Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir

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&lt;center&gt;
[[Obrolan_pamaké:Kandar/Arsip_(-2009)|Arsip (-2009)]]
&lt;/center&gt;
----

__TOC__

== É, é ==
Assalam, Kang damang? Mudah-mudahan. Puguh badé tumaros, ari kapungkur mah upami ngédit téh aya pilihan karakter é, É sareng sanés-sanésna deui. Naha kamana nya? ngahaja dipiceun atanapi margi aya perobihan sistem? Kumaha upami dipecenghulkeun deui. Teu kedah seueur-seueur, nu penting aya sabangsaning e wae. Hatur nuhun. Hv a nice day --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 19:01, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

:Dina tampilan beta mah aya keneh, tapi bieu nyobaan bari teu asup log memang teu aya nya... Duh, nu apal urusan nu karieu mah kang Iwan. Ke uang cobi taroskeun ka nu sanes... :P --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 06:37, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

== Penutur asli ==
Hoyong nanya Kang, naon teh basa Sundana &quot;penutur asli&quot;? Hatur nuhun, [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 10:35, 9 Juni 2010 (UTC)
: oh iya, di babel oge kuduna diganti. 'penutur asli' kadang disundakeun jadi 'panyatur asli' atawa 'panyatur tulén', kuring mah milih 'panyatur tulén'. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 08:12, 10 Juni 2010 (UTC)
:: Okey, nuhun Kang. Ayeuna jadi bisa dibédakeun antara &quot;pamaké&quot; (user) jeung &quot;panyatur tulén&quot; (native speaker). Salam, [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 11:47, 13 Juni 2010 (UTC)

Wah hatur nuhun balik, kang. Jadi éra yeuh, eta mah ngan kontribusi saeutik waé (stub). Tapi lamun nulis abdi sieun salah, soalna teu béntés Basa Sunda. Salam, [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 06:21, 15 Juni 2010 (UTC)

== Mata uang ==
Kang, ari &quot;mata uang&quot; (currency) teh aya basa sundana nu alus, teu? Nuhun, [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 02:52, 2 Juli 2010 (UTC)
:Dina kamus mah teu aya sundana, disebutkeun sarua 'mata uang'. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 03:18, 2 Juli 2010 (UTC)

== Tanya saja ==
Maaf, kalau saya tak bisa ber[[Basa Sunda|bahasa Sunda]]. Saya hanya ingin tanya, apa arti dari &quot;Séké sélér&quot; dan &quot;Sementawis&quot;? ''Hatur nuhun''! [[Pamaké:Ezagren|Ezagren]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ezagren|sawala]]) 15:32, 14 Juli 2010 (UTC)
:'séké' = siki (biji); 'sélér' = sulur (tunas baru/muda). Istilah 'séké-sélér' dapat juga diartikan keturunan, kebangsaan.
:'samentawis' = sementara. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 05:53, 15 Juli 2010 (UTC)

==Translation==
Hello! can you please create this article [[Selena]] on this wiki? please and thank you! ([[:en:Selena]], the English version). [[Pamaké:AJona1992|AJona1992]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:AJona1992|sawala]]) 18:25, 14 Juli 2010 (UTC)
: Kok, minta dibikini? Kenapa tak bikin saja sendiri? [[Pamaké:Ezagren|Ezagren]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ezagren|sawala]]) 01:36, 16 Juli 2010 (UTC)
::Alasan paling logis ya karena sebagai fans berat Selena, AJona1992 ingin agar Selena dikenal semua orang, namun dia sendiri gak bisa basa Sunda. Sorry, AJona1992. At this moment, Selena is not in my priority list. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 04:18, 16 Juli 2010 (UTC)
::: Untung saja Mas Kandar tak memenuhi permintaannya, soalnya hanya membuatnya terkenal saja. Sebenarnya WBSunda juga pernah dimintai juga untuk menerjemahkan artikel. Contoh: [[Garéja Yésus Sajati]] (supaya Gereja Yesus Sejati lebih dikenal) dan [[Kurów]] (supaya desa ini lebih dikenal) dan menjadi artikel dengan versi bahasa terbanyak. Banyak Wikipedia bahasa baru yang terjebak di Inkubator disuruh bikin 2 artikel di atas dan mau saja. [[Pamaké:Ezagren|Ezagren]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ezagren|sawala]]) 11:47, 17 Juli 2010 (UTC)
::::Ya gitu deh. Heheh... --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 08:55, 19 Juli 2010 (UTC)

== Logo WBSunda ==
(Maaf, lagi2 tak berbahasa Sunda).
Oya, ''Kang'', siapa yang buat logo Wikipedia Sunda? Kalau boleh usul, mungkin Logo WBSunda diganti jadi [[Aksara Sunda]] saja. [[Pamaké:Ezagren|Ezagren]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ezagren|sawala]]) 12:28, 19 Juli 2010 (UTC)
:Maunya sih begitu, sekalian ganti ama logo baru yg pake svg itu. Cuma kemarin2 saya coba2 edit di inkscape, berhubung baru belajar, belum bisa... heuheu --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 07:22, 21 Juli 2010 (UTC)

== 111.94.175.48 ==
Kang, kabéh gawénana [[Husus:Kontribusi/111.94.175.48|111.94.175.48]] vandalisme. Nurutkeun kuring da manéhna kudu diblok atawa dibéré peringatan. [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 05:27, 11 Agustus 2010 (UTC)
:Punten yeuh nuju teu kasiwer ngawiki. Alamat IP dimaksad kanggo samentawis dipeungpeuk saminggu. Nuhun, Kang Naval. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 08:24, 11 Agustus 2010 (UTC)
::Okeh Kang, sip! [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 05:18, 16 Agustus 2010 (UTC)

:::Hiks, manéhna balik deui lampah vandalna. [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 12:06, 19 Agustus 2010 (UTC)
:::: Cobaan peungpeuk sabulan. :P --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 07:33, 25 Agustus 2010 (UTC)

== Artikel nu kudu dirapihkeun ==

Di artikel [[Biografi bahasa sunda pahlawan indonesia|Biografi bahasa Sunda pahlawan Indonésia]], kabéh eusina maké [[basa Indonésia]]. Ditambah deui euweuh réferénsi jeung catetan kakina pisan. Judulna ogé maké hurup leutik jeung artikelna kurang rapih. Kumaha éta téh, Kang? --[[Pamaké:Maung Bandung|Maung Bandung]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Maung Bandung|sawala]]) 08:09, 24 Agustus 2010 (UTC)
:Kuring usul sangkan dihapus waé. Nu nulis ngahaja nyieun artikel anu henteu luyu, hartina manéhna ngahaja ngalakonan vandalisme. [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 09:16, 24 Agustus 2010 (UTC)
::Tos dihapus. Nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 07:56, 25 Agustus 2010 (UTC)

== Biologi ==
Kang Kandar, tulung lamun aya wayah dipariksa artikel [[Rétikulum éndoplasma‎|ieu]]. Hésé pisan, yeuh. Hatur nuhun nya. :) [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 12:51, 30 Séptémber 2010 (UTC)
: Heug... Nuhun.--[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 09:37, 4 Oktober 2010 (UTC)

==Dirgantara?==
Sampurasun, kang! Ari tarjamahannana [[:id:Dirgantara]] naon nya? Dirgantara wéh kitu? atawa naon? hatur nuhun &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 06:42, 4 Juli 2011 (UTC)
:Rampes!!! Ceuk uing mah samikeun we 'dirgantara'. Nuhun --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 07:45, 4 Juli 2011 (UTC)
Ari [[:id:Maskapai penerbangan]] naon? Maskapai pangapungan atawa Maskapai dirgantara? &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 11:29, 5 Juli 2011 (UTC)
:ah aing mah ni nu hararese nanya teh... heuheu... kumaha mun 'maskapé penerbangan'? Sabisana we heula, ke mun geus aya istilah bakuna kari dipindahkeun, hahahah. Kudu motekar... --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 02:46, 6 Juli 2011 (UTC)
oh kitu nya, sip dah kang! &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 07:40, 6 Juli 2011 (UTC)

==Kazastan???==
Naha atuh dipindahkeun? Pan ngaran aslina mah bangsa '''Kazakh''' basana gé basa '''Kazakh'''. kunaon jadina ''kh''-na leungit? Mun ceuk kuring mah, rék naon ogé éjahanna, tetep wéh '''Kazakh'''. Engké [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] jadi Nagrno-Karaba kitu? [[Abkhazia]] jadi Abazia? Sakalian atuh [[Nakhichévan]] jadi Naiévan. {{vote|T}} ngeunaan ieu kuring. &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 12:05, 13 Séptémber 2011 (UTC)
:[[Kirgistan|Ieu]] ogé! Aya naon sih ieu? [[Zimbabwé]] nu benerna Imbabwé nya? Ogé Ubékistan? [[Zaragoza|Aragosa]]? [[Zambia|Ambia]]? Pan geus terang, dina nami aslina gé, Кыргы'''з''' Республикасы (Kyrgy'''z''' Respublikasy), atawa nu Rusiana, Кыргы'''з'''ская республика &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 12:10, 13 Séptémber 2011 (UTC)
::Pikeun kuring nu letahna Sunda, Kazakhstan cukup dibaca Kazastan, Kyrgyztan cukup dibaca Kirgistan. Orang bule sah-sah saja nyebut Ibnu Sina jadi Avicenna, Salahuddin jadi Saladin. Kenapa orang Sunda nggak boleh? Nuhun protesna. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 06:33, 14 Séptémber 2011 (UTC)
Avicenna meureun aya pakaitna jeung Abi (bin, Ibnu) '''Ibnu? Abi. Abi -&gt; Avi''' Sina -&gt; Sena -&gt; Sén(n)a. Salahuddin, ''-u''/''h-'' dina basa, bisa teu disebutkeun, kawas dina basa Jepang, contona ''Arimasu'' dibacana ''Arimas''. Jadina, éta téh masalah logat, nu masih aya pakaitna jeung kecap aslina. Ngeunaan ''-stan'' ieu, nu kuring permasalahkeun di dinya, éta ''kh''-na téh ka mana. ''z'' na ka mana? Ari khusus tiasa jadi husus. Ziarah tiasa jadi jiarah. Konsonan nu gampang leungitna mah, dina penyerapan bahasa biasanya ''h'' (halus -&gt; alus) dan mungkin ''y'', itupun ''y'' dapat menjadi ''j'' atau ''i''. Untuk huruf apalagi diftong konsonan kuat, saya jarang mendengar kasusnya. ''A'' dan ''I'' bisa jadi ''E'' begitupun sebaliknya. ''A'' dan ''U'' bisa menjadi ''O'' begitupun sebaliknya. ''Kh'' mungkin menjadi ''Ch''/''H''/''K'', alih-alih hilang. ''Z'' mungkin menjadi ''S''/''J''/huruf lain di bangsa S. Lamun, Kirgizstan memang mungkin benarnya pakai ''i''. Karena hurufnya '''Ы'''. Bukan '''Й'''. Jadi saya bingung terhadap apa yang saya dapatkan dari WBI.

Kalau anjeun bersikeras dengan pendapat Anda, since Je ne parle pas le Sundanais comme ma langue maternelle. Saya hanya minta agar citakan-citakan yang mengandung Kazakhstan dan sebagainya diubah ke yang Anda maksud, saya masih bingung di artikel negara-negara Eropa. Hatur Nuhun. &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 12:13, 14 Séptémber 2011 (UTC) Gapai WBS 30.000 artikel!

== Sibuk :D ==

Kang, lagi sibuk mindah mindahin Nama Artikel ya??

hehehehe...


:D

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:1.5em; font-family:Harrington,serif; font-style:bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[User:Hendra.Prastiawan|Hendra]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Coat of Indonesia.png|15px|link=:su:User talk:Hendra.Prastiawan]][[User talk:Hendra.Prastiawan|sawala]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 16:43, 22 Séptémber 2011 (UTC)

==Citakan:Infobox Country==
Kang, dina artikel [[Finlandia|ieu]], kunaon nya largest_city-na jadi '''Largest kota''' sanés '''Kota panggedéna'''? Saya lihat di contoh penggunaannya di halaman citakan tersebut (kan ada contoh penggunaanya terhadap Kamerun), bisa muncul '''Kota panggedéna'''. Di [[Finlandia|sini]] kok gak? Kenapa ya? &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|lén]] &lt;/span&gt; 6 Oktober 2011 08.50 (UTC)
:Sorry, I missed the translation. It's done! --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 6 Oktober 2011 09.47 (UTC)

==Lambang==
[[File:SundaneseScriptWikipediaLogo.png|center]]
&lt;center&gt;Mangga dipariksa&lt;/center&gt;

== gentos nami pamake ==

punteeen Kang..
abdi hoyong gentos nami pamaké, méh teu formil teuing, janten A.R Bontotz wae.. nuhuuun :)
Insya Alloh kapayunna mayeng nyerat didieu..
[[Pamaké:SU05Anisa|SU05Anisa]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:SU05Anisa|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2011 03.31 (UTC)

== Fix gentos sandiasma ==

hehehehe.. saparantos diemut deui, gentos na ngangge A.R Dipusparaga
Insya Alloh panceg moal gentos2..hahaha
[[Pamaké:SU05Anisa|SU05Anisa]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:SU05Anisa|sawala]]) 28 Désémber 2011 09.11 (UTC)

== Hoyong gentos Sandiasma ==

Akaaaaang kumi... abdi hoyong gentos sandiasma janten Dena Setiawan.
Punten, nuhun sateuacanna ^^.

[[Pamaké:SU15Dena|SU15Dena]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:SU15Dena|sawala]]) 1 Januari 2012 15.15 (UTC)

== Username rename request: White Cat -&gt; とある白い猫 ==

I'd like to request a username rename per SUL. --&lt;small&gt; [[User:White Cat|Cat]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:White Cat|chi?]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19 Pébruari 2012 13.26 (UTC)

== Citakan:Artikel petingan/Maret 2012 &amp; 	 Citakan:Gambar petingan/9 2012 ==

Kang Kandar, dua citakan petingan kanggo bulan ieu can aya... [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilham_noer1]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 3 Maret 2012 15.23 (UTC)

== ''Permohonan Bot'' ==

''Mas, saya mengajukan permohonan status BOT untuk Bot yang saya gunakan, mohon diperiksa [[Wikipedia:Bot#Botrie|di halaman ini]]. Salam.'' [[Pamaké:Riemogerz|Riemogerz]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Riemogerz|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2012 16.34 (UTC)

== Renaming request ==

Hello. I request renaming '''my two''' following accounts:
* محمد الجداوي → Avocato
* GedawyBot → AvocatoBot
Confirmation link: [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3A%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A&amp;diff=3902291&amp;oldid=3488161]. Reason: Privacy reasons.
'''Please note:''' You may found the destination accounts (Avocato &amp; AvocatoBot) already exist, I created these new accounts here automatically by mistake (self-created), and I own them (see [[sulutil:Avocato|here]] and [[sulutil:AvocatoBot|here]]). Thanks in advance.--[[User:محمد الجداوي|M.Gedawy]] 9 Agustus 2012 23.08 (UTC)

== logo ==

hi, &lt;br /&gt;
I just wanted you to know there is a new logo for this wiki and you haven't updated it yet, it is located at [[:File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-su.png]], to update it save the file to your computer and uplaod the image locally as [[:File:Wiki.png]] (reply [[:en:user talk:TheChampionMan1234|here]] [[Pamaké:TheChampionMan1234|TheChampionMan1234]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:TheChampionMan1234|sawala]]) 26 Oktober 2012 05.33 (UTC)

== SUL account usurpation ==

I'm user [[de:Benutzer:Spischot]] and use this name as global account, see [[:de:Spezial:Verwaltung_Benutzerkonten-Zusammenf%C3%BChrung/Spischot]]. To complete my SUL I'd like to usurp the account [[Pamak%C3%A9:Spischot]] who has [[Husus:Kontribusi/Spischot|no edits]].

I raised the request first on [[:meta:Steward_requests/SUL_requests#Spischot]] where I've been told to ask you here. --[[Husus:Kontribusi/217.224.51.229|217.224.51.229]] 1 Méi 2013 04.10 (UTC)
:Done, see [[:meta:Steward_requests/SUL_requests#Spischot]]. --[[Pamaké:Spischot|Spischot]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Spischot|sawala]]) 12 Méi 2013 05.00 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|Forced user renames coming soon for SUL]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, sorry for writing in English. I'm writing to ask you, as a bureaucrat of this wiki, to [//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Single+User+Login+finalisation+announcement%2FPersonal+announcement&amp;filter=&amp;action=page translate and review the notification] that will be sent to all users, also on this wiki, who will be forced to change their user name on May 27 and will probably need your help with renames.
You may also want to help with the pages [[m:Rename practices]] and [[m:Global rename policy]].
Thank you, [[m:User:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 3 Méi 2013 17.14 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- EdwardsBot 0441 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|Forced user renames coming soon for SUL]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, sorry for writing in English. I'm writing to ask you, as a bureaucrat of this wiki, to [//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Single+User+Login+finalisation+announcement%2FPersonal+announcement&amp;filter=&amp;action=page translate and review the notification] that will be sent to all users, also on this wiki, who will be forced to change their user name on May 27 and will probably need your help with renames.
You may also want to help with the pages [[m:Rename practices]] and [[m:Global rename policy]].
Thank you, [[m:User:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 3 Méi 2013 17.14 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- EdwardsBot 0441 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|Forced user renames coming soon for SUL]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, sorry for writing in English. I'm writing to ask you, as a bureaucrat of this wiki, to [//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Single+User+Login+finalisation+announcement%2FPersonal+announcement&amp;filter=&amp;action=page translate and review the notification] that will be sent to all users, also on this wiki, who will be forced to change their user name on May 27 and will probably need your help with renames.
You may also want to help with the pages [[m:Rename practices]] and [[m:Global rename policy]].
Thank you, [[m:User:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 3 Méi 2013 17.14 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- EdwardsBot 0441 --&gt;

== Darkicebot ==

Could you please remove the bot flag from my bot, [[User:Darkicebot]]?  It will not be active.  Thanks, [[Pamaké:Razorflame|Razorflame]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Razorflame|sawala]]) 25 Juli 2013 01.37 (UTC)
:Done. --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 25 Juli 2013 04.14 (UTC)

== Usul calon pengurus baru ==
(''Disalin ti [[Wikipedia:Sawala/Arsip/2012#Usul calon pengurus baru]]. Hapunten upami telat ieu téh, tos lami, Kang diusulkeunana. Kuring téh karak terang kana sistem sysop di Wikipedia.'')
Punten, kuring teu bisa ngobrol basa Sunda. Jadi basa Indonesia, ya!

