. Tidak ada perubahan tampilan yang diharapkan. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung hingga 31 Agustus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Lima wiki baru telah dirilis: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/id}} dalam [[d:Q34057|bahasa Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/id}} dalam [[d:Q36213|bahasa Madura]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q3450749|bahasa Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/id}} dalam [[d:Q13324|bahasa Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q7598268|bahasa Amazigh Maroko Standar]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:46}} {{PLURAL:46|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Agustus 2025 00.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para pembuat templat kini dapat menggunakan lebih banyak properti CSS karena pemindai CSS yang digunakan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] telah diperbarui. Contohnya: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>, satuan relatif seperti <code>lh</code>, dan teks yang dapat disesuaikan <code>list-style-type</code>. Perbaikan ini merupakan bagian dari usulan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * Pada wiki berukuran besar, jangka waktu bawaan untuk menampilkan suntingan di halaman Special:RecentChanges kini diubah dari 7 hari menjadi 1 hari. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan tidak akan memengaruhi pengalaman pengguna karena volume suntingan di wiki tersebut sangat tinggi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Para pengurus kini dapat membuka halaman [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] melalui daftar halaman [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]]. Perubahan ini akan memudahkan halaman tersebut untuk ditemukan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Video-video yang ada di Wikimedia Commons sebelumnya tidak muncul pada tab Video di Google Penelusuran. Masalah ini telah diteliti dan dilaporkan kepada Google, dan kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q33014|bahasa Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:39}} {{PLURAL:39|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Dua kolom pada tabel [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|basis data recentchanges]] akan dihapus. Kolom <code>rc_new</code> dan <code>rc_type</code> akan digantikan dengan <code>rc_source</code>. Mulai pekan ini, permintaan yang masih menggunakan kolom lama tersebut akan gagal sehingga pengembang perlu beralih ke <code>rc_source</code>. Kolom lama itu sudah dinyatakan usang lebih dari 10 tahun lalu dan seharusnya tidak lagi digunakan. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan kestabilan permintaan pada tabel recentchanges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Nawala triwulanan Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] kini sudah tersedia. Edisi ini berisi tentang dukungan bahasa baru di MediaWiki dan translatewiki, dimulainya proyek Pengenalan dan Pengembangan Bahasa untuk mendukung pertumbuhan wiki baru dan kecil, kabar terbaru dari berbagai proyek penelitian, serta informasi lainnya. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa]] berikutnya akan berlangsung pada 29 Agustus [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Pertemuan minggu ini akan membahas pengembang papan ketik Avro dari Wikimedia Bangladesh yang baru-baru ini meraih penghargaan nasional atas kontribusi mereka terhadap papan ketik tersebut, dan topik lainnya. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Agustus 2025 00.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') ingin menyusun daftar templat, istilah khusus, dan kebijakan yang biasanya digunakan dalam ringkasan suntingan ketika ada pelanggaran hak cipta yang dihapus. Daftar ini akan membantu mereka mengetahui jumlah suntingan yang dibatalkan karena masalah hak cipta. Kami mengundang anggota komunitas dari wiki berikut untuk mencantumkan istilah-istilah tersebut di [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], atau berbagi daftarnya kepada [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/id}}. Proyek ini berlangsung hingga 9 September 2025. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] kini telah diaktifkan di semua Wikisource. Ekstensi ini akan memudahkan penyelenggaraan dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan kolaborasi, seperti menyunting bersama (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki di proyek-proyek tersebut. Ekstensi ini memiliki tiga fitur utama: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]]. Untuk mengajukan permintaan agar ekstensi ini diaktifkan di wiki Anda, silakan kunjungi halaman Deployment information. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * Daftar yang ada di bagian bawah antarmuka penyuntingan, seperti "Templat yang digunakan di halaman ini", kini akan ditata dalam bentuk kolom jika ruangnya mencukupi. Peningkatan ini membantu mengurangi kebutuhan menggulir layar saat menyunting artikel panjang di Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * Pada 3 September 2025, kami akan menaikkan persentase pengambilan sampel dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|uji coba pengelompokan dengan tombol pilihan]] di halaman <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, dan <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> di Wikipedia bahasa Tionghoa, Prancis, dan Portugis menjadi 100 persen sehingga lebih banyak penyunting dapat ikut serta dalam percobaan ini. Penyesuaian ini bertujuan agar tersedia cukup data untuk membuat keputusan yang lebih tepat saat mengevaluasi hasil percobaan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Mulai pekan 22 September, pengguna yang belum masuk log akan melihat saran artikel saat mengklik bilah pencarian kosong di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Fitur ini tersedia di komputer dan ponsel. Wiki yang menggunakan bahasa selain bahasa Inggris telah menerima perubahan ini pada Juni dan Juli. Tujuan fitur ini adalah membantu pengguna lebih mudah dalam menemukan artikel. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:37}} {{PLURAL:37|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Wikifunctions kini memiliki kemampuan baru bernama "tipe enumerasi ringan". Tipe enumerasi merupakan sekumpulan nilai tetap yang ditentukan dalam definisi sebuah tipe. Fitur ini membuat pembuatan tipe semacam itu menjadi lebih cepat dan sederhana, serta memungkinkan penggunaan kembali nilai yang sudah tersedia di Wikidata. Berikut ini adalah [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|nawala]] untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Nawala Pembaca (''Readers'')]] terbaru kini sudah tersedia. Edisi kali ini mencakup pembentukan dua tim baru: Pertumbuhan Pembaca dan Pengalaman Pembaca; wawasan tentang penurunan jumlah tayangan halaman dan pembuatan akun; sorotan dari panel Wikimania Nairobi mengenai peningkatan pengalaman membaca; rencana percobaan untuk melibatkan pembaca baru maupun lama; dan berbagai informasi lainnya. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Sorotan beberapa sesi di Wikimania 2025: ** Mengenali teks yang dibuat oleh AI dengan mencari ISBN yang gagal dalam pemeriksaan ceksum (''checksum''): Mathias Schindler dari WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s berbagi perkakas untuk membantu komunitas dalam melakukan pencarian ini]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ ''La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs'' (Keberlanjutan gerakan Wikimedia menghadapi tantangan saat ini dan di masa depan)]: Sesi ini membahas bagaimana Wikimedia dapat tetap menjadi sumber pengetahuan yang tepercaya di tengah era AI generatif, banjir informasi, dan disinformasi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 Séptémber 2025 20.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan sedang menyiapkan fitur baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]]. Fitur ini akan memberi peringatan kepada pengguna baru ketika mereka menempelkan teks ke Wikipedia bahwa isi tersebut mungkin tidak bisa diterima. Tujuannya adalah membantu memastikan konten baru yang ditambahkan sesuai dengan komitmen gerakan untuk menyediakan informasi berlisensi bebas. Uji coba fitur ini akan segera dilakukan di beberapa wiki. Jika komunitas Anda ingin ikut serta, silakan [[phab:T403680|sampaikan melalui tugas ini]] atau [[mw:Talk:Edit check|hubungi tim terkait]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dalam pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" dapat memakai [[w:en:Lint (software)|perkakas pemeriksa]] untuk menampilkan kesalahan atau masalah lain dalam teks wiki secara langsung. Silakan kunjungi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|halaman bantuan untuk informasi selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Saat mengakses wiki, misalnya <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>, halaman biasanya muncul dalam dua bentuk: versi desktop atau dialihkan ke versi seluler di domain dengan huruf "m" (seperti <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Dalam tiga pekan ke depan, MediaWiki akan menayangkan versi seluler langsung melalui domain utama tanpa perlu pengalihan. Perubahan ini tidak akan memengaruhi alamat m-dot yang sudah ada atau pilihan untuk tetap menggunakan tampilan desktop. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * Ketika sebuah suntingan mengubah kategori pada sebuah halaman, pembaruan jumlah anggota kategori kini dilakukan secara tidak langsung (asinkron). Cara ini membuat penyimpanan suntingan menjadi lebih cepat, terutama saat banyak halaman dipindahkan ke atau dari kategori yang sama, serta mengurangi risiko gangguan pada situs. Namun, jumlah yang ditampilkan mungkin masih memuat informasi lama selama beberapa menit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Suntingan di Wikidata pada penjelas (atribut dan nilai) maupun referensi (atribut dan nilai) dalam sebuah pernyataan kini tidak lagi muncul di halaman Perubahan Terbaru atau Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain. Perubahan ini hanya sementara untuk memperbaiki kinerja sambil menunggu solusi lain. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tetap tidak berubah. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Wiki-wiki berbahasa Jepang telah mendapatkan peningkatan besar pada cara kerja fitur pencariannya. Pencarian yang baru ini umumnya akan memberikan hasil yang lebih tepat dan lebih relevan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Séptémber 2025 01.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Daftar referensi yang dibuat dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> kini akan otomatis ditampilkan dalam bentuk kolom pada tampilan Vector 2022, jika pembaca menggunakan pengaturan "standar" untuk ukuran teks dan lebar halaman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Mulai pekan 6 Oktober, pada [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|wiki kecil]] dan [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|menengah]] yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|ekstensi CampaignEvents]], semua pengguna dengan status terkonfirmasi otomatis dapat menjadi penyelenggara melalui fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]]. Untuk [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|wiki berukuran besar]], perubahan hanya berlaku jika diajukan melalui Phabricator. Langkah ini bertujuan memudahkan lebih banyak orang memakai Pendaftaran Acara, terutama di wiki yang belum memiliki aturan khusus tentang hak Penyelenggara Acara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Pengguna yang melakukan pencarian dengan ekspresi reguler (regex) kini dapat menggunakan fitur tambahan, antara lain: ** untuk kata kunci <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code>: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metakarakter]] penanda awal baris (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) dan akhir baris (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** untuk kata kunci <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> dan <code dir=ltr>insource:</code>: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|kelas karakter singkat]] untuk angka (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), spasi kosong (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), dan huruf/angka (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|kode untuk pindah baris]] (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), baris baru (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tabulasi (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), dan Unicode (misalnya <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * Saat Anda mencari teks yang menyerupai alamat IP, sistem sekarang akan menampilkan hasil pencarian. Sebelumnya, pencarian tersebut langsung mengarahkan ke kontribusi dari alamat IP tersebut, alih-alih menampilkan hasil pencariannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Semua wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya baca]] selama beberapa menit pada 24 September. Jadwal ini direncanakan pada pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk uji coba cadangan pemindahan peladen pusat data yang berlangsung dua kali dalam setahun. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|membaca latar belakang dan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proses ini di blog Diff]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, ada kekutu perangkat lunak yang membuat masalah saat pengguna memakai tab halaman untuk pindah dari menyunting teks wiki ke penyunting VisualEditor pada sebuah bagian. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang merancang ulang REST API Sandbox Wikimedia dengan Codex. Jika Anda memiliki masukan tentang cara meningkatkan dokumentasi API atau hal-hal yang membuat pengalaman pengembang lebih mudah (atau justru menyulitkan), Anda diundang untuk [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm ikut serta dalam wawancara penjajakan yang akan datang], atau [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|menyampaikan masukan di wiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Penyuntingan alias di Wikidata (nama lain untuk sebuah butir atau properti) kini akan lebih jarang ditampilkan di Perubahan Terbaru dan Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain sehingga mengurangi pemberitahuan yang tidak perlu. Dengan demikian, jumlah entri yang dianggap "berisik" akan berkurang. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tidak mengalami perubahan. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * Versi baru [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] telah dirilis. [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Kumpulan data]] di Wikimedia Commons untuk [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] sudah diperbarui. Wikipedia yang tidak menggunakan kumpulan data dari Commons sebaiknya memperbarui data mereka sendiri atau beralih menggunakan kumpulan data dari Commons. * Pengguna titik akhir [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents kini dapat mengakses [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Tabel Terurai] (''Parsed Tables''). Fitur baru ini mengekstrak dan menyajikan tabel Wikipedia dalam bentuk JSON terstruktur. Hal ini meningkatkan keterbacaan oleh mesin sebagai bagian dari [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ inisiatif Structured Contents]. Hasil dari ''Structured Contents'' tersedia secara gratis melalui [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta API sesuai permintaan], atau melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia. * [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset Sekumpulan data berisi informasi biografi dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris] yang disediakan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] telah diterbitkan di Kaggle untuk keperluan evaluasi dan penelitian. Data terstruktur ini mencakup lebih dari 1,5 juta biografi, termasuk tanggal lahir dan meninggal, riwayat pendidikan, afiliasi, karier, penghargaan, dan lain-lain (berdasarkan cuplikan data bulan Juni 2024). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Pendaftaran beasiswa]] Wikimania 2026 di Paris, Prancis, telah dibuka hingga 31 Oktober. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Séptémber 2025 17.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 Pada 24 September pukul 15.00 UTC], semua pengguna situs Wikimedia akan mengalami jeda singkat, di mana situs hanya dapat dibaca karena adanya [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|pengalihan peladen pusat data]] yang terjadwal. Tim Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) dari Wikimedia Foundation akan mengalihkan seluruh lalu lintas dari peladen utama ke peladen cadangan. Anda dapat mendengarkan proses pengalihan ini melalui perkakas [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"], di mana selama beberapa menit suntingan akan berhenti saat fase hanya-baca, lalu akan kembali berlanjut. Pengalihan pusat data yang dilakukan dua kali setahun ini bertujuan menjaga keandalan dengan menguji pusat data cadangan, sehingga situs tetap dapat diakses meskipun pusat data utama mengalami gangguan. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proses ini dapat [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|dibaca di blog Diff]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting di [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 Wiktionary lainnya]] akan segera dapat memanggil [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|berbagai fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] dan menggunakannya di halaman mereka. Fungsi ini bekerja dengan menerima satu atau beberapa masukan lalu mengubahnya menjadi keluaran yang diinginkan, misalnya menjumlahkan angka, mengonversi mil ke meter, menghitung selisih waktu, atau mengubah kata sesuai bentuk kasusnya. Fitur tersebut merupakan kelanjutan dari [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary bahasa lain]] yang sudah lebih dulu memiliki akses terhadap pemanggilan Wikifunctions secara langsung. Pada akhir tahun ini, akses tersebut juga akan diperluas ke lebih banyak Wiktionary dan ke Incubator. * Sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|fungsi pengurai]] baru telah ditambahkan: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Penyunting templat dan pengurus dapat menggunakannya untuk menampilkan nama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|model konten]] sebuah halaman, baik dalam bentuk yang sudah diterjemahkan maupun dalam nama bakunya. Fungsi ini mempermudah pembuatan dan penyuntingan pesan sistem, seperti ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', bahkan ketika jenis halaman berganti, misalnya antarhalaman wiki, JavaScript, CSS, atau JSON. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Menambah atau menyunting <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> dalam sebuah artikel dengan menggunakan VisualEditor kini tidak lagi bermasalah. Penyunting yang menggunakan mode VisualEditor untuk mengubah <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> tidak akan melihat teks "DISPLAYTITLE" secara langsung, atau padanan katanya dalam bahasa lokal, yang ditambahkan ke artikelnya. Daftar halaman yang kemungkinan terdampak dan mungkin perlu diperbaiki telah didokumentasikan di [[phab:P83438|tiket ini]]. * Pengguna beta aplikasi Wikipedia di Android sekarang bisa mencoba tampilan baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|tab Aktivitas]], yang menggantikan tab Suntingan. Melalui tab ini, pengguna dapat melihat ringkasan pribadi seputar kegiatan membaca, menyunting, dan berdonasi, dengan navigasi yang lebih sederhana dan pengalaman aplikasi yang lebih menyenangkan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:12}} {{PLURAL:12|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Pengguna Wikifunctions kini dapat mengimpor berbagai data penting dari Wikidata, seperti nilai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|koordinat geografis]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|besaran]], dan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|waktu]]. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat penambahan jenis data khusus di Wikifunctions untuk nilai-nilai tersebut, sehingga dapat digunakan oleh fungsi-fungsi di dalam Wikifunctions. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut cara kerjanya, Anda dapat menonton [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|video penjelasan]] serta membaca nawala Wikifunctions [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|1 Agustus]] (tentang besaran) dan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|22 Agustus]] (tentang koordinat geografis). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Séptémber 2025 22.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[phab:|Phabricator]] baru saja mendapatkan pembaruan besar. Versi terbaru ini menghadirkan peningkatan kinerja, tampilan pencarian yang lebih segar, pencarian tugas di Maniphest yang lebih baik, pembaruan pada profil pengguna dan papan kerja proyek, fitur otomatisasi Herald yang diperluas, serta perbaikan umum pada kolom masukan teks, pengalaman di perangkat seluler, dan berbagai peningkatan lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Teknologi Komunitas (''Community Tech'') akan merilis ekstensi baru Community Wishlist pada 1 Oktober, yang akan meningkatkan cara pengajuan usulan. Ekstensi baru ini memungkinkan pengguna menambahkan tag atau penanda pada usulan mereka agar lebih mudah dikategorikan, dan (pada pengembangan berikutnya) dapat disaring berdasarkan status, tag, serta bidang fokus. Pengguna juga akan kembali dapat mendukung usulan tertentu, seperti yang telah banyak diminta komunitas. Sistem lama akan dihentikan. Akan ada jeda singkat saat ekstensi ini dipasang dan usulan dipindahkan ke sistem baru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dibaca pada [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|kabar terbaru]] atau melalui [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|dokumentasi yang tersedia di MediaWiki]]. * Sebagaimana diumumkan di [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|blog Diff]], uji coba layanan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] untuk deteksi bot kini telah dimulai. Dalam uji coba ini, hCaptcha digunakan untuk melindungi proses pembuatan akun di Wikipedia bahasa Tionghoa, Persia, Portugis, Indonesia, Jepang, dan Turki, menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] lama (FancyCaptcha). Uji coba ini bertujuan meningkatkan efektivitas pemblokiran bot sekaligus memberikan pengalaman yang lebih mudah diakses dan ramah bagi pengguna yang harus menyelesaikan tantangan CAPTCHA. * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] telah diterapkan di Wikimedia Commons. Ekstensi ini memudahkan penyelenggaraan dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan kolaboratif, seperti maraton menyunting (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki di berbagai wiki. Di Commons, setiap pengguna terdaftar dapat menggunakannya sebagai peserta acara. Namun, untuk berperan sebagai penyelenggara, seseorang perlu memiliki [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|hak sebagai penyelenggara acara]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], fitur baru untuk menggunakan ulang referensi dengan detail yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. Fitur ini dapat [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|diuji di testwiki]] dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Silakan bagikan pendapat Anda mengenai [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|penggunaan templat dalam subreferensi]] atau [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|bergabung menjadi wiki uji coba]]. * Di wiki yang menggunakan sistem [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]], komunitas kini dapat mengecualikan penyunting berpengalaman dari program Mentorship melalui [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Dalam pengaturan ini, komunitas dapat menentukan batasan berdasarkan jumlah suntingan dan usia akun untuk menetapkan kapan seorang penyunting dianggap cukup berpengalaman sehingga tidak lagi menerima pendampingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * Tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') dan tim Pembelajaran Mesin (''Machine Learning'') sedang mengembangkan pemeriksaan baru untuk penyunting baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Pemeriksa Nada Bahasa]]. Dengan menggunakan model prediksi berbasis kecerdasan buatan, pemeriksaan ini akan mendorong penyunting memperbaiki nada tulisan mereka. Kami mengundang sukarelawan untuk meninjau versi pertama dari model bahasa nada bahasa dalam bahasa-bahasa berikut: Arab, Ceko, Jerman, Ibrani, Indonesia, Belanda, Polandia, Rusia, Turki, Tionghoa, Persia, Italia, Norwegia, Rumania, dan Latvia. Pengguna dari wiki-wiki tersebut yang berminat meninjau model ini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|mendaftar di MediaWiki.org]]. Batas waktu pendaftaran adalah 3 Oktober, yang juga menjadi tanggal dimulainya uji coba. * Penerapan [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|pemblokiran simultan]] (''multiblocks'') menyebabkan efek samping, di mana log pemblokiran yang sudah tidak aktif mungkin muncul di {{#special:Contributions}} serta di halaman pengguna dan halaman diskusi pengguna yang diblokir. Masalah ini diperkirakan akan selesai sepenuhnya dalam beberapa hari ke depan. Sebagai bagian dari perbaikan, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} pesan dengan awalan <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] akan dihapus dan diganti dengan [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} pesan berawalan <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Mohon bantuannya untuk menerjemahkan pesan-pesan baru ini dan memperbarui pengaturan lokal jika diperlukan. * Telah ditemukan kekutu pada pranala yang dibuat menggunakan penyunting visual jika mengandung karakter seperti <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> setelah penunjuk bagian (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). Pranala tersebut tidak dikodekan dengan benar sehingga menghasilkan pranala yang salah. Masalah ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * Sebuah wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/id}} dalam [[d:Q9237|bahasa Melayu]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|Kartu Info Pengguna]] kini menampilkan pemblokiran atau penguncian global yang sedang aktif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada akhir pekan ini, penyunting yang memakai modul Lua akan dapat menggunakan fungsi <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> untuk memeriksa keberadaan hingga 25 halaman sekaligus, tanpa menambah beban [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|fungsi yang memakan sumber daya]] (''expensive function'') lebih dari sekali. * Sebuah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] (''Unsupported Tools Working Group'') baru telah dibentuk sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk menentukan prioritas pekerjaan teknis secara kolektif, mirip dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk & Teknologi]] (PTAC). Kelompok kerja ini akan membantu memprioritaskan dan meninjau permintaan dukungan untuk ekstensi, gawai, bot, dan perkakas yang tidak lagi dipelihara. Pada siklus pertama, kelompok ini akan memprioritaskan sebuah perkakas Wikimedia Commons yang tidak didukung. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Séptémber 2025 20.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Pemeriksa Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') merupakan fitur baru dalam Pemeriksa Suntingan yang membantu mencegah dan menanggulangi pelanggaran hak cipta. Saat penyunting menempelkan teks ke dalam artikel, Pemeriksa Tempel akan meminta mereka untuk mengonfirmasi sumber dan lisensi dari isi tersebut. Mulai Rabu, 8 Oktober, [[phab:T403680|sebanyak 22 wiki akan menguji fitur ini]]. Pemeriksa Tempel akan membantu para sukarelawan baru memahami serta mengikuti kebijakan dan pedoman yang diperlukan untuk memberikan kontribusi yang bermanfaat bagi proyek-proyek Wikipedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Perangkat seluler kini akan menerima artikel versi seluler langsung melalui domain standar (misalnya <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), tanpa pengalihan ke domain "m" (seperti <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Perubahan ini meningkatkan kinerja akses. Pada pekan ini, fitur tersebut akan diaktifkan di seluruh Wikipedia. Alamat URL seluler yang sudah ada dan opsi "Tampilan desktop" tetap tersedia. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|Penyaring tanggal]] baru, yaitu <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> dan <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, kini tersedia di mesin pencari wiki. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna menyaring hasil pencarian berdasarkan tanggal suntingan pertama atau terakhir suatu halaman. Penyaring ini mendukung operator perbandingan (misalnya <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) dan tanggal relatif (misalnya <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>) sehingga memudahkan pengguna menemukan konten yang baru diperbarui atau halaman dalam rentang waktu tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] kini mendukung teks berformat (''rich text'') dalam pemanggilan tertanam di 150 wiki tempat fitur ini telah diaktifkan. Untuk menunjukkan kemampuannya, tim membuat [[f:Z26333|tabel deklinasi Latin]] yang dapat digunakan oleh para penyunting Wiktionary untuk secara otomatis menghasilkan bentuk kata benda dengan hasil yang jelas dan terformat; lihat [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|contoh hasilnya]]. Jika memerlukan bantuan atau ingin memberikan masukan, silakan hubungi [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|Tim Wikifunctions]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * Pranala sunting kini akan muncul di dalam kotak kategori pada halaman artikel bagi pengguna yang masuk log. Pranala ini akan langsung membuka dialog kategori di VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pekan lalu sempat terjadi masalah saat mengunduh berkas PDF, dan masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kolom <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> pada tabel basis data ''revision'' akan dihapus dan digantikan dengan kolom <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> pada tabel basis data ''content''. Lihat [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ pengumumannya] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Pengalaman Pembaca]] (''Reader Experience'') akan menerapkan antarmuka Mode Gelap di seluruh situs Wikimedia mulai 29 Oktober 2025. Nantinya, semua pengguna anonim dapat memilih tampilan dengan teks terang di atas latar belakang gelap. Fitur ini dibuat untuk memberikan pengalaman membaca yang lebih nyaman, terutama saat berada di lingkungan dengan pencahayaan redup. Pembuat templat dan kontributor teknis diimbau [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|mempelajari cara menyesuaikan halaman agar mendukung Mode Gelap]] serta memperbaiki masalah kesesuaian pada templat di wiki masing-masing sebelum fitur ini diaktifkan. Untuk pertanyaan atau bantuan, silakan menghubungi Tim Web melalui [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|halaman pembicaraan]] sebelum peluncuran. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Mulai Senin, 6 Oktober, titik akhir API di bawah jalur <code>rest.php</code> akan dialihkan melalui ''API Gateway'' internal yang baru. Pembaruan akan dilakukan secara bertahap pada setiap wiki sesuai dengan kelompok rilis standar, dan peningkatan lalu lintas akan dilakukan secara bertahap pula. Perubahan ini diperkirakan tidak akan menimbulkan gangguan atau ketidakcocokan. Jika ditemukan masalah, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator ke [[phab:tag/serviceops/|papan proyek tim Operasi Layanan (''Service Ops'')]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Oktober 2025 17.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pada pekan lalu, sistem keamanan akun dan fitur autentikasi dua langkah (2FA) telah diperbarui di seluruh wiki. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan tampilan pada halaman [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], dukungan untuk lebih dari satu metode 2FA melalui aplikasi autentikator dan kunci keamanan portabel (sebelumnya hanya satu metode yang bisa digunakan), serta penambahan modul ''Recovery Codes'' yang membantu mencegah akun terkunci saat pengguna kehilangan aplikasi atau perangkat autentikasi dua langkahnya. Sebagai bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|keamanan akun]], pengembangan akan terus berlanjut hingga akhir tahun 2025 untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna dan menambahkan dukungan ''passkey'' sebagai faktor kedua alternatif. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Bagian lain dari proyek keamanan akun adalah menyediakan fitur autentikasi dua langkah (2FA) untuk semua pengguna. Selain penyunting dengan hak istimewa lanjutan, seperti pengurus dan birokrat, kini 40% penyunting sudah dapat mengakses fitur 2FA. Anda dapat memeriksa apakah Anda memiliki akses melalui halaman [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Petunjuk untuk mengaktifkannya tersedia di halaman tersebut. Rencananya, ketersediaan fitur ini akan terus diperluas apabila dinilai bahwa dukungan bagi pengguna sudah memadai untuk penerapan secara global. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * Minggu ini, pengguna di wiki yang telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Peningkatan Kemudahan Penggunaan]] halaman pembicaraan sebagai pengaturan standar (kecuali 12 wiki yang tercantum di [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) akan mendapatkan fitur baru untuk memberikan ucapan terima kasih langsung pada komentar di halaman pembicaraan. Sebelumnya, pengguna hanya dapat memberikan ucapan terima kasih melalui riwayat suntingan halaman pembicaraan. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang perubahan ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Pengguna yang belum [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|memverifikasi alamat surel]] akan segera menerima pengingat setiap bulan untuk melakukannya. Verifikasi surel merupakan hal penting karena memudahkan proses pemulihan akun. Pengingat ini tidak akan dikirim kepada pengguna yang tidak aktif atau yang telah menghapus alamat surel yang belum diverifikasi dari akunnya. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, perbaikan telah dilakukan terhadap kesalahan yang kadang terjadi saat menyimpan paragraf terjemahan di perkakas Terjemahan Konten (''Content Translation''), dan pesan kesalahan yang terkait kini ditampilkan dengan lebih jelas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung telah memilih [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] sebagai perkakas pertama untuk siklus percobaannya. Dalam beberapa bulan mendatang, kelompok ini akan meninjau cara untuk meningkatkan dan menjaga keberlanjutan perkakas tersebut. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Oktober 2025 18.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyimpanan data pengguna dalam basis data, preferensi yang tersimpan dari pengguna yang tidak masuk log selama lebih dari lima tahun dan memiliki kurang dari 100 suntingan akan dihapus. Saat pengguna tersebut kembali, pengaturan standar akan diberlakukan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pranala yang rusak dari pesan antarmuka GlobalContributions menuju halaman XTools GlobalContributions telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Proses pengalihan seluruh lalu lintas ke titik akhir API di bawah jalur <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> melalui gerbang API umum telah selesai. Jika ditemukan masalah, harap ajukan tiket Phabricator ke [[phab:tag/serviceops/|papan tim Operasi Layanan]]. * Suntingan pada referensi atau penjelas di Wikidata kini akan lebih jarang ditampilkan dalam entri Perubahan Terbaru dan Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain, guna mengurangi notifikasi yang tidak perlu. Hal ini akan mengurangi jumlah entri yang dianggap mengganggu. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 Oktober 2025 19.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS sedang menguji fitur baru bernama "Tab yang Lebih Dinamis" untuk beberapa wilayah dan bahasa tertentu. Uji coba ini merupakan bagian dari pengembangan tampilan tab yang lebih interaktif, dan mencakup rekomendasi artikel seperti "Tahukah Anda" dan "Karena Anda Membaca". Informasi lebih lanjut [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|tersedia di halaman proyeknya]]. * Pengguna terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') di wiki [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|berukuran kecil]] dan [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|menengah]] yang menggunakan ekstensi CampaignEvents kini dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] tanpa perlu memiliki hak sebagai Penyelenggara Acara (''Event Organizer''). Fitur ini memungkinkan penyelenggara untuk mengaktifkan pendaftaran, mengelola peserta, dan memudahkan pengguna untuk mendaftar hanya dengan satu klik, tanpa perlu menandatangani halaman acara secara manual. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah warna yang berkedip saat menahan atau menekan tombol panah dalam pengaturan mode gelap pada tampilan Vector 2022 telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Ekstensi CampaignEvents akan diterapkan ke seluruh wiki yang tersisa pada pekan 17 November 2025. Saat ini, ekstensi tersebut mencakup tiga fitur utama: Pendaftaran Acara, Daftar Kolaborasi, dan Daftar Undangan. Dalam peluncuran kali ini, fitur Daftar Undangan tidak akan diaktifkan di Wikifunctions dan MediaWiki, kecuali jika diminta langsung oleh komunitas masing-masing. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|kunjungi halaman peluncurannya]]. * Pengalaman bak pasir REST berbasis SwaggerUI kini telah tersedia di semua proyek wiki. Fitur ini dapat diakses melalui halaman [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]]. Jika Anda menemukan masalah, silakan laporkan ke papan tim MediaWiki Interfaces, atau bergabung dalam diskusi di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|halaman peluncuran proyek]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Titik akhir ''transform'' pada REST API MediaWiki yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir jalur URL (''trailing slash'') kini telah dinyatakan usang. Meskipun masih dapat digunakan untuk sementara waktu, fitur ini direncanakan akan dihentikan sepenuhnya pada akhir Januari 2026. Pengguna API yang masih menggunakan versi dengan garis miring di akhir disarankan untuk segera beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring. Kedua versi titik akhir itu dapat ditemukan dan diuji melalui halaman [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai kebijakan penghentian API dan langkah-langkah yang berlaku, silakan kunjungi halaman [[mw:API/Deprecation|Penghentian REST API MediaWiki]]. * Kini tersedia [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|halaman log perubahan khusus untuk REST API MediaWiki]]. Halaman ini merangkum berbagai pembaruan yang dilakukan sehingga memudahkan pengembang untuk mengikuti perkembangan fitur dan perbaikan yang diterapkan. Pengumuman pembaruan tetap akan disampaikan melalui saluran komunikasi resmi seperti Berita Teknis dan milis. Namun, informasi tersebut juga dapat diakses dengan lebih praktis melalui satu halaman pusat. Jika Anda memiliki masukan mengenai gaya penulisan, struktur, atau isi log perubahan ini, silakan [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|bergabung dalam diskusi]] yang tersedia. * Para pengurus kini dapat menghapus kategori pelacak yang sebelumnya ditambahkan oleh ekstensi JsonConfig karena kategori tersebut sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Daftar kategori terkait dapat dilihat melalui pranala ke [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. Jika masih ada halaman yang tercantum dalam kategori tersebut, tidak masalah. Hal itu merupakan akibat dari sistem tembolok, dan daftar tersebut akan diperbarui secara otomatis saat setiap halaman disunting kembali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Oktober 2025 19.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus kini akan menemukan bahwa halaman [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] menjadi jauh lebih fleksibel dalam proses penggabungan. Sekarang, pengurus dapat menggabungkan bagian tertentu dari tengah riwayat halaman sumber (bukan hanya dari awal), dan dapat menempatkan revisi tersebut di bagian mana pun dalam riwayat halaman tujuan (bukan hanya di awal). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * Bagi pengguna yang mengaktifkan "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|preferensi mereka]], memulai topik baru atau menambahkan balasan ke topik yang sudah ada kini akan otomatis membuat mereka berlangganan balasan pada topik tersebut. Sebelumnya, hal ini hanya terjadi jika pengguna memakai fitur "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" atau "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" dari fitur DiscussionTools. Ketika DiscussionTools pertama kali diluncurkan, akun yang sudah ada sebelumnya tidak otomatis diikutsertakan dalam langganan topik otomatis, sehingga perubahan ini terutama akan berpengaruh pada akun-akun baru dan pengguna yang sejak saat itu secara sengaja mengubah pengaturannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Modul Scribunto kini dapat digunakan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|membuat gambar berformat SVG]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pembuatan bagan, grafik, dan visualisasi lainnya secara dinamis melalui bahasa Lua, sehingga tidak perlu lagi membuatnya di luar wiki dan mengunggahnya sebagai berkas terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Situs-situs Wikimedia kini menyediakan pilihan bagi semua pengguna anonim untuk mengaktifkan mode gelap, yang menampilkan teks berwarna terang di atas latar belakang gelap. Peningkatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengalaman membaca yang lebih nyaman, terutama di lingkungan dengan pencahayaan redup. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Pengguna dengan daftar pantauan yang sangat besar selama ini sering mengalami kegagalan saat mengakses halaman [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. Kini, halaman tersebut memuat entri dalam bagian-bagian kecil secara bertahap berkat pembaruan sistem pemuatan halaman, sehingga semua pengguna dapat menyunting daftar pantauannya dengan lebih lancar. Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan basis data, fitur pengurutan berdasarkan masa kedaluwarsa akan dihapus karena prosesnya lebih dari 100 kali lebih lambat dibandingkan pengurutan berdasarkan judul. Sebuah [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 usulan komunitas] telah dibuat untuk mencari cara alternatif mengembalikan fitur pengurutan berdasarkan masa kedaluwarsa. Jika fitur ini penting bagi Anda, silakan dukung usulan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, perbaikan terhadap masalah penyorotan yang tetap muncul saat menggunakan fitur pencarian dan penggantian di VisualEditor selama pencarian berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sejak tahun 2019, layanan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Pemendek URL Wikimedia]] di https://w.wiki tersedia untuk semua wiki Wikimedia guna membuat pranala pendek ke artikel, pranala permanen, perbedaan revisi, dan sebagainya. Fitur ini dapat diakses melalui bilah sisi dengan nama "Dapatkan URL pendek". Ada sekitar 30 wiki yang masih menggunakan ekstensi lama bernama "ShortUrl", dan ekstensi tersebut akan segera dihapus. Artinya, URL dengan format <code>/s/</code> tidak lagi akan ditampilkan di bawah judul artikel melalui elemen HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. Namun, pranala <code>/s/</code> yang sudah ada akan tetap berfungsi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * Pada Kamis, 30 Oktober, tim [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|Antarmuka MediaWiki]] dan tim [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Operasi Layanan SRE]] mulai mengalihkan lalu lintas ''Action API'' melalui gerbang API bersama. Setiap wiki akan diperbarui secara bertahap sesuai dengan kelompok rilis standar, dan volume lalu lintas akan ditingkatkan sedikit demi sedikit. Perubahan ini diperkirakan tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan atau kerusakan fungsi. Jika ditemukan masalah, harap buat tiket di Phabricator pada papan tim [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops]. * Penerapan pembaruan ''MediaWiki Train'' akan dihentikan sementara selama dua pekan terakhir 2025, yaitu pada 22 dan 29 Desember. Periode ''backport'' juga akan dihentikan sementara mulai Senin, 22 Desember 2025, hingga Kamis, 2 Januari 2026. Periode ''backport'' adalah waktu yang dijadwalkan untuk menambahkan pembaruan seperti perbaikan kekutu dan perubahan konfigurasi. Masih terdapat tujuh jadwal penerapan yang tersisa untuk tahun 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Pada tahun 2025, Wikimedia Foundation melaporkan bahwa sistem kecerdasan buatan (AI) dan mesin pencari semakin banyak menggunakan konten Wikipedia tanpa mengarahkan pengguna untuk mengunjungi situsnya. Hal ini berkontribusi pada penurunan 8% jumlah penayangan halaman oleh pengguna manusia dibandingkan tahun 2024. Setelah mendeteksi keberadaan bot yang menyamar sebagai pengguna manusia, Wikimedia memperbarui data lalu lintasnya untuk mencerminkan perubahan tersebut. Baca lebih lanjut tentang tren penggunaan terkini di Wikipedia melalui [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|artikel di blog Diff]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Nopémber 2025 19.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Tangkapan layar peningkatan tampilan yang diterapkan pada halaman pembicaraan|Contoh halaman pembicaraan dengan desain baru, dalam bahasa Prancis.]] * Mulai 12 November, pengguna akan melihat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|perubahan tampilan pada halaman pembicaraan]] di [[Phab:T379264|beberapa Wikipedia]]. Hampir [[phab:T392121|semua wiki]] telah menerima pembaruan desain ini. [[phab:T409297|Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] akan mendapatkannya nanti. Informasi selengkapnya dapat dibaca [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|di situs Diff]]. Pengguna dapat menonaktifkan perubahan ini melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|preferensi pengguna]] di bagian "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki kini dapat menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|penanda (indikator) halaman]] secara otomatis ketika suatu halaman dilindungi. Fitur ini dinonaktifkan secara bawaan, tetapi dapat diaktifkan atas [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|permintaan komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Tombol "{{int:showpreview}}" dan "{{int:showdiff}}" pada penyunting teks wiki kini dapat mempertahankan beberapa parameter URL seperti "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]", "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]", dan "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]". Pembaruan ini juga memperbaiki masalah yang sebelumnya menyebabkan seluruh isi halaman dapat tertimpa oleh satu bagian saja apabila peramban mengalami gangguan saat pengguna meninjau pratayang suntingan pada bagian tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wiki Wikivoyage kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|penanda peta berwarna dalam teks artikel]]. Teks pada penanda tersebut sekarang akan ditampilkan dalam warna hitam atau putih yang kontras, bukan selalu berwarna putih. Solusi lokal yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah ini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * Tab Aktivitas di aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android kini tersedia bagi semua pengguna. Tab baru ini menampilkan wawasan yang dipersonalisasi tentang aktivitas membaca, menyunting, dan berdonasi, sekaligus memudahkan navigasi serta membuat penggunaan aplikasi menjadi lebih menarik. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca (''Reader Growth'') meluncurkan percobaan bernama "Penjelajahan gambar" untuk menguji cara memudahkan pembaca menelusuri dan menemukan gambar dalam artikel Wikipedia. Percobaan ini merupakan uji A/B yang hanya tersedia di perangkat seluler. Uji coba akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada pekan 17 November dan berlangsung selama empat minggu, dengan mencakup 0,05% pengguna di wiki tersebut. Uji coba ini telah dimulai pada 3 November di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tionghoa, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, dengan mencakup hingga 10% pengguna di setiap wiki tersebut. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan akun tidak dapat dikunci melalui situs seluler kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Pencalonan anggota baru]] [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|komite standar Toolforge]] kini dibuka di Wikitech. Komite ini mengawasi [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|kebijakan hak untuk mencabangkan Toolforge]] dan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|kebijakan perkakas yang telantar]], serta sejumlah tugas lainnya. Masa pencalonan akan dibuka hingga 28 November 2025. * [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|Kolom penerbit JWT]] dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|token akses OAuth 2]] untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|wiki SUL]] telah diubah menjadi <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Token akses lama tetap dapat digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|Kolom subjek JWT]] dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|token akses OAuth 2]] akan segera diubah dari <code><user id></code> menjadi <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, di mana <code><identity type></code> biasanya berupa <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|wiki SUL]]) atau <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (untuk wiki lainnya). Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk menghindari benturan antara berbagai jenis ID pengguna dan untuk membuat token akses OAuth 2 lebih selaras dengan kuki <code>sessionJwt</code>. Token akses lama tetap dapat digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * Pesan pemblokiran MediaWiki ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) kini mendukung parameter tambahan yang menunjukkan apakah pengguna diblokir untuk menyunting halaman pembicaraan pengguna miliknya sendiri (<code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code>) atau untuk mengirim surel kepada pengguna lain (<code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * Cabang <code>REL1_45</code> untuk inti MediaWiki serta setiap ekstensi dan kulit di repositori git Wikimedia telah dibuat. Ini merupakan langkah pertama dalam proses rilis MediaWiki 1.45.0 yang dijadwalkan pada akhir November 2025. Jika sedang mengerjakan perbaikan bug penting atau fitur baru, Anda perlu memperhatikan perubahan ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * Proses pembuatan timbunan (''dump'') CirrusSearch telah diperbarui karena penurunan kinerja. Jika Anda mengalami kendala saat beralih ke timbunan pengganti, silakan menghubungi Tim Platform Pencarian untuk mendapatkan bantuan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Nopémber 2025 20.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] sedang menguji fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|daftar bacaan di versi web Wikipedia]] untuk perangkat seluler. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum pernah menyunting artikel, untuk menyimpan daftar artikel secara pribadi dan membacanya nanti. Uji coba ini telah berlangsung sejak pekan 10 November di Wikipedia berbahasa Arab, Mandarin, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam. Rencananya, fitur ini akan mulai diuji di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada pekan 17 November. * Pengguna yang tidak menerima kode verifikasi melalui surel saat masuk kini dapat meminta bantuan dengan mengisi formulir di halaman khusus yang baru tersedia. Pembaruan ini merupakan bagian dari inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. Jika akun Anda memiliki alamat surel, pastikan Anda masih dapat mengaksesnya. Saat masuk dari perangkat atau lokasi baru tanpa menggunakan verifikasi dua langkah (2FA), Anda mungkin diminta untuk memasukkan kode enam digit yang dikirimkan melalui surel agar proses masuk log dapat diselesaikan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Sebuah wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} dalam [[d:Q13324|bahasa Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari proyek Penyatuan Pengurai (''Parser Unification''), tim Transformasi Konten (''Content Transform team'') telah menerapkan Parsoid sebagai pengurai bawaan di berbagai Wikipedia dengan lalu lintas rendah. Saat ini, mereka sedang mempersiapkan langkah berikutnya untuk menerapkannya di Wikipedia dengan lalu lintas tinggi. Pesan ini merupakan undangan bagi Anda untuk mulai menggunakan Parsoid, sesuai dengan panduan yang dijelaskan dalam dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]]. Anda juga diharapkan untuk mengidentifikasi kendala atau masalah yang mungkin muncul dalam alur kerja Anda, terutama jika menggunakan bot, gawai (''gadget''), atau skrip pengguna. Silakan laporkan temuan Anda melalui pranala "Laporkan Kekutu Visual" (''"Report Visual Bug"'') yang tersedia di bilah sisi bagian Perkakas, atau buat tiket di Phabricator dan tandai [[phab:project/view/5846|tim Transformasi Konten dalam laporan tersebut]]. * Perkakas yang belum didukung: Beberapa masalah pada [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] telah diperbaiki, termasuk kegagalan unggah yang berhubungan dengan nama berkas, impor video yang tampil hitam, dan penanganan ulang (''retry handling''). Dukungan untuk format AV1 juga telah ditambahkan. Saat ini, pengembangan masih berlanjut dengan fokus pada kestabilan sistem belakang (''backend''), kesalahan pemrosesan ffmpeg, impor takarir, pengelolaan data tambahan, dan unggahan daftar putar. Untuk memantau tugas-tugas tertentu, silakan lihat [[phab:tag/video2commons/|papan tugas di Phabricator]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Catat tanggalnya! Wikimedia Hackathon akan berlangsung di Milan, Italia, pada 1–3 Mei 2026. Pendaftaran akan dibuka mulai Januari 2026. Saat ini, [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ pengajuan beasiswa sudah dibuka] dan akan ditutup pada 28 November 2025. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan hubungi melalui surel <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Nopémber 2025 17.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Tim Pencarian Wikimedia]] membuat ulang fungsi perkakas "DWIM" (''Do What I Mean'') di sisi peladen yang dikhususkan untuk Wikipedia bahasa Rusia dan Ibrani. Fitur ini menambahkan saran lintas papan ketik ke dalam saran kotak pencarian biasa. Misalnya, jika seseorang mencari kata ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' di Wikipedia Rusia, sistem akan menampilkan saran ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("kebahagiaan") yang mungkin sedang dicari oleh pengguna. Mereka berencana mengaktifkan fitur ini untuk wiki berbahasa Rusia dan Ibrani lainnya pada minggu ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" akan bisa melihat penyorotan sintaks di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. Untuk menggunakannya, pengaturan "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" harus diaktifkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi Campaign events]], yaitu kumpulan perkakas untuk mengoordinasikan acara dan kerja sama di wiki, sekarang sudah tersedia di semua wiki Wikimedia. Fitur baru bernama [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Kontribusi bersama]] (''Collaborative contribution'') juga ditambahkan untuk membantu penyelenggara dan peserta melihat dampak dari kegiatannya. Ikuti [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|sesi pembelajaran]] mendatang untuk melihat cara kerja fitur ini dan memberikan masukan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang menyebabkan CodeReviewBot tidak berfungsi sekarang sudah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengguna Wikimedia API dapat ikut serta dalam studi penggunaan untuk membantu menguji desain baru bak pasir REST API Wikimedia. Peserta yang berminat perlu mengisi [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 survei perekrutan]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan menghentikan penggunaan stylesheet XSLT di dalam Action API. Dukungan untuk <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> akan dihapus dari proyek Wikimedia pada akhir November 2025. Selain itu, fitur ini akan segera dinonaktifkan secara bawaan di versi rilis MediaWiki berikut: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, dan v1.45. Dukungan untuk stylesheet XSLT akan dihapus sepenuhnya pada MediaWiki v1.46 (diperkirakan rilis antara April–Mei 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * Titik akhir lama WDQS ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) akan dihentikan pada akhir Desember 2025, dan ditutup sepenuhnya pada 7 Januari 2026. Setelah tanggal tersebut, permintaan ke query.wikidata.org yang membutuhkan graf penuh akan gagal, atau menghasilkan hasil tidak valid, jika tidak ditulis ulang menggunakan federasi SPARQL. Tim juga mendorong pengguna untuk memastikan bahwa perkakas dan alur kerja memakai titik akhir WDQS yang didukung (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> – Graf utama, atau <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> – Graf naskah ilmiah). Untuk bantuan migrasi, silakan lihat halaman [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Akses data]] dan [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Permintaan kueri]] untuk detail serta cara akses alternatif. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Nopémber 2025 15.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025 (''Wikipedia Year in Review 2025'') akan tersedia pada 2 Desember bagi pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS dan Android. Fitur ini menampilkan wawasan baru yang dipersonalisasi, sorotan bacaan yang diperbarui, dan tampilan desain yang disegarkan. Informasi selengkapnya dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|halaman proyek]] tersebut. * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang mengupayakan perbaikan pada teks dan tampilan surel verifikasi yang dikirim kepada pengguna baru agar lebih ramah, bermanfaat, dan informatif. Sejumlah teks baru telah disiapkan untuk uji coba A/B, dan Anda dapat membantu dengan menerjemahkannya. Lihat [[phab:T396155|di Phabricator]]. * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan Pranala]] (''Add a link'') akan mulai diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Jepang, Urdu, dan Tionghoa pada 2 Desember. Fitur ini bekerja menggunakan model prediksi yang menyarankan pranala untuk ditambahkan ke dalam sebuah artikel. Meskipun fitur ini sudah tersedia di sebagian besar Wikipedia, sebelumnya model prediksi tersebut belum dapat mendukung beberapa bahasa tertentu. Kini, model baru telah dikembangkan untuk menangani bahasa-bahasa tersebut dan akan diterapkan secara bertahap di Wikipedia lainnya. Jika ingin mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut, silakan menghubungi [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, masalah pada kotak pencarian di beberapa halaman Commons yang sebelumnya tidak menampilkan hasil akibat peralihan dari SpecialSearch ke MediaSearch, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q36846|bahasa Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} dalam [[d:Q33655|bahasa Pidgin Nigeria]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Foundation saat ini berada pada tahap awal dalam mengeksplorasi pendekatan panduan penulisan artikel. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah yang dapat membantu penyunting baru memahami dan menerapkan praktik serta kebijakan Wikipedia yang telah ada dengan lebih mudah saat membuat artikel. Proyek ini masih berada pada tahap eksplorasi dan perancangan awal uji coba. Seluruh anggota komunitas dianjurkan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|mempelajari lebih lanjut]] mengenai proyek ini dan menyampaikan pendapatnya melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan]].</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 Désémber 2025 18.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Siapa pun yang ingin mengamankan akun penggunanya kini dapat menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Fitur ini tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna terdaftar di semua proyek Wikimedia. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. Ke depannya, 2FA akan diwajibkan bagi semua pengguna yang memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan tindakan yang berkaitan dengan keamanan atau privasi. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Setelah penerapan pekan lalu, fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan pranala]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan pranala yang disarankan saat menyunting, akan tersedia di [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedia]] lainnya, mulai 9 Desember. Perluasan ini dimungkinkan berkat model prediksi baru yang kini mendukung semua bahasa, termasuk bahasa-bahasa yang sebelumnya belum tercakup. Meskipun fitur ini telah tersedia di sebagian besar Wikipedia selama beberapa waktu, peluncuran ini membawa penggunaan model yang telah ditingkatkan semakin mendekati penerapan di seluruh Wikipedia. Jika ada pertanyaan atau memerlukan keterangan lebih lanjut, silakan menghubungi [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Tim Pencarian Wikimedia]] menambahkan saran pencarian dengan transliterasi saat mengetik di wiki berbahasa Georgia. Jika hanya tersedia sedikit saran pencarian biasa, maka kueri dalam aksara Latin atau Sirilik kini [[phab:T127003|akan diubah terlebih dahulu ke dalam aksara Georgia]] untuk mencari lebih banyak kecocokan. Sebagai contoh, pencarian dengan kata <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> atau <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> sekarang akan menampilkan saran artikel yang sudah ada tentang <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("kebahagiaan"). Anda juga dapat merekomendasikan bahasa lain yang menurut Anda akan memperoleh manfaat dari fitur saran dengan transliterasi [[phab:T375215|melalui Phabricator]] untuk pengembangan selanjutnya. * Pada akhir pekan ini, sebuah uji coba terkendali akan dimulai bagi para penyunting di 100 Wikipedia terbesar yang sedang menyunting bagian artikel melalui penyunting visual di web seluler. Sebanyak 50% dari para penyunting tersebut akan melihat tombol baru "Sunting seluruh halaman" yang memungkinkan mereka memperluas sesi penyuntingan ke seluruh halaman. Fitur ini dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah pengguna web seluler dalam menyunting bagian mana pun dari sebuah artikel, tanpa bergantung pada ikon sunting bagian mana yang mereka ketuk untuk memulai. Uji coba ini akan berlangsung sekitar empat pekan. [[phab:T409112|Keterangan lebih lanjut]] mengenai proyek ini dapat ditemukan pada halaman terkait. * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] akan meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|uji coba di web seluler]] untuk menampilkan seluruh bagian artikel dalam keadaan terbuka secara bawaan (yang saat ini masih ditampilkan dalam keadaan menciut), dan menahan judul bagian yang sedang dibaca pengguna agar tetap berada di bagian atas halaman. Uji coba ini akan memengaruhi 10% pengguna di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tionghoa, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025]] (''Wikipedia Year in Review 2025''), sebuah fitur di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia (iOS dan Android) yang menyajikan ringkasan personal tentang aktivitas pengguna di Wikipedia sepanjang tahun, kini telah tersedia di aplikasi iOS dan Android. Edisi kali ini menghadirkan wawasan personal yang diperluas, sorotan bacaan yang ditingkatkan, pesan baru untuk para donatur, serta pembaruan pada desain tampilan. Buka aplikasi untuk melihat Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025 Anda dan jelajahi kembali perjalanan membaca Anda sepanjang tahun 2025. * Sebuah gangguan perangkat lunak yang terjadi baru-baru ini menyebabkan suntingan yang dibuat dengan VisualEditor menimbulkan perubahan yang tidak disengaja pada teks wiki, termasuk penghapusan spasi dan penggantian spasi menjadi garis bawah pada pranala wiki di dalam pengutipan/sitasi. Masalah ini telah diperbaiki sebagian pada pekan lalu, dan perbaikan lanjutan masih terus dilakukan. Para penyunting yang menggunakan VisualEditor antara 28 November hingga 2 Desember diminta untuk meninjau kembali suntingan mereka guna memastikan tidak ada perubahan yang tidak diharapkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, penanganan alamat URL yang sebelumnya keliru saat disalin dari bilah alamat peramban Microsoft Edge kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting untuk model konten Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON, dan Vue, menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Seiring dengan perubahan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|perkakas pemeriksa kesalahan pengodean]] (''linter'') juga akan ditingkatkan. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk secara bertahap menggantikan CodeEditor dan menyediakan pengalaman penyuntingan kode yang lebih konsisten. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Para pengembang diimbau untuk mengisi [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 Survei Kepuasan Pengembang 2025], yang masih dibuka hingga 5 Januari 2026. Jika Anda mengembangkan perangkat lunak untuk ekosistem Wikimedia dan ingin berbagi pengalaman atau masukan, partisipasi Anda akan sangat dihargai. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is no new MediaWiki version this week.</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 8 Désémber 2025 17.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, salah satu perbaikan mengatasi kendala pada akun sementara ketika menambahkan URL eksternal, yang sebelumnya terlalu sering memicu permintaan hCaptcha dan tidak menampilkan jendela sembul (''pop-up'') yang semestinya pada upaya pertama untuk menerbitkan suntingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Untuk meningkatkan kinerja basis data dan situs, pranala luar menuju proyek-proyek Wikimedia tidak lagi disimpan di dalam basis data. Dampaknya, pranala tersebut tidak akan dapat dicari di [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], tidak akan diperiksa sebagai pranala baru oleh Spam Blacklist atau AbuseFilter, serta tidak akan tercatat dalam tabel <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> pada replika basis data. Ke depannya, kebijakan ini dapat diperluas (per wiki) ke situs tepercaya lain yang sangat sering ditautkan, seperti pranala Creative Commons di Wikimedia Commons.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Désémber 2025 19.02 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai Januari, penyaring suntingan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|dapat diatur]] untuk secara otomatis menyembunyikan informasi tertentu, seperti aturan penyaring dan daftar suntingan serta tindakan yang dicoba. Pengaturan ini akan membantu para pengawas (''oversighter'') menggunakannya untuk mencegah pengungkapan data pribadi (''doxxing'') atau materi lain yang perlu disembunyikan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * Edisi Berita Teknis berikutnya akan dikirimkan pada 12 Januari 2026 karena libur akhir tahun. Terima kasih kepada seluruh penerjemah dan semua pihak yang telah mengirimkan konten atau masukan sepanjang tahun ini. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:16}} {{PLURAL:16|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kerusakan aplikasi yang terjadi saat mengetuk menu "Langkah Pertama" pada fitur Ulasan Akhir Tahun di Wikipedia Android kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fitur tersebut dapat dibuka dan berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Elemen antarmuka seperti ''diff'' dan kategori yang dihasilkan oleh MediaWiki sebelumnya menggunakan atribut <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> untuk membedakannya dari konten wiki. Atribut tersebut kini diganti menjadi <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code> guna menghindari potensi konflik dengan atribut <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> lain yang dihasilkan oleh Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini atau pekan depan. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] (Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026) akan berlangsung pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran telah dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan ditutup pada pertengahan Januari, atau lebih cepat jika kuota peserta terpenuhi. Mengingat kapasitas acara sekitar 100 orang, calon peserta sangat disarankan untuk mendaftar sedini mungkin. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Désémber 2025 21.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini berfokus pada tren global, uji coba yang lebih cepat dan lebih sehat, dukungan yang lebih baik bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, peningkatan kolaborasi lintas proyek, dan upaya memperluas dan mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan Tim Community Tech dalam proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Daftar pantau ganda]] (''Multiple watchlists''), tampilan [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] akan diperbarui sebagai langkah awal menuju penerapan beberapa daftar pantau. Selain itu, sistem penomoran halaman pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] juga akan diperbarui sebagai bagian dari pengerjaan permintaan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|perombakan penomoran dan navigasi halaman]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] merupakan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|ekstensi]] MediaWiki yang memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini baru-baru ini diperbarui agar tampilannya lebih menyerupai [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantau]] biasa, termasuk untuk menyiapkannya menghadapi penggunaan akun sementara dalam penyamaran IP (misalnya dengan mengarahkan ulang pranala pengguna ke halaman kontribusi), menampilkan judul halaman dengan huruf tebal, dan membuka pranala dalam ringkasan suntingan dan label di tab peramban baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika pemblokiran global tidak memiliki opsi untuk menonaktifkan pengiriman surel kini telah diperbaiki, dan fitur tersebut dapat digunakan pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|Perkakas pengutipan di VisualEditor]] dan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Pratinjau Rujukan]] kini mendukung jenis rujukan "peta". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Januari 2026 19.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Panel yang ditampilkan pada [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] dalam tampilan seluler telah didesain ulang. Panel ini kini ditampilkan dalam keadaan tertutup secara bawaan dan dilengkapi dengan pranala untuk membatalkan suntingan yang sedang ditinjau, sehingga memudahkan penyunting dan peninjau di perangkat seluler untuk mengambil tindakan tanpa membuat antarmuka terlihat penuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini terus dikembangkan dan kini mampu menentukan arah teks secara otomatis, sehingga tampilan situs dengan nama domain yang tidak lazim tetap benar. Ekstensi ini juga menampilkan keterangan yang lebih rinci untuk setiap tindakan dalam log. Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ditambahkan pranala permanen baru untuk pembuatan halaman dan kelas CSS untuk setiap elemen entri. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya ditemukan pada Vector 2022, yaitu tujuan pranala jangkar tertutup oleh tajuk yang menempel (''sticky header''), kini telah ditangani. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagaimana disebutkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|pengumuman penghentian bertahap pada Oktober 2025]], Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan mulai menghentikan seluruh titik akhir transformasi (''transform endpoint'') pada MediaWiki REST API yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir alamat (''trailing slash'') pada pekan 26 Januari. Perubahan ini diperkirakan akan diterapkan di semua wiki paling lambat 30 Januari. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih menggunakannya diimbau untuk beralih ke versi titik akhir tanpa garis miring di akhir. Kedua variasi titik akhir tersebut dapat ditemukan, dibandingkan, dan diuji melalui [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Jika memiliki pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * Dokumentasi rujukan interaktif untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] telah dipindahkan. Permintaan ke dokumentasi API yang sebelumnya diinang melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (misalnya <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) kini akan dialihkan ke [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata Wikimedia Foundation]] (WDP) telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala Januari 2026]]. Nawala ini memuat pembaruan mengenai penghentian titik akhir graf penuh (''full-graph'') lama, perubahan kebijakan User-Agent, jadwal sesi diskusi bulanan migrasi Blazegraph, dan upaya untuk mengurangi kemunduran (regresi) yang disebabkan oleh penonaktifan titik akhir lama tersebut. Sebagai pengingat, Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|berlangganan nawala WDP]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan segera ditutup atau ditutup lebih awal jika kuota peserta telah terpenuhi. Acara ini merupakan hackathon teknis selama dua hari yang mempertemukan para Wikimediawan dari kawasan tersebut. Sampai jumpa di sana! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Januari 2026 20.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengundang masukan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|usulan arah masa depan]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] hingga 28 Februari. * Semua pengguna dengan akun terdaftar kini dapat menggunakan kunci sandi (''passkey'') untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Kunci sandi merupakan cara masuk yang lebih sederhana tanpa perlu menggunakan perangkat kedua. Identitas pengguna diverifikasi melalui sidik jari, pemindaian wajah, atau kode PIN. Untuk menggunakan kunci sandi, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu mengaktifkan metode 2FA standar. Saat ini, proses masuk dengan kunci sandi masih memerlukan kata sandi. Pada kuartal ini, fitur masuk tanpa kata sandi akan memungkinkan pengguna masuk dengan satu klik menggunakan kunci sandi. Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan juga akan diwajibkan mengaktifkan 2FA. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. * Kontributor tidak terdaftar yang berasal dari alamat IP atau rentang IP yang diblokir kini dapat berinteraksi di wiki untuk mengajukan banding pemblokiran dengan membuat akun sementara dan menyampaikannya melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna, selama opsi "mencegah pengguna ini menyunting halaman pembicaraannya sendiri" tidak diaktifkan. Perubahan ini mengatasi masalah sebelumnya, yaitu pengguna yang tidak masuk log (keluar log dari akun) tidak dapat menggunakan prosedur pembukaan blokir standar melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, deskripsi metode Autentikasi Dua-Faktor (2FA) pada halaman pengelolaan kini telah diperbarui. Penjelasannya menjadi lebih jelas dan lebih mudah dipahami serta digunakan oleh pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah variabel AbuseFilter baru, <code>account_type</code>, telah ditambahkan untuk menyediakan cara yang andal dalam menentukan jenis akun yang sedang dibuat pada tindakan <code>createaccount</code> dan <code>autocreateaccount</code>. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, variabel <code>accountname</code> telah diubah namanya menjadi <code>account_name</code>, dan <code>accountname</code> kini dinyatakan tidak lagi digunakan (''deprecated''). Pengelola penyaring suntingan disarankan untuk memperbarui penyaring apa pun yang masih menggunakan pemeriksaan jenis akun yang ditulis langsung (''hardcoded'') atau variabel yang telah dinyatakan tidak digunakan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Keluku (''thumbnail'') yang diminta dengan ukuran tidak standar dan menggunakan cara tidak standar, seperti permintaan langsung ke <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code>, akan berhenti berfungsi dalam waktu dekat. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan berkelanjutan oleh pengambil data otomatis (''web scraper'') dan bot. Sebagian pengguna dengan CSS/JS khusus, pengurus antarmuka yang dapat memperbaiki gawai dan kulit lokal, serta pembuat alat, perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar menggunakan ukuran gambar mini standar. [[phab:T414805|Informasi lengkap, pranala pencarian, dan contoh cara memperbaikinya tersedia pada tugas terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Januari 2026 21.17 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" yang menampilkan informasi validasi tentang suatu halaman ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} contoh]) kini secara otomatis akan menyertakan daftar isi. Jika terdapat halaman lokal [[MediaWiki:Pageinfo-header]] yang dibuat oleh pengguna, halaman tersebut kini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya VisualEditor menambahkan pemformatan tebal atau miring di dalam deskripsi pranala, sehingga membuat kode wiki menjadi rumit. Hal ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tidak ada salinan XML pada 20 Januari. Selain itu, mulai sekarang, salinan data hanya akan dihasilkan satu kali per bulan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki telah menghapus dukungan untuk seluruh titik akhir transformasi yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir (''trailing slash'') dari [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API REST API MediaWiki]. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih memanggil titik akhir tersebut dianjurkan untuk beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring di akhir. Apabila terdapat pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan mengajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengingatkan para pengguna bahwa sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 telah dibagikan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan ini menyoroti berbagai isu utama, termasuk tren global, pengembangan eksperimen yang lebih cepat dan berkelanjutan, peningkatan dukungan bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, optimalisasi kolaborasi antarproyek, dan upaya meningkatkan serta mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan, saran, dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Pébruari 2026 17.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kontributor yang masuk log dan mengelola daftar pantauan yang besar atau kompleks kini dapat mengatur dan menyaring halaman yang dipantau dengan lebih efektif melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Label Daftar Pantauan]] yang baru. Dengan menambahkan label tersuai, misalnya halaman yang dibuat sendiri, halaman yang dipantau untuk vandalisme, atau halaman diskusi, pengguna dapat lebih cepat mengidentifikasi halaman yang memerlukan perhatian, mengurangi beban kognitif, dan merespons dengan lebih efisien. Peningkatan ini membuat daftar pantauan lebih mudah digunakan, terutama bagi penyunting yang sangat aktif. * Sebuah fitur baru yang tersedia di [[Special:Contributions|Istimewa:Kontribusi]] kini menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] yang kemungkinan dioperasikan oleh orang yang sama, sehingga proses patroli menjadi lebih efisien dan tidak memakan banyak waktu. Saat memeriksa kontribusi suatu akun sementara, pengguna yang memiliki akses ke alamat IP akun sementara kini dapat melihat tampilan kontribusi dari akun-akun sementara terkait. Fitur ini menelusuri seluruh alamat IP yang terkait dengan suatu akun sementara dalam periode retensi data, lalu menampilkan semua kontribusi dari seluruh akun sementara yang pernah menggunakan alamat IP tersebut. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * Saat para penyunting melakukan pratayang suntingan teks wiki, kotak pengingat di bagian atas yang menunjukkan bahwa yang ditampilkan hanyalah pratayang kini menggunakan latar belakang abu-abu/netral, bukan lagi kuning/peringatan. Perubahan ini memudahkan pembedaan antara catatan pratayang dan peringatan yang sebenarnya (misalnya konflik suntingan atau sasaran pengalihan yang bermasalah), yang kini akan ditampilkan dalam kotak peringatan atau kesalahan terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna meninjau daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini terus mengalami penyempurnaan, yang kini mendukung lebih dari satu situs Wikibase secara optimal, seperti [[d:|Wikidata]] dan [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. Selain itu, kendala tentang arah teks telah diperbaiki bagi pengguna Wikidata atau situs Wikibase lain yang menggunakan bahasa dengan arah kanan ke kiri (RTL). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * "Pranala magis" otomatis untuk nomor ISBN, RFC, dan PMID [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|telah dinyatakan usang dalam teks wiki sejak 2021]] karena kurang fleksibel dan menyulitkan pelokalan. Sejumlah wiki telah berhasil menggantikan pranala magis RFC dan PMID dengan pranala luar yang setara, tetapi untuk menggantikan fungsi pranala magis ISBN sering kali diperlukan templat khusus. Kini telah tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|fungsi pengurai bawaan]] baru, <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code>, yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan fungsi dasar pranala magis ISBN. Hal ini memudahkan wiki yang ingin bermigrasi dari fungsi pranala magis yang telah dinyatakan usang tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q35401|bahasa Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q1186896|bahasa Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah kelompok pengguna global baru telah dibuat, yaitu [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. Kelompok ini digunakan secara internal oleh perangkat lunak untuk memungkinkan bot komunitas melewati pembatasan laju (''rate limit'') yang diterapkan terhadap [[w:en:Web scraping|perayap web]] (''web scraper'') yang bersifat merusak. Akun yang telah disetujui sebagai bot di setidaknya satu wiki Wikimedia akan secara otomatis ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok ini. Perubahan ini tidak memengaruhi atau mengubah hak akses yang dimiliki oleh bot tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 25–27 Maret 2026 di Salt Lake City, Amerika Serikat. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Peserta dapat mengusulkan sesi serta mendaftarkan diri untuk mengikuti konferensi ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Pébruari 2026 23.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Tim SRE]] akan membersihkan Etherpad, yaitu penyunting berbasis web sumber terbuka untuk penyuntingan dokumen kolaboratif langsung. Seluruh catatan (''pad'') akan dihapus secara permanen setelah 30 April 2026. Harap membuat salinan cadangan lokal atas konten apa pun yang ingin dipertahankan karena data yang telah dihapus tidak dapat dipulihkan. Pembersihan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi ukuran basis data dan meminimalkan jejak infrastruktur. Etherpad akan tetap mendukung kolaborasi langsung, tetapi tidak ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang. Pembersihan tambahan dapat dilakukan di masa mendatang tanpa pemberitahuan sebelumnya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pengambilan Informasi (''Information Retrieval'') akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|eksperimen aplikasi seluler Android]] untuk menguji pencarian hibrida yang mampu menangani kueri semantik dan berbasis kata kunci. Peningkatan pencarian di dalam platform ini bertujuan memudahkan pembaca menemukan informasi yang dicari secara langsung di Wikipedia. Eksperimen ini akan pertama kali diluncurkan di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani pada akhir Februari, kemudian diperluas ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis pada bulan Maret. Informasi selengkapnya [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ dapat dibaca] di Diff. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah di [[Special:RecentChanges|Istimewa:PerubahanTerbaru]] telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, ketika pengguna mengeklik sembunyikan pada penyaring aktif, tombol "lihat perubahan baru sejak…" ikut menghilang, padahal seharusnya tetap ditampilkan. Kini, tombol tersebut telah berfungsi dan ditampilkan sebagaimana mestinya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Dokumentasi baru kini tersedia untuk membantu para penyunting menelusuri dan mendiagnosis masalah pada fitur pencarian di situs. Dokumentasi ini mendukung proses pemecahan masalah ketika halaman tidak muncul dalam hasil pencarian, ketika peringkat hasil terasa tidak sesuai, dan ketika perlu memeriksa konten apa saja yang sedang diindeks. Dengan demikian, perilaku pencarian menjadi lebih mudah dipahami dan dianalisis. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Pelajari lebih lanjut]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Pébruari 2026 19.17 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] kini telah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, menandai selesainya peluncuran fitur ini di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur tersebut mendorong pengguna baru untuk menambahkan rujukan sebelum memublikasikan konten baru, sehingga membantu menekan pembatalan suntingan akibat kekurangan rujukan dan meningkatkan keterverifikasian. Hasil pengujian A/B menunjukkan dampak yang kuat: pengguna baru yang ditampilkan Pemeriksaan Rujukan sekitar 2,2 kali lebih sering menambahkan rujukan di desktop dan sekitar 17,5 kali lebih sering di web seluler. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|Ekstensi InterwikiSorting]], yang sebelumnya memungkinkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|pengurutan pranala antarwiki]], telah dinonaktifkan di Wikipedia. Dampaknya, penyunting yang mengaktifkan pengurutan pranala antarwiki dalam mode tidak ringkas (format daftar penuh) kini akan melihat urutan pranala berubah. Ke depannya, pranala antarwiki akan ditampilkan berdasarkan urutan alfabet kode bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, pengguna yang menyunting suatu bagian halaman menggunakan VisualEditor seluler akan melihat tombol baru "Sunting seluruh halaman". Dengan mengetuk tombol tersebut, pengguna dapat langsung menyunting keseluruhan artikel. Fitur ini memudahkan ketika perubahan yang ingin dilakukan ternyata berada di luar bagian yang awalnya dibuka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] mengundang para penyunting untuk menilai apakah mode gelap masih perlu dianggap sebagai fitur beta di wiki masing-masing berdasarkan pengalaman penggunaan dan kinerjanya di perangkat desktop maupun seluler. Apabila fitur ini dinilai telah matang, para penyunting dapat memperbarui pesan antarmuka di <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> dan <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> untuk menunjukkan bahwa mode gelap telah siap digunakan dan tidak lagi berstatus beta. * [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Tab Aktivitas]] yang telah ditingkatkan dan menampilkan wawasan pengguna kini tersedia untuk seluruh pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS (versi 7.9.0 dan yang lebih baru). Setelah uji A/B sebelumnya menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah pembuatan akun pada pengguna yang memiliki akses ke fitur ini, pembaruan tersebut kini diluncurkan kepada 100% pengguna, dan disertai dengan sejumlah penyempurnaan. Tab Aktivitas kini menampilkan artikel-artikel yang telah disunting dalam lini masa, menyajikan wawasan dampak penyuntingan seperti jumlah kontribusi dan tren kunjungan artikel, serta menyediakan opsi penyesuaian untuk meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan aplikasi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang sebelumnya menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] tidak berfungsi di perangkat seluler kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fungsionalitasnya kembali berjalan sepenuhnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] yang mendukung fitur ini terus dikembangkan. Pembaruan terbaru menambahkan [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|kait baru]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, yang dijalankan setiap kali daftar pantauan dibangun ulang. Dengan adanya kait ini, gawai dan skrip pengguna kini dapat dijalankan pada halaman Istimewa tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Pébruari 2026 19.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Mode Ulang Tahun]] ke-25 Wikipedia kini telah tersedia di Wikipedia bahasa Betawi, Breton, Tionghoa, Ceko, Belanda, Inggris, Prancis, Gorontalo, Indonesia, Italia, Luksemburg, Madura, Sisilia, Spanyol, Thai, dan Vietnam. Fitur kampanye waktu terbatas ini merayakan 25 tahun Wikipedia dengan maskot ulang tahun bernama Baby Globe. Saat diaktifkan, Baby Globe akan muncul di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|sekitar 2.500 artikel]] dan dapat ditemukan oleh para pembaca. Komunitas dapat memilih untuk mengaktifkan Mode Ulang Tahun dengan mencapai konsensus di tingkat komunitas, lalu meminta pengurus untuk mengaktifkan dan menyesuaikan fitur tersebut melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|pengaturan komunitas]] di wiki lokal masing-masing. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur baru [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], yang memungkinkan penggunaan ulang rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Swedia, Polandia, dan [[:phab:T418209|beberapa wiki lainnya]]. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|Fitur ini dapat dicoba]] di proyek-proyek tersebut atau di testwiki dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Pembelajaran dari wiki percontohan pertama, yaitu Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, telah [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|dirilis dalam sebuah laporan]]. Jika [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|berminat untuk menjadi wiki percontohan]], silakan menghubungi tim Wikimedia Deutschland. * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') akan tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia pekan ini. Fitur ini menampilkan pengingat kepada pengguna baru yang menempelkan teks ke dalam VisualEditor yang kemungkinan besar bukan hasil tulisan mereka sendiri agar mempertimbangkan risiko pelanggaran hak cipta. Pemeriksaan Tempel juga [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|menandai]] semua suntingan yang memunculkan pengingat tersebut untuk kemungkinan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Pengurus lokal dapat mengatur berbagai aspek fitur ini melalui [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Penelitian]] di 22 wiki menunjukkan bahwa Pemeriksaan Tempel menghasilkan penurunan relatif sebesar 18% pada suntingan yang dibatalkan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Para penerjemah dapat membantu [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate melokalkan] fitur ini dan fitur terkait lainnya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] akan melakukan standardisasi menu pengguna di pojok kanan atas bagi seluruh pengguna seluler agar lebih selaras dengan pengalaman di desktop. Saat ini, menu tersebut hanya terlihat oleh pengguna yang mengaktifkan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan (''Advanced Mobile Controls''/AMC). Perubahan yang dilakukan hanya berupa pemindahan beberapa tombol yang sebelumnya berada di menu sisi kiri ke pojok kanan atas bagi pengguna yang tidak mengaktifkan AMC. Perubahan ini dijadwalkan diterapkan pada 9 Maret dan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan antarmuka pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Mulai pekan 2 Maret, surel yang dikirim saat alamat surel pada suatu akun ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah akan beralih dari format teks biasa menjadi surel HTML yang tampilannya lebih rapi dan informatif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Saat ini, setiap pengguna dapat menyimpan hingga 2.000 notifikasi lama, dengan riwayat yang mencakup sejak 2013 ketika fitur ini diperkenalkan. Ke depan, sistem akan diubah sehingga hanya notifikasi dari lima tahun terakhir yang disimpan, tetapi dengan kapasitas yang ditingkatkan hingga 10.000 notifikasi. Penyesuaian ini dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan infrastruktur dalam jangka panjang sekaligus mengurangi kemungkinan notifikasi terbaru hilang lebih cepat dari yang seharusnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami penyempurnaan. Pembaruan terbaru meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan label. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini kini memungkinkan pengaktifan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|sistem pengganti bahasa]] (''language fallback'') untuk butir Wikidata yang tidak memiliki label dalam bahasa yang sedang ditampilkan, dan menampilkan label tersebut dalam bahasa Wikidata pilihan pengguna apabila tidak ada parameter URL <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * Tim Wikipedia Android telah memulai uji coba beta fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|pencarian hibrida]] di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani. Fitur pencarian hibrida ini dapat menangani pencarian berdasarkan makna maupun kata kunci, sehingga pembaca dapat menemukan informasi yang dicari secara lebih mudah langsung di Wikipedia. * Demi meningkatkan keamanan, anggota dari sejumlah kelompok pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Saat ini, 2FA menjadi syarat untuk menggunakan hak akses dalam kelompok tersebut, tetapi belum menjadi syarat untuk tercatat sebagai anggotanya. Karena kebijakan ini masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan, perubahan akan [[phab:T418580|dilakukan secara bertahap mulai bulan Maret]]. Anggota kelompok terkait tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan satu-satunya metode 2FA yang tersisa di akun mereka. Selain itu, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA tidak dapat ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok tersebut. Pengguna tetap dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama minimal satu metode 2FA tetap aktif. Pada paruh kedua bulan Maret, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok ini. Ketentuan ini berlaku untuk pengurus CentralNotice, pemeriksa, pengurus antarmuka, pengawas, staf Wikidata, staf Wikifunctions, WMF Office IT, dan WMF Trust & Safety. Tidak ada perubahan bagi pengguna lainnya. Jadwal pelaksanaan dapat dilihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya menghalangi pengguna untuk membuat sebuah instans (''instance'') di [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], dalam satu bulan ke depan Wikimedia Foundation akan menerapkan pembatasan jumlah permintaan (''rate limit'') API secara global pada seluruh API yang digunakan. Pada awal Maret, batas yang lebih ketat akan diberlakukan untuk permintaan yang tidak teridentifikasi dari luar Toolforge/WMCS dan permintaan API yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diterapkan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin agar dampaknya terhadap komunitas tetap minimal. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * Layanan ''Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment'' (LDF) akan dihentikan pada bulan Februari. Layanan ini hanya melayani lalu lintas yang terbatas, dan penggunaannya telah berhasil dialihkan ke metode akses data lain yang lebih sesuai untuk mendukung kebutuhan yang ada. Perangkat keras yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mendukung layanan LDF akan dialokasikan kembali guna menunjang proses migrasi sistem bagian belakang yang sedang berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * Pengurai Parsoid versi terbaru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|terus diperluas penggunaannya ke berbagai wiki lainnya]]. Penerapan ini mendukung keberlanjutan sistem dan mempermudah pengembangan fitur baru untuk kegiatan membaca dan penyuntingan. Kini, Parsoid telah menjadi pengurai utama di 488 wiki milik Wikimedia Foundation, termasuk 268 edisi Wikipedia. Cakupan tersebut mewakili lebih dari 10% dari total tayangan halaman di seluruh Wikipedia. * Proses dan kriteria untuk [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|mengajukan akses khusus]] ke umpan data berkapasitas tinggi dari API Wikimedia Enterprise (tanpa biaya untuk penggunaan yang sejalan dengan misi) [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|kini telah dipublikasikan]]. Publikasi ini bertujuan menyediakan dokumentasi yang lebih lengkap dan jelas bagi para pengguna. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], yang selama ini menjadi blog bagi komunitas teknis Wikimedia, [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ akan digabungkan] ke [[diffblog:|Diff]], blog yang memuat berita dan kegiatan komunitas. Proses penggabungan ini ditargetkan rampung pada April 2026. Setelah proses tersebut selesai, kiriman tulisan baru akan kembali dibuka untuk dipublikasikan. Semua tulisan, baik yang lama dan yang baru, tetap dapat dibaca melalui halaman khusus di https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Maret 2026 17.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari uji coba pengalihan peladen pusat data ke peladen cadangan, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dialihkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Pengujian ini bertujuan memastikan layanan tetap tersedia dan mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam keadaan darurat. * Pekan lalu, seluruh wiki sempat berada dalam mode hanya-baca selama sekitar dua jam. Selain itu, skrip pengguna dan gawai juga mengalami gangguan lebih lama dari biasanya. Kejadian ini disebabkan oleh sebuah insiden keamanan yang kini telah ditangani. Langkah-langkah untuk mencegah kejadian serupa masih terus dilakukan. Informasi terkini dapat dilihat pada [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|pengumuman di papan pengumuman penatalayan]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|tersedia terjemahan]]). '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang terkena beberapa pemblokiran saat mengakses melalui perangkat seluler kini akan melihat alasan untuk setiap pemblokiran secara terpisah, bukan lagi satu pesan umum. Hal ini membantu pengguna memahami alasan pemblokiran yang mereka alami serta langkah-langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya. Sebagai contoh, pengguna yang terdampak karena menggunakan VPN umum (seperti [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) akan mendapatkan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai apa yang perlu dilakukan agar dapat kembali menyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] (''Suggestion Mode'') akan tersedia sebagai fitur beta di penyunting visual di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini memberikan berbagai saran tindakan yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk memperbaiki artikel Wikipedia, dan membantu pengguna mempelajari pedoman yang relevan. Pengaturan fitur ini dapat disesuaikan oleh setiap wiki dan juga dapat diperluas dengan menambahkan saran khusus. Pengaturan yang saat ini berlaku dapat dilihat di halaman [[Special:EditChecks]]. Selain itu, tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|panduan bagi pengurus untuk menyesuaikan]] pranala agar mengarah ke pedoman lokal. Mode Saran terhubung dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang memberikan saran perbaikan ketika seseorang sedang menulis konten baru. Ke depannya, tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') berencana menilai dampak fitur ini terhadap pengguna baru melalui sebuah percobaan terkontrol. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika posisi kursor menjadi tidak selaras saat menggunakan penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror (fitur yang memudahkan pembacaan teks wiki dan kode) kini telah diperbaiki. Masalah ini secara khusus memengaruhi pengguna yang menetapkan aturan jenis huruf dalam lembar gaya tersuai ketika membuat topik baru dengan menggunakan DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pembaruan pembatasan permintaan API: Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], pembatasan jumlah permintaan API secara global akan mulai diterapkan pada minggu ini. Pembatasan ini berlaku untuk permintaan tanpa User-Agent yang sesuai yang berasal dari luar Toolforge/WMCS, serta untuk permintaan API tanpa autentikasi yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diberlakukan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * API GraphQL yang baru kini telah tersedia. API ini dikembangkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih fleksibel untuk beberapa fitur di Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemudahan bagi pengembang, mendukung fleksibilitas penggunaan, dan mempercepat akses data. Pengguna dipersilakan untuk mencoba API ini dan [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|memberikan masukan]]. Pengembang juga dapat [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply mendaftar untuk mengikuti uji kegunaan]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] melanjutkan peningkatan pada [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] sepanjang Februari. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan kesalahan autentikasi, penanganan berkas berukuran besar, visibilitas antrean tugas, dan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai proses pengunggahan. Sejumlah pekerjaan masih terus berlangsung di beberapa bagian, termasuk perubahan yang berkaitan dengan metode pengunggahan dari sisi peladen yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|kabar terkini]] untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Panduan Artikel (''Article Guidance'') mengundang penyunting Wikipedia berpengalaman dari sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|wiki percontohan]] dan kontributor yang berminat dari Wikipedia lainnya untuk mengisi angket ini. Angket tersebut tersedia dalam [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform bahasa Inggris], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arab], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Jepang], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portugis], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persia], dan [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turki]. Jawaban yang diberikan akan membantu tim untuk menyesuaikan panduan bagi penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman, sekaligus membantu mereka mempelajari kebijakan dan praktik komunitas saat membuat artikel. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|halaman proyek tersebut]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Maret 2026 18.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], telah digunakan untuk penyorotan sintaks teks wiki sejak November 2024. Fitur ini direncanakan keluar dari status beta pada Mei 2026 agar berbagai perbaikan dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|fitur]] baru dapat digunakan oleh semua penyunting yang memakai penyorot sintaks standar. Jika terdapat pertanyaan atau masukan terkait rencana penghapusan status beta pada fitur ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|silakan disampaikan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebagian perubahan pada kelompok pengguna lokal dilakukan oleh penatalayan di Meta-Wiki dan sebelumnya hanya dicatat di sana. Kini, perubahan hak pengguna lintas wiki akan dicatat di Meta-Wiki dan di wiki tempat pengguna tersebut berada. Langkah ini memudahkan penelusuran riwayat lengkap perubahan hak pengguna di wiki lokal. Catatan perubahan yang terjadi sebelumnya juga akan ditambahkan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * Pada wiki yang menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], jumlah perubahan tertunda yang ditampilkan di halaman [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] sebelumnya juga menghitung halaman yang sebenarnya sudah tidak menunggu peninjauan. Hal ini terjadi karena halaman tersebut telah dihapus dari sistem tanpa melalui proses peninjauan, misalnya karena dihapus, dipindahkan ke ruang nama lain, atau akibat perubahan konfigurasi wiki. Kini, jumlah yang ditampilkan telah diperbaiki sehingga lebih akurat. Di beberapa wiki, angka yang terlihat mungkin jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan sebelumnya. Daftar halaman yang ditampilkan seharusnya tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Bahasa komposisi yang digunakan di Wikifunctions telah ditulis ulang dan menghasilkan versi bahasa yang baru. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kestabilan layanan dengan mengurangi penggunaan memori pada orkestrator. Selain itu, pembaruan ini juga memungkinkan pengurangan waktu tunda secara signifikan, penyederhanaan kode, dan penerapan abstraksi yang lebih baik. Perubahan tersebut membuka peluang bagi pengembangan fitur baru pada tahap berikutnya. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|pembaruan ini]] dapat dibaca pada penjelasan yang tersedia. * Pengguna kini dapat mengurutkan hasil pencarian secara alfabetis berdasarkan judul halaman. Pembaruan ini menambahkan opsi baru yang dapat membantu menemukan halaman dengan lebih mudah dan cepat. Sebelumnya, hasil pencarian hanya dapat diurutkan berdasarkan tanggal penyuntingan, tanggal pembuatan, atau tingkat relevansi. Untuk menggunakan opsi baru ini, buka menu "Pencarian lanjutan" pada halaman hasil pencarian, lalu pilih "Alfabetis" pada bagian "Urutan pengurutan". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang sebelumnya membuat UploadWizard di Wikimedia Commons tidak dapat mengimpor berkas dari Flickr kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah halaman istimewa baru, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], telah dibuat untuk menampilkan daftar halaman yang ditransklusikan dan ditandai memiliki galat pemeriksaan kode (''lint''). Halaman ini membantu pengguna menemukan kesalahan tersebut dengan lebih mudah. Daftar yang ditampilkan akan diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah transklusi yang mengandung galat. Contohnya dapat dilihat pada halaman [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Pengguna fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai pengganti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman berisi JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua sejak beberapa waktu terakhir. Seiring dengan rencana mengeluarkan CodeMirror 6 dari status beta, CodeEditor juga direncanakan akan digantikan sebagai penyunting standar untuk jenis konten tersebut pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Masukan atau tanggapan tentang rencana ini sangat dipersilakan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Modul JavaScript [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] akan segera diperbarui ke CodeMirror 6. Menjelang pembaruan tersebut, pemuatan modul <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> atau <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> dari gawai dan skrip pengguna telah dinyatakan usang sejak Juli 2025. Penggunaan kait <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> juga telah dinyatakan usang sejak Maret 2025. Kontributor kini dapat menyesuaikan skrip atau gawai mereka agar kompatibel dengan CodeMirror 6. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|panduan migrasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang memperluas cakupan definisi modul REST API agar juga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|API dari ekstensi]]. Modul REST API merupakan kelompok titik akhir yang saling berkaitan dan dapat dikelola serta diberi versi secara mandiri. Saat ini, modul tersebut sudah tersedia untuk API [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] dan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions]. Seiring dengan pemindahan API ekstensi ke struktur ini, dokumentasinya akan dipindahkan dari spesifikasi utama MediaWiki OpenAPI dan tampilan REST Sandbox. Selanjutnya, dokumentasi tersebut dapat diakses melalui opsi khusus modul pada menu tarik turun di [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (yaitu di [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], yang tersedia di semua proyek wiki). * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] menyediakan berbagai informasi tentang wiki tempat modul digunakan melalui pustaka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]]. Sejak pekan lalu, pustaka tersebut juga menyediakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|cara]] untuk mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|ID wiki]]. Informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan pemeliharaan modul yang digunakan di berbagai wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2026]], yang merayakan berbagai perkakas terbaik yang dikembangkan oleh komunitas, kini telah membuka proses nominasi. Nominasi untuk perkakas favorit dapat diajukan melalui [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en formulir survei nominasi] paling lambat 23 Maret 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai privasi dan pengelolaan data dapat dilihat pada [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|pernyataan privasi survei]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Maret 2026 19.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]]. We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community. * Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently <code>":n"</code>, e.g. <code>":0"</code>, <code>":1"</code>...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. <code>"book_reference-1"</code>). * Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name. * Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation). * Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. "title" or "last"+"first") – defined by the community. === Feedback === [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]]. '''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism. We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic. Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings. Thank you for participating!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|obrolan]])</bdi> 19 Maret 2026 11.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&oldid=30281362 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat masuk log ke akun mereka tanpa menggunakan kata sandi melalui penggunaan kunci sandi (''passkey''). Metode ini merupakan cara yang aman dan didukung oleh autentikasi seperti sidik jari, pengenalan wajah, atau PIN. Dengan adanya perubahan ini, semua pengguna yang memilih masuk log tanpa kata sandi akan merasakan proses yang lebih mudah, lebih cepat, dan lebih aman saat mengakses akun mereka dari berbagai perangkat. Opsi masuk menggunakan kunci sandi saat ini ditampilkan sebagai saran pengisian otomatis pada kolom nama pengguna. Dalam waktu dekat, [[phab:T417120|tombol tambahan "Masuk log dengan kunci sandi"]] juga akan tersedia bagi pengguna yang telah mendaftarkan kunci sandi mereka sebelumnya. Pembaruan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keamanan sekaligus memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih baik. [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|Rekaman layar]] yang disertakan memperlihatkan proses masuk log tanpa kata sandi secara bertahap, langkah demi langkah. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka pengujian pencadangan melalui pengalihan peladen pusat data (''datacenter server switchover'') yang [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan tersebut, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dipindahkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan sekaligus memastikan bahwa layanan tetap dapat berjalan tanpa gangguan, bahkan dalam situasi darurat. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat mengekspor notifikasi mereka yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun dengan menggunakan sebuah [[toolforge:echo-chamber|perkakas baru di Toolforge]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk tetap menyimpan notifikasi penting mereka, sekaligus menghindari risiko terhapusnya notifikasi tersebut seiring rencana penghapusan notifikasi yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun, sebagaimana telah diumumkan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Para penyunting Wikipedia dalam bahasa Indonesia, Thai, Turki, dan Simple English kini memiliki akses ke Special:PersonalDashboard. Fitur ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|versi awal dari sebuah pengalaman]] yang dirancang untuk memperkenalkan alur kerja patroli kepada penyunting yang lebih baru, sehingga mereka dapat beralih secara lebih mudah dari sekadar melakukan suntingan menuju keterlibatan dalam tugas moderasi yang lebih lanjut di proyek mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * Halaman [[Special:Block]] kini mengalami dua perubahan kecil pada antarmukanya. Pengurus kini dapat dengan lebih mudah menetapkan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu melalui tombol pilihan (''radio button'') khusus yang tersedia pada bagian masa berlaku. Selain itu, ketika masa berlaku tanpa batas dipilih, akan muncul kumpulan alasan umum yang berbeda untuk dipilih, yang dapat disesuaikan melalui halaman [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Para penyunting seluler [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|di beberapa wiki]] kini dapat melihat peringatan penyuntingan dalam keadaan belum masuk log (''logged-out'') yang telah ditingkatkan, berkat pembaruan terbaru dari tim Pertumbuhan. Perubahan yang dirilis pada pekan lalu ini merupakan bagian dari upaya dan pengujian yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|pembuatan akun di perangkat seluler]], dan mendorong peningkatan partisipasi pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, galat yang sebelumnya menyebabkan pengguna web seluler tidak dapat melihat informasi pemblokiran ketika mereka terdampak oleh beberapa pemblokiran sekaligus kini telah diperbaiki. Kini, saat mengakses Wikipedia, mereka dapat melihat pesan dari seluruh pemblokiran yang sedang berlaku terhadap akun atau alamat IP mereka. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Citra yang dibangun menggunakan Toolforge dalam waktu dekat akan mendapatkan pembaruan versi ''buildpacks'' (kumpulan skrip dan konfigurasi untuk membangun aplikasi secara otomatis), yang menghadirkan dukungan bagi versi bahasa pemrograman yang lebih baru serta berbagai peningkatan dan perbaikan dari sumber pengembang utama (''upstream''). Jika menggunakan Toolforge Build Service, disarankan untuk meninjau surel terbaru dari [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ milis cloud-announce] dan memperbarui konfigurasi ''build'' sesuai kebutuhan, guna memastikan bahwa perkakas yang digunakan tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan tersebut. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * Wiki dokumentasi [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] akan ditutup pada Juni 2026. Kunci API yang dibuat melalui API Portal akan tetap berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Titik akhir api.wikimedia.org akan dihentikan secara bertahap mulai Juli 2026. Dokumentasi yang sebelumnya tersedia di API Portal sedang dipindahkan ke [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari melalui [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek]] yang tersedia. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] (inisiatif dari Wikimedia Deutschland yang berfokus pada pengembangan fitur berdasarkan kebutuhan teknis komunitas) tengah mempertimbangkan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|penamaan referensi yang dihasilkan secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Para pengguna dipersilakan untuk meninjau [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solusi yang diusulkan]] serta berpartisipasi dalam proses [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|permintaan tanggapan]] yang sedang berlangsung. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Maret 2026 16.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Versi Beta dari [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]], proyek baru Wikimedia yang tidak terikat dengan bahasa, telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. Proyek ini memungkinkan berbagai komunitas untuk menyusun artikel Wikipedia dalam bahasa asli mereka, yang kemudian dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh pengguna lain dalam bahasa masing-masing. Wiki ini dijalankan melalui serangkaian instruksi dari Wikifunctions, dan didukung oleh konten terstruktur yang berasal dari Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang menjalankan uji A/B untuk mengevaluasi pesan yang lebih jelas dan ramah pengguna dalam mendorong pembuatan akun di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, ketika pengguna seluler yang belum masuk log mulai melakukan penyuntingan, mereka akan dihadapkan pada pesan peringatan yang terasa mendadak dan dapat mengurangi minat untuk melanjutkan kontribusi. Selain itu, kondisi ini juga menjadikan penyuntingan dengan akun sementara sebagai pilihan bawaan, alih-alih mendorong pengguna untuk membuat akun. Uji coba ini berlangsung di sepuluh Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Spanyol, dan Jerman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Apps'') mengundang Anda untuk memberi masukan mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|cara proses penyuntingan seharusnya bekerja di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia]]. Diskusi ini berfokus pada upaya meningkatkan cara pengguna mengakses berbagai alat penyuntingan saat mereka mengetuk tombol "Sunting". Inisiatif ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk mengarahkan para pembaca yang mulai tertarik menyunting agar dapat menemukan jalur yang lebih ramah pengguna ketika mereka mulai berkontribusi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:45}} {{PLURAL:45|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah ketika pengambilan sitasi dari arsip surat kabar besar [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] tidak lagi berfungsi, akibat adanya pemblokiran pada permintaan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]], kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Maret 2026 19.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 3 April 2026 17.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29905755 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dilengkapi dengan fitur baru untuk penetapan tujuan kelompok, yang memungkinkan para penyelenggara menetapkan dan memantau target acara, seperti jumlah artikel yang dibuat dan jumlah kontributor yang berpartisipasi, secara langsung. Di sisi lain, para peserta juga dapat bergerak menuju target bersama dan melihat dampak kolektif yang dihasilkan seiring berlangsungnya acara. Fitur ini kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Pelajari lebih lanjut dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|dokumentasinya]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|label daftar pantauan]] yang baru (yang diumumkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Berita Teknis 2026-07]]) kini telah tersedia melalui VisualEditor, penyunting sumber, dan "''watchstar''" (pranala pantau). Sebelumnya, pemberian label hanya dapat dilakukan melalui [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. Kini, di ketiga tempat tersebut, tersedia kolom baru yang terletak setelah kolom masa kedaluwarsa. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada halaman pembicaraan di perangkat seluler yang menggunakan Parsoid, yang membuat halaman menjadi tidak dapat digunakan setelah munculnya tajuk bagian yang kosong, kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Fitur subreferensi]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan keterangan pada referensi yang sudah ada tanpa perlu membuatnya dua kali, akan diluncurkan secara bertahap ke [[phab:T414094|lebih banyak wiki]] pada akhir tahun ini. Wiki yang menggunakan gawai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] dianjurkan untuk memperbarui versinya (umumnya berada di [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] seperti ditunjukkan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 di sini]) guna menjaga kompatibilitas. Gawai lain yang berkaitan dengan referensi juga berpotensi terdampak. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * Seluruh edisi Wikinews dijadwalkan untuk ditutup dan dialihkan ke mode hanya-baca pada 4 Mei 2026. Meskipun seluruh konten tetap dapat diakses, tidak akan ada lagi penyuntingan atau penambahan artikel baru. Keputusan penutupan ini telah disetujui oleh Dewan Pengawas Wikimedia Foundation setelah melalui rangkaian diskusi yang panjang. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|API tindakan]] (''action API'') selama ini menyediakan berbagai format keluaran sesuai permintaan. Salah satunya, yaitu <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, akan segera dihentikan. Oleh karena itu, pastikan skrip atau bot yang Anda gunakan telah beralih ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|format JSON]]. Perubahan ini diperkirakan hanya akan berdampak pada sebagian kecil skrip dan bot. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * Halaman [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] kini juga memuat nama lain (alias) ruang nama. Sebagai contoh, "WP" digunakan sebagai alias untuk ruang nama "Project" ("Wikipedia") di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 April 2026 16.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]] melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi> perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 April 2026 15.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, "Liquid Glass". Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia. * Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]]. * Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Layanan <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * Tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> atau <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 April 2026 15.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi "Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta" dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 April 2026 18.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] mengundang para penyunting berpengalaman dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|Wikipedia percontohan]]: Arab, Bengali, Jepang, Portugis, Persia, Turki, Inggris Sederhana, Spanyol, dan Prancis, untuk turut membantu menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance contoh kerangka artikel]. Kerangka ini akan menjadi pedoman bagi para penyunting dalam menyusun artikel yang jelas, terstruktur dengan baik, dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, saat [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle fitur tersebut] resmi diluncurkan pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Petunjuk sederhana]] mengenai cara menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan kerangka tersebut juga telah disediakan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|rancangan rekomendasi]] mengenai model yang dapat diikuti oleh para organisasi afiliasi ketika berkontribusi di ranah teknis. Anggota komunitas diundang untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap rekomendasi ini hingga 8 Mei melalui [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Jumlah pilihan ukuran keluku (''thumbnail'') di MediaWiki kini disederhanakan menjadi tiga opsi baku: Kecil (180 piksel), Sedang (250 piksel), dan Besar (400 piksel), sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan kinerja serta mengurangi beban pada layanan keluku. Akibatnya, preferensi yang sudah ada akan dipetakan ke ukuran baru yang paling mendekati (misalnya, pilihan kecil seperti 120 piksel atau 150 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 180 piksel, sementara pilihan lebih besar seperti 300 piksel atau 360 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 400 piksel). Antarmuka preferensi akan segera diperbarui untuk mencerminkan perubahan ini. Pengguna yang ingin menonaktifkan atau memberikan umpan balik dipersilakan melakukannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * Mulai saat ini, bahkan ketika suatu hak akses berakhir secara otomatis, pengguna tetap akan menerima pemberitahuan melalui Echo yang serupa dengan pemberitahuan standar untuk perubahan hak akses. Hal ini berbeda dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|bot pengingat global]] yang mengingatkan pengguna satu minggu ''sebelum'' hak akses berakhir agar dapat diperpanjang. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada pemilih bahasa ULS di [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] yang sebelumnya dapat bergulir secara vertikal meskipun tidak diperlukan, kini telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, saat pengguna membuka menu tarik-turun "Terjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris" dan mengetikkan masukan tertentu, kotak dialog akan bergeser beberapa piksel ke bawah meskipun ruang tampilan masih mencukupi. Kini, menu tersebut tidak lagi bergeser secara tidak perlu saat menyaring bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh, daftar pantauan untuk situs berbasis Wikibase seperti [[:d:|Wikidata]] kini mendukung elemen [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] untuk pelacakan yang lebih baik. Mode pembaruan langsung kini menyegarkan halaman khusus setiap 60 detik agar selaras dengan pembatasan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|laju API global terbaru]], sehingga meningkatkan respons waktu nyata. Selain itu, kesalahan arah teks yang sebelumnya menampilkan pranala sebagai "perubahan 3" alih-alih "3 perubahan" dalam daftar dengan arah campuran juga telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tahap kedua penerapan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|pembatasan laju API global]] telah diluncurkan untuk mengurangi [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|dampak perayap kecerdasan buatan]] serta memastikan akses yang adil dan berkelanjutan terhadap sumber daya Wikimedia, dengan memprioritaskan lalu lintas manusia dan yang selaras dengan misi. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Batasan]] yang sebelumnya dihitung per jam kini diubah menjadi per menit, sehingga menghasilkan pola lalu lintas yang lebih halus dan beban API yang lebih terprediksi. Pengguna komunitas diperkirakan tidak akan terdampak, dan tidak ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan. Indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebagian peminta berbasis User-Agent mulai menyesuaikan perilakunya, dan sekitar 64% lalu lintas API otomatis telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Pemantauan terus dilakukan, dan layanan Wikimedia Enterprise tetap tersedia untuk dukungan komersial. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Méi 2026 20.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> 9ntdw501ip7lr4uw0toe41fkhcb563f 0 46098 708875 705843 2026-05-05T01:08:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708875 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 262px;"> [[File:Animexample3edit.png]] <div class="thumbcaption">Animasi bola anu ngancul (handap) dijieun tina 6 ''frame'' gambar.</div> [[File:Animexample.gif]] <div class="thumbcaption">Ieu animasi lajuna 10 frame per detik.</div> </div> </div> '''Animasi''' ([[Aksara Sunda]]:ᮃᮔᮤᮙᮞᮤ) dicokot tina [[basa Inggris]] nyaéta ''animate'' anu hartina ngahirupkeun, méré [[jiwa]] jeung ngagerakkeun barang [[paéh]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.idseducation.com/articles/apa-itu-animasi/ Apa itu Animasi] (diakses 12 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi mangrupa hiji prosés ngarékam jeung maénkeun deui runtuyan [[gambar]] [[statis]] pikeun meunangkeun [[ilusi]] anu bisa gerak.<ref>{{en}} McGraw, Ibiz Fernandez, ''Macromedia Flash Animation & Cartooning'': A creativeGuide, Hill/Osborn, California, 2002</ref> Prinsip dasar animasi kapanggih tina [[sipat]] [[mata]] [[manusa]], nyaéta: ''persistance of vision'' (pola titingalian anu kaatur). [[Paul Roget]], [[Joseph Plateau]] jeung [[Pierre Desvigenes]], maké [[alat optik]] anu dijieun ku maranéhna, junun ngabuktikeun yén mata manusa condong ningali urutan gambar-gambar dina waktu nu tangtu salaku hiji pola.<ref>{{id}}[http://marcoturnip.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/14/pengertian-prinsip-prinsip-dan-perbedaan-animasi/ Pengertian, prinsip dan perbedaan animasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811024005/http://marcoturnip.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/14/pengertian-prinsip-prinsip-dan-perbedaan-animasi/ |date=2015-08-11 }} (diakses 12 Agustus 2015)</ref> ==Sajarah== Animasi mimiti dipeloporan ku [[Winsor McCay]] ti [[Amérika Sarikat]], [[Emile Cohl]] jeung [[Georges Melies]] ti [[Prancis]].<ref name="kij">{{en}}[http://www.usca.edu/swygert/animation/history.htm The History of Animation] (diakses 13 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi mimiti aya saacan taun [[1910]], dijieun tina [[gambar]]-gambar sederhana anu difoto hiji-hiji.<ref name="kij"/> Ieu mangrupa [[karya]] nu kaasup hésé lantaran aya ratusan gambar tina samenitna.<ref name="kij"/> [[Gambar:Walt Disney and Dr. Wernher von Braun - GPN-2000-000060.jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|Walt Disney]] [[Seluloid]] mimiti dimekarkeun dina taun [[1913]] anu jadi ngagampangkeun kana ngelola animasi.<ref name="kij" /> Lain ku gambar anu loba, [[animator]] ayeuna mah bisa nyieun latar tukang anu kompleks maké latar hareup anu gerak dina antara sababaraha bagian seluloid [[transparan]] salian gambar anu di warnaan di luhurna.<ref name="kij" /> Animator jadi teu kudu ngulang nyieun latar tukang ku lantaran latar éta dipasang [[statis]], sedengkeun karakterna angger gerak.<ref name="kij" /> Ieu ogé ngajadikeun animasi leuwih jero, utamana lamun élemén latar hareup ditempatkeun dina ''frame''.<ref name="kij" /> [[Walt Disney]] ahirna bisa mawa animasi kana tingkat anu anyar.<ref name="kij" /> anjeunna mengrupa animator anu mimiti nambahan sora kana [[film kartun]] dina pamuteran perdana [[Steambolt Willie]] dina taun [[1928]].<ref name="kij" /> Dina taun [[1937]], anjeunna nyieun Film animasi panjang anu mimiti aya, judulna Snow White and the Seven Gnome.<ref name="kij" /> Sanggeus dikenalkeuna [[komputer]], animasi ahirna asup kana tingkat anyar.<ref name="kij" /> Loba [[film]] ayeuna geus diasupan Special Effect.<ref name="kij" /> Film kiwari kawas [[Star Wars]] jieunan Géorge Lucas geus gumantung pisan kana animasi komputer saperti ''special effect''.<ref name="kij" /> [[Toy Story]], anu diproduksi ku [[Walt Disney Productions]] jeung [[Pixar Animation Studios]], jadi film animasi panjang pinuh anu mimiti aya dina komputer saprak dirilis dina taun [[1995]].<ref name="kij" /> Ku ayana [[Komputer|''Personal Computer'']] (PC), kiwari [[masarakat]] biasa ogé bisa nyieun animasi.<ref name="kij" /> ==Rupa-rupa Animasi dumasar Téhnikna== Aya rupa-rupa jenis animasi anu loba dipaké dina [[industri]] [[hiburan]] téh.<ref name="kjh">{{id}}[http://septiandekky.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/13/pengertian-dan-jenis-jenis-animasi/ Pengertian dan Jenis-jenis Animasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818104301/http://septiandekky.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/13/pengertian-dan-jenis-jenis-animasi/ |date=2015-08-18 }} diakses 15 Agustus 2015</ref> Umumna bisa dibédakeun dumasar téhnik nyieunna.<ref name="arena">{{en}}[http://www.arena-multimedia.com/blog/index.php/animation-techniques/ Animation Techniques] (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Téhnik anu dipaké ku para animator pikeun mawa karakter jeung caritana sangkan jadi hirup, tuluy mekar nepi ka teu bisa diukur ti taun ka taun.<ref name="movie">{{en}}[http://movies.about.com/od/animatedmovies/a/animated-techniques.htm Animated techniques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923033307/http://movies.about.com/od/animatedmovies/a/animated-techniques.htm |date=2015-09-23 }} movies.about.com (diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Sacara umum, aya tilu tipe primér animasi, nyaéta animasi tradisional, animasi ''stop-motion'', jeung animasi komputer.<ref name="movie"/> ===Animasi Tradisional=== ====Animasi Sél|Animasi sél (''Cell Animation'')==== [[File:Animhorse.gif|thumb|right|Conto animasi tradisional, animasi kuda lumpat maké cara [[rotoscoping]] jieunan [[Eadweard Muybridge]] dina abad ka-19]] Kecap "''cell''" asalna tina kecap "celluloid", nu mangrupa [[material]] nu dipaké pikeun nyieun [[gambar]] anu gerak dina mimitina.<ref name="kjh"/> Ayeuna, material [[film]] dijieun dina [[asetat]] (acetate), lain celluloid.<ref name="kjh"/> Potongan animasi dijieun tina sapotong asetat atawa sél (cell).<ref name="kjh"/> Sél animasi biasana mangrupa lambaran-lambaran latar tukang jeung hiji sel pikeun unggal obyek anu gerak sacara [[mandiri]] di luhur latar tukang.<ref name="kjh"/> lambaran-lambaran ieu ngamungkinkeun animator pikeun misahkeun jeung ngagambar deui bagian-bagian gambar anu robah antara frame anu ngurut.<ref name="kjh"/> Hiji frame diwangun tina sél latar tukang jeung sél di luhurna.<ref name="kjh"/> Misalna saurang animator hayang nyieun karakter anu [[leumpang]], mimitina manéhna ngagambar lambaran latar tukang, tuluy nyieun [[karakter]] bakal leumpang dina lambaran satuluyna, terus nyieun karakter minangka [[suku]] diangkat jeung ahirna nyieun karakter suku diléngkahkeun.<ref name="kjh"/> Di antara lambaran-lambaran (''frame-frame'') disa diselapan efek animasi supaya karakter leumpang mulus. Frame-frame anu dipaké pikeun nyelapan celah-celah éta disebut keyframe.<ref name="kjh"/> salian ku keyframe prosés jeung terminology animasi sél maké layering jeung tweening bisa dijieun maké animasi komputer.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Frame (Animasi Bingkai)==== Animasi ieu mangrupa wangun animasi anu sederhana.<ref name="kjh"/> diumpamakeun Andari boga hiji buku gambar anu aya serian dina sisi auditan nu ngaruntuy.<ref name="kjh"/> Lamun [[jempol]] Andari muka [[buku]] éta gancang, maka bakal katingali gerak.<ref name="kjh"/> Dina [[komputer]] [[multimédia]], animasi buku nihil nampilkeun runtuyan gambar sacara gancang.<ref name="kjh"/> Antara gambar anu hiji (Frame Hiji) jeung gambar séjén (bingkai lain) béda.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Sprite (''Sprite Animation'')==== Animasi sprite sarupa jeung téhnik animasi ATB, nyaéta objek anu ditempatkeun dina puncak grafik latar tukang anu cicing.<ref name="kjh"/> Sprite mangrupa satiap bagian basa tina animasi Andari anu gerak mandiri, kawas [[manuk]] [[ngapung]], rotasi [[planét]], bola ancul-anculan atawa muter.<ref name="kjh"/> Panganimasian Sprite gerak salaku objék mandiri.<ref name="kjh"/> ===Animasi Gerak Cicing (''stop motion'')=== Animasi ''stop-motion'' saenyana mah geus miheulaan animasi tradisional, mangrupa animasi ''hand-drawn'', nyaéta animasi anu gerakanna dijieun ku ngagerakkeun objek saeutik-saeutik.<ref name="movie"/> Upaya mimiti dina animasi ieu dijieun dina film [[The Humpty Dumpty Circus]], anu dipedalkeun taun [[1898]].<ref name="movie"/> Fitur animasi ''stop-motion'' teu pernah meunang hasil nu nyongcolang pikeun daya tarik anu lega di antara dulur-dulur animasi 2D-na.<ref name="movie"/> Aya saeutik kacangcayaan yén hahalang panggedéna pikeun nyieun animasi ''stop-motion'' téh nyaéta merlukeun waktu anu lila pisan.<ref name="movie"/> Animator kudu mindahkeun objék hiji frame dina hiji waktu pikeun niron gerakan.<ref name="movie"/> Umumna film téh ngandung 24 frame per detik, ku kituna bisa nepika sababaraha jam pikeun ngahasilkeun sababaraha detik rekaman.<ref name="movie"/> ====Animasi Clay (''Clay Animation'')==== [[File:Claychick.jpg|thumb|Adegan animasi ''clay'' dina acara [[tipi]] [[Finlandia]]]] Animasi ieu sok disebut ogé animasi ''doll'' ([[bonéka]]).<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi ieu dijieun maké bonéka [[taneuh liat]] atawa material lain anu digerakkeun lalaunan, tuluy unggal gerakan bonéka-bonéka éta difoto nngaruntuy, sanggeus prosés pamotrétan anggeus, runtuyan [[foto]] dijalankeun dina gancang nu tangtu pikeun ngahasilkeun gerak anu unik.<ref name="kjh"/> Conto pamakéan animasi ieu aya dina [[film]] [[Chicken Run]] ti [[Dream Work Pictures]].<ref name="kjh"/> téhnik animasi ieu anu jadi cikal bakal animasi 3 diménsi anu nyieuna dibantuan maké komputer.<ref name="kjh"/> ===Animasi Komputer=== Animasi komputer nyaéta seni nyieun gambar gerak kalawan maké alat [[komputer]].<ref name="sdialy">{{en}}[http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/computer_animation.htm Computer animation] Sciencedaily.com (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Ieu mangrupa subbidang tina komputer grafis jeung animasi.<ref name="sdialy"/> Leuwih jauh deui, ieu animasi téh dijieun ku komputer grafis [[3D]], sanajan komputer grafis [[2D]] ogé masih dipaké.<ref name="sdialy"/> Animasi komputer direcah jadi dua kategori.<ref name="webo">{{en}}[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer_animation.html Computer Animation]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Webopedia.com (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi anu dihasilkeun ku komputer sautuhna dina sistim komputer maké animasi jeung software grafik 3D, jeung animasi anu ditulungan ku komputer, mangrupa animasi tradisional nu dikomputerisasi.<ref name="webo"/> Pikeun nyieun ilusi gerakan, hiji [[gambar]] dipintonkeun dina layar komputer tuluy diganti kalawan gancang ku gambar anyar anu mirip jeung gambar saméméhna, tapi aya bédana saeutik.<ref name="sdialy"/> Ieu téhnik téh idéntik jeung cara ilusi gerakan anu aya dina [[tipi]] jeung gambar gerak.<ref name="sdialy"/> ====Animasi 2D==== Figur dina animasi 2D dipaké objék (ilustrasi) jeung lapisan transparan kalawan maké atawa tanpa [[rorongkong]] virtual.<ref name="sdialy"/> Prosés ngabeundeul (''render'') dina animasi 2D mangrupa konci prosés ilsustrasi frame, kalawan frame anu dipikabutuh wungkul anu dibeudeulna.<ref name="sdialy"/> Dina téhnik animasi 2D digital, frame animasi digambar kalawan langsung dina ''sofware'' maké ''[[mouse pen]]'' atawa ''[[pen tablet]]''.<ref name="arena"/> Ieu téhnik umum dipaké pikeun sérial [[tipi]] jeung animasi wéb.<ref name="arena"/> ====Animasi Vektor (''Vektor Animation'')==== Animasi ieu sarupa jeung animasi sprite.<ref name="kjh"/> Lamun animasi sprite mah maké bitmap, animasi véktor maké [[rumus]] [[matématika]] pikeun ngagambarkeun sprite.<ref name="kjh"/> Macromedia mangrupa industri panghareupna dina perangkat lunak animasi anu basisna véktor.<ref name="kjh"/> Perangkat lunak flash anu dikembangkeun ku macromédia maké vektor grafis pikeun nyieun animasi interaktip sarta grafis pikeun dipaké dina [[wéb]].<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Path (Path Animation)==== Animasi path mangrupa animasi tina objék anu gerakana nuturkeun garis lintasan anu gers ditangtukeun.<ref name="kjh"/> Conto animasi jenis ieu nyaéta [[karéta api]] anu gerak nuturkeun [[rél]].<ref name="kjh"/> Biasana dina animasi path dibéré pangulangan animasi, antukna animasi terus ngulang nepi ka kaayaan nu tangtu.<ref name="kjh"/> Dina [[Macromédia Flash]], animasi jenis ieu dibeunangkeun maké téhnik animasi path, téknik ieu maké layer sorangan anu didéfinisikeun salaku lintasan gerak objék.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi 3D==== [[File:Caminandes-_Llama_Drama_-_Short_Movie.ogv|right|262px|Animasi modérn anu dijieun maké téknologi komputer digital 3D]] Pikeun animasi 3D, objék (modél) dijieun dina monitor komputer (dijieun modélna) jeung figur 3D digerakkeun ku rorongkong virtual.<ref name="sdialy"/> Sakumna [[frame]] kudu dibeundeul (''render'') sabada kabéh modélna réngsé dijieun.<ref name="sdialy"/> Animasi 3D digital mangrupa salah sahiji téhnik anu panganyarna dina kamekaran animasi. Dina ieu téhnik dijieun modél 3D, dijieun téksturna, digerakkeun, jeung dijieun animasina dina rohangan virtual.<ref name="arena"/> ====Animasi Karakter (''Character Animation'')==== Animasi karakter mangrupa hiji cabang husus animasi.<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi karakter sarupa anu sok aya dina [[film]] [[kartun]].<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi ieu béda jeung animasi laina, misalna grafik gerak animasi logo anu ngalibatkeun wangun organik anu komplek maké panggandaan anu loba, gerak anu herarkis.<ref name="kjh"/> Lain saukur [[baham]], [[panon]], [[beungeut]] jeung [[leungeun]] anu gerak tatapi sakabéhna gerak dina waktu nu sarua.<ref name="kjh"/> ==Teknik Nyieun Animasi== Animasi, atawa katelah film animasi, nyaéta film anu mangrupa hasil tina pangolahan gambar leungeun antukna jadi gambar anu bisa gerak. Dina mimiti kapanggihna, film animasi dijieun tina lambar-lambar kertas gambar anu terus di-"puter" antukna kaluar efek gambar gerak. Dibantuan ku komputer jeung grafik komputer, ngajieun animasi jadi leuwih gampang jeung gancang. Komo kiwari mah leuwih loba kaluar film animasi 3 dimensi daripada film animasi 2 dimensi. Wayang kulit mangruopa salah sahiji wangun animasi pangkolotna di dunya. Komo, minangka téknologi éléktronik jeung komputer acan kapanggih, paméntasan wayang kulit geus minuhan sakabéh élemen animasi saperti layar, gambar gerak, dialog jeung ilustrasi musik. Aya dua prosés dina ngajieun animasi, di antarana nyaéta sacara konvensional jeung digital. Prosés sacara konvensional ngabutuhkeun pisan dana anu lumayan mahal, sedengkeun prosés ngajiieun sacara digital lumayan hampang. Sedengkeun pikeun masalah ngoméan, prosés digital leuwih gancang ti batan prosés konvensional. Tom Cardon, animator anu pernah ngurus animasi Hercules ngaku yén komputer lumayan méré peran. "Ngoméan sacara konvensional pikeun 1 kali revisi butuh waktu 2 poé sedengkeun sacara digital ngan butuh waktu antara 30-40 menit." Dina ngeusian sora sora hiji film bisa dilakonan saacan atawa sanggeus film jadi. Lolobana dubbing dilakonan minangka film masih dina prosés, tatapi kadang saperti dina animasi jepang, sulih sora malah dilakonan sanggeus filmna jadi. ===2 Dimensi=== Celluloid (konvensional) téhnik Celluloid (Kadang disebut cell) mangrupa téhnik dasar dina ngajieun animasi klasik. sanggeus gambar jadi hiji runtuyan gambar mangka gambar éta bakal ditransfer ka luhur lambaran transparan (plastik) anu tembus pandang / sel (cell) jeung diwarnaan ku Ink and Paint Department. Sanggeus jadi, film éta bakal dirékam maké kaméra husus, nyaéta multiplane camera dina rohangan anu sagala hideung. Objék utama anu ngaéksploitir gerak dijieun misah jeung latar tukang jeung hareup anu statis. Ku kituna, latar tukang ("background") dijieun ngan ukur sakali. Cara ieu bisa ngakalan ngajieun gambar anu loba teuiang. Pra-produksi: *Konsép, *Skénario, *Ngabentuk karakter, *Storyboard, *Dubbing mimiti, *musik jeung sound FX Pasca-produksi: *Lay out (panempatan), *Key motion (Gerakan konci/ inti), *InBetween (gambar anu nyambungkeun antara gambar inti ka gambar inti nu séjén) *Cléan Up (Ngabersihan gambar ku cara ngajiplak) *Background (Gambar latar tukang) *Celluloid (Ditransfer ka luhur plastik transparan) *Coloring (Ngawarnaan maké tinta jeung cét) Past-roduksi: *Composite, *Camera Shooting (Gambar bakal dicokot maké kaméra, ku cara nyokot sa frame sa frame), *Editing, *Rendering, *mindahkeun Film kana Roll Film. ===Komputer=== Sabada mekarna téknologi komputer dina éra 80an, prosés nyieun animasi téh jadi leuwih babari ti batan saméméhna. Pikeun ngagarap animasi saderhana, mimiti tina ngarancang modél nepi ka ngeusian sora/dubbing bisa dilakonan meké hiji personal komputer. Unggal kasalahan bisa gancang dipariksa jeung bisa gancang ogé diayakeun parobahan. Sedengkeun lamun maké téhnik konvensional, unggal detail kasalahan téh sakapeung mah kudu dibenerkeun kalayan dibalikan deui ti mimiti. ==Pangajén== Gelarna karya animasi téh satuluyna dibarengan ku munculna pangajén-pangajén (''award'') minangka aprésiasi ka para animator, di antarana saperti [[Annie Awards]]<ref name="annie">{{en}}[http://annieawards.org/ Annie Awards] (diaksés 19 Agustus 2015)</ref> jeung [[Hamburg Animation Award]]<ref name="hamburg">{{en}}[http://www.hamburg-animation-award.de/en/ueberuns/ Hamburg Animation Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828184437/http://www.hamburg-animation-award.de/en/ueberuns |date=2015-08-28 }} )diakses 19 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Annie Awards mimiti diayakeun taun [[1972]], kalawan ditaratas ku June Foray.<ref name="annie"/> Munculna Annie Award téh alatan mangsa harita can aya pihak anu méré pangajén kalawan resmi kana karya-karya animasi anu sumebar kayaning [[Betty Boop]] jeung [[Olive Oyl and Popeye]].<ref name="annie"/> Alatan hal éta June Foray méré gagasan pikeun ngayakeun kagiatan pikeun méré pangajén ka animator anu produktif.<ref name="annie"/> Salila mangtaun-taun Annie Award geus mekar tina gagasan nepi ka jadi pangajénan anu luhur sarta jadi tradisi pikeun dunya animasi.<ref name="annie"/> Kagiatan pangajénan pikeun animasi anu leuwih anyar dilakukeun dina acara Hamburg Animation Award anu dimimitian ti taun 2003.<ref name="hamburg"/> Ieu pangajén téh dihususkeun pikeun animator-animator ti paguron luhur animasi di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="hamburg"/> Nepika kiwari, Hamburg Animation Award téh geus digelar ka-12 kalimna.<ref name="hamburg"/> ==Animasi di Indonesia== Mekarna industri [[kréatif]] dina widang animasi geus terus maju jeung tambah loba animator-animator ti [[Indonésia]] nu beuki hadé dina nyieun animasi, tatapi sabenerna mekarna animasi di Indonésia ayeuna kumaha?<ref name="indo">{{id}}[http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2015/03/03/sejauh-mana-perkembangan-animasi-di-indonesia Sejauh Mana Perkembangan Animasi di Indonesia] (diakses 25 Agustus 2015)</ref> Jadi, animasi Indonésia geus mekar nurutkeun kabutuhan pamakéna.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk">{{id}}[http://www.idseducation.com/articles/perkembangan-animasi-di-indonesia-sekarang/ Perkembangan Animasi Indonésia Sekarang] (diakses 25 Agustus 2015)</ref> Kabutuhan animasi pikeun kapentingan kabutuhan [[iklan]] geus cukup kapinuhan.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk"/> Kitu ogé kabutuhan animasi pikeun kabutuhan trik dina [[film]] live ogé geus kapinuhan.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk"/> Komo, pikeun kabutuhan film live mancanagara ogé trik nuturkeun animasina dilakonan ku animator Indonésia.<ref name="indo"/> Film animasi asing, kaasup anu keur sumebar di Indonésia, dijieun ogé ku animator Indonésia.<ref name="indo"/> Sababaraha animator Indonésia gawé pikeun nyieun film animasi nagara lian.<ref name="indo"/> Usaha animasi anu kakemas dina wangun [[industri]], masih kénéh saeutik pisan.<ref name="indo"/> Aya sababaraha anu ngemas usaha na dina widang industri tatapi can loba anu ngaproduksi film (boh serial atawa layar lébar) pikeun kapentingan film animasi di jero nagara.<ref name="indo" /> Usaha panglobana nyaéta nempatkeun animatorna salaku tanaga ''outsourching'' pikeun nyieun film animasi luar nagara.<ref name="indo" /> Lamun itungan kabutuhan film (serial) animasi di Indonésia dumasar kana jumlah stasiun televisi nasional jeung lokal dikalikeun jeung [[frekuénsi]] panayangan ku film (serial) animasi asing.<ref name="indo" /> Keur animator Indonésia, kasalahan kondisi ieu dialungkeun ka euweuhna para pamangku kapentingan dina film animasi [[nasional]], jeung murahna harga beuli film (serial) animasi ku hiji stasiun tv.<ref name="indo" /> Murahna harga beuli film animasi jauh pisan tina kahayang animator Indonésia anu mikahayang kauntungan dina sakali ngajual karyana ka hiji stasiun tv.<ref name="indo" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Animasi]] 2v6x0wlgyse0bdruad5zu8iqrkuweaj 0 73899 708902 704760 2026-05-05T09:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kejawén''' ([[Basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''Kejawén'') mangrupa hiji kapercayaan anu diagem ku masarakat di pulo [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] ku urang [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] jeung séké sélér lian nu netep di Jawa. Hakékatna kejawén mangrupa hiji [[filsafat]] nuaya saprak [[urang Jawa]] ([[Basa Jawa|dina basa Jawa]]: Wong Jawa ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ, Krama: Tiyang Jawi ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ) éta aya. Ieu hal bisa ditempo tina ajaranna anu universal jeung jeung salaasna raket jeung agama anu diagem sapopoéna. Buku jeung naskah kuna Kejawén teu ngécéskeun ajaranna salaku ajaran agama sanajan geus ''lajuning lakuna''. Kejawén ogé teu bisa dipisahkeun tina agama sabab filsafat Kejawén didadasaran ku ajaran agama anu diagem ku [[Filsafat|filsuf]] Jawa. Ti jaman baheula, urang Jawa ngaku manunggalna Alloh Swt. kalawan jadi inti ajaran Kejawén, nyaéta ngarahkeun manusa ''Sangkan Paraning Dumadhi '' (cahayana. "Ti mana datang jeung mulang téh ka Gusti") jeung ngawangun insan anu tuhu ka gusti<span> </span>: ''Manunggaling Kawula lan Gusthi '' ("Ngahijina manusa jeung Gusti"). Tina éta kamanunggalan , ajaran Kejawén miboga misi ieu di handap. # ''Mamayu Hayuning Pribadhi'' (salaku rahmat keur diri pribadi) # ''Mamayu Hayuning Kaluwarga'' (salaku rahmat keur kulawarga) # ''Mamayu Hayuning Sasama'' (salaku rahmat keur sasama manusia) # ''Mamayu Hayuning Bhuwana'' (salaku rahmat keur alam) == Étimologi == [[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg|jmpl|Petapa [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] nu menekung ngaraga meneng handapeun tangkal caringin di jaman[[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia walanda]] [[1916|taun 1916]].]] Kecap "Kejawén" asalna tina kecap "Jawa", nu hartina dina [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indonesia]] mah "sagalana nu patali jeung adat istiadat atawa kapercayaan Jawa (Kajawaan)". Tata ngaran "kejawén" téh geus ilahar, sabab basa panganteur dina ibadah ngagunakeun basa Jawa. Dina konteks umum, Kejawén salaku [[Filsafat|falsafah]] nu geus tangtu ajaran utamana dina ngawangun Tatakrama (aturan hirup nu mulya).<ref name=”Pre”>{{Cite book| url =https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kejawen/k5cn1iEadxgC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=kejawen&pg=PA11&printsec=frontcover| title =Kejawen: jurnal kebudayaan JawaPressindo| last =Pressindo| first =Media | publisher =Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Jurusan Atikan Bahasa Daérah| location =Yogyakarta| year =2006|pages =62}} Disungsi18 Mei 2024</ref> Kejawén dina opini umum eusina ngeunaan [[seni]], [[budaya]], tradisi, ritual, sikep jeung [[Filsafat|filosofi]] urang Jawa. Kejawén miboga harti spiritualistis atawa spiritualistis séké sélér Jawa, ''laku'' olah spiritualis kejawén anu utama nyaéta ''Pasa'' (puasa) atawa ''Tapa'' (tapa).