Karajaan Galuh

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="su">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>suwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Média</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Husus</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Obrolan</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Obrolan pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Obrolan Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Obrolan gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Obrolan MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Obrolan citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Obrolan pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Obrolan kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Obrolan portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Acara</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Acara</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Karajaan Galuh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709088</id>
      <parentid>704383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T02:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabenerkeun etimologi jadi &quot;nyingkur/njingkur&quot; luyu Kidung Lakbok Bait 14-15, na</comment>
      <origin>709088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19808" sha1="rilewjxu7h1z73dmwvylbtxozwswljv" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Sunda-Galuh.gif|thumb|350px|Karajaan 'kembar' Sunda jeung Galuh, dipisahkeun ku [[walungan Citarum]].]]
'''Galuh''' mangrupa hiji karajaan [[urang Sunda|Sunda]] di pulo Jawa, nu wilayahna antara [[walungan Citarum]] di beulah kulon sarta [[walungan Cipamali|Cipamali]] di beulah wétan. Karajaan ieu mangrupa panerus [[Kendan]], bawahan [[Tarumanagara]].&lt;ref name=“Amir”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Cerita Kerajaan Nusantara| first =Amir| last =Hendarsyah| publisher =Great Publisher| location =Jakarta| year =2010| pages =21|ISBN=9786028696142|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=AmijrnpEOBoC&amp;pg=PT18&amp;dq=kerajaan+sunda&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjN9oT_yqDnAhUXA3IKHbu0Bm4Q6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&amp;q=kerajaan%20sunda&amp;f=false|accessdate=2 Januari 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carita ngeunaan Galuh aya dina ''[[Carita Parahiyangan]]'', [[naskah]] Sunda nu dijieun kira abad ka-16. Dina éta naskah, carita ngeunaan Galuh téh dimimitian ti mangsa Rahiyangta ri Medangjati nu ngarajaresi salila lima welas taun. Salajéngna, kakawasaan ieu diwariskeun ka putrana di Galuh, [[Wretikandayun|Sang Wretikandayun]].&lt;ref name=”Gar”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ftZKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA140&amp;dq=SUNDA&amp;hl=id&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiIgNalocaHAxWASWwGHXoECyIQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=SUNDA&amp;f=false| title =Kuliner Sunda Nikmat Sedap MelegendaGardjito, Heni Pridia Rukmini Sari, Marosimy Millaty| last =Gardjito, Heni Pridia Rukmini Sari, Marosimy Millaty| first =Murdijati | publisher =UGM PRESS| location =Jakarta| year =2024|ISBN=9786023863556|pages =7}} Disungsi 27 Juli 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika Linggawarman, raja Tarumanagara nu ngawasa ti taun [[666]] M pupus ([[669]]), kakawasaan Tarumanagara ragrag ka [[Tarusbawa]], minantuna ti Sundapura, salasahiji wilayah bawahan Tarumanagara. Ku sabab Tarubawa mindahkeun kakawasaan Tarumanagara ka Sundapura, pihak Galuh, dipingpin ku Wretikandayun (ngawasa ti taun [[612]]), milih ngadeg salaku karajaan mandiri. Anapon pikeun babagi wilayah, Galuh jeung Sunda sapuk ngajadikeun [[walungan Citarum]] salaku watesna.

== Kasajarahan ==
Élmu élmu ngeunaan karajaan ieu dikumpulkeun tina mitos jeung carita rahayat Sunda anu sumebar ngaliwatan tradisi lisan [[Carita Pantun|Pantun]] Sunda. Carita epik Sunda [[Ciung Wanara]] lumangsung di karajaan ieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indonesian Folklore 3|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=AonZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=galuh+ciung+wanara&amp;pg=PA14&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=galuh%20ciung%20wanara&amp;f=false|publisher=Alprin|date=2020-03-29|isbn=978-623-263-103-8|language=en|last=Kusrini}}&lt;/ref&gt; Catetan sajarah anu jarang kapanggih di antarana nyaéta [[Carita Parahiyangan|Carita Parahyangan]] jeung [[naskah Wangsakerta]] anu ditulis dina mangsa nu leuwih anyar. Hijina prasasti batu anu ditinggalkeun ku karajaan ieu nyaéta [[Prasasti Kawali|prasasti Astana Gede]] abad ka-14 anu kapanggih di [[Kawali, Ciamis|Kawali]], nu dipercaya minangka ibukota Galuh baheula. Tina sakabéh sumber ieu disimpulkeun yén Galuh mangrupa karajaan [[Hindu]], anu jadi cikal bakal Karajaan Sunda engkéna anu puseur pamaréntahanana aya di [[Pakuan Pajajaran|Pajajaran]]. Waktu ayana Karajaan Galuh téh saperiode jeung karajaan-karajaan Jawa ti jaman [[Karajaan Kalingga|Kalingga]] nepi ka [[Majapahit]].
Salah sahiji situs sajarah ti jaman Karajaan Galuh nu masih kénéh aya nepi ka kiwari nyaéta [[Gunung Sangkur]] di [[Kota Banjar]]. Gunung ieu disebut dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 14-15 minangka tempat &quot;njingkur&quot; atawa tempat nyumput.&lt;ref&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956, Bait 14-15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/348627/menguak-tabir-misteri-larangan-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Menguak Tabir Misteri Larangan di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=TIMES Indonesia|date=24 Mei 2021|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nurutkeun kana naskah Wangsakerta, Galuh téh mangrupa nagara bawahan [[Tarumanagara]]. Sanggeus ragragna Tarumanagara, karuhun dinasti Galuh nyaéta Wretikandayun misahkeun wewengkonna tina Karajaan Sunda di bagian kulon. Ku sabab pangeran makuta Galuh téh mantuna Ratu Shima ti Kalingga, hiji karajaan Hindu di Jawa Tengah, Wretikandayun kalayan pangrojong ti Kalingga nungtut sangkan wilayah anu baheulana kagolong kana Tarumanagara dibagi jadi dua karajaan. Raja Tarusbawa ti Sunda, lantaran henteu hayang aya perang saudara, tungtungna narima éta paménta. Dina taun 670, Tarumanagara dibagi dua: Karajaan Sunda di kulon jeung Karajaan Galuh di wétan, anu dipisahkeun ku walungan Tarum (Citarum).

Karajaan Galuh terus aya salaku karajaan mandiri sajajar jeung Sunda nepi ka kira abad ka-10, waktu éta Galuh diasupkeun sarta dihijikeun kana Karajaan Sunda. Galuh jeung Sunda, dua-duana karajaan Sunda, ngadegkeun hiji karajaan gabungan anu dingaranan Karajaan Sunda-Galuh. Puseur pamaréntahanana di Kawali, anu jadi karaton nagara nepi ka abad ka-15, waktu Sri Baduga Maharaja mindahkeun puseur pamaréntahan ka Pakuan Pajajaran. Dina mangsa saterusna, nalika ékspansi Karajaan Mataram Islam, golongan menak (bangsawan) Priangan Wétan (Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Kuningan, jeung Majalengka) ngaku-ngaku minangka nu neruskeun warisan jeung kaluhuran karajaan kuna ieu.

== Sajarah ==
[[Wretikandayun]] miboga tilu anak lalaki: [[Rahiyang Sempakwaja]] (jadi resiguru di [[Gunung Galunggung|Galunggung]]), [[Rahiyang Kidul]] (jadi resi di [[Denuh]]), jeung [[Rahiyang Mandiminyak]]. Sanggeus ngawasaan Galuh salila salapan puluh taun (612–702), Wretikandayun digentos ku Rahiyang Mandiminyak, putra bungsuna, lantaran dua dulurna geus milih jadi resiguru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sundakala: Cuplikan Sejarah Sunda Berdasarkan Naskah-naskah &quot;Panitia Wangsakerta&quot; Cirebon|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=37-lDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=galuh&amp;f=false|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2017-10-26|isbn=978-979-419-593-2|language=id|last=Ayatrohaedi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Nay Pwahaci Rababu, Sempakwaja boga dua anak nyaéta Demunawan jeung [[Purbasora]]. Lantaran kagoda ku kaéndahan iparna, Mandiminyak kalabur kana lampah nista, nepi ka lahir anak anu dingaranan [[Sena]] (atawa Sang Salah).

Ari ti pamajikanana, Dewi Parwati (putri ti [[Ratu Sima]] jeung Raja Kartikeyasingha), Mandiminyak boga putri anu dingaranan Sannaha. Sannaha jeung Sena tuluy nikah, sarta boga putra anu dingaranan Rakryan Jambri (atawa Sanjaya).

Kakawasaan Galuh anu diwariskeun ka Mandiminyak (702–709), saterusna diteruskeun ku Sena. Ku sabab ngarasa miboga hak makuta ti jalur Sempakwaja, Demunawan jeung Purbasora ngalakukeun perebutan kakawasaan Galuh ti tangan Sena (taun 716). Lantaran terusir, Sena jeung kulawargana tuluy ngungsi ka Marapi di wewengkon wétan, sarta nikah jeung Dewi Citrakirana, putri ti Sang Resi Padmahariwangsa, raja [[Karajaan Indraprahasta|Indraprahasta]].&lt;!--
==Raja-raja Galuh==
Runtuyan raja-raja nu kungsi ngawasa Galuh:
# Wretikandayun (Rahiyangta ri Menir, 612-702)
# Mandiminyak (702-709)
# Séna/Sannaha (709-716)
# Purbasora (716-723)
# Rakeyan Jambri/Sanjaya/Harisdarma (723-732); Galuh ngahiji jeung Sunda
# Tamperan Barmawijaya (732-739)
# Rahiyang Banga (739-746)
# Rakeyan ri Medang (746-753)
# Rakeyan Diwus (753-777)
# Rakeyan Wuwus (777-849)
# Sang Hujung Carian (849-852)
# Rakeyan Gendang (852-875)
# Dewa Sanghiyang (875-882)
# Prebu Sanghiyang (882-893)
# Prebu Ditiya Maharaja (893-900)
# Sang Lumahing Winduraja (900-923)
# Sang Lumahing Kreta (923-1015)
# Sang Lumahing Winduruja (1015-1033)
# Rakeyan Darmasiksa (1033-1183)
# Sang Lumahing Taman (1183-1189)
# Sang Lumahing Tanjung (1189-1197)
# Sang Lumahing Kikis (1197-1219)
# Sang Lumahing Kiding (1219-1229)
# Aki Kolot (1229-1239)
# Prebu Maharaja (1239-1246)
--&gt;

== Kabupatén Galuh Ciamis, Kajayaan Jaman Kangjeng Prebu. ==
Bupati Galuh anu kagenepwelas ieu téh komarana mancur, jenengan nyambuangkeun wawangi arum, lantaran Kangjeng Prebu kagungan elmu linuhung, Bupati munggaran anu bisa ngaos aksara laten. Marentah adil palamarta, wedi asih ka rahayat. Opatpuluhtujuh taun lamina Raden Aduipati Aria Kusumadiningrat ngaheuyeuk dayeuh Galuh Ciamis (1839-1886)

Pamarentah kolonial harita keur meujeuhna ngagedérkeun Tanam Paksa téa. Saenyana ari di tatar Priangan mah ti taun 1677 ogé geus dilaksanakeun anu disebut Préangerstelsel atawa sistim Priangan anu tumali jeung komoditi kopi téh. Tepi ka ayeuna langgeng dina lagu jeung hariring, tembang nu cipruk cimata, cenah geuning &quot;Dengkleung dengdek, buah kopi raranggeuyan. Ingkeun saderek, ulah rek dihareureuyan&quot;, gambaran wanoja anu sedih kapapanjangan lantaran ditinggalkeun ku panutan nu pancen gawe tanam paksa. Tina Préangerstelsel, di lembur-lembur séjén saterusna dimekarkeun jadi Culturstelsel. Tetela di Kabupatén Galuh mah lain komoditi kopi wungkul anu dipaksa kudu diparelak ku rayat téh, tapi ogé nila. Proyek nila ieu pisan anu nimbulkeun insiden Van Pabst nu ngabalukarkeun Bupati Imbanagara dirurud tina kalungguhanana téh.

Mimiti Ngebon Kalapa.
Tangtu baé Kangjeng Prebu bati sedih jeung prihatin nyaksian rahayatna dipaksa kudu marelak kopi jeung nila, bari hasilna dikunjalan ka nagara Walanda. Rahayat ukur kabagian kokioprot kesangna wungkul, kabagian bubuh ripuhna, cul anak pamajikan jeung kulawarga, sapopoena kudu ngagugulung kebon kopi jeung enteh. Tah, jaman tanam paksa kopi ieu pisan lahirna kawih sedih Dengkleung Dengdek téh, almarhum Kang Pepe Syafe'i R.A. nyarios ka MANGLE basa ngawangkong salse di perkebunan Sineumbra pakidulan Bandung, jaman Administraturna Max Salhuteru anu gedé kamelang kana kahirupan seni budaya tradisional Sunda. Pepe Syafe'I dipentes kudu maluruh sajarah lahirna kawih dramatis dengkleung Dengdek ku Administraturna.

Kangjeng Prebu ku anjeun nangis lebeting manah, teu tega nyaksian rahayat kasiksa ku talajak pamarentah kolonial. Pikeun ngurangan bangbaluh rahayat, sangkan sajeroning lakon gawe tanam paksa henteu tepi ka lieuk euweuh ragap taya, enggal ngagedérkeun pangwangunan, kayaning nyieun solokan-solokan jeung bendungan, mun ayeuna mah solokan tersier jeung sekunder katut dam-dam anu tohaga. Tepi ka ayeuna aya kénéh solokan Garawangi nu diwangun taun 1839, Cikatomas taun 1842, Tanjungmanggu nu leuwih mashur disebut Nagawiru diwangun taun 1843 jeung solokan Wangunreja 1862.

Saterusna Bupati anu beunghar ku elmu panemu turta henteu bisa kulem samemeh babakti ka rahayatna téh, muka lahan pasawahan anyar jeung kebon kalapa di mana-mana. Malah pikeun sosialisasi kalapa mah, unggal calon panganten lalaki mun seserahan diwajibkeun mawa kitri (binih kalapa), anu saterusna kudu dipelak di buruan imahna tempat panganten ngawalan rumah tangga.

Ti jaman Kangjeng Prebu, perkebunan kalapa di Galuh Ciamis morontod jadi, kacida suburna, produksi ngahunyud di saban lembur. Atuh teu kungsi lila ogé Ciamis sohor jadi gudang kalapa pangma'murna di Priangan wetan. Dugdeg pabrik minyak kalapa diadegkeun ku para pangusaha, pangpangna Cina. Nu pangsohorna Gwan Hien, ceuk urang Galuh mah Guanhin. Terus pabrik Haoe yén jeung pabrik di Pawarang anu sohor disebutna Olpado (Olvado). Tah, Olpado mah musnah karagragan bom waktu Galuh dibombadir ku Walanda. Guanhin ogé kantun ngaran, sumawonna nu séjénna. Ka dieunakeun minyak kalapa kadeseh ku minyak kalapa sawit jeung minyak goreng séjénna .

Sakola Sunda.
Ti taun 1853 Kangjeng Prebu linggihna di karaton Selagangga anu dijieun tina kai Jati anu kuat. Lega lahan tempat karaton ngadeg legana sahéktar, aya empang anu laukna tingghudibeg, di antarana aya babalongan aer mancur, turut sisina dipelakan kekembangan anu arendah. Di bagian séjén karaton, aya kaputren, tempat para putri Bupati. Di kompleks karaton ogé aya masigit. Taun 1872 di kompleks karaton ieu diwangun jambansari jeung pamakaman kulawarga Bupati. Kiduleun pamakaman aya situ anu saterusna dikaramatkeun pisan, baheula mah taya anu wani nyapirakeun, urang Galuh percaya cai situ ngandung hasiat saperti anu dikotretkeun ku Kangjeng Prebu dina guguritanana, Jamban tinakdir Yang Agung, caina tanba panyakit, amal jariah kaula, bupati Galuh Ciamis, Aria Kusumahdiningrat, medali mas pajéng kuning.&quot;

Nurutkeun para menak Galuh jaman ayeuna mah, pangpangna rundayan Kangjeng Prebu, jaman baheula mah ieu guguritan nu disusun dina pupuh Kinanti téh sok dihariringkeun ku barudak sakola rayat.
Sajaba ti wangunan keur kapentingan kulawrga Bupati, Kangjeng Prebu ogé ngagedér ngawangun gedong-gedong pamarentahan jeung sarana séjénna. Antara taun 1859 tepi ka 1877 mah pangwangunan tatar Galuh taya ngasona. Mimiti diwangun gedong kabupatén anu agreng, perenahna di gedong DPRD ayeuna, malik ngaler. Terus gedong keur Asisten Residen, anu ayeuna jadi gedong nagara atawa gedong kabupatén, sakaligus tempat lingguhna Bupati sakulawarga. Wawangunan séjénna, tangsi militer, panjara, masjid agung, gedong keur kontrolir jeung kantor telepun.

Luar biasana Kangjeng Prebu, taya sarupa ogé sarana kapentingan masarakat anu kaluli-luli atawa anu anjeunna lali. Pendidikan dinomer hijikeun ku Bupati anu maher basa Perancis téh. Pikeun pendidikan para putrana jeung kadang kulawarga Bupati, ngahaja mayar guru Walanda, J.A.Uikens jeung J. Bl;andergroen ka kabupatén, pancenna ngajar maca jeung nyarita ku basa Walanda. Taun 1862 Kangjeng Dalem ngadegkeun Sakola Sunda. Taun 1874 Sakola Sunda anu kadua ngadeg di Kawali. Ieu téh sakola munggaran di Tatar Sunda.
Dina enggoning ngamekarkeun agama Islam, Kangjeng Prebu kagungan jurus-jurus nu wijaksana pisan. Pangpangna dina enggoning ngaleunguitkeun kapercayaan sabagian masarakat anu masih kénéh nyarimpen sesembahan mangrupa arca batu anu jangkungna satangtung manusa. Kangjeng Prebu maranti sok ngayakeun silaturahmi jeung pangaosan, ngahaja ngeprik masarakat.

Tah, dina waktu ririungan saperti kieu anjeunna umajak ka rahayatna sangkan rahayat saban-saban arek ka pangaosan jeung ririungan, marawa arca anu aya di imahna masing-masing . Urang hijikeun jeung anu kaula da kaula ogé boga, dawuhna téh. Rayat anu alajrih, satuhu tur kumereb ka pangawulaan téh, barungaheun we dititah marawa arca téh. Jalujur ngaku di imahna aya arca. Atuh teu kungsi lila ogé di imah-imah rayat téh geus euweuh deui arca anu disimpen dimumule. Masarakat ayeuna mah bener-bener aribadahna jeung teu kendat muji kaagungan Allah. Islam mencar mekar satatar Galuh. Ari arca mah saterusna dibrugbrugkeun we di Jambansari, sakurilingna dipelakan tangkal waregu, jadi karimbunan. éta sababna tepi ka ayeuna loba arca di pamakaman Kangjeng Prebu di Selagangga téa.

Kangeng Prebu téh Bupati munggaran di Tatar Sunda anu bisa maca aksara laten, sajaba ti kitu, elmu kabatinanana luhur. Ceuk saujaring carita anu mekar di kalangan masarakat Galuh Ciamis, Kangjeng Prebu ogé ngawasa mahluk gaib anu sohor disebutna ONOM di Ciamis mah. 
Taun 1861 jalan caturkeun kareta api rek dibuka pikeun nunjang lancarna patalimarga, ti Tasikmalaya ka Manonjaya, Cimaragas, Banjar terus bangblas ka Jogjakarta.
Kangjeng Prebu enggal ngadugikeun panuhun, sangkan jalan kareta api téh liwat ka kota Galuh puseur dayeuh kabupatén, ulah liwat cimaragas- Manonjaya. Waragadna memang jadi gedé sabab eyeuna mah kudu mnyieun jambatan panjang lebah Cirahong jeung Karangpucung. Tapi ahirna Walanda eleh deet, panuhun Kangjeng Prebu ditarima. Najan setatsionna meunang nyieun Walanda téh ayeuna narikolot, tapi Ciamis diliwatan kareta api, di antarana kareta api Galuh. 
Taun 1886 Kangjeng Prebu lengser kaprabon, kalungguhanana diteraskeun ku putrana nu sohor jenenganana Raden Adipati Aria Kusumasubrata.

Tapi sanaos geus pangsiun, Kangjeng Prebu teu ngaso ucang-ucang dina korsi goyang. Anjeunna masih kénéh tuluy bebenah jeung ngawangun Galuh Ciamis. Dina jamanna kénéh, Undang-undang Agraria mimiti dipake, peresisna taun 1870. Nya ti harita investor arasup, henteu risi ngaluarkeun modal gedé keur muka usaha-usaha perkebunan pangpangna. ku lantaran kitu, di Galuh Ciamis loba perkebunan sewasta, di antarana Lemah Neundeut, Bangkelung, Gunung Bitung, Panawangan, Damarcaang jeung Sindangrasa.
Taun 1915 Kabupatén Galuh sacara resmi kaereh ka Karsidenan Priangan, sacara resmi disebutna jadi Kabupatén Ciamis. 1 Januari 1926 Jawa dibagi jadi tilu propinsi, Jabar, Jateng, Jatim. Jawa Barat dipenggel jadi lima karsidenan, 18 Kabupatén jeung genep kotapraja. Ciamis saterusna kaereh ka Karsidenan Priangan Timur.
Saenyana di lokasi karaton Selagangga ogé Kangjeng Prebu téh ngadamel masigit agreng anu dipercayakeun pikeun ngurus katut ngahirupkeunana ka Haji Abdul Karim.
Keur kamekaran agama Islam, Bupati Galuh anu masagi dina elmuna téh, marentahkeun ka para Kapala Désa suaya di tiap désa aya masigit, sajaba ti keur ibadah sacara umum, ogé keur tempat barudak jeung nonoman diajar ngaji jeung elmu kaagamaan. Cindekna ngawangun mental spiritual masarakat. Masdjid Selagangga téh kacida kaimpunganana ku para nonoman.

Tapi ayeuna mah ngan kantun makam kulawarga jeung Jambansari anu ngan kari sacangkewok, situ nu perenahna  béh kulon mah geus taya tapak-tapakna acan, da baheula mah dua situ téh, beulah wetan jeung beulah kulon. Ayeuna geus robah jadi lembur. Baheulana mah tanah beulah kulon téh kagungan para putra jeung putu Snouck Hurgronye, beulah wetanna tapel wates jeung Jambansari Ayeuna jadi lembur. 
Pamakaman Kangjeng Prebu mah tepi ka ayeuna diurus dimumule jeung dipualasara ku Yayasan nu dipupuhuan ku Toyo Djayakusuma. Ka tukang-tukang ngalaman ngalanglayung kurang urus lantaran kurang waragad. Jambansari meh ilang sari. Kaemper-emper ka Jakarta ka kulawarga Mentri PU (harita) Ir.Radinal Muchtar. Nya ku kulawarga Radinal Muchtar dibebenah dioméan dipasieup deui dijungjungkeun komarana. Naha Radinal, kapan anjeunna téh putra Minang ? Memang bener Ir.Radinal putra minang, tapi garwana mah terahing menak Galuh Ciamis, rundayan Kangjeng Prebu. Jadi, ngaraos ngiring tanggel waler pikeun mulasara, ngamumule pamakaman jeung komplek Jambansari anu ku rayat Galuh kacida dimulyakeunana.
Aya anu rada ngagasruk kana mamaras rasa urang Galuh Ciamis, pangpangna anu darumuk di Jalan Selagangga, sabudeureun komplek pamakaman jeung Jambansari, alatan Jalan Selagangga diganti jadi Jalan KHA.Dahlan ngalap kana jenengan inohong Nahdatul Ulama. Najan kitu urang Galuh mah pageuh we nyarebutna Selagangga, sabab di dieu téh aya patilasan Kangjeng Prebu . Malah ayeuna sabada Ciamis ganti bupati, putra Panjalu anu diharepkeun adil palamarta wijak tur toweksa ka rahayatna. Bari tetep luhur ngahormat KHA.Dahlan, kacida diharepkeunana, Bupati anyar eungeuh kana kaluhuran sajarah Galuh Ciamisna. Bupati anyar dipentes gawe mulya mulangkeun ngaran jalan KHA Dahlan jadi Jalan SELAGANGGA deui. Sabab ieu jalan ngandung sajarah penting. Nya di dieu baheula mimiti ngadegna karaton Galuh, di dieu Kangjeng Prebu linggihna, ti dieu anjeunna ngalelemah dayeuh Galuh Ciamis, ti dieu ogé kawijakan-kawijakan lungsur, jeung di dieu wapatna Bupati Ciamis anu pangkongasna beunghar ku elmu panemu, boh lahir boh batin, turta pinter méakeun batur téh. Dipendemna ogé di pamakaman Sirnayasa (Jambansari) Selagangga. Asa euweuh alesan nu bisa ditarima upama Jalan Selagangga kudu diganti

{{Sunda}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}
*'''[[Aca]]'''. 1968. ''Carita Parahiyangan: naskah titilar karuhun urang Sunda abad ka-16 Maséhi''. Yayasan Kabudayaan Nusalarang, Bandung.
*'''[[Ayatrohaédi]]'''. 2005. ''Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah &quot;Panitia Wangsakerta&quot; dari Cirebon''. Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta.
*'''[[Édi S. Ékajati]]'''. 2005. ''Polemik Naskah Pangeran Wangsakerta''. Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta. ISBN 979-419-329-1
*'''[[Yoséph Iskandar]]'''. 1997. ''Sejarah Jawa Barat: yuganing rajakawasa''. Geger Sunten, Bandung.