Saya ingin mengusulkan [[pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu]] untuk menjadi pengurus di WB Sunda. Saya lihat ia cukup aktif dan bisa membantu dalam mematroli WB Sunda dengan peralatan pengurus. Selain itu, saya jarang lihat pengurus yang aktif di sini. [[Pamaké:Ezagren|Ezagren]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ezagren|sawala]]) 12 Juni 2012 07.59 (UTC)

=== Satuju ===
*Kuring teh satuju atuh...
:[[Pamaké:Aris riyanto|Aris riyanto]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aris riyanto|sawala]]) 11 Juli 2012 01.49 (UTC)
*Setuju saja. [[Pamaké:Albertus Aditya|Albertus Aditya]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Albertus Aditya|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2012 09.39 (UTC)
*Setuju.[[Pamaké:Imanuel NS Uen|Imanuel NS Uen]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Imanuel NS Uen|sawala]]) 29 Juli 2012 15.46 (UTC)
*{{Y}} Satuju. [[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 26 Agustus 2013 07.29 (UTC)

=== Teu satuju ===

=== Komentar ===
* Apa yang harus saya lakukan? &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''ᮍᮛᮧᮘᮢᮧᮜ᮪''']] &lt;/span&gt; 30 Juli 2012 05.16 (UTC)

:{{dash}}''Kumaha, Kang?'' &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''ᮍᮛᮧᮘᮢᮧᮜ᮪''']] &lt;/span&gt; 5 Agustus 2013 22.07 (UTC)

[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|Sersan Mayor Kururu]] Tos diangkat jadi [[Wikipedia:Kuncén|Kuncén]]. Wilujeng &amp; mangga dilajeng... --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 26 Agustus 2013 07.50 (UTC)
:Hatur nuhun pisaaaaaan nya, Kang. :) &lt;span style=&quot;-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #228B22; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#1E90FF&quot;&gt;[[Pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''Seyoru''']] | [[Obrolan pamaké:Sersan Mayor Kururu|'''ᮍᮛᮧᮘᮢᮧᮜ᮪''']] &lt;/span&gt; 27 Agustus 2013 06.01 (UTC)
::Semoga tambah rajin... --[[Pamaké:Kandar|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kandar#top|sawala]]) 27 Agustus 2013 07.41 (UTC)

==Status Admin Anda==
([[:m:Admin activity review/2013/Notice to inactive right holders|this message in English and other languages]])

Halo. Saya adalah seorang [[:m:stewards|pengurus]]. Sebuah [[:m:Admin activity review|kebijakan]] yang baru mengenai penghapusan &quot;hak-hak khusus&quot; (administrator, birokrat, dll) baru-baru ini telah diterapkan melalui [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|kesepakatan bersama]]. Menurut kebijakan ini, para pengurus melakukan peninjauan atas kegiatan para administrator dari wiki yang tidak memiliki kebijakan ketidak-aktifan.

Anda telah memenuhi kriteria ketidakaktifan (tidak melakukan edit dan tidak ada catatan tindakan selama 2 tahun) pada su.wikiquote &amp; su.wiktionary, dimana anda berperan sebagai seorang administrator. Karena su.wikiquote &amp; su.wiktionary tidak memiliki proses peninjauan atas hak-hak administrator, maka proses global yang diberlakukan.

Jika ingin mempertahankan hak-hak anda, anda harus menginformasikan kepada komunitas anda bahwa pengurus telah mengirim informasi mengenai ketidak-aktifan anda untuk ditindaklanjuti. Berdasarkan pembahasan komunitas tersebut, jika komunitas berkehendak agar anda mempertahankan hak-hak anda tersebut, harap dapat menghubungi para pengurus melalui [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]], dimana keinginan komunitas dapat disampaikan, dan menunjukkan tindakan yang berkesinambungan dalam rangka mempertahankan hak-hak tersebut.

Para pengurus akan mengevaluasi tanggapan-tanggapan yang masuk. Jika tidak terdapat tanggapan apapun dalam waktu satu bulan, maka kami akan segera mencabut hak-hak administratif anda. Jika ada keraguan, kami akan mengevaluasi tanggapan yang masuk dan mengambil keputusan mengacu pada komentar dan tinjauan komunitas. Jika anda memiliki pertanyaan, harap dapat menghubungi kami melalui [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]].

Hormat kami, --[[Pamaké:MF-Warburg|MF-Warburg]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MF-Warburg|sawala]]) 14 Oktober 2013 02.46 (UTC)

== Usurpation request ==

Hello, I want to usurp the account named [[Fauzan|User:Fauzan]] on suwiki to complete SUL login unification. My home wiki is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fauzan enwiki].
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fauzan/Confirmation Confirmation edit]
*[https://tools.wmflabs.org/quentinv57-tools/tools/sulinfo.php?username=Fauzan SUL information]
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth/Fauzan Central Auth]
Sorry for writing in English!  Thanks [[Husus:Kontribusi/117.198.74.221|117.198.74.221]] 22 Maret 2014 07.31 (UTC)

== Request for username change : Hosiryuhosi -&gt; Rxy ==

Hello. Could you please change my username?
* Current username: [[User:Hosiryuhosi|Hosiryuhosi]]
* Target username: [[User:Rxy|Rxy]]
* Reason: I want to [{{fullurl:Special:RenameUser|oldusername=Hosiryuhosi&amp;newusername=Rxy}} change my current username to short username] at WMF wikis globally. Note: Global account &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Rxy|Rxy]]&quot; is my account (confirm: [[w:ja:Special:PermaLink/41067254|1]], [{{fullurl:w:ja:Special:Log/newusers|user=Hosiryuhosi&amp;page=User:Rxy&amp;uselang=en}} 2]). I'm sorry for request to here. I can't find request page. Thanks. --[[Pamaké:Hosiryuhosi|Hosiryuhosi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Hosiryuhosi|sawala]]) 23 Maret 2014 07.44 (UTC)

== Usurp of [[User:Itti]] ==

Hello Kandar, please rename [[User:Itti]] to allow a usurp of this [[Special:CentralAuth/Itti|unattached]] account and let the user to unify the global account. Thanks. [[Husus:Kontribusi/84.182.117.225|84.182.117.225]] 29 Maret 2014 15.29 (UTC)

==Re:Dilajeng==
Atuda, ari tos macét téh kawas di Kadungora pas lebaran waé Kang. Tapi anggep wé kapiuhan wungkul Kang, ku kaos kaki ogé hudang. Teu hilap minal aidin wal faidzin nya. Hehe [[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 19 Agustus 2014 02.28 (UTC)

== An important message about renaming users ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Dear Kandar,
''My aplogies for writing in English. Please translate or have this translated for you if it will help.''
I am cross-posting this message to many places to make sure everyone who is a Wikimedia Foundation project bureaucrat receives a copy. If you are a bureaucrat on more than one wiki, you will receive this message on each wiki where you are a bureaucrat.

As you may have seen, work to perform the Wikimedia cluster-wide [[mw:SUL finalisation|single-user login finalisation]] (SUL finalisation) is taking place. This may potentially effect your work as a local bureaucrat, so please read this message carefully.

Why is this happening? As currently stated at [[m:Global rename policy|the global rename policy]], a global account is a name linked to a single user across all Wikimedia wikis, with local accounts unified into a global collection. Previously, the only way to rename a unified user was to individually rename every local account. This was an extremely difficult and time-consuming task, both for stewards and for the users who had to initiate discussions with local bureaucrats (who perform local renames to date) on every wiki with available bureaucrats. The process took a very long time, since it's difficult to coordinate crosswiki renames among the projects and bureaucrats involved in individual projects. 

The SUL finalisation will be taking place in stages, and one of the first stages will be to turn off Special:RenameUser locally. This needs to be done as soon as possible, on advice and input from Stewards and engineers for the project, so that no more accounts that are unified globally are broken by a local rename to usurp the global account name. Once this is done, the process of global name unification can begin. The date that has been chosen to turn off local renaming and shift over to entirely global renaming is 15 September 2014, or three weeks time from now. In place of local renames is a new tool, hosted on Meta, that allows for global renames on all wikis where the name is not registered will be deployed. 

Your help is greatly needed during this process and going forward in the future if, as a bureaucrat, renaming users is something that you do or have an interest in participating in. The Wikimedia Stewards have set up, and are in charge of, a new community usergroup on Meta in order to share knowledge and work together on renaming accounts globally, called [[m:Global renamers|Global renamers]]. Stewards are in the process of creating documentation to help global renamers to get used to and learn more about global accounts and tools and Meta in general as well as the application format. As transparency is a valuable thing in our movement, the Stewards would like to have at least a brief public application period. If you are an experienced renamer as a local bureaucrat, the process of becoming a part of this group could take as little as 24 hours to complete. You, as a bureaucrat, should be able to apply for the global renamer right on Meta by the [[m:SRGP|requests for global permissions]] page on 1 September, a week from now.

In the meantime please update your local page where users request renames to reflect this move to global renaming, and if there is a rename request and the user has edited more than one wiki with the name, please send them to [[:m:SRUC|the request page for a global rename]].

Stewards greatly appreciate the trust local communities have in you and want to make this transition as easy as possible so that the two groups can start working together to ensure everyone has a unique login identity across Wikimedia projects. Completing this project will allow for long-desired universal tools like a global watchlist, global notifications and many, many more features to make work easier.

If you have any questions, comments or concerns about the SUL finalisation, read over the [[m:SUL|Help:Unified login]] page on Meta and leave a note on the talk page there, or on the talk page for [[m:Talk:Global renamers|global renamers]]. You can also contact me on [[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|my talk page on meta]] if you would like. I'm working as a bridge between Wikimedia Foundation Engineering and Product Development, Wikimedia Stewards, and you to assure that SUL finalisation goes as smoothly as possible; this is a community-driven process and I encourage you to work with the Stewards for our communities.

Thank you for your time.
-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] [[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]] 25 Agustus 2014 18.24 (UTC)

&lt;small&gt;--This message was sent using [[m:MassMessage|MassMessage]]. Was there an error? [[m:Talk:MassMessage|Report it!]]&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/MassMessage/Crats&amp;oldid=9637985 --&gt;

== Punten ah ==
Kang Kumicir, kumaha damang? Mangga ditingali oleh-oleh ti Wikimania 2014 https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kopi_darat/Wikimania_2014#Machine_aided_article_translation 

Waktos abdi sampaikeun yen parantos aya mesin sarupa kanggo basa Sunda, yaktos Sabilulungan, eh si presenter teh naros apa tiasa nyambungkeun anjeunna ka programmer nu damel eta. Umpami Kang Kumicir kenal, tiasa dibantuan? Saha uninga tiasa midamel Indonesia-Sunda oge, ku kituna harepan urang kanggo nambahan artikel berkualitas ka wpsu tiasa langkung gampil kabiruyungan. Hatur nuhuuuun :-) [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 3 Séptémber 2014 12.04 (UTC)
:Pendak mah can kantos, tapi kapungkur mah kantos ngobrol di komunitas. Urang teraskeun di imel we nya. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 4 Séptémber 2014 02.36 (UTC)

::Sip2, ditunggu waleranna. Salam, [[Pamaké:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Naval Scene|sawala]]) 4 Séptémber 2014 06.33 (UTC)

== Re: daptar judul ==

Hapunten kang baru bales. Iya kang boleh juga kalau emang mau dibuat seperti itu. Oiya, gimana kang udah dipilih 1000 artikelnya? [[Pamaké:D&amp;#39;SpecialOne|D&amp;#39;SpecialOne]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:D&amp;#39;SpecialOne|sawala]]) 20 Séptémber 2014 22.15 (UTC)
:Belum euy, lieur... --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 22 Séptémber 2014 04.37 (UTC)

== Punten ah pangnambihankeun kecap di handapeun judul ==

Kang, di handapeun judul, upami di enwiki sareng idwiki mah aya kecap : &quot;Daripada Wikipedia&quot; atanapai &quot;Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas&quot; ... Punten atuh nu suwiki oge ditambihan : &quot;Ti Wikipedia basa Sunda&quot;, sugan wae upami aya etaan mah, baris koordinat moal tabrakan sareng infoboxna (case : Eyjafjallajökull) ... Lieur Kang ngobrak-ngabrik common.css, common.js oge angger wae geuning --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 23 Séptémber 2014 09.04 (UTC)
:Waaaah... Perkawis éta mah taluk, Kang... Teu ngartos pisan kedah di mana ngaropéana. :D --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 23 Séptémber 2014 10.59 (UTC)
Iihh, sugan teh simkuring wungkul ... tos ka MediaWiki, ka Meta, teu kapendak keneh eung --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 24 Séptémber 2014 00.49 (UTC)
::Hatur nuhun Kang. (1) Tagline atos (2) Koordinat mah ku simkuring atos diperenahkeun (3) Tah hiji deui yeuh, kunaon navbox henteu mucunghul nya? Punten sakantenan haharewosan deui hehe --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 1 Oktober 2014 20.25 (UTC)
:::Navbox teh naon? hahahah... --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 2 Oktober 2014 02.28 (UTC)
:::: Navbox teh kotak navigasi Kang. Nu biasana di palih handap kanggo daftar (nagara, kacamatan, organisasi, jsb. Nu sok aya navbar-an (nu aya tempo, sawala, edit). Kapungkur normal, tapi saprak digentos ku modul sareng diobrak-abrik deui citakanana, naha janten teu mucunghul ... Sok wae parios contona dina artikel [[Indonesia]], kedahna di palih handap aya kotak navigasi, tapi janten kosong. Kitu Kang --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 8 Oktober 2014 09.22 (UTC)
::Atos Kang rengse. Aya nu ngalereskeun ti enwiki. Nuhun --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 16 Oktober 2014 04.00 (UTC)
:::Sip atuh, abdi mah teu ngartos. Katambih saminggu ieu kurang jag2 deuih... :P --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 16 Oktober 2014 04.18 (UTC)
:::: Euleuh kutan, sing enggal damang we atuh Kang. Punten teu tiasa ngalongok .. --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 17 Oktober 2014 02.57 (UTC)

== Re: Re: 'from wikipedia...' under article titles ==

Hello, in [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]] you have:
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Nembongkeun &quot;Ti Wikipedia basa Sunda, ensiklopedi bebas&quot; */
#siteSub {
    display: inline;
    font-size: 92%;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;
you should move that text to [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] and then [[MediaWiki:tagline]] should appear. --[[Pamaké:Nemo bis|Nemo bis]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Nemo bis|sawala]]) 1 Oktober 2014 06.55 (UTC)
:Done. Thanks a lot! --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 1 Oktober 2014 07.29 (UTC)

== Ijin ngaganti kaca &quot;Pitulung&quot; ==

Kang Kumi, nyungkeun ijin kangge ngaganti kaca [[Wikipedia:Pitulung|Pitulung]] lantaran eusina rea keneh tutumbu dina basa Inggris. Ieu matak ngabingungkeun pamaké anyar anu dibéré pesen [[Citakan:ws|pangbagéa]]. Eusi kaca Pitulung diajukeun saperti [[Pamak%C3%A9:Ilham.nurwansah/Pitulung|kieu]], anu luyu kana edisi tarjamah tina kaca anu sarua dina basa Indonesia &amp; Inggris. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilham_noer1]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 30 Oktober 2014 16.21 (UTC)

== Ngahijikeun Anu Ganda ==
Sampurasun, kang!&lt;br&gt;
Ngeunaan artikel anu ganda, kumaha tah carana pikeun ngajabungkeun artikel anu ganda éta téh sangkan ngahiji? Nuhun pisan, hapunten pisan rumaos abdi mah heurin ku pangabisa.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 11 Nopémber 2014 10.41 (UTC)
:Kasus Otis mah kusabab masalah ejahan ngaran anu rupa-rupa versi. Anu tos aya, [[Oto Iskandar di Nata]], sarua jeung cara tulis dina mata uang 20 rebu. Maksudna, eta ejahan tangtuna geus dikonfirmasi leres henteuna. Solusina, eusi artikel anu aya dina artikel sanesna dipindahkeun &amp; disusun ulang pikeun ngeusian/ngalengkepan eusi artikel anu judulna leres. Kitu panginten. Mangga dicobi. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 02.41 (UTC)
::Nambihan. Saatosna ditambihkeun atanapi disusun ulang, mangga alihkeun (redirect) ti [[Oto Iskandar Dinata]] ka [[Oto Iskandar di Nata]] supados teu aya nu nyerat ulang --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 04.39 (UTC)
:::Aeh muhun, kaca [[Otto Iskandar Dinata]] dikosongkeun &amp; dieusian ku &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;#ALIH [[Oto Iskandar di Nata]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; hungkul. Dilajeng. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 06.21 (UTC)
::::Hatur nuhun pisan ka séhu-séhu sadaya. Nembé parantos kang, mangga ditingal ka [[Oto Iskandar di Nata|lokasi]], nyuhunkeun cawadannana, rumaos seueur kénéh kakirang. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 09.40 (UTC)
:::::Mangga dilajeng, urang hanca rereongan. Aya batur mah jadi resep &amp; reugreug. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 10.22 (UTC)

== Artikel nu dihapus ==

Punten kang, numawi ngeunaan artikel [[Musik]] pan kantos didamelkeun nya, naha bet dihapus tah? pami ngawidian, bade dikeureuyeuh deui ku abdi. Panuhun --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 12 Nopémber 2014 12.13 (UTC)
:Mangga bae, kapungkur dihapus kusabab eusina teu bener, ukur anu iseng. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 13 Nopémber 2014 02.28 (UTC)
::Siap kang...!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 13 Nopémber 2014 05.23 (UTC)

== Ngarapihkeun WBS ==

Hampura kang sateuacanna,&lt;br&gt;
Kuring boga kahayang, sangkan WBS téh katembongna rapih, numatak babaraha bagéan mah ku simkuring téh diropéa wé. Tapi nu alabatan lieurna nyaéta dina WBS téh masih kénéh loba nu kurangna, ogé babaraha citakan jeung kategorina masih kénéh can aya, pokona mah jadi siga benang pabeulit wéh lah. &lt;br&gt;
Kira-kirana ceuk akang kudu ti béh mana yeuh ngaropéana sangkan WBS téh supaya écés katémbongna (siga [[:id:Wikipedia:Wikipedia|WBI]] ning) :D Hatur nuhun kang. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 17 Nopémber 2014 07.43 (UTC)
:Sakadugana wéh, rieur da uing gé. Hahahah... Cobian papay ti kaca2 pitulung. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 17 Nopémber 2014 07.51 (UTC)
::sumuhun kang, asa ku acak adut kieu ieu téh héhéh. Kudu rada dinyaankeun ieu mah yeuh kang, da urang sunda  téh loba, tapi lob anu can arapaleun kana WBS. Kumaha tah lamun nyonto ka WBI kang? --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 17 Nopémber 2014 08.12 (UTC)
:::Nyonto naonana? Mangga, cobi lalanyahan kumaha saéna. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 17 Nopémber 2014 08.39 (UTC)
::::Susunanna nu malapah gedang kang.. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 18 Nopémber 2014 01.19 (UTC)

== Kopi Darat ==

Kang Kumi, ari WBS kantos ngayakeun kopi darat acan? sigana perlu pisan ieu acara téh. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 17 Nopémber 2014 18.54 (UTC)
:leres kang, penting pisan étah, tapi istilah mendingan tong kopi darat '''Ngariung Mungpulung''' wé kang --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|Uchup19]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uchup19|sawala]]) 18 Nopémber 2014 01.21 (UTC)
:Kantos saurang dua urang mah, da jalmina ge mung sakitu2na, ongkoh deuih padumukanana pajauh. Kantos oge sosialisasi sababaraha kali, tapi tara nyanggut. Mangga bae pami aya rencana mah. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 18 Nopémber 2014 02.30 (UTC)

== Muat berkas ka mana? ==

Kang Kumi, naha muatkeun berkas téh wajib kana Commons kitu? siga nu dipidangkeun dina ieu kaca '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard Muat berkas]'''. Tapi geuning aya ogé kaca husus ''kunjal data'' kanggo WBS dina '''[[Husus:Kunjal|Kunjal]]'''. 
Jadi mending nu mana? naha aya kawijakan anu nyababkeun ngamuat data kedah kana Commons? Padahal lamun aya wadahna dina konten lokal WBS mah, sigana mending ngokolakeun sacara mandiri waé kang. -[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 30 Nopémber 2014 15.21 (UTC)
:Kanggo umum mah di Commons bae, anu lokal mah kanggo anu darurat (mung kawenangan kuncen asana mah). --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 1 Désémber 2014 05.57 (UTC)
::Sip. -[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 2 Désémber 2014 02.20 (UTC)

== Hoyong Pangpupuskeun ==

Kang, hoyong pangpupuskeun [[Buana nu Pinuh ku Mega|artikel ieu]]. Teu paruguh gening. Punten ngabadéga. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''&lt;font face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot; color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;Yusup_Ramdani&lt;/font&gt;''']]&amp;nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|&lt;font color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/font&gt;]] 20 Désémber 2014 07.02 (UTC)