<ref name=”Pre”/> == Sababaraha Madhab kejawén == Aya ratusan golongan kejawén anu neueulkeun ajaranana béda-béda. Ieu di handap sababaraha golongan anu miboga pangagem anu loba. * Padepokan Cakrakembang * Sumarah Purbo * Budi Dharma * Maneges * Pangestu Golongan anu réaktif misalna anu tumut kana ajaran Sabdopalon anu hayang malikkeun agama urang Jawa kana Agama Budi anu dianggap salaku agama pituin nurutkeun Sabdapalon, atawa ngagem ajaran syékh Siti Jenar anu mangrupa ajaran/Aliran Islam kalayan dianggap sesat [[Wali songo|Wali Sanga]]. == Pustaka == {{refbegin|1}} '''Buku''' * {{Cite book|last=Direktur Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa|first=|year=2010|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12735/1/Ensilopedi%20kepercayaan%20terhadap%20tuhan%20YME.pdf|title=Ensiklopedia Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan yang Maha Esa|location=Jakarta|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya, Seni, dan Film Direktorat Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan yang Maha Esa|isbn=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Direktur Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa|2010}}|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Endraswara|first=Suwardi|year=2015|url=|title=Agama Jawa: Ajaran, Amalan, dan Asal-Usul Kejawen|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Narasi-Lembu Jawa|isbn=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Endraswara|2015}}|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Pamungkas|first=Ragil|year=2006|url=|title=Lelaku dan Tirakat|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Narasi|isbn=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Pamungkas|2006}}|url-status=live}} '''Esai''' * {{Cite journal|last=Endraswara|first=Suwardi|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|year=Maret 2011|title=Klenikologi: World Charm and Fine Dissident Among Javanist Received by Trust|url=https://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131872518/penelitian/unspdf.pdf|journal=Paper for International Seminar on Exploring Noble Values of Local Wisdom and Prime Javanese Culture to Strengthen the Nation Identity UNS Surakarta|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|issn=|ref={{sfnref|Endraswara|2011}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907191513/https://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131872518/penelitian/unspdf.pdf |date=2023-09-07 }} '''Jurnal''' * {{Cite journal|last=Zuhdi|first=Muhammad Bayu|last2=Kalangie|first2=Daniel|last3=Imawan|first3=Satria Aji|year=Juni 2022|title=Religious Freedom of Indigenous Beliefs in Yogyakarta, Indonesia|url=https://ejournal.uinsaid.ac.id/index.php/shahih/article/view/5038|journal=Jurnal Shahih|volume=7|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2527-8126|ref={{sfnref|Zuhdi|Kalangie|Imawan|2022}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907190220/https://ejournal.uinsaid.ac.id/index.php/shahih/article/view/5038 |date=2023-09-07 }} {{refend}} == Tumbu ka luar == * (Basa Inggris) [http://jagadkejawen.com/ JagadKejawen – The Javanese Culture & Spirituality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604010902/http://www.jagadkejawen.com/ |date=2023-06-04 }} * (Basa Inggris) [http://udanmas.com/ Kejawen – Kawruh & Spiritual Jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412013306/http://udanmas.com/ |date=2018-04-12 }} * (Basa Inggris) [http://alangalangkumitir.wordpress.com] * [http://www.sahasraadhipura.org/ A center for Javanese Metaphysics and Kundalini Yoga] * [http://wichm.home.xs4all.nl/javmys1.html Sumarah] * [http://www.joglosemar.co.id/kejawen/introduction.html Introducing to Javanese moral behavior, etiquettes & tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014828/http://www.joglosemar.co.id/kejawen/introduction.html |date=2012-11-16 }} * [http://www.geocities.ws/tunggal Enter the Book of Being] * [http://sumarah.tripod.com/ SUMARAH:A STUDY OF THE ART OF LIVING] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709055410/http://sumarah.tripod.com/ |date=2022-07-09 }} * [http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/JAWREL/religion.php IndaNehsia.com, ''Religion at Java''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231735/http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/JAWREL/religion.php |date=2013-12-30 }} ==Cutatan== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Spiritualitas]] 3hfnlr5ljqn7jwk2ldy21bedhi70259 0 88168 708878 697947 2026-05-05T02:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Orbit1.svg|jmpl|ka|400px|Bujur [[nodeu naék]].]] '''Bujur nodeu naék''' (☊ atawa Ω) nyaéta salah sahiji [[élemen orbit]] nu dipaké pikeun nangtukeun [[orbit]] hiji banda di angkasa. Bujur nodeu naék mangrupa juru ti arah référénsi nu disebut ''[[asal bujur]]'' nojo ka arah [[nodeu naék]] nu diukur dina [[widang référénsi]].<ref>[http://www.lns.cornell.edu/~seb/celestia/orbital-parameters.html Parameters Describing Elliptical Orbits], web page, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref> Widang référénsi jeung asal bujur nu mindeng dipaké ngawengku: * Pikeun [[orbit géoséntris]], widang [[katulistiwa]] [[Marcapada]] nyaéta widang référénsi, sarta [[Titik Munggaran Aries]] nyaéta asal bujur. Dina ieu pekara, bujur ogé disebut '''asénsio rékta nodeu naék''', atawa '''RAAN''' (''right ascension of the ascending node''). Ieu juru diukur ka wétan (atawa mun diilik ti [[kalér]], [[lalawanan arah jarum jam]]) ti [[Titik Munggaran Aries]] nepi ka éta nodeu.<ref name="egler" /><ref>[http://www.amsat.org/amsat/keps/kepmodel.html Keplerian Elements Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014232553/http://www.amsat.org/amsat/keps/kepmodel.html |date=2002-10-14 }}, amsat.org, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref> * Pikeun [[orbit hélioséntris]], [[ékliptika]] nyaéta widang référénsi, sarta Titik Munggaran Aries nyaéta awal bujur. Juru diukur lalawanan arah jarum jam (mun diilik ti kalér ékliptika) ti Titik Munggaran Aries nepi ka éta nodeu.<ref name="egler">[http://www.physics.ncsu.edu/courses/astron/orbits.html Orbital Elements and Astronomical Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403095234/http://www.physics.ncsu.edu/courses/astron/orbits.html |date=2007-04-03 }}, Robert A. Egler, Dept. of Physics, [[North Carolina State University]]. Web page, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref> * Pikeun orbit di luar [[Surya Mandala]], widang nu ngaliwatan gurat tegep utama nojo ka gurat nu ngaliwatan panilik sarta gurat utama (disebut ''[[widang langit]]'') nyaéta widang référénsi, jeung kalér, nyaéta [[proyéksi ortografis|proyéksi tegep lempeng]] arah ti panilik nepi ka [[Kutub Banda Langit Kalér]] nojo ka widang langit nyaéta asal bujur. Juru diukur ka wétan (atawa mun diilik ku panilik mah, lalawanan arah jarum jam) ti kalér nepi ka éta nodeu.<ref name="aitken">''The Binary Stars'', R. G. Aitken, New York: Semi-Centennial Publications of the University of California, 1918.</ref>^{, pp.&nbsp;40, 72, 137;&nbsp;}<ref name="tatum">[http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html ''Celestial Mechanics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706031613/http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html |date=2007-07-06 }}, [[Jeremy B. Tatum]], on line, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref>^{, chap. 17.} Dina perkara [[béntang binér]] nu ngan bisa kapiwanoh ku cara panalingaan visual, teu mumkin pikeun nangtukeun nodeu mana nu naék jeung nurun. Ku kituna, paraméter orbit nu kacatet nyaéta '''bujur nodeu''', Ω, nyaéta bujur nu nodeu-na mibanda bujur antara 0 jeung 180 darajat.<ref name="tatum" />^{, chap. 17;}<ref name="aitken" />^{, p.&nbsp;72.} == Iitungan ti véktor angger == Dina [[astrodinamika]] bujur nodeu naék bisa diukur ti véktor [[moméntum juru rélatif spésifik]] '''''h''''' saperti kieu: :<math> \mathbf{n} = \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{h} = (-h_y, h_x, 0)</math> :<math> \Omega =\arccos { {n_x} \over { \mathbf{\left |n \right |}}}\ \ (n_y\ge 0);</math> :<math>\Omega =2\pi - \arccos { {n_x} \over { \mathbf{\left |n \right |}}}\ \ (n_y<0).</math> Di dieu, '''''n'''''=(''n''_x, ''n''_y, ''n''_z) nyaéta véktor nu nyanghareup ka [[nodeu naék]]. Widang référénsina dianggap minangka widang-''xy'', jeung asal bujur dianggap minangka sumbu-''x'' positif. '''''k''''' nyaéta véktor satuan (0, 0, 1), nyaéta véktor normal kana widang référénsi ''xy''. Pikeun [[orbit non-inklinasi]] (jeung [[inklinasi orbit|inklinasi]] nol), Ω teu didéfinisikeun. Pikeun iitunganna, Ω sarua jeung nol; hartina, nodeu naék téh ditempatkeun di arah référénsi, sarua jeung ngantep titik '''''n''''' nyanghareup ka sumbu-''x'' positif. == Tempo ogé == * [[Orbit Képler]] * [[Ekuinoks]] * [[Nodeu orbit]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Astrodinamika]] 6cgl8tzssi1hb1wm9vu73i1rs8a6hvj 0 98669 708880 708573 2026-05-05T02:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Béntang}} {{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=1e7m comparison Uranus Neptune Sirius B Earth Venus.png|image2=1e6m comparison Mars Mercury Moon Pluto Haumea - no transparency.png|width=300|caption2=Skala objék saukuran planét: <br> Baris luhur: [[Uranus]] jeung [[Néptunus]]; <br> baris kadua: [[Bumi]], béntang [[katé bodas]] [[Sirius B]], [[Vénus]]; <br> baris handap (digedékeun) – luhur: [[Mars]] jeung [[Mérkurius]]; <br> handap: [[Bulan]], [[planit katé]] [[Pluto]], jeung [[Haumea (planit katé)|Haumea]]}} '''Planét''' atawa '''planit''' (Basa Sunda buhun: '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah''') nyaéta [[objék astronomi]] anu [[orbit|ngulilingan]] hiji [[béntang]] atawa [[Sésa béntang|sésa béntang]]. Sangkan hiji objék bisa disebut planét, aya tilu kritéria utama numutkeun [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU): # Miboga [[massa]] anu cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun [[gravitasi]] sorangan sangkan wangunna buleud (kasatimbangan hidrostatis). # Teu badag teuing nepi ka bisa ngabalukarkeun [[fusi termonuklir]] (henteu jadi béntang). # Geus "meresihan" daérah di sabudeureun orbitna tina [[planétésimal]] (benda-benda langit leutik séjénna).<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteA">Ieu [[Wangenan planét|wangenan]] dumasar kana dua déklarasi IAU (2001 jeung 2006).</ref><ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=IAU |year=2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134246/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |date=2009-12-30 }}</ref> Istilah "planét" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''planētēs'' anu hartina "pangumbara" (tukang ngumbara). Dina basa Sunda, istilah "béntang" mindeng dipaké sacara umum pikeun sakabéh barang langit anu moncorong di peuting, padahal planét mah henteu ngaluarkeun cahaya sorangan (ngan saukur nyinarkeun pantulan cahaya ti béntang).<ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref> == Sajarah jeung kapercayaan == Kecap ''planit'' geus lila dipikawanoh sarta miboga hubungan anu raket jeung [[sajarah]], [[sains]], [[mitologi]], sarta [[agama]]. Ku rupa-rupa [[peradaban]] kuna, planét téh dianggap salaku hal anu sakral atawa wawakil ti para [[déwa]]. Sanajan kitu, kalayan majuna élmu kanyaho, sawangan manusa kana planét ogé milu robah, tina dianggap barang gaib jadi objék astronomi anu bisa ditalungtik. == Bédana "Bintang" jeung "Béntang" == Dina [[Basa Sunda]], aya bédana harti anu kacida jéntréna antara kecap '''bintang''' jeung '''béntang''', dumasar kana asal-usul cahaya sarta sipatna: * '''Bintang''' (planét): Nyaéta barang langit anu teu bisa ngahasilkeun cahyana sorangan, tapi ngan saukur mantulkeun cahaya ti béntang séjénna. Dina istilah astronomi modérn, ieu disebutna [[planét]]. * '''Béntang''' (''star''): Nyaéta barang langit anu bisa ngahasilkeun cahaya sorangan tina prosés fusi nuklir dina jerona.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Cit. 1|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|publisher=Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda & PT Kiblat Buku Utama|date=2006|location=Bandung|isbn=9793631910|last=Danadibrata, R. A.}}</ref> Dina kabudayaan Sunda, planét ogé mindeng disebut '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah'''. Istilah ieu dipaké pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung béntang sajati anu katémpona cicing (''fixed stars''), sabab planét mah katémpona "ngumbara" atawa nyimpang tina jalur béntang-béntang séjénna. Dina taun 2006, [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU) ngesahkeun hiji résolusi resmi anu nangtukeun [[wangenan planét IAU|wangenan (definisi) planét]] di [[Tata Surya]]. Wangenan ieu dipuji nanging ogé dikritik sarta masih diperdebatkeun ku sawatara élmuwan, lantaran dianggap teu ngawengku banda-banda [[planemo|bermassa planét]] séjénna anu ngan ditangtukeun dumasar kana orbitna. Sanajan dalapan banda planét anu dipanggihan méméh taun 1950 masih dianggap "planét" dumasar kana wangenan modéren, sawatara banda angkasa saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]] (masing-masing mangrupa objék di sabuk astéroid Panonpoé), kitu ogé [[Pluto]] (objék trans-Néptunus anu munggaran dipanggihan) anu baheulana dianggap planét, ayeuna mah geus henteu dianggap planét deui sarta turun statusna jadi [[planét kerdil]]. [[Ptolomeus]] nganggap yén planét ngurilingan Bumi kalawan gerakan [[deferen jeung épisiklus]]. Sanajan ideu [[Hélioséntrisme|planét ngurilingan Panonpoé]] geus lila diutarakeun, kakara dina abad ka-17 ideu ieu kabukti sacara ilmiah ngaliwatan pangamatan [[téléscop]] ku [[Galileo Galilei]]. Kalawan analisis data obsérvasi anu kacida taliti, [[Johannes Kepler]] manggihan yén orbit planét téh wangunna lain bunderan (lingkaran) sampurna, nanging mangrupa [[orbit elips|élips]]. [Image of Kepler's laws of planetary motion illustrating elliptical orbits] Sajalan jeung kamekaran pakakas obsérvasi, para [[astronom]] niténan yén planét téh rotasi dina sumbu anu miring, sarta sababaraha di antarana miboga [[beting és]] (ice caps) jeung parobahan [[usum]] lir ibarat di Bumi. Ti saprak asup ka [[Jaman Angkasa]], pangamatan jarak deukeut ku [[wahana antariksa]] ngabuktikeun yén Bumi jeung planét-planét séjénna miboga ciri-ciri géologis anu sarupa, saperti [[gunung seuneu|vulkanisme]], [[angin ribut]], [[téktonik]], malah nepi ka gejala [[hidrologi]]. Sacara umum, planit kabagi ngajadi dua jinis utama: [[raksasa gas]] gedé anu kapadetanana handap jeung [[planét kabumian|raksasa darat]] leutik batuan. Sasuay définisi IAU, aya dalapan planit di Tata Surya. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (deukeut ka jauh), aya opat planit kabumian, [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], jeung [[Mars]], tuluy opat raksasa gas, [[Jupiter]], [[Saturnus]], [[Uranus]], jeung [[Néptunus]]. Genep planit di antarana dikurilingan ku hiji [[satelit alam]] atawa leuwih. Salian ti éta, IAU ngakuan lima [[planit katé]]<ref>[[Ceres (planét katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]] (saméméhns mangrupa planit ka-9 di Tata Surya), [[Makemake (planit katé)|Makemake]], [[Haumea (planét katé)|Haumea]], jeung [[Eris (planét katé)|Eris]]</ref> jeung baratus-ratus rébu [[banda leutik Tata Surya]]. Maranéhna masih nimbang-nimbang banda-banda séjén pikeun digolongkeun jadi planit.<ref>http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |date=2011-06-14 }}</ref> Ti semet 1992, mangratus-ratus planit anu ngurilingan béntang-béntang séjén ("[[planit luar surya]]" atawa "éksoplanét") di [[Bima Sakti]] enggeus dipanggihkeun. Per {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}}, {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planet luar surya anu dipikanyaho (di {{Extrasolar planet counts|system_count}} [[sistem planet]] jeung {{Extrasolar planet counts|multiplanetsystem_count}} [[Daftar sistim multiplanet|sistim multiplanet]]) kadaftar di [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]. Ukuranana rupa-rupa, ti mimiti planét daratan siga Bumi nepi raksasa gas nu leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> Dina tanggal 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Teleskop Luar Angkasa Kepler]] manggihkeun dua planit luar surya saukuran Bumi, [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222162400/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=2013-02-22 }}</ref> dan [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20f |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614161345/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |date=2012-06-14 }}</ref> anu ngorbit [[analog Panonpoé|béntang diga Panonpoé]], [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Michele|title=NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=20 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |date=2019-05-04 }}</ref><ref name="Nature-20111220">{{cite journal |last=Hand |first=Eric |title=Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets |doi=10.1038/nature.2011.9688 |date=20 December 2011 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20111220">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=Two Earth-Size Planets Are Discovered|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/science/space/nasas-kepler-spacecraft-discovers-2-earth-size-planets.html|date=20 December 2011|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2011-12-21 }}</ref> Studi taun 2012 nu nganalisis data [[mikrolensa gravitasi]] ngira-ngira satiap béntang di Catang Bobo [[rata-rata aritmetik|rata-rata]] dikurilingan ku saeutikna 1,6 planét.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cassan|first=Arnaud|author2=D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne, J. Greenhill, J. Wambsganss, J. Menzies, A. Williams, U. G. Jørgensen, A. Udalski, D. P. Bennett, M. D. Albrow, V. Batista, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, A. Cole, Ch. Coutures, K. H. Cook, S. Dieters, D. Dominis Prester, J. Donatowicz, P. Fouqué, K. Hill, N. Kains et al.|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations|journal=Nature|date=12 January 2012|volume=481|pages=167–169|doi=10.1038/nature10684|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html|accessdate=11 January 2012|issue=7380|bibcode = 2012Natur.481..167C|pmid=22237108|arxiv = 1202.0903 }}</ref> Sawatara astronom di [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] (CfA) ngalaporkeun dina Januari 2013 yén saeutikna 17 miliar éksoplanét saukuran Bumi (tepatna 0,8–1,25 [[massa Bumi]]) anu periode orbitna 85 poé atawana kurang ayana di galaksi Catang Bobo.<ref name="Space-20130107">{{cite web |title=17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way |url=http://www.space.com/19157-billions-earth-size-alien-planets-aas221.html |date=January 7, 2013 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=January 8, 2013 |author=Staff }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{see|Sejarah astronomi|Definisi planet}} {{see also|Garis waktu astronomi Tata Surya}} [[File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Cetakan model kosmologi geosentris dari ''Cosmographia'', Antwerp, 1539]] Sawangan ngeunaan planét téh parantos loba robahna sapanjang lalakon sajarah, kawitna mah mung dianggap salaku [[béntang ngumbara]] anu langgeng dina jaman bihari, dugi ka kiwari dianggap salaku objék anu mibanda sipat nu sarupa sareng bumi. Ieu konsép téh beuki ngajembaran, henteu mung kawatesan di lingkungan Tata Surya wungkul, nanging parantos ngambah ka mangratus-ratus sistem luar surya sanésna. Ayana kahengkeran (ambiguitas) dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét téh parantos janten pasalia paham (kontrovérsi) di kalangan para élmuwan. Lima [[planit klasik]] anu tiasa katingal ku panon sacara langsung parantos dipikawanoh ti jaman bihari, sarta mibanda pangaruh anu kacida ageungna dina widang [[mitologi]], [[kosmologi agama]], sarta [[palintangan]] kuna. Dina mangsa harita, para astronom parantos nitenan kumaha cahaya-cahaya tinangtu téh léngkahna béda sarta ngalangkungan langit upami dibandingkeun sareng béntang-béntang sanésna. Éta cahaya ku bangsa Yunani disebut {{lang|grc|πλάνητες ἀστέRES}} ({{Transl|grc|''planetes asteres''}}, "béntang ngumbara") atanapi "{{lang|grc|πλανήτοι}}" baé ({{Transl|grc|''planētoi''}}, "pangalalana"),<ref>H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', ninth edition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940).</ref> anu janten dadasar kawangunna kecap "planét".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet |title=Definition of planet |publisher=Merriam-Webster OnLine |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref><ref name="oed" /> Di [[Yunani]], [[Cina]], [[Babilonia]] kuna, sarta sakumna peradaban pra-modéren,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Otto E. |last=Neugebauer |year=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1086/370729}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Colin|last=Ronan|title=Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan|edition=Walker|chapter=Astronomy Before the Telescope|pages=264–265}}</ref> diyakinkeun yén Bumi téh mangrupa [[géosentris|puseur Alam Semesta]] sarta sakumna "planét" téh ngurilingan Bumi. Alesan anu ngadasaran ieu sawangan nyaéta béntang sarta planét katingal muter ngalingkung Bumi unggal dinten,<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas S.|last=Kuhn|title=The Copernican Revolution|pages=5–20|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1957|isbn=0-674-17103-9}}</ref> sarta ayana anggepan sacara [[akal séhat]] yén Bumi téh sipatna padet tur manceg, henteu oyag sarta cicing. === Babilonia === {{main|Astronomi Babilonia}} Peradaban munggaran anu dipikawanoh mibanda tiori ''fungsional'' ngeunaan planét téh nyaéta bangsa [[Babilonia]], padumuk [[Mesopotamia]] dina milénium kahiji sarta kadua SM. Téks astronomi planét pangmimitina anu masih aya dugi ka ayeuna nyaéta [[Tablét Vénus ti Ammisaduqa]], mangrupa salinan daptar paniténan gerak planét Vénus ti abad ka-7 SM anu disangka parantos disusun ti milénium kadua SM.<ref name="practice" /> [[MUL.APIN]] mangrupa sapasang tablét [[kuneiform]] ti abad ka-7 SM anu nyatet gerakan Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét sapanjang taun.<ref>{{cite book|author= Francesca Rochberg|chapter=Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia|title= Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|volume= III|editor=Jack Sasson|year=2000|page=1930}}</ref> Sawatara [[Astrologi Babilonia|astrolog Babilonia]] ogé nunda dadasar pikeun [[astrologi Kulon]].<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Holden|first=James Herschel|title=A History of Horoscopic Astrology|year=1996|publisher=AFA|isbn=978-0-86690-463-6|page=1}}</ref> ''[[Enuma anu enlil]]'', anu ditulis dina mangsa periode [[Neo-Assyria]] abad ka-7 SM,<ref>{{cite book|volume=8|series=State Archives of Assyria|title=Astrological reports to Assyrian kings|editor=Hermann Hunger|year=1992|publisher=Helsinki University Press|isbn=951-570-130-9}}</ref> eusina ngawengku daptar [[omen]] (tanda alam) sarta hubunganana sareng rupa-rupa fénoména langit, kalebet gerakan planét-planét.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa |first=W. G. |last=Lambert |year=1987 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |doi=10.2307/602955 |volume=107 |issue=1 |author2=Reiner |first2=Erica |jstor=602955 |pages=93–96}}</ref><ref name="ancientmes">{{cite journal |url=http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |format=PDF |author=Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul |title=Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF) |journal=Electronic Journal of Folklore |accessdate=2008-02-06 |volume=16 |year=2001 |pages=7–35 |publisher=Estonian Literary Museum |editor=Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204141254/http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |date=2019-02-04 }}</ref> [[Vénus]], [[Mérkurius]], sarta planét-planét périfér (pangluarna) sapertos [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], sarta [[Saturnus]] parantos diidéntifikasi ku para [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]]. Sadayana mangrupa planét anu dipikawanoh ku manusa dugi ka diciptakeunana [[téléskop]] dina awal jaman modéren.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Observational Astronomy |author=A. Sachs |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |date=May 2, 1974 |pages=43–50 [45 & 48–9] |publisher=[[Royal Society of London]] |jstor=74273 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...43S}}</ref> === Astronomi Yunani-Romawi === {{Tempo ogé|Astronomi Yunani}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ 7 Planét Ptolomeus |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Bulan <br> [[File:Moon decrescent symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☾}}]] || 2 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 3 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 4 <br> Panonpoé <br> [[File:Sun symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☉}}]] || 5 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 6 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 7 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Bangsa Yunani Kuna kawitna mah henteu pati mibanda karesep sapertos bangsa Babilonia dina nalungtik perkara planét. [[Pangiring Pythagoras]] dina abad ka-6 sarta ka-5 SM rupina parantos ngamekarkeun tiori kaplanétan sorangan, anu di jerona ngajelaskeun yén Bumi, Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét téh ngurilingan "Seuneu Tengah" anu janten puseur Alam Semesta. [[Pythagoras]] atanapi [[Parmenides]] kawartoskeun mangrupa jalma munggaran anu mampuh ngaidéntifikasi yén béntang burit sarta béntang isuk ([[Vénus]]) téh saenyana mangrupa hiji banda langit anu sarua.<ref name="burnet">{{cite book|first=John|last=Burnet|title= Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato|year=1950|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|pages=7–11|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=978-1-4067-6601-1}}</ref> Dina abad ka-3 SM, [[Aristarkhus ti Samos]] ngusulkeun sistem [[heliosentrisme|hélioséntris]], anu mibanda harti yén Bumi sarta planét téh ngalingkung Panonpoé. Nanging, sistem géoséntris tetep janten anggepan utama (didominasi) dina peradaban dunya dugi ka lumangsungna [[Révolusi Ilmiah]]. Dina [[periode Hélénistik]] abad ka-1 SM, bangsa Yunani mimiti ngamekarkeun skéma matématika pikeun maham sarta ngira-ngira posisi planét-planét. Ieu skéma anu dumasar kana géométri, bénten sareng aritmetika Babilonia, nu satuluyna ngajantenkeun tiori kaplanétan langkung kompléks sarta pepek. Kalolobaan gerakan astronomis anu dititénan ti Bumi ku panon sacara langsung téh diukur ngagunakeun ieu skéma. Tiori Yunani ieu nembé tiasa dijelaskeun sacara mundel dina kitab ''[[Almagest]]'' karya [[Ptolomeus]] dina abad ka-2 M. Modél Ptolomeus téh kacida lengkepna sarta dominan, dugi ka sadaya tiori astronomi sateuacanna dianggap parantos katingaleun jaman (basi), sarta ''Almagest'' janten téks astronomi resmi di dunya Kulon salami 13 abad.<ref name="practice" /><ref name="almagest" /> Bangsa Yunani sarta Romawi mikawanoh tujuh planét, anu masing-masing dianggap [[modél géoséntris|ngurilingan Bumi]] luyu sareng hukum kompléks Ptolomeus. Éta planét-planét téh nyaéta (luyu sareng urutan Ptolomeus ti Bumi): Bulan, Mérkurius, Vénus, Panonpoé, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus.<ref name="oed">{{cite web | url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet |publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | title = planet, n | accessdate=2008-02-07|year=2007}} ''Note: select the Etymology tab ''</ref><ref name="almagest">{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ptolemy's Almagest|author= Ptolemy|authorlink=Ptolemy|author2=[[G. J. Toomer|Toomer, G. J.]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-691-00260-6}}</ref> === India === {{main|Astronomi India|Kosmologi Hindu}} Dina taun 499 CE, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] nyusun modél planét anu ngalebetkeun unsur [[rotasi Bumi]] dina sumbuna. Anjeunna ngajelaskeun yén éta hal téh mangrupa sabab musabab béntang-béntang katingal obah ka arah kulon. Aryabhata ogé mibanda kayakinan yén orbit planét téh wangunna [[élips]].<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html Aryabhata the Elder], [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''<nowiki/>''</ref> Pangiring Aryabhata kacida seueurna di [[India Kidul]], hiji wewengkon di mana prinsip-prinsip ngeunaan rotasi diurnal Bumi diaku, sarta sababaraha karya susulan anu dumasar kana éta tiori parantos dihasilkeun.<ref>[[K. V. Sarma|Sarma, K. V.]] (1997) "Astronomy in India" in [[Helaine Selin|Selin, Helaine]] (editor) ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-4066-3, p. 116</ref> Dina taun 1500, [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] ti [[madhab astronomi sarta matématika Kerala]] parantos ngaropéa (ngarévisi) modél Aryabhata dina karyana anu judulna ''[[Tantrasangraha]]''.<ref name="MOPM">{{cite journal |title=Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers |last==Ramasubramanian |first=K. |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |volume=26 |pages=11–31 [23–4] |year=1998 |bibcode=1998BASI...26...11R}}</ref> Dina ''Aryabhatiyabhasya'', anu mangrupa ulasan (koméntar) kana kitab ''Aryabhatiya'' karya Aryabhata, anjeunna ngamekarkeun modél planét di mana Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus téh ngalingkung Panonpoé, sedengkeun Panonpoé ngurilingan Bumi. Ieu modél téh sawanda sareng [[sistim Tychonik]] anu diusulkeun ku [[Tycho Brahe]] dina ahir abad ka-16. Kalolobaan astronom ti madhab Kerala anu janten pangiringna nampi éta modél planét hasil usulanana.<ref name="MOPM" /><ref>Ramasubramanian etc. (1994)</ref> === Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan === {{main|Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan|Kosmologi Islam}} Dina abad ka-11, kajadian [[transit Vénus]] parantos dititénan ku [[Ibnu Sina]], anu satuluyna netepkeun yén [[Vénus]] téh aya kalana nuju aya di handapeun Panonpoé.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā |author=Sally P. Ragep |editor=Thomas Hockey |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2007 |pages=570–572 |doi=10.1888/0333750888/3736 |bibcode=2000eaa..bookE3736. |isbn=0-333-75088-8}}</ref> Dina abad ka-12, [[Ibnu Bajjah]] nitenan ayana "dua planét anu mangrupa titik hideung dina beungeut Panonpoé", anu dina mangsa nu bakal datang dipikawanoh salaku [[transit Mérkurius]] sarta Vénus ku astronom ti [[Observatorium Maragheh|Maragha]], [[Qotb al-Din Shirazi]], dina abad ka-13.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26, 1997|author=S. M. Razaullah Ansari|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=1-4020-0657-8|page=137}}</ref> Nanging hanjakalna, Ibnu Bajjah dianggap pamohalan upami parantos nitenan transit Vénus, jalaran éta fénoména téh saenyana henteu kantos lumangsung saumur hirup anjeunna.<ref name="transit catalog">{{cite web|url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html|author=Fred Espenak|publisher= NASA/GSFC|title=Six millennium catalog of Venus transits: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE|accessdate=11 February 2012}}</ref> === Renaisans Éropa === {{Tempo ogé|Hélioséntrisme}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét Renaisans, s.k. 1543 dugi ka 1781 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Ku dimimitianana [[Révolusi Ilmiah]], wangenan (définisi) kecap "planét" téh robah sacara sasar (mendasar); anu kawitna dianggap salaku objék anu bagerak di langit (rélatif kana [[béntang maneuh|latar béntang]]), janten banda anu ngurilingan Bumi (géoséntris), sarta ahirna janten banda anu sacara langsung ngalilingan Panonpoé (hélioséntris). Ieu parobahan téh lumangsung sabada [[modél hélioséntris]] karya [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], sarta [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] mimiti ditarima ku masarakat élmuwan dina abad ka-16. [Image of Heliocentric model of the solar system] Ku kituna, Bumi sorangan mimiti dilebetkeun kana daptar planét,<ref name="galileo_project" /> samentara Panonpoé sarta Bulan mah dikaluarkeun tina éta daptar. Nalika satelit-satelit munggaran Jupiter sarta Saturnus kapanggih dina abad ka-17, istilah "planét" sarta "satelit" téh mimitina mah mindeng dipaké silih ganti. Nanging, istilah "satelit" janten beuki umum sarta baku dipaké dina abad salajengna.<ref>Tempo sitasi utama di [[:en:Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons#References|Garis waktu papanggihan planét-planét Tata Surya jeung bulanna]]</ref> Dugi ka pertengahan abad ka-19, jumlah "planét" téh nambihan kacida gancangna, jalaran unggal banda anyar anu kapanggih ngurilingan Panonpoé téh langsung digolongkeun salaku planét ku komunitas élmuwan. === Abad ka-19 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ Planét anyar, 1807–1845 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[file:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[file:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[file:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[file:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Vésta <br> [[file:Vesta symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚶}}]] || 6 <br> Juno <br> [[file:Juno symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚵}}]] || 7 <br> Cérés <br> [[file:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚳}}]] || 8 <br> Pallas <br> [[file:Pallas symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚴}}]] || 9 <br> Yupiter <br> [[file:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 10 <br> Saturnus <br> [[file:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 11 <br> Uranus <br> [[file:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] |} Dina abad ka-19, para astronom mimiti sadar yén banda-banda anyar anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku planét salila ampir satengah abad (saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]]) miboga sipat anu jauh béda ti planét tradisional. Banda-banda ieu aya dina kawasan anu sarua antara Mars jeung Yupiter ([[sabuk astéroid]]) sarta miboga massa anu jauh leuwih leutik. Ku lantaran kitu, objék-objék kasebut mimiti digolongkeun salaku "[[astéroid]]". [Image of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter] Alatan can aya wangenan (definisi) resmi, kecap "planét" dina mangsa éta dipikaharti salaku banda "badag" naon baé anu ngulilingan Panonpoé. Sanggeus kanyahoan aya bédana ukuran anu kacida badag antara astéroid jeung planét, sarta dituturkeun ku kapanggihna [[Néptunus]] dina taun 1846, kabutuhan pikeun miboga wangenan resmi jadi beuki kuat.<ref>{{cite web |last =Hilton |first =James L. |date =2001-09-17 |url =http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |title =When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? |publisher =U.S. Naval Observatory |accessdate =2007-04-08 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate =2007-09-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> === Abad ka-20 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét 1854–1930, 2006–ayeuna |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} Dina abad ka-20, [[Pluto]] dipanggihkeun. Sanggeus saruntuyan pangamatan awal nyimpulkeun banda ieu leuwih gedé tibatan Bumi,<ref>{{cite book|title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems|first = K.|last=Croswell|publisher = The Free Press|year = 1997|page = 57|isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> objék ieu langsung ditarima sabagé planét kasalapan. Pangamatan saterusna justru ngabuktikeun yén banda ieu ukuranana leuwih leutik: tahun 1936, [[Raymond Lyttleton]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto bisa jadi satelit [[Néptunus]] anu kaluar jalur,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> jeung dina taun 1964 [[Fred Lawrence Whipple|Fred Whipple]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto meureun baé mangrupa komét.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> Ngan lantaran ukuranana leuwih gedé tibatan kabéh astéroid anu dipikanyaho sarta sigana henteu éksis di jero populasi anu leuwih gedé,<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Scientific American |year=1996 |pages=46–52 |last=Luu |first=Jane X. |author2=Jewitt, David C. |title=The Kuiper Belt |volume=274 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0596-46}}</ref> status Pluto tetep planet nepi ka taun 2006. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planet 1930–2006 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] || 9 <br> Pluto <br> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|{{unicode|♇}}]] |} Dina taun 1992, astronom [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] jeung [[Dale Frail]] manggihan sajumlah planét anu ngurilingan hiji [[pulsar]], [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan" /> Papanggihan ieu umumna dianggap minangka detéksi pasti kana sistim planit anu ngabuder béntang lian. Tuluy dina 6 Oktober 1995, [[Michel Mayor]] jeung [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenewa]] ngalaksanakeun detéksi pasti kahiji ka éksoplanét anu ngurilingan hiji béntang [[deret utama]] biasa ([[51 Pegasi]]).<ref name="Mayor">{{cite journal | last=Mayor |first=Michel |author2=Queloz, Didier | title=A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star | journal=Nature | year=1995 | volume=378 | issue=6356 | pages=355–359 | doi= 10.1038/378355a0 | bibcode=1995Natur.378..355M}}</ref> Papanggihan planét luar surya nungtung kana ambiguitas séjén ngeunaan définisi planet, dina titik waktu planit ngajadi béntang. Réa planit luar surya anu enggeus dipikanyaho massana leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter, ngadeukeutan banda-banda béntang anu dikenal sabagé "[[katé coklat]]".<ref>{{cite web | year=2006 |title=IAU General Assembly: Definition of Planet debate | url=http://astro2006.meta.mediastream.cz/Astro2006-060822-01.asx |format=.wmv |publisher=MediaStream.cz |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Katé coklat umumna dianggap béntang sabab mampuh ngalakukeun fusi [[deuterium]], isotop [[hidrogén]] anu leuwih beurat. Lamun béntang anu ukuranana 75 kalieun Jupiter mampuh ngafusikeun hidrogén, ngan béntang anu ukuranana 13 kalieun Jupiter anu bisa ngafusikeun deuterium. Tatapi, deuterium rada langka jeung sabagian gedé katé coklat enggeus tiheula anggeus ngafusikeun deuterium saméméh dipanggihkeun, nu matak hésé dibédakeun ti planit-planit supermasif.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Basri |first=Gibor |title= Observations of Brown Dwarfs |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2000 |volume=38 | issue=1 |page=485 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.485 |bibcode=2000ARA&A..38..485B}}</ref> === Abad ka-21 === Ku dipanggihanana réa objék di Tata Surya jeung objék anu leuwih gedé di sistim lian dina paruh akhir abad ka-20, timbul pamasalahan ngeunaan hal-hal anu ngawangun hiji planit. Aya sawala ngeunaan naha hiji objék bisa dianggap planit lamun ayana di jero populasi jauh saperti [[sabuk astéroid|sabuk]] atawa cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun énergi sorangan ngaliwatan [[fusi termonuklir]] [[deuterium]]. Réa astronom anu boga pamadegan supaya Pluto dikaluarkan ti kolompok planit, sabab réa banda sajinis anu ukuranana siga dipanggihkeun di wilayah Tata Surya anu sarua ([[sabuk Kuiper]]) dina tauun 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an. Pluto kabuktian nya ngan hiji banda leutik di antarana barébu-rébu banda sarupa lianna. Sajumlah banda saperti [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]], [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], jeung [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] disebutkeun minangka [[planet kasapuluh]] ku pers, tatapi henteu diakuan sacara jembar ku komunitas ilmuwan. Papanggihan Eris taun 2005, banda anu 27% leuwih gedé tibatab Pluto, nyiptakeun rasa panasaran publik ngeunaan définisi planét sacara resmi. Nénjo masalah ieu, IAU ngarancang [[définisi planét]] sarta netepkeunana dina Agustus 2006. Jumlah planét ngurangan ngajadi dalapan banda gedé anu enggeus "[[ngaberesihkeun lingkungan|ngaberesihkeun]]" orbitna (Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, jeung Neptunus). IAU ogé nyieun kolompok [[planét katé]] anu awalna ditempatan tilu banda ([[Ceres (planet katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]], jeung [[Eris (planet katé)|Eris]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Green |first=D. W. E. |version=Circular No. 8747 |publisher=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, International Astronomical Union |date=2006-09-13 |title=(134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia) |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08700/08747.html |accessdate=2011-07-05 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080624225029/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/08747.pdf |archivedate = June 24, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==== Définisi planét luar surya ==== Pada tahun 2003, [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets nyieun pertélaan ngeunaan définisi planit anu ngawengku définisi pamuka kieu, réréana fokus kana watesan antara planit jeung katé coklat:<ref name="WSGESP" /> {{TNO imagemap|250px}} # Objék anu [[massa sajati]]na di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium (ayeuna ieu kaitung 13 kalieun massa Jupiter pikeun objék kalawan [[kalimpahan alami|kalimpahan isotop]] anu satimbang jeung Panonpoé<ref>{{cite journal | last=Saumon |first=D. |author2=Hubbard, W. B.; Burrows, A.; Guillot, T.; Lunine, J. I.; Chabrier, G. |title=A Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1996 |volume=460 |pages=993–1018 |bibcode=1996ApJ...460..993S |doi=10.1086/177027|arxiv = astro-ph/9510046 }}</ref>) anu gorbit béntang atawa sésa béntang téh "planit" (henteu penting kumaha kawangunna). Massa jeung ukuran minimal anu disaratkeun pikeun objék luar surya supaya bisa dianggap planit kudu sarua saperti sarat planet Tata Surya. # Objek subbintang anu massa sajatina di luhur wates massa pikeun fusi termonuklir deuterium téh "[[katé coklat]]", henteu penting kumaha kawangunna atawa di mana lokasina. # Objék ngalalana bébas di [[gugus béntang]] ngora anu massana di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium nya lain "planit", tatapi "katé sub-coklat" (atawa ngaran naon baé anu pantes). Définisi ieu mimiti dipaké sacara jembar ku astronom waktu nerbitkeun papanggihan éksoplanét di [[jurnal akademik]].