[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan di Jawa Kulon|Galuh]]</text>
      <sha1>rilewjxu7h1z73dmwvylbtxozwswljv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709092</id>
      <parentid>672689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15888" sha1="md4rahgh8anmvxecvoxlla5ope93am5" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = &lt;span style=&quot;line-height:1.33em;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ar|جمهورية العراق}} &lt;/big&gt; &lt;br /&gt; ''Jumhūriyyat ul-{{Unicode|ʿ}}Irāq''&lt;br /&gt;''Jomhūrī-ye Īrāq''&lt;/span&gt;
|conventional_long_name = &lt;span style=&quot;line-
height:1.33em;&quot;&gt;Républik Irak&lt;/span&gt;
|common_name = Irak
|image_flag = Flag_of_Iraq.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Iraq (2008–present).svg
|image_map = Iraq in its region.svg
|national_motto = الله أكبر {{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[Basa Arab]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]&quot;''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[transliterasi]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Gusti nu Maha Agung&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem = ''[[Mawtini]]''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;(new)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''[[Ardh Alforatain]]''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;(previous){{smallsup|1}}&lt;/small&gt;
|capital = [[Baghdad]]{{smallsup|2}}
|official_languages = [[Basa Arab|Arab]], [[Basa Kurdi|Kurdi]]{{smallsup|3}}, [[Basa Aramaik|Aramaik]]
|demonym = Irak
|religion = [[Islam]](94%), [[Kristen]](4–5%), [[Mandean]] &amp; [[Yazidi]] (&lt;1%)
|latd=33 |latm=20 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=26 |longEW=E
|largest_city = ibu kota
|government_type = Developing {{nowrap|[[parliamentary democracy]]}}
|leader_title1 = [[Presiden Irak|Presiden]]
|leader_title2 = [[Perfana Mentri Irak|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1 = [[Barham Salih]]
|leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] 
|area_rank = ka-58
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|area_km2 = 438,317
|area_sq_mi = 169,234 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water = 1.1
|population_estimate = 26,783,383{{smallsup|4}}
|population_estimate_rank = ka-40
|population_estimate_year = 2006
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 66
|population_density_sq_mi = 171 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank = ka-125
|GDP_PPP = $89.8 miliar
|GDP_PPP_rank = &lt;small&gt;ka-61&lt;/small&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year = 2006
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = &lt;small&gt;ka-130&lt;/small&gt;
|sovereignty_type = [[Merdika]]
|established_event1 = ti {{nowrap|[[Kakaisaran Usmani]]}}
|established_date1 = &lt;br /&gt;[[1 Oktober]] [[1919]]
|established_event2 = ti {{nowrap|[[United Kingdom]]}}
|established_date2 = &lt;br /&gt;[[3 Oktober]] [[1932]]
|HDI =
|HDI_rank = n/a
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI_category = &lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;teu direngking&lt;/font&gt;
|FSI                      = 111.4 {{increase}} 2.4
|FSI_year                 = 2007
|FSI_rank                 = ka-2
|FSI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;Peringetan&lt;/font&gt; 
|currency = [[Dinar Irak]]
|currency_code = IQD
|country_code = IRQ
|time_zone = AST
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST = ADT
|utc_offset_DST = +4
|cctld = [[.iq]]
|calling_code = 964
|footnote1 = Urang Kurdi make ''[[Ey Reqîb]]''.
|footnote2 = Ibu kota [[Kurdistan Irak]] nyaéta [[Arbil]].
|footnote3 = Basa Arab jeung Kurdi mangrupa basa resmi dina pamarentahan Irak. Dumasar kana Artikel 4, Bagéan 4 [[Undang-undang Dasar Irak]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian (Syriac)]] (a dialect of [[Aramaic]]) and Iraqi Turkmen (a dialect of [[Azerbaijani language|Southern Azerbaijani]]) languages are official in areas where the respective populations they constitute density of population.
|footnote4 = [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook]
}}
'''Républik Irak''', biasana katelah '''Irak''' ([[Basa Arab]]: {{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|العراق}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|ʕiˈrɑːq}}), nyaéta hiji [[nagara]] di [[Wétan Tengah]] nu ngampar lolobananana di tungtung kulon kaler [[Pagunungan Zagros-]], bagéan wetan [[Gurun Siria]] sarta bagéan kaler [[Gurun Arabia]]. Irak diwatesan ku [[Kuwait]] jeung [[Saudi Arabia]] di  béh kidul, [[Jordania]] di kulon, [[Suriah]] di kulon kaler, [[Turki]] di  béh kaler sarta [[Iran]] di wetaneunnana. Irak boga bagéan basisir nu heureut di [[Umm Qasr]] di [[Teluk Pérsia]]. Aya dua walungan nu ngalir: [[Tigris]] jeung [[Éfrat]]. Dua walungan ieu nyababkeun lemah Irak bisa dipaké tatanen, patukang tonggong jeung lanskap gurun nu nutupan lolobana wewengkon di [[Wétan Tengah]].

Irak mangrupikeun [[démokrasi parleménter]] ngembang anu diwangun ku 18 [[kagubernuran di Irak|kagubernuran]] (katelah ''muhafadhat''). Ibu kotana, [[Baghdad]], aya di tengah-wétan. [[Sajarah Irak|Sajarah euyeub]] Irak balik deui ti jaman [[Mesopotamia]] kuno. Wewengkon antara walungan Tigris jeung Éfrat dikenal salaku [[Bulan Sabit Subur]], tempat lahirna paradaban jeung [[tulisan]]. Dina sajarahna anu panjang, Irak parantos janten puseur kakaisaran [[Akkadia]], [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] sareng [[Abbasiyah]], sarta bagian ti kawasaan kakaisaran [[Akhemenia]], [[Makedonia]], [[Parthia]], [[Bani Umayyah|Umayyah]], [[Sassania]], [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]] sareng [[Britania Raya]].

Since an [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion in 2003]], a [[Multinational Force Iraq|multinational coalition of forces]], mainly American and British, has occupied Iraq. The invasion has had wide-réaching consequences: [[Iraq war|increased civil violence]], political bréakdown, the removal and [[Execution of Saddam Hussein|execution]] of former présidént [[Saddam Hussein]], and national problems in the development of [[politics of Iraq|political balance]], [[economy of Iraq|economy]], infrastructure, and use of the country's huge [[Oil reserves#Iraq|reserves of oil]]. According to the 2007 [[Failed States Index]], produced by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's]] [[Foreign Policy]] magazine and the [[Fund for Peace]], Iraq has recently emerged as the world's second most unstable country,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3865&amp;page=8|title=Foreign Policy Magazine: The Failed States Index 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126074132/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3865&amp;page=8 |date=2009-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; after [[Sudan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070618.wfailedstate0618/BNStory/International/home|title=Reuters: Iraq world's No. 2 failed state|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080619041950/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070618.wfailedstate0618/BNStory/International/home|archivedate=2008-06-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621041443/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070618.wfailedstate0618/BNStory/International/home/ |date=2007-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
{{utama|Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Irak}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* Interview with Refugees International's Séan Garcia on the plight of hundreds of thousands of Iraqi refugees [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185923/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262 |date=2007-03-13 }}
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York|NY]], [[United States|USA]]. ISBN 0-8050-7602-6
* Hanna Batatu, &quot;The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq&quot;, Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]], 1978
* Iraq was one of the major settings for the John J. Rust science fiction novel &quot;Epsilon&quot;
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] &amp; [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed). ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] &amp; [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''

== Tumbu luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Iraq}}
{{wikivoyage|Iraq}}

'''Pamaréntah'''
* [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Iraqi Government] official government site
* [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf New Iraqi government structure (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815210023/http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf |date=2006-08-15 }} (As of July 17, 2006)
* [http://www.krg.org/ Kurdistan Regional Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173827/http://www.krg.org/ |date=2016-05-06 }}
* [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Ministry of Industry and Minerals]

''Sawangan'''
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028042959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html |date=2009-10-28 }}
* [http://www.HilalPlaza.com/baghdad-Iraq-civilization.html Baghdad's Golden Period]
* [http://www.al-bab.com/Arab/countries/Iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610185602/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm |date=2016-06-10 }}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224065934/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |date=2018-12-24 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020216031159/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=Iraq&amp;search_crit=subject&amp;search=Search&amp;date1=Anytime&amp;date2=Anytime&amp;type=form Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502204638/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&amp;search_crit=subject&amp;search=Search&amp;date1=Anytime&amp;date2=Anytime&amp;type=form |date=2008-05-02 }}
* [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] from [[Reuters|Reuters AlertNet]]
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] from [[The Economist]]

'''Warta'''
* [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/SectionHomeL.asp?section=middleeast Focus on Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126093609/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/SectionHomeL.asp?section=middleeast |date=2007-11-26 }} Daily News on Iraq
* [http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204038/http://electroniciraq.net/ |date=2018-02-18 }} from Electronic Iraq
* [http://news.ft.com/indepth/Iraq News in Depth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614084320/http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq |date=2006-06-14 }} from the Financial Times
* [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&amp;cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415113230/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&amp;cat=Iraq |date=2013-04-15 }}
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/Iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182557/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp |date=2008-06-10 }} Independent news about Iraq
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html Iraqis react with joy, anger to Hussein death sentence] CNN story on Hussein's [[death sentence]]
* [http://www.hometownbaghdad.com Hometown Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123071948/http://hometownbaghdad.com/ |date=2007-11-23 }} Documentary series shot by an all-Iraqi crew. Tells the stories of three young péople trying to survive in Baghdad.

'''Lianna'''
* [http://www.operationiraqichildren.org/ Operation Iraqi Children]
* [http://www.iraqimage.com Iraq Image], a cultural resource on Iraq cities and locations
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a léading scholar and public intellectual
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926182404/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 |date=2006-09-26 }}—A series of exclusive interviews and other resources capturing the voices of Iraqis, [[Humanitarian aid|aid workers]], [[Soldier|military personnel]] and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
* [http://wiqipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Alternate wiki article about Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211012919/http://wiqipedia.org/wiki/Iraq |date=2007-12-11 }}
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]—A Washington DC-based [[Non-profit organization|nonprofit organization]] promoting a free and secure Iraq
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&amp;amp;of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq]
* [http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/iraq Internal Displacement in Iraq] - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
* [http://www.cpa-Iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712083422/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ |date=2010-07-12 }} Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/Iraq.htm Iraq Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111518/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm |date=2013-12-14 }} from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project
* [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/Iraq-1900-2000/ 1900–2000 a history of Iraq]
* [http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055028/http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201010110/http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf |date=2007-12-01 }} - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)''
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/iraq/iraq.html Short Guide to Iraq] (WWII U.S. Military Guide)
* [http://www.uwt.org/Countries/Iraq_Charity.asp Charity Helping the People of Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511223655/http://www.uwt.org/Countries/Iraq_Charity.asp |date=2008-05-11 }}

{{Template group
| title = Geografi lokal
| list =
{{Countries of Southwest Asia}}
{{Countries and territories of the Middle East}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Countries bordering the Persian Gulf}}
{{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}}
}}
{{Template group
| title = Kaanggotaan internasional
| list =
{{Arab League}}
{{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}}
{{OPEC}}
{{Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations}}
}}

{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}

&lt;!--Please do not move this article from its proper place at the head of its own category.--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basa sejen --&gt;

[[Kategori:Irak|*]]
[[Kategori:Mésopotamia]]
[[Kategori:Arab]]
[[Kategori:Républik konstitusional]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Deukeut]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dikawasa ku militér]]</text>
      <sha1>md4rahgh8anmvxecvoxlla5ope93am5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cakram Blu-ray</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709089</id>
      <parentid>708428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T03:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80894" sha1="paqztnzeys9tph0nexlem0sxfvmyclc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox media
| name = Blu-ray Disc
| logo = 
| image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]]
| caption =
| type = High-density [[optical disc]]
| encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]]
| capacity = 
25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer),  
50&amp;nbsp;GB (dual layer)
| read = 1x@36&amp;nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] &amp; 2x@72&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s
| write =
| standard =
| owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]]
| use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games
| extended from =
| extended to =
}}
'''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]].

Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&amp;nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&amp;nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&amp;nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&amp;nbsp;GB.

Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html
|title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release)
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Seán Byrne
|date = 2007-02-23
|work = cdrfreaks.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}&lt;/ref&gt; pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]].

Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray  [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&amp;nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&amp;nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]].

== Sajarah ==
{{Optical disc authoring}}
[[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]]
Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asal ===
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar.

The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html
|title =  Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|date=  2000-10-11
|work = cdrinfo.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html
|title = Replacement for DVD unveiled
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Barry Fox
|date=  2002-02-19
|work = newscientist.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |date=2017-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray  standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs.

=== Kompetisi jeung HD DVD ===

The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070621131847/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25&quot; [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Attempts to avoid a format war ====

The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's &quot;iHD&quot; (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to &quot;work more smoothly with personal computers&quot;.  The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards,  Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html|archivedate=2008-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumours surfaced that an &quot;unnamed partner&quot; had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;/&gt; At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray  adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun ===

The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html
|title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge
|accessyear = 2007-10-17
|author = Martyn Williams
|date=  2004-08-05
|work = pcworld.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped.
The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/
|title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Tony Smith
|date=  2006-01-06
|work = theregister.co.uk
}}&lt;/ref&gt; AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html 
|title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan
|accessdate=2007-10-17 
|author=
|date= 2006-03-31
|work= foxnews.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp
|title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player
|accessdate= 2007-10-17
|author= Dan Costa
|date= 2006-06-15
|work= pcmag.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt; The first movies using dual layer discs (50&amp;nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html
| title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date = 2006-10-10
| last = Bracke
| first = Peter M.
| work = HighDefDigest.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699.

HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales   |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disc structure ==
=== Laser and optics ===

Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a &quot;blue&quot; (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&amp;nbsp;nm and 780&amp;nbsp;nm respectively.

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&amp;nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum &quot;[[spatial resolution|spot size]]&quot; on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.)

=== Hard-coating technology ===
Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary.

[[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.

== Software standards ==
=== Codecs ===
[[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques.

The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.

The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&amp;nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;

For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Java software support ===
{{utama|BD-J}}
At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard.

=== Kode wewengkon ===
[[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html
 | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video
 | language =
 | accessdate = 2007-01-14
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Region code !! Aréa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392
 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control?
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2006-08-29
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]].
|-
|}

This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are &quot;ALL&quot; region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe.

=== Digital rights management ('''DRM''') ===
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They have been at léast partially circumvented.

'''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]].

Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

'''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html&lt;/ref&gt;  BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;/&gt;
* examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
* verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
* execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
* transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.

If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases.

The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website].

BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them.

== Player profiles ==
The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Féature&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0)
! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1)
! BD-Live (Profile 2)
|-
| Built-in persistent memory
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
|-
| Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}}
| –
| 256 MB
| 1 GB
|-
| Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]])
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}}
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| [[Virtual file system]]
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Internet connection capability
| No
| No
| Mandatory
|}
{{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory.

{{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary

On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by &quot;Bonus View&quot; as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.&lt;ref name=&quot;BonusView&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.&lt;ref&gt;[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]&lt;/ref&gt; On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on &quot;Bonus View&quot; hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Backward compatibility ==
While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]].

== List of Blu-ray devices ==
&lt;!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource:
http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
! Device name
! Manufacturer
! Type of device
! Release date
! Approximate price
|-
| [[PlayStation 3]]
| [[Sony]]
| [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1)
| [[November 11]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]399&lt;ref name=&quot;PS3price&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&amp;STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&amp;EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;/499$
|-
| [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]]
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player
| 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]599
|-
| DMP-BD30
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1)
| 2007
| [[United States dollar|US$]]500
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[December 4]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]1000
|-
| BD-P1200
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[January 8]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]799
|-
| BD-P1000
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[June 20th]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]450 
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }}
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| 
|-
| BD-P1400
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| BDP-LX70
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. )
|-
| BDP-LX80
| Pioneer
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HP1
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV1
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV10
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW15
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW20
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DMR-E700BD
| [[Panasonic]]
| Blu-ray/DVD Recorder
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW200
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BR100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html
 | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback
 | accessdate = 2006-10-13
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }}
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW800
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW900
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V7
| [[Sony]] 
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V9
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T50
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-L70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-X90
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX]
| [[VidaBox]]
| [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| BH-100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml
 | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[January 7]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BH-200
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[October]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BD-UP5000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109
 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| [[VAIO]] AR Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
|
|-
| [[VAIO]] FZ Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2007
|  
|-
| XPS M1710
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| December 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599
|-
| XPS M1730
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
|
|
|-
| XPS M2010
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| Pavilion Desktop
| [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive)
| [[9 May]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| TravelMate 8215WLMi&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Acer]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini VX2&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;/&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini W2W&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&amp;model=1834&amp;l1=5&amp;l2=22&amp;l3=192&amp;l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| BDC-2202
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| PC drive
| [[May 2]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]299&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html
 | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DH-401S&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=about:blank
 | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive
 | accessdate = 2007-10-31
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LiteOn]]
| PC drive
| [[31 October]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BC-1205PT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php
 | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive
 | accessdate = 2007-09-09
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUS]]
| PC drive
| [[9 September]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BWU-100A
| [[ASUS]]
| Recordable PC drive
| [[July 18]] [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]699 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html
 | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DZ-BD7A&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]]
| 
|
|-
| DZ-BD7HA&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA,  Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder
| 
|  
|-
| Lite-On DH-4O1S&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]]
| Read Only PC Drive
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]199&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --&gt;
Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corporate support ==

{{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}}
[[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]]

Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/
 | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format &quot;Blu-ray Disc&quot; Established
 | publisher=SONY Press Release
 | language =
 | date=  February 19, 2002
 | accessdate = 2007-08-31
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]].

Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe.  Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDOutsideUS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]&lt;/ref&gt;

It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]].  [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats.

It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}&lt;/ref&gt; including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&amp;page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important.

Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs.  They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html
 | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&amp;ResLibraryID=20345&amp;Category=1027
 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about 
 | title = About Netflix 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/
 | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726&lt;/ref&gt; While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html
 | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format
 | accessdate = 2007-07-29
 | year = 2007
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a &quot;jaw-dropping&quot; sum for the end cap displays.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&amp;ctrack=5&amp;cset=true
 | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion
 | accessdate = 2007-09-10
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format.  Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD.  Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg)
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html
 | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&amp;en=fe619b851abc0231&amp;ei=5124&amp;partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink 
 | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival 
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1 
 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-19
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison ==
{{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}}
{{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}}
The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&amp;nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&amp;nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;tripleApproved&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943
| title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date=  2007-09-13
| last = Fulton III
| first = Scott M.
| work = BetaNews
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&amp;nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&amp;nbsp;GB disc&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]&lt;/ref&gt; while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&amp;nbsp;GB dual layer format.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt;

In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&amp;nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).&lt;ref name=&quot;DDplus_whitepaper&quot;&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com&lt;/ref&gt; Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]].

As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDaudio_support&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with &quot;repeat field flags&quot;). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}}

There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region.

Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ongoing development ==
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&amp;nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics (&quot;Hitachi used a standard drive.&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-27
 | year = 2005
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493
 | title =  Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback
}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K).  Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&amp;nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&amp;nbsp;GB data layers.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&amp;nbsp;GB CAPACITY
 | publisher = TDK
 | accessdate = 2006-11-27
 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]]
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&amp;nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&amp;nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656
| title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow
| accessdate = 2007-04-24
| date=  2007-01-10
| last = Yam
| first = Marcus
| work = DailyTech
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html
 | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology
 | accessdate = 2006-05-30
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt; This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure.

[[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&amp;nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&amp;nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&amp;nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]&lt;/ref&gt;  TDK has also produced a 200&amp;nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;/&gt;

== Variants ==
=== BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc ===
BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s.
These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html
| title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring
| accessdate = 2007-08-19
| format = HTML
| work = 
| language = English
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]]

=== AVCREC ===
AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD.

=== Blu-ray Disc recordable ===
{{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}}
[[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]].

=== HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs ===
Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[List of Blu-ray Movies]]
* [[Blu-ray Disc Association]]
* [[Format war]]
* [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA)
* [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]]
* [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals
* [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries
* [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]]

=== Tehnologi cakram alternatif ===
* [[HD DVD]]
* [[AVCHD]]
* [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD)
* [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format
* [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&amp;nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008
* [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs
* [[PH-DVD]]
* [[Protein-coated disc]]
* [[Tapestry Media]]
* [[Ultra Density Optical]]
* [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]]
* [[LS-R]] – a &quot;layer selection&quot; technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}}
{{Portal|Blu-ray}}
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association]
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site]
* [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA]
* [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }}
* [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology]
* [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories]
* [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS]
* [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing]
* [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }} by Hugh Bennett
* [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD...
* [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray]

=== Warta ===
* [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]].
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&amp;nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]].
* [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]].
* [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]].
* [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]].
* [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles]
{{Home_video}}

{{HighDefinitionMedia}}

[[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]]
[[Kategori:Platform Java]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]]
[[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]]
[[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]]
[[Kategori:DVD]]
[[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]]</text>
      <sha1>paqztnzeys9tph0nexlem0sxfvmyclc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chairil Anwar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709090</id>
      <parentid>653191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T03:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709090</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8591" sha1="o805ywe88l9zxq42c3tb39cl16uyaz2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Writer
|name = Chairil Anwar
|image = Gambar:Chairil Anwar.jpg
|imagesize = 
|caption = 
|pseudonym = 
|birthname = 
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|07|26}}
|birth_place = {{flagicon|Walanda}} [[Kota Medan|Medan]], [[Karesidenan Sumatra Timur|Sumatra Timur]], [[Hindia Belanda]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1949|04|28|1922|08|26}}
|death_place = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|occupation = [[Penyair]]
|nationality = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|ethnicity = [[Minangkabau]]
|citizenship = 
|period = 1942–1949
|genre = 
|subject = 
|movement = [[Angkatan ‘45]]
|notableworks = ''[[Aku (puisi)|Aku]]'' {{br}} ''[[Krawang Bekasi (puisi)|Krawang Bekasi]]''
|spouse = 
|partner = 
|children = 
|relatives = 
|influences = [[Archibald MacLeish]], [[Edgar du Perron]], [[Hendrik Marsman]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[Jan Jacob Slauerhoff]], [[W.H. Auden]]
|influenced = 
|awards = 
|signature = 
|website = 
|portaldisp = 
}}

'''Chairil Anwar''' anu dipikawanoh ku sebutan &quot;Si Binatang Jalang&quot; (dina karyana dijudulan ''Aku'') nyaéta pelopor [[Angkatan '45]] anu nyiptakeun ''trend'' anyar pamakéan kecap dina berpuisi anu terkesan pohara lugas, solid sarta kuat.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://biografi.rumus.web.id/2010/11/biografi-chairil-anwar-2.html Biografi Chairil Anwar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903132358/http://biografi.rumus.web.id/2010/11/biografi-chairil-anwar-2.html |date=2011-09-03 }}  (diaksés tanggal 12 Nopember 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna babarengan jeung [[Asrul Sani]] sarta [[Rivai Apin]] ngamimitian puisi modérn Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Chairil Anwar maot dina umur ngora alatan panyakit [[TBC]] sarta dimakamkeun di [[Taman Pemakaman Umum Karét Bivak]], [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Poé maotna dingingetan minangka Poé Chairil Anwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Chairil ngaleukeunan atikan [[HIS]] sarta [[MULO]], cacak atikan MULO-NA henteu tamat.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Puisi-puisina dipikaresep nepi ka ayeuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Salah sahiji puisina anu pangkasohorna mindeng dideklamasikeun anu dijudulan Aku (''Aku mau hidup seribu tahun lagi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Sajaba nulis puisi, manéhna ogé osok narjamahkeun karya sastra deungeun kana [[basa Indonésia]]. Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi redaktur rohang budaya Siasat “Gelanggang” sarta Aweuhan Kaayaan, manéhna ogé ngadegkeun [[“Gelanggang Seniman Merdika”]]([[1946]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Lanceukna, [[Jassin]] ogé boga kenangan ngeunaan Chairil Anwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; ''“Kami kungsi ulin [[badminton]] babarengan, sarta manéhna éléh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Tapi manéhna teu ngaku kaéléhna, sarta ngajak tanding terus, pamustunganana kuring éléh, kami tanding di hareup para gadis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Wanoja nyaéta dunya Chairil sanggeus buku, kacatet ngaran Ida, Sri Ayati, Gadis Rasyid, Mirat, sarta Roosmeini minangka gadis anu diudag-udag Chairil, sarta kabéh ngaran gadis éta komo asup kana puisi-puisi Chairil, tapi, ka gadis [[Karawang]], [[Hapsah]], Chairil geus nikah ka manéhna''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Pernikahan éta teu berumur panjang, lantaran masalah ékonomi, sarta gaya hirup Chairil anu teu robah, Hapsah ménta cerai, waktu anakna umur 7 bulan, Chairil ogé jadi duda.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