== Sudut pandang ==

punten pangersa, manawi ieu téh rada kapahung dina ngalihbasakeun kecap &quot;Sudut pandang&quot;, kinten-kinten naon tah anu merenahna, '''Puseur Panitén''', '''Titik Caturan''', '''Juru Témbong''', atawa '''Jihat Sawangan'''? punten ngabadéga --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''&lt;font face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot; color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;Yusup_Ramdani&lt;/font&gt;''']]&amp;nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|&lt;font color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/font&gt;]] 23 Désémber 2014 09.33 (UTC)
:'jihat'? --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 23 Désémber 2014 09.51 (UTC)
::panginten kang [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham]] langkung apal kana perkawis éta, larapanna dina sub kaca [[Pitulung:Eusi/Kawijakan jeung tetekon]]. --[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''&lt;font face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot; color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;Yusup_Ramdani&lt;/font&gt;''']]&amp;nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|&lt;font color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/font&gt;]] 24 Désémber 2014 09.56 (UTC)
:::Rupina '''puseur panitén''' atanapi '''jihat sawangan''' duanana tiasa dianggo. Ieu dua istilah téh mémang jarang dianggo, ngan pikeun para pamaca awam mah, sigana langkung gampang kahartos lamun maca '''puseur panitén''' baé. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2014 14.22 (UTC)

== Naros ah ==

Kang, pami rujukan teu tiasa ngangge ti wikipedia sanes pan? :D 
[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.04 (UTC)
:Pami aya mah ngarujuk ka rujukan anu dianggo dina Wikipedia anu dirujuk. Halah, pabeulit. Kitu we lah pokona mah. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.13 (UTC)
::ahahha, muhun kitu Kang maksadna mah, pami langsung wikipediana diangge rujukan mah teu tiasa. Nuhun
[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.19 (UTC)
:::Mangga dilajeng, sing garetol, bilih diseuseulan ku ibu suri. Heuheu... --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.21 (UTC)
::::muhun duh, inggis ah.. ahahaha [[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.25 (UTC)

== Format Tepas ==

Kang, Abdi nyungkeun ijin kanggo ngarobih kaca [[Tepas]]. Digentosna ku [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah/kotretan|kaca ieu]].--[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 2 Juli 2015 03.55 (UTC)
:Di obrolan kaca Tepas, maksad teh. Heheh... Sae, mangga dilajeng. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 2 Juli 2015 04.03 (UTC)

== Sabanda:Ngajén Artikel Petingan ==

Kang Kumi, luyu sareng diskusi dina Basecamp, ieu artikel kanggo dinilai hasil kelompok [[Pamaké:Uchup19]]. 
*[[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] 
Diantos hasilna, Kang. Nuhun. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 3 Juli 2015 08.44 (UTC)
:Nuhun, ngantosan artikel ti kelompok sanesna. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 6 Juli 2015 03.13 (UTC)

== Pamundut jadi kuncén ==

Kang, kumaha carana jadi kuncén? Simkuring parantos ningali kaca pamundut jadi kuncén, tapi teu ngartos. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 31 Désémber 2015 23.11 (UTC) [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 31 Désémber 2015 23.11 (UTC)
:Bagea, Gan Ahmad. Maksudna kaca [[Wikipedia:Kuncén/Pamundut_jadi_kuncén]]? Upami minat jadi kuncén, mangga ajukeun di kaca 'Pamundut jadi kuncén' di bagian 'Pamundut'. Serat sandiasma anu diajukeun, ke bakal direspon ku nu sanes. Dilajeng. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 4 Januari 2016 02.38 (UTC)
::Hatur nuhun kang, simkuring parantos nyerat wasta simkiring di kaca bagéan pamundut. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 6 Januari 2016 10.13 (UTC)

== Ulang tahun ==

Kang, upami &quot;ulang tahun&quot; basa Sunda na naon?  [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 7 Januari 2016 12.38 (UTC)
:Punten ngiring nimbrung, tiasa milangkala atanapi tepang taun {{gero|A2613}} --[[Pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|A.R Dipusparaga]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A.R Dipusparaga|sawala]]) 7 Januari 2016 14.26 (UTC)
::Kumaha upami &quot;milad&quot;? {{ping|A.R Dipusparaga}}, {{ping|Kumincir}}. [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 8 Januari 2016 09.59 (UTC)
:::Tepang taun, tepung taun, milangkala(?), upami milad mah tina basa Arab. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 8 Januari 2016 10.04 (UTC)
::::Satuju &quot;tepang taun, tepung taun&quot;. Tiasa ogé &quot;milangkala&quot; (harti harfiah:'ngitung waktu'). Upami &quot;milad&quot; istilahna kirang umum, sabab biasana dipaké dina komunitas [[pasantrén]], atanapi sabudeureunna. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 9 Januari 2016 12.21 (UTC)

== Uleman Panutupan Wiki Sabanda ==

Kahatur &lt;br&gt;
Kang Kumincir &lt;br&gt;
Di Panglinggihan. 

Sayembara nulis artikel Wiki Sabanda parantos lekasan. Hasilna seja diumumkeun dina acara panutupan anu disarengan ku pamasrahan hadiah ka para pinunjul. Kalintang bingahna upami Kang Kumincir tiasa ngaluuhan acara nu dimaksad, dina: 
:Dinten, ping: Kemis, 24 Maret 2016
:Waktu: Tabuh 13.00-14.00
:Tempat: Aula Perpustakaan Ajip Rosidi, Jl. Garut No. 2, Kota Bandung. 
Diantos pisan kasumpingan Kang Kumincir dina waktosna. Hatur nuhun. &lt;br&gt;
Cag. &lt;br&gt;
[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 17 Maret 2016 04.27 (UTC)
:Manawi pareng, mudah2an teu aya pamengan. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 17 Maret 2016 07.54 (UTC)

== Translation ==
Hello, could you please translate '''Automatic refresh (Pembaruan otomatis)''' to {{#language:su}}? Thanks [[Pamaké:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:-XQV-|sawala]]) 13 Januari 2017 19.54 (UTC)
:[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham]] suggest &quot;'''nganyarkeun sorangan'''&quot;. --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 16 Januari 2017 02.52 (UTC)

== Gentos Sandiasma ==

Sampurasun, 

Kang punten abdi hoyong gentos sandiasma janten Uzi Bangke, tapi tipayun teh kantos ngadamel nganggo nami eta mung abi hilap deui pasword. Tiasa teu akun nu itu dihapus, teras nu ieu digentos janten Uzi Bangke. 

Hatur nuhun 
[[Pamaké:Uzi herang|Uzi herang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Uzi herang|sawala]]) 17 April 2017 02.51 (UTC)
:Akun lami teu tiasa dihirupkeun deui? Nyuhunkeun kecap sandi anyar? [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 17 April 2017 03.35 (UTC)

== Translate ==
Hello, could you please translate [[:en:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|this article]] into Sundanese? The [[:id:Kompromi Austria-Hongaria 1867|Indonesian version]] is also available. Thank you. [[Husus:Kontribusi/212.186.178.36|212.186.178.36]] 12 Juni 2017 07.55 (UTC)

==Picture of the Day ??==
Hi. I think this: [[Citakan:Gambar_petingan/30_2017]] is a template for picture of the day for the 30th of something? What month is this? Google translate isn't helping on that. Thank you. [[Pamaké:PumpkinSky|PumpkinSky]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:PumpkinSky|sawala]]) 25 Juli 2017 22.07 (UTC)
::Is it &quot;Picture of the week&quot; for week 30? Something (petingan) keeps getting translated as &quot;Ann&quot;. What does it really  mean? [[Pamaké:PumpkinSky|PumpkinSky]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:PumpkinSky|sawala]]) 25 Juli 2017 22.37 (UTC)
:::Yes, 30 is for the week number as we provide weekly 'featured pics'. 'Petingan' means good quality, important, featured. [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 26 Juli 2017 02.30 (UTC)
::::Thank you [[Pamaké:PumpkinSky|PumpkinSky]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:PumpkinSky|sawala]]) 26 Juli 2017 20.08 (UTC)
:::::It's my pleasure :) [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 27 Juli 2017 06.21 (UTC)

== Hapus ==
Tolong hapus halaman [[Karajaan Hungaria]] dong soalnya nggak ada isinya
:Atos. Nuhuuun [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 5 Pébruari 2018 04.04 (UTC)

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== [[Basshunter]] ==
Hello. Could you tell me if article has any content expect external links? [[Pamaké:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Eurohunter|sawala]]) 7 Agustus 2018 08.28 (UTC)
: Sorry, which article do you mean? [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 8 Agustus 2018 03.54 (UTC)
:: I mean [[Basshunter]] article. [[Pamaké:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Eurohunter|sawala]]) 29 Agustus 2018 11.03 (UTC)

== Monthly pages ==

Are [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:1400:47D0:0:0:0:3EB|these]] recent [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:1400:47D0:CCD1:EC40:8291:DD45|contributions]] helpful? It looks like each of these &quot;monthly&quot; pages contains only a call to a template and no other content. Should they be deleted? (Note that these look a lot like the work of [[m:User:MF-Warburg/Decker|a longtime cross-wiki vandal]] who loves to make &quot;useless&quot; pages merely to push wikis past article-count milestones. In this case, they pushed this wiki just past [[Special:Statistics|40,000 articles]] [content pages].) &lt;small&gt;(Asking you, since you are the admin who most recently edited this wiki.)&lt;/small&gt; - [[Pamaké:Dcljr|dcljr]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Dcljr|sawala]]) 26 Désémber 2018 04.41 (UTC)
: Nevermind. A steward deleted them (probably because they ''were'' made by that cross-wiki vandal). - [[Pamaké:Dcljr|dcljr]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Dcljr|sawala]]) 27 Désémber 2018 02.45 (UTC)
:Thanks for the info. [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 27 Désémber 2018 06.49 (UTC)

== Request penghapusan ==

Sampurasun Mang Kumincir! Mohon kepada jelema kuncén haturan mupus halaman [[Pamaké:Azmi1995|ieu]] margi parantos henteu diperlukeun. Hatur nuhun! [[Obrolan pamaké:Azmi1995|Azmi]] 8 Juni 2019 04.33 (UTC)

== We sent you an e-mail ==

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You can [[:m:Special:Diff/20479077|see my explanation here]].

[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 25 Séptémber 2020 18.54 (UTC)
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== Status bot ==
Sampurasun, Kang! Punten, abdi mengajukeun status bot ku akun bot abdi. Mohon berkenan untuk melihat permohonan tersebut. Hatur nuhun. [[Pamaké:Medelam|Medelam]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Medelam|sawala]]) 28 Séptémber 2020 14.48 (UTC)

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== [[:Kategori:Artikel anu kudu dihapus]] ==

Hi, could you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 15 Oktober 2022 17.48 (UTC)

== Translation request ==

Hello.

Can you create the article [[:id:Danau Laacher]], which is the third most powerful volcano in Europe after Campi Flegrei and Santorini, in Sundanese Wikipedia?

Yours sincerely, [[Pamaké:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Multituberculata|sawala]]) 22 Juli 2023 11.32 (UTC)

:Hello.

:I withdraw my request, because the article [[Situ Laacher]] has been created.

:Yours sincerely, [[Pamaké:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Multituberculata|sawala]]) 8 Pébruari 2024 06.49 (UTC)

== Invitation to Rejoin the [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:Translation_task_force Healthcare Translation Task Force] ==

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You have been a [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/prior/index.php medical translators within Wikipedia]. We have recently relaunched our efforts and invite you to [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php join the new process]. Let me know if you have questions. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 12:34, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Doc James@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_translators/20&amp;oldid=25451577 --&gt;

== hapus ==

halo pak, punten hapus halamanna [[Raditya Adi]] sabab parantos diusulkeun sababaraha kali pikeun ngahapus janten katingalina spam, sanaos sigana anjeunna lumayan terkenal. [[Husus:Kontribusi/140.213.64.57|140.213.64.57]] 12 Séptémber 2023 07.29 (UTC)

== cèk surél ==

Sampurasun kang [[Pamaké:Kumincir|Kumincir]],
Puntén, tiasa ngecék surélék nu parantos abdi kintun teu?hatur nuhun &lt;span style=&quot;border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)&quot;&gt;[[User:Zulf|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans&quot;&gt;🍃Zulf🍃&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]&lt;/sup&gt; 6 Juli 2024 04.52 (UTC)

== Paménta status bot ==

Sampurasun kang [[Pamaké:Kumincir|Kumincir]], idin kaula nyuhunkeun kapastian ngenaan [[Wikipedia:Bot#Siociw|paméntaan status bot ]]. Hatur nuhun &lt;span style=&quot;border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)&quot;&gt;[[User:Zulf|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans&quot;&gt;🍃Zulf🍃&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]&lt;/sup&gt; 5 Nopémber 2024 16.58 (UTC)

== Pamundutan jadi Kuncén ==

Sampurasun kang, pamundutan [[https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kunc%C3%A9n/Pamundut_jadi_kunc%C3%A9n#Zulf_kanggo_janten_Kunc%C3%A9n_2 iyeu]] paratos lumangsung babaraha dinteun sareung komunitas atos sapuk teu aya panolakan, mangga sabagai Birokrat di lajeung ka proses salanjutna. Mudah-mudahan sim kuring tiasa ngabantos pikeun bebenah di wiki sunda iyeu. Sim kuring ngarasa rada répot sapertos kedah ménta ka Kuncén global waé mun aya itu iyeuna. Hatur nuhun [[User:Rarani|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif&quot;&gt;RaRani&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt; [[User talk:rarani|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;&quot;&gt;(Talk)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 3 Juni 2025 03.26 (UTC)

== Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 ==

Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada:

* Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025
* Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT
* Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel)

Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. 

Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Agustus 2025 07.01 (UTC)

:Mohon dipertimbangkan untuk mencari hari/waktu lain, berhubung tgl 17 banyak orang berkegiatan di luar ruangan. Trims [[Pamaké:Kumincir|nandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir#top|sawala]]) 6 Agustus 2025 09.23 (UTC)

== Séké  ==

￼séké téh sumber cai nu ngaburial tina liang cai, hasil tina sengserepan ngaliwatan taneuh, keusik, babatuan, terus ngamalir, ngabentuk kulah. 

[[Husus:Kontribusi/&amp;#126;2026-29083-99|&amp;#126;2026-29083-99]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:&amp;#126;2026-29083-99|Pembicaraan]]) 14 Méi 2026 07.25 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lisénsi Dokumén Bébas GNU</title>
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      <text bytes="1547" sha1="eua5nmkvjyqg1vcqnqrtqzsk9xsqvs1" xml:space="preserve">'''Lisénsi Dokumén Bébas GNU''' (''GNU Free Documentation License'', GFDL) nyaéta [[lisénsi]] ''[[copyleft]]'' pikeun eusi nu bébas. Disusun ku [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) pikeun proyék [[GNU]]. Téks resmi lisénsi vérsi 1.2 bisa ditingal di http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916084910/http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html |date=2017-09-16 }}.

Lisénsi ieu dipaké pikeun sarupaning nu ditulis ngeunaan cara ngagunakeun ''software'', ogé pikeun tulisan séjén nu dipaké salaku acuan atawa pikeun nulungan anjeun dina naon baé.

Lisénsi ieu nyebutkeun yén anjeun diwidian pikeun nyalin atawa ngarobah tulisanana, sarta anjeun bisa ngajual salinan ieu. Mun anjeun ngajual dina jumlah nu réa, you have to maké it éasy for péople maké changes to it as well.

[[Wikipédia]] ngagunakeun lisénsi ieu, sarta mangrupa proyék pangbadagna nu ngagunakeun lisénsi ieu.

The [[Debian]]-legal group thinks that the GFDL is not always free. It does not meet their Free Software Guidelines.

You have to add the [[copyright]] notice and you have to say it is GFDL if you want to copy it.

''Tempo ogé'': [[Text Of The GNU Free Documentation License]] and the simplified version of it at [[Simple English GFDL]].

=== Tumbu kaluar ===

* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html Téks lisénsi resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916084910/http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html |date=2017-09-16 }}

'''Catetan: Wikipédia teu ngalayanan advis hukum'''
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    <title>Génétika</title>
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      <text bytes="15225" sha1="2khdni057f9l2uqodr0h3k06w4z5c3n" xml:space="preserve">'''génétika''' (tina [[basa Yunani]] ''genno'' '''γεννώ'''= ngalahirkeun) hartina [[élmu]] [[gén]], [[hereditas|nurunna sipat]], jeung [[variasi]] [[organisme]]. Kecap génétika (''genetics'' kétang) munggaran dilarapkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun ulikan ngeunaan pola turunan jeung élmu variasi ku élmuwan [[Inggris]] [[William Bateson]] dina suratna ka [[Adam Sedgwick]] tanggal [[18 April]] [[1905]].

[[Manusa]] mimiti ngalarapkeun pangaweruh génétika ti jaman prasajarah dina prakték [[doméstikasi]] jeung [[kawin seléktif]] [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[sato|sato ingon]]. Dina panalungtikan modérn, génétika nyadiakeun alat penting pikeun nyaliksik fungsi-fungsi gén. Dina hiji [[organisme]], émbaran génétik umumna dibawa dina [[kromosom]], dina wujud [[runtuyan DNA|struktur kimiawi]] [[molekul]] [[DNA]]na.

[[Gén]] téh nyandikeun émbaran nu diperlukeun pikeun nyintésis runtuyan [[asam amino]] dina [[protéin]], nu salajengna migawé rupa-rupa pancén dina nangtukeun [[fénotipe]] ahir organismena. Dina organisme [[diploid]], [[alél]] [[dominan]] dina hiji kromosom bakal nguntup éksprési gén [[résésif]]. Frase '''nyandikeun''' mindeng dipaké nujul ka gén nu ngandung paréntah ngeunaan cara ngawangun hiji protéin. Modél dina ''gén nu nyandikeun protéinna''.
Konsép &quot;hiji gén, hiji protéin&quot; kiwari mah dianggap simplistik, ku sabab bisa baé hiji gén ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa protéin, gumantung kana pangaturan [[transkripsi (genetika)|transkripsina]]. Gén nu nyandikeun runtuyan [[nukléotida]] dina [[messenger RNA|mRNA]], [[transfer RNA|tRNA]] jeung [[ribosomal RNA|rRNA]], diperlukeun pikeun sistésis protéin.

génétika nangtukeun lolobana (tapi teu sakabéhna) panémbong hiji organisme, kaasup manusa, sarta meureun paripolahna. Béda [[lingkungan]] jeung faktor [[kaacakan|acak]] ogé mangaruhan pisan. [[Kembar|Kembar (idéntik) monozigot]], [[kloning|klon]] nu dihasilkeun tina awal meulahna hiji [[émbrio]], mibanda [[DNA]] nu sarua, tapi béda [[kapribadian]] jeung [[sidik ramo]]na. Tutuwuhan nu idéntik sacara génétik nu dipelak di [[iklim]] nu leuwih tiis biasana ngahasilkeun [[asam lemak]] nu leuwih pondok sarta leuwih teu jenuh sangkan henteu beku.

==Sajarah==&lt;!--
Dina makalahna &quot;Versuche uber Pflanzenhybriden&quot; (&quot;Ékspérimén Hibridisasi Tutuwuhan&quot;) nu dipidangkeun taun [[1865]] di payuneun Brunn Natural History Society, [[Gregor Mendel]] nyusud pola panurunan of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they could be described mathematically. Although not all features show these patterns of [[Mendelian inheritance]], his work suggested the utility of the application of statistics to the study of inheritance. Since that time many more complex forms of inheritance have been demonstrated.

The significance of Mendel's work was not understood until early in the twentieth century, after his death, when his research was re-discovered by other scientists working on similar problems.

Mendel did not understand the nature of inheritance. We now know that some heritable information is carried in [[DNA]]. ([[Retrovirus]]es, including [[influenza]], [[oncovirus]]es and [[HIV]], and many [[plant virus]]es, carry information as [[RNA]].) Manipulation of DNA can in turn alter the inheritance and features of various organisms.