<ref>See for example the list of references for: {{cite web |author=Butler, R. P. ''et al.'' |year=2006 |url=http://exoplanets.org/ |title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets |publisher=University of California and the Carnegie Institution |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119143348/http://exoplanets.org/esp/hd117618/hd117618.shtml |date=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Najan samentara, definisi ieu mimiti éféktif nepi ka définisi permanén sacara resmi diadopsi. Hanjakalna, definisi ieu henteu nanganan masalah wates rendah massa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html|title=Gravity Rules: The Nature and Meaning of Planethood|last=Stern|first=S. Alan|date=2004-03-22|publisher=SpaceDaily|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012331/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html |date=2012-11-04 }}</ref> nu matak ngajauhan kontrovérsi sabuder objék di jero Tata Surya. Définisi ieu ogé henteu nanganan status planét katé coklat anu boga orbit, saperti [[2M1207b]]. Salah sahiji définisi [[katé sub-coklat]] téh banda bamassa planet anu kawangun ngaliwatan kolaps méga, lain [[akresi (astrofisika)|akresi]]. Pangbéda pambentukan antara katé sub-coklat jeung planit ieu tacan diakuan sacara universal. Para astronom masih kabagi jadi dua kubu dina nimbangkeun prosés pambentukan planit minangka bagéan tina pangolompokanana.<ref name="Cha110913">{{cite web |date=2005-11-29 |title=A Planet With Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |publisher=NASA |author=Whitney Clavin |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |accessdate=2006-03-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011011111/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |date=2012-10-11 }}</ref> Hiji alesan kakuciwaan ieu téh kadang pamohalan nangtukeun prosés pambentukan planit. Upamana, planit pangorbit béntang anu kawangun ku akresi bisa kaalungkeun ti sistim tur jadi pangalalana bébas. Sabalikna, katé sub-coklat anu kawangun ku kolaps méga kawangun sorangan di hiji gugus béntang anu bisa kataheun dina orbit hiji béntang. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét katai 2007–ayeuna |- style="font-size: smaller;" align=center | Ceres <br /> [[File:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|⚳]] || Orcus <br /> [[File:Orcus symbol.svg|16px]] || Pluto <br /> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|⯓]] || Haumea <br /> [[File:Haumea symbol.svg|16px]] || Quaoar <br /> [[File:Quaoar symbol.svg|16px]] || Makemake <br /> [[File:Makemake symbol.svg|16px]] || Gonggong <br /> [[File:Gonggong symbol.svg|16px]] || Eris <br /> [[File:Eris symbol.svg|16px|⯰]] || Sedna <br /> [[File:Sedna symbol.svg|16px|⯲]] |} Sarat 13 kali massa Jupiter téh kira-kira, lain hal anu sipatna pasti. Hiji pananya gé muncul: Naon ari [[pangbakaran deuterium]] téh? Pananya ieu muncul karana objék-objék gedé bakal ngaduruk sabagian gedé deuteriumna jeung objék leutik ngan meuleum saeutik, jeung 13 massa Jupiter ayana di antara duanana. Jumlah deuterium anu dibeuleum henteu ngan gumantung kana massa, tatapi ogé komposisi planétna, tepatna dina jumlah [[hélium]] jeung [[deuterium]] nu aya.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1008.5150 |author1=Spiegel |author2=Adam Burrows |author3=Milsom |title=The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets |class=astro-ph.EP |year=2010}}</ref> Kriteria séjén anu misahkeun planit jeung katé coklat salian ti pangbakaran deuterium, prosés pambentukan, atawa lokasi téh naha [[tekenan]] intina didominasi ku [[tekenan lateral bumi#Teori Coulomb|tekenan coulomb]] atawa [[tekenan degenerasi éléktron]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E.|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058 |journal=Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. |volume=34 |title=Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet? |pages=193–216 |year=2006 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608417 |bibcode=2006AREPS..34..193B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Boss, Alan P. |author2=Basri, Gibor |author3=Kumar, Shiv S. |author4=Liebert, James |author5=Martín, Eduardo L. |author6=Reipurth, Bo |author7=Zinnecker, Hans |title=Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ? |journal=Brown Dwarfs |volume=211 |page=529 |year=2003 |bibcode=2003IAUS..211..529B |author2=Basri |author3=Kumar |author4=Liebert |author5=Martín |author6=Reipurth |author7=Zinnecker}}</ref> ==== Definisi 2006 ====<!-- maybe: Rigorous definition --> {{main|Definisi planet IAU}} Masalah watesan rendah ditepikeun dina rapat [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional#Majelis Umum ke-XXVI dan definisi planet|Majelis Umum IAU]] taun 2006. Sanggeus debat panjang jeung hiji proposal gagal, majelis mungut soara pikeun ngesahkan résolusi anu ngadéfinisikeun planét di Tata Surya sabagé:<ref name="IAU2">{{cite web |author =Staff |year =2006 |url =http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |title =IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU resolution votes |publisher =IAU |accessdate =2007-05-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913172129/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |date=2008-09-13 }}</ref> {{quotation|Objék langit anu (a) ayana di orbit ngabuder Panonpoé, (b) miboga massa anu cukup supaya gravitasina ngaleuwihan gaya banda tegar sahingga miboga [[kasatimbangan hidrostatik]] (méh buleud), jeung (c) enggeus [[meresihkeun lingkungan]] di sabudereun orbitna.}} Sasuay définisi téa, Tata Surya dianggap miboga dalapan planit. Banda-banda anu minuhan dua sarat kahiji tapi henteu nu katilu (saperti Pluto, Makemake, jeung Eris) dikolompokkeun sabagé [[planit katé]] kalawan sarat maranéhna ogé lain mangrupa [[satelit alami]] planit séjén. Awalna komite IAU gusulkan définisi anu ngawengku réa planit karana poin (c) tacan dijieun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4795755.stm|title=Planets plan boosts tally 12|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-16|accessdate=2008-08-23|first=Paul|last=Rincon}}</ref> Sanggeus diskusi panjang, pamungutan soara satuluyna mutuskeun banda-banda téa digolongkeun planit katé.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/5282440.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Pluto loses status as a planet|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Definisi ieu didasarkeun kana tiori-tiori pambentukan planit, nyaéta waktu embrio planit enggeus meresihkeun orbitna tina objek-objek leutik. Saperti anu diécéskeun astronom [[Steven Soter]]:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Soter |first = Steven |title = What is a Planet |journal = Astronomical Journal |volume = 132 |issue = 6 |pages = 2513–19 |year = 2006 |doi=10.1086/508861 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608359 |bibcode=2006AJ....132.2513S}}</ref> {{quotation|Hasil ahir tina akresi cakram kadua téh saeutikna banda anu relatif gedé (planit) boh di orbit bèbas atawa resonan anu nyegah tabrakan antarbanda. Planit jeung komét leutik, kaabus KBO [objék beubeur Kuiper] aya bédana ti planit sabab bisa patabrakan jeung planit atawa pada batur.}} Pasca pamungutan soara IAU taun 2006, muncul kontroversi jeung sawala sabuder definisi ieu.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm|title=Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt|first=Paul|last=Rincon|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-24 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Réa astronom anu mutuskeun henteu ngagunakeunana.<ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-31 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto: Down But Maybe Not Out |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060831_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Sabagian sawala téa museurk kana kayakinan yén poin (c) (meresihkeun orbit) sakuduna henteu disartakeun jeung objék-objék anu ayeuna dikatégorikeun planit katé kuduna ngajadi bagéan tina définisi planit anu leuwih jembar. Di luar komunitas ilmuwan, Pluto miboga dampak budaya anu kuat di masarakat sabab status planitna ti semet dipanggihkeun taun 1930. Papanggihan Eris diwartakeun gedé-gedéan ku [[média massa|media]] minangka [[planit kasapuluh]], sahingga klasifikasi ulang katilu objék téa minangka planit katé loba narik ati média jeung publik.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clara|last=Moskowitz|title=Scientist who found '10th planet' discusses downgrading of Pluto|publisher=Stanford news|date=2006-10-18|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513221522/http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html |date=2013-05-13 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi sateuacana === Tabél di handap ieu dieusi daftar banda-banda [[Tata Surya]] anu saméméhna diklasifikasikeun minangka planit: {| class="wikitable" |- ! |Banda ! |Klasifikasi mutahir ! |Catetan |- | [[Bulan]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Digolongkeun minangka planit dina [[sajarah kuna|zaman antik]] saluyu [[modél géoséntris]] anu ayeuna kolot. |- | [[Io (satelit)|Io]], [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]], [[Ganimédé (satelit)|Ganimédé]], jeung [[Callisto (satelit)|Callisto]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Opat satelit panggedéna [[Jupiter]], katelah ogé [[satelit-satelit Galileo]]. [[Galileo Galilei]] nyebutna "Planit-Planit Medici" anu dialap tina ngaran [[Patronase|patronnya]], [[Medici|kulawarga Medici]]. |- | [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB>Referred to by Huygens as a ''Planetes novus'' ("new planet") in his [http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens-text.htm ''Systema Saturnium'']</ref> [[Iapetus (satelit)|Iapetus]],{{refn|Both labelled ''nouvelles planétes'' (new planets) by Cassini in his ''Découverte de deux nouvelles planetes autour de Saturne''<ref>Giovanni Cassini (1673). Decouverte de deux Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne. Sabastien Mabre-Craniusy. pp. 6–14.</ref>|name=footnoteC|group=lower-alpha}} [[Rhea (satelit)|Rhea]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> [[Tethys (satelit)|Tethys]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD>Both once referred to as "planets" by Cassini in his [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0260-7085%281686%2F1692%2916%3C79%3AAEOTJD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J ''An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans...'']. The term "satellite", however, had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ("primary planets").</ref> dan [[Dione (satelit)|Dione]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Lima [[satelit Saturnus|satelit panggedéna Saturnus]], ditimukeun ku [[Christiaan Huygens]] jeung [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]]. |- | [[Ceres (planit katé)|Ceres]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Classified as a [[dwarf planet]] in 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"| [[Astéroid]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho ti semet ditimukeun antara 1801 jeung 1807 tepi ka digolongkeun deui jadi astéroid taun 1850-an.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hilton, James L. |title=When did the asteroids become minor planets? |work=U.S. Naval Observatory |url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |accessdate=2008-05-08 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080324182332/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate=2008-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> Ceres enggeus digolongkeun jadi [[planit katé]] taun 2006. |- | [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], dan [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] || Asteroid |- | [[5 Astraea|Astrea]], [[6 Hebe|Hebe]], [[7 Iris|Iris]], [[8 Flora|Flora]], [[9 Metis|Metis]], [[10 Hygiea|Hygeia]], [[11 Parthenope|Parthenope]], [[12 Victoria|Victoria]], [[13 Egeria|Egeria]], [[14 Irene|Irene]], [[15 Eunomia|Eunomia]] || Astéroid | style="font-size:90%;"| Réa astéroid ditimukeun antara 1845 jeung 1851. Kamekaran daftar planit anu téréh ngajurung pangolompokan ulang banda-banda ieu sabagé astéroid ku para astronom. Klaim ieu kakara diakua dina taun 1854.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Planet Hygea |year=1849 |work=spaceweather.com |url=http://spaceweather.com/swpod2006/13sep06/Pollock1.jpg |accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> |- | [[Pluto]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Regarded as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until redesignated as a [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian]] dwarf planet in August 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| [[Banda trans-Néptunus]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho (nyaéta planet minor kalawan [[sumbu semi-mayor]] di luar [[Néptunus]]). Dina taun 2006, Pluto digolongkeun jadi planit katé. |- | [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] || Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| Ditimukeun taun 2003, banda trans-Neputunus ieu diakuan dina taun 2005 saméméh tungtungna digolongkeun jadi planit katé saperti [[Pluto]] dina taun 2006. |} == Mitologi jeung paméré ngaran == {{see also|Nama hari|Planet mata telanjang}} [[File:Olympians.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|250px|Dewa-dewa [[Gunung Olympus|Olympus]] yang menjadi sumber nama planet di Tata Surya]] Ngaran-ngaran planit di dunya Barat asalna ti praktik paméré ngaran Romawi, anu justru asalna ti kabiasaan bangsa Yunani jeung Babilonia. Di [[Yunani kuna]], dua objék moncorong raksasa, Panonpoé jeung Bulan, disebut ''[[Helios]]'' jeung ''[[Selene]]''; planit pangjauhna (Saturnus) disebut ''Phainon'', sang panerang; diikuti oleh ''Phaethon'' (Jupiter), "cerah"; planit beureum (Mars) katelah ku sesebutan ''Pyroeis'', "ngagedur"; planit pangcaangna (Venus) disebut ''Phosphoros'', pamawa cahaya;jeung planit panungtung (Merkurius) disebut ''Stilbon'', marahmay. Bangsa Yunani ogé nyieun satiap planit suci keur ka salah sahiji déwana, [[Dua Welas Déwa Olimpus]]: Helios jeung Selene téh ngaran planit jeung déwa; Phainon disanggakeun ka [[Cronus]], [[Titan (mitologi)|Titan]] anu mangrupa bapana para déwa Olimpus; Phaethon disanggakeun ka [[Zeus]], putra Cronus anu ngagulingkeunana ti tahta raja; Pyroeis disanggakeun ka [[Ares]], putra Zeus jeung déwa perang; Phosphoros dipingpin ku [[Afrodit]], déwi asih; jeung [[Hermes]], perantara para déwa jeung déwa élmu jeung akal, mingpin Stilbon.<ref name="practice">{{cite book|title=The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|first=James|last=Evans|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|pages=296–7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17 |accessdate=2008-02-04|isbn=978-0-19-509539-5}}</ref> Adat kabiasaan bangsa Yunani dina maparin nami-nami planét dumasar kana nami déwana téh ampir sagemblengna mangrupa pangaruh ti kabiasaan bangsa [[Babilonia]]. Bangsa Babilonia nyandak nami [[Hesperus#Variasi nama|Phosphoros]] tina nami déwi asihna, nyaéta ''[[Ishtar]]''; Pyroeis tina nami déwa perang, ''[[Nergal]]''; Stilbon tina nami déwa kawijaksanaan, [[Nabu]]; sarta Phaethon tina nami déwa pamingpin, nyaéta ''[[Marduk]]''.<ref name="nergal">{{cite web |first=Kelley L. |last=Ross |year=2005 |title=The Days of the Week |url=http://www.friesian.com/week.htm |publisher=The Friesian School |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Aya seueur kasaruaan dina aturan paparin nami antara bangsa Yunani sarta Babilonia, sanajan kaduana mibanda bentang jaman anu bénten.<ref name="practice" /> Nanging, tarjamahanana henteu salawasna sampurna. Contona, Nergal ti Babilonia téh mangrupa déwa perang, ku kituna bangsa Yunani nyaruakeun anjeunna sareng Ares. Nanging bénten sareng Ares, Nergal mah saenyana ogé dianggap salaku déwa panyakit sarta alam ahérat.<ref>{{cite book|title=Martian Metamorphoses: The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Tradition|first=Ev|last=Cochrane|year=1997|publisher=Aeon Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jz3eqRGuM0wC&pg=PP9&dq=ares+nergal+planet+pestilence|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=0-9656229-0-8}}</ref> Kiwari, réa jelema di dunya Barat mikawanoh planit kalawan ngaran-ngaran anu dialap tina déwa-déwa Olympus. Lamun bangsa Yunani modéren masih maké ngaran kuna pikeun nyebut planit, sawatara basa Éropa justru maké ngaran Romawi (Latén) karana pangaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Kakaisaran Romawi]] jeung [[Gereja Katolik|Garéja Katolik]]. Bangsa Romawi, saperti Yunani, nyaéta [[mitologi Indo-Eropa|urang Indo-Eropa]] anu silih babagi [[mitologi Romawi|mitologi]] jeung ngaran-ngaran anu béda, ngan hanteu boga tradisi narasi saperti anu disanggakeun budaya sastra Yunani pikeun [[mitologi Yunani|déwa-déwana]]. Dina mangsa ahir [[Republik Romawi|Républik Romawi]], para panulis nginjeum réa pisan narasi Yunani tur ngalarapkeunana ka mitologi maranéhna nepi ka duanana hanteu bisa dibédakeun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Greek Mythography in the Roman World|first=Alan|last=Cameron|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517121-7}}</ref> Mangsa bangsa Romawi ngulik astronomi Yunani, maranéhna méré ngaran planit luyu jeung ngaran déwa-déwana sorangan: ''[[Merkurius (mitologi)|Mercurius]]'' (keur ka Hermes), ''[[Venus (mitologi)|Venus]]'' (Afrodit), ''[[Mars (mitologi)|Mars]]'' (Ares), ''[[Jupiter (mitologi)|Iuppiter]]'' (Zeus), jeung ''[[Saturnus (mitologi)|Saturnus]]'' (Cronus). Waktu planit-planit saterusna ditimukeun dina abad ka-18 jeung 19, praktik paméréan ngaranna tumuluy pikeun ''[[Neptunus (mitologi)|Neptūnus]]'' ([[Poseidon]]). Uranus unik lantaran dialap tina ngaran [[Uranus (mitologi)|déwa Yunani]] gaganti [[Caelus|vérsi Romawina]]. Sawatara urang [[Romawi Kuno|Romawi]], saluyu kapercayaan anu meureun asalna ti [[Mesopotamia|Mésopotamia]] tatapi mekar di [[Mesir Yunani]],<!--<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Arnett |year=2006 |title=Appendix 5: Planetary Linguistics |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/days.html |publisher=www.nineplanets.org |accessdate=2008-02-02}}{{Verify credibility|date=February 2008}}</ref>--> parcaya yén tujuh déwa anu ngajadi sumber ngaran planit téa ngajaga Bumi sacara bagilir. Urutan giliran téa ti jauh ka deukeut nyaéta Saturnus, Jupiter, Mars, Matahari, Venus, Mérkurius, Bulan.<ref name="zerubavel">{{cite book|first=Eviatar|last=Zerubavel|year=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-98165-7|title= The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|page=14|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aGahKeojIUoC&pg=PA14|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Hasilna, poé kahiji dimimitian ku Saturnus (jam ka-1), poé kadua ku Panonpoé (jam ka-25), dituturkeun Bulan (jam ka-49), Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Karana satiap poé dibéré ngaran saluyu déwa anu ngawalana, kitu deui jeung urutan [[nama hari|ngaran poé]] dina [[kalender Romawi|kalénder Romawi]] anu masih dipaké di sawatara basa modéren sanggeus [[Kalender Romawi#Siklus Nundinal|siklus Nundinal]] ditolak.<ref name="weekdays">{{cite journal | first=Michael |last=Falk |title=Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week |journal=Journal of the [[Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]] |year=1999 |volume=93 |pages=122–133 |bibcode=1999JRASC..93..122F |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002 | last2=Koresko | first2=Christopher}}</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ''Saturday, Sunday,'' jeung ''Monday'' téh tarjamahan langsung tina ngaran-ngaran Romawi ieu. Ngaran poé anu séjén asalna tina ''[[Týr|Tiw]]'', (Tuesday) ''[[Woden|Wóden]]'' (Wednesday), ''[[Thor|Thunor]]'' (Thursday), jeung ''[[Frige|Fríge]]'' (Friday), [[dewa Anglo-Saxon]] anu sarua saperti Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Bumi (''Earth'') nyaéta hiji-hijina planit anu ngaranna dina basa Inggris hanteu dialap tina mitologi Yunani-Romawi. Karana Bumi sorangan kakara diakuan minangka planit dina abad ka-17,<ref name="galileo_project">{{cite web | last=Van Helden |first=Al |year=1995 |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html |title=Copernican System |publisher=The Galileo Project |accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> henteu aya tradisi méréna ngaran saluyu ngaran déwa. Kecap ''Earth'' asalna tina basa [[bahasa Inggris Lama|Anglo-Saxon]] ''erda'' anu hartina daratan atau tanah tur munggaran dipaké pikeun nyebut Bumi kira-kira taun 1300.<ref>{{cite web | publisher= Oxford English Dictionary |url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50071589?query_type=word&queryword=earth&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=7aas-q054tm-4631&hilite=50071589 | title = earth, n |accessdate = 2008-02-06 |year = 1989}}</ref><ref name="etymearth">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas |date = 2001-09 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=earth |title = Earth |work= Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = 2008-08-23}}</ref> Sakumaha [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|basa Jermanik]] lianna, kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Proto-Jerman]] ''ertho'', "daratan",<ref name="etymearth"/> tur katénjo kasaruaanana dina kecap ''earth'' dina basa Inggris, ''Erde'' dina basa Jerman, ''aarde'' dina basa Walanda, jeung ''jord'' dina basa Skandinavia. Réa [[rumpun bahasa Roman|basa Roman]] anu maké kecap Roman heubeul ''[[Terra (mitologi)|terra]]'' (atawa variasina). Kecap téa dipaké ku ma'na "daratan garing", lain "laut".<ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=2001-09 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrain |title=Etymology of "terrain" |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Basa-basa non-Roman maké kecapna sorangan. Bangsa Yunani angger maké ngaran asli maranéhna, ''[[Gaia (mitologi)|Γή]]'' ''(Ge)''. Budaya non-Éropa maké sistim panamaan planit anu béda. [[India]] maké sistim dumasar kana [[Navagraha]], anu ngawemgku tujuh planit tradisional ([[Surya]] keur ka Panonpoé, [[Chandra]] keur ka Bulan, jeung [[Budha]], [[Shukra]], [[Mangala]], [[Bṛhaspati|{{IAST|Bṛhaspati}}]], jeung [[Shani]] keur ka Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, jeung Saturnus) jeung [[nodus bulan]] unggah jeung turun [[Rahu]] jeung [[Ketu (mitologi)|Ketu]]. [[Cina]] katut jeung nagara-nagara Asia Wétan enggeus lila kakeunaan [[Sinosfer|psngaruh budaya Cina]] (saperti [[Jepang]], [[Korea|Koréa]], jeung [[Vietnam|Viétnam]]) kalawan sistim panamaan anu didasaran dina [[Wu Xing|lima unsur Cina]]: cai (Mérkurius), [[Logam (elemen klasik)|logam]] (Vénus), [[Api (elemen klasik)|seuneun]] (Mars), [[Kayu (elemen klasik)|kai]] (Jupiter), jeung [[Tanah (elemen klasik)|taneuh]] (Saturnus).<ref name="weekdays" /> == Ngawujudna == {{main|Hipotesis nebula}} [[File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi cakram protoplanet]] Tacan dipikanyaho sacara pasti kumaha planit kawangun. Tiori anu kiwari ngadominasi téh planit kawangun mangsa hiji [[nebula|nébula]] barobah ngajadi cakram gas jeung lebu ipis. Hiji [[protobintang]] kawangun di intina tur dikurilingan ku [[cakram protoplanet]] anu muter. Ngaliwatan [[akresi (astrofisika)|akrési]] (prosés tabrakan tempel), partikel-partikel kekebul di cakram lalaunan ngumpulkeun massa pikeun ngawangun banda anu jauh leuwih gedé. Konsentrasi massa di hiji tempat disebut sabagé wangun [[planetesimal]] jeung konséntrasi téa ngagancangkeun prosés akresi ku jalan narik material tambahan ngagunakeun daya tarik gravitasina. Konséntrasi téa samingkin padet nepi ka tungtungna kolaps ka jero seug ngawangun [[protoplanet]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=G. W. |last=Wetherill |title=Formation of the Terrestrial Planets |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=1980 |volume=18 | issue=1 |pages=77–113 |bibcode=1980ARA&A..18...77W |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000453}}</ref> Sanggeus mibanda diaméter leuwih gedé ti batan Bulan Bumi, planét téa ngawangun atmosfer tambahan, sahingga ningkatkeun daya tarik planetesimal kalawan [[gaya hambat|gaya hambat atmosfer]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Inaba, S.; Ikoma, M. |title=Enhanced Collisional Growth of a Protoplanet that has an Atmosphere |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2003 |volume=410 | issue=2 |pages=711–723 |bibcode=2003A&A...410..711I |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20031248}}</ref> [[File:PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Tabrakan asteroid - membentuk planet (konsep artis).]] Waktu protobintang tumuwuh sakitu gedéna nepi ka bisa "ngahurungkeun diri" ngajadi [[bintang]], cakram anu nyésa dimusnakeun ti jero ka luar ku [[fotoevaporasi]], [[angin matahari|angin panonpoé]], [[efek Poynting–Robertson|gaya hambat Poynting–Robertson]], jeung pangaruh lian.<ref>{{cite journal |last =Dutkevitch |first =Diane |year =1995 |url =http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archivedate =2007-11-25 |title =The Evolution of Dust in the Terrestrial Planet Region of Circumstellar Disks Around Young Stars |publisher =PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst |accessdate =2008-08-23 |bibcode =1995PhDT..........D }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |date=2007-11-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Matsuyama, I.; Johnstone, D.; Murray, N. |title=Halting Planet Migration by Photoevaporation from the Central Source |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year = 2005 |volume=585 |issue=2 |pages=L143–L146 |bibcode=2003astro.ph..2042M |doi = 10.1086/374406|arxiv = astro-ph/0302042 }}</ref> Masih réa protoplanet anu ngurilingan béntang atawa pada batur, ngain lawas ti lawas sabagian gedé di antarana bakal patabrak ngawangun hiji planit anu leuwih gedé atawa ngaleupaskeun material supaya diserep protoplanet atawa planét anu leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kenyon |first=Scott J. |author2=Bromley, Benjamin C. |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=131 | issue=3 |page=1837 | year=2006 |doi=10.1086/499807 |title= Terrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth |laysummary = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/terra/index.html |laysource = Kenyon, Scott J. Personal web page | bibcode=2006AJ....131.1837K|arxiv = astro-ph/0503568 }}</ref> Objék-objék anu meujeuhna gedé téa bakal nangkep sabagian materi di lingkungan orbitna tur ngajadi planit. Samentara éta, protoplanét anu hasil nyingkahan tabrakan baris ngajadi [[satelit alami]] planit ngaliwatan prosés tangkapan gravitasi atawa tetep aya di sabuk objék lian tur ngajadi planit katé atawa [[benda kecil Tata Surya|banda leutik]]. Balukar énergi planetesimal leutik (sarta [[peluruhan radioaktif|paluruhan radioaktif]]) baris ngahaneutkeun planit anu eukeur tumuwuh, jadi éta planit sahanteuna satengah lééh. Interior planét mimiti béda-béda massana tur nyiptakeun inti anu leuwih padet.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Icarus |year=1987 |volume=69 | issue=2 |page=239 |last=Ida |first=Shigeru |author2=Nakagawa, Yoshitsugu; Nakazawa, Kiyoshi |title= The Earth's core formation due to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90103-5 |bibcode=1987Icar...69..239I}}</ref> Planit-planit kabumian anu leuwih leutik kaleungitan sabagian gedé atmosférna ku sabab akrési ieu, tatapi gas anu leungit bisa kagantikeun ku gas anu kaluar tina mantel jeung tubrukan [[komet]] (planit leutik bakal kaleungitan atmosfér anu dibeunangkeun ngaliwatan rupa-rupa jinis [[pelepasan atmosfer|mekanisme palepasan]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kasting |first=James F. |title=Earth's early atmosphere |journal=Science |year=1993 |volume=259 |bibcode=1993Sci...259..920K |doi=10.1126/science.11536547 |pmid=11536547 |issue=5097 | pages=920–6}}</ref> Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa papanggihan sarta paniténan ngeunaan [[sistem keplanetan|sistim kaplanétan]] di sakuriling béntang-béntang sanés salian ti Tata Surya, para élmuwan parantos mampuh ngoréhan, ngoméan (ngarévisi), atanapi malah ngaganti tiori-tiori anu parantos aya. Tingkat [[metalisitas]], nyaéta hiji istilah astronomi anu ngajelaskeun ngeunaan kalimpahan [[elemen kimia|unsur kimia]] kalawan [[nomor atom|nomer atom]] anu langkung ageung batan 2 ([[helium|hélium]]), kiwari diyakinan janten faktor panangtu tina kamungkinan hiji béntang dikulilingan ku planét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=David |last1=Aguilar |first2=Christine |last2=Pulliam |date=2004-01-06 |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/archive/pr0404.html |title=Lifeless Suns Dominated The Early Universe |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Ku kituna, sababaraha panalungtik boga sawangan yén [[bintang populasi I|béntang populasi I]] anu beunghar ku logam téh mibanda kamungkinan anu langkung ageung pikeun mibanda sistim planét anu langkung jéntré, upami dibandingkeun sareng [[bintang populasi II|béntang populasi II]] anu kandungan logamna kawatesan (kurang). == Tata Surya == [[File:Solar System size to scale.svg|ka|400px|jmpl|Planét sarta [[planét katé]] di Tata Surya ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:4 Terrestrial Planets Size Comp True Color.png|jmpl|400px|Planét bagian jero. Ti kénca ka katuhu: [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], sarta [[Mars]] kalawan warna aslina. ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:Gas giants and the Sun (1 px = 1000 km).jpg|jmpl|400px|Opat raksasa gas; Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, sarta Néptunus ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] {{Utama|Tata Surya}} {{Tempo ogé|Daftar banda buleud mibanda gravitasi di Tata Surya}} Dumasar kana katetepan [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional|IAU]], aya dalapan planét sarta lima planét katé anu diaku di [[Tata Surya]]. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (ti mimiti anu pangcaketna dugi ka anu pangtebihna), éta planét-planét téh nyaéta: # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Venus|Vénus]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Bumi]]''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Mars]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Jupiter]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Saturnus]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] '''[[Uranus]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]''' Jupiter téh planit panggedéna kalawan massa 318 kalieun Bumi, sedeng Mérkurius mah planit pangleutikna kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi. Planit di Tata Surya beunang dibagi ngajadi sababaraha katégori dumasar komposisina: * '''[[Planet kebumian|Daratan]]''': Planit-planit mirib Bumi anu beungeutna katutup [[batuan]]: Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, jeung Mars. Kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi, Mérkurius téh planit daratan pangleutikna (sakaligus planit pangleutikna) di Tata Surya, sedeng Bumi mah planit daratan panggedéna. * '''[[Raksasa gas]] (Jovian)''': Planit-planit anu kawangun tina material [[gas]] tur leuwih gedé ti manan planit kabumian: Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Néputunus. Jupiter, kalawan massa 318 tikeleun Bumi, nya éta planit panggedéna di Tata Surya, demi Saturnus ngan sepertiluna jeung ukuran 95 tikeleun massa Bumi. ** '''[[Raksasa es|Raksasa és]]''', diwangun ku tina Uranus jeung Néptunus, nya éta subkelas raksasa és yang béda ti raksasa gas karana massana jauh leuwih leutik (ngan 14 jeung 17 tikeleun massa Bumi) tur saeutikna hidrogén jeung hêlium di atmosfér sakaligus proporsi batu jeung és anu justru leuwih luhur. * '''[[Planet katai|Planet katé]]''': Saméméh [[definisi planet IAU|kaputusan Agustus 2006]], sawatara objék diusulkeun minangka planit ku para astronom. Tatapi dina taun 2006, sababarah objék digolongkeun ulang ngajadi planit katé, béda jeung planit. Kiwari aya lima planit katé di Tata Surya anu diakuan hal ayana ku IAU: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, jeung Eris. Sababaraha objék lian di [[sabuk asteroid]] jeung [[sabuk Kuiper]] eukeur dipertimbangkeun; 50 di antarana kamungkinan gedéna diakuan. Aya 200 objék anu beunang ditimukeun sanggeus sakabéh sabuk Kuiper anggeus dijalajahan. Planit katé miboga ciri-ciri anu sarua jeung planit, tapi ogé aya sababaraha bédana, salah sahijina téh planit katé hanteu [[membersihkan lingkungan|dominan di orbitna]]. Saluyu dipinisina, kabéh planit katé téh anggota tina [[populasi]] anu leuwih gedé. Ceres téh banda panggedéna di sabuk astéroid, sedeng Pluto, Haumea, jeung makemake mah anggota sbauk Kuiper sarta Eris mah anggota [[cakram tersebar|cakram panggedéna]]. Sababaraha panaliti saperti [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]] parcaya yén mungkin aya leuwih ti saratus [[objek trans-Neptunus|objék trans-Néptunus]] anu beunang digolongkeun sabagé planit katé per dipinisi IAU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html |title=Astronomer Mike Brown |publisher=Gps.caltech.edu |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref><!---<ref>{{cite web | first=Brad |last=Amburn |title=Behind the Pluto Mission: An Interview with Project Leader Alan Stern |work=Space.com |date=2006-02-28 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060228_stern_interview.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>---> === Ciri-ciri planit === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Jinis !|Ngaran !|Diameter <br> katulistiwa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Massa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Radius <br> orbit ([[Satuan astronomi|AU]]) !|[[Periode orbit]] <br> (taun)<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|[[Inklinasi|Inklinasi <br> kana katulistiwa Matapoé]] (°) !|[[Eksentrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas <br> orbit]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Periode rotasi]] <br> (poé) !|[[Satelit alami|Bulan]] <br> anu diakuan<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> !|[[Kemiringan sumbu]] (°) !|Cincin !|[[Atmosfer]] |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet kebumian|Planit daratan]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]] | 0,382 | 0,06 | 0,31–0,47 | 0,24 | 3,38 | 0,206 | 58,64 | 0 | 0,04 | tidak | minimal |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Venus|Vénus]] | 0,949 | 0,82 | 0,72 | 0,62 | 3,86 | 0,007 | −243,02 | 0 | 177,36 | tidak | [[Karbon dioksida|CO₂]], [[Nitrogén|N₂]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bumi]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB /> | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 7,25 | 0,017 | 1,00 | [[Bulan|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | 23,44 | tidak | N₂, [[Oksigén|O₂]], [[Argon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Mars]] | 0,532 | 0,11 | 1,52 | 1,88 | 5,65 | 0,093 | 1,03 | [[Satelit Mars|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | 25,19 | tidak | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Raksasa gas]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Jupiter]] | 11,209 | 317,8 | 5,20 | 11,86 | 6,09 | 0,048 | 0,41 | [[Satelit Jupiter|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | 3,13 | [[Cincin Jupiter|ya]] | [[Hidrogen|H₂]], [[Hélium|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Saturnus]] | 9,449 | 95,2 | 9,54 | 29,46 | 5,51 | 0,054 | 0,43 | [[Satelit Saturnus|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | 26,73 | [[Cincin Saturnus|ya]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uranus]] | 4,007 | 14,6 | 19,22 | 84,01 | 6,48 | 0,047 | −0,72 | [[Satelit Uranus|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 97,77 | [[Cincin Uranus|ya]] | H₂, He, [[Metana|CH₄]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Neptunus]] | 3,883 | 17,2 | 30,06 | 164,8 | 6,43 | 0,009 | 0,67 | [[Satelit Neptunus|13]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 28,32 | [[Cincin Neptunus|ya]] | H₂, He, CH₄ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet katai|Planit katé]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]] | 0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;2 | 2,5–3,0 | 4,60 | 10,59 | 0,080 | 0,38 | 0 | ? | tidak | tidak ada |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Pluto]] | 0,18 | 0,002&nbsp;2 | 29,7–49,3 | 248,09 | 17,14 | 0,249 | −6,39 | [[Satelit Pluto|5]]<!--Charon, Nix, S/2011 P 1, Hydra--> | ? | ? | sementara |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea (planet katai)|Haumea]] | 0,15×0,12×0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 35,2–51,5 | 282,76 | 28,19 | 0,189 | 0,16 | [[Satelit Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ya | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake (planet katai)|Makemake]] | ~0,12 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 38,5–53,1 | 309,88 | 28,96 | 0,159 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]] | 0,19 | 0,002&nbsp;5 | 37,8–97,6 | ~557 | 44,19 | 0,442 | ~0,3 | [[Dysnomia (satelit)|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |} <div class="references-small" style="margin-bottom:0;"> :{{note label|a|a|a}} Diukur relatif kana Bumi. :{{note label|b|b|b}} Ilikan artikel [[Bumi]] pikeun angka anu leuwih absolut. :{{note label|c|c|c}} Jupiter miboga satelit panglobana (67) di Tata Surya.