==Ahir hirup==
[[Gambar:Grave of Chairil Anwar, Karet Bivak.jpg|right|thumb|Pemakaman Chairil Anwar]]
Vitalitas puitis Chairil henteu kungsi diimbangan ku kaayaan fisikna, anu nambahan lemah alatan gaya hirupna anu teu bener.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Saméméh manéhna nincak umur 27 taun, manéhna geus katerap ku sajumlah panyakit.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Chairil Anwar maot dina umur ngora alatan panyakit TBC. Manéhna dikuburkan di [[Taman Pemakaman Umum Karét Bivak]], [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Astanana didatangan ku rébuan ''fans''na ti jaman ka jaman, poé maotna ogé sok dingingetan minangka Poé Chairil Anwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

==Karya-karyana==

# [[Kerikil Tajam dan yang Terampas dan yang Putus]] ([[1949]]); 
# [[Deru Campur Debu]] ([[1949]]); 
# [[Tiga Menguak Takdir]] ([[1950]] bareng jeung [[Asrul Sani]] sarta [[Rivai Apin]]); 
# [[Aku Ini Binatang Jalang]] ([[1986]]); 
# [[Koleksi sajak]] [[1942]]-[[1949]]&quot;, diedit ku [[Pamusuk Eneste]], kecap panutup ku [[Sapardi Djoko Damono]] ([[1986]]); 
# [[Derai-derai Cemara]] ([[1998]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Buku kumpulan puisina diterbitkeun [[Gramedia]] berjudul [[Aku ini Binatang Jalang]] ([[1986]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Buku kumpulan puisina dipedar Gramedia dijudulan [[Aku Ini Binatang Jalang]] ([[1986]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Karya-karya tarjamahanana nyaéta: 
# [[Pulanglah Dia Si Anak Hilang]] ([[1948]], [[Andre Gide]]); 
# [[Kena Gempur]] ([[1951]], [[John Steinbeck]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Sedengkeun karya-karyana anu ditarjamahkeun kana basa [[Inggris]], [[Jerman]] sarta [[Spanyol]] nyaéta: 
# &quot;Sharp gravel, Indonesian poems&quot;, ku [[Donna M. Dickinson]] ([[Berkeley]], [[California]], [[1960]]); 
# Cuatro poemas indonesios, [[Amir Hamzah]], Chairil Anwar, [[Walujati]]&quot; (Madrid: Palma de Mallorca, [[1962]]); 
# Chairil Anwar: Selected Poems ku Burton Raffel sarta Nurdin Salam ([[New York]], New Directions, [[1963]]); 
# &quot;Only Dust: Three Modern Indonesian Poets&quot;, ku [[Ulli Beier]] ([[Port Moresby]] [[New Guinea]]): 
# Papua Pocket Poets, ([[1969]]);
# The Complete Poetry and Prose of Chairil Anwar, disunting sarta ditarjamahkeun ku [[Burton Raffel]] ([[Albany]], [[State University of New York Press]], [[1970]]); 
# The Complete Poems of Chairil Anwar, disunting sarta ditarjamahkeun ku [[Liaw Yock Fang]], jeung bantuan [[HB Jassin]] (Singapore: University Education Press, [[1974]]); 
# Feuer und Asche: sämtliche Gedichte, Indonesisch/Deutsch ku [[Walter Karwath]] ([[Wina]]: [[Octopus Verlag]], [[1978]]); 
# The Voice of the Night: Complete Poetry and Prose of Chairil Anwar, ku [[Burton Raffel]] (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Sedengkeun karya-karya ngeunaan Chairil Anwar antara séjén:
#Chairil Anwar: miéling poé 28 April 1949, diayakeun ku Bagian Kasenian Djawatan Kebudayaan, Kementerian Atikan, Pengajaran sarta Kebudayaan (Djakarta, 1953); 
#[[Boen S. Oemarjati]], &quot;Chairil Anwar: The Poet and his Language&quot; ([[Den Haag]]: [[Martinus Nijhoff]], [[1972]]); 
#[[Abdul Kadir Beuleum]], &quot;Sekelumit pembicaraan ngeunaan penyair Chairil Anwar&quot; (Tungtung Tempo: Lembaga Panalungtikan sarta Pengembangan Élmu-élmu Sastra, Fakultas Sastra, [[Universitas Hasanuddin]], [[1974]]); 
#[[S.U.S. Nababan]], &quot;A Linguistic Analysis of the Poetry of Amir Hamzah and Chairil Anwar&quot; ([[New York]], [[1976]]); 
#[[Arief Budiman]], &quot;Chairil Anwar: Hiji Pasamoan&quot; ([[Jakarta]]: [[Pustaka Jawa]], [[1976]]);
#[[Robin Anne Ross]], Some Prominent Themes in the Poetry of Chairil Anwar, [[Auckland]], [[1976]]; 
#[[H.B. Jassin]], &quot;Chairil Anwar, pelopor Angkatan '45, dibiruyungan kumpulan hasil tulisanana&quot;, ([[Jakarta]]: [[Gunung Agung]], [[1983]]); 
#[[Husain Junus]], &quot;Gaya basa Chairil Anwar&quot; ([[Manado]]: [[Universitas Sam Ratulangi]], [[1984]]); 
#[[Rachmat Djoko Pradopo]], &quot;Basa puisi penyair utama sastra Indonésia modern&quot; ([[Jakarta]]: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, [[1985]]); 
#[[Sjumandjaya]], &quot;Kuring: dumasar lalampahan hirup sarta karya penyair Chairil Anwar ([[Jakarta]]: Grafitipers, [[1987]]); 
#[[Pamusuk Eneste]], &quot;Mikawanoh Chairil Anwar&quot; ([[Jakarta]]: Obor, [[1995]]); 
#[[Zaenal Hakim]], &quot;Édisi kritis puisi Chairil Anwar&quot; ([[Jakarta]]: [[Dian Rahayat]], [[1996]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

==Legenda Sastra==
Chairil Anwar nyaéta legenda sastra anu hirup di batin masarakat Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://sasteramaya.tripod.com/ChairilAnwar.htm Chairil Anwar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417093709/https://sasteramaya.tripod.com/ChairilAnwar.htm |date=2023-04-17 }}  (diaksés tanggal 12 Nopember 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;  Manéhna jadi ilham pikeun perjuangan kamerdikaan bangsana.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;
Tapi saha sangka, penyair anu memelopori pembébasan bangsa Indonésia ti tatanan lila ieu téh ogé saurang pengembara batin anu méakkeun umurna ngan pikeun puisi? Aya tulisan ngeunaan Chairi Anwar, anu lolobana bahanana dicuplik ti buku Chairil Anwar: Sebuah Pertemuan, karya [[Arief Budiman]], ditambah sawatara référénsi séjén sarta sajumlah wawancara.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

{{Lifetime|1922|1949}}

[[Kategori:Inohong ti Médan]]
[[Kategori:Sastrawan Indonésia]]</text>
      <sha1>o805ywe88l9zxq42c3tb39cl16uyaz2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>(308635) 2005 YU55</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709091</id>
      <parentid>635586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:15:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>10699</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2148" sha1="84bco546novam0ico5usstdo6j0x3jr" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:(308635) 2005 YU&lt;sub&gt;55&lt;/sub&gt;}}
{{Infobox Planet 
|minorplanet = yes 
|width = 25em 
|bgcolour = 
|apsis = 
|name = (308635) 2005 YU&lt;sub&gt;55&lt;/sub&gt;
|symbol = 
|image = 
|caption = 
|discovery = yes 
|discovery_ref = 
|discoverer =Spacewatch
|discovery_site =691
|discovered = 2005/12/28
|designations = yes
|mp_name = 
|alt_names = 
|mp_category = 
|orbit_ref = 
|epoch = 
|aphelion =1655
|perihelion =0.659
|semimajor =1157
|eccentricity =0.430
|period = 
|avg_speed = 
|inclination =0.3
|asc_node =35.9
|mean_anomaly =290.3
|arg_peri =273.6
|satellites = 
|physical_characteristics = yes 
|dimensions = 
|mass = 
|density = 
|surface_grav = 
|escape_velocity = 
|sidereal_day = 
|axial_tilt = 
|pole_ecliptic_lat = 
|pole_ecliptic_lon = 
|albedo = 
|temperatures= 
|temp_name1 = 
|mean_temp_1 = 
|max_temp_1 = 
|temp_name2 = 
|max_temp_2 = 
|spectral_type = 
|abs_magnitude =21.9
}}
Ari '''(308635) 2005 YU&lt;sub&gt;55&lt;/sub&gt;''' mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Apollo]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.430, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 21.9. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�397083.

==Bebentukan==
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher=[[NASA]] | accessdate=5/19/2010 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate=9/9/2010 | deadurl=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |date=2010-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
==Tutumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html Daptar astéroid Apollo] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center.
{{astéroid-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Astéroid|308635]]
[[Kategori:Astéroid Apollo|308635]]</text>
      <sha1>84bco546novam0ico5usstdo6j0x3jr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahmad Amiruddin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709082</id>
      <parentid>649783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:01:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3370" sha1="lb9as2z0ioexgc9dg047jx0jzeauudb" xml:space="preserve">
{{for|pamaen bal|Ahmad Amirudin}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|honorific-prefix    = &lt;small&gt; [[Profesor|Prof.]] [[Doktor|Dr.]] &lt;/small&gt;
|name                = Ahmad Amiruddin
|honorific-suffix    =
|image               = Ahmadamiruddin.jpg
|imagesize           = 
|order               = ke-4
|office              = Gubernur Sulawesi Kidul
|term_start          = 19 Januari 1983
|term_end            = 19 Januari 1993
|lieutenant          =
|president           = [[Soeharto]]
|predecessor         = [[Andi Oddang Makka|Andi Oddang]]
|successor           = [[Zainal Basri Palaguna]]
|office1             = [[Daptar Wakil Ketua Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Wakil Ketua Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Utusan Daerah&lt;/small&gt; 
|president1          = [[Soeharto]]
| 1blankname1         = Ketua MPR
| 1namedata1          = [[Wahono]]           
|term_start1         = 1 Oktober 1992
|term_end1           = 1 Oktober 1997
|predecessor1        = [[R. Soeprapto (gubernur)|Raden Soeprapto]]
|successor1          = [[Poedjono Pranyoto]]
|office2             = [[Wali Kota Parepare|Walikotamadya Parepare]] &lt;br/&gt; &lt;small&gt;Penjabat&lt;/small&gt;
|president2          = [[Soeharto]]
|governor2           = Ahmad Amiruddin
|term_start2         = 1983
|term_end2           = 1983
|predecessor2        = Joesoef Madjid
|successor2          = Andi Samad Thahir
|order3              = ke-6
|office3             = Rektor Universitas Hasanuddin
|term_start3         = 1973
|term_end3           = 1982
|predecessor3        = Andi Hafid
|successor3          = Hasan Walinono
|birth_date          = {{birth date|1932|7|25}}
|birth_place         = {{negara|Hindia Walanda}} [[Gilireng, Wajo|Gilireng]], [[Wajo]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]], [[Hindia Belanda]]
|death_date          = {{death date and age|2014|3|22|1932|7|25}}
|death_place         = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[Indonesia]]
|nationality         = {{flag|Indonesia}}
|party               =
|spouse              =
|children            =
|parents             = 
|alma_mater          = [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]]&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas Kentucky]]
|occupation          = Dosen
|profession          =
|religion            = [[Islam]]
}}
[[Profesor|Prof.]] [[Doktor|Dr.]] '''Ahmad Amiruddin''' ({{lahirmati|[[Gilireng, Wajo|Gilireng]], [[Wajo]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|25|7|1932|[[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|22|3|2014}})&lt;ref name=beritakotamakassar&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140901121134/http://m.beritakotamakassar.com/index.php/topik-utama-hari-ini/17766-jenderal-jusuf-temui-soeharto-amiruddin-geser-hegemoni-abri.html Jenderal Jusuf Temui Soeharto, Amiruddin Geser Hegemoni ABRI]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antaranews.com/berita/425386/mantan-gubernur-sulsel-ahmad-amiruddin-tutup-usia Mantan Gubernur Sulsel Ahmad Amiruddin tutup usia]&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupi ahli ngeunaan kimia nuklir di Indonésia anu ogé tilas Rektor [[Universitas Hasanuddin]] ka-6 ti 1973 ka 1982, [[Gubernur Sulawesi Kidul]] dina dua periode 1983-88 sareng 1988-1993. sareng Wakil Ketua [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat|MPR-RI]] ti 1992 ka 1997.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
* [http://bppndik.tripod.com/amir.htm CV Prof. Dr. Ahmad Amiruddin]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amiruddin, Ahmad}}
[[Kategori:Gubernur Sulawesi Kidul]]</text>
      <sha1>lb9as2z0ioexgc9dg047jx0jzeauudb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linear light</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>104110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709103</id>
      <parentid>632818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T10:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5886" sha1="4b04w8c5um11vilvs8kef1hfny093jx" xml:space="preserve">== Naon cahaya linier jeung cahaya linier؟ ==
Katerangan linier dihartikeun salaku lampu linier atawa lampu linier anu nyampak dina wangun buleud melengkung sarta linier elongated. Lampu linier gaduh lampu seragam anu ngaluarkeun lampu ieu di daérah anu langkung sempit tibatan lampu tradisional. Biasana, panjang ieu [[Lampu néon|lamp]] u loba dipaké nyaéta

Katerangan linier dihartikeun salaku lampu linier atawa lampu linier anu nyampak dina wangun buleud melengkung sarta linier elongated. Lampu linier gaduh lampu seragam anu ngaluarkeun lampu ieu di daérah anu langkung sempit tibatan lampu tradisional. Biasana, panjang lampu anu seueur dianggo ieu ageung, anu aya dina bentuk permukaan siling dina témbok atanapi siling sareng diwangun-di anu dipasang di jero reureuh dina témbok. Lampu éndah ieu generasi anyar dina industri cahaya, jeung di jaman baheula aya no hal saperti cahaya linier. Hal ieu ngajadikeun cahaya hésé di sababaraha wangunan jeung wewengkon؛ di wewengkon mana cahaya tanpa lampu linier ieu hésé pisan pasar ritel gudang jeung kantor. Dina jaman baheula, kalolobaan rohangan ageung ieu bercahya kalayan lampu pijer ageung anu henteu nyayogikeun kaluaran lumén anu mangpaat pisan, sareng énergi cahaya dibuang sareng dirobih janten panas. Lampu linier munggaran dititénan dina luar gedong di 1950 di rohangan industri-nganggo tabung fluoresensi. Leuwih taun, salaku téknologi tumuwuh, lampu ieu ogé ngalobaan sarta jadi leuwih loba dipaké، nu nempo lampu linier dina loba bengkel، rohangan ritel jeung kantor jeung wangunan komérsial, kitu ogé garages imah. Jeung ngaronjatkeun paménta pikeun lampu linier-paménta pikeun produk leuwih geulis jeung kinerja leuwih alus ogé ngaronjat. Nalika cahaya janten sayogi dina awal Taun 2000an L kami ningali luncat ageung dina lampu linier sareng lampu ku iodin. Lampu linier dijieun cahaya linier pohara geulis, nu hasil nu mungkin pikeun manggihan loba fans. Saprak bubuka lampu linier jeung loba kamajuan dina appropriateness estetika jeung fungsi l paménta ieu produk loba dipaké geus ngaronjat. Poe ieu lamun urang nempo kacaangan linier urang nempo loba pilihan kawas langsung jeung teu langsung like ر adjustable bodas like ngurangan cahaya sareng ngaronjatkeun cahaya sareng nu sanesna. Ieu fitur rongkah dina lampu linier bisa nyieun arsitéktur geulis sarta stunnin

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-23|title=Lighting|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighting&amp;oldid=1135260468|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''Dimana lampu linier dipaké؟'''

Kusabab fleksibilitas lampu linier، produk ieu dianggo dina rupa-rupa aplikasi anu langkung lega. Baheula, urang ningali panggunaan cahaya linier, anu sering dianggo di rohangan komersial sapertos fasilitas ritel sareng kantor، tapi ayeuna urang ningali langkung seueur panggunaan naps linier anu éndah ieu di sababaraha tempat sapertos sakola sareng bahkan dina aplikasi bumi pikeun pencahayaan ambient.Akar '''lampu linier kecap asalna tina ([https://nourabin.com/linear-led-light چراغ خطی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127005615/https://nourabin.com/linear-led-light |date=2022-11-27 }}) jeung pisan béda ti lampu linier LED'''

== Naha lampu linier؟ ==
Cahaya linier geus jadi pohara populér alatan kalenturan luhur anak-kinerja alus teuing jeung pesona husus. Kusabab kalenturan tinggi na, lampu permukaan linier bisa dipasang dina sagala jenis siling atawa témbok saukur, nu salian daya tarik jeung kageulisan-nyadiakeun cahaya utama lingkungan. Jalma anu dipikacinta anjeun tiasa masang dina bentuk permukaan، ditunda ت diwangun-di astana jeung siling grid. Sababaraha produk cahaya linier nawiskeun sauntuyan wangun konektor Dina Wangun Sudut sarta panyambungna cross. Bentuk-bentuk sambungan ieu digabungkeun sareng sababaraha panjangna ngamungkinkeun désainer pencahyaan pikeun nyiptakeun desain anu unik sareng lampu anu tiasa dirancang pikeun nyocogkeun kamar. Fungsi D-IODIN arah, ngurangan kabutuhan reflectors na diffusers, ngurangan efisiensi. Mindeng teu cukup boga kinerja alus teuing nu lampu ieu pohara geulis sarta praktis salian iodin. Tapi l a chris ngabogaan tawaran pohara kuat dina bagian ther sabab cahaya linier nyadiakeun nyatu versatility nyieun desain unik jeung panon-catching. Desain adat jeung juru, jsb, diitung, jsb. garis panjang, linier, lampu langsung / kelir non-langsung adat ral ngan sababaraha pilihan nu sadia nu DIPINGPIN Linier handap pikeun pilihan, péngkolan gampang. Suhu warna-lampu linier sering nyayogikeun rupa-rupa suhu warna anu fleksibel pikeun minuhan lingkungan pencahyaan. Ti bodas haneut Ka tiis Bodas, suhu beda bisa dipaké pikeun nyieun hiji wanda jeung atmosfir di rohangan nu sarua. Lampu linier mindeng sadia dina Customizable Bodas jeung warna-Ngarobah Sunda Lampu nu geus dikawasa ku kadali jauh atawa kontrol témbok – dipasang.

Naon cahaya linier jeung cahaya linier؟

=== Naon jinis cahaya linier؟ ===
Cahaya linier sareng lampu Linier anu diwangun ayeuna sayogi dina seueur pilihan langkung seueur tibatan nalika mimiti diwanohkeun sababaraha taun ka pengker. Lamun urang nempo instalasiighting cahaya linier bisa recessed ، dina beungeut cai atawa digantung. Nurutkeun ip rating (protection of datangna), loba produk kira-kira IP20 nu, tapi lampu anjeun aya di pasar, anjeun bakal manggihan yén DIPEUNTEUN IP65 nu (nu hartina keur dapur, kamar mandi jeung tempat di mana aya cai, anu merenah). Ukuran ogé bisa greatly rupa-rupa jeung kacaangan linier. Anjeun tiasa gaduh iodin tunggal kalawan cahaya linier atawa jalan kontinyu leuwih ti 50 méter. Ieu tiasa cekap ageung pikeun nyaangan kamar atanapi lampu linier alit pikeun lingkungan atanapi pencahayaan damel, sapertos lampu handapeun kabinét.

Kanggo inpo nu leuwih lengkep ihwal ieu lampu geulis tur fungsi, anjeun bisa didatangan ramatloka noorabin.</text>
      <sha1>4b04w8c5um11vilvs8kef1hfny093jx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabupatén Acéh Barat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709099</id>
      <parentid>706970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T07:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22840" sha1="t6dmowcl90gmiha04ny8tsil1kk1zq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Dati2
|settlement_type = Kabupaten
|nami          = Kabupaten Aceh Barat
|translit_lang1_type = [[abjad Jawi|Jawoë]]
|translit_lang1_info = اچيه بارت
|foto          = [[file:Masjid Agung Meulaboh.jpg|100px]]
|caption       = [[Masjid Agung Baitul Makmur Meulaboh]]
|lambang       = [[file:Lambang Kabupaten Aceh Barat.png|100px]]
|peta          = [[file:Lokasi Aceh Kabupaten Aceh Barat.svg|150px]]
|koordinat     = 04°61'-04°47' [[Lintang Utara|LU]]{{br}}95°00'- 86°30' [[Bujur Timur|BT]]
|legana         = 10.097.04 km²
|semboyan      = 
|propinsi      = [[Aceh]]
|ibukota       = [[Meulaboh]]
|kecamatan     = 12
|gampong       = 322
|dasar hukum   = UU No. 7 Tahun 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;UU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|title=Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s/d Tahun 2014|website=www.otda.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=8 Desember 2021|archive-date=12 Juli 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf |date=2019-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ref jumlah satuan pemerintahan = &lt;ref name=&quot;Permendagri-137-2017&quot;/&gt;
|tanggal       = [[14 November]] [[1956]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UU&quot;/&gt;
|hari jadi     = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|1945|12|29}}
|kepala daerah            = [[Bupati]]
|nama kepala daerah       = [[Mahdi Efendi]] (Pj.)
|wakil kepala daerah      = [[Wakil Bupati]]
|nama wakil kepala daerah = ''lowong''
|sekretaris daerah        = Marhaban
|ketua DPRD               = 
|luas          = 2927,95
|penduduk      = 204475
|penduduktahun = 31 Desember [[2023]]
|pendudukref   = &lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;/&gt;
|kepadatan     = auto
|agama         = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; 
|99,44% [[Islam]] |0,33% [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]
|{{Tree list}}
* 0,23% [[Kekristenan]]
** 0,20% [[Protestan]]
** 0,03% [[Katolik]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;/&gt;
{{Tree list/end}}}}
|bahasa        = [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Bahasa Aceh|Aceh]]
|IPM           = {{increase}} 74,62 ([[2023]])&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background:Yellow;color:#00726a&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;tinggi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://aceh.bps.go.id/indicator/26/74/1/ipm.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) 2021-2023|website=www.aceh.bps.go.id|accessdate=28 Januari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|kodearea      = 0655
|kodepos       = 23615-23682
|nomor_polisi  = BL ''xxxx'' E**
|apbd          = Rp 1.251.178.454.853,-&lt;ref name=&quot;APBD 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |title=APBD 2018 ringkasan update 04 Mei 2018 |date=2018-05-04 |accessdate=2018-07-06 |archive-date=2018-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132521/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |dead-url=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132521/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412 |date=2018-07-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pad           = Rp 164.140.534.232,-
|dau           = Rp 561.819.533.000,-
|dauref        = ([[2021]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DAU_rotated.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum  Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2021|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2021)|accessdate=8 Desember 2021|page=1|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207084638/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DAU_rotated.pdf|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|flora         = 
|fauna         = 
|zona waktu    = [[UTC+07:00]], [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]]
|web           = {{url|acehbaratkab.go.id}}
}}

'''Kabupatén Acéh Barat''' ({{Lang-ace|[[abjad Jawi|Jawoë]]: اچيه بارت|Acèh Barat}}); '''Kabupatén Acéh Kulon''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] anu aya di provinsi [[Acéh]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Permendagri-137-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Desember 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Saméméhna dimekarkeun, Acéh Kulon lega wilayahna 10.097,04 [[Kilométer persegi|km²]] atawa 1.010.466 Ha sarta mangrupakeun bagéan ti basisir kulon jeung kidul [[pulo Sumatra]] anu ngagebat ti kulon ka wétan mimiti ti suku gunung Geurutee (wates jeung Acéh Besar) nepi ka sisi [[Krueng Seumayam]] (Wates Acéh Kidul) kalawan panjang basisir 250&amp;nbsp;km². Sabada dimekarkeun lega wilayahna ngajadi 2.927,95&amp;nbsp;km²&lt;ref name=&quot;Permendagri-137-2017&quot;/&gt; dina ahir taun [[2023]] loba pangeusina  204.475 jiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=28 Januari 2024|format=Visual}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACEHBARAT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://acehbaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/90701fc7b2b283f9a1e8c892/kabupaten-aceh-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Kabupaten Aceh Barat Dalam Angka 2021|website=www.acehbaratkab.bps.go.id|accessdate=8 Desember 2021|pages=12, 68, 194|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208073850/https://acehbaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/90701fc7b2b283f9a1e8c892/kabupaten-aceh-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Acéh Barat tayalian tempat gumelarna pahlawan nasional [[Teuku Umar]] anu dijadikeun ngaran tempat di sababaraha daérah contona paguron Luhur  nageri [[Universitas Teuku Umar]] kitu deui  [[Komando Resor Militer 012]]/Teuku Umar.