===Kala papanggihan penting===
:[[1859]] [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[The Origin of Species]]''
:[[1865]] [[Gregor Mendel]]'s paper, ''Experiments on Plant Hybridization''
:[[1903]] [[Chromosome]]s are discovered to be hereditary units
:[[1905]] British biologist [[William Bateson]] coins the term &quot;genetics&quot; in a letter to Adam Sedgwick
:[[1910]] [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] shows that genes reside on chromosomes
:[[1913]] [[Alfred Sturtevant]] makes the first genetic map of a chromosome
:[[1918]] [[Ronald Fisher]] publishes ''On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'' - the [[modern synthesis]] starts.
:[[1913]] [[Gene map]]s show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes
:[[1927]] Physical changes in genes are called [[mutation]]s
:[[1928]] [[Frederick Griffith]] discovers a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (see [[Griffiths experiment]])
:[[1931]] [[Crossing over]] is the cause of [[recombination]] (see [[Barbara McClintock]] and [[cytogenetics]])
:[[1941]] [[Edward Lawrie Tatum]] and [[George Wells Beadle]] show that genes code for [[protein]]s; see the original [[central dogma of genetics]]
:[[1944]] [[Oswald Theodore Avery]], [[Colin McLeod]] and [[Maclyn McCarty]] isolate [[DNA]] as the genetic material (at that time called [[transforming principle]])
:[[1950]] [[Erwin Chargaff]] shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T). [[Barbara McClintock]] discovers [[transposon]]s in [[maize]]
:[[1952]] The [[Hershey-Chase experiment]] proves the genetic information of [[phage]]s (and all other organisms) to be DNA
:[[1953]] DNA structure is resolved to be a double [[helix]] by [[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]], with the help of [[Rosalind Franklin]]
:[[1956]] [[Jo Hin Tjio]] and [[Albert Levan]] established the correct [[chromosome]] number in humans to be 46
:[[1958]] The [[Meselson-Stahl experiment]] demonstrates that DNA is [[semiconservative replication|semiconservatively replicated]]
:[[1961]] The [[genetic code]] is arranged in triplets
:[[1964]] [[Howard Temin]] showed using [[RNA virus]]es that Watson's [[central dogma]] is not always true
:[[1970]]  Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, ''Haemophilius influenzae'', enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA
:[[1977]] DNA is [[sequencing|sequenced]] for the first time by [[Fred Sanger]], [[Walter Gilbert]], and [[Allan Maxam]] working independently. Sanger's lab complete the entire genome of sequence of [[Bacteriophage]] [[Phi-X174 phage|Φ-X174;]].
:[[1983]] [[Kary Banks Mullis]] discovers the [[polymerase chain reaction]] enabling the easy amplification of DNA
:[[1985]] [[Alec Jeffreys]] discovers genetic finger printing.
:[[1989]] The first human gene is sequenced by [[Francis Collins]] and [[Lap-Chee Tsui]]. It encodes the [[CFTR]] protein.  Defects in this gene cause [[cystic fibrosis]] 
:[[1995]] The genome of ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced
:[[1996]] Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first [[eukaryote]] genome sequence to be released
:[[1998]] The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, ''[[C. elegans]]'' is released
:[[2001]] First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the [[Human Genome Project]] and [[Celera Genomics]].
:[[2003]] ([[14 April]]) Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% [[accuracy]] [http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Actualites/Presse/HGP/HGP_press_release-140403.pdf]
--&gt;
==Widang garapan génétika==&lt;!--
===Genetika klasik===
:''Artikel utama:'' [[Genetika klasik]], [[Panurunan Mendel]]

Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of [[genetics]] that predate the advent of [[molecular biology]]. After the discovery of the [[genetic code]] and such tools of [[Clone (genetics)|cloning]] as [[restriction enzyme]]s, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use, such as [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws]]. Patterns of inheritance still remain a useful tool for the study of [[genetic disease]]s.

===Genetika paripolah===
:''Artikel utama:'' [[genetika paripolah]]
Genetika paripolah ngulik pangaruh variasi genetik kana paripolah sasatoan.

===Genetika klinis===
{{main|Genetika klinis}}

[[Physician]]s who are trained as Geneticists diagnose, treat, and counsel patients with [[genetic disorder]]s or [[syndrome]]s.  
These doctors are typically trained in a genetics [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] and/or [[fellowship]].  Although many are [[pediatrician]]s, some are not.

===Genetika molekulér===
{{main|Genetika molekulér}}

Molecular genetics builds upon the foundation of classical genetics but focuses on the structure and function of [[gene|genes]] at a [[Molecule | molecular]] level. Molecular genetics employs the methods of both classical genetics (such as [[hybridization]]) and [[molecular biology]].  It is so-called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as [[ecological genetics]] and [[population genetics]].  An important area within molecular genetics is the use of molecular information to determine the patterns of descent, and therefore the correct [[scientific classification]] of organisms: this is called [[molecular systematics]].
The study of inherited features not strictly associated with changes in the [[DNA]] sequence is called [[epigenetics]].

Some take the view that [[life]] can be defined, in [[molecule|molecular]] terms, as the set of strategies which [[RNA]] polynucleotides have used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves. This definition grows out of work on the [[origin of life]], specifically the [[RNA world hypothesis]].

===genetika populasi, kuantitatif jeung ékologi===
:''Artikel utama:'' [[Genetika populasi]], [[Genetika kuantitatif]], [[Genetika ékologi]]

Population, quantitative and ecological genetics are all very closely related subfields and also build upon classical genetics (supplemented with modern molecular genetics).  They are chiefly distinguished by a common theme of studying [[population]]s of organisms drawn from nature but differ somewhat in the choice of which aspect of the organism on which they focus.  The foundational discipline is population genetics which studies the distribution of and change in [[allele frequency|allele frequencies]] of genes under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: [[natural selection]], [[genetic drift]], [[mutation]] and [[migration]]. It is the theory that attempts to explain such phenomena as [[adaptation (biology)|adaptation]] and [[speciation]].

The related subfield of quantitative genetics, which builds on population genetics, aims to predict the response to [[selection]] given data on the [[phenotype]] and relationships of individuals.  A more recent development of quantitative genetics is the analysis of [[quantitative trait loci]].  Traits that are under the influence of a large number of genes are known as quantitative traits, and their mapping to a location on the [[chromosome]] requires accurate phenotypic, pedigree and marker data from a large number of related individuals.

Ecological genetics again builds upon the basic principles of population genetics but is more explicitly focused on [[ecology|ecological]] issues.  While molecular genetics studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level, ecological genetics focuses on wild populations of organisms, and attempts to collect data on the ecological aspects of individuals as well as molecular markers from those individuals.

===Genomika===
{{main|Genomics}}
A more recent development is the rise of [[genomics]], which attempts the study of large-scale genetic patterns across the [[genome]] for (and in principle, all the DNA in) a given species. Genomics depends on the availability of whole genome sequences, and computational tools developed in the field of [[bioinformatics]] for analysis of large set of data.

===Widang nu raket patali===
The science which grew out of the union of [[biochemistry]] and genetics is widely known as [[molecular biology]].
The term &quot;genetics&quot; is often widely conflated with the notion of [[genetic engineering]], where the DNA of an organism is modified for some kind of practical end, but most research in genetics is aimed at understanding and explaining the effect of genes on phenotypes and in the role of genes in populations (see [[population genetics]] and [[ecological genetics]]), rather than genetic engineering.

===Baca ogé===
*[[Dogma dasar biologi molekular]]
*[[jaringan pangaturan gén]]
*[[Konseling genetik]]
*[[Skrining genetik]]
*[[Uji genetik]]
*[[Genetika mitokondria]]
*[[Réprogenetika]]

===Publikasi===
*''[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]''
*''[[Journal of Genetics]]''
*''[[Annals of Human Genetics]]''
*''[[Heredity (journal)|Heredity]]''
--&gt;
== Tumbu kaluar ==
=== Publikasi nu patali ===
* ''Advanced Genetics''
* [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/home.html ''American Journal of Human Genetics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914121140/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/home.html |date=2005-09-14 }}
* ''Annual Reviews of Genetics''
* [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/ ''European Journal of Human Genetics'']
* ''[http://www.genesdev.org/ Genes and Development]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''
* [http://hmg.oupjournals.org/ ''Human Molecular Genetics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007234145/http://hmg.oupjournals.org/ |date=2008-10-07 }}
* ''[http://jhered.oupjournals.org/ Journal of Heredity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526084607/http://jhered.oupjournals.org/ |date=2005-05-26 }}''
* [http://www.bionews.in/index.php/archives/category/genetics// ''Latest Genetics News''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708154045/http://www.bionews.in/index.php/archives/category/genetics/ |date=2006-07-08 }}
* [http://www.nature.com/ng/ ''Nature Genetics'']
* ''[[Nature Reviews Genetics]]'' ([http://www.nature.com/nrg/index.html journal home])
* [http://www.nature.com/genomics/ ''Nature Genome Gateway'']
* [http://www.jpharmacogenetics.com/ ''Pharmacogenetics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021111164416/http://www.jpharmacogenetics.com/ |date=2002-11-11 }}
* ''Journal of Medical Genetics''

=== Lianna ===
* [http://www.jbpub.com/connections Exploring the Way Life Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826071202/http://www.jbpub.com/connections |date=2005-08-26 }}
* [http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu Genetic Science Learning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722235258/http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/ |date=2015-07-22 }}
* [http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/corporate/Library/letter.html Letter to Adam Sedgwick in 1905 from William Bateson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311214835/http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/corporate/Library/letter.html |date=2005-03-11 }}
* [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/genetics.shtml The Virtual Library on Genetics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215052234/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/genetics.shtml |date=2005-12-15 }}
* [http://www.gene-watch.org Council for Responsible Genetics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616104339/http://gene-watch.org/ |date=2017-06-16 }}
* [http://geneticsmadeeasy.com Genetics made easy]

{{Genetika}}
{{Biologi}}

[[Kategori:Disiplin akademis]]
[[Kategori:Génétika]]</text>
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    <title>Sierra Leone</title>
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|native_name = Republic of Sierra Leone
|conventional_long_name =
|common_name = Sierra Leone
|image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of Arms
|image_map = LocationSierraLeone.svg
|national_motto = &quot;Unity - Freedom - Justice&quot;
|national_anthem = ''[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]''
|official_languages = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
|capital = [[Freetown]]
|latd= 8|latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=15 |longEW=W
|largest_city = Freetown
|government_type = [[Républik]]
|leader_title1 = [[Daptar Présidén Sierra Leone|Présidén]]
|leader_name1 = [[Julius Maada Bio]]
|area_rank = ka-119
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|area = 71,740
|areami² = 27,699
|percent_water = 1.0
|population_estimate = 6,144,562
|population_estimate_rank = ka-103&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_estimate_year = Juli 2007
|population_census = 5,426,618
|population_census_year = 2000
|population_density = 83
|population_densitymi² = 199
|population_density_rank = ka-114&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|GDP_PPP = $4.921 miliar &lt;!--IMF--&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank = ka-151
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $903
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-172
|sovereignty_type = [[Républik]]
|established_event1 = ti [[United Kingdom]]
|established_date1 = [[27 April]] [[1961]]
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.335
|HDI_rank = ka-176
|HDI_year = 2004
|HDI_category = &lt;font color=&quot;#e0584e&quot;&gt;handap&lt;/font&gt;
|currency = [[Leone]]
|currency_code = SLL
|country_code =
|time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
|utc_offset = +0
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|cctld = [[.sl]]
|calling_code = 232
|demonym = Sierra Leonean
|footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Rengking dumasar 2007.
}}
'''Sierra Léone''', ngaran resmina '''Republic of Sierra Léone''', mangrupa nagara di [[Afrika Kulon]]. Nagara ieu wawatesan jeung [[Gini]] di  béh kaler sarta [[Liberia]] di kiduleunnana, kalayan [[Samudra Atlantik]] di  béh kulonna. Ngaran Sierra Léone dicokot tina ngaran dina [[Basa Portugis]] keur nagara ieu: ''Serra Leoa''. Hartina ''&quot;Lion Mountain Range&quot;''. Salila taun [[1700-an]] Sierra Léone mangrupa puseur penting perdagangan transatlantik keur [[Budak Afrika|urang Afrika nu jadi budak]]. Ibu kota [[Freetown]] ngadeg taun [[1787]] (meunang piagemna taun [[1792]]) ku [[Pausahaan Sierra Leone]] minangka salah sahiji tempat keur urang Afrika nu jadi [[perbudakan|budak]] nu geus ngalawan [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britania]] samangsa [[Perang Kamerdikaan Amérika]]. Taun [[1808]], Freetown jadi [[Jajahan Makuta]] ''(Crown Colony)'' [[Kakaisaran Britania|Britania]], sarta taun [[1896]], jero nagara jadi [[Protéktorat]] Britania. Crown Colony jeung Protektorat ngahiji sarta meunang [[kamerdikaan]] taun [[1961]]. Ti taun [[1991]] nepi ka [[2002]], nagara ieu katarajang pangaruh [[Perang Sipil Sierra Leone|serangan nu baruntak]] nu ngancurkeunnana. Keur mungkas petana pemberontak, [[PBB]] jeung balad [[United Kingdom|Britania]] ''melucuti'' 17,000 milisi jeung pemberontak, dina peta [[miara perdaméyan]] panggedéna dina [[dekade]] harita. Rarata harepan hirup mangsa babar di Sierra Léone nyaéta 38 taun keur lalaki sarta 43 taun keur wanoja.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldFactBook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone |work=[[The World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html#People |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |date=[[15 Méi]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-05-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210222/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html#People |date=2007-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
{{utama|Sajarah Sierra Leone}}

== Bibliografi - petingan ==
# Abraham, Arthur; Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule, Freetown and London, 1978.
# Abraham, Arthur, &quot;Cultural Policy in Sierra Leone,&quot; UNESCO, c1978.
# Abraham, Arthur, &quot;Sengbe Pieh: A Neglected Hero?&quot;, Journal of the Historical Society of Sierra Léone, II (2), 1978.
# Abraham, Arthur, &quot;Topics in Sierra Leone History : A Counter-Colonial Interpretation,&quot; Léone Publishers [Sierra Léone], c.1976.
# Bah, M. Alpha, &quot;Fulbe Migration in Sierra Leone: A Case History of Twentieth-Century Migration and Settlement Among the Kissi of Koindu,&quot; Peter Lang Publishing [New York], 1998.
# Berger, Daniel; In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
# Blyden, Nemata Amelia, &quot;In Her Majesty's Service: West Indians in British Colonial Government, Sierra Leone, 1808-1880: Race, Class and Ethnicity in a British West African Colony.&quot;
# Clarke, J.I., Nelson, S.J.A. and Swindell, K.; Sierra Léone in Maps, London, 1966.
# Cole, Bernadette; Mass Media, Freedom And Democracy In Sierra Léone, Freetown, 1995,.
# Conteh-Morgan, éarl and Dixon-Fyle, Mac &quot;Sierra Leone at the End of the Twentieth Century: History, Politics and Society&quot;, Peter Lang Publishing [New York], 1999.
# Cox-Géorge, N. A., &quot;Finance and Development in West Africa: The Sierra Leone Experience,&quot; D. Dobson [London], 1961.
# Foray, Cyril P., &quot;Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone,&quot; the Scarecrow Press [Metuchen, N.J. and London], 1977.
# Forna, Aminatta; The Devil that danced on the Water: A daughter’s memoir. London, 2002. 
# Fyfe, Christopher, &quot;A History of Sierra Leone,&quot; Cambridge University Press, 1962; Oxford University Press [London], 1962. (Reprint edition Gregg International Publications, 1993.) 
# Fyle, Christopher; Sierra Léone Inheritance, London, 1964.
# Fyfe, Christopher, &quot;Africanus Horton, 1835-1883 : West African Scientist and Patriot,&quot; Aldershot, Hampshire, 1992.
# Gberie, Lansana, Smillie, Ian and Hazleton, Ralph; The Héart of the Matter: Sierra Léone, Diamonds and Human Society“, A Study published by Partnership Africa Canada in January 2000.
# Global Witness, Conflict Diamonds, Possibilities for the Identification, Certification and Control of Diamonds, A briefing document by Global Witness June, 2000.
# Hirsch; John L; Sierra Léone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy , Lynne Rienner Pub (1. Dezember 2000).
# Jalloh, Alusine, &quot;African Entrepreneurship: Muslim Fula Merchants in Sierra Leone (Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series, No. 71),&quot; Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1999.
# Jalloh, S Balimo, Sierra Léone, Länderbericht, Bergisch Gladbach, 1991.
# Jalloh, S Balimo: (1) Conflicts, Resources and Social Instability in Subsahara Africa – The Sierra Léone Case; in Internationasles Afrikaforum, 37. Jg. 2/2001, Pages 166-180. (2) Subsahara Africa – Trade Expansion Through Countertrade, in: Internationales Afrikaforum, 31 Jahrgang, Heft 4/1995, S. 365 –374 (Article) und in: UNCTAD-Bulletin 1995: 365-375.
# Jones, Durosimi Eldred, Othellos Countrymen, Oxford University Press, 1965.
# Jones, Durosimi Eldred Eustace Palmer, African Litterature Today Africa World Press – London, 1995.
# Jones, Howard, &quot;Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law and Diplomacy,&quot; Oxford University Press [New York], 1986.
# Kabba, Muctaru, (Editor); Sierra Léonéan Heroes, Fifty Gréat Men and Women who helped to Build Our Nation, Freetown, 1988.
# Koroma, Abdul K. Sierra Léone – The Agony of a Nation, Andromeda Publications, Freetown, 1996.
# Kpundeh, Sahr John, &quot;Politics and Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone,&quot; University Press of America [Lanham, Md.].
# Lewis, Damien, &quot;Operation Certain Death - The Inside Story of the SAS'S Greatest Battle,&quot; Arrow Books, 2005.
# Nicol, Davidson, Regionalism and the New International Economic Order; UNITAR-CEESTEM-Club of Rome conference at the United Nations, Pergamon Press, 1981.
# William Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Léone, The African Studies Centre, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
# Paul Richards; Fighting for the Rain Forest – War Youth &amp; Resources in Sierra Léone, The International African Institute, James Currey Publishers, London, 1996.
# Sawyerr, Harry, &quot;God, Ancestor or Creator? Aspects of Traditional Belief in Ghana, Nigeria &amp; Sierra Leone,&quot; Harlow, Longmans, 1970.
# Turay, Harry; Land Tenure Systems in Sierra Léone, unpublished project report, Njala University College, 1980.
# H.L. van der Laan, The Sierra Léone Diamonds, An Economic Study covering the yéars 1952-1961, Oxford, 1965.
# Wyse, Akintola J.G. and Devenéaux, Gustav H.K.; The Sierra Léone-German connection, 1787-1987, An Overview, Published by The German Embassy in Freetown, 190093. 
# Wyse, Akintola J. G., &quot;H. C. Bankole-Bright and Politics in Colonial Sierra Leone, 1919-1958&quot; (African Studies Series), Cambridge University Press [Cambridge, Eng. and New York], 1990.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1016.html US Department of State travel information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113191332/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1016.html |date=2013-11-13 }}
* [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23750.htm US Department of State International Religious Freedom Report 2003]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html CIA World Factbook - Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210222/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |date=2007-06-12 }}
; Government
* [http://www.statehouse-sl.org/ The Republic of Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129072822/http://www.statehouse-sl.org/ |date=2020-11-29 }} official government site

; Warta
* [http://allafrica.com/sierraleone/ allAfrica.com - ''Sierra Leone''] news héadline links
* [http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/SLHC_Comment_on_latest_judgement.htm - ''www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818072651/http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/SLHC_Comment_on_latest_judgement.htm |date=2007-08-18 }} - On 20 March 2001, the Government of Sierra Léone submitted a ‘without notice’ application to the Chancery Division of the High Court in London and obtained an order to freeze the accounts of one Edward Davenport.