<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |date=2009-06-07 }}</ref> :{{note label|d|d|d}} Saperti Pluto, waktu aya di [[Apsis|perihelion]], atmosfer saheulaanan kawangun. </div> == Periode rotasi == {{utama|Periode rotasi}} Périodeu rotasi hiji [[benda astronomi|banda]] [[astronomi]]s nya étw waktu anu dibutuhkeun pikeun nganggeuskeun sahiji révolusi muteran [[sumbu rotasi|sumbu rotasina]] relatif ka béntang di tukangna. Periodeu ieu béda jeung [[hari sinodis|poé matapoé]] planit, anu ngawengku rotasi tambahan pikeun minuhan bagian [[periode orbit]] planit salila sapoé. === Périodeu rotasi sababaraha banda angkasa === <center> {|class="wikitable" !Planit || colspan="2" | Périodeu rotasi |- |[[Matahari|Matapoé]]|| 25,379995 poé (katulistiwa)<ref>[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets] Rotation period in days is 360° divided by the coefficient of ''d''.</ref><ref>{{pdflink|[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/ISPRS/PREPRINTS/IAU2000/IAU2000_preprint.pdf Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000]|215KB}} pp7–8</ref> <br> 35 poé (lintang luhur) || 25{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 7{{smallsup|m}} 11.6{{smallsup|s}} <br> 35{{smallsup|d}} |- |[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]|| 58,6462 poé<ref name=Allen296>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA296|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=296}}</ref> || 58{{smallsup|d}} 15{{smallsup|h}} 30{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Venus|Vénus]]|| –243,0187 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name="negative">This rotation is negative because the pole which points north of the [[ecliptic]] rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets.</ref>|| –243{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 26{{smallsup|m}} |- |[[Bumi]]|| 0,99726968 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref>Reference adds about 1 ms to Earth's stellar day given in mean solar time to account for the length of Earth's mean solar day in excess of 86400 SI seconds.</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 23{{smallsup|h}} 56{{smallsup|m}} 4.100{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Bulan]]|| 27,321661 poé<ref name=Allen>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA308|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=308}}</ref> <br> ([[Rotasi sinkronis|sinkronis]] kana Bumi) || 27{{smallsup|d}} 7{{smallsup|h}} 43{{smallsup|m}} 11.5{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Mars]]|| 1,02595675 poé<ref name=Allen296/> || 1{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 37{{smallsup|m}} 22.663{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[1 Ceres|Ceres]]|| 0,37809 poé<ref name="Chamberlain2007">{{cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Matthew A. |coauthors=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus|volume=188 |issue=2|pages=451–456|year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 4{{smallsup|m}} 27.0{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Jupiter]]|| 0,4135344 poé (interior dalam)<ref name=mag>Rotation period of the deep interior is that of the planet's magnetic field.</ref> <br> 0,41007 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,41369942 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 29.37{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 50{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 43.63{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Saturnus]]|| 0,44403 poé (interior jero)<ref name=mag/> <br> 0,426 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,443 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 39{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 38{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Uranus]]|| –0,71833 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/><ref name=mag/> || –0{{smallsup|d}} 17{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]|| 0,67125 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=mag/> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 16{{smallsup|h}} 6{{smallsup|m}} 36{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Pluto]]||–6,38718 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/> <br> (sinkronis jeung [[Charon (satelit)|Charon]]) || –6{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 17{{smallsup|m}} 32{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Haumea (planet kerdil)|Haumea]]||0,163145 poé<ref name="hour"> {{cite journal |title=High-Precision Photometry of Extreme KBO 2003 EL61 |author=Pedro Lacerda, David Jewitt and Nuno Peixinho |date=2008-04-02 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume= 135 |issue=5 |pages=1749–1756 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/135/5/1749 |accessdate=2008-09-22 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1749 |bibcode=2008AJ....135.1749L}}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 3{{smallsup|h}} 54{{smallsup|m}} 56{{smallsup|s}} |} </center> == Planét luar surya == {{Utama|Planét luar surya}} [[File:Exoplanet Discovery Methods Bar.png|jmpl|320px|Éksoplanét dumasar kana taun papanggihanana (data dugi ka 1 Januari 2013)]] [[File:Kepler 20 - planet lineup.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Babandingan antara [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]]<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Vénus]] sarta [[Bumi]].]] Planét luareun surya (''extrasolar planet'' atanapi ''exoplanet'') nyaéta planét anu perenahna aya di luareun Tata Surya. Dugi ka kiwari, parantos kapanggih rébu-rébu sistem planét sanésna di jagat raya. {{Extrasolar planet counts|full}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets|title=Exoplanet Archive Planet Counts|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212212538/http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets |date=2012-12-12 }}</ref><ref name="kepler1700">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Michele |last2=Harrington |first2=J.D. |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |date=February 26, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=February 26, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226202703/http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |date=February 26, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog|title=The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo|publisher=}}</ref> Dina awal taun 1992, astronom radio [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] sarta [[Dale Frail]] mendakan dua planét anu ngurilingan [[pulsar]] [[PSR 1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan">{{cite doi|10.1038/355145a0}}</ref> Ieu papanggihan téh parantos dibuktikeun leres sarta diaku salaku detéksi pasti munggaran ngeunaan éksoplanét di dunya. Éta planét-planét pulsar téh diyakinan kawangun tina sésa-sésa [[supernova]] anu ngahasilkeun pulsar dina hambalan (tahap) kadua ngawujudna planét, atanapi mangrupa sésa inti batuan [[raksasa gas]] anu salamet tina bituna supernova sarta satuluyna pindah ka orbitna anu ayeuna. Papanggihan planét luar surya munggaran anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama lumangsung dina kaping 6 Oktober 1995, nalika [[Michel Mayor]] sarta [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenéwa]] mendakan hiji éksoplanét di sakuriling béntang [[51 Pegasi]]. Ti {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planét luar surya anu parantos kapanggih dugi ka {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> sabagian ageung di antarana mibanda massa anu tiasa dibandingkeun sareng Jupiter, atanapi malah langkung ageung deui. Aya ogé planét anu massana langkung alit batan Mérkurius, sarta aya ogé anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét luar surya pangalitna anu kantos kapanggih téh nyaéta anu ngorbit sésa-sésa béntang anu disebut [[pulsar]], contona [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Barbara|last=Kennedy|title=Scientists reveal smallest extra-solar planet yet found|publisher=SpaceFlight Now|date=2005-02-11|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0502/11exoplanet/}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Enggeus aya sakitar salusin planit luareun surya anu ditimukeun anu 10 tepi ka 20 kalieun massana Bumi,<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> kayaning planit-planit anu ngorbit béntang [[Mu Arae]], [[55 Cancri]], jeung [[Gliese 436|GJ 436]].<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Nuno |last1=Santos |first2=François |last2=Bouchy |first3=Sylvie |last3=Vauclair |first4=Didier |last4=Queloz |first5=Michel |last5=Mayor |title=Fourteen Times the Earth |publisher=European Southern Observatory |date=2004-08-25 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0427/ |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Katégori anu nembé muncul nyaéta "[[super-Bumi]]", anu disangka mangrupa [[planet kebumian|planét kabumian]] kalawan ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Bumi nanging langkung alit batan Néptunus atanapi Uranus. Dugi ka danget ieu, sakitar 20 super-Bumi (gumantung kana wates massana) parantos kapanggih, kalebet [[OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb]] sarta [[MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb]], nyaéta dua planét és anu kapanggih ngaliwatan [[mikrolensa gravitasi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Small Planet Discovered Orbiting Small Star |work=ScienceDaily |year=2008 |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602131105.htm |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=J.-P. |last=Beaulieu |title=Discovery of a Cool Planet of 5.5 Earth Masses Through Gravitational Microlensing |journal=Nature |date=2006-01-26 |volume=439 |pages=437–440 |doi = 10.1038/nature04441 |author2=D. P. Bennett; P. Fouqué; A. Williams; ''et al.'' |pmid=16437108 |issue=7075 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..437B|arxiv = astro-ph/0601563 }}</ref> sarta [[Kepler 10b]], hiji planét anu diaméterna 1,4 kali lipat Bumi (ngajantenkeunana super-Bumi pangalitna anu kantos diukur).<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA'S Kepler Mission Discovers Its First Rocky Planet |publisher=NASA |year=2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |accessdate=2011-06-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627200219/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya lima tina genep planét anu ngalingkung béntang [[katai merah]] [[Gliese 581]]. [[Gliese 581 d]] sacara gurat badag mibanda massa 7,7 kali lipat Bumi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gliese 581 d |work=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |accessdate=2008-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510094317/http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |date=2012-05-10 }}</ref> sedengkeun massa [[Gliese 581 c]] nyaéta lima kali lipat Bumi sarta kawitna dianggap salaku planét kabumian munggaran anu kapanggih dina [[zona terhunikan]] (zona anu tiasa dicicingan) hiji béntang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6589157.stm|title=New 'super-Earth' found in space|accessdate = 2008-08-23|date=25 April 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Panalungtikan anu langkung jero nétélakeun yén ieu planét téh teuing caket kana béntangna; nanging planét anu pangtebihna dina ieu sistem, nyaéta Gliese 581 d, sanajan langkung tiis batan Bumi, tetep mibanda kamungkinan tiasa dicicingan upami atmosfirna ngandung gas imah kaca dina jumlah anu nyukupan.<ref name="blo07">{{cite journal |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V |author=von Bloh et al. |year=2007 |title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1365–1371 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|arxiv = 0705.3758 |last2=Bounama |first2=C. |last3=Cuntz |first3=M. |last4=Franck |first4=S. }}</ref> Super-Bumi sanésna, [[Kepler-22b]], kapanggih ngorbit dina zona anu tiasa dicicingan (zona terhunikan) tina béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Borucki|first=William J|url=http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1112/1112.1640.pdf|title=Kepler-22b: A 2.4 Earth-radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun-like Star|bibcode=2012ApJ...745..120B|last2=Koch|last3=Batalha|last4=Bryson|last5=Rowe|last6=Fressin|last7=Torres|last8=Caldwell|last9=Christensen-Dalsgaard|volume=745|year=2012|pages=120|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/120|issue=2}}</ref> Dina kaping 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Téléskop Antariksa Kepler]] mendakan [[planet luar surya]] [[planet kebumian|saukur Bumi]] munggaran, nyaéta [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> anu kapanggih nuju ngalingkung béntang anu sarupa sareng Panonpoé ([[analog Matahari]]), nyaéta [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220" /><ref name="Nature-20111220" /><ref name="NYT-20111220" /> [Image of Kepler-22b in the habitable zone of its star] [[File:Exoplanet Comparison HR 8799 c.png|jmpl|kénca|250px|Babandingan ukuran [[HR 8799 c]] (abu-abu) sareng [[Jupiter]]. Kalolobaan éksoplanét anu kapanggih mibanda ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.]] Dugi ka danget ieu, masih tacan jéntré naha planét-planét raksasa anu nembé kapanggih téh sarupa sareng raksasa gas di Tata Surya urang atanapi saenyana mah bénten jinisna, contona sapertos raksasa amonia atanapi [[planet karbon]]. Sababaraha planét anu nembé kapanggih sarta katelah ku sebutan [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda orbit anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indukna, sarta wangun orbitna ampir buleud sampurna. Éta planét-planét téh nampi [[radiasi matahari|radiasi béntang]] anu langkung seueur batan raksasa gas di Tata Surya, sahingga janten patarosan naha éta planét téh kalebet jinis anu sarua atanapi sanés. Salian ti éta, aya sakelompok banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu disebut [[planet Chthonia]], anu disangka éksis di sababaraha tempat. Planét Chthonia ieu mibanda orbit anu sakitu caketna kana béntangna, dugi ka atmosfirna sorangan kabawa palid (kumbah) ku radiasi béntangna. Seueur banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu kapanggih nuju ngalaman prosés palidna atmosfir, nanging dugi ka taun 2008, tacan aya sahiji-hiji acan planét Chthonia anu kapanggih sacara pasti.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lecavelier des Etangs |first=A. |author2=Vidal-Madjar, A.; McConnell, J. C.; Hébrard, G. |title=Atmospheric escape from hot Jupiters |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2004 |volume=418 | issue=1 |pages=L1–L4 |bibcode=2004A&A...418L...1L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040106|arxiv = astro-ph/0403369 }}</ref> Paniténan planét luar surya anu langkung taliti téh peryogi generasi pakakas anu énggal, sapertos [[téléstop luar angkasa]]. Dina danget ieu, wahana antariksa [[COROT]] sarta [[Misi Kepler|Kepler]] nuju milarian variasi luminositas béntang jalaran ayana [[transit astronomi|transit planét]]. Sababaraha proyék pangwangunan jaringan t सकारात्मकéléskop luar angkasa ogé parantos diajukeun. Éta proyék-proyék téh mibanda tujuan pikeun milarian planét luar surya anu massana satara sareng Bumi. Sababaraha di antarana nyaéta [[Terrestrial Planet Finder]] sarta [[Space Interferometry Mission]] ti NASA, ogé [[PEGASE]] ti CNES.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacetoday.org/DeepSpace/Stars/Planets/PlanetFindingMissions.html |title =Future American and European Planet Finding Missions |publisher = Space Today Online |editor = Anthony R. Curtis |accessdate = 2008-02-06}}</ref> [[New Worlds Mission]] mangrupa pakakas palengkep anu beroperasi sareng [[Téléskop Antariksa James Webb]]. Nanging hanjakalna, anggaran pikeun ieu proyék-proyék téh masih kénéh tacan jéntré. Spektrum planét luar surya munggaran kapanggih dina bulan Pébruari 2007 ([[HD 209458 b]] sarta [[HD 189733 b]]).<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/251-ssc2007-04-NASA-s-Spitzer-First-To-Crack-Open-Light-of-Faraway-Worlds |title=NASA's Spitzer First To Crack Open Light of Faraway Worlds |date=2007-02-21 |first1=Tabatha |last1=Thompson |first2=Whitney |last2=Clavin |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=2011-11-23 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071015221757/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-04/release.shtml |archivedate=2007-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Richardson |first=L. Jeremy |author2=Deming, Drake; Horning, Karen; Seager, Sara; Harrington, Joseph |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=445 title=A spectrum of an extrasolar planet |doi=10.1038/nature05636 |pmid=17314975 |issue=7130 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..892R | pages=892–5|arxiv = astro-ph/0702507 }}</ref> Frékuénsi mucunghulna planét-planét kabumian sapertos kitu téh mangrupa salah sahiji variabel dina [[persamaan Drake]] anu digunakeun pikeun ngira-ngira jumlah [[kehidupan luar Bumi|peradaban cerdas]] di galaksi Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite news|last=Drake|first=Frank|title=The Drake Equation Revisited|publisher=Astrobiology Magazine|date=2003-09-29|url=http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110628180502/http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archivedate=2011-06-28|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> == Banda mibanda massa planét == '''Banda mibanda massa planét''' (''Objek bermassa planet''), '''PMO''', atanapi '''planémo''' nyaéta banda langit anu massana aya dina watesan définisi planét: cekap ageung pikeun mibanda kasatimbangan hidrostatik (buleud alatan gravitasina sorangan), nanging henteu cekap ageung pikeun mibanda fusi inti sapertos béntang.<ref>G. Basri & E.M. Brown, 2006. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'', '''34''': 193–216</ref> Luyu sareng définisina, sadaya planét téh mangrupa ''banda mibanda massa planét'', nanging tujuan tina ieu istilah téh nyaéta pikeun ngajelaskeun banda-banda anu henteu minuhan sarat salaku planét sacara umum. Objék-objék kasebut di antarana nyaéta [[planét katé]], [[satelit alami|satelit]] anu ukuranna langkung ageung, planét pangumbara anu henteu ngorbit kana béntang (sapertos planét liar anu kakaluarkeun tina sistemna), sarta objék anu kawangun tina prosés runtuhna méga gas (''cloud collapse'') tinimbang akrési (kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]). === Planét liar === {{Utama|Planét liar}} Sababaraha [[simulasi komputer]] ngeunaan ngawujudna sistim béntang sarta planét némbongkeun yén sajumlahing banda mibanda massa planét bakal kalungtik (kabalang) ka [[luar angkasa|luar angkasa]] antarbéntang.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lissauer | first= J. J. | title= Timescales for Planetary Accretion and the Structure of the Protoplanetary disk | journal= Icarus | volume= 69 | issue=2 | pages=249–265 | year=1987 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90104-7 | bibcode=1987Icar...69..249L}}</ref> Sababaraha élmuwan mibanda pamadegan yén banda sapertos kitu anu kapanggih ngumbara di jomantara téh kedah digolongkeun salaku "planét", nanging sabagian deui boga sawangan yén éta objék téh bisa jadi mangrupa béntang anu mibanda massa handap.<ref name="Luhman">{{cite journal | journal=Astrophysical Journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |author2=Adame, Lucía; D'Alessio, Paola; Calvet, Nuria |title= Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk |volume=635 | issue=1 |pages=L93 |doi=10.1086/498868 |year= 2005 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |laysource=NASA Press Release |laydate=2005-11-29 |bibcode=2005ApJ...635L..93L|arxiv = astro-ph/0511807 }}</ref><ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ |title=A Planet with Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |last=Clavin |first=Whitney |date=November 9, 2005 |work=Spitzer Space Telescope Newsroom |accessdate=2009-11-18 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070711171654/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ | archivedate = July 11, 2007}}</ref> === Katai sub-coklat === {{Utama|Katai sub-coklat}} Béntang kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna gravitasi méga gas (''cloud collapse''), nanging banda-banda anu langkung alit ogé tiasa kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna méga anu sarupa. Banda mibanda massa planét anu kawangun ku cara kitu téh kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]. Katai sub-coklat tiasa ngumbara sacara bébas (contona [[Cha 110913-773444]]) atanapi ngorbit kana banda langit anu langkung ageung (contona [[2MASS J04414489+2301513]]). Dina taun 2006, komunitas astronom kantos yakin yén maranéhna parantos mendakan sistim binér katai sub-coklat, nyaéta [[Oph 162225-240515]], anu ku nu manggihanana disebut salaku "planémo" atanapi "banda mibanda massa planét". Nanging, dumasar kana analisis panganyarna, ditetepkeun yén massa masing-masing objék kasebut téh tétéla langkung ageung batan 13 kali massa Jupiter, sahingga duanana digolongkeun salaku [[katai coklat]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Wide Brown Dwarf Binary Oph 1622–2405 and Discovery of A Wide, Low Mass Binary in Ophiuchus (Oph 1623–2402): A New Class of Young Evaporating Wide Binaries? |journal= Astrophysical Journal |author=Close, Laird M. ''et al.'' |volume=660 | issue=2 |page=1492 |doi=10.1086/513417 |year=2007 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608574 |bibcode=2007ApJ...660.1492C | last2=Zuckerman | first2=B. | last3=Song | first3=Inseok | last4=Barman | first4=Travis | last5=Marois | first5=Christian | last6=Rice | first6=Emily L. | last7=Siegler | first7=Nick | last8=MacIntosh | first8=Bruce | last9=Becklin | first9=E. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |year=2007 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |title=Ophiuchus 1622–2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary |volume=659 |issue=2 |pages=1629–36 |doi=10.1086/512539 |last2=Allers |first2=K. N. |last3=Jaffe |first3=D. T. |last4=Cushing |first4=M. C. |last5=Williams |first5=K. A. |last6=Slesnick |first6=C. L. |last7=Vacca |first7=W. D. |bibcode=2007ApJ...659.1629L|arxiv = astro-ph/0701242 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planet_photo_040910.html |title=Likely First Photo of Planet Beyond the Solar System |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt | work=Space.com |date=2004-09-10 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> === Tilas béntang === Dina sistim [[bintang biner|béntang binér]] anu caket, salah sahiji béntang tiasa kaleungitan massana jalaran diseuseup ku béntang sanésna anu langkung beurat (tempo [[pulsar bertenaga akresi]]). Béntang anu nyusut kasebut satuluyna robah janten banda mibanda massa planét. Contona nyaéta hiji objék mibanda massa Jupiter anu ngorbit [[pulsar]] [[PSR J1719-1438]].<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=1108.5201 |bibcode=2011Sci...333.1717B |doi=10.1126/science.1208890 |title=Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary |year=2011 |last1=Bailes |first1=M. |last2=Bates |first2=S. D. |last3=Bhalerao |first3=V. |last4=Bhat |first4=N. D. R. |last5=Burgay |first5=M. |last6=Burke-Spolaor |first6=S. |last7=d'Amico |first7=N. |last8=Johnston |first8=S. |last9=Keith |first9=M. J. |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6050 |pages=1717–20 |pmid=21868629}}</ref> === Planét satelit sarta planét sabuk === Sababaraha satelit mibanda ukuran anu sarua atanapi langkung ageung batan [[Mérkurius]], contona [[satelit Galileo]] sarta [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]] nu Jupiter. [[Alan Stern]] mibanda pamadegan yén lokasi (orbit) téh sanés mangrupa pasualan utama, sarta mung ciri-ciri géofisikna hungkul anu kedah diperhatoskeun dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét. Anjeunna ngusulkeun istilah ''planét satelit'' pikeun nyebut satelit anu mibanda ukuran saukur planét. Pon kitu deui, planét-planét katé di [[sabuk asteroid]] sarta [[sabuk Kuiper]] téh kedah dianggap salaku planét nurutkeun Stern.<ref name="satelliteplanet">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html#post-a-comment |title=Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'? |publisher=News.discovery.com |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2011-11-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221146/http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html#post-a-comment |date=2012-05-05 }}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Sanaos masing-masing planét mibanda ciri fisik anu mandiri (khas), aya sababaraha sasaruaan di antawisna. Ciri-ciri sapertos cingcin atanapi satelit alami, dugi ka danget ieu nembé tiasa ditalungtik dina planét-planét di Tata Surya, sedengkeun dina planét luar surya mah aya deui ciri-ciri sanésna. === Ciri-ciri dinamis === {{Tempo ogé|Hukum gerakan planét Kepler}} ==== Orbit ==== [[File:TheKuiperBelt Orbits Pluto Ecliptic.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Orbit planét Néptunus upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Pluto]]. Tingal perpanjangan orbit Pluto dibandingkeun Néptunus ([[ékstréntisitas orbit|ékstréntisitas]]), sarta juru ékliptikna anu ageung ([[inklinasi]]).]] == Orbit jeung Révolusi == Dumasar kana wangenan (definisi) panganyarna, sakabéh planét kudu ngurilingan (révolusi) hiji béntang, sahingga potensi ayana "[[planét liar]]" dianggap euweuh. Dina Tatasurya, sakabéh planét ngorbit ka [[Panonpoé]] kalayan arah anu sarua jeung rotasi Panonpoé (lawan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina kutub kalérna). Nanging, sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, nyaéta [[WASP-17b]], anu kapendak ngorbit kalayan arah anu papalingpang (''retrograde'') jeung rotasi béntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv | author = D. R. Anderson ''et al.'' | title = WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit | eprint = 0908.1553 | class = astro-ph.EP | year = 2009 }}</ref> Lilana waktu pikeun planét ngalakukeun sakali révolusi disebut [[Période sidéréal]] atawa hiji '''[[taun]]'''.<ref name="young">{{cite book|first=Charles Augustus|last=Young|year=1902|title=Manual of Astronomy: A Text Book|publisher=Ginn & company|pages=324–7}}</ref> Lilana taun hiji planét gumantung kana jarakna ti béntang; beuki jauh jarak planét tina béntangna, beuki jauh ogé lintasan anu kudu ditempuh sarta beuki laun kacepetanana, sabab pangaruh [[gravitasi]] béntangna henteu pati kuat. Kusabab euweuh orbit planét anu bentukna buleud sampurna (''lingkaran sempurna''), jarak unggal planét téh robah-robah sapanjang taun. * Titik pangdeukeutna planét jeung béntangna disebut [[periastron]] (di Tatasurya disebut [[perihelion]]). * Titik pangjauhna disebut [[apastron]] ([[aphelion]]). Nalika hiji planét ngadeukeutan periastron (titik pangcaketna), kacepetanana bakal nambahan jalaran énergi poténsial gravitasi robah janten énergi kinétik; sabalikna, nalika éta planét ngadeukeutan apastron (titik pangtebihna), kacepetanana bakal ngirangan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dvorak, R.; Kurths, J.; Freistetter, F.|year=2005|title=Chaos And Stability in Planetary Systems|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=3-540-28208-4}}</ref> Saban orbit planét diwangun ku sajumlahing [[elemen orbit|elemén]]: * ''[[Ékséntrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas]]'' hiji orbit nuduhkeun sabaraha lonjong orbit hiji planét. Planét anu ékséntrisitasna handap mibanda orbit anu ampir buleud (melingkar), sedengkeun planét kalawan ékséntrisitas luhur mibanda orbit anu langkung élips. Planét-planét di Tata Surya mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida handapna, sahingga orbitna méh nyaruaan bunderan.<ref name="young"/> Komét sarta banda-banda sabuk Kuiper (kaasup sababaraha planét luar surya) mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida luhurna, sahingga orbitna tiasa janten kacida élipsna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Eccentricity evolution of giant planet orbits due to circumstellar disk torques |author=Moorhead, Althea V.; Adams, Fred C. |journal=Icarus |year=2008 |volume=193 |issue=2 |page=475 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.009 |arxiv=0708.0335 |bibcode=2008Icar..193..475M}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planets – Kuiper Belt Objects |work=The Astrophysics Spectator |date=2004-12-15 | url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/KuiperBelt.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> * [[File:Semimajoraxis.svg|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi sumbu semi-mayor]] ''[[Sumbu semi-mayor]]'' nyaéta anggang (jarak) ti hiji planét ka titik satengah jalan dina sapanjang diaméter orbit élips pangpanjangna (tingal gambar). Ieu anggang téh teu sarua sareng apastronna, jalaran teu aya hiji ogé orbit planét anu titik tengahna pas pisan perenahna aya dina béntang.<ref name="young" /> * ''Inklinasi'' planét nuduhkeun sabaraha tebih luhur atanapi handapna posisi planét tina widang référénsina. Di Tata Surya, widang référénsina nyaéta widang orbit Bumi anu disebut [[ékliptika]]. Kanggo planét luar surya, widang anu disebut ''widang langit'' ieu mangrupa widang garis paneuteup tina panénjo di Bumi.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html|title=Celestial Mechanics|year=2007|chapter=17. Visual binary stars|first=J. B.|last=Tatum|accessdate=2008-02-02|publisher=Personal web page}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706031613/http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html |date=2007-07-06 }}</ref> Kadalapan planét Tata Surya perenahna kacida caketna kana ékliptika; sedengkeun komét sarta banda [[sabuk Kuiper]] sapertos Pluto mibanda juru (sudut) anu langkung ékstrim kana ékliptika.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Correlation between Inclination and Color in the Classical Kuiper Belt | last=Trujillo |first=Chadwick A. |author2= Brown, Michael E. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=2002 |bibcode=2002ApJ...566L.125T | volume=566 |issue=2 | pages=L125 |doi=10.1086/339437|arxiv = astro-ph/0201040 }}</ref> Titik nalika planét meuntas di luhur sarta di handap widang référénsina disebut [[nodus naik]] sarta [[nodus turun]].<ref name="young" /> [[Bujur nodus naik]] nyaéta juru antara bujur 0 widang référénsi sarta nodus naik planét. [[Argumén periapsis]] (atanapi perihelion di Tata Surya) nyaéta juru antara nodus naik planét sarta titik pangcaketna kana béntangna.<ref name="young" /> ==== Kamiringan sumbu ==== [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Kamiringan sumbu Bumi kira-kira 23°.]] Planét ogé mibanda [[kamiringan sumbu]] anu rupa-rupa darajatna. Kamiringan sumbu perenahna dina juru (sudut) kana [[bidang Referensi|widang]] [[inklinasi|khatulistiwa béntangna]]. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun jumlah cahaya anu ditarima ku saban belahan planét téh teu angger sapanjang taun; nalika belahan kalér ngajauhan béntang, belahan kidul justru ngadeukeutan béntang, pon kitu deui sabalikna. Jalaran kitu, saban planét mibanda [[musim|usum]]; nyaéta parobahan iklim sapanjang taun. Masa nalika saban belahan aya dina titik pangtebihna atanapi pangcaketna tina béntangna disebut [[titik balik matahari]] (solstis). Saban planét mibanda dua titik balik dina orbitna; nalika hiji belahan nepi kana titik balik usum panas (beurang panglilana), belahan sanésna nepi kana titik balik usum tiris (beurang pangpondokna). Jumlah cahaya sarta panas anu teu angger ieu nyiptakeun parobahan pola cuaca taunan pikeun saban belahan planét. Kamiringan sumbu Jupiter kacida alitna sahingga variasi usumna ogé sakedik pisan. Di sisi sanésna, Uranus mibanda kamiringan sumbu anu kacida ageungna dugi ka tiasa ngalaman beurang abadi atanapi peuting abadi nalika nepi kana titik balikna.<ref name="Weather">{{cite web |last=Harvey |first=Samantha |date=2006-05-01 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |title=Weather, Weather, Everywhere? |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414055517/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |date=2009-04-14 }}</ref> Di kalangan planét luar surya, kamiringan sumbu téh tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, sanaos seueur banda Jupiter panas anu dipercaya mibanda saeutik kamiringan sumbu atanapi taya pisan jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Obliquity Tides on Hot Jupiters |author=Winn, Joshua N.; Holman, Matthew J. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2005 | doi=10.1086/432834 | volume=628 |issue=2 |pages=L159 |bibcode=2005ApJ...628L.159W|arxiv = astro-ph/0506468 }}</ref> ==== Rotasi ==== Planét muter (berotasi) dina sumbu sawangan (kasat mata) anu nembus titik pusatna. [[Periode rotasi]] hiji planét disebut ogé [[hari|poé béntang]]. Lolobana planét di Tata Surya berotasi kalayan arah anu sarua sareng orbitna, nyaéta berlawanan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina [[Kutub benda astronomi#Kutub geografis|kutub kalér]] Panonpoé, iwal [[Vénus]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements |author=Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. |year=1963 |journal =Science |volume=139 |doi=10.1126/science.139.3558.910 |pmid=17743054 |issue=3558 |bibcode=1963Sci...139..910G |pages=910–1}}</ref> sarta [[Uranus]]<ref>{{cite journal |contribution=Rotational properties of Uranus and Neptune |first=M. J. S. |last=Belton |author2=Terrile R. J. |title=Uranus and Neptune |year=1984 |journal=In its Uranus and Neptune pp. 327–347 (SEE N85-11927 02-91) |bibcode=1984urnp.nasa..327B |volume=2330 |page=327 |editor=Bergstralh, J. T.}}</ref> anu muterna saluyu sareng arah jarum jam. [Image of planetary rotation directions in the solar system] Nanging, kamiringan sumbu Uranus anu kacida ageungna téh ngabalukarkeun ayana bédana konvénsi ngeunaan kutub mana anu disebut "kalér" sarta naha éta planét téh muter saluyu sareng arah jarum jam atanapi sanés.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Outer Worlds; Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Beyond|pages=195–206|year=2006|first=Michael P.|last=Borgia|publisher=Springer New York}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, sakumaha baé konvénsina, Uranus mibanda [[rotasi mundur]] (rétrograd) upami dibandingkeun sareng orbitna. Rotasi hiji planét tiasa kawangun ku sababaraha faktor nalika prosés ngawujudna. [[Momentum sudut]] bersihna tiasa kacipta ku momentum sudut anu asalna tina objék-objék akrési. Akrési gas ku raksasa gas ogé mangaruhan kana momentum sudut. Dina tahapan ahir ngawujudna planét, [[proses stokastik]] mangrupa akrési protoplanét tiasa ngarobah sumbu puter planét sacara acak.<ref name="araa31">{{cite journal | title=Planet formation |last=Lissauer | series=31 |first=Jack J. |journal=Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics |volume=(A94-12726 02–90) | issue=1 |pages=129–174 |year=1993 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001021 |bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..129L}}</ref> Aya bédana lilana poé anu kacida jauhna antarplanét. Vénus peryogi 243 poé Bumi pikeun sakali rotasi, sedengkeun raksasa gas mah mung peryogi sababaraha jam hungkul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet tables |url=http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm |first=Nick |last=Strobel |publisher=astronomynotes.com |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Période rotasi planét luar surya mah tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti. Nanging, perenahna anu caket kana béntangna téh ngandung harti yén banda-banda [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda sifat [[penguncian gelombang|kakonci sacara tidal]] (orbitna sinkron sareng rotasina). Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun éta planét ngan némbongkeun hiji sisi ka béntangna, sahingga hiji sisi salawasna beurang, sedengkeun sisi sanésna salawasna peuting.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Magnetically-Driven Planetary Radio Emissions and Application to Extrasolar Planets | last=Zarka |first=Philippe |author2=Treumann, Rudolf A.; Ryabov, Boris P.; Ryabov, Vladimir B. |year=2001 |journal=Astrophysics & Space Science |volume=277 |issue=1/2 |page=293 |doi = 10.1023/A:1012221527425|bibcode = 2001Ap&SS.277..293Z }}</ref> ==== Meresihan orbit ==== Ciri dinamis utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta éta banda langit téh parantos [[membersihkan lingkungan|meresihan lingkungan]] orbitna. Planét anu parantos meresihan lingkunganana mibanda massa anu cekap pikeun nyapu sadaya [[planetesimal]] dina jalur orbitna. Hasilna, éta planét téh ngorbit kana béntangna sacara tetep, sarta henteu babagi orbit sareng sababaraha objék sanés anu ukuranna mirupa. Ciri ieu kacantum dina [[definisi planet 2006|définisi resmi planét]] [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] bulan Agustus 2006. Kritéria kasebut henteu ngawengku banda-banda ka-planét-an sapertos [[Pluto]], [[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]], sarta [[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]], sahingga maranéhna digolongkeun salaku [[planét katé]].<ref name="IAU" /> Sanaos dugi ka ayeuna ieu kritéria téh nembé lumaku di Tata Surya hungkul, sajumlahing sistim luar surya anom (muda) kapanggih mibanda bukti ayana prosés meresihan orbit dina cakram sirkumbéntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv |title=The Total Number of Giant Planets in Debris Disks with Central Clearings |date=2007-07-12 |author=Faber, Peter; Quillen, Alice C. |eprint=0706.1684 |class=astro-ph}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri fisik === ==== Massa ==== Ciri fisik utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta naha éta banda langit téh cukup ageung pikeun maksa gravitasi sorangan ngawasa (ngadominasi) [[gaya elektromagnetik]] anu mungkus struktur fisikna, sahingga nyiptakeun [[kesetimbangan hidrostatik]]. Ieu ngandung harti yén sadaya planét téh mibanda wangun sfer (bola) atanapi sferoidal. Nepi ka titik massa tinangtu, wangun hiji objék téh bisa waé teu tangtu (acak), nanging upami parantos ngaliwatan éta titik (anu variasina gumantung kana susunan kimiawi bahanna), gravitasi bakal mimiti narik éta objék ka puseur massana dugi ka éta objék téh ngawujud jadi bola.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dwarf Planets |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/ |authorlink=Michael E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Michael E. |work=California Institute of Technology |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Massa ogé mangrupa ciri utama anu ngabédakeun planét sareng [[béntang]]. Wates massa luhur pikeun hiji planét nyaéta 13 kali massa Jupiter (13 MJ) pikeun objék-objék kalawan [[kelimpahan isotop]] panonpoé. Upami langkung ti éta, hiji objék bakal mibanda kaayaan anu pas pikeun ngayakeun [[fusi nuklir]]. Sajabi ti Panonpoé, teu aya deui objék mibanda massa sapertos kitu di Tata Surya; nanging aya éksoplanét anu ukuranana saukur Panonpoé. Wates 13 MJ ieu tacan diaku sacara universal, sarta [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] masih ngasupkeun objék-objék mibanda massa 20 kali Jupiter,<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=exoplanet-catalogue How One Astronomer Became the Unofficial Exoplanet Record-Keeper], www.scientificamerican.com</ref> sedengkeun [[Exoplanet Data Explorer]] ngasupkeun objék dugi ka 24 kali massa Jupiter.