== Sajarah ==
[[File:Meulaboh beach rainbow sunset.jpg|300px|jmpl|Basisir anu aya di Meulaboh]]

=== Mangsa kasultanan Acéh ===
Wewengkon beulah kulon Karajaan Acéh Darussalam mimiti dibuka jeung  dibangun dina [[abad ka-16]] anu dimimitian ku  Sultan Saidil Mukamil ([[Sultan Acéh]] anu jumeneng ngawitan tahun [[1588]]-[[1604]]), lajengna  diteraskeun ku [[Sultan Iskandar Muda]] (Sultan Acéh anu jumeneng dina tahun [[1607]]-[[1636]]) kalayan mawa urang [[Acéh Rayeuk]] jeung  [[Pidie]].

[[Wewengkon]] anu pangheulana ramé tayalian di [[ancol]]/teluk Meulaboh (Pasir Karam) anu diréksabandasapon  ku  saurang raja anu mibanda gelar Teuku [[Keujuruen Meulaboh]] sarta Negeri Daya (Kacamatan Jaya) anu dina ahir [[abad ka-15]] geus ngadeg hiji karajaan anu rajana tayalian [[Sultan Salatin Alaidin]] Riayat Syah sarta ''Poteu Meureuhom Daya''.

Kadieunakeun, wewengkon Acéh Barat diakhir [[abad ka-17]] geus ngaronjat ngajadi sababaraha karajaan leutik anu dipingpin ku ''Uleebalang'', tayalian: Kluang; Lamno; Kuala Lambeusoe; Kuala Daya; Kuala Unga; Babah Awe; Krueng No; Cara' Mon; Lhok Kruet; Babah Nipah; Lageun; Lhok Geulumpang; Rameue; Lhok Rigaih; Krueng Sabee; Teunom; Panga; Woyla; Bubon; Lhok Bubon; Meulaboh; Seunagan; Tripa; Seuneu'am; Tungkop; Beutong; Pameue; Teupah (Tapah); Simeulue; Salang; Leukon; Sigulai.

==== Sékésélér Raja Meulaboh ====
Raja-raja anu kungsi kumawasa di ''kehulu-balangan Kaway XVI''ngan bisa diguar ti T. Tjik Pho Rahman, anu engkéna digantikeun ku anakna anu cikal T. Tjik Masaid, satuluyna diganti ku anakna ogé anu jenenganna T. Tjik Ali sarta digantikeun ku anakna T. Tjik Abah (saheulaanan) sarta kadieunakeun diganti ku T. Tjik Manso anu mibanda tilu urang anakna anu pamgkolotna ngajadi Raja Meulaboh wastana  T. Tjik Raja Nagor anu dina tahun 1913 tilar dunia alatan aya anu ngabaruang, sarta kadieunakaeun di gentos ku raina Teuku Tjik Ali Akbar, sedengkeun anak T. Tjik Raja Nagor anu wastana Teuku Raja Neh, masih leutik kénéh.

Nalika Teuku Raja Neh (ramana ti H.T. Rosman. patilasan Bupati Acéh Kulon) putrana ti Teuku Tjik Raja Nagor besar anjeuna boga pamundut sangkan karajaan dipulangkeun deui ka anjeuna, ngan  T. Tjik Ali Akbar anu dalit jeung Walanda malah mitnah Teuku Raja Neh jadi owah/gélo, anu ngabalukarkeun T. Raja Neh ''dibuang''/ditundung ka Sabang.

Dina taun 1942 nalika [[Jepang]] ngajorag ka Meulaboh, T. Tjik Ali Akbar ditelasan ku Jepang bareng jeung Teuku Ben sarta dina taun [[1978]], jasadna kakara kapanggih di urut [[Tangsi]] [[Walanda]] anu kiwari jadi Asrama tangtara Désa Suak Indrapuri, kadieunakaeun Meulaboh diparéntah ku [[Wadana]]-wadana ogé [[Bupati]]-bupati sarta kadieunakeun dibeulah jadi Acéh Kidul, Simeulue, Nagan Raya, Acéh Jaya. (teuku dadek)

Dina jaman kolonial Walanda, ngaliwatan hiji kapaheutan/''perjangjian'' ''(Korte Verklaring)'', Diakuan yén unggal Uleebalang tiasa ngalaksanakeun pamaréntahan sorangan (Zelfsbestuur) atanapi pamaréntahan mandiri (landschap). Ku Walanda kabentuk Karajaan Acéh ''Gouvernement Atjeh en Onderhorigheden'' (Gubernemen Acéh jeung Daérah Taklukannya) salajeung diadegkeun ''Gouvernement Sumatra'', Acéh dijadikeun Karesidenan nu dibagi kana sababaraha wewengkon ngaranna ''afdeeling'' (provinsi) sarta  ''afdeeling'' dibagi jadi sababaraha ''onderafdeeling'' (kabupatén) sarta ''onderafdeeling'' dibagi ngajadi sababaraha ''landschap'' (kacamatan).

=== ''Kolonisasi'' Walanda ===

Acéh Barat patali pisan jeung sajarah [[Meulaboh]], Puseur Kabupatén Acéh Kulon anu ngawengku Kacamatan Johan Pahlawan, sawaréh Kaway XVI jeung sababaraha Kacamatan Meureubo tayalian salah sahiji Kota anu pangkolotna di Acéh palebah Kulon jeung Kidul. Numutkeun HM.Zainuddin dina bukuna [[Tarih Atjeh]] sarta [[Nusantara]], Meulaboh baheula dipiwanoh salaku ''Negeri Pasir Karam''. Ieu ngaran aya patula-patalina jeung sajarah musibah [[tsunami]] di Kota Meulaboh dina waktu katukang, anu dina  tanggal 26 Désémber 2004 kajadian deui.

Meulaboh nincak umur 402 tahun ti mimiti naék tahta Sultan Saidil Mukamil (1588-1604), Catetan sajarah nunjukkeun yén Meulaboh geus aya ti saprak Sultan ngadeg jadi anu kumawasa.

Dina mangsa Karajaan Acéh diparéntah ku Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636), Nurutkeun HM Zainuddin, pangwangunan nagara dironjatkeun. Waktu harita dibuka kebon [[pedes]] di Meulaboh, tapi nagara ieu teu pati ramé sabab teu bisa nandingan Nagara Singkil anu loba didatangan ku kapal dagang pikeun nyandak ''muatan'' menyan jeung kapur barus. Lajeng dina mangsa pamaréntahan Sultan Djamalul Alam, Negeri Pasir Karam konstruksi ieu ditambahkeun kana dibukana hiji ''perkebunan'' pedes. Pikeun ngokolakeun kebon-kebon éta didatangkeun jalma-jalma ti Pidie jeung Acéh Besar.

==== Karesidénan Acéh ====
Sakabéh wewengkon Karesidénan Acéh dibagi jadi 4 (opat) ''afdeeling'' salah sahijina nyaéta ''Afdeeling'' Westkust van Atjeh atawa Acéh Barat puseur kotana Meulaboh. ''Afdeeling Westkust van Atjeh'' (Acéh Barat) mangrupa wewengkon administratif anu ngalimpudan wewengkon sapanjang basisir kulon Acéh, ti [[gunung]] Geurutee nepi ka daérah Singkil sarta kapuloan Simeulue sarta dibagi ngajadi 6 (genep) ''onderafdeeling'', tayalian:
# Meulaboh kalawan puseur dayeuhna Meulaboh kalawan ''Landschappen'' Kaway XVI, Woyla, Bubon, Lhok Bubon, Seunagan, Seuneu'am, Beutong, Tungkop jeung Pameue;
# Tjalang puseur dayeuhna Tjalang (jeung samemeh tahun 1910 puseur dayeuhna téh Lhok Kruet) kalawan  ''Landschappennya Keluang'', Kuala Daya, Lambeusoi, Kuala Unga, Lhok Kruet, Patek, Lageun, Rigaih, Krueng Sabee sarta Teunom;
# Tapaktuan kalawan puseur dayeuhna Tapak Tuan;
# Simeulue klawan puseur dayeuhna Sinabang jeung ''Landschappenna'' Teupah, Simalur, Salang, Leukon sarta Sigulai;
# Zuid Atjeh kalawan puseur dayeuhna Bakongan;
# Singkil kalayan puseur dayeuhna Singkil.

=== Kolonisasi Jepang ===
Di zaman dijajah [[Jepang]] (1942–1945) struktur wewengkon administratif ieu teu loba robah kajaba robah ngaran dina basa Jepang, saperti Afdeeling ngajadi Bunsyu anu dipingpin ku Bunsyucho, ''Onderafdeeling'' janten Gun anu dipingpin ku [[Guncho]] jeung ''Landschap'' janten Putra, dipingpin ku Soncho.

=== Jaman Kamerdikaan===
Sanggeus proklamasi kamerdikaan RI, dumasar Undang-undang Nomor 7 (Drt) Taun 1956 ngeunaan ''formasi'' Daérah ''Otonom'' kabupatén-kabupatén di jero lingungan Propinsi [[Sumatera Kaler]], wewengkon Acéh Kulon dimekarkeun ngajadi 2 (dua) Kabupatén tayalian Kabupaten Acéh Kulon jeung  Kabupatén Acéh Kidul. Kabupatén Acéh Kulon kalayan puseur dayeuhna Meulaboh diwangun ku tilu wewengkon, nyaéta: Meulaboh, Calang sarta Simeulue, kalayan loba kacamatan anu aya 19 (slapan belas) kacamatan tayalian Kaway XVI; Johan Pahlwan; Seunagan; Kuala; Beutong; Darul Makmur; Samatiga; Woyla; Sungai Mas; Teunom; Krueng Sabee; Setia Bakti; Sampoi Niet; Jaya; Simeulue Timur; Simeulue Tengah; Simeulue Barat; Teupah Selatan jeung Salang. Sedengkeun Kabupatén Acéh Kidul, ngalimpudan wewengkon Tapak Tuan, Bakongan sarta Singkil anu puseur [[dayeuna]] Tapak Tuan.

Dina taun 1996 Kabupatén Acéh Kulon dimekarkeun deui jadi 2 (dua) Kabupatén, tayalian Kabupatén Acéh Kulon ngawengku kacamatan Kaway XVI; Johan Pahlwan; Seunagan; Kuala; Beutong; Darul Makmur; Samatiga; Woyla; Sungai Mas; Teunom; Krueng Sabee; Setia Bakti; Sampoi Niet; Jaya kalayan puseur dayeuhna Meulaboh sarta Kabupatén Adminstrtif Simeulue ngalimpudan kacamatan Simeulue Wétan; Simeulue Tengah; Simeulue Kulon; Teupah Kidul sarta Salang anu puseur dayeuhna Sinabang.

Satuluyna dina taun 2000 dumasar kana paraturan Daérah Nomer 5, Kabupatén Acéh Barat dimekarkeun kujalan nambah 6 (genep) kacamatan anyar tayalian Kacamatan Panga; Arongan Lambalek; Bubon; Pantee Ceureumen; Meureubo jeung Seunagan Timur. Ayana kameraran ieu Kabupatén Acéh Kulon mibanda 20 (dua puluh) Kacamatan, 7 (tujuh) Kalurahan sarta 207 Désa.

Satuluyna dina taun 2002 Kabupatén Acéh Kulon daratan anu legana 1.010.466 Ha, kiwari geus dimekarkeun  nganjadi tilu Kabupatén tayalian Kabupatén Acéh Jaya, Kabupatén Nagan Raya jeung Kabupatén Acéh Barat jeung dikeluarkanna Undang-undang No. 4 Tahun 2002.

== Géografi ==
Méméh ékspansi, Kabupatén Acéh Kulon mibanda lega wilayah 10.097.04&amp;nbsp;km² atawa  1.010.466 héktare jeung  sacara [[astronomi]] perenahna  2°00'-5°16' ''Lintang Utara'' jeung  95°10' ''Bujur Timur'' sarta  mangrupakeun bagéan wewengkon basisir kulon jeung kidul kapuloan [[Sumatra]] anu mayakpak  ti [[kulon]] ka wétan ti mimiti suku [[Gunung Geurutee]] (wates jeung Kabupatén Acéh Gedé) nepi ka sisi Krueng Seumayam (wates Acéh Kidul) kalayan panjang basisir nepika 250 Km.

=== Wates Wilayah ===
Sabada dimekarkeun palebah géografis Kabupatén Acéh Barat sacara [[astronomi]] pernahna dina  04°61'-04°47' [[Lintang Utara]] jeung 95°00'- 86°30' ''Bujur Timur'' kalawan lega wilayahna  2.927,95&amp;nbsp;km² Kalayan wates-watesna kawas  dihandap ieu:
{{batas|USBT=
|Kalér   = [[Kabupaten Aceh Jaya]] jeung [[Kabupaten Pidie]]
|Kidul = [[Samudra Indonesia]] jeung [[Kabupaten Nagan Raya]]
|Wétan   = [[Kabupaten Aceh Tengah]] jeung [[Kabupaten Nagan Raya]]
|Kulon  = [[Samudera Indonesia]]
}}

=== Rata-rata Suhu, Hujan jeung Poé Hujan ===
{{Weather box|collapsed =
|location = Kabupaten Aceh Barat 
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 32.0
|Feb high C = 32.2
|Mar high C = 32.5
|Apr high C = 32.5
|May high C = 31.8
|Jun high C = 31.8
|Jul high C = 31.7
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.5
|Oct high C = 30.6
|Nov high C = 30.6
|Dec high C = 30.6

|Jan mean C = 27.5
|Feb mean C = 27.1
|Mar mean C = 28.0
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 27.2
|Jun mean C = 26.9
|Jul mean C = 26.5
|Aug mean C = 26.3
|Sep mean C = 26.4
|Oct mean C = 26.0
|Nov mean C = 26.1
|Dec mean C = 26.0

|Jan low C = 24.1
|Feb low C = 23.7
|Mar low C = 23.0
|Apr low C = 24.0
|May low C = 24.1
|Jun low C = 22.2
|Jul low C = 22.8
|Aug low C = 23.0
|Sep low C = 22.8
|Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov low C = 22.6
|Dec low C = 22.3

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 495
|Feb precipitation mm = 261
|Mar precipitation mm = 271
|Apr precipitation mm = 354
|May precipitation mm = 653
|Jun precipitation mm = 303
|Jul precipitation mm = 105
|Aug precipitation mm = 566
|Sep precipitation mm = 170
|Oct precipitation mm = 477
|Nov precipitation mm = 523
|Dec precipitation mm = 262

|Jan precipitation days = 15
|Feb precipitation days = 10
|Mar precipitation days = 12
|Apr precipitation days = 16
|May precipitation days = 21
|Jun precipitation days = 16
|Jul precipitation days =  7
|Aug precipitation days = 14
|Sep precipitation days = 17
|Oct precipitation days = 19
|Nov precipitation days = 23
|Dec precipitation days = 16

|Jan humidity = 90
|Feb humidity = 91
|Mar humidity = 88
|Apr humidity = 89
|May humidity = 89
|Jun humidity = 85
|Jul humidity = 85
|Aug humidity = 86
|Sep humidity = 85
|Oct humidity = 89
|Nov humidity = 91
|Dec humidity = 92
|source = Stasiun Meteorologi dan Geofisika Cut Nyak Dhien &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url        = https://acehbaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/07/31/df36e653c5c3ac119e28eed5/kabupaten-aceh-barat-dalam-angka-2017.html
|title        = Kabupaten Aceh Barat dalam Angka 2017
|publisher        = Badan Pusat Statistik
|accessdate        = 03 Maret 2018
|archive-date        = 2022-01-25
|archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20220125165706/https://acehbaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/07/31/df36e653c5c3ac119e28eed5/kabupaten-aceh-barat-dalam-angka-2017.html
|dead-url        = no
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Pamaréntahan ==
Kabupatén ieu dipimpin ku saurang [[Bupati]] anu kapilih dina unggal ''[[Pilkada]]''.

=== Bupati ===
{{utama|Daftar Bupati Aceh Barat}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot;| No
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot; colspan=2| Bupati
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot;| Mulai menjabat
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot;| Akhir menjabat
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot;| Ket. 
!style=&quot;background:#fad000;&quot;| Wakil Bupati
|-
|-
| *
| [[Berkas:Bupati Kabupaten Aceh Barat.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mahdi Efendi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Penjabat]])&lt;/small&gt;
| 11 Oktober 2022
|''Petahana''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aceh111022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://humas.acehprov.go.id/lantik-4-pj-bupati-pj-gubernur-aceh-ingatkan-tingginya-inflasi-dan-stunting/ |title=Lantik 4 Pj Bupati, Pj Gubernur Aceh Ingatkan Tingginya Inflasi dan Stunting |date=11-10-2022 |access-date=12-10-2022 |website=humas.acehprov.go.id |last= |first= |editor= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017163730/http://humas.acehprov.go.id/lantik-4-pj-bupati-pj-gubernur-aceh-ingatkan-tingginya-inflasi-dan-stunting/ |date=2022-10-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Lowong''
|-
|}

=== Déwan Perwakilan ===
{{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Kabupatén Acéh Barat}}
{{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Aceh Barat}}

=== Kacamatan ===
{{utama|Daftar kacamatan dan gampong di Kabupatén Acéh Barat}}
{{:Daftar kecamatan dan gampong di Kabupaten Aceh Barat}}

=== Lambang daérah ===
Lambang daérah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon ditetepkeun dumasar kana Paraturan Daérah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon No. 12 Tahun 1976 kaping 26 Nopémber 1976 ngeunaan Lambang Daérah Kabupatén Daérah Tingkat II Acéh Barat tur geus meunang pangakuan ti ''[[Menteri]] Dalam Negeri'' Dumasar Surat Kaputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor Pem./10/32/46-263 kaping 17 Méi 1976 sarta geus  diundangkeun dina ''Lembaran Daerah Tingkat II Aceh Barat'' Nomor 10 Tahun 1980 Kaping 3 Januari 1980.

Lambang Kabupatén Acéh Kulon mibanda gada/''perisai'' ngawujud kubah masjid anu eusina lukisan lukisan kalawan wujud, kelir jeung bandingan ukuran anu tangtu tur mibanda maksud sarta makna kawas dihandap ieu:
* ''Perisai'' ngawujud ''kubah'' masjid, ngalambangkeun katahanan [[Nasional]] kalawan karukunan anu dirojong ku sumanget kaagamaan;
* Bintang parsagi lima, ngalambangkeun falsafah nagara, Pancasila;
* Kopéah Meukeutop, ngalambangkeun kapamimpinan;
* Dua ''tangkai'' kénca katuhu anu ngahompét Kopéah ''Meukeutop'' diwangun tina , [[kapas]], [[paré]], [[kalapa]] sareng [[cengkéh]], ngalambangkeun kasuburan tur kamakmuran daérah;
* [[Réncong]], ngagambarkeun jiwa ''patriotik''/kapahlawanan rakyat;
* ''Kitab'' jeung ''Kalam'', ngagambarkeun élmu pangaweruh jeung budaya;
* Tulisan &quot;Acéh Kulon&quot; mibanda harti yén sakabéh unsur anu disebutkeun diluhur mibanda di jero Kabupatén Acéh Barat.

Lambang Daérah ieu dimangpaatkeun salaku tanda pikeun kantor pamaréntah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon jeung ;
* Salaku ciri wates wilayah Kabupatén Acéh kulon jeung Kabupatén liannya.
* Salaku cap atawa ''stempel'' jabatan dines.
* Salaku ''lencana'' anu dimangpaatkeun ku pagawé pamaréntah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon anu masih kénéh ngajalankeun tugasna.
* Salaku panji atawa [[bandéra]] dipaké ku hiji ''rombongan'' anu ngawakilan ''atawa atas nama'' pamarintah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon jeung bisa dimangpaatkeun dina tempat-tempat upacara resmi, panto gerbang jeung sajabana.

Lambang daérah Kabupatén Acéh Kulon ieu dilarang dipaké lamun seug papalimpang jeung Paraturan Daérah Nomor 12 Tahun 1976 sarta singsaha waé anu kabuktiaan ngalanggar bisa dihukum panglilana 1 bulan atawa didenda saloba-lobana Rp. 10.000.- (sapuluh rabu rupiah).