; Sawangan
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sierra_Leone Open Directory Project - ''Sierra Leone''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024163413/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sierra_Leone/ |date=2007-10-24 }} directory category

; Diskusi
* [http://www.sierraleone.com SierraLeone.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316013130/http://www.sierraleone.com/ |date=2007-03-16 }} discussion forum
* [http://www.enciss-sl.org/ Enhancing the Interaction and Interface between Civil Society and the State to Improve Poor Peoples Lives] ENCISS website
* [http://forum.visitsierraleone.org 'Visit Sierra Leone - Travel and Business Advice Forum'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808002545/http://forum.visitsierraleone.org/ |date=2007-08-08 }}

; Blog
* [http://blogs.visitsierraleone.org 'Visit Sierra Leone Blog'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809174109/http://blogs.visitsierraleone.org/ |date=2007-08-09 }}
* [http://www.switsalone.blogspot.com 'Sweet Sierra Leone Blog']
* [http://www.livefromfreetown.com 'Live From Freetown, Sierra Leone'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020015124/http://www.livefromfreetown.com/ |date=2016-10-20 }}

; Wisata
{{wikivoyage|Sierra Leone}}
* [http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/ National Tourist Board of Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027211842/http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/ |date=2008-10-27 }} official site
* [http://www.visitsierraleone.org Visit Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208180857/http://www.visitsierraleone.org/ |date=2021-02-08 }} Travel and Tourism information

; Lianna
* [http://www.expeditionsierraleone.com Expedition Sustainable Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827175136/http://www.expeditionsierraleone.com/ |date=2007-08-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030823101709/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/sierra-leone.htm Dossier about Sierra Leone from Freedomhouse.org]
* [http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/country?iso=sle Refugee matters in Sierra Leone - UNHCR information portal]
* [http://www.leonedirect.com Sierra Leone Business Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219172356/http://leonedirect.com/ |date=2008-12-19 }}
* [http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/ Sierra Leone Encyclopedia 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415071805/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia |date=2012-04-15 }}
* [http://www.sierra-leone.org Sierra Leone Web]
* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/unamsil/body_unamsil.htm UNAMSIL]
* [http://www.guinea.aha.ru/sierra_leone.htm Mineral resources of Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703010446/http://www.guinea.aha.ru/sierra_leone.htm |date=2007-07-03 }}
* [http://www.sc-sl.org War Crimes Trials in Sierra Leone]

== Budaya ==
* Black composer, father from Sierra Léone: [[Samuel Coleridge-Taylor]]

{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Member states of the African Union}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Sierra Leone| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Komunitas Ékonomi Nagara-nagara Afrika Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Persemakmuran]]
[[Kategori:Nagara miskin]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Motor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2618" sha1="cdouxuyz8ksmwc4c3jbbgefggddbj8s" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Maikel Melero - Exhibición Freestyle GP Camión de España 2013 - 01.jpg|jmpl|Motor]]
'''Sapéda Motor''' nyaéta kandaraan anu bentukna jiga [[sapédah]] tapi leuwih gedé jeung ngagunakeun [[béngsin]] minangka bahan bakarna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamus Basa Sunda&quot;&gt;R.A Danadibrata.2006. Kamus Basa Sunda R.A Danadibrata. Bandung. Kiblat. Halaman445.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jenis-jenis Motor==
Jenis motor dumasar kana golonganna di antarana ; 
*Sapéda motor ''low rider'' sapeda nu asalna ti [[Amerika Serikat]] anu dipaké pikeun an saukur pikaresepeun, umumna dipakéna naloika peré atawa ''weekend'', sarta teu dipaké jauh ngan saukur ngurilingan kota.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;https://showroom79.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307041332/https://showroom79.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/ |date=2012-03-07 }} laporan-harian-20-mengenal-jenis2-kendaraan-roda-2/ {{id}} (diakses ping 16 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun tampilanna maké aksesoris nu baheula jeung arék ka [[vintage]] tapi leuwih ramé.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; 
*Goped nyaéta kandaaraan alternatif beroda dua anu pernah ramé di Jakarta anu fungsina ngan saukur reresepan jeung jalan-jalan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; Tapi kaayeunakeun Goped dipaké minangka kandaraan sapopoé sabab praktis, gampang dipakéna,irit, jrrd.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; 
*Free style nyaéta kandaraan anu dipaké pikeun gaya jeung mikabutuh kaparigelan anu leuwih pikeun ''freestyle''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; 
*Skutik nyaéta Salah satu spesies motor nu teu maké gigi pikeun ngoper sangkan leuwih gancang. Ayeuna keur ramé sabab gampang dipaké, loba onderdilna, jeung miboga merk anu gedé.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; 
*[[Vespa]] Kandaraan anu ngalegenda sabab ti jaman ka jaman teu robah tapi di modif deui sangkan leuwih ngirut, sarta wangunna anu unik.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt; 
*Trail nyaéta motor anu dipaké pikeun di tempat anu ékstrim  jeung biasana dipaké offroad sarta katingalina ogé gaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt;  *Harley Davidson nyaéta motor anu dipaké ku jalama nu beunghar da hargana ogé bisa nepi ka ratusan juta.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot; /&gt;

==Galeri==
[[gambar:Yamaha R1.jpg|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:ZeroDS.jpg|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:Parking Area STM 11 Cibubur (2).jpg|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:MotoX start.jpg|200px|motor]]

[[gambar:MotoGP - Sachsenring 2018 (30094664128).jpg|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:2003 H-D Dyna Low Rider.JPG|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:Yamaha SR 500 Köln-20140321-RM-100226.jpg|200px|motor]]
[[gambar:1959 Vespa VBA 150.jpg|200px|motor]]

==Sumber==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Angkutan darat]]
[[Kategori:Angkutan nu maké mesin]]</text>
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    <title>Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha</title>
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      <text bytes="7559" sha1="nw2xc5iabhkyrkn78xe05kq60wmoznv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name              = Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
|conventional_long_name   = Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha
|common_name              = Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha
|image_flag               = Flag of Saint Helena.svg
|image_coat               = Coat of arms of Saint Helena.svg
|image_map                = LocationStHelena.png
|national_motto           = &lt;br/&gt;&quot;''Loyal and Unshakeable''&quot; (St. Héléna)&lt;br/&gt;&quot;''Our faith is our strength''&quot; (Tristan da Cunha)
|national_anthem          = &quot;[[God Save the Queen]]&quot;
|official_languages       = [[Basa Inggris]]
|capital                  = [[Jamestown, Saint Héléna|Jamestown]]
|ethnic_groups            = 
|latd=15 |latm=56  |latNS=S |longd=5 |longm=43|longEW=W
|largest_city             =
|government_type          = [[Téritori peuntas laut Britania]]
|leader_title1            = [[Monarki|Raja/Ratus]]
|leader_name1             = [[Elizabeth II ti Britania Raya|Elizabeth II]]
|leader_title2            = [[Gubernur Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha|Gubernur]]
|leader_name2             = [[Mark Andrew Capes]]
|leader_title3            = [[Administrator Pulo Ascension]]
|leader_name3             = [[Ross Denny (administrator)|Ross Denny]]
|leader_title4            = [[Administrator Tristan da Cunha]]
|leader_name4             = [[Sean Burns (pulitikus)|Sean Burns]]
|area_rank                =
|area_magnitude           = 1 E8
|area                 = 420
|areami²               = 162
|percent_water            =
|population_census        = 5.661
|population_census_year   = 2008
|population_census_rank   = ka-219
|population_density   = 13,4
|population_densitymi² = ?
|sovereignty_type         = [[Wewengkon depéndensi]] [[Britania Raya]]
|sovereignty_note         = 
|established_event1       = Piagam St. Héléna
|established_date1        = 1657
|established_event2       = Kakawasaan EIC réngsé
|established_date2        = 22 April 1834&lt;ref name=&quot;crown colony&quot;&gt;[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202653/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made |date=2011-05-11 }} &quot;...the transfer of rule of the island to His Majesty’s Government on 22 April 1834 under the Government of India Act 1833, now called the Saint Helena Act 1833&quot; (Schedule Preamble)&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event3       = Ascension ditambahkeun
|established_date3        = 12 Séptémber 1922
|established_event4       = Tristan da Cunha ditambahkeun
|established_date4        = 12 Januari 1938
|established_event5       = Konstitusi nu ayeuna
|established_date5        = 1 Séptémber 2009
|currency                 = [[Pound Saint Héléna]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Pound sterling]] di Tristan da Cunha)&lt;/small&gt;
|currency_code            = SHP
|country_code             =
|time_zone                = GMT
|utc_offset               = +0
|time_zone_DST            =
|DST_note                 =
|utc_offset_DST           =
|cctld                    = [[.sh]] jeung [[.ac]]
|calling_code             = 290&lt;br/&gt;247 &lt;small&gt;(di Ascension)&lt;/small&gt;
|drives_on                = kénca
|footnotes                =
}}
'''Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha''' ({{lang-en|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5|title= The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009, see &quot;EXPLANATORY NOTE&quot;}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312113746/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5 |date=2010-03-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta hiji [[téritori peuntas laut Britania]] nu ngawengku grup kapuloan [[Saint Héléna]], [[Pulo Ascension]], jeung [[Tristan da Cunha]]. Wewengkon ieu baheulana kawanoh salaku '''Saint Héléna jeung Depéndensi''' nepi ka [[1 Séptémber]] [[2009]], basa konstitusi nu anyar dipaké, méré 3 pulo éta status nu sarua.&lt;ref name=&quot;constitution&quot;&gt;[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202653/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made |date=2011-05-11 }} The Constitution (in the Schedule to the Order)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Babagian administratif==
Administratifna (jeung géografisna), wewengkon ieu dibagi kana 3 bagian, masing-masing diparéntah ku hiji déwan. Gubernur ngaluluguan di Déwan Législatif St. Héléna, samentara anjeunna diwakilkeun ku hiji administrator masing-masing hiji di Ascension jeung Tristan da Cunha, ngaluluguan Déwan Pulo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
! Administratif&lt;br /&gt;Aréa
! Aréa&lt;br&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; !! Aréa&lt;br&gt;mil&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; !! Populasi !! Puseur administratif !! [[ISO 3166-1 alpa-2|Kode ISO&lt;br /&gt;alpa-2]] !! [[ISO 3166-1 alpa-3|Kode ISO &lt;br /&gt;alpa-3]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Héléna]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 122 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 47 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 4,255 || [[Jamestown, Saint Héléna|Jamestown]] || SH || SHN
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}&amp;nbsp;[[Pulo Ascension]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 91 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 35 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 1,122 || [[Georgetown, Pulo Ascension|Georgetown]] || [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#AC|AC]] || [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#ASC|ASC]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Tristan da Cunha}} [[Tristan da Cunha]] ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 207 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 80 ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 284 || [[Edinburgh of the Seven Seas]] || [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#TA|TA]] || [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#TAA|TAA]]
|- bgcolor=#dddddd class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|'''Total'''||align=&quot;right&quot;| '''420''' ||align=&quot;right&quot;| '''162''' ||align=&quot;right&quot;| '''5,661''' || '''[[Jamestown, Saint Héléna|Jamestown]]''' || '''[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#SH|SH]]''' || '''[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#SHN|SHN]]'''
|}

Pulo St. Héléna teras dibagi kana [[Saint Héléna#Babagian administratif|8 distrik]].

==Peta==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ascension Island Location2.jpg|Lokasi Saint Héléna jeung Pulo Ascension
File:Topographic map of Saint Helena-en.svg|Peta St. Héléna
File:SH-St Helena.png|Peta St.&amp;nbsp;Héléna
File:Ile de l'ascension routes.svg|Peta Ascension
File:SH-Ascension.png|Peta Ascension
Image:Tristan Map.png|Peta grup Tristan da Cunha
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tempo ogé==
*[[Téritori peuntas laut Britania]]
*[[Poé peré di Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha]]
{{clear}}

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/ Loka Pamaréntah Resmi Saint Héléna]
* [http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/ Loka Pamaréntah Resmi Pul Ascension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716062943/http://www.conservation-ascension-island.gov.ac/ |date=2012-07-16 }}
* [http://www.tristandc.com/ Loka Resmi Tristan da Cunha]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|sh|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}

&lt;!--
{{Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}
{{Territories of the British Empire}} --&gt;
{{depéndensi Britania}}
{{EU Dependencies}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
{{Countries of Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Helena, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha}}
[[Kategori:Saint Héléna, Ascension, jeung Tristan da Cunha| ]]
[[Kategori:Téritori peuntas laut Britania]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon husus Uni Éropa]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 2009]]
[[Kategori:Nagara kapuloan]]


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  <page>
    <title>Propinsi Balkh</title>
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      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|Bot]]: Ngaganti Balkh_districts.png ku Districts_of_Balkh_as_of_January_2004.png</comment>
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      <text bytes="1206" sha1="90yeqrcx2mt2cjamvplmdl7rgg57awc" xml:space="preserve">{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Balkh
|native_name = بلخ
|map = Afghanistan-Balkh.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Balkh di Apganistan
|map1 = Districts of Balkh as of January 2004.png
|map1_caption = Distrik-distrik di Balkh
|capital = [[Mazar-e Sharif]]
|capital_lat_d = 36.5
|capital_long_d = 67.5
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2006
|population = 1.123.948
|population_note = &lt;ref name=&quot;mrrd&quot;&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Balkh%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Profil Propinsi Balkh - MRRD]&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 17249
|population_density = 70.46
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[Basa di Apganistan|Basa utama]]
|free = [[Dari (Apganistan)|Basa Pérsia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Basa Pastun|Pastun]]&lt;br /&gt;[[basa Uzbék|Uzbék]]
}}
'''Balkh''' ([[Basa Pérsia]]/[[Basa Pastun]]: '''بلخ''') nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalé nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Mazar-e Sharif]].

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Balkh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balkh}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Balkh| ]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Khorasan]]


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    <title>Propinsi Sar-e Pol</title>
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      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|Bot]]: Ngaganti Sare_Pol_districts.png ku Districts_of_Sari_Pul_as_of_January_2004.png</comment>
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|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Sar-e Pol
|native_name = سرپل
|map = Districts of Sari Pul as of January 2004.png
|map_caption = Distrik-distrik di Sar-e Pol
|capital =[[Sar-e Pol (kota)|Sar-e Pol]]
|capital_lat_d = 35.6
|capital_long_d = 66.3
|coordinates_type=region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2009
|population = 505,400
|population_note = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author= Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan| publisher= | title= Settled Population of country by Provinces and sex for 2006-2009 years| accessdate= 2009-11-30| url= http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120310/http://www.cso.gov.af/demography/population.html |date=2010-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 16360
|population_density =
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Pérsia Dari]], [[Basa Uzbék|Uzbék]]
}}
'''Sar-e Pol''', ogé diéjah '''Sari Pul''' ({{lang-fa|سرپل}}), nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalér nagara.

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/SariPul/SariPul.html Naval Postgraduate School, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, Afghanistan, Sar-e Pol Province]
*[http://www.areu.org.af/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;Itemid=26&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=777 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Afghanistan Livelihood Trajectories: Evidence from Sar-i-Pul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709093010/http://www.areu.org.af/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_download&amp;gid=777&amp;Itemid=26 |date=2010-07-09 }}
*[http://sanjei.blogfa.com/ Voice of Sangcharak]

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Sar-e Pol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sare Pol}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Sar-e Pol| ]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1988]]
[[Kategori:1988 di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]


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    <title>Propinsi Takhar</title>
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      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|Bot]]: Ngaganti Takhar_districts.png ku Districts_of_Takhar_as_of_January_2004.png</comment>
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{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Takhār
|native_name = تخار
|map = Afghanistan-Takhar.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Propinsi Takhar di Apganistan
|capital = [[Taloqan]]
|capital_lat_d = 36.7
|capital_long_d = 69.8
|coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:AF
|population_as_of = 2009
|population = 886,400
|area = 12333
|population_density = 
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utami]]
|free = [[Basa Pérsia]]&lt;br&gt;[[Basa Uzbék]]&lt;br&gt;[[Basa Pastun]]
}}
'''Takhār''' ({{lang-fa|تخار}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalér-wétan nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Taloqan]]. Tambang [[uyah]]na mangrupa salah sahiji ti sumber mineral utami [[Apganistan]].

[[File:Districts of Takhar as of January 2004.png|300px|thumb|right|Distrik-distrik di Takhar.]]

==Catetan suku==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons category|Takhar Province}}
* Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): ''An Historical Guide to Afghanistan''. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. [http://www.zharov.com/dupree/index.html]
*http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/Afghanistan/East/Takhar/ (Galeri gambar-gambar propinsi Takhar)
{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Takhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Takhar}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1964]]


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  <page>
    <title>Battle of Surabaya</title>
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      <text bytes="11898" sha1="c0okovheb5b53mfpy6l336iasxspnpf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name             = Battle of Surabaya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BATTLE OF SURABAYA|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y91RHnVKvWg|work=|publisher=[[Youtube]]|date=[[Saptu]], [[6 Juli]] [[2013]]|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image            = 
| image size       =
| alt              = 
| caption          =
| director         = [[Aryanto Yuniawan]]
| producer         =[[M. Suyanto]]
| writer           = [[M. Suyanto]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Aryanto Yuniawan]]
| based on         = [[Perang 10 Nopémber]]
| narrator         =
| starring         = Eileen Shannon&lt;br/&gt;Dominic&lt;br/&gt;Nuriko Okuyama&lt;br/&gt;Jason Williams&lt;br/&gt;Tanaka Hidetoshi&lt;br/&gt;Alejandro Esteban&lt;br/&gt;Patrick&lt;br/&gt;Marco&lt;br/&gt;Vanhoebrouck Patrick Bernard
| music            = 
| maintheme        = 
| opentheme        = 
| endtheme         = 
| cinematography   = 
| editing          = 
| studio           = [[STMIK Amikom]]&lt;br/&gt;[[MSV Pictures]]
| released         = [[20 Agustus]] [[2015]]
| released year    =  
| film of location =
| runtime          = 
| country          = [[Indonésia]]
| language         = [[Basa Indonésia]]
| budget           =
| gross            =
| network          =
| preceded by      =
| followed by      =
| awards           =[[Winner People's Choice Award, International Movie Trailer Festival (IMTF) 2013&lt;br/&gt;Nominee Best Foreign Animation, 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014]]
}}
'''''Battle of Surabaya''''' nyaéta [[pilem animasi]] 2D, [[pilem drama|drama]], [[pilem aksi|aksi]] tur [[sajarah]] [[Indonésia]] nu diproduksi ku MSV Pictures. Karya munggaran sutradara anom Aryanto Yuniawan ieu mintonkeun inohong katut carita fiktif, tapi maké kasang tukang sajarah perjoangan bangsa Indonésia nalika perang Surabaya taun 1945. ''Trailer'' ieu pilem geus meunang sababaraha pangajén, di antarana Most Péople's Choice Award [http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ IMTF (International Movie Trailer Festival) 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035533/http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-09-24 }} katut Nominee Best Foreign Animation Award 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014.

== Sinopsis ==
Ieu pilem nyaritakeun Musa, rumaja tukang semir sapatu nu jadi kurir keur perjuangan para pajoang arék-arék Suroboyo katut TKR dina kajadian [[Kajadian 10 Nopémber|perang rongkah 10 Nopémber 1945]] di [[Surabaya]] nu niwaskeun bangsa Indonésia kurang leuwih 16.000 jiwa, sarta soldadu Sekutu 1.500 jiwa.

Carita dibuka ku visualisasi rongkah dibomna kota [[Hiroshima]] ku Sekutu nu nandaan sumerahna [[Jepang]]. ''“Indonesia merdeka, itu yang kudengar di RRI, Jepang menyerah!”'', ceuk Musa. Tapi langit [[Surabaya]] beureum deui ku ayana Insidén Bendéra katut kadatangan Sekutu nu ditumpangan ku [[Walanda]]. Katambah deui ku ayana gangguan tina kelompok pamuda Kipas Hideung nu dilawan ku Pamuda Républiken. Résidén Sudirman, Gubernur Suryo, Pa Moestopo, Bung Tomo katut inohong-inohong lianna ngahudangkeun sumanget arék-arék Suroboyo katut pamuda Indonésia pikeun singkil ngalawan penjajahan.

Musa dipercaya minangka kurir surat katut kode-kode rahasia nu dikombinasikeun jeung lagu-lagu keroncong tina Radio Pemberontakan Rakyat Indonésia nu diadegkeun ku Bung Tomo. Sababaraha kajadian diliwatan ku Musa minangka kurir, leungit harta banda katut jalma-jalma nu dipikanyaah geus jadi konsékwénsi tina tugas mulya kasebut.