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1012.5676 |author1=Jason T Wright |author2=Onsi Fakhouri |author3=Marcy |author4=Eunkyu Han |author5=Ying Feng |author6=John Asher Johnson |author7=Howard |author8=Fischer |author9=Valenti |title=The Exoplanet Orbit Database |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2010}}</ref> Planét pangleutikna anu kungsi kanyahoan, henteu kaasup planét katé sarta satelit, nyaéta [[PSR B1257+12A]]. Ieu mangrupa salah sahiji planét luar surya munggaran anu kapanggih dina taun 1992 sarta ngulilingan hiji [[pulsar]]. Massana kira-kira satengah tina massa planét Mérkurius.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét pangleutikna anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama sajabi ti Panonpoé nyaéta [[Kepler-37b]]. Massa sarta radiusna sakedik langkung ageung batan [[Bulan]]. ==== Diferénsiasi internal ==== [[File:Jupiter interior.png|lurus|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi interior Jupiter kalawan inti tina batu anu dilingkung ku lapisan hidrogén métalik anu kandel]] Saban planét ngamimitian ayana (éksisténsina) dina wangun éncér (cair); nalika prosés ngawujudna, matéri anu langkung padet sarta beurat tilelep ka bagian tengah, sedengkeun matéri anu hampang tetep aya dina bagian luhur (beungeut). Masing-masing mibanda bagian jero (interior) [[diferensiasi planet|anu béda-béda]], anu diwangun ku [[inti planet|inti planét]] padet sarta dilingkung ku [[mantel (geologi)|mantel]] éncér atanapi padet. Planét-planét kabumian (térestrial) kalingkung ku [[kerak (geologi)|kerak]] padet,<ref name="terrestrial">{{cite web |title=Planetary Interiors |work=Department of Physics, University of Oregon |url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808155809/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |date=2012-08-08 }}</ref> nanging dina raksasa gas mah, mantelna téh lényéh sarta ngahiji jadi lapisan méga pangluhurna. Planét kabumian mibanda inti tina élemén magnétik sapertos [[beusi]] sarta [[nikél]], sarta mantel [[silikat]]. [[Jupiter]] sarta [[Saturnus]] dipercaya mibanda inti tina batu sarta logam anu dilingkung ku mantel [[hidrogén métalik]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Linda T.|last=Elkins-Tanton|year=2006|title=Jupiter and Saturn|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5196-8}}</ref> [[Uranus]] sarta [[Néptunus]], anu ukuranana langkung alit, mibanda inti batu anu dilingkung ku mantel [[cai]], [[amonia]], [[métana]], sarta [[bahan volatil|és]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5}}</ref> Gerakan cairan di jero inti planét-planét kasebut ngahasilkeun [[geodinamo]] anu nyiptakeun [[médan magnét]].<ref name="terrestrial" /> ==== Atmosfir ==== {{Tempo ogé|Atmosfir ékstratéréstrial}} [[File:Top of Atmosphere.jpg|jmpl|kénca|250px|Atmosfir Bumi]] Sadaya planét di Tata Surya sajabi ti [[Mérkurius]]<ref>Hunten D. M., Shemansky D. E., Morgan T. H. (1988), ''The Mercury atmosphere'', In: Mercury (A89-43751 19–91). University of Arizona Press, pp. 562–612</ref> mibanda [[atmosfir]] dasar jalaran gravitasi massana anu kacida ageungna cekap kiat pikeun nahan gas supados tetep caket kana beungeut planét. Planét raksasa gas mibanda ukuran anu cukup badag pikeun nahan sajumlahing gas hampang sapertos [[hidrogén]] sarta [[hélium]], sedengkeun dina planét-planét leutik mah éta gas téh lolos ka [[luar angkasa]].<ref>{{cite doi | 10.1086/426329 }}</ref> Komposisi atmosfir Bumi bénten sareng planét sanésna jalaran ayana rupa-rupa prosés [[kahirupan]] anu lumangsung di ieu planét, anu parantos ngahasilkeun molekul [[oksigén]] bébas.<ref name="zeilik">{{cite book|last=Zeilik|first=Michael A.|author2=Gregory, Stephan A.|title=Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics|edition=4th|year=1998|publisher=Saunders College Publishing|isbn=0-03-006228-4|page=67}}</ref> Atmosfir planét dipangaruhan ku rupa-rupa [[insolasi]] (radiasi panonpoé) atanapi énergi internal, sahingga ngabalukarkeun kawangunna [[sistem cuaca|sistim cuaca]] dinamis sapertos [[badai]] (di Bumi), [[badai debu|badai lebu]] sa-planét (di Mars), [[badai antisiklon|antisiklon]] saukuran Bumi (di Jupiter; disebut [[Bintik Beureum Gedé]]), sarta [[Titik Gelap Besar|liang dina atmosfir]] (di Néptunus).<ref name="Weather" /> Sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, [[HD 189733 b]], anu diklaim mibanda sistim cuaca sapertos kitu, sarupa sareng Bintik Beureum Gedé nanging ukuranana dua kali lipet langkung ageung.<ref name="knutson">{{cite journal | last=Knutson |first=Heather A. |author2=Charbonneau, David; Allen, Lori E.; Fortney, Jonathan J. |title=A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=447 |doi=10.1038/nature05782 |laysummary=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2007/pr200713.html |laysource=Center for Astrophysics press release |laydate=2007-05-09 |pmid=17495920 |issue=7141 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..183K | pages=183–6|arxiv = 0705.0993 }}</ref> Jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indungna, banda-banda Jupiter panas kaleungitan atmosfirna akibat radiasi béntang, mirupa buntut komét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Donna |last1=Weaver |first2=Ray |last2=Villard |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/07/full/ |title=Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |date=2007-01-31 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Nature |last=Ballester |first=Gilda E. |author2=Sing, David K.; Herbert, Floyd |title=The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b |volume=445 |year=2007 |doi=10.1038/nature05525 |pmid=17268463 |issue=7127 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..511B | pages=511–4}}</ref> Ieu planét-planét téh mibanda béda suhu beurang sareng peuting anu kacida jauhna, dugi ka tiasa ngahasilkeun angin supersonik.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Harrington |first=Jason |author2=Hansen, Brad M.; Luszcz, Statia H.; Seager, Sara |title=The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet Andromeda b |journal=Science |volume=314 |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1133904 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzer-20061012.html |laysource=NASA press release |laydate=2006-10-12 |pmid=17038587 |issue=5799 |bibcode=2006Sci...314..623H | pages=623–6|arxiv = astro-ph/0610491 }}</ref> Nanging, sisi beurang sareng peuting dina [[HD 189733 b]] mah katingal mibanda suhu anu sarua, anu nuduhkeun yén atmosfir ieu planét téh éféktif pisan dina ngadistribusikeun deui énergi béntang ka sakuliah bagian planétna.<ref name="knutson" /> ==== Magnétosfir ==== [[File:Structure of the magnetosphere-en.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Skéma [[medan magnet Bumi|magnétosfir Bumi]]]] Salah sahiji ciri penting tina hiji planét nyaéta [[momen magnet|momen magnét]] intrinsikna anu janten bibit buit (cikal bakal) tina [[magnetosfer|magnétosfirna]]. Ayana médan magnét nuduhkeun yén éta planét téh sacara géologi masih kénéh "hirup". Kalayan kecap sanés, planét anu mibanda sipat magnét mibanda aliran bahan [[konduktivitas listrik|konduktor listrik]] dina bagian jerona (interior) anu nyiptakeun médan magnét. Ieu médan téh kacida mangaruhanana kana interaksi planét sareng angin surya. Planét anu mibanda sipat magnét bakal nyiptakeun panyalindung anu disebut magnétosfir, anu teu tiasa ditembus ku angin surya. Ukuran magnétosfir tiasa langkung ageung batan planétna sorangan. Sabalikna, planét anu teu mibanda sipat magnét mah mibanda magnétosfir anu alit, anu kawangun ku interaksi [[ionosfer|ionosfir]] sareng angin surya, nanging teu tiasa nangtayungan éta planét sacara éféktif.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Tina dalapan planét di Tata Surya, ngan Vénus sarta Mars anu teu mibanda médan magnét.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Sajaba ti éta, satelit Jupiter [[Ganymede (satelit)|Ganyméde]] ogé mibanda médan magnét. Tina sadaya planét anu mibanda sipat magnét, médan Mérkurius mangrupa anu panghéngkérna (lemah) sahingga teu mampuh nahan [[angin surya|angin surya]]. Médan magnét Ganyméde sababaraha kali lipet langkung ageung, sedengkeun médan Jupiter mangrupa anu pangkiatna di Tata Surya (kacida kiatna sahingga ieu planét téh mibanda ancaman kaséhatan anu sérius pikeun misi berawak ka satelit-satelitna dina mangsa ka hareup). Médan magnét planét-planét raksasa sanésna mibanda kakuatan anu ampir sarua sareng Bumi, nanging momen magnétna langkung ageung. Médan magnét Uranus sarta Néptunus kacida miringna upami dibandingkeun sareng [[sumbu rotasi]] sarta perenahna misah tina puseur (pusat) planétna.<ref name="Kivelson2007">{{cite book|last=Kivelson|first=Margaret Galland|author2=Bagenal, Fran|chapter=Planetary Magnetospheres|title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System|year=2007|publisher=Academic Press|editor= Lucyann Mcfadden, Paul Weissman, Torrence Johnson|isbn=978-0-12-088589-3|page=519}}</ref> Dina taun 2004, tim astronom di Hawaii nalungtik hiji planét luar surya anu ngulilingan béntang [[HD 179949]]. Ieu planét katingal nyiptakeun titik panonpoé (sunspot) dina beungeut béntang indungna. Éta tim mibanda hipotésis yén magnétosfir éta planét téh keur mentransfer énergi ka beungeut béntang sarta ngalantarankeun suhuna naék tina 7.760 °C janten 8.160 °C.<ref>{{cite web | title=Magnetic planet |first=Amanda | last=Gefter | work=Astronomy |date=2004-01-17 |url=http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2090 |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri sekundér === Sababaraha planét atanapi planét katé di Tata Surya (sapertos [[Néptunus]] atanapi [[Pluto]]) mibanda période orbit anu [[resonansi orbit|saluyu]] (résonansi) hiji sareng nu sanésna atanapi sareng banda-banda langit anu langkung alit (hal ieu lumrah lumangsung dina sistim satelit). Sadaya planét iwal [[Mérkurius]] sareng [[Vénus]] mibanda [[satelit alami]] anu biasana disebut "bulan". Bumi mibanda hiji satelit, Mars dua, sarta [[raksasa gas]] mibanda sababaraha satelit kalayan sistim ka-planét-an anu kompléks. Loba satelit raksasa gas mibanda ciri-ciri anu sarua sareng planét kabumian sarta planét katé. Sababaraha di antarana malah dianggap mibanda lingkungan anu merenah pikeun kahirupan (utamana [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]]).<ref name="Grasset2000">{{cite journal | last= Grasset |first=O. |author2=Sotin C.; Deschamps F. |title = On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan |year = 2000 |journal = Planetary and Space Science |volume = 48 | issue= 7–8 | pages = 617–636 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00039-8 | bibcode=2000P&SS...48..617G}}</ref><ref name="Fortes2000">{{cite journal | journal = Icarus |volume= 146 |issue = 2 |pages = 444–452 |year= 2000 |doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6400 |title = Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia-water ocean inside Titan |author = Fortes, A. D. |bibcode=2000Icar..146..444F}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nicola|last=Jones|date=2001-12-11|work=New Scientist Print Edition|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1647|title=Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> [[File:Voyager 2 - Saturn Rings - 3085 7800 2.png|jmpl|kénca|lurus|250px|[[Cincin Saturnus|Cingcin Saturnus]]]] Opat raksasa gas ogé dikulilingan ku [[cincin planet|cingcin planét]] kalayan ukuran sarta karumitan anu rupa-rupa. Ieu cingcin téh diwangun ku lebu atanapi partikel, nanging tiasa ogé janten tempat cicingna '[[Cincin Saturnus#Anak bulan|anak bulan]]' anu mungil, anu gravitasi na nangtukeun sarta miara struktur éta cingcin. Sanaos asal-usul kawangunna tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, cingcin planét dipercaya salaku hasil tina satelit alami anu asup kana [[batas Roche]] planét indungna, lajeng hancur akibat [[gaya gelombang pasang|gaya pasang surut]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Molnar, L. A.; Dunn, D. E. |title=On the Formation of Planetary Rings |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |year=1996 |volume=28 |pages=77–115 |bibcode=1996DPS....28.1815M | last2=Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Encrenaz|last=Thérése|year=2004|title=The Solar System|edition=Third|pages=388–390|publisher=Springer|isbn=3-540-00241-3}}</ref> Taya ciri sekundér anu katingal dina planét-planét luar surya. Nanging, [[katai sub-coklat]] [[Cha 110913-773444]], anu dianggap salaku [[planet liar]], dipercaya dilingkung ku hiji [[cakram protoplanet]] anu mungil.<ref name="Luhman" /> {{Clear}} == Istilah patali == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Komet|Komét]] * [[Mnemonik planet|Mnémonik planét]] * [[Planet ganda|Planét ganda]] * [[Planet katai|Planét katé]] * [[Planet liar|Planét liar]] * [[Planet luar surya|Planét luar surya]] (atanapi Éksoplanét) – banda langit di luar Tata Surya * [[Mesoplanet|Mésoplanét]] * [[Planet minor|Planét minor]] – banda langit anu langkung alit batan planét * [[Planetar (astronomi)|Planétar]] * [[Planetesimal|Planétésimal]] * [[Protoplanet|Protoplanét]] </div> == Lihat pula == {{portal|Astronomi}} <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Langit ekstraterestrial]] * [[Daftar benda hipotesis di Tata Surya]] * [[Pendaratan di planet lain]] * [[Penjelajahan luar angkasa]] * [[Keterhunian planet]] * [[Ilmu keplanetan]] * [[Eksoplanetologi]] * [[Planetologi teoretis]] * [[Planet di astrologi]] * [[Planet di fiksi ilmiah]] </div> == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Referensi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala luar == {{Commons category|Planets}} {{Wiktionary|planet}} * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union website] * [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ Photojournal NASA] * [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA Planet Quest – Exoplanet Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225110149/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the Sun, and other stars] * {{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |title=IAU Press Releases since 1999 "The status of Pluto: A Clarification" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |archivedate=2007-12-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |date=2007-12-14 }} * [http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/planet_def.html "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes."] article by Stern and Levinson * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/ ''Planetary Science Research Discoveries''] (educational site with illustrated articles) {{artikel pilihan}} {{Tata surya}} [[Kategori:Planét]] [[Kategori:Astronomi pengamatan]] [[Kategori:Ilmu keplanetan]] ahdt4v7pmfjpfqt1qcdh0qg0v1d2k0n 0 99837 708884 674615 2026-05-05T05:25:02Z ~2026-27213-14 36647 /* */ 708884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | name = Tiara Andini | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|9|23}} | birth_place = [[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]], [[Jember]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]] | othername = Tiara Idol, Tiara Anugrah | occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Artis]] | height = 163 cm | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | alma_mater = SD Al-Furqan Jember <br> SMP Negeri 3 Jember <br> SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember | years_active = | mother = Sari Yoshida Setyoastri | father = Deddy Nugroho | website = {{Instagram|tiaraandini}}<br>{{Twitter|initiaraandini}} }} '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' ({{lahirmati|[[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]]|23|9|2001}}) ogé katelah nami panggung '''Tiara Andini''' nyaéta [[penyanyi]] ti [[Jember]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-17|title=Indonesian Idol|url=https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Idol|journal=Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas|language=id}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2020/01/28/indonesian-idol-tiara-anugrah-raih-5-standing-ovation-dari-juri-judika-kagum-dengan-penampilannya Indonesian Idol: Tiara Anugrah Raih 5 Standing Ovation dari Juri, Judika Kagum dengan Penampilannya] Tribunnews.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/music/tiara-raih-5-standing-ovation-anang-hermansyah-hari-ini-lahir-superstar Tiara Raih 5 Standing Ovation, Anang Hermansyah: Hari Ini Lahir Superstar] inews.id. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2020/01/28/598/2159551/dapat-5-standing-ovation-di-indonesian-idol-anang-sebut-tiara-superstar Dapat 5 Standing Ovation di Indonesian Idol, Anang Sebut Tiara Superstar] okezone.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * {{instagram|tiaraandini}} * {{twitter|initiaraandini}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiara Andini}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonesia]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 4l4yky1vnvtpzzql4yn0syn9flfm657 708885 708884 2026-05-05T05:27:36Z ~2026-27213-14 36647 708885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | name = Tiara Andini | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|9|23}} | birth_place = [[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]], [[Jember]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]] | othername = Tiara Idol, Tiara Anugrah | occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Artis]], [[Panyatur]] | height = 163 cm | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | burial_place = | alma_mater = SD Al-Furqan Jember <br> SMP Negeri 3 Jember <br> SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember | years_active = | mother = Sari Yoshida Setyoastri | father = Deddy Nugroho | website = {{Instagram|tiaraandini}}<br>{{Twitter|initiaraandini}} }} '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' ({{lahirmati|[[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]]|23|9|2001}}) ogé katelah nami panggung '''Tiara Andini''' nyaéta [[penyanyi]] ti [[Jember]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-17|title=Indonesian Idol|url=https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Idol|journal=Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas|language=id}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2020/01/28/indonesian-idol-tiara-anugrah-raih-5-standing-ovation-dari-juri-judika-kagum-dengan-penampilannya Indonesian Idol: Tiara Anugrah Raih 5 Standing Ovation dari Juri, Judika Kagum dengan Penampilannya] Tribunnews.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/music/tiara-raih-5-standing-ovation-anang-hermansyah-hari-ini-lahir-superstar Tiara Raih 5 Standing Ovation, Anang Hermansyah: Hari Ini Lahir Superstar] inews.id. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2020/01/28/598/2159551/dapat-5-standing-ovation-di-indonesian-idol-anang-sebut-tiara-superstar Dapat 5 Standing Ovation di Indonesian Idol, Anang Sebut Tiara Superstar] okezone.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * {{instagram|tiaraandini}} * {{twitter|initiaraandini}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiara Andini}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonesia]] {{Biografi-pondok}} e7e556bjwww6mmkk5o4yyu00yxglvo1 708886 708885 2026-05-05T05:29:39Z ~2026-27213-14 36647 708886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | name = Tiara Andini | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|9|23}} | birth_place = [[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]], [[Jember]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]] | othername = Tiara Idol, Tiara Anugrah | occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Artis]], [[Panyatur]] | height = 163 cm | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | burial_place = | alma_mater = SD Al-Furqan Jember <br> SMP Negeri 3 Jember <br> SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember | years_active = | mother = Sari Yoshida Setyoastri | father = Deddy Nugroho | website = {{Instagram|tiaraandini}}<br>{{Twitter|initiaraandini}} }} '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' ({{lahirmati|[[:id:Patrang, Jember|Patrang]]|23|9|2001}}) ogé katelah nami panggung '''Tiara Andini''' nyaéta [[penyanyi]] ti [[Jember]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-17|title=Indonesian Idol|url=https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Idol|journal=Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas|language=id}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2020/01/28/indonesian-idol-tiara-anugrah-raih-5-standing-ovation-dari-juri-judika-kagum-dengan-penampilannya Indonesian Idol: Tiara Anugrah Raih 5 Standing Ovation dari Juri, Judika Kagum dengan Penampilannya] Tribunnews.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/music/tiara-raih-5-standing-ovation-anang-hermansyah-hari-ini-lahir-superstar Tiara Raih 5 Standing Ovation, Anang Hermansyah: Hari Ini Lahir Superstar] inews.id. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref><ref>[https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2020/01/28/598/2159551/dapat-5-standing-ovation-di-indonesian-idol-anang-sebut-tiara-superstar Dapat 5 Standing Ovation di Indonesian Idol, Anang Sebut Tiara Superstar] okezone.com. Diakses 28 Januari 2020.</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * {{instagram|tiaraandini}} * {{twitter|initiaraandini}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiara Andini}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonesia]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 2cwpl2dhxwxr0x2sf9gs1b5xdh60tn3 0 106103 708893 674753 2026-05-05T06:20:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Syekh Ibrahim Musa''' anu kawentar ku gelar Inyiak Parabék<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://islamdigest.republika.co.id/berita/q76qep430/mengenang-kiprah-syekh-ibrahim-musa-parabek?|title=Mengenang Kiprah Syekh Ibrahim Musa Parabek|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2024-12-25}}</ref> (4 Agustus 1884 – 25 Juli 1963)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pembaruan tanpa membongkar tradisi: wacana keagamaan di kalangan generasi muda NU masa kepemimpinan Gus Dur|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=282x7dJCzXUC&pg=PA61&dq=Syekh+Ibrahim+Musa&hl=id&sa=X&ei=sSGqUYyhCcmhkwWEi4GQAw|publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas|date=2010|isbn=978-979-709-473-7|language=id|first=Djohan|last=Effendi}}</ref> nyaéta saurang ulama, politikus, jeung pangajar ti [[Indonésia]]. Sanggeus ngaliwatan sababaraha paguron, dina umur 18 taun anjeuna indit ka [[Mekah]] pikeun diajar salila 8 taun. Anjeuna mulang deui ka [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] dina taun 1909 sarta mimiti ngajar dina taun 1912. Satuluyna, anjeunna indit deui ka Mekah dina taun anyar jeung mulang deui dina taun 1915. Waktu éta, anjeunna geus meunang gelar Syekh Ibrahim Musa atawa Inyiak Parabek minangka pangakuan kana élmu agamana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/syekh-ibrahim-musa-parabek-ulama-pejuang-ahli-perbandingan-mazhab/|title=Syekh Ibrahim Musa Parabek: Ulama Pejuang, Ahli Perbandingan Mazhab|last=Redaksi|website=Langgam.id|language=id|accessdate=2024-12-25}}</ref> Nalika mulang deui ka Minangkabau, Inyiak Parabek ngadegkeun [[Sumatra Thawalib]] di [[Parabék]], sedengkeun Inyiak [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]] (kolotna Buya Hamka) ngadegkeun [[Thawalib]] di [[Padang Panjang]]. Madrasah anu diadegkeun dina taun 1910 dimimitian ku halaqah di Parabék. Lilana pendidikanana variatif, aya anu nepi ka 11 taun. Tapi saprak taun 1980 nepi ka ayeuna, waktu pendidikanana jadi 6 taun. Bedana, ayeuna aya pendidikan Takhashus, anu ngamungkinkeun murid-murid Parabék anu geus tamat tapi teu acan wareg ku élmu-na pikeun nambahan pendidikan nonformal. == Kahirupan == Sapanjang hirupna, Ibrahim Musa kungsi kawin sababaraha kali, tapi teu sakabéhna miboga anak. Tina kawin jeung Syarifah Gani, putri H. Abdul Gani, saurang sudagar beunghar ti [[Kota Padang|Padang]], anjeunna boga tilu urang anak: Maryam Ibrahim, Thahir Ibrahim, sareng Thaiyyib Ibrahim. Syarifah Gani ngadampingan anjeunna nepi ka wafat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Beberapa ulama di Sumatera Barat|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Beberapa_ulama_di_Sumatera_Barat/7UlQAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Pemerintah Propinsi Sumatera Barat, Dinas Pariwisata Seni dan Budaya, UPTD Museum Adityawarman|date=2008|language=id}}</ref> Satuluyna, anjeunna kawin jeung Rimbok asal Karatau jeung Limbok asal Lima Puluh Kota. Ti Rimbok, anjeunna boga lima urang anak: Shafiah Ibrahim, Sa’adah Ibrahim, Anis Ibrahim, Halimah Sa’diyah, sareng Muhammad Farid Ibrahim (dua anak anu pamungkas pupus waktu masih kénéh leutik). Sedengkeun tina kawin sareng Limbok, anjeunna dikaruniai saurang putri, nyaéta Khadijah Ibrahim.<ref name=":0" /> Pamajikan anjeunna anu séjén nyaéta: Daraham asal Taluak, Jibat asal Parabek Ateh, Fatimah asal Sariak, jeung Hikam asal Kapeh Panji. Sa’adah Ibrahim nikah sareng Abdul Muis St Batungkek Ameh. Di antara anak maranéhna nyaéta dr. Asril Moeis, SpOG sareng Ibu Ir. Susi Zahrawati Moeis, M.T.<ref name=":0" /> == Karya == Ieu sababaraha karya Syekh Ibrahim Musa: # ''Ijabah al-Sul'' dicitak dina taun 1934 ku percetakan Badezt di Padang Panjang. ''Ijabah al-Sul'' mangrupikeun syarah (penjelasan) tina kitab ''Husnul al-Ma'mul'', karangan M. Shiddiq Hasan Khan Bahadir, anu mangrupakeun kitab ''Ushul Fiqh'' anu mibanda tingkat kasulitan anu cukup tinggi, sahingga pikeun ngartosna diperlukeun élmu ''ushul fiqh'' anu hadé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thawalibparabek.tripod.com/ibrahim.htm|title=Selamat Datang di Madrasah Sumatera Thawalib Padang|website=thawalibparabek.tripod.com|accessdate=2024-12-25}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # ''Saha Hidayah as-Shibyan'', nyaéta kitab élmu Balaghah. Dicitak ku percetakan Baroe Fort de Kock, tapi teu dijelaskeun taun terbitna. Kitab ieu kantos diajarkeun di Thawalib Parabek sababaraha periode, saméméh diganti ku kitab-kitab séjén anu leuwih ringkes sareng leuwih gampang dipalajari. # ''Hidayah'' ditulis dina taun 1912 dina basa Minangkabau, teras diterjemahkeun ku murid Inyiak, Muchtar Said (anu ayeuna jadi Pimpinan Madrasah). Eusi kitab ieu nyaéta élmu tauhid aliran Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah. == Rujukan == kziw078bvmnk2yz50m1jpzoa63rrahr 0 108396 708899 708747 2026-05-05T08:46:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 708899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Basal cell carcinoma.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran kangker kulit]] '''Kangker kulit''' nyaéta kaayaan tumuwuhna sél-sél dina kulit anu teu normal. Panyababna rupa-rupa, kitu deui tingkat parahna ogé béda-béda. Kangker kulit paling ilahar kapanggih dina lapisan [[sél skuamosa]], basal, jeung mélanosit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/penyakit/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=ayosehat.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Biasana, kangker ieu tumuwuh dina [[épidermis]] (lapisan pangluarna kulit), ku kituna tumor atawa benjolanana bisa katingali ti luar. Ku sabab kitu, gejalana kaasup anu paling gampang katingali ti mimiti tahapan awal. Salian ti éta, kangker kulit ogé kaasup jinis kangker anu résiko maotna leuwih leutik, lantaran biasana hésé nyebar nepi ka organ-organ vital saperti [[jantung]], [[paru-paru]], [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]], jeung batang otak dina awak manusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/kanker-kulit|title=Kanker Kulit|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspondokindah.co.id/id/news/kanker-kulit-penyebab-gejala-penanganan|title=Kanker Kulit: Gejala, Penyebab, dan Penanganan {{!}} RS Pondok Indah|website=www.rspondokindah.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iccc.id/sekilas-kanker-kulit|title=Sekilas Kanker Kulit|website=iccc.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-27}}</ref> Leuwih ti 90% kasus disababkeun ku paparan radiasi [[ultraviolét]] ti [[panonpoé]]. Paparan ieu ningkatkeun résiko tina tilu jenis utama kangker kulit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-29-no-1-2008/supplement/ultraviolet-radiation.html|title=Ultraviolet radiation|last=Canada|first=Service|website=www.canada.ca|doi=10.24095/hpcdp.29.S1.04|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Paparan siga kieu terus ningkat ti mimiti jaman [[révolusi industri]], sabagian mah gara-gara [[Ozon|lapisan ozon]] nu mimiti ipis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Cakir|first=Burak Ömür|last2=Adamson|first2=Peter|last3=Cingi|first3=Cemal|date=2012-11-01|title=Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064740612000818|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|series=Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–422|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004|issn=1064-7406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maverakis|first=Emanual|last2=Miyamura|first2=Yoshinori|last3=Bowen|first3=Michael P.|last4=Correa|first4=Genevieve|last5=Ono|first5=Yoko|last6=Goodarzi|first6=Heidi|date=2010-05|title=Light, including ultraviolet|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2835849/|journal=Journal of Autoimmunity|volume=34|issue=3|pages=J247–257|doi=10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.011|issn=1095-9157|pmc=2835849|pmid=20018479}}</ref> Alat paranti moé awak (''tanning beds'') ogé jadi sumber séjén radiasi ultraviolét.<ref name=":1" /> Pikeun kangker mélanoma jeung sél basal, kakeunaan paparan waktu keur leutik téh bahaya pisan. Ari keur kangker kulit sél skuamosa mah, total paparan (teu paduli iraha kajadianana) jauh leuwih mangaruhan. Sakitar 20% nepi ka 30% mélanoma tumuwuh tina tahi laleur. Jalma nu kulitna caang boga résiko leuwih luhur,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-treatment-pdq|title=Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer—The Role of Sunlight|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|publisher=Springer|date=2008|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-387-77574-6|pages=89–103|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8|language=en|first=Ulrike|last=Leiter|first2=Claus|last2=Garbe|editor-first=Jörg|editor-last=Reichrath}}</ref> kitu ogé jalma nu sistem imunna lemah gara-gara ubar atawa HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chiao|first=Elizabeth Y.|last2=Krown|first2=Susan E.|date=2003-09|title=Update on non–acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–defining malignancies:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00001622-200309000-00008|journal=Current Opinion in Oncology|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=389–397|doi=10.1097/00001622-200309000-00008|issn=1040-8746}}</ref> Cara nangtukeun diagnosana nyaéta ku jalan [[biopsi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq|title=Melanoma Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Ngurangan paparan radiasi ultraviolét jeung maké ''sunscreen'' (tabir surya) kabuktian ampuh pikeun nyegah mélanoma jeung kangker kulit sél skuamosa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jou|first=Paul C.|last2=Feldman|first2=Ron J.|last3=Tomecki|first3=Kenneth J.|date=2012-06-01|title=UV protection and sunscreens: What to tell patients|url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/79/6/427|journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=79|issue=6|pages=427–436|doi=10.3949/ccjm.79a.11110|issn=0891-1150|pmid=22660875}}</ref> Tapi, can jelas naha ''sunscreen'' téh mangaruhan résiko kangker sél basal atawa henteu. Kangker kulit nu lain mélanoma biasana bisa dicageurkeun.<ref name=":2" /> Tambana mah umumna ku cara dibedah (operasi), tapi sakali-kali bisa ogé maké térapi radiasi atawa ubar olés siga ''fluorouracil''.<ref name=":3" /> Tamba keur mélanoma mah biasana kombinasi antara dibedah, [[kémotérapi]], térapi radiasi, jeung térapi targét.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/melanoma-treatment-pdq|title=Melanoma Treatment - NCI|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Keur pasén nu panyakitna geus sumebar ka bagian awak séjén, perawatan paliatif bisa dipaké pikeun ngaronjatkeun kualitas hirupna. Mélanoma kaasup salah sahiji jenis kangker nu tingkat kasalametanana luhur; leuwih ti 86% urang [[Inggris]] jeung 90% urang [[Amérika (buana)|Amérika]] bisa tahan hirup leuwih ti 5 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html|title=Melanoma of the Skin - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-239726|title=Release: Cancer Survival Rates, Cancer Survival in England, Patients Diagnosed 2005–2009 and Followed up to 2010"|last=ONS|website=www.ons.gov.uk|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017061743/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-239726 |date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> Kangker kulit téh mangrupa jenis kangker nu pangumumna di dunya, jumlahna saeutikna aya 40% tina sakabéh kasus kangker.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubas|first=Lauren E.|last2=Ingraffea|first2=Adam|date=2013-02-01|title=Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064740612001447|journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America|series=Facial Skin: Contemporary Topics for the Surgeon|volume=21|issue=1|pages=43–53|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003|issn=1064-7406}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Jenis nu panglobana nyaéta kangker kulit sanés mélanoma, nu narajang sakitar 2–3 juta urang unggal taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer|title=Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref> Ieu téh ukur itungan kasar, da can aya statistik nu bener-bener pas. Tina kangker kulit sanés mélanoma, sakitar 80% mangrupa kangker sél basal jeung 20% kangker kulit sél skuamosa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ABC of Skin Cancer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRE_YuXmaFoC&pg=PA5|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2009-04-15|isbn=978-1-4443-1250-8|language=en|first=Sajjad|last=Rajpar|first2=Jerry|last2=Marsden}}</ref> Kangker sél basal jeung sél skuamosa mah jarang nepi ka maot. Di [[Amérika Sarikat]], jumlahna kurang ti 0,1% tina sakabéh angka nu maot ku kangker. Sacara global dina taun 2012, mélanoma narajang 232.000 urang jeung ngakibatkeun 55.000 urang maot. Jalma kulit bodas di [[Australia]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]] boga angka mélanoma pangluhurna di dunya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology of Chronic Disease: Global Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA271|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|date=2013|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|language=en|first=Randall E.|last=Harris}}</ref> Tilu jenis utama kangker kulit ieu beuki loba kapanggih ti saprak tungtung abad ka-20, utamana di wewengkon nu pangeusina loba kulit bodas.<ref name=":2" /> == Patofisiologi == Tumor épitél ganas anu utamana asalna tina épidermis, dina mukosa skuamosa atawa dina daérah métaplasia skuamosa disebut minangka karsinoma sél skuamosa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/squamous-cell-carcinoma-skin.php|title=Squamous cell carcinoma (skin)|website=www.pathologyatlas.ro|accessdate=2026-04-28}}</ref> Sacara makroskopis, tumor biasana katingali nonjol, kawas jamur (fungating), atawa bisa ogé aya luka (ulkus) kalayan wates anu henteu rata. Sacara mikroskopis, sél tumor ngaruksak mémbran dasar sarta ngabentuk lapisan atawa massa padet anu nyerang jaringan panyambung di handapeunna (dermis). Dina karsinoma anu diferensiasina hadé, sél tumor sipatna pleomorfik/atipik, tapi masih mirip jeung keratinosit normal tina lapisan prickle (gedé, bentukna poligonal, miboga sitoplasma eosinofilik (warna pink) anu loba sarta inti di tengah).<ref name=":0" /> Susunanana condong sarupa jeung épidermis normal: sél anu masih ngora/basal aya di bagian pinggir, tuluy beuki asak ka arah tengah massa tumor. Sél tumor robah jadi sél skuamosa anu ngakeratin sarta ngabentuk nodul buleud kalayan lapisan konsentris (berlapis), anu disebut “sarang sél” atawa “mutiara épitél/keratin”. Stroma di sabudeureunna ngurangan sarta ngandung infiltrasi radang (limfosit). Karsinoma skuamosa anu diferensiasina goréng ngandung leuwih loba sél pleomorfik sarta teu ngabentuk keratin.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sahiji faktor molekular anu aub dina prosés panyakit ieu nyaéta mutasi dina gén PTCH1 anu miboga peran penting dina jalur sinyal Sonic hedgehog.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kormi|first=Seyed Mohammad Amin|last2=Ardehkhani|first2=Shima|date=2017-03-29|title=Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Mini Review|url=http://thecancerpress.com/index.php/cp/article/view/40|journal=The Cancer Press|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.15562/tcp.40|issn=2476-3748}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 8hnm9zgz7afk1u2ov0c94vlxklbuceh 11 108430 708904 2026-05-05T11:13:35Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox */ bagean anyar 708904 wikitext text/x-wiki == Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox == ''I apologise for posting in English. Feel free to translate!'' Hello everyone, the ''Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects'' team worked on improving the Databox Template and Module earlier this year. We are now asking Wikimedians to answer a short survey about their experiences with Databox (a Wikidata-powered infobox for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Projects), and would appreciate your input. The survey should take ''less than 10 minutes to answer.'' Here is a '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Databox_Survey_2026-Q2 link to the survey]''' Here you can find '''[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|more information about the changes made to Databox.]]'''. For any questions, please feel free to contact me on my [[m:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|meta user talk page]]. Thank you for your attention, [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the [[d:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team. p.s. 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