== Atikan ==
Acéh Kulon mibanda sababarah kampus negeri Tayalian :
* [[Universitas Teuku Umar]] (UTU)
* [[STAIN Teungku Dirundeng Meulaboh]]
* Prodi D-III Kebidanan dan D-III Keperawatan [[Poltekkes Aceh]]
* Akademi Komunitas Negeri (AKN) Aceh Barat


== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Kasultanan Acéh]]

== Tutumbu Ka Luar ==
* {{id}} BPS Kabupaten Aceh Barat, 2007
* {{id}}[http://www.acehprov.go.id/images/stories/file/23%20Kab_Kota/Rekap/luas%20wilayah%20rekap.pdf Luas Kabupaten Aceh Barat menurut Situs Resmi Pemerintah Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212064951/http://acehprov.go.id/images/stories/file/23%20Kab_Kota/Rekap/luas%20wilayah%20rekap.pdf |date=2010-12-12 }}
* {{id}}[http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&amp;task=view&amp;id=372&amp;Itemid=105 Profil Aceh Barat di situs NAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121258/http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&amp;task=view&amp;id=372&amp;Itemid=105 |date=2007-09-28 }}
* {{id}}[http://www.acehbaratkab.go.id Situs Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh Barat]
* {{id}}[http://acehbarat.tripod.com/ Situs Aceh Barat di tripod]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{id}}[http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0206/21/NASIONAL/kabu08.htm ''Kabupaten Aceh Barat''. Harian Kompas, 21 Juni 2002]
{{Aceh}}

[[Kategori:Babagian administratif di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia]] 
[[Kategori:Acéh]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatén di Acéh]]</text>
      <sha1>t6dmowcl90gmiha04ny8tsil1kk1zq3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anti-Syiah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709085</id>
      <parentid>704294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19674" sha1="ru7lajjz6pwzr3ct6zprnz0lz7t6xv7" xml:space="preserve">'''Anti-Syiah''' nyaéta prasangka goréng atawa rasa keuheul ka umat Islam [[Syiah]] alatan agama jeung warisan kapercayaanana. Istilah ieu mimiti dipaké ku panitén hak-hak Syiah dina taun 2011, sanajan sabenerna geus lila dipaké dina rupa-rupa panalungtikan resmi jeung artikel ilmiah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shiarightswatch.org/incidents-of-anti-shiism-december-2025/|title=Shia Rights Watch {{!}} Defending Justice and Rights|website=Shia Rights Watch|language=en|accessdate=2026-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|date=1988-10|title=The Shiite issue in Iraqi politics, 1941|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263208808700760|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=24|issue=4|pages=495–500|doi=10.1080/00263208808700760|issn=0026-3206}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Polémik ngeunaan saha nu boga hak ngaganti [[Muhammad]] [[Muhammad|SAW.]] tungtungna nyababkeun [[Islam]] kabagi jadi dua sékte utama, nyaéta [[Sunni]] jeung Syiah. Golongan Sunni nuturkeun sistem kakhalifahan sarta yakin yén saha waé umat Islam anu taat bisa jadi panerus Nabi lamun disatujuan ku sasama umatna. Ari golongan Syiah percaya yén ngan jalma anu dipilih ku Allah sarta diumumkeun ku Nabi anu bisa jadi panerusna. Ku sabab kitu, Imam Ali dianggap minangka nu nyekel otoritas kaagamaan pikeun penganut Syiah. Ku ayana kakawasaan militér anu kuat sarta ngawasaan pamaréntahan [[Bani Umayyah|Umayyah]], loba pangawasa Sunni anu nganggap Syiah minangka ancaman, boh pikeun kawenangan [[pulitik]] boh pikeun kawenangan [[Ageman|agama]] maranéhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamfortoday.com/shia.htm|title=The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam|website=www.islamfortoday.com|accessdate=2026-01-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126045119/http://www.islamfortoday.com/shia.htm |date=2007-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Para pangawasa Sunni dina kakhalifahan Umayyah ngupayakeun pikeun nyingsieunan jeung nyingkirkeun minoritas Syiah. Satuluyna, kakhalifahan Abbasiyah malah ngahianat ka sakutu-sakutu Syiah, tuluy maréntahkeun panjara, panindesan, jeung pembunuhan ka warga Syiah. Panindesan ka umat Syiah ku sasama umat Islam golongan Sunni sapanjang sajarah mindeng dicirikeun ku kalakuan-kalakuan anu brutal jeung sipatna génosidal. Sanajan jumlahna kira-kira 10–15% tina sakabéh populasi umat Islam di dunya, nepi ka ayeuna kénéh kaum Syiah can meunang tempat anu adil di sababaraha nagara anu didominasi ku Arab Sunni, lantaran teu dibéré hak pikeun ngalaksanakeun agamana sacara bébas jeung ngayakeun pasamoan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=1st ed|title=The Shia revival: how conflicts within Islam will shape the future|publisher=Norton|date=2006|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-06211-3|first=Seyyed Vali Reza|last=Nasr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa baheula ==

=== Umayyah ===
Incu Nabi Muhammad SAW., Imam Husain, nolak ngakuan légitimasi kakhalifahan Yazid. Teu lila sanggeusna, dina taun 680 M, Yazid ngirimkeun rébuan pasukan Umayyah pikeun ngepung kafilah Husain. Dina [[Perang Karbala]], sanggeus nahan serangan pasukan Umayyah salila genep poé, Husain jeung 72 urang babaturanana dibantai, dipancung, sarta sirahna dikirimkeun deui ka khalifah di [[Damaskus]]. Sanajan pupusna Imam Husain nutup kamungkinan ayana ancaman langsung ka kakhalifahan Umayyah, ajaran Syiah malah beuki gampang ditarima ku masarakat minangka wujud pemberontakan moral ngalawan Umayyah jeung sakabéh tuntutanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Kalayan kahirupan anu tengtrem di Alexandria, para filsuf Yunani bisa neruskeun karya-karyana. Kaayaan pulitik anu ruksak di wewengkon wétan mangrupa kajadian anyar. Muawiyah ngangkat al-Mughirah ibn Shu‘bah jadi gubernur al-Basrah, sarta sanggeus Mughirah pupus, Yazid jadi pangawasa Arabia, Irak, jeung Persia. Anjeunna maréntah dibarengan ku 4.000 agén rusiah. Tujuan utama jalma-jalma éta nyaéta ngungkab jeung ngudag umat Syiah, anu dina prakna hartina hukuman pati. Sanajan Damaskus katémbong tengtrem, satengah wilayah kakhalifahan di beulah kulon pinuh ku pertumpahan getih.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Edwin P. Hoyt 'Arab Science: Discoveries and Contributions. Thomas Nelson Inc., Publishers. Nashville, New York 1975. pg 28-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Abbasiyah (750-1258) ===
Para khalifah Abbasiyah anu maréntah di Baghdad mindeng maréntahkeun panjara jeung maéhan para Imam Syiah, sarta ngadorong ulama Sunni pikeun netepkeun ortodoksi Sunni jeung ngawatesan pangaruh Syiah. Dina dasawarsa panungtung abad ka-10, kajadian kekerasan anti-Syiah lumangsung di jero jeung sabudeureun Baghdad. Umat Syiah diserang di masjid-masjidna sarta mindeng dibunuh atawa diduruk hirup-hirup dina poé Asyura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 971 M, pasukan Romawi Wétan nyerang kakhalifahan Abbasiyah. Réaksi munggaran pasukan khalifah jeung warga Sunni anu ambek nyaéta nyalahkeun umat Syiah. Imah-imah urang Syiah di Al-Karkh (ayeuna di [[Irak]]) diduruk. Pola kakerasan ieu terus kajadian nepi ka mangsa kiwari. Umat Syiah mindeng jadi sasaran kakeuheul masarakat alatan kagagalan pangawasa Sunni. Maranéhna ilaharna diperlakukeun minangka musuh ti jero nagara sarta jadi pihak kahiji anu dicuriga lamun aya ancaman ka pamaréntahan Sunni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dina pertengahan abad ka-11, geus jadi kabiasaan pikeun sababaraha oknum Sunni ngarampok kota al-Karkh unggal poé Saptu. Paripolah anti-Syiah ieu beuki parah ku ajaran Sunni ti mazhab Hambali, anu netepkeun umat Syiah minangka golongan anu nolak kabeneran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Baghdad ===
Sanggeus bangsa [[Mongol]] ngepung Baghdad dina taun 1258, kekerasan ka umat Syiah jadi beuki sering kajadian, sarua jeung kabiasaan nyalahkeun umat Syiah kana sagala rupa masalah ti luar nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kasultanan Seljuk / Utsmaniyah ===
Nyanghareupan tumuwuhna Syiah jeung ngaronjatna pangaruh Safawiyah, [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]] netepkeun hukuman pati pikeun penganut Syiah di [[Anatolia]]. Rébuan umat Syiah dibantai di sakuliah Kasultanan Utsmaniyah, kaasup kaum [[Alevi]] di [[Turki]], Alawi di [[Suriah]], jeung umat Syiah di [[Libanon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== India ===
Umat Syiah di [[India]] kungsi ditindes ku sababaraha pangawasa Sunni jeung Kaisar Mughal, anu tungtungna nyababkeun gugurna cendekiawan-cendekiawan Syiah India saperti [[Qazi Nurullah Shustari]] (ogé dipikawanoh minangka ''Shaheed-e-Thaalis'', martir katilu) jeung [[Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi]] (ogé dipikawanoh minangka ''Shaheed-e-Rabay'', martir kaopat), dua tina lima martir Islam Syiah. Umat Syiah ogé ngalaman panindesan di Kashmir, India, salila ratusan taun alatan asupna umat Muslim Sunni ka daérah éta, anu ngakibatkeun pembantaian penganut Syiah. Loba umat Syiah anu tungtungna ngungsi ti wewengkon éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shias of Kashmir: Socio-Political Dilemmas|url=http://kashmirobserver.net/news/features/shias-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas|newspaper=Kashmir Observer|access-date=2026-01-12|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104214200/http://kashmirobserver.net/news/features/shias-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas |date=2013-01-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun-taun saterusna, umat Syiah di Kashmir kudu ngalaman mangsa anu panggoréngna dina sajarah maranéhna. Perampasan, panjarahan, jeung pembunuhan anu disebut Taaraj ngaluluhlantakeun komunitas Syiah. Sajarah nyatet sahenteuna aya 10 kali Taaraj (Taraj-e-Shia) antara abad ka-15 nepi ka abad ka-19, nyaéta dina taun 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, jeung 1872. Dina mangsa éta, kampung-kampung Syiah dijarah, pangeusina dibantai, perpustakaan dibakar, sarta tempat-tempat sucina diruksak. Salila période ieu, umat Syiah ngalaksanakeun taqiyah pikeun ngajaga diri jeung ngahargaan kahormatan awéwéna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lila-lila, sababaraha désa leungit tina peta. Anggota komunitas Syiah di dinya pindah néangan panyalindungan ka beulah kalér atawa ngahiji jeung kapercayaan golongan mayoritas. Panindesan anu karandapan ku umat Syiah di Kashmir nalika aya dina kakawasaan asing lain hal anyar keur maranéhna. Loba penganut Syiah sajati, saperti Sa’adaat atawa turunan Nabi Muhammad SAW. jeung para juru dakwah séjén anu boga peran penting dina sumebarna ajaran ieu di Kashmir, ninggalkeun tanah kalahiranana sanggeus nyanghareupan kaayaan anu sarupa.

=== Cina ===
Kalolobaan budak asing di [[Xinjiang]] nyaéta [[urang Tajik]] pagunungan penganut [[Syiah Ismaili]]. Maranéhna disebut Ghalcha ku umat Muslim Turkik Sunni sarta mindeng diperbudak lantaran dianggap béda jeung penduduk Turkik Sunni.[12] Umat Muslim Syiah dijual kawas budak di Khotan. Kaayaan ieu nuduhkeun yén sabagian umat Muslim di Xinjiang ngalanggar ajaran Islam ku cara ngajualbelikeun budak Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&amp;pg=PA138&amp;dq=slavery+was+officially+abolished+in+eastern+turkestan+in+1897+british+agent+sir+george&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=bo4bTZ3UFI-q8AaBosDeDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result|publisher=BRILL|date=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16675-2|language=en|first=Ildikó|last=Bellér-Hann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiwari ==

=== Arab Saudi ===
Di [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]] kiwari, para pangawasa [[Salafiyah|Salafi]] ngawatesan partisipasi pulitik umat Syiah dina pamaréntahan. Élit-élit pamaréntahan meunang kauntungan tina hubungan maranéhna jeung pihak pangawasa, ari pangawasa ngaharepkeun bisa ngadalikeun masarakatna ku cara kitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Jumlah umat Syiah di Arab Saudi kira-kira 15% tina 28 juta penduduk (perkiraan taun 2012).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm|date=2009-03-24|access-date=2026-01-12|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sanajan sabagian aya nu cicing di [[Madinah]] (dipikawanoh minangka Nakhawila), [[Mekah|Makkah]], jeung malah [[Riyadh]], kalolobaanana museur di sabudeureun [[oasis al-Hasa]] jeung [[Qatif]] di Provinsi Wétan anu beunghar ku minyak.

Salila mangtaun-taun, maranéhna ngalaman diskriminasi agama jeung ékonomi. Umat Syiah mindeng dicap sesat, panghianat, jeung lain Muslim. Maranéhna ogé dituduh ngalakukeun sabotase, kaasup kajadian peledakan pipa minyak taun 1988. Sabagian warga Syiah nepi ka dihukum pati. Ngabales militansi Iran, pamaréntah Saudi sacara koléktif ngahukum komunitas Syiah ku cara ngawatesan kabébasanana sarta ngapinggirkeun maranéhna dina widang ékonomi. Ulama Wahabi dibéré idin pikeun ngahalkan kekerasan ka umat Syiah. Saterusna, sababaraha fatwa dikaluarkeun ku ulama Saudi anu kasohor, [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz]], anu nyatakeun yén Syiah téh aliran sesat. Abdul-Rahman al-Jibrin, anggota Déwan Ulama Luhur, malah ngahalkan pembunuhan ka umat Syiah. Seruan ieu diasupkeun deui kana literatur agama Wahabi dina taun 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Béda jeung Irak jeung Libanon anu miboga élit pulitik ti kalangan Syiah, Arab Saudi teu miboga élit pulitik Syiah. Teu aya menteri kabinét anu nganut Syiah. Maranéhna teu diidinan pikeun jadi anggota angkatan bersenjata atawa jasa kaamanan. Teu aya wali kota atawa kapala pulisi anu Syiah. Aya kira-kira 300 sakola awéwé Syiah di Provinsi Wétan, tapi euweuh hiji ogé anu dipingpin ku urang Syiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Pamaréntah ngawatesan ngaran-ngaran anu meunang dipaké ku barudak Syiah sangkan maranéhna henteu némbongkeun idéntitasna. Buku-buku palajaran Saudi, anu loba dikritik alatan [[anti-Semitisme]]-na, ogé kacida anti-Syiah. Buku-buku éta nyebut kapercayaan Syiah minangka aliran sesat anu dianggap leuwih parah ti batan [[Karésten|Kristen]] jeung [[Yahudi]]. Guru-guru penganut Wahabi mindeng nyaritakeun ka murid awéwé Syiah yén maranéhna téh penganut aliran sesat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Di kota [[Dammam]], distrik anu loba dicicingan ku umat Syiah ditutup nalika Asyura sarta teu aya azan Syiah. Teu aya makam Syiah pikeun ampir saparapat tina 600.000 warga Syiah anu cicing di dinya. Di kota éta ngan aya hiji masjid pikeun 150.000 warga Syiah.

Dina Maret 2011, pulisi nembak ka arah démonstran di Qatif. Sanggeus karusuhan Syiah dina Oktober 2011, pamaréntah Saudi jangji bakal ngaredam sagala karusuhan di Provinsi Wétan ku “leungeun beusi.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Saudis crush dissent and point finger at Iran for trouble in eastern province|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/06/saudi-crush-protests-iran|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2011-10-06|access-date=2026-01-12|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Ian|last=Black}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bahrain ===
Langkung ti dua per tilu populasi [[Bahrain]] nyaéta Muslim Syiah. Kulawarga Al Khalifa, anu ayeuna keur nyekel kakawasaan sarta penganut Islam Sunni, sumping ka Bahrain ti [[Qatar]] dina ahir abad ka-18. Umat Syiah nuduh yén Al Khalifa gagal meunangkeun légitimasi di Bahrain sarta ngawangun sistem “[[pulitik apartheid]] ” anu dumasar kana diskriminasi ras, sékte, jeung kasukuan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=L. Carl|last2=Nakash|first2=Yitzhak|date=2006|title=Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20031956|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=85|issue=2|pages=202|doi=10.2307/20031956|issn=0015-7120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vali Nasr, ahli Wétan Tengah jeung dunya Islam anu kawentar, nyebutkeun: ''“Pikeun umat Syiah, kakawasaan Sunni karasa siga hirup dina jaman apartheid.”''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Behind the Sunni-Shi'ite Divide|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1592849-2,00.html|newspaper=TIME.com|access-date=2026-01-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311033818/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1592849-2,00.html |date=2012-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Pambarontakan 2011 ====
Sakitar 1.000 warga Bahrain ditahan ti saprak pemberontakan lumangsung. Organisasi HAM Bahrain jeung internasional geus ngadokuméntasikeun ratusan kasus panyiksaan jeung pelecehan ka tahanan Syiah. Numutkeun csmonitor.org, pamaréntah geus meta leuwih jauh ti batan ngan saukur ngaredam oposisi pulitik sarta ''“katémbongna”'' boga tujuan pikeun ngahina sacara psikologis mayoritas warga Syiah sangkan maranéhna pindah aliran sacara cicing-cicing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bahrain campaign to humiliate Shiites goes beyond politics|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0607/Bahrain-campaign-to-humiliate-Shiites-goes-beyond-politics?cmpid=ema:nws:World%20Daily%2006082011&amp;cmpid=ema:nws:NzI5NjYzNTI3NwS2|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=2026-01-12|issn=0882-7729}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Apartheid ====
Diskriminasi ka umat Syiah di Bahrain kacida parna jeung sistematisna nepi ka sababaraha sumber (saperti ''Time Magazine'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Why A Saudi Intervention into Bahrain Won’t End the Protests|url=https://world.time.com/2011/03/14/saudi-troops-enter-bahrain-to-quell-protests-it-wont-work-for-long/|newspaper=Time|date=2011-03-14|access-date=2026-01-12|issn=0040-781X|language=en-US|first=Aryn|last=Baker}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112020334/https://world.time.com/2011/03/14/saudi-troops-enter-bahrain-to-quell-protests-it-wont-work-for-long/ |date=2026-01-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vali Nasr, Yitzhak Nakash, ''Counterpunch'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/lamb04152011.html|title=Franklin Lamb: The Obama Doctrine: AWOL in Bahrain|last=Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair|website=www.counterpunch.org|accessdate=2026-01-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623170213/http://www.counterpunch.org/lamb04152011.html |date=2011-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, jsb.) ngarasa perlu ngagunakeun istilah “apartheid” pikeun ngajelaskeunana.

[[Ameen Izzadeen]] nulis dina ''Daily Mirror'' yén:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Sanggeus ragragna réjim apartheid di Afrika Kidul, Bahrain jadi hiji-hijina nagara di mana minoritas nyekel kakawasaan leuwih ti mayoritas. Langkung ti 70% penduduk Bahrain nyaéta Muslim Syiah, tapi maranéhna dibéré rohangan anu kacida sempitna, atawa malah euweuh pisan, pikeun ngébréhkeun kritik ka pamaréntah.”[28]&lt;/blockquote&gt;''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' nyebut yén Bahrain ngalaksanakeun:&lt;blockquote&gt;“sawatara wangun apartheid sektarian ku cara teu ngidinan umat Syiah nyekel jabatan pamaréntahan atawa ngalayanan di pulisi jeung militér. Nyatana, pasukan kaamanan Bahrain dieusi ku urang Sunni ti Suriah, Pakistan, jeung Baluchistan anu digampangkeun meunang kawarganagaraan Bahrain. Ieu kaayaan kacida nguciwakeunana pikeun warga asli Bahrain anu nganut Syiah.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Indonésia ===
Dina 29 Désémber 2011 di [[Nangkrenang]], Sampang, [[Pulo Madura|Madura]], hiji pesantren Islam Syiah, imah penaséhat sakola, jeung imah kapala sakola dibakar ku warga ti désa satempat jeung ti daérah séjén. Indonesia nyaéta nagara nu miboga penduduk Muslim panglobana di dunya jeung didominasi ku aliran Sunni. Sapoe sanggeus kajadian éta, saurang ulama Sunni ti Jakarta nyebutkeun: ''“Éta kasalahan maranéhna. Maranéhna ngadegkeun pesantren di daérah Sunni. Salian ti éta, jadi penganut Syiah téh kasalahan gedé. Ajaran anu leres téh Sunni jeung Allah ngan narima Muslim Sunni. Lamun umat Syiah hayang hirup tengtrem, maranéhna kudu tobat jeung pindah aliran.”''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/29/sharia-islamic-boarding-school-attacked-madura.html|title=Shia Islamic boarding school attacked in Madura {{!}} The Jakarta Post|website=www.thejakartapost.com|accessdate=2026-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/31/arson-shiite-pesantren-illiteracy-and-local-leaders.html|title=Arson of Shiite ‘pesantren’, illiteracy and local leaders - Sat, December 31, 2011|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|accessdate=2026-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amnesty International nyatet rupa-rupa kasus intimidasi jeung kekerasan ka minoritas agama di Indonésia ku kelompok-kelompok Islam radikal, sarta maksa pamaréntah Indonésia pikeun ngajaga ratusan warga Syiah anu dipaksa balik ka [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/79142/amnesty-intl-urges-ri-to-protect-shiite-minority|title=Amnesty Int`l urges RI to protect Shiite minority|last=antaranews.com|website=Antara News|language=en|accessdate=2026-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Malaysia ===
[[Malaysia]] ngalarang umat Syiah pikeun nyebarkeun ajaranana.

=== Pakistan ===
[[Pakistan]] ngalaman kanaékan kekerasan ka umat Muslim Syiah dina sababaraha taun pamungkas. Kekerasan ieu nyababkeun rébuan lalaki, awéwé, jeung barudak maot. Sahenteuna 20% tina total penduduk Pakistan nyaéta penganut Syiah, anu asalna ti rupa-rupa latar étnis. Dokter, pangusaha, jeung profésional séjén di Karachi mindeng jadi sasaran militan Muslim Sunni. [[Suku Hazara]] di [[Quetta]] kaleungitan kira-kira 800 anggota sukunana. Kalolobaanana jadi korban serangan teroris [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] jeung [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] Pakistan, organisasi militan Sunni anu aya patalina jeung [[Al-Qaeda]] jeung [[Taliban]].

Di wewengkon kalér Pakistan, saperti [[Parachinar]] jeung [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], militan Muslim terus-terusan nyerang jeung maéhan penganut Syiah. Dina kajadian 16 Agustus 2012, sakitar 25 panumpang Syiah dipaksa turun tina opat beus di jalan Babusar nalika maranéhna rék balik ka kampung pikeun miéling Idul Fitri bareng kulawargana. Sadayana langsung dieksekusi ku militan Muslim Sunni Al-Qaeda. Dina poé anu sarua, tilu anggota suku Hazara ditembak nepi ka paéh di Quetta, Pakistan.

== Baca ogé ==

* [[Syiah]]
* [[Asyura]]
* [[Perang Karbala]]

== Sumber rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ru7lajjz6pwzr3ct6zprnz0lz7t6xv7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lakbok</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709073</id>
      <parentid>709072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T12:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rapihkan rujukan Kidung Lakbok 1956, hapus parameter gambar biar tidak numpuk</comment>
      <origin>709073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5958" sha1="5bq302cvznmpydvvlv5mo1txkedmspo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kacamatan
| ngaran = Lakbok
| ngaran_aksara = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪
| ngaran_kuno = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman
| gambar_peta = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg
| nagara = Indonesia
| propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]]
| kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
| luas = 60,56 km²
| populasi = 56.369 jiwa
| kapadetan = 931 jiwa/km²
| sumber_sajarah = ''Kidung Lakbok'' (1956)
| koordinat = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
 
'''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun.
 
== Ngaran ==
Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''':
 
=== 1. Vérsi Kamus: &quot;Maung Gede&quot; ===
Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap &quot;lakbok&quot; asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina &quot;maung nu gedé pisan&quot; atawa sato galak panggedéna.&lt;ref&gt;Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: &quot;Bandjarpatroman&quot; ===
Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''':
 
''&quot;Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung3&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Hartina: &quot;Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar.&quot;
 
Hartina &quot;Maung gede&quot; bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana &quot;Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman&quot; jaman baheula.
 
== Sajarah ==
=== Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman ===
''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Ineung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung4&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa, taya jalma nu cicing deui&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti:
 
1. ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Bandjir&quot;'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidungprosa&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
​
2. ''&quot;Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan&quot;'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung22&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== Jaman Modéren ===
Taun 1926, Bupati R.A.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;&gt;Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;stit&quot;&gt;[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) ==
Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku:
 
- Pataruman
​
- Cikawung
​
- Kawasen
​
- Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka &quot;Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung14&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Situs Sajarah Patali ==
Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:&lt;ref name=&quot;disdikbud&quot;&gt;Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut &quot;tempat njingkur / panyingkuran&quot; dina Bait 15&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung15&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

2. [[Batu Peti]] — &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot; (Bait 21)&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung21&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang

4. Sanghyang Bedil
5. Batu Pangkon
6. Sumur Bandung
7. Kiyai Panembahan
8. Banyu Mudal

 
== Atikan ==
Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya:
 
- 44 SD / MI
​
- 8 SMP / MTs
​
- 4 SMA / SMK / MA
​
- 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] 
 
== Kaamanan ==
Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;polres&quot;&gt;[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]&lt;/ref&gt; Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Géografi jeung Iklim ==
Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmkg&quot;&gt;[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]&lt;/ref&gt; Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;/&gt;
 
== Tempo ogé ==
 
* [[Kidung Lakbok]] 
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Gunung Sangkur]] 
* [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[STIT Lakbok]]
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956]
* [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok]
* [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita &amp; Informasi]

[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]]</text>
      <sha1>5bq302cvznmpydvvlv5mo1txkedmspo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709074</id>
      <parentid>709073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T13:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Benerkeun format daftar 8 Cagar Budaya Galuh, tambah rujukan Kidung Bait 15 &amp; 21, benerkeun typo Sirus jadi Situs, Batu Pei jadi Batu Peti</comment>
      <origin>709074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5950" sha1="oe5nt7ob2h5u4iiq0bsa8msx4x6xgka" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kacamatan
| ngaran = Lakbok
| ngaran_aksara = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪
| ngaran_kuno = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman
| gambar_peta = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg
| nagara = Indonesia
| propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]]
| kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
| luas = 60,56 km²
| populasi = 56.369 jiwa
| kapadetan = 931 jiwa/km²
| sumber_sajarah = ''Kidung Lakbok'' (1956)
| koordinat = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
 
'''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun.
 
== Ngaran ==
Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''':
 
=== 1. Vérsi Kamus: &quot;Maung Gede&quot; ===
Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap &quot;lakbok&quot; asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina &quot;maung nu gedé pisan&quot; atawa sato galak panggedéna.&lt;ref&gt;Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: &quot;Bandjarpatroman&quot; ===
Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''':
 
''&quot;Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung3&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Hartina: &quot;Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar.&quot;
 
Hartina &quot;Maung gede&quot; bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana &quot;Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman&quot; jaman baheula.
 