Ieu carita mangrupa carita adaptasi tina [[perang 10 Nopémber]] di [[Surabaya]]. Lian ti inohong nyata, aya ogé inohong fiktif nu ngahaja dijieun keur ngauatkeun pesen nu rék ditepikeun. Pesen perang ngeunaan sumanget, cinta ka lemah cai, katut perdamaian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Battle Of Surabaya, Animasi Buatan Indonésia Yang Akan Di Rilis 2014|url=http://aansubs.blogspot.com/2014/01/battle-of-surabaya-animasi-buatan.html#|work=|publisher=|date=|accessdate=[[Minggu]], [[11 Mei]] [[2014]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangeusi sora ==
*[[Dominic]] minangka Musa 
*[[Maudy Ayunda]] minangka Yumna 
*[[Reza Rahadian]] minangka Danu 
*[[Jason Williams]] minangka Capt. John Wright 
*[[Tanaka Hidetoshi]] minangka Capt. Yoshimura
*Patrick minangka Mr. Ploegman
*[[Alejandro Esteban]] minangka A.W.S Mallaby
*[[Nuriko Okuyama]] minangka Kioko
*[[Vanhoebrouck Patrick Bernard]] minangka P.J.G. Huijer
* Marco minangka Abdan

== Pangajén ==
*Nomination Best Foreign Animation Trailer, The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014
* Winner Péople's Choice Award, International Movie Trailer féstival (IMTF) 2013
*Winner Digital Animation, INAICTA 2012
*Winner Indigo Fellowship, PT Telkom Indonésia 2012
*Nominee Appreciation Film of Indonésia, Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Mendikbud) 2012

== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ Battle of Surabaya di International Movie Trailer Festival /IMTF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035533/http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-09-24 }}
* [http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/650900/video-battle-of-surabaya-bukti-animasi-lokal-tak-kalah-hebat Battle of Surabaya di Liputan 6 SCTV]
* [http://files.indowebster.com/download/video/battle_of_surabaya___official_teaser_trailer_hd Battle of Surabaya di Indowebster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613225850/http://files.indowebster.com/download/video/battle_of_surabaya___official_teaser_trailer_hd |date=2014-06-13 }}
* [http://smashpipe.com/film/videos/RoIelpqgyLY/METRO%20TV%20VideoLiputan%20Film%20Battle%20of%20Surabaya%20di%20AFA%20ID%202013 Battle of Surabaya di Smashpipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140614080904/http://smashpipe.com/film/videos/RoIelpqgyLY/METRO%20TV%20VideoLiputan%20Film%20Battle%20of%20Surabaya%20di%20AFA%20ID%202013 |date=2014-06-14 }}
* [http://goldentrailer.com/awards.gta15.php Battle of Surabaya di di Golden Trailer Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105134437/http://www.goldentrailer.com/awards.gta15.php |date=2015-01-05 }}
* [http://twitchfilm.com/2013/08/indonesias-first-2d-animated-feature-battle-of-surabaya-to-be-released-in-theatres-in-2014.html Battle of Surabaya di twitchfilm.com]
* [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/10/battle-surabaya-movie.html Battle of Surabaya di Jakarta Post Online]
* [http://www.republika.co.id/berita/senggang/film/14/01/02/myrn0e-animasi-battle-of-surabaya-raih-penghargaan-internasional Battle of Surabaya di ROL (Republika Online)]
* [http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/animasi-battle-of-surabaya/ Battle of Surabaya di Indonésia Kreatif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114080634/http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/animasi-battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-11-14 }}
* [http://www.beritasatu.com/film/136743-battle-of-surabaya-calon-film-animasi-layar-lebar-pertama-indonesia.html Battle of Surabaya di beritasatu.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011829/http://www.beritasatu.com/film/136743-battle-of-surabaya-calon-film-animasi-layar-lebar-pertama-indonesia.html |date=2016-03-05 }}
* [http://www.cinema.co.id/animation/sinopsis-film-battle-of-surabaya-bioskop-2014/ Sinopsis film Indonésia Battle of Surabaya di Cinema 21]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/97920903@N02/ Battle of Surabaya di flickr]
* devianart.com : http://battleofsurabaya.deviantart.com/
* IT news wall :http://www.itnewswall.com/2013/11/13/battle-surabaya-candidate-widescreen-first-animation-film-indonesia/ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140614081003/http://www.itnewswall.com/2013/11/13/battle-surabaya-candidate-widescreen-first-animation-film-indonesia/ |date=2014-06-14 }}
* Indonésia Kréatif : http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/battle-of-surabaya/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717072732/http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-07-17 }}
* Kompasiana &lt;nowiki&gt;: http://hiburan.kompasiana.com/film/2013/06/11/battle-of-surabaya-the-movie-perlu-dukungan-567928.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Frame Magz, Film and Photography Magazine  : http://www.frame-magz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-kebangkitan-film.html#.U3bh2lIbR3E {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044009/http://www.frame-magz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-kebangkitan-film.html#.U3bh2lIbR3E |date=2016-03-04 }}
* Google document : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LNWc_hmY-kYTTI39QSorkqpX0EPgVSIlDMlIh2OoSuY/edit
* Indonésia Proud : http://indonesiaproud.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/film-battle-of-surabaya-raih-penghargaan-international-movie-trailer-festival-2013/
* Wow Keren : http://www.wowkeren.com/film/battle_of_surabaya/
* Islam In Indonésia, a reference of Islam in the archipelago : http://islaminindonesia.com/2014/01/07/indonesian-animation-movie-trailer-on-battle-of-surabaya-gets-a-world-award-in-us/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003112/http://islaminindonesia.com/2014/01/07/indonesian-animation-movie-trailer-on-battle-of-surabaya-gets-a-world-award-in-us/ |date=2016-03-04 }}
* Film affinity, rate and find recommended movies : http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film116089.html
* Movie Xplorers, movie news and events : http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film116089.html
* tnol.asia, Indonésia’s global portal : http://www.tnol.asia/movies/19838-battle-of-surabaya-wins-international-movie-trailer-festival-award.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116072930/http://www.tnol.asia/movies/19838-battle-of-surabaya-wins-international-movie-trailer-festival-award.html |date=2014-01-16 }}
* Solo Pos Online : http://www.solopos.com/2013/07/23/battle-of-surabaya-film-animasi-indonesia-main-di-bioskop-21-429927
* Filminx; film, art, geekdom : http://www.filminx.com/trailer-animasi-lokal-battle-of-surabaya/ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140614080942/http://www.filminx.com/trailer-animasi-lokal-battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2014-06-14 }}
* Inilahcom; telinga, mata dan hati rakyat : http://teknologi.inilah.com/read/detail/2020592/battle-of-surabaya-film-animasi-2d-asli-indonesia#.U3pfe1d5dRs
* Sketchmagz.com, sketch your dréam and maké it réal : http://www.sketchmagz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-there-is-no-glory-in.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063137/http://www.sketchmagz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-there-is-no-glory-in.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
* VGI, vidéo games Indonésia : http://www.videogamesindonesia.com/news/battle-of-surabaya-animasi-2d-panjang-pertama-indonesia.php
* Harian Jogja online : http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2013/07/24/battle-of-surabaya-kisah-musa-di-pertempuran-10-november-1945-429936 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082517/http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2013/07/24/battle-of-surabaya-kisah-musa-di-pertempuran-10-november-1945-429936 |date=2016-03-04 }}
* Ruang Publik, titik awal sebuah perobahan : http://www.ruangpublik.com/informasi/topik-hangat/topik-umum/battle-of-surabaya-secercah-harapan-industri-animasi-indonesia {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140910075359/http://www.ruangpublik.com/informasi/topik-hangat/topik-umum/battle-of-surabaya-secercah-harapan-industri-animasi-indonesia |date=2014-09-10 }}

== Tumbu luar ==
* Official Movie Site (Indonésian-English) : www.battléofsurabayathemovie.com
* Official Company Site (Indonésian) : www.msvpictures.com
* Official Facebook Fanpage (Indonésian) : https://id-id.facebook.com/BattleOfSurabayaTheMovie
* Official Twitter (Indonésian) : https://twitter.com/BOSMovie_ID
* '''(Inggris)''' ''Battle of Surabaya'' di Internet Movie Database

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  <page>
    <title>Ramadan</title>
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      <text bytes="57328" sha1="23vg1rj2wl1ktvkobhjaxku0c8sb1j2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Holiday|holiday_name={{lang|ar|رمضان}} &lt;br /&gt;Ramadan|type=|longtype=[[Islam|Keagamaan]]|image=Welcome Ramadhan.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Sahiji bulan sabit anu katingali di luhureun tangkal korma nalika surupna panon poe di [[Manama]], anu jadi ciri yen datangna bulan Ramadan di [[Bahrain]].|official_name=|observedby=Umat [[Muslim]]|begins=1 Ramadan|ends=29 atanapi 30 Ramadan|date=Beragam (mengikuti [[kalender Islam|kalender bulan Islam]])&lt;ref name=&quot;ummalqura&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia|access-date=7 Maret 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611040922/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|archive-date=11 Juni 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |date=2020-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|celebrations=Komunitas [[sahur]], komunitas [[iftar]], dan komunitas [[salat]]|observances=* [[saum]] (puasa)
* [[zakat]] dan [[sedekah]]
* salat [[Tarawih]] 
* tadarus [[Alquran]]
* [[tausiah]]
* ngajauhan paripolah anu kurang merenah
* ngadékor imah
* masang lentera 
* [[ngabuburit]]|relatedto=[[Idulfitri]], [[Nuzulul Quran]], [[Lailatul Qadar]]|frequency=unggal 12 bulan (kalender bulan)}}
[[Gambar:هلال_رمضان.jpg|jmpl|Bulan sabit dihias ku mangpirang pirang warna anu éndah cahayana dina bulan Ramadhan.]]
'''Ramadhan''' atawa '''Romadon''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|æ|m|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n}}; {{Lang-ar|رمضان}}   {{IPA-ar|ramaˈdˤaːn|IPA}}; &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Dalam pengucapan Arab, kata ini dapat diucapkan menjadi {{IPA|[rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramadˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn]}}, tergantung wilayah.&lt;/ref&gt; ogé di[[romanisasi]]keun ku '''Ramazan''', '''Ramadhan''', atawa '''Ramathan''' ) mangrupa bulan kasalapan dina [[kalénder Islam]],&lt;ref&gt;[[BBC]] – [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/ramadan_1.shtml ''Religions''] Retrieved 25 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; anu dirayakeun ku umat Islam di sakuliah dunya ku [[puasa]] (''[[saum]]'') jeung miélingkeun wahyu anu munggaran anu nepi ka Nabi [[Muhammad]]. nurutkeun kayakinan umat muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/722486.shtml|title=Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan|year=2012|website=The Global Times Online|accessdate=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w30_3/ramadan-muslims-fasting.html|title=The Muslim World Observes Ramadan|year=2012|website=Power Text Solutions|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211042928/http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w30_3/ramadan-muslims-fasting.html |date=11 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Milangkala taunan ieu kacatur ku salah sahiji rukun Islam .&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|title=''Schools – Religions''|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Ramadhan bakal lumangsung salila 29-30 poé dumasar kana paniténan bulan anyar (hilal), nurutkeun sababaraha aturan anu ditulis dina [[Hadis|hadits]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378.|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kecap Ramadan asalna tina kecap akar basa Arab ''ramiḍa'' atawa ''ar-ramaḍ,'' anu hartina panas atawa kagaringan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391.|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Puasa Ramadhan hukumna nyaéta ''[[fardhu]]'' (wajib) pikeun muslim nu geus baleg, kajaba ngalaman halangan pikeun migawéna saperti gering, iinditan, geus kolot, nyandung, nyusu, [[Diabétes mélitus|diabét]] atawa [[Kareseban|haid]].&lt;ref&gt;Fasting (Al Siyam) – {{Lang|ar|الصيام}} – Page 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998&lt;/ref&gt; Kawajiban pikeun puasa nalika bulan Ramadhan turun di bulan [[Sya'ban]] taun kadua sanggeus hijrah umat Islam ti [[Mekah]] ka [[Madinah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|title=Saudi Aramco World: Ramadan in the Farthest North|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204183609/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|archivedate=2015-02-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Ramadhan dimimitian ku ditangtukeunna bulan sabit salaku tanda ayana bulan anyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/5842|title=How to pray and fast in countries where the day or night is continuous|publisher=|accessdate=5 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika puasa ti isuk nepi ka burit, umat Islam dicaram dahar, nginum cairan naon waé, ngaroko, jeung ngawati. Kajaba ti eta, aranjeunna diparéntahkeun pikeun nyingkirkeun pagawéan dosa dina raraga nyampurnakeun pahala puasa, saperti ngomongkeun perkara anu goréng (kayaning ngahina, fitnah, moyok, ngawadul) jeung gelut.&lt;ref&gt;IslamQA, &quot;It is not permissible for one who is fasting to insult anyone&quot;, URL: http://islamqa.info/en/37658&lt;/ref&gt; Dahareun jeung inumeun bisa disadiakeun unggal poé, ti saacan meleték panonpoé (Fajr) nepi ka surup (Maghrib).&lt;ref&gt;Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – page 24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dubai – Page 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Pendekatan spiritual (''tobat'') nalika bulan Ramadhan sibuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puasa pikeun umat Islam salami Ramadhan biasana direuah-reuah ku ngalobakeun [[solat]] sareng maca [[Qur'an|Alquran]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php|title=Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370|last=[[Abu Dawud]]-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani|first=Sulayman|website=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170800/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakhususan bulan Ramadhan pikeun umat Islam kagambar dina Al-Quran [[Al Baqoroh|surat Al-Baqarah]] ayat 183 anu hartosna:
&quot;''Hei eling-eling jalma anu iman, wajib pikeun anjeun puasa sakumaha diwajibkeun ka jalma-jalma samemeh araranjeun sangkan anjeun jadi jalma anu taqwa.&quot;''
- (Al-Baqoroh 2: 183)

== Patokan ceuk Étimologi ==
''Ramadhan'' (     &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Muharam|title=KBBI Daring|last=[[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]]|year=2016|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|location=Jakarta|accessdate=2018-06-30|ref=harv|edition=5}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924151735/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/muharam |date=2022-09-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; asalna tina akar kecap &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;ر م ﺿ&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;, anu hartosna [[Panas|panas ereng-erengan]] . Urang Babilon, anu budaya na kantos ngadominasi pisan di kalér [[Semenanjung Arab|Jazirah Arob,]] nganggo kalénder ''luni-surya'' (ngitung taun dumasar kana bulan sareng panonpoé). [[Kalénder Islam|Bulan kasalapan]] sok ragrag nalika usum panas anu panas pisan. Ti enjing dugi ka sonten, batu gunung sareng pasir gurun dibeuleum ku panonpoé dina usum panas, anu siang na langkung lami tibatan wengi. Peutingna panas dina batu sareng pasir ngaleutikan sakedik, tapi acan ge tiis pisan, kabujeng enjing deui. Ieu kajantenan teras-terasan, sahingga saatos sababaraha minggu aya akumulasi panas anu kacida bangetna. Poéan ieu disebat bulan Ramadhan, bulan anu kacida panasna.

Saatos masarakat [[Islam]] ngembangkeun kalénder dumasar bulan, anu rata-rata 11 dinten langkung pondok tibatan kalénder panonpoé, Ramadhan henteu teras-terasan kabeneran sareng usum panas. ''Masarakat langkung paham kana métaforis'' 'panas' Ramadhan (kiasan). Kusabab dina dinten Ramadhan jalma anu saum, tikoro na panas ku haus. Atanapi, dipiharep ayana ieu Ibadah dina Ramadhan, janten wasilah kana dihapusna pirang pirang dosa nu tiheula atawa nu bakal aya jaga.

Tina kecap dasar ieu, kecap Ramadhan dipaké pikeun nunjukkeun sensasi panas nalika aya anu hanaang. Sasauran anu sanés nyebatkeun yén kecap Ramadhan dianggo kusabab dina bulan éta dosa diduruk ku amal hadé nalika [[Panonpoé|panonpoe]] ngabakar taneuh. Nanging, kecap Ramadan henteu tiasa dibingungkeun sareng Ramadhan. Ramadan (make dal) dina basa Arab hartosna jalma anu panonna nyeri bakal lolong. Salajengna éta panginten dina momen Ramadhan dimangpaatkeun ku pengikut Islam serius pikeun ngalembereh, nyusun sareng ngabarukeun kakuatan fisik, spiritual sareng tingkah laku, sakumaha panas ngagambarkeun hal anu tiasa ngalebur [[Matéri|maté]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ri .&lt;ref name=&quot;EoR&quot;&gt;[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_40.html#HEADING54 Essentials of Ramadan, The Fasting Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909145216/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_40.html#HEADING54 |date=2006-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Surat 2, Ayat 185, Quran nyebatkeun:&lt;blockquote&gt;Bulan Ramadhan mangrupikeun turunna Al-Qur'an, pitunjuk pikeun umat manusa, sareng buktos ayana Nabi sareng Rosul, salaku pituduh hirup, sareng patokan (leres sareng salah).

 Sadayana umat Islam wajib puasa dina bulan éta, sareng saha waé anu gering atanapi iinditan, moal puasa sareng wajib ngarobih dina dinten anu sanés. Allah masihan anjeun rukhsoh sareng henteu hoyong kasusah pikeun anjeun.