== Sajarah ==
=== Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman ===
''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Ineung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung4&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa, taya jalma nu cicing deui&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti:
 
1. ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Bandjir&quot;'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidungprosa&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
​
2. ''&quot;Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan&quot;'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung22&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== Jaman Modéren ===
Taun 1926, Bupati R.A.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;&gt;Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;stit&quot;&gt;[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) ==
Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku:
 
- Pataruman
​
- Cikawung
​
- Kawasen
​
- Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka &quot;Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung14&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Situs Sajarah Patali ==

Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:&lt;ref name=&quot;disdikbudbanjar&quot;&gt;Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;


1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut &quot;tempat njingkur / panyingkuran&quot; dina Bait 15&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung15&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;


2. [[Batu Peti]] — &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot; (Bait 21)&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung21&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang

4. Sanghyang Bedil

5. Batu Pangkon

6. Sumur Bandung

7. Kyai Panembahan

8. Banyu Mudal
 
== Atikan ==
Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya:
 
- 44 SD / MI
​
- 8 SMP / MTs
​
- 4 SMA / SMK / MA
​
- 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] 
 
== Kaamanan ==
Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;polres&quot;&gt;[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]&lt;/ref&gt; Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Géografi jeung Iklim ==
Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmkg&quot;&gt;[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]&lt;/ref&gt; Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;/&gt;
 
== Tempo ogé ==
 
* [[Kidung Lakbok]] 
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Gunung Sangkur]] 
* [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[STIT Lakbok]]
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956]
* [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok]
* [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita &amp; Informasi]

[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]]</text>
      <sha1>oe5nt7ob2h5u4iiq0bsa8msx4x6xgka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709075</id>
      <parentid>709074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T14:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Benerkeun kutipan Bait 17 sesuai Kidung Lakbok 1956 kaca 8</comment>
      <origin>709075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5956" sha1="pp25t7dukuum2njtolqwfpdf871s60p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kacamatan
| ngaran = Lakbok
| ngaran_aksara = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪
| ngaran_kuno = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman
| gambar_peta = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg
| nagara = Indonesia
| propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]]
| kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
| luas = 60,56 km²
| populasi = 56.369 jiwa
| kapadetan = 931 jiwa/km²
| sumber_sajarah = ''Kidung Lakbok'' (1956)
| koordinat = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
 
'''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun.
 
== Ngaran ==
Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''':
 
=== 1. Vérsi Kamus: &quot;Maung Gede&quot; ===
Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap &quot;lakbok&quot; asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina &quot;maung nu gedé pisan&quot; atawa sato galak panggedéna.&lt;ref&gt;Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: &quot;Bandjarpatroman&quot; ===
Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''':
 
''&quot;Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung3&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Hartina: &quot;Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar.&quot;
 
Hartina &quot;Maung gede&quot; bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana &quot;Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman&quot; jaman baheula.
 
== Sajarah ==
=== Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman ===
''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Ineung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung4&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''&quot;urut djaeuh djadi leuweung, djadi leuweung sima gonggong&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti:
 
1. ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Bandjir&quot;'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidungprosa&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
​
2. ''&quot;Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan&quot;'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung22&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== Jaman Modéren ===
Taun 1926, Bupati R.A.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;&gt;Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;stit&quot;&gt;[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) ==
Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku:
 
- Pataruman
​
- Cikawung
​
- Kawasen
​
- Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka &quot;Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung14&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Situs Sajarah Patali ==

Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:&lt;ref name=&quot;disdikbudbanjar&quot;&gt;Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;


1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut &quot;tempat njingkur / panyingkuran&quot; dina Bait 15&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung15&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;


2. [[Batu Peti]] — &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot; (Bait 21)&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung21&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang

4. Sanghyang Bedil

5. Batu Pangkon

6. Sumur Bandung

7. Kyai Panembahan

8. Banyu Mudal
 
== Atikan ==
Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya:
 
- 44 SD / MI
​
- 8 SMP / MTs
​
- 4 SMA / SMK / MA
​
- 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] 
 
== Kaamanan ==
Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;polres&quot;&gt;[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]&lt;/ref&gt; Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Géografi jeung Iklim ==
Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmkg&quot;&gt;[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]&lt;/ref&gt; Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;/&gt;
 
== Tempo ogé ==
 
* [[Kidung Lakbok]] 
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Gunung Sangkur]] 
* [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[STIT Lakbok]]
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956]
* [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok]
* [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita &amp; Informasi]

[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]]</text>
      <sha1>pp25t7dukuum2njtolqwfpdf871s60p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>I'tiradh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5531" sha1="kuw7w2kfcb6xb4gd5wlci9wi10jjz87" xml:space="preserve">'''I'tiradh''' kana papastén (takdir) nyaéta sikep haté anu namalang, protes, teu narima, atanapi nyawad kana sagala katangtuan anu parantos ditetepkeun ku [[Allah]] SWT ka diri urang. Ieu mangrupa panyakit haté anu kacida bahayana margi miboga sababaraha balukar goréng:

== 1. Nyawad Kawijaksanaan Allah ==
Jalma anu i'tiradh saolah-olah nganggap yén dirina langkung uninga batan Allah ngeunaan naon anu saé pikeun hirupna. Padahal Allah SWT parantos ngadawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تُحِبُّوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ شَرٌّ لَكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنْتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Bisa jadi aranjeun teu mikaresep kana hiji perkara, padahal éta perkara téh hadé pikeun aranjeun. Jeung bisa jadi aranjeun mikaresep kana hiji perkara, padahal éta perkara téh goréng pikeun aranjeun. Allah uninga, sedengkeun aranjeun mah teu nyaho.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 216)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 2. Ngaleungitkeun Pahala Kasabaran ==
Ujian anu sakuduna janten cukang lantaran naékna darajat manusa, janten musnah pahalana nalika haté pinuh ku i'tiradh. Jalma anu i'tiradh moal kénging katenangan, malah bakal nambihan kasedih sarta dosa dina luhureun musibahna.

== 3. Sipat Iblis ==
Sajarah i'tiradh munggaran dipidamel ku Iblis nalika manéhna protés kana paréntah Allah pikeun sujud ka Nabi Adam AS. Iblis ngarasa leuwih mulya sarta nyawad kawijaksanaan Allah, anu antukna manéhna diusir tina [[rahmat]] Allah salawasna.

== Conto I'tiradh kana Papastén sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Widang Sosial (Musibah sarta Kaleungitan) ===
I'tiradh anu paling sering lumangsung nyaéta nalika aya musibah [[maot]] atanapi kaleungitan harta. Contona: &quot;Naha bet abdi anu kenging cocoba kieu, padahal batur mah henteu?&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW nyaram sipat ''Niyahah'' (ngagegering) sarta protes kana takdir. Mantenna ngadawuh: *&quot;Saéstuna kasabaran anu sajati téh nyaéta nalika mimiti katarajang musibah.&quot;* (HR. Bukhari No. 1283).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 3. h. 149.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Sabar]] sarta [[Istirja]] (ngucapkeun Inna lillahi...).

=== 2. Dina Widang Padamelan (Rejeki sarta Jabatan) ===
Nalika ningal batur naék jabatan atanapi usahana langkung maju, tuluy aya rasa teu narima sarta nyalahkeun kaayaan: &quot;Gusti, abdi parantos kerja keras, naha bet manéhna anu suksés?&quot; Ieu mangrupa i'tiradh kana pembagian rejeki Allah.
* '''Rujukan:''' Allah SWT ngadawuh dina Al-Qur'an:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَهُمْ يَقْسِمُونَ رَحْمَتَ رَبِّكَ ۚ نَحْنُ قَسَمْنَا بَيْنَهُمْ مَعِيشَتَهُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha maranéhna anu ngabagi-bagi rahmat Pangéran manéh? Kami anu ngabagi-bagi pangupajiwa di antara maranéhna dina kahirupan dunya...&quot;'' (QS. Az-Zukhruf [43]: 32)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Qana'ah]] (ngarasa cukup).

=== 3. Dina Widang Sakola (Kagagalan Akademik) ===
Contona nalika saurang murid parantos soson-soson diajar nanging hasilna teu saluyu sareng harepan, tuluy manéhna putus asa sarta nyalahkeun Allah: &quot;Percuma abdi ibadah sarta diajar upami hasilna kieu-kieu kénéh.&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Sipat i'tiradh sapertos kieu tiasa ngarah kana sipat ''Su'udzon'' ka Allah. Dina hiji Hadits Qudsi, Allah ngadawuh: *&quot;Kami téh dumasar kana persangkaan hamba Kami ka Kami.&quot;* (HR. Bukhari No. 7405 &amp; Muslim No. 2675). Upami hamba protes sarta sangka goréng, mangka éta anu bakal ditarima ku manéhna.
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Tawakal]] sarta nyandak hikmah (Muhasabah).

=== 4. Dina Widang Fisik sarta Kaayaan Diri ===
Protes kana bentuk awak, rupa, atanapi kaayaan kulawarga tempat urang dilahirkeun. &quot;Naha abdi bet dilahirkeun hideung?&quot; atanapi &quot;Naha abdi bet dilahirkeun ti kulawarga miskin?&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Allah SWT nandeskeun yén Mantenna nyiptakeun manusa dina bentuk anu panghadéna:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ فِي أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيمٍ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Saéstuna Kami geus nyiptakeun manusa dina bentuk anu panghadé-hadéna.&quot;'' (QS. At-Tin [95]: 4)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
I'tiradh kana fisik hartosna nyawad hasil ciptaan Allah (Sang Khalik).

== Balukar I'tiradh kana Akidah ==
Para ulama nyebatkeun yén i'tiradh téh mangrupa &quot;racun&quot; pikeun tauhid. Imam [[Ibnul Qayyim]] nandeskeun yén ridho kana takdir téh mangrupa &quot;Jannah Al-Arifin&quot; (sawarga di dunya). Jalma anu i'tiradh moal kantos ngaraosan katenangan haté sanajan sakumaha lobana harta anu dipiboga.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 2. h. 171.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara Ngubaranana ==
Pikeun meper sipat i'tiradh kana papastén, para ulama nyarankeun:
* '''[[Ridho]]:''' Narima kalayan ikhlas yén sagala rupa nu lumangsung téh mangrupa pilihan anu pangsaéna ti Allah ([[Husnudzon]] ka Allah).
* '''[[Tafakur]]:''' Sadar yén urang téh mahluk anu lemah sarta boga pangaweruh anu saeutik pisan dibandingkeun jeung pangaweruh Gusti nu Maha Jembar.
* '''[[Dzikir]]:''' Ngadawumkeun kalimah ''&quot;Inna lillahi wa inna ilaihi raji'un&quot;'' salaku pangakuan yén urang sarta sagala nu dipiboga téh milik Allah, sarta bakal mulang ka Mantenna.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sastra Arab]]
[[Kategori:Linguistik]]</text>
      <sha1>kuw7w2kfcb6xb4gd5wlci9wi10jjz87</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709077</id>
      <parentid>709076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5556" sha1="dmswreffz8u3tfngm74oa5eel42opay" xml:space="preserve">'''I'tiradh''' kana papastén (takdir) nyaéta sikep haté anu namalang, protes, teu narima, atanapi nyawad kana sagala katangtuan anu parantos ditetepkeun ku [[Allah]] SWT ka diri urang. Ieu mangrupa panyakit haté anu kacida bahayana margi miboga sababaraha balukar goréng:

== 1. Nyawad Kawijaksanaan Allah ==
Jalma anu i'tiradh saolah-olah nganggap yén dirina langkung uninga batan Allah ngeunaan naon anu saé pikeun hirupna. Padahal Allah SWT parantos ngadawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ ۖ وَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تُحِبُّوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ شَرٌّ لَكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنْتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Bisa jadi aranjeun teu mikaresep kana hiji perkara, padahal éta perkara téh hadé pikeun aranjeun. Jeung bisa jadi aranjeun mikaresep kana hiji perkara, padahal éta perkara téh goréng pikeun aranjeun. Allah uninga, sedengkeun aranjeun mah teu nyaho.&quot;'' (QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 216)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 2. Ngaleungitkeun Pahala Kasabaran ==
Ujian anu sakuduna janten cukang lantaran naékna darajat manusa, janten musnah pahalana nalika haté pinuh ku i'tiradh. Jalma anu i'tiradh moal kénging katenangan, malah bakal nambihan kasedih sarta dosa dina luhureun musibahna.

== 3. Sipat Iblis ==
Sajarah i'tiradh munggaran dipidamel ku Iblis nalika manéhna protés kana paréntah Allah pikeun sujud ka Nabi Adam AS. Iblis ngarasa leuwih mulya sarta nyawad kawijaksanaan Allah, anu antukna manéhna diusir tina [[rahmat]] Allah salawasna.

== Conto I'tiradh kana Papastén sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Widang Sosial (Musibah sarta Kaleungitan) ===
I'tiradh anu paling sering lumangsung nyaéta nalika aya musibah [[maot]] atanapi kaleungitan harta. Contona: &quot;Naha bet abdi anu kenging cocoba kieu, padahal batur mah henteu?&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW nyaram sipat ''Niyahah'' (ngagegering) sarta protes kana takdir. Mantenna ngadawuh: *&quot;Saéstuna kasabaran anu sajati téh nyaéta nalika mimiti katarajang musibah.&quot;* (HR. Bukhari No. 1283).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 3. h. 149.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Sabar]] sarta [[Istirja]] (ngucapkeun Inna lillahi...).

=== 2. Dina Widang Padamelan (Rejeki sarta Jabatan) ===
Nalika ningal batur naék jabatan atanapi usahana langkung maju, tuluy aya rasa teu narima sarta nyalahkeun kaayaan: &quot;Gusti, abdi parantos kerja keras, naha bet manéhna anu suksés?&quot; Ieu mangrupa i'tiradh kana pembagian rejeki Allah.
* '''Rujukan:''' Allah SWT ngadawuh dina Al-Qur'an:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
أَهُمْ يَقْسِمُونَ رَحْمَتَ رَبِّكَ ۚ نَحْنُ قَسَمْنَا بَيْنَهُمْ مَعِيشَتَهُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Naha maranéhna anu ngabagi-bagi rahmat Pangéran manéh? Kami anu ngabagi-bagi pangupajiwa di antara maranéhna dina kahirupan dunya...&quot;'' (QS. Az-Zukhruf [43]: 32)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Qana'ah]] (ngarasa cukup).

=== 3. Dina Widang Sakola (Kagagalan Akademik) ===
Contona nalika saurang murid parantos soson-soson diajar nanging hasilna teu saluyu sareng harepan, tuluy manéhna putus asa sarta nyalahkeun Allah: &quot;Percuma abdi ibadah sarta diajar upami hasilna kieu-kieu kénéh.&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Sipat i'tiradh sapertos kieu tiasa ngarah kana sipat ''Su'udzon'' ka Allah. Dina hiji Hadits Qudsi, Allah ngadawuh: *&quot;Kami téh dumasar kana persangkaan hamba Kami ka Kami.&quot;* (HR. Bukhari No. 7405 &amp; Muslim No. 2675). Upami hamba protes sarta sangka goréng, mangka éta anu bakal ditarima ku manéhna.
* '''Lawan tina I'tiradh:''' Sipat [[Tawakal]] sarta nyandak hikmah (Muhasabah).

=== 4. Dina Widang Fisik sarta Kaayaan Diri ===
Protes kana bentuk awak, rupa, atanapi kaayaan kulawarga tempat urang dilahirkeun. &quot;Naha abdi bet dilahirkeun hideung?&quot; atanapi &quot;Naha abdi bet dilahirkeun ti kulawarga miskin?&quot;
* '''Rujukan:''' Allah SWT nandeskeun yén Mantenna nyiptakeun manusa dina bentuk anu panghadéna:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ فِي أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيمٍ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Saéstuna Kami geus nyiptakeun manusa dina bentuk anu panghadé-hadéna.&quot;'' (QS. At-Tin [95]: 4)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
I'tiradh kana fisik hartosna nyawad hasil ciptaan Allah (Sang Khalik).

== Balukar I'tiradh kana Akidah ==
Para ulama nyebatkeun yén i'tiradh téh mangrupa &quot;racun&quot; pikeun tauhid. Imam [[Ibnul Qayyim]] nandeskeun yén ridho kana takdir téh mangrupa &quot;Jannah Al-Arifin&quot; (sawarga di dunya). Jalma anu i'tiradh moal kantos ngaraosan katenangan haté sanajan sakumaha lobana harta anu dipiboga.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnul Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''. Jilid 2. h. 171.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara Ngubaranana ==
Pikeun meper sipat i'tiradh kana papastén, para ulama nyarankeun:
* '''[[Ridho]]:''' Narima kalayan ikhlas yén sagala rupa nu lumangsung téh mangrupa pilihan anu pangsaéna ti Allah ([[Husnudzon]] ka Allah).
* '''[[Tafakur]]:''' Sadar yén urang téh mahluk anu lemah sarta boga pangaweruh anu saeutik pisan dibandingkeun jeung pangaweruh Gusti nu Maha Jembar.
* '''[[Dzikir]]:''' Ngadawumkeun kalimah ''&quot;Inna lillahi wa inna ilaihi raji'un&quot;'' salaku pangakuan yén urang sarta sagala nu dipiboga téh milik Allah, sarta bakal mulang ka Mantenna.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sastra Arab]]
[[Kategori:Linguistik]]</text>
      <sha1>dmswreffz8u3tfngm74oa5eel42opay</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ghadhab</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709078</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3689" sha1="4tbkzy6501mt0ozj3ftnvdg5e8otg4a" xml:space="preserve">'''Ghadhab''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: غضب, ''ghadhab'') nyaéta hiji kaayaan émosi anu ngagolak dina jero haté pikeun males kanyeri atanapi alatan rasa teu senang, anu seringna ngabalukarkeun laku lampah sarta ucapan anu teu kakontrol.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 165.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina basa Sunda, ghadhab hartosna '''ambek''' atanapi '''bendun'''. Islam nandeskeun yén ghadhab asalna ti sétan sarta mangrupa salah sahiji panto utama karuksakan akhlak.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 166.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
[[Allah]] SWT muji jalma-jalma anu mampuh meper amarahna:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...وَالْكَاظِمِينَ الْغَيْظَ وَالْعَافِينَ عَنِ النَّاسِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...jeung jalma-jalma anu meper amarahna sarta anu ngahampura (kasalahan) batur; sarta Allah mikaresep ka jalma-jalma anu midamel kasaéan.&quot;'' (QS. Ali Imran [3]: 134)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dalil tina Hadits ==
Salah sahiji wasiat Rasulullah SAW anu paling kakoncara nyaéta larangan pikeun ambek:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّ رَجُلًا قَالَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: أَوْصِنِي، قَالَ: لَا تَغْضَبْ. فَرَدَّدَ مِرَارًا، قَالَ: لَا تَغْضَبْ
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Ti Abu Hurairah r.a., yén aya hiji lalaki ngomong ka Nabi SAW: 'Pasihan wasiat ka abdi.' Nabi ngadawuh: 'Ulah ambek!' Éta lalaki nanya deui sababaraha kali, tuluy Nabi tetep ngadawuh: 'Ulah ambek!'&quot;'' (HR. Bukhari No. 6116)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Rasulullah ogé nandeskeun yén jalma anu kuat téh sanés jalma anu jagok gelut, tapi jalma anu mampuh nahan dirina nalika keur ambek (HR. Bukhari No. 6114).

== Conto Ghadhab dina Kahirupan sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Kulawarga (Kekerasan) ===
Ambek anu kaleuleuwihi ka pasangan atanapi ka barudak dugi ka ngaluarkeun kekerasan fisik atanapi lisan anu kasar.
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW henteu kantos nganiaya garwa atanapi pembantuna nalika ambek. Mantenna ngadawuh: *&quot;Sing saha jalma anu nahan amarahna padahal manéhna mampuh pikeun ngalampahkeunana, mangka Allah bakal minuhan haténa ku katengtreman sarta kaimanan.&quot;* (HR. At-Thabrani).

=== 2. Dina Padamelan (Sikap Atasan) ===
Atasan anu ambek-ambekan ka bawahanana ku sabab kasalahan anu saeutik, atanapi ambek margi ngarasa langkung mulya.
* '''Rujukan:''' Sipat ambek anu didadasaran ku rasa sombong (Kibr) kacida dilarangna, margi hal éta bakal mutuskeun silaturahmi sarta ngaruksak gawé bareng (HR. Muslim No. 91).

=== 3. Dina Pergaulan (Média Sosial) ===
Gampang pisan &quot;panas&quot; atanapi ambek nalika maca koméntar batur dina média sosial, tuluy males ku cariosan anu kotor (gaduh sipat 'fuhsh').

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Ghadhab ==
Islam maparin tarékah praktis nalika urang katarajang ghadhab:&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Riyadhus Shalihin''. Bab: Meper Amarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' *&quot;A'udzu billahi minasy syaithanir rajim&quot;* (HR. Bukhari &amp; Muslim).
# '''Cicing (Ngajaga Lisan):''' Upami ambek, langkung saé cicing supados teu ngaluarkeun cariosan anu janten kaduhung (HR. Ahmad).
# '''Ngarobah Posisi:''' Upami ambek nalika nangtung mangka diuk, upami ambek nalika diuk mangka ngagolér (HR. Abu Dawud).
# '''Wudu:''' Margi amarah téh asalna ti sétan anu diciptakeun tina seuneu, sedengkeun seuneu ngan bisa pareum ku cai (HR. Abu Dawud).

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>4tbkzy6501mt0ozj3ftnvdg5e8otg4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Istihza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709079</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:31:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3386" sha1="n7uf5sny92sw8zf7h7zu389zobr7eo6" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Istihza''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: استهزاء, ''istihza'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngaléléwé, ngahina, atanapi ngajadikeun hiji perkara salaku bahan poyokan kalayan maksud pikeun ngarendahkeun.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Istihza kabagi janten dua: istihza ka papada manusa sarta istihza ka [[Allah]], Rasul-Na, atanapi ayat-ayat-Na (agama). Anu pamungkas kaasup kana dosa anu kacida gedéna sarta bisa ngabatalkeun kaimanan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT ngalarang kaum mukmin pikeun silih léléwé atawa silih hina:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَنْ يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِنْهُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Ulah aya hiji kaum anu ngaléléwé (ngahina) kaum séjén, sabab bisa jadi maranéhna (anu dihina) téh leuwih hadé batan maranéhna (anu ngahina)...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 11)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé nandeskeun bahayana ngaléléwé agama sanajan ku alesan heureuy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...قُلْ أَبِاللَّهِ وَآيَاتِهِ وَرَسُولِهِ كُنْتُمْ تَسْتَهْزِئُونَ . لَا تَعْتَذِرُوا قَدْ كَفَرْتُمْ بَعْدَ إِيمَانِكُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Pok caritakeun: 'Naha ka Allah, ka ayat-ayat-Na jeung ka Rasul-Na aranjeun bet ngaléléwé?' Teu kudu aranjeun méré alesan, saenyana aranjeun geus kufur sanggeus ariman.&quot;'' (QS. At-Tawbah [9]: 65-66)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Istihza sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Widang Sosial (Ngahina Fisik) ===
Ngajadikeun kakurangan ''fisik'', warna kulit, atanapi gaya nyarita batur salaku bahan guyonan (''[[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedy]]'' anu ngahina, [[Bullying|bullying]], atanapi [[Animé|mémé]]).
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW kacida benduna nalika aya nu ngaléléwé betis [[Ibnu Mas'ud]] anu leutik. Mantenna nandeskeun yén betis éta téh leuwih beurat timbanganna batan gunung Uhud (HR. Ahmad).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 10. h. 452.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Dina Widang Agama (Ngaléléwé Syariat) ===
Ngajadikeun sunnah Nabi (saperti janggot, cingkrang, atawa hijab) atawa ayat Al-Qur'an salaku bahan poyokan atawa &quot;kontén&quot; lucu-lucuan.
* '''Rujukan:''' Hal ieu kaasup istihza anu kacida dilarangna dumasar kana rujukan Surat At-Tawbah ayat 65-66 di luhur.

=== 3. Dina Widang Sakola sarta Padamelan ===
Ngaléléwé babaturan anu dianggap &quot;lelet&quot; atanapi katinggaleun dina pelajaran, kalayan niat sangkan batur seuri bari ngarendahkeun manéhna.
* '''Lawan tina Istihza:''' Sipat [[Tawadhu]] (handap asor) sarta silih hargaan.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Istihza ==
# '''Sadar yén Saban Mahluk téh Ciptaan Allah:''' Ngahina ciptaan hartosna ngahina anu nyiptakeunana (Sang Khalik).
# '''Émut kana Balesan di Ahirat:''' Jalma anu sok seuri bari ngaléléwé batur di dunya, bakal diléhcéh balik di ahirat (QS. Al-Mutaffifin: 29-34).
# '''Ngajaga Lisan:''' Salawasna mikir méméh nyarita, naha ieu heureuy téh matak nyentug kana haté batur atanapi henteu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>n7uf5sny92sw8zf7h7zu389zobr7eo6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709080</id>
      <parentid>709079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3501" sha1="a5ni6imtalm3j9iaqhd7kqng8toabll" xml:space="preserve">{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}

'''Istihza''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: استهزاء, ''istihza'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngaléléwé, ngahina, atanapi ngajadikeun hiji perkara salaku bahan poyokan kalayan maksud pikeun ngarendahkeun.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Istihza kabagi janten dua: istihza ka papada manusa sarta istihza ka [[Allah]], Rasul-Na, atanapi ayat-ayat-Na (agama). Anu pamungkas kaasup kana dosa anu kacida gedéna sarta bisa ngabatalkeun kaimanan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT ngalarang kaum mukmin pikeun silih léléwé atawa silih hina:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَنْ يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِنْهُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Ulah aya hiji kaum anu ngaléléwé (ngahina) kaum séjén, sabab bisa jadi maranéhna (anu dihina) téh leuwih hadé batan maranéhna (anu ngahina)...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 11)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé nandeskeun bahayana ngaléléwé agama sanajan ku alesan heureuy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...قُلْ أَبِاللَّهِ وَآيَاتِهِ وَرَسُولِهِ كُنْتُمْ تَسْتَهْزِئُونَ . لَا تَعْتَذِرُوا قَدْ كَفَرْتُمْ بَعْدَ إِيمَانِكُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Pok caritakeun: 'Naha ka Allah, ka ayat-ayat-Na jeung ka Rasul-Na aranjeun bet ngaléléwé?' Teu kudu aranjeun méré alesan, saenyana aranjeun geus kufur sanggeus ariman.&quot;'' (QS. At-Tawbah [9]: 65-66)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Istihza sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Widang Sosial (Ngahina Fisik) ===
Ngajadikeun kakurangan ''fisik'', warna kulit, atanapi gaya nyarita batur salaku bahan guyonan (''[[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedy]]'' anu ngahina, [[Bullying|bullying]], atanapi [[Animé|mémé]]).
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW kacida benduna nalika aya nu ngaléléwé betis [[Ibnu Mas'ud]] anu leutik. Mantenna nandeskeun yén betis éta téh leuwih beurat timbanganna batan gunung Uhud (HR. Ahmad).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 10. h. 452.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Dina Widang Agama (Ngaléléwé Syariat) ===
Ngajadikeun sunnah Nabi (saperti janggot, cingkrang, atawa hijab) atawa ayat Al-Qur'an salaku bahan poyokan atawa &quot;kontén&quot; lucu-lucuan.
* '''Rujukan:''' Hal ieu kaasup istihza anu kacida dilarangna dumasar kana rujukan Surat At-Tawbah ayat 65-66 di luhur.

=== 3. Dina Widang Sakola sarta Padamelan ===
Ngaléléwé babaturan anu dianggap &quot;lelet&quot; atanapi katinggaleun dina pelajaran, kalayan niat sangkan batur seuri bari ngarendahkeun manéhna.
* '''Lawan tina Istihza:''' Sipat [[Tawadhu]] (handap asor) sarta silih hargaan.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Istihza ==
# '''Sadar yén Saban Mahluk téh Ciptaan Allah:''' Ngahina ciptaan hartosna ngahina anu nyiptakeunana (Sang Khalik).
# '''Émut kana Balesan di Ahirat:''' Jalma anu sok seuri bari ngaléléwé batur di dunya, bakal diléhcéh balik di ahirat (QS. Al-Mutaffifin: 29-34).
# '''Ngajaga Lisan:''' Salawasna mikir méméh nyarita, naha ieu heureuy téh matak nyentug kana haté batur atanapi henteu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Haté]]</text>
      <sha1>a5ni6imtalm3j9iaqhd7kqng8toabll</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709081</id>
      <parentid>709080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T22:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3496" sha1="3vlv4gngmhcsuxa4p0we93hzep91red" xml:space="preserve">'''Istihza''' (basa [[Basa Arab|Arab]]: استهزاء, ''istihza'') nyaéta hiji kalakuan ngaléléwé, ngahina, atanapi ngajadikeun hiji perkara salaku bahan poyokan kalayan maksud pikeun ngarendahkeun atawa nyapirakeun.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''Kitab At-Ta'rifat''. Beirut: Darul Kitab al-Ilmiyyah. h. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Istihza kabagi janten dua: istihza ka papada manusa sarta istihza ka [[Allah]], Rasul-Na, atanapi ayat-ayat-Na (agama). Anu pamungkas kaasup kana dosa anu kacida gedéna sarta bisa ngabatalkeun kaimanan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 3. h. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil tina Al-Qur'an ==
Allah SWT ngalarang kaum mukmin pikeun silih léléwé atawa silih hina:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَنْ يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِنْهُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman! Ulah aya hiji kaum anu ngaléléwé (ngahina) kaum séjén, sabab bisa jadi maranéhna (anu dihina) téh leuwih hadé batan maranéhna (anu ngahina)...&quot;'' (QS. Al-Hujurat [49]: 11)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Salian ti éta, Allah ogé nandeskeun bahayana ngaléléwé agama sanajan ku alesan heureuy:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
...قُلْ أَبِاللَّهِ وَآيَاتِهِ وَرَسُولِهِ كُنْتُمْ تَسْتَهْزِئُونَ . لَا تَعْتَذِرُوا قَدْ كَفَرْتُمْ بَعْدَ إِيمَانِكُمْ...
&lt;br/&gt;''&quot;...Pok caritakeun: 'Naha ka Allah, ka ayat-ayat-Na jeung ka Rasul-Na aranjeun bet ngaléléwé?' Teu kudu aranjeun méré alesan, saenyana aranjeun geus kufur sanggeus ariman.&quot;'' (QS. At-Tawbah [9]: 65-66)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Conto Paripolah Istihza sarta Rujukanana ==

=== 1. Dina Widang Sosial (Ngahina Fisik) ===
Ngajadikeun kakurangan ''fisik'', warna kulit, atanapi gaya nyarita batur salaku bahan guyonan (''[[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedy]]'' anu ngahina, [[Bullying|bullying]], atanapi [[Animé|mémé]]).
* '''Rujukan:''' Rasulullah SAW kacida benduna nalika aya nu ngaléléwé bitis [[Ibnu Mas'ud]] anu leutik. Mantenna nandeskeun yén betis éta téh leuwih beurat timbanganna batan gunung Uhud (HR. Ahmad).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari''. Jilid 10. h. 452.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Dina Widang Agama (Ngaléléwé Syariat) ===
Ngajadikeun [[sunnah]] Nabi (saperti janggot, cingkrang, atawa hijab) atawa ayat Al-Qur'an salaku bahan poyokan atawa &quot;kontén&quot; lucu-lucuan.
* '''Rujukan:''' Hal ieu kaasup istihza anu kacida dilarangna dumasar kana rujukan Surat At-Tawbah ayat 65-66 di luhur.

=== 3. Dina Widang Sakola sarta Padamelan ===
Ngaléléwé babaturan anu dianggap &quot;boyot&quot; atanapi katinggaleun dina pelajaran, kalayan niat sangkan batur seuri bari ngarendahkeun manéhna.
* '''Lawan tina Istihza:''' Sipat [[Tawadhu]] (handap asor) sarta silih hargaan.

== Cara Meper sarta Ngubaran Sipat Istihza ==
# '''Sadar yén Saban Mahluk téh Ciptaan Allah:''' Ngahina ciptaan hartosna ngahina anu nyiptakeunana (Sang Khalik).
# '''Émut kana Balesan di Ahirat:''' Jalma anu sok seuri bari ngaléléwé batur di dunya, bakal diléhcéh balik di ahirat (QS. Al-Mutaffifin: 29-34).
# '''Ngajaga Lisan:''' Salawasna mikir méméh nyarita, naha ieu heureuy téh matak nyentug kana haté batur atanapi henteu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Akhlak]]
[[Kategori:Psikologi]]
[[Kategori:Penyakit Haté]]</text>
      <sha1>3vlv4gngmhcsuxa4p0we93hzep91red</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Batulawang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709083</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngamimitian artikel lengkep: sajarah Galuh, 8 Cagar Budaya, Ngabungbang, Kampung Keserasian Sosial, Koperasi Merah Putih, Pendidikan, &amp; Pariwisata dumasar Kidung Lakbok 1956 + 9 sumber resmi &amp; akademik 1956-2026</comment>
      <origin>709083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4308" sha1="50dgc4020vnjob9hcd2ndwdb1s6wlbf" xml:space="preserve">'''Batulawang''' nyaéta hiji [[désa]] di [[Pataruman, Banjar|Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Kulon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Situs Resmi Pemkot Banjar]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Désa ieu disebut dina naskah ''[[Ngabukbak Lakbok|Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) karya [[R.A. Ranajangga Ma'lim]] minangka &quot;tempat njingkuk / panyingkuran&quot; jeung lokasi &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;''Kidung Lakbok'', 1956, Bait 15 &amp; 21. [[:commons:File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf|Baca naskah lengkep 40 kaca]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
Kantor Désa Batulawang perenahna di Jl. Desa Batulawang, Kacamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar, Kode Pos 46336.&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;

Taun 2018, Batulawang ditetepkeun jadi '''Kampung Keserasian Sosial''' percontohan Kota Banjar ku Wali Kota Hj. Ade Uu Sukaesih.&lt;ref name=&quot;kks&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/kampung-keserasian-sosial-di-desa-batulawang/ Kampung Keserasian Sosial di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 21 Des 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2025, Batulawang jadi '''désa pertama di Kota Banjar''' nu ngagelarkeun Musdesus pembentukan '''Koperasi Merah Putih'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;koperasi&quot;&gt;[https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/public/desa-batulawang-jadi-pelopor-musdesus-pembentukan-koperasi-merah-putih-di-kota-banjar News Tasikmalaya: Desa Batulawang Jadi Pelopor Koperasi Merah Putih, 17 Mei 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cagar Budaya ==
Dumasar Kidung Lakbok jeung data [[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]], di Batulawang aya 8 situs Cagar Budaya [[Karajaan Galuh]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;
# Gunung Sangkur
# Batu Peti
# '''Batu Kasur''' – Batu prasejarah di Dusun Tundagan nu dianggap sakral sejak zaman Sangkuriang. Warga ngadangu sora gamelan misterius unggal purnama.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;[https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang TIMES Indonesia: Mengenal Batu Kasur, 16 Desember 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;
# Sanghyang Bedil
# Batu Pangkon
# Sumur Bandung
# Kyal Panembahan
# Banyu Mudal

== Budaya ==
Batulawang mangrupa tempat asal [[Ngabungbang Batulawang|upacara adat Ngabungbang]] nu dilaksanakeun unggal 14 Mulud atawa 15 Rabiul-Awwal. Upacara ieu resmi didukung ku [[Pemerintah Kota Banjar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ngabungbang&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ Berita Resmi: Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 13 Sept 2014]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta geus jadi objék panalungtikan akademik di UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta taun 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;&gt;[https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi: Upacara Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Rizki Farida, UIN Suka, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendidikan ==
Di Batulawang aya '''SD Negeri 1 Batulawang''' kalawan NPSN 20225164, perenahna di Jalan Cimanggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dapodik&quot;&gt;[https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 Data Pokok SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pariwisata ==
Batulawang jadi titik rujukan jarak wisata di Kota Banjar. Sababaraha objék wisata nu deukeut ti Batulawang di antarana Alun-Alun Kota Banjar (5,3 km), Taman Kota Banjar (5,7 km), sarta Wisata Alam Ciung Wanara (10,8 km).&lt;ref name=&quot;trip&quot;&gt;[https://id.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/batulawang-2152120/tourist-attractions/ Atraksi Wisata di Batulawang - Trip.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]]
* [[Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tutumbu Luar ==
* [https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar]
* [https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Liputan Batu Kasur - TIMES Indonesia]
* [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen]
* [https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi Ngabungbang Batulawang - UIN Suka 2008]

[[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Cagar Budaya di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Kampung Keserasian Sosial]]
[[Kategori:Koperasi Merah Putih]]
[[Kategori:Sakola di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Pariwisata di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Objék panalungtikan akademik]]</text>
      <sha1>50dgc4020vnjob9hcd2ndwdb1s6wlbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709084</id>
      <parentid>709083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngarapihkeun tutumbu ka Kidung Lakbok</comment>
      <origin>709084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4291" sha1="q1ol8bio2y2tbbpqi3xsvombpc6e4d6" xml:space="preserve">'''Batulawang''' nyaéta hiji [[désa]] di [[Pataruman, Banjar|Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Kulon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Situs Resmi Pemkot Banjar]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Désa ieu disebut dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) karya [[R.A. Ranajangga Ma'lim]] minangka &quot;tempat njingkuk / panyingkuran&quot; jeung lokasi &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;''Kidung Lakbok'', 1956, Bait 15 &amp; 21. [[:commons:File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf|Baca naskah lengkep 40 kaca]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
Kantor Désa Batulawang perenahna di Jl. Desa Batulawang, Kacamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar, Kode Pos 46336.&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;

Taun 2018, Batulawang ditetepkeun jadi '''Kampung Keserasian Sosial''' percontohan Kota Banjar ku Wali Kota Hj. Ade Uu Sukaesih.&lt;ref name=&quot;kks&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/kampung-keserasian-sosial-di-desa-batulawang/ Kampung Keserasian Sosial di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 21 Des 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2025, Batulawang jadi '''désa pertama di Kota Banjar''' nu ngagelarkeun Musdesus pembentukan '''Koperasi Merah Putih'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;koperasi&quot;&gt;[https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/public/desa-batulawang-jadi-pelopor-musdesus-pembentukan-koperasi-merah-putih-di-kota-banjar News Tasikmalaya: Desa Batulawang Jadi Pelopor Koperasi Merah Putih, 17 Mei 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cagar Budaya ==
Dumasar Kidung Lakbok jeung data [[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]], di Batulawang aya 8 situs Cagar Budaya [[Karajaan Galuh]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;
# Gunung Sangkur
# Batu Peti
# '''Batu Kasur''' – Batu prasejarah di Dusun Tundagan nu dianggap sakral sejak zaman Sangkuriang. Warga ngadangu sora gamelan misterius unggal purnama.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;[https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang TIMES Indonesia: Mengenal Batu Kasur, 16 Desember 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;
# Sanghyang Bedil
# Batu Pangkon
# Sumur Bandung
# Kyal Panembahan
# Banyu Mudal

== Budaya ==
Batulawang mangrupa tempat asal [[Ngabungbang Batulawang|upacara adat Ngabungbang]] nu dilaksanakeun unggal 14 Mulud atawa 15 Rabiul-Awwal. Upacara ieu resmi didukung ku [[Pemerintah Kota Banjar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ngabungbang&quot;&gt;[https://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ Berita Resmi: Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar, 13 Sept 2014]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta geus jadi objék panalungtikan akademik di UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta taun 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;&gt;[https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi: Upacara Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang - Rizki Farida, UIN Suka, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendidikan ==
Di Batulawang aya '''SD Negeri 1 Batulawang''' kalawan NPSN 20225164, perenahna di Jalan Cimanggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dapodik&quot;&gt;[https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 Data Pokok SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pariwisata ==
Batulawang jadi titik rujukan jarak wisata di Kota Banjar. Sababaraha objék wisata nu deukeut ti Batulawang di antarana Alun-Alun Kota Banjar (5,3 km), Taman Kota Banjar (5,7 km), sarta Wisata Alam Ciung Wanara (10,8 km).&lt;ref name=&quot;trip&quot;&gt;[https://id.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/batulawang-2152120/tourist-attractions/ Atraksi Wisata di Batulawang - Trip.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]]
* [[Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tutumbu Luar ==
* [https://banjarkota.go.id/desa-batulawang/ Profil Desa Batulawang - Pemkot Banjar]
* [https://banjar.times.co.id/news/peristiwa/AD3egKty3/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Liputan Batu Kasur - TIMES Indonesia]
* [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20225164 SD Negeri 1 Batulawang - Kemendikdasmen]
* [https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/ Skripsi Ngabungbang Batulawang - UIN Suka 2008]

[[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Cagar Budaya di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Kampung Keserasian Sosial]]
[[Kategori:Koperasi Merah Putih]]
[[Kategori:Sakola di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Pariwisata di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Objék panalungtikan akademik]]</text>
      <sha1>q1ol8bio2y2tbbpqi3xsvombpc6e4d6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gunung Sangkur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709086</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun artikel Gunung Sangkur - Cagar Budaya Galuh, gunung api, ODCB, Batu Kasur, 8 sumber 1956-2025</comment>
      <origin>709086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4829" sha1="28zmaj068tcesypl3nkjuqqdaqww24w" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Sangkur''' nyaéta salah sahiji situs [[cagar budaya]] [[Karajaan Galuh]] sarta [[kompleks gunung api]] nu aya di [[Batulawang]], [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]. Gunung ieu kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan adat sarta jadi lokasi wisata edukasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/348627/menguak-tabir-misteri-larangan-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Menguak Tabir Misteri Larangan di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=TIMES Indonesia|date=24 Mei 2021|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jabar.kemenag.go.id/daerah/kenali-alam-min-1-kota-banjar-ajak-siswa-jelajahi-gunung-sangkur-qXy2ar|title=Kenali Alam, MIN 1 Kota Banjar Ajak Siswa Jelajahi Gunung Sangkur|publisher=Kemenag Jabar|date=1 Februari 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géologi ==
Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur aya di beulah wétan [[Kota Banjar]] sarta diwangun ku sababaraha bukit terisolir. Dumasar Peta Geologi Lembar Majenang, kawasan ieu mangrupa produk interaksi lava-sedimen basah-air.&lt;ref name=&quot;jgsm&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Agustina Djafar, dkk.|title=Produk Interaksi Lava-Sedimen Basah-Air pada Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur, Kota Banjar, Provinsi Jawa Barat|journal=Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral|volume=25|issue=3|year=2024|publisher=Kementerian ESDM|doi=10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v25i3.869|url=https://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/JGSM/article/view/869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi jeung Legenda ==
Ngaran &quot;Sangkur&quot; numutkeun warga satempat asalna tina kecap &quot;nyangkur&quot; atawa &quot;nyumput&quot;, sabab baheula jadi tempat saha waé nu nyumput. Wujud gunungna ogé seukeut kawas pakarang sangkur.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/06/asal-usul-nama-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-hingga-legenda-sangkuriang/|title=Asal Usul Nama Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar hingga Legenda Sangkuriang|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=4 Juni 2022|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salian ti éta, Gunung Sangkur disebut patali jeung legenda [[Sangkuriang]] ti [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt; Situs ieu ogé nyimpen carita [[Ki Tekel]] jeung bagong gaib.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Gunung Sangkur disebut dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 15 minangka &quot;tempat njingkuk / panyingkuran&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Kidung Lakbok]], 1956, Bait 15&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cagar Budaya ==
Dina 17 Juni 2020, wewengkon Gunung Sangkur dikokolakeun ku [[Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan]] (LMDH) [[Desa Kujangsari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/tasyakuran-lmdh-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar/|title=Tasyakuran LMDH Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar|date=18 Juni 2020|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]] netepkeun kawasan Gunung Sangkur minangka [[Situs Diduga Objek Cagar Budaya]] (ODCB). Di lerengna aya sababaraha monolit sakral, di antarana '''Batu Bangkis''' jeung '''Batu Kasur'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstasik&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/batu-bangkis-monolit-sakral-di-lereng-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Batu Bangkis, Monolit Sakral di Lereng Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=News Tasikmalaya|date=30 November 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kasur&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/05/cerita-batu-kasur-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-sosok-berjubah-putih-hingga-pesantren-gaib/|title=Cerita Batu Kasur di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar, Sosok Berjubah Putih hingga Pesantren Gaib|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=15 April 2023|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batu Kasur ===
'''Batu Kasur''' mangrupa monolit di puncak Gunung Sangkur, kawasan [[Desa Mulyasari]], nu nyimpen rupa-rupa carita mistis. Numutkeun warga, di tempat ieu aya pasantrén gaib jeung sosok berjubah bodas.&lt;ref name=&quot;kasur&quot;/&gt;

== Larangan Adat ==
Gunung Sangkur kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan atawa pamali pikeun nu datang.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;/&gt; Larangan ieu patali jeung kapercayaan masarakat satempat kana kasakralan situs éta.

== Pendidikan ==
Dina 1 Februari 2025, [[Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kota Banjar]] ngayakeun kagiatan luar ruangan &quot;Kenali Alam&quot; ku cara ngajak siswa ngajajah Gunung Sangkur minangka bagian tina program pendidikan berbasis lingkungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;/&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[Batu Bangkis]]
* [[Batu Kasur]]
* [[Sangkuriang]]
* [[Geologi Jawa Barat]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Situs Sajarah di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Legenda Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Tempat Angker di Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Gunung api di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Wisata Edukasi di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Situs Megalitikum di Jawa Barat]]</text>
      <sha1>28zmaj068tcesypl3nkjuqqdaqww24w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709087</id>
      <parentid>709086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T01:57:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabenerkeun etimologi jadi &quot;nyingkur/njingkur&quot; luyu Kidung Lakbok Bait 14-15, nambah rujukan primer</comment>
      <origin>709087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4992" sha1="e1s0d6re5rqi1rixmzqyt7iphzin5ne" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Sangkur''' nyaéta salah sahiji situs [[cagar budaya]] [[Karajaan Galuh]] sarta [[kompleks gunung api]] nu aya di [[Batulawang]], [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]. Gunung ieu kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan adat sarta jadi lokasi wisata edukasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/348627/menguak-tabir-misteri-larangan-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Menguak Tabir Misteri Larangan di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=TIMES Indonesia|date=24 Mei 2021|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jabar.kemenag.go.id/daerah/kenali-alam-min-1-kota-banjar-ajak-siswa-jelajahi-gunung-sangkur-qXy2ar|title=Kenali Alam, MIN 1 Kota Banjar Ajak Siswa Jelajahi Gunung Sangkur|publisher=Kemenag Jabar|date=1 Februari 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géologi ==
Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur aya di beulah wétan [[Kota Banjar]] sarta diwangun ku sababaraha bukit terisolir. Dumasar Peta Geologi Lembar Majenang, kawasan ieu mangrupa produk interaksi lava-sedimen basah-air.&lt;ref name=&quot;jgsm&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Agustina Djafar, dkk.|title=Produk Interaksi Lava-Sedimen Basah-Air pada Kompleks Gunung api Sangkur, Kota Banjar, Provinsi Jawa Barat|journal=Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral|volume=25|issue=3|year=2024|publisher=Kementerian ESDM|doi=10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v25i3.869|url=https://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/JGSM/article/view/869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi jeung Legenda ==
Ngaran &quot;Sangkur&quot; numutkeun naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 14-15 asalna tina kecap &quot;njingkur&quot; atawa &quot;nyingkur&quot; nu hartina nyumput. Gunung ieu disebut minangka tempat &quot;njingkur&quot; atawa &quot;panyingkuran&quot; sabab baheula jadi tempat saha waé nu nyumput saenggeus perang.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;[[Kidung Lakbok]], 1956, Bait 14-15&lt;/ref&gt;

Wujud gunungna ogé seukeut kawas pakarang sangkur.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/06/asal-usul-nama-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-hingga-legenda-sangkuriang/|title=Asal Usul Nama Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar hingga Legenda Sangkuriang|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=4 Juni 2022|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salian ti éta, Gunung Sangkur disebut patali jeung legenda [[Sangkuriang]] ti [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt; Situs ieu ogé nyimpen carita [[Ki Tekel]] jeung bagong gaib.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Gunung Sangkur disebut dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 15 minangka &quot;Gunung Sangkur tempat njingkur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Cagar Budaya ==
Dina 17 Juni 2020, wewengkon Gunung Sangkur dikokolakeun ku [[Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan]] (LMDH) [[Desa Kujangsari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/tasyakuran-lmdh-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar/|title=Tasyakuran LMDH Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar|date=18 Juni 2020|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Banjar]] netepkeun kawasan Gunung Sangkur minangka [[Situs Diduga Objek Cagar Budaya]] (ODCB). Di lerengna aya sababaraha monolit sakral, di antarana '''Batu Bangkis''' jeung '''Batu Kasur'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstasik&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newstasikmalaya.com/batu-bangkis-monolit-sakral-di-lereng-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar|title=Batu Bangkis, Monolit Sakral di Lereng Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar|publisher=News Tasikmalaya|date=30 November 2025|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kasur&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/05/cerita-batu-kasur-di-gunung-sangkur-kota-banjar-sosok-berjubah-putih-hingga-pesantren-gaib/|title=Cerita Batu Kasur di Gunung Sangkur Kota Banjar, Sosok Berjubah Putih hingga Pesantren Gaib|publisher=Harapan Rakyat|date=15 April 2023|accessdate=10 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batu Kasur ===
'''Batu Kasur''' mangrupa monolit di puncak Gunung Sangkur, kawasan [[Desa Mulyasari]], nu nyimpen rupa-rupa carita mistis. Numutkeun warga, di tempat ieu aya pasantrén gaib jeung sosok berjubah bodas.&lt;ref name=&quot;kasur&quot;/&gt;

== Larangan Adat ==
Gunung Sangkur kawentar minangka kawasan angker nu miboga rupa-rupa larangan atawa pamali pikeun nu datang.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;/&gt; Larangan ieu patali jeung kapercayaan masarakat satempat kana kasakralan situs éta.