 Pikeun awéwé kudu ngarengsekeun haid, saatos éta wajib ngagentosan saatos Ramadhan réngsé sareng anjeun kedah ngagungkeun Alloh anu masihan pituduh ka anjeun, sareng anjeun ogé kedah syukuran. [Quran Al-Baqarah: 185 ]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dipercanten yén [[Qur'an|Al]] -Qur'an mimiti diturunkeun ka [[Muhammad]] salami bulan Ramadhan anu parantos disebat &quot;waktos anu saé&quot;. Wahyu munggaran ieu lungsur dina peuting [[Laélatulqodar|Lailatul Qadar]] (peuting kakuatan) nu salah sahiji tina lima peuting dina poé sapuluh panungtungan Ramadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Magnificence of Quran|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AKmmBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT29&amp;dq=ramadan+quran+revealed&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=ramadan%2520quran%2520revealed&amp;f=false|publisher=Darussalam Publishers|date=2006|first=Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh|last=Ad-Dausaree}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun kana hadits, sadaya buku suci diturunkeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Shuhuf Ibrahim, Tauret, Jabur, Injil sareng [[Qur'an|Alquran]] diturunkeun dina tanggal 1, 6, 12, 13 &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The hadith of Jabir ibn Abdullah mentions that the Gospel was sent down on the 18th of Ramadan. &lt;sup&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC&amp;q=fasting#v=snippet|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=June 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev}}&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sareng 24 Ramadhan masing-masing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafig&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=June 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev|page=129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Al Qur'an, puasa ogé fardhu keur agama sateuacan Islam, tur éta cara pikeun ngéngingkeun ''taqwa'', sieun ku ayana Gusti .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT63#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Salafi Books|first=Shaikh Saalih|last=al-Uthaymeen}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Quran Al-Baqarah: 183 ] Allah SWT ngadawuh ka Nabi Muhammad yén puasa pikeun Anjeunna sanés inovasi anyar. Dina tauhid, éta mangrupikeun kawajiban anu dilaksanakeun ku jalma-jalma anu leres-leres ngaladén kana katauhidan gusti Allah.&lt;ref&gt;Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183&lt;/ref&gt; Jelma kapir [[Mekah]] ogé saum, tapi ngan dina dinten kasapuluh Muharram pikeun ngahapus dosa sareng ngajauhkeun halodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=February 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katangtosan pikeun puasa salami bulan Ramadhan lungsur  18 bulan saatos Hijrah, nyaéta bulan Sya'ban dina taun kadua Hijrah taun 624 Masehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafig&quot;/&gt;

Abu Zanad, panulis Arab ti Irak anu hirup saatos ngadegna agama Islam, kira-kira taun 747 Masehi, nyerat yén sahenteuna hiji komunitas Muslim anu cicing di al-Jazira (Irak kalér modéren) niténan Ramadan sateuacan ngalih kana Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See Ibn Qutaybah,op.cit.page 204; Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The Knowledge of Life, Oxford University, 1994, p. 25, note 403: &quot;Abu al-Fida, op-cit., p.148; Bar Habraeus, op.cit. p.266, Ibn Hazm claims that this fast is the fast of Ramadan (of the Muslims), but this is completely wrong.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun ka Philip Jenkins, Ramadhan sumping &quot;tina disiplin ketat ti garéja Suriah&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins, Philip (31 July 2006). The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South (p. 182). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, saran ieu dumasarkeun kana ideu orientalis yén Alquran nyalira ngagaduhan asal Siria, anu ditolak ku sarjana Muslim sapertos M. Al-Azami.&lt;ref&gt;Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, &quot;The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments&quot;, 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa penting ==

=== Mimiti ===
[[Gambar:Ramadan100years1938-2037.png|jmpl|Tabél mimiti Ramadhan pikeun taun Gregorian antara 1938 sareng 2038.]]
[[Kalénder Islam|Kalénder Hijriyah]] dumasar kana révolusi [[Bulan (satelit)|bulan]] anu ngurilingan [[Marcapada|jagat marcapada]] sareng awal unggal bulan ditangtukeun nalika hilal (sabit leutik) lumangsung. Cara nangtukeun momen hilal anu dianggo ayeuna nyaéta metode ningali ku panon taranjang (katelah rukyah) sareng ngagunakeun [[Astronomi|metode ngétang astronomi]] (katelah hisab). Persatuan Islam (persis) sareng Majelis Ulama Indonésia (MUI) nganggo kombinasi hisab sareng rukyah pikeun nangtoskeun hilal. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) sareng Kamenterian Agama Républik Indonésia salaku Pamaréntah Indonésia nganggo metode rukyatul hilal; sedengkeun [[Muhammadiyah]] ngagunakeun '''''hisab hakiki wal wujudul hilal''''' salaku dasar pikeun nangtukeun hilal.&lt;ref&gt;T Djamaluddin, Fatwa MUI Membuka Jalan: Penyatuan Hari Raya Segera Terwujud&lt;/ref&gt; Bédana metodeu ieu nyababkeun kamungkinan béda-béda dina hasil nangtoskeun iraha ngamimitian sareng nungtungan Ramadhan, sapertos kajantenan taun [[1998]] Maséhi (1418 H).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf Hilal Sighting &amp; Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206015307/http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf |date=2009-02-06 }}. Hilal Sighting Committee of North America ([http://www.hilalsighting.org/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043652/http://www.hilalsighting.org/ |date=2009-08-31 }}). Retrieved 19 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wengi kamulyaan ===
''Lailatul Qadar'' (wengi katangtosan), mangrupikeun wengi istimewa anu lumangsung dina bulan Ramadhan. Wengi ayeuna dicarioskeun dina [[Qur'an|Al Qur'an]] dina [[Al Qodar|Surah Al-Qadr]], éta langkung saé tibatan sarébu bulan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Neal|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/islam00neal|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=1999|location=Washington|doi=|id=|isbn=0-87840-224-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125|last=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waktos anu tepat wengi ieu kajantenan henteu dipikaterang tapi numutkeun sababaraha [[Hadis|cariosan]], wengi ieu tumiba dina 10 wengi terakhir Ramadhan, tepatna dina salah sahiji wengi ganjil, nyaéta wengi ka 21, 23, 25, 27 atanapi 29.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadan), Hadith 238|last=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170848/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha umat Islam biasana nyobian ngareuah-reuah wengi ieu ku nyaring dina wengi-wengi tungtung bulan Ramadhan bari sholat sapeupeuting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hidayatullah.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=107&amp;Itemid=60 Hidayatullah: Cara jitu memburu Lailatul Qadar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211123623/http://www.hidayatullah.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=107&amp;Itemid=60 |date=2012-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tungtung ===
Akhir bulan Ramadhan direuah-reuah kalayan gumbira ku sadaya muslim di marcapada. Sore (wengi 1 [[Syawal|Shawwal]] ), anu biasana disebat wengi kameunangan, aranjeunna bakal nyarios takbir sasarengan. Di Indonésia, ritual ieu janten hal anu narik kusabab biasana penduduk Islam nyebatkeun takbir bari parade ngurilingan landeuh sareng desa, kadang-kadang ditambahan ku cara neunggeul drum sareng lampu kembang api atanapi ngahurungkeun lantera.

Dinten énjingna dina kaping 1 Shawwal, anu dirayakeun salaku [[Idul Fitri]], duanana lalaki sareng awéwé muslim bakal ngariung di [[Masigit|masjid]] sareng alun-alun tempat shalat Idul Fitri bakal dilaksanakeun. [[Solat]] dilakukeun ku dua rakaat teras dipungkas ku dua khutbah dina lebaran. Milangkala éta teras dilanjengkeun ku acara silih hampura (''mushofahah'') di papada umat Islam, sareng dina waktos anu sasarengan ngeureunkeun séri kagiatan agama khusus anu aya dina Ramadhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;EsinIslam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm|title=Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month Of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal|website=EsinIslam, Arab News &amp; Information – By Adil Salahi|accessdate=23 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kegiatan kaagamaan ==
[[Gambar:Fasting.JPG|kiri|jmpl|250x250px| Kaayaan nalika buka [[puasa]] ( ''iftar'' ) babarengan di mesjid.]]
Kegiatan utama dina bulan Ramadhan nyaéta tangtos, puasa, sahur, buka puasa, solat peuting, ngalobakeun maca [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]], ngarayakeun dinten wahyu Al-Qur'an, sareng amal hadé anu sanés.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance|title=Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance|website=Guardian News, Nigeria|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140718041849/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance|archivedate=2014-07-18|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|title=Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361.|website=Hadith Collection|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|archivedate=2015-06-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html |date=2015-06-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30/|title=Book of Fasting – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|publisher=|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saum sasih siam ===
Saum/ Puasa pikeun urang Islam ( [[Basa Arab|Arab]] : &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;صوم,&lt;/font&gt; transliterasi: ''Shuwam)'' nyaéta nyengker tina tuangeun sareng inuman sareng sadaya padamelan anu tiasa ngabatalkeun kana puasa, ti subuh dugi ka surup [[panonpoé]], dina kaayaan anu tangtu, pikeun ningkatkeun kataqwaan jalma muslim. Puasa (saum) mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina lima rukun Islam. Saum ceuk lugot hartosna nyengker atanapi nyegah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml Why Ramadan brings us together]; ''[[BBC]]'', 1 September 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world Help for the Heavy at Ramadan], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 27 September 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dieticiannour&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/072709p56.shtml|title=Understanding Muslim Fasting Practices|last=El-Zibdeh|first=Dr. Nour|website=todaysdietitian.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sahur ====
Sahur mangrupikeun istilah [[Islam]] anu ngarujuk kana kagiatan tuangna jalma [[Islam]] anu dilaksanakeun dina janari &lt;ref&gt;[http://deskripsi.com/s/sahur Deskripsi - Sahur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045610/http://www.deskripsi.com/s/sahur |date=2017-03-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; pikeun anu ngalaksanakeun [[Saum|puasa]] salami Ramadhan. Sahur salaku sarapan cocog sareng Iftar salaku tuang, salami Ramadhan, ngagentos tilu tuangeun sadinten ( [[Mumuluk|sasarap]], tuang siang sareng tuangeun ),&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=BBC - Schools - Religion - Islam|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|access-date=11 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; sanaos di sababaraha tempat tuang tuang ogé dikonsumsi saatos Iftar pas magrib.

==== Iftar ====
Iftar ngarujuk kana ngaliwet anu waktosna nalika buka puasa salami bulan Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.interfaithdialog.org/dinners/dinner-of-abrahamic-traditions-2-2.html|title=Dinner of Abrahamic Traditions|website=interfaithdialog.org|language=Bahasa Inggris|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075955/http://www.interfaithdialog.org/dinners/dinner-of-abrahamic-traditions-2-2.html |date=10 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iftar mangrupikeun hiji ibadah nalika bulan Ramadhan sareng sering dilakukeun ku hiji komunitas, sareng jalma-jalma kumpul pikeun buka [[Saum|puasa]] babarengan. Iftar dilakukeun pas saatos waktos Maghrib. Sacara tradisional, kurma mangrupikeun hal anu mimiti didahar nalika buka puasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml|title=Ramadan in Palestine at the Institute for Middle East Understanding|website=imeu.net|language=Bahasa Inggris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013516/http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml|archivedate=2008-12-06|dead-url=yes|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013516/http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml |date=2008-12-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seueur umat Islam yakin yén masihan Iftar ka batur salaku bentuk amal pisan manpaatna sareng dilakukeun ku Nabi Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.haqislam.org/ramadan/virtues-of-iftari.htm|title=Virtues of iftar|website=haqislam.org|language=Bahasa Inggris|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726114037/http://www.haqislam.org/ramadan/virtues-of-iftari.htm |date=26 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Solat Peuting ===
Nalika peuting, saberes sholat [[isya]], umat Islam teras-terasan ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Tarawéh|tarawih]] . Doa khusus anu ngan ukur dilaksanakeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Solat tarawih, sanaos tiasa dilakukeun kalawan papisah, umumna dilakukeun berjamaah di [[Masigit|masjid]] . Kadang-kadang sateuacan dilaksanakeunnana sholat tarawih di tempat-tempat tertentu, diayakeun ceramah pondok pikeun ngalengkepan jamaah dina ngalaksanakeun ibadahna dina bulan éta. Saatos ngalaksanakeun solat tarawih, biasana langsung teraskeun sareng solat witir 3 siklus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|title=Tarawih Prayer a Nafl or Sunnah|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190826/http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|archivedate=2015-11-18|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngaos Al-Qur'an ===
Salaku tambahan kana amalan [[puasa]], kaseueuran umat Islam nyéépkeun waktos sateuacan buka puasa ku maos [[Qur'an|Alquran]] hiji [[juz]] unggal dinten. Biasana dibaca khusus dina kelompok atanapi sacara sewang-sewangan, tapi aya ogé anu mungkaskeun 30 Juz ku wasilah maos surat dina [[Tarawéh|solat Taraweh]] .{{Fact}}

=== Lungsurna Al-qur'an ===
Pirang-pirang nonoman jeung ulama ngagaduhan sasauran anu bénten ngeunaan kaping anu tangtos iraha lungsurna wahyu Al-Qur'an &lt;ref name=&quot;nzqsofwah&quot;&gt;[http://www.alsofwah.or.id/?pilih=rdnlihat&amp;id=9 Nuzulul Quran Sebagai Peringatan atau Pelajaran]&lt;/ref&gt; (''[[Nuzulul Quran]]'')''.'' Dina kasempetan ieu, [[Al 'Alaq|Surah Al-'Alaq]] ayat 1 dugi ka 5 diturunkeun nalika Nabi [[Muhammad]] aya di [[Gua Hira]] . Milangkala acara ieu biasana dilaksanakeun ku pangaosan di [[Masigit|masjid]] . Tapi peringatan ieu dianggap [[bid'ah]], sabab teu aya ti nabina. Mimiti ditangtoskeunna milangkala ''[[Nuzulul Quran]]'' di Indonesia nyaéta nalika Presiden Soekarno dipasihan saran ti Buya Hamka pikeun ngareuah-reuah wengian ''Nuzulul Quran,'' lantaran ngepas jeung poéan merdékana Indonesia.

=== Umroh ===
Upami Umroh dilakukeun dina bulan ieu, éta langkung seueur pahalana tibatan bulan-bulan anu sanés. Dina [[Hadis|Hadits]] disaurkeun &quot;Umrah dina bulan Ramadhan sami sareng haji atanapi haji sareng kaula.&quot; (Diriwayatkeun ku: Bukhari sareng Muslim).&lt;ref name=&quot;Umrah&quot;&gt;[http://www.mediamuslim.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=306&amp;Itemid=37 media muslim, umrah pada bulan ramadan]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zakat fitrah ===
Zakat fitrah mangrupikeun [[Zakat|zakat anu]] dikaluarkeun khusus dina bulan Ramadhan atanapi paling akhir sateuacan réngsé shalat Idul Fitri. Unggal jalma muslim anu mampu wajib mayar zakat fitrah.&lt;ref&gt;Yasin, Ahmad Hadi. &quot;[http://banten.dompetdhuafa.org/uploads/media/PANDUAN-ZAKAT-1433-web.pdf Panduan Zakat Praktis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506033725/http://banten.dompetdhuafa.org/uploads/media/PANDUAN-ZAKAT-1433-web.pdf |date=2019-05-06 }}.&quot; ''Jakarta: Dompet Dhuafa Republika'' (2011).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://baznas.go.id/panduanzakat|title=BAZNAS - BADAN AMIL ZAKAT NASIONAL|last=root|website=baznas.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121185703/https://baznas.go.id/panduanzakat |date=2021-01-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah zakat fitrah anu kedah dibayar sewang sewangan nyaéta hiji sha' tergantung kadaharan pokok di daérah anu bersangkutan.&lt;ref&gt;Mubarok, A., &amp; Fanani, B. (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulloh_Mubarok/publication/320322246_PENGHIMPUNAN_DANA_ZAKAT_NASIONAL/links/59dd9ae6a6fdcc276fa39750/PENGHIMPUNAN-DANA-ZAKAT-NASIONAL.pdf PENGHIMPUNAN DANA ZAKAT NASIONAL (Potensi, Realisasi dan Peran Penting Organisasi Pengelola Zakat)]. ''Permana'', ''5''(2).&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah ieu, nalika dirobah, sami sareng 2,5 kilogram atanapi 3,5 liter béas. Anu nampi Zakat umumna didefinisikeun dina 8 kelompok (fakir, miskin, amil, [[mualaf]], budak, gharimin, fisabilillah, ibnu sabil) tapi numutkeun sababaraha ulama khusus, zakat fitrah kedah ngutamakeun dua kelompok anu mimiti, nyaéta anu fakir sareng anu miskin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wordpress-268576-833073.cloudwaysapps.com/apa-itu-zakat/|title=Apa Itu Zakat? Penjelasan tentang Zakat dalam Islam|website=Lembaga Amil Zakat Dompet Dhuafa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506033729/https://wordpress-268576-833073.cloudwaysapps.com/apa-itu-zakat/ |date=2019-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sasauran ieu dumasar kana alesan yén jumlah zakat leutik pisan sedengkeun salah sahiji tujuan tina ngaluarkeun zakat fitrah nyaéta supaya jalma-jalma anu miskin sareng anu miskin tiasa ilubiung dina ngarayakeun idul fitri.

== Prakték budaya ==
[[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg|kiri|jmpl|300x300px| Neunggeul [[bedug]] di Indonésia]]
[[Gambar:Lanterns_from_below.JPG|jmpl| Hiasan lantera ramé di [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]]]]
[[Gambar:Ramadan_jerusalem_kmhad.jpg|jmpl| Ramadhan di Kota Lama&amp;nbsp;[[Yerusalem]]]]
Di sababaraha [[Dunya muslim|nagara Muslim]] ayeuna, lampu digantungkeun di alun-alun, sareng di jalan-jalan landeuh, pikeun ngareuah reuah ieu bulan. [[Lantera|Lentera]] mangrupikeun hiasan simbolis pikeun bulan Ramadhan. Di nagara-nagara berkembang, aranjeunna digantungkeun di jalan-jalan kota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/slideshow/muslims-begin-fasting-start-ramadan-holy-month-16822614|title=Muslims begin fasting for Ramadan|website=ABC News|accessdate=6 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-spirit-of-ramadan-is-here-butbulanis-it-still-so-dark|title=The spirit of Ramadan is here, but why is it still so dark?|last=Taryam Al Subaihi|website=The National|accessdate=30 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html|title=How to decorate for Ramadan|last=Cochran|first=Sylvia|website=Yahoo-Shine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115184556/http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html|archivedate=2013-01-15|dead-url=yes|accessdate=6 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115184556/http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html |date=2013-01-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenter tradisi salaku hiasan anu pakait sareng Ramadhan dipercaya asalna ti jaman Khalifah [[Fatimiid|Fatimiyyah]] anu pusatna di [[Mesir]], di mana Khalifah [[Al-Mu'izz]] li-Dinillah disambut ku jalma-jalma anu nyekel lantera pikeun ngagungkeun kaputusanana. Ti saprak éta, lantera parantos dianggo pikeun ngahirupkeun masjid sareng imah di ibukota [[Kairo]] . Mal balanja, bisnis, sareng bumi jalma tiasa katingali ku béntang sareng gunung sabulan sareng rupa-rupa pangaruh cahaya ogé.

Salaku nagara anu jumlah pendudukna muslim pangageungna di marcapada, [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] ngagaduhan macem-macem tradisi ramadan. Di [[Pulo Jawa]], seueur urang [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] mandi di cinyusu suci nyiapkeun puasa, ritual anu katelah Padusa. [[Kota Semarang]] nandaan mimiti Ramadhan ku [[karnaval Dugderan]], anu ngalibatkeun pengendog Warak, [[Kuda|mahluk hibrid kuda]] - naga panginten diideuan ku [[Buraq]] . Di ibukota Cina anu dipangaruhan ku [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], kurupuk seuneu biasana dipaké pikeun ngahudangkeun jalma pikeun sholat subuh dugi ka abad ka-19. Dina panungtungan bulan Ramadhan, kaseueuran pagawé nampi bonus sasasih anu katelah Tunjangan Hari Raya (THR). Sababaraha jinis tuangeun anu kawéntar pisan salami Ramadhan, sapertos sapi di [[Acéh]], sareng [[Kéong|tutut]] di [[Jawa Tengah]] . Hidangan Iftar diumumkeun unggal wengi ku neunggeul [[bedug]] di mesjid.

== Kaséhatan ==
Puasa Ramadhan aman pikeun jalma anu séhat, tapi anu ngagaduhan kaayaan médis kedah milari naséhat médis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Islamic fasting and health|url=|journal=Ann. Nutr. Metab.|volume=56|issue=4|pages=273–82|doi=10.1159/000295848|pmid=20424438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa puasa biasana dikaitkeun sareng leungitna beurat anu sedeng, tapi beurat condong datang deui saatosna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=|journal=Public Health Nutr|volume=17|issue=2|pages=396–406|doi=10.1017/S1368980012005046|pmid=23182306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Panyawat ginjal ===
Tinjauan literatur ku kelompok Iran nunjukkeun yén puasa salami Ramadhan tiasa nyababkeun [[Ginjal|tatu ginjal]] di pasién anu panyakit sedeng (GFR &lt;60 ml / mnt) atanapi panyakit ginjal anu langkung parah, tapi henteu ngarugikeun pasién cangkok ginjal anu ngagaduhan fungsi anu saé atanapi paling ngawangun batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;renal diseases mini review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2013|title=Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature|journal=J Res Med Sci.|publisher=Official Journal of [[Isfahan University of Medical Sciences]]|volume=18|issue=8|pages=711–716|issn=1735-1995|pmc=3872613|pmid=24379850}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Denda pikeun palanggaran ==
Di sababaraha nagara Muslim, gagal atanapi gancang ngalawan ngalawan kabiasaan sapertos kitu salami bulan Ramadhan dianggap kajahatan sareng dituntut sapertos kitu. Salaku conto, di [[Aljazair]], dina Oktober 2008 [[Biskra|pengadilan Biskra]] ngahukum genep jalma opat taun panjara sareng denda anu beurat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/07/57856.html|title=Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast|website=Al Arabiya News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di [[Kuwait]], numutkeun undang-undang nomer 44 taun 1968, hukumanana nyaéta denda henteu langkung ti 100 dinar Kuwait, atanapi panjara henteu langkung ti sabulan, atanapi duanana hukuman, kusabab ditingali tuang, nginum atanapi ngaroko nalika siang siang salami Ramadhan .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.moi.gov.kw/portal/vEnglish/pressrel.asp?objectid={220CBBC3-8EA9-4835-A491-C368B0689E55}&amp;catid={506BD210-2218-41DE-9648-30A1C3AAD0F6}&amp;year=&amp;relid={57BF4B27-AAFB-4F61-9065-B013FA96A464} Press release by Kuwait Ministry Of Interior]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking|newspaper=Friday Times|location=|language=&lt;!-- English --&gt;|publisher=Kuwait Times Newspaper|date=21 August 2009|url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA|access-date=17 November 2009|archive-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124956/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di sababaraha daérah [[Uni Émirat Arab|Émirat Arab Bersatu]], tuang atanapi nginum di tempat umum salami Ramadhan dianggap mangrupikeun palanggaran ringan sareng dihukum dugi ka 150 jam jasa masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Salama|first=Samir|title=New penalty for minor offences in UAE|newspaper=Gulf News|location=Dubai, UAE|pages=|language=|publisher=Al Nisr Publishing LLC|date=16 July 2009|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892|access-date=17 November 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301171003/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892 |date=1 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi anu caket]], anu ''dijelaskeun ku The Economist'' nganggap Ramadhan &quot;langkung serius tibatan tempat sanés&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramadan in Saudi Arabia: Taking it to heart|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; aya hukuman anu langkung parah, padahal di Malaysia, henteu aya hukuman sapertos kitu.