== Pendidikan ==
Dina 1 Februari 2025, [[Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kota Banjar]] ngayakeun kagiatan luar ruangan &quot;Kenali Alam&quot; ku cara ngajak siswa ngajajah Gunung Sangkur minangka bagian tina program pendidikan berbasis lingkungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;/&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[Batu Bangkis]]
* [[Batu Kasur]]
* [[Sangkuriang]]
* [[Geologi Jawa Barat]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Situs Sajarah di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Legenda Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Tempat Angker di Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Gunung api di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Wisata Edukasi di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Situs Megalitikum di Jawa Barat]]</text>
      <sha1>e1s0d6re5rqi1rixmzqyt7iphzin5ne</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Avatar: Fire &amp; Ash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709093</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Avatar: Fire and Ash nyaéta pilem fiksi ilmiah épik asal Amérika taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku James Cameron tina skénario anu ditulis babarengan jeung Rick Jaffa sarta Amanda Silver. Diproduksi ku Lightstorm Entertainment, pilem ieu jadi bagian katilu dina séri Avatar sarta neruskeun carita tina Avatar: The Way of Water. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/avatar-fire-and-ash-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxntm0|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbf...</comment>
      <origin>709093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1026" sha1="pskz6fjy1hd32l08xwp77773devdrie" xml:space="preserve">Avatar: Fire and Ash nyaéta pilem fiksi ilmiah épik asal Amérika taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku James Cameron tina skénario anu ditulis babarengan jeung Rick Jaffa sarta Amanda Silver. Diproduksi ku Lightstorm Entertainment, pilem ieu jadi bagian katilu dina séri Avatar sarta neruskeun carita tina Avatar: The Way of Water. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/avatar-fire-and-ash-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxntm0|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilem ieu deui nampilkeun Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldaña, Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang, jeung Kate Winslet anu ngamaénkeun deui karakter maranéhna ti pilem saméméhna. Caritana nyaritakeun ngeunaan Jake Sully, manusa anu robah jadi bangsa Na’vi, babarengan jeung kulawargana di bulan Pandora anu bisa dihuni. Maranéhna kudu nyanghareupan ancaman gabungan antara pasukan manusa RDA jeung Mangkwan, hiji suku Na’vi anu kasar sarta resep perang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pskz6fjy1hd32l08xwp77773devdrie</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709094</id>
      <parentid>709093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:27:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1091" sha1="f0tmxx6dns2l5lfr7c110qx9itv4beg" xml:space="preserve">Avatar: Fire and Ash nyaéta pilem fiksi ilmiah épik asal Amérika taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku James Cameron tina skénario anu ditulis babarengan jeung Rick Jaffa sarta Amanda Silver. Diproduksi ku Lightstorm Entertainment, pilem ieu jadi bagian katilu dina séri Avatar sarta neruskeun carita tina Avatar: The Way of Water. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/avatar-fire-and-ash-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxntm0|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilem ieu deui nampilkeun Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldaña, Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang, jeung Kate Winslet anu ngamaénkeun deui karakter maranéhna ti pilem saméméhna. Caritana nyaritakeun ngeunaan Jake Sully, manusa anu robah jadi bangsa Na’vi, babarengan jeung kulawargana di bulan Pandora anu bisa dihuni. Maranéhna kudu nyanghareupan ancaman gabungan antara pasukan manusa RDA jeung Mangkwan, hiji suku Na’vi anu kasar sarta resep perang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Sonofbrahma]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]</text>
      <sha1>f0tmxx6dns2l5lfr7c110qx9itv4beg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jurassic World Rebirth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709095</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Jurassic World Rebirth nyaéta pilem laga fiksi ilmiah menegangkan asal Amérika Sarikat taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Gareth Edwards sarta ditulis ku David Koepp. Pilem ieu mangrupa terusan mandiri tina Jurassic World Dominion, sakaligus jadi pilem kaopat dina séri Jurassic World jeung pilem katujuh dina waralaba Jurassic Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jurassic-world-rebirth-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3odg4|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbfc.co....</comment>
      <origin>709095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1593" sha1="rdmyi2rja996p7nfuezzkxvkrhqytl1" xml:space="preserve">Jurassic World Rebirth nyaéta pilem laga fiksi ilmiah menegangkan asal Amérika Sarikat taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Gareth Edwards sarta ditulis ku David Koepp. Pilem ieu mangrupa terusan mandiri tina Jurassic World Dominion, sakaligus jadi pilem kaopat dina séri Jurassic World jeung pilem katujuh dina waralaba Jurassic Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jurassic-world-rebirth-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3odg4|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilem ieu dibéntangan ku Scarlett Johansson, Mahershala Ali, Jonathan Bailey, Rupert Friend, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, jeung Ed Skrein.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Jurassic World Rebirth (2025) - Gareth Edwards {{!}} Synopsis, Movie Info, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jurassic-world-rebirth-am575664|accessdate=2026-05-11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prosés pembuatan pilem ieu dimimitian teu lila sanggeus Jurassic World Dominion dirilis, nalika Steven Spielberg salaku produser eksekutif ngajak David Koepp pikeun ngembangkeun sekuel anyar dina séri ieu. Koepp saméméhna kungsi milu nulis pilem asli Jurassic Park taun 1993 sarta nulis sekuelna, The Lost World: Jurassic Park taun 1997. Pangembangan pilem ieu mimiti dilaporkeun dina Januari 2024. Gareth Edwards resmi dipilih jadi sutradara sabulan sanggeusna, sedengkeun prosés pemilihan pamaén dimimitian teu lila ti harita. Syuting utama lumangsung di Thailand, Malta, jeung United Kingdom ti Juni nepi ka Séptémber 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rdmyi2rja996p7nfuezzkxvkrhqytl1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709096</id>
      <parentid>709095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1658" sha1="fbrf1yisqofj37exlzruexs22uf1iaz" xml:space="preserve">Jurassic World Rebirth nyaéta pilem laga fiksi ilmiah menegangkan asal Amérika Sarikat taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Gareth Edwards sarta ditulis ku David Koepp. Pilem ieu mangrupa terusan mandiri tina Jurassic World Dominion, sakaligus jadi pilem kaopat dina séri Jurassic World jeung pilem katujuh dina waralaba Jurassic Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jurassic-world-rebirth-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3odg4|title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilem ieu dibéntangan ku Scarlett Johansson, Mahershala Ali, Jonathan Bailey, Rupert Friend, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, jeung Ed Skrein.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Jurassic World Rebirth (2025) - Gareth Edwards {{!}} Synopsis, Movie Info, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jurassic-world-rebirth-am575664|accessdate=2026-05-11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prosés pembuatan pilem ieu dimimitian teu lila sanggeus Jurassic World Dominion dirilis, nalika Steven Spielberg salaku produser eksekutif ngajak David Koepp pikeun ngembangkeun sekuel anyar dina séri ieu. Koepp saméméhna kungsi milu nulis pilem asli Jurassic Park taun 1993 sarta nulis sekuelna, The Lost World: Jurassic Park taun 1997. Pangembangan pilem ieu mimiti dilaporkeun dina Januari 2024. Gareth Edwards resmi dipilih jadi sutradara sabulan sanggeusna, sedengkeun prosés pemilihan pamaén dimimitian teu lila ti harita. Syuting utama lumangsung di Thailand, Malta, jeung United Kingdom ti Juni nepi ka Séptémber 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Sonofbrahma]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]</text>
      <sha1>fbrf1yisqofj37exlzruexs22uf1iaz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pabrik Gula (Pilem)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709097</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:34:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Pabrik Gula mangrupakeun pilem horor supranatural Indonesia taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Awi Suryadi dumasar kana carita viral karya SimpleMan kalayan judul anu sarua. Pilem ieu dibéntangan ku Arbani Yasiz, Ersya Aurelia, jeung Erika Carlina. Caritana nyaritakeun ngeunaan sakelompok pagawé musiman anu datang ka hiji pabrik gula kolot di padésaan pikeun digawé salila usum panén. Dina waktu maranéhna cicing di dinya, rupa-rupa kajadian gaib jeung teror supranatural m...</comment>
      <origin>709097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="876" sha1="tw6ibf3iohikf5iv9bdfyu8qtomo325" xml:space="preserve">Pabrik Gula mangrupakeun pilem horor supranatural Indonesia taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Awi Suryadi dumasar kana carita viral karya SimpleMan kalayan judul anu sarua. Pilem ieu dibéntangan ku Arbani Yasiz, Ersya Aurelia, jeung Erika Carlina. Caritana nyaritakeun ngeunaan sakelompok pagawé musiman anu datang ka hiji pabrik gula kolot di padésaan pikeun digawé salila usum panén. Dina waktu maranéhna cicing di dinya, rupa-rupa kajadian gaib jeung teror supranatural mimiti muncul sarta ngaganggu kahirupan para pagawé éta. Pabrik Gula tayang perdana di bioskop Indonesia dina 31 Maret 2025 sarta geus ditonton ku 4,7 juta panongton, ngajadikeun éta jadi pilem Indonesia kalayan panghasilan panggedéna katilu dina taun 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33349807/|website=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tw6ibf3iohikf5iv9bdfyu8qtomo325</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709098</id>
      <parentid>709097</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:35:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sonofbrahma</username>
        <id>32019</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="941" sha1="5jxpa2jde1ufla76uz0azcbk74foife" xml:space="preserve">Pabrik Gula mangrupakeun pilem horor supranatural Indonesia taun 2025 anu disutradaraan ku Awi Suryadi dumasar kana carita viral karya SimpleMan kalayan judul anu sarua. Pilem ieu dibéntangan ku Arbani Yasiz, Ersya Aurelia, jeung Erika Carlina. Caritana nyaritakeun ngeunaan sakelompok pagawé musiman anu datang ka hiji pabrik gula kolot di padésaan pikeun digawé salila usum panén. Dina waktu maranéhna cicing di dinya, rupa-rupa kajadian gaib jeung teror supranatural mimiti muncul sarta ngaganggu kahirupan para pagawé éta. Pabrik Gula tayang perdana di bioskop Indonesia dina 31 Maret 2025 sarta geus ditonton ku 4,7 juta panongton, ngajadikeun éta jadi pilem Indonesia kalayan panghasilan panggedéna katilu dina taun 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33349807/|website=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category: WikiSuarana-Sonofbrahma]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana]]</text>
      <sha1>5jxpa2jde1ufla76uz0azcbk74foife</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bandjarpatroman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709100</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T07:44:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jieun artikel Banjarpatroman kalawan 4 sumber: Kidung Lakbok 1956, PPID Kota Banjar 2024, Insiden24 2023, HarapanRakyat 2023</comment>
      <origin>709100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1941" sha1="8kix7ovsdlcgv16kxl79ul8ei5wvol5" xml:space="preserve">'''Banjarpatroman''' atawa '''Bandjarsari''' nyaéta ngaran hiji wewengkon sajarah di wétan [[Tatar Sunda]] nu jadi cikal-bakal [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ppidbanjar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ppid.banjarkota.go.id/portal/system/public/uploads/informasi/1728881741.pdf|title=Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar|website=PPID Kota Banjar|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wewengkon ieu disebut dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956 salaku &quot;nagri gede loh djinawi&quot; nu ngaranna &quot;Bandjarpatroman&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956&lt;/ref&gt; Dina abad ka-17, di dieu nangtung [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;insiden24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.insiden24.com/berita/amp/39610704930/sejarah-panjang-kota-banjar-dari-kerajaan-kertabumi-hingga-terbentuknya-daerah-otonom|title=Sejarah Panjang Kota Banjar: Dari Kerajaan Kertabumi Hingga Terbentuknya Daerah Otonom|website=Insiden24.com|date=2023-11-01|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1920-1962, Banjar Patroman jadi sentral karet panggedéna di Priangan Timur, kalawan puseur di [[Batulawang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2023/07/sejarah-banjar-patroman-sentral-karet-terbesar-di-priangan-timur-1920-1962/|title=Sejarah Banjar Patroman, Sentral Karet Terbesar di Priangan Timur 1920-1962|website=HarapanRakyat.com|date=2023-07-14|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Jaman Bandjarpatroman ===
Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebutkeun yén Bandjarpatroman mangrupa &quot;nagri gede loh djinawi&quot; nu diparéntah ku Ratu Agung Tambakbaja, tapi runtuh sarta jadi [[Rawa Lakbok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

=== Jaman Kertabumi ===
Sanggeus runtuh, di wewengkon ieu nangtung Karajaan Kertabumi kira-kira taun 1625.&lt;ref name=&quot;insiden24&quot;/&gt;

=== Jaman Kolonial ===
Taun 1920-1962, Banjar Patroman jadi sentral perkebunan karet.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]]
* [[Rawa Lakbok]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8kix7ovsdlcgv16kxl79ul8ei5wvol5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruwatan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T08:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jieun artikel Ruwatan (Galuh) minangka pakem Kertadjaga dumasar 9 sumber: Jurnal UI, UGM, UNS, UNDIP, UMM, Detik, Ind. Kaya, Wayang Kila, Kidung Lakbok</comment>
      <origin>709101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5565" sha1="87xgop0fvueozsolz67ls9v6yrknkmg" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruwatan''' atawa '''Ruwat Bumi''' nyaéta upacara adat [[Sunda]] jeung [] pikeun ngaleungitkeun sengkala atawa mala.&lt;ref name=&quot;detik&quot;/&gt; Dina kajian akademik, Ruwatan dipedar minangka &quot;upacara pembebasan malapetaka&quot; tinjauan sosiokultural masarakat Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt; Tujuan utama na pikeun &quot;menghindarkan diri dari dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat kesalahan manusia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

Dina panalungtikan lian, Ruwatan dipedar minangka tradisi ritual pikeun nyucikeun diri jeung lingkungan tina pangaruh goréng,&lt;ref name=&quot;undip&quot;/&gt; sarta dipercaya minangka sarana komunikasi nu produktif.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt; Ruwatan diyakini minangka sarana &quot;pembebasan jeung penyucian diri ti sagala malapetaka jeung kesialan hirup/sukerta&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt; Jalma nu geus ngalaksanakeun ruwatan dipercaya bakal leupas tina sukerta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;

Tradisi ieu nepi ka kiwari masih dipaké minangka sarana &quot;pembebasan jeung penyucian manusa atas dosana/kesalahanna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt; Dina tradisi Jawa, Ruwatan Massal dilaksanakeun tiap 1 Muharram minangka &quot;tradisi pembebasan dosa&quot; nu dipingpin ku dalang sarta disiram cai kembang.&lt;ref name=&quot;indokaya&quot;/&gt; Lakon utama na nyaéta Murwakala.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt; Asal muasal Ruwatan nyaéta tina carita wayang Batara Guru nu boga dua istri Pademi jeung Selir.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

== Ruwatan dina Tradisi Galuh ==
Dina wewengkon [[Batulawang]] jeung [[Banjarpatroman]], Ruwatan dilaksanakeun ngaliwatan [[Wayang Kila]] minangka média utama pikeun nolak bala ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Banjir&quot;'' sarta nyucikeun [[Rawa Lakbok]] sanggeus [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;/&gt; Lakon [[Wayang Kila]] jadi varian Galuh tina lakon Murwakala pikeun ngaruwat &quot;sukerta Leungit Sari&quot; atawa &quot;malapetaka&quot; nu geus 500 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

[[Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) nyebutkeun Ruwatan minangka &quot;Hajat Bumi&quot; nu wajib dilaksanakeun sanggeus réngsé ngabukbak rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Makna pikeun Kertadjaga ==
Dina konsép ''[[Kertadjaga]]'', Ruwatan nyaéta &quot;Antivirus Karuhun&quot; pikeun ngaleungitkeun &quot;Leungit Sari&quot; atawa &quot;sukerta&quot; atawa &quot;malapetaka&quot; nu geus 500 taun nyorang tatar Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt; Ruwatan modern di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] maké [[Wayang Kila]] pikeun ngaruwat sengkala massal.&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;/&gt;

== Unsur Ruwatan Galuh ==
1. '''[[Wayang Kila]]''' - Lalakon Galuh pikeun ngaruwat sukerta/malapetaka, varian ti Murwakala&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;
2. '''Sasajén ka Nyi Pohaci''' - Rasa sukur kana hasil bumi
3. '''Ngabungbang''' - Ziarah ka [[Cagar Budaya]] [[Batulawang]]
4. '''Doa Tolak Bala''' - Maca mantra nolak &quot;Bandjar Bakal Banjir&quot; / malapetaka / mengusir Batara Kala&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;
5. '''Siram Cai Kembang''' - Prosesi pembersihan ku dalang

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Wayang Kila]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]]
* [[Hajat Bumi]]
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Banjarpatroman]]
* [[Murwakala]]
* [[Sukerta]]
* [[Malapetaka]]
* [[Batara Guru]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Susanti|first=Jijah Tri|last2=Lestari|first2=Dinna Eka Graha|date=2020|title=Tradisi Ruwatan Jawa pada Masyarakat Desa Pulungdowo Malang|journal=Catwika|publisher=Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang|volume=4|issue=2|doi=10.22219/satwika.v4i2.14245|url=https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/JICC/article/view/14245}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darmoko|first=Darmoko|title=Ruwatan: Upacara Pembebasan Malapetaka Tinjauan Sosiokultural Masyarakat Jawa|journal=Hubs Asia|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/hubsasia/vol6/iss1/6/|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/602-ruwatan-dipercaya-sebagai-sarana-komunikasi-yang-produktif/|title=Ruwatan Dipercaya sebagai Sarana Komunikasi yang Produktif|date=17 Juli 2009|website=Universitas Gadjah Mada|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jawa.fkip.uns.ac.id/posting/upacara-adat-ruwatan-di-jawa/|title=Upacara Adat Ruwatan di Jawa|website=S1 Pendidikan Bahasa Jawa FKIP UNS|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;undip&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rukiyah|first=Rukiyah|date=2017|title=RUWATAN dalam Masyarakat Jawa|journal=Sabda: Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.14710/jis.%v.%i.%Y.424-433|url=https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/sabda/article/view/13233}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;indokaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/tradisi-pembebasan-dosa-bernama-ruwatan-massal/|title=Tradisi Pembebasan Dosa Bernama Ruwatan Massal|website=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;detik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-7427153/mengenal-ruwatan-pengertian-asal-usul-makna-dan-jenisnya|title=Mengenal Ruwatan: Pengertian, Asal-usul, Makna, dan Jenisnya|last=Rohman|first=Auliyau|date=7 Juli 2024|website=detikJatim|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kila|title=Wayang Kila|website=Wikipedia Sunda|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://su.wikisource.org/wiki/Kidung_Lakbok|title=Kidung Lakbok|website=Wikisource Sunda|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Upacara adat]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Jurnal Ilmiah]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Sebelas Maret]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang]]</text>
      <sha1>87xgop0fvueozsolz67ls9v6yrknkmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709102</id>
      <parentid>709101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T08:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5562" sha1="qsf2zvgt6mhho9ayuh4ed7pg0rk2lky" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruwatan''' atawa '''Ruwat Bumi''' nyaéta upacara adat [[Sunda]] jeung pikeun ngaleungitkeun sengkala atawa mala.&lt;ref name=&quot;detik&quot;/&gt; Dina kajian akademik, Ruwatan dipedar minangka &quot;upacara pembebasan malapetaka&quot; tinjauan sosiokultural masarakat Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt; Tujuan utama na pikeun &quot;menghindarkan diri dari dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat kesalahan manusia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

Dina panalungtikan lian, Ruwatan dipedar minangka tradisi ritual pikeun nyucikeun diri jeung lingkungan tina pangaruh goréng,&lt;ref name=&quot;undip&quot;/&gt; sarta dipercaya minangka sarana komunikasi nu produktif.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt; Ruwatan diyakini minangka sarana &quot;pembebasan jeung penyucian diri ti sagala malapetaka jeung kesialan hirup/sukerta&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt; Jalma nu geus ngalaksanakeun ruwatan dipercaya bakal leupas tina sukerta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;

Tradisi ieu nepi ka kiwari masih dipaké minangka sarana &quot;pembebasan jeung penyucian manusa atas dosana/kesalahanna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt; Dina tradisi Jawa, Ruwatan Massal dilaksanakeun tiap 1 Muharram minangka &quot;tradisi pembebasan dosa&quot; nu dipingpin ku dalang sarta disiram cai kembang.&lt;ref name=&quot;indokaya&quot;/&gt; Lakon utama na nyaéta Murwakala.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt; Asal muasal Ruwatan nyaéta tina carita wayang Batara Guru nu boga dua istri Pademi jeung Selir.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

== Ruwatan dina Tradisi Galuh ==
Dina wewengkon [[Batulawang]] jeung [[Banjarpatroman]], Ruwatan dilaksanakeun ngaliwatan [[Wayang Kila]] minangka média utama pikeun nolak bala ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Banjir&quot;'' sarta nyucikeun [[Rawa Lakbok]] sanggeus [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;/&gt; Lakon [[Wayang Kila]] jadi varian Galuh tina lakon Murwakala pikeun ngaruwat &quot;sukerta Leungit Sari&quot; atawa &quot;malapetaka&quot; nu geus 500 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;

[[Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) nyebutkeun Ruwatan minangka &quot;Hajat Bumi&quot; nu wajib dilaksanakeun sanggeus réngsé ngabukbak rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Makna pikeun Kertadjaga ==
Dina konsép ''[[Kertadjaga]]'', Ruwatan nyaéta &quot;Antivirus Karuhun&quot; pikeun ngaleungitkeun &quot;Leungit Sari&quot; atawa &quot;sukerta&quot; atawa &quot;malapetaka&quot; nu geus 500 taun nyorang tatar Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt; Ruwatan modern di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] maké [[Wayang Kila]] pikeun ngaruwat sengkala massal.&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;/&gt;

== Unsur Ruwatan Galuh ==
1. '''[[Wayang Kila]]''' - Lalakon Galuh pikeun ngaruwat sukerta/malapetaka, varian ti Murwakala&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;
2. '''Sasajén ka Nyi Pohaci''' - Rasa sukur kana hasil bumi
3. '''Ngabungbang''' - Ziarah ka [[Cagar Budaya]] [[Batulawang]]
4. '''Doa Tolak Bala''' - Maca mantra nolak &quot;Bandjar Bakal Banjir&quot; / malapetaka / mengusir Batara Kala&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;/&gt;
5. '''Siram Cai Kembang''' - Prosesi pembersihan ku dalang

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Wayang Kila]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]]
* [[Hajat Bumi]]
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Banjarpatroman]]
* [[Murwakala]]
* [[Sukerta]]
* [[Malapetaka]]
* [[Batara Guru]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Susanti|first=Jijah Tri|last2=Lestari|first2=Dinna Eka Graha|date=2020|title=Tradisi Ruwatan Jawa pada Masyarakat Desa Pulungdowo Malang|journal=Catwika|publisher=Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang|volume=4|issue=2|doi=10.22219/satwika.v4i2.14245|url=https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/JICC/article/view/14245}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ui&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darmoko|first=Darmoko|title=Ruwatan: Upacara Pembebasan Malapetaka Tinjauan Sosiokultural Masyarakat Jawa|journal=Hubs Asia|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/hubsasia/vol6/iss1/6/|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ugm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/602-ruwatan-dipercaya-sebagai-sarana-komunikasi-yang-produktif/|title=Ruwatan Dipercaya sebagai Sarana Komunikasi yang Produktif|date=17 Juli 2009|website=Universitas Gadjah Mada|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;uns&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jawa.fkip.uns.ac.id/posting/upacara-adat-ruwatan-di-jawa/|title=Upacara Adat Ruwatan di Jawa|website=S1 Pendidikan Bahasa Jawa FKIP UNS|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;undip&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rukiyah|first=Rukiyah|date=2017|title=RUWATAN dalam Masyarakat Jawa|journal=Sabda: Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.14710/jis.%v.%i.%Y.424-433|url=https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/sabda/article/view/13233}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;indokaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/tradisi-pembebasan-dosa-bernama-ruwatan-massal/|title=Tradisi Pembebasan Dosa Bernama Ruwatan Massal|website=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;detik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-7427153/mengenal-ruwatan-pengertian-asal-usul-makna-dan-jenisnya|title=Mengenal Ruwatan: Pengertian, Asal-usul, Makna, dan Jenisnya|last=Rohman|first=Auliyau|date=7 Juli 2024|website=detikJatim|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wayangkila&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kila|title=Wayang Kila|website=Wikipedia Sunda|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://su.wikisource.org/wiki/Kidung_Lakbok|title=Kidung Lakbok|website=Wikisource Sunda|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Upacara adat]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Jurnal Ilmiah]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Sebelas Maret]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang]]</text>
      <sha1>qsf2zvgt6mhho9ayuh4ed7pg0rk2lky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>