Di [[Mesir]], penjualan [[alkohol]] dilarang salami Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811064259/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx |date=2013-08-11 }},&quot; ''[[Al-Ahram]], 22 July 2012.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2014 di Kermanshah, [[Iran]], hiji non-Muslim dihukum pikeun ngaduruk roko sareng lima urang Muslim dikeruk kalayan 70 belang pikeun tuang salami Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2702774/Christian-sentenced-Iranian-judge-lips-burnt-cigarette-eating-Ramadan.html|title=Christian sentenced by Iranian judge to have his lips burnt with a cigarette for eating during Ramadan|website=Mail Online|accessdate=24 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masalah hukum anu sanés ===
Sababaraha nagara gaduh hukum anu ngarobah jadwal damel salami Ramadhan. [[Uni Émirat Arab|Dina Undang-Undang Buruh Uni Émirat Arab]], jam kerja maksimum nyaéta 6 jam per dinten sareng 36 jam per minggu. [[Qatar]], [[Oman]], [[Bahrain]] sareng [[Kuwait]] ngagaduhan hukum anu sami.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf Employment Issues During Ramadan – The Gulf Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404152029/http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf |date=2020-04-04 }}, DLA Piper Middle East.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aspék ékonomi ==
[[Gambar:Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg|jmpl|333x333px| Iftar di [[Masjid Sultan Ahmed]] di [[Istanbul]], Turki]]
Bulan Ramadhan di [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Organisasi Sabilulungan Islam|nagara-nagara anu mayoritas pendudukna Muslim]] sacara umum tiasa dikaitkeun sareng kakuatan kakuatan sareng paripolah konsumtif masarakat pikeun barang sareng jasa. Di Indonésia, ieu aya hubunganana pisan sareng kabiasaan [[pamaréntah]] sareng perusahaan swasta pikeun nyayogikeun tunjangan liburan (THR) ka para karyawanna. Kanaékan ieu kajantenan ampir di sadaya séktor ti transportasi, tuangeun, inuman dugi ka kabutuhan rumah tangga. Janten henteu umum pikeun tingkat inflasi ngahontal titik na anu pangluhurna salami bulan ieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp?id=55914&amp;kat_id=15&amp;kat_id1=&amp;kat_id2= Republika: Ekonomi Ramadan, Muhammad Syafi'i Antonio]&lt;/ref&gt; Fénoména ieu tiasa ditingali sacara jelas ku répormasi para padagang musiman anu ngajual rupa-rupa komoditi mimitian ti tuangeun dugi ka pakean di tempat umum, khususna di sisi jalan. Salian ti ngayakeun nyebar bazaar anu disponsoran ku pamaréntah, swasta, organisasi tertentu sareng organisasi non-pamaréntah.

== Tingkat Dursila ==
Korelasi Ramadhan sareng tingkat kajahatan dicampur: sababaraha statistik nunjukkeun yén tingkat kajahatan turun salami Ramadhan, sedengkeun anu sanés nunjukkeun yén aranjeunna ningkat. Pangurangan tingkat kajahatan parantos dilaporkeun ku pulisi di sababaraha kota di [[Turki]] ( Istanbul &lt;ref name=&quot;zaman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html|title=Crime rate falls during Ramadan|website=Today's Zaman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028204709/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html|archivedate=2014-10-28|dead-url=yes|accessdate=15 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028204709/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html |date=2014-10-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng Konya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&amp;n=crime-rate-drops-over-ramadan-2002-11-16|title=Crime rate drops over Ramadan|date=16 November 2002|access-date=24 June 2015|publisher=Turkish Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) sareng Propinsi Wétan [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/459414|title=Eastern Province crime falls 40% during Ramadan|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panilitian taun 2012 nunjukkeun yén tingkat kajahatan turunna salami Iranduring Ramadhan, sareng panurunanna sacara statistik signifikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;irjabs&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Tavakoli|first=Nasrin|title=Effect of spirituality on decreasing crimes and social damages: A case study on Ramadan|journal=International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences|pages=518–524|year=2012|url=http://www.irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_325_121110001354.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319094157/https://irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_325_121110001354.pdf |date=2021-03-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panilitian taun 2005 mendakan yén aya panurunan serangan, perampokan sareng kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol salami Ramadhan di Saudi Arabia, tapi ngan ukur panurunan anu signifikan sacara statistik dina kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf|title=The effect of Ramadan on crime rates in Saudi Arabia, Hattab Ben Thawab Al-Sobaye|website=Naif Arab University for Social Sciences, Thesis publication|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809193119/http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf|archivedate=2014-08-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809193119/http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf |date=2014-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanaékan tingkat kajahatan salami Ramadhan parantos dilaporkeun di [[Turki]],&lt;ref name=&quot;tdn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/129-women-killed-in-six-months-in-turkey-lawmaker-says.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=69005&amp;NewsCatID=509|title=129 women killed in six months in Turkey, lawmaker says|website=Hurriyet Daily News|accessdate=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jakarta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/19/crime-rates-increase-during-ramadhan.html|title=Crime rates increase during Ramadan|website=Jakarta Post|accessdate=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/4-gold-shop-robbers-killed-2-caught-during-police-raids-across-the-city/326794/|title=4 Gold Shop Robbers Killed, 2 Caught During Police Raids Across the City|website=Jakarta Post|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/4-gold-shop-robbers-killed-2-caught-during-police-raids-across-the-city/326794&amp;date=2011-07-12|archivedate=2011-07-12|dead-url=no|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jakartacity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan|title=Anticipating Crime, 7,500 Policemen Put on Standby Along Ramadan|website=Department of Communication, Informatics and Public Relations of Jakarta Capital City|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R7ZlfPNC?url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan|archivedate=2014-07-16|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724125947/http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan |date=2014-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; bagéan [[Aljazair|Algeria]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elwatan.com/archives/article.php?id_sans_version=87359|title=Comment le Ramadan bouleverse la vie des Algériens|website=El Watan, French|accessdate=16 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118042113/http://www.elwatan.com/archives/article.php?id_sans_version=87359 |date=18 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yaman]] &lt;ref name=&quot;yemen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1287&amp;p=local&amp;a=1|title=Yemen child trafficking to increase during Ramadan|website=Yemen Times|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yementimes.com%2FDefaultDET.aspx%3Fi%3D1287%26p%3Dlocal%26a%3D1&amp;date=2011-04-04|archivedate=2011-04-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20110404051838/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1287&amp;p=local&amp;a=1 |date=2011-04-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng [[Mesir]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3746|title=Ramadan saw rise in violent domestic crimes|website=Daily News, Egypt|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3746&amp;date=2011-07-12|archivedate=2011-07-12|dead-url=no|accessdate=2017-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rupa-rupa mékanisme parantos diusulkeun pikeun pangaruh Ramadhan kana kajahatan:

* Hiji sarjana Iran nyatakeun yén puasa salami bulan Ramadhan ngajantenkeun jalma gampang ngalakukeun kajahatan kusabab alesan spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;aytolh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yjc.ir/en/news/1619/ramadan-and-lower-crime-rates|title=''Ramadan and lower crime rates: The Ayatollah says that during Ramadan the number of criminal cases in the Judiciary diminish by a great degree''.|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R7YSzyKn?url=http://www.yjc.ir/en/news/1619/ramadan-and-lower-crime-rates|archivedate=2014-07-16|dead-url=no|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamal al-Banna nyatakeun yén puasa tiasa setrés jalma, anu tiasa ngajantenkeun aranjeunna langkung seueur ngalakukeun kajahatan. Anjeunna ngritik umat Islam anu ngalakukeun kajahatan nalika puasa salami Ramadhan salaku &quot;palsu sareng deet&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt&quot;/&gt;
* Pulisi di Saudi Arabia nunjukkeun pangirangan tingkat kajahatan kana &quot;suasana spiritual anu aya di nagara ieu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;/&gt;
* Di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], pulisi nyarios yén lalu lintas sepi sabab 7 juta jalma ninggalkeun kota pikeun ngarayakeun [[Idul Fitri]] hasilna ningkatna kajahatan jalanan. Hasilna, pulisi nyebarkeun tambahan 7.500 tanaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;jakartacity&quot;/&gt;
* Dina bulan Ramadhan, jutaan jamaah asup ka [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]] pikeun nganjang ka [[Mekah]] . Numutkeun ka ''Yaman Times'', jamaah haji sapertos kitu biasana amal zakat, sareng akibatna penyelundup ngusir budak-budak ti Yaman kanggo nyungkeun jalan di Arab Saudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;yemen&quot;/&gt;

== Ramadhan di daérah arktik ==
Panjang subuh dugi ka surupna beda-beda di sababaraha penjuru dunya numutkeun usum panas atanapi usum salju solstis. Kaseueuran umat Islam puasa 11-16 jam salami bulan Ramadhan. Nanging, di daérah arktik, waktos antara subuh sareng surup di Mekah langkung ti 22 jam dina usum panas. Salaku conto, dina 2014, umat Islam di Reykjavik, [[Islandia]], sareng Trondheim, Norwégia, puasa ampir 22 jam, sedengkeun umat Islam di [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], puasa ngan ukur sakitar 11 jam. Umat ​​Islam di daérah anu wengi atanapi siang teras-terasan ditingali salami bulan Ramadhan nuturkeun jam puasa di kota-kota caket dieu di mana puasa ditingali nalika subuh sareng surup. Minangka alternatipna, umat Islam tiasa nuturkeun jaman Mekah.&lt;ref&gt;See article &quot;How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World&quot; -Huffingtonpost.co /31 July 2014 and article &quot;Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014&quot; -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article &quot;The true spirit of Ramadan&quot; -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara &quot;The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish&quot; http://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight|title=Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|website=|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gawe di bulan Ramadhan ==
Umat Islam bakal tetep damel salami bulan Ramadhan. Nabi Muhammad nyarios yén penting pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan antara ibadah sareng padamelan. Di sababaraha nagara Islam, sapertos Oman, jam damel disingkat salami bulan Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman|title=Ramadan working hours announced in Oman|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=17 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624185407/http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman |date=24 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec|title=Ramadan working hours announced for public and private sectors|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=17 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624222635/http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec |date=24 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sering disarankeun supaya muslim anu damel ngabéjaan ka dununganana upami aranjeunna puasa, dipasihan kamungkinan patuh pikeun mangaruhan kinerja tempat damel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|title=The Working Muslim in Ramadan|year=2011|publisher=Working Muslim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007181131/http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-07|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2016-06-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007181131/http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf |date=2016-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat di mana anu lalajo Ramadhon dijagaan ku akomodasi agama beda-beda ti unggal nagara. Kawijakan anu nempatkeun aranjeunna dina kerugian dibandingkeun padamel anu sanésna parantos patepung sareng klaim diskriminasi di [[Inggris]] sareng [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lewissilkinemployment.com/en-gb/insights-knowledge/insights-knowledge/a/knowledge/ramadan-employment-issues/|title=Lewis Silkin – Ramadan – employment issues|last=Lewis Silkin|website=lewissilkinemployment.com|accessdate=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2014/06/reasonable-accommodations-for-ramadan-lessons-from-2-eeoc-cases.html|title=Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases|website=Free Enterprise|accessdate=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm|title=EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement In Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees|website=eeoc.gov|accessdate=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lilana waktu puasa ==
Waktos puasa ditangtoskeun ku waktos ti naék dugi ka surup, janten posisi [[Panonpoé|matahari]] di bumi mangaruhan panjang waktos jalma puasa. Kusabab nagara anu ngagaduhan [[Tropis|iklim tropis]] di daérah [[Hatulistiwa|katulistiwa]] ngagaduhan durasi saimbang (sakitar 12 jam siang sareng sakitar 12 wengi), durasi puasa cenderung stabil ti taun ka taun. Hal anu béda dialaman ku nagara-nagara di beulahan bumi kalér sareng beulahan bumi beulah kidul anu ngalaman &quot;robih ekstrim&quot;, nyaéta nalika usum puasa usum janten pondok (kirang ti 12 jam) sedengkeun usum panas bakal ningkat (langkung ti 12 jam).

Ieu mangrupikeun conto data ngeunaan lilana waktu puasa nalika beulahan bumi kalér ngalaman usum panas.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot;
!Nagara
! Panjangna gancang (jam)
|-
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
| 15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sumut.pojoksatu.id/2016/06/05/inilah-7-negara-dengan-durasi-puasa-tercepat-di-dunia/|title=Inilah 7 Negara dengan Durasi Puasa Tercepat di Dunia|website=sumut.pojoksatu.id|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032849/http://sumut.pojoksatu.id/2016/06/05/inilah-7-negara-dengan-durasi-puasa-tercepat-di-dunia/ |date=22 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Antartika}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Antartika}}
| 8 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://segiempat.com/kps/anéh-unik-kps/tahukah-anda/negara-durasi-puasa-terpendek/|title=Negara dengan Durasi Berpuasa Terpendek di Dunia|website=segiempat.com|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Argentina}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Argentina}}
| 9{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Arab Saudi}}
| 14{{Fact}}
|-
|Arktik
| 22 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anakregular.com/2015/06/waktu-puasa-terpanjang-dan-terpendek-di.html|title=Waktu Puasa Terpanjang dan Terpendek di Dunia|website=anakregular.com|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421195613/http://www.anakregular.com/2015/06/waktu-puasa-terpanjang-dan-terpendek-di.html |date=21 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|{{Flag|Australia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Australia}}
| 9 (beulah kidul){{Fact}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;11 (beulah kalér){{Fact}}
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| 13 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/06/durasi-puasa-di-indonesia-tahun-ini|title=Durasi Puasa di Indonesia Tahun Ini|website=nationalgeographic.co.id|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194925/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/06/durasi-puasa-di-indonesia-tahun-ini |date=21 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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== Tingali ogé ==

* [[Rukun Islam]]
* [[Saur|Sahur]]
* [[Iftar]]
* [[Puasa]]

== Catetan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tautan Éksternal ==

* {{Id}} [http://www.dakwatuna.com/sajian-khusus-ramadan/ Kajian-kajian Khusus Seputar Ramadan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{En icon}} [http://fairy.mahdzan.com/story/204.asp Fairy Mahdzan, the Spirit of Ramadan at the Pasar Malam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906012113/http://fairy.mahdzan.com/story/204.asp |date=2006-09-06 }}
* {{Id}} [http://ahlussunnah.web.id/audio/index.php?cat=Haji-Puasa-Zakat AUDIO ISLAM ONLINE, Kajian &amp; Tanya-Jawab seputar Bulan Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012005242/http://ahlussunnah.web.id/audio/index.php?cat=Haji-Puasa-Zakat |date=2007-10-12 }}</text>
      <sha1>23vg1rj2wl1ktvkobhjaxku0c8sb1j2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dedi Hamdun</title>
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      <text bytes="5350" sha1="s5pxffzufn5czii5ea36v0ycgp6vnok" xml:space="preserve">'''Dedi Hamdun''' atanapi '''Dedy Umar Hamdun''' nyaéta hiji pangusaha jeung politikus ti [[Partéy Persatuan Pembangunan]] (PPP) anu ngaleungit nalika reformasi 1997-1998, tepatna dina 29 Méi 1997 di Tebet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kontras.org/backup/buletin/indo/kontras_OK_dng_RevHal4.pdf|title=Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktivis 1997-1998: Siapa Bertanggungjawab?|last=Tim Redaksi|website=kontras.org|page=2|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ngaleungit barengan jeung sopirna, [[Ismail]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wiji Thukul, Teka-Teki Orang Hilang|last=Tempo Publishing|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=2025|isbn=9786024817619|location=Jakarta|pages=142|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/90mtwgEACAAJ?hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiKhIbGi7yRAxWqzzgGHR7CAmcQre8FegQIChAH|language=Indonésia|access-date=18 Désémber 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung babaturanna, [[Noval Alkatiri]]. Aranjeunna diculik barang kaluar ti Rumah Sakit Bunda di Jakarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Keluarga Deddy Hamdun Korban Penculikan 97 Surati Jokowi|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230731172152-12-980090/keluarga-deddy-hamdun-korban-penculikan-97-surati-jokowi|newspaper=nasional|access-date=18 Désémber 2025|language=id-ID|last=Tim Redaksi|date=31 Juli 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Derita Keluarga Dedi Hamdun, Korban Penculikan 1997 yang tak Tersentuh Bantuan Pemerintah|url=https://www.inilah.com/derita-keluarga-dedi-hamdun-korban-penculikan-1997-yang-tak-tersentuh-bantuan-pemerintah|newspaper=Inilah.com|date=3 Agustus 2023|access-date=18 Désémber 2025|language=id-ID|last=Taher|first=Wiguna}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2023/12/16/337/2939743/keluarga-dedi-hamdun-korban-penculikan-1997-minta-keadilan-ke-pemerintah|title=Keluarga Dedi Hamdun Korban Penculikan 1997 Minta Keadilan ke Pemerintah|last=Michella|first=Widya|website=Okezone|language=id-ID|publication-date=16 Désémber 2023|accessdate=18 Désémber 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus diculik, bisnisna paburantak boh asetna, lahanna, hartana atanapi perusahaannana, ngaleungit teu aya tinggal nu mantak kaluwargana jadi susaheun kacida. Cara salila dua taun, kaluwargana cicing di imah nu di Jakarta teu maké listrik jeung aksés cai beresih. Dina hiji mangsa, anakna anu mimitina ditawarkeun wawancara malahan diancam ngungkabkeun kajadian éta ka média. Pamajikan kahijina, Laila Hilaby, ngalaman gangguan psikologis, teu tiasa narima leungitna Dedi Hamdun nepi ka ayeuna, jeung ku kituna kudu rutin nginum obat ti psikiater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/x/detail/spotlight/20230731/Telepon-Terakhir-dan-Derita-Keluarga-Hamdun/|title=Telepon Terakhir dan Derita Keluarga Hamdun|last=Sugandi|first=Ahmad Thovan|editor-last=Widhana|editor-first=Dieqy Hasbi|website=detikx|publication-date=31 Juli 2023|accessdate=18 Désémber 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kronologi ==
Dedi Hamdun katelah aktip ngadukung Mega-Bintang salaku pasangan calon présidén jeung wakil présidén pikeun ngagantikeun Soeharto saméméh Pamilihan 1997.

Dina Méi 1997, anakna anu katilu, Hakim, anu keur aya di Ambon ujug-ujug narima telpon ti bapana. Lahirna yén bapana ngjangjikeun bakal mawa duit loba ka imah sarta nitip pesen ka Hakim jeung ninina teu kudu hawatir. Nanging, anéhna isukna seueur koran lokal anu ngawartakuen Dedi Hamdun leungit diculik di Jakarta sababaraha poé saméméhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saméméhna, Dedi Hamdun sempet ngariung jeung pamajikanana sarta dua anak awéwéna di Hotel Nirwana Jakarta. Anjeunna ngomongkeun proyék akuisisi hiji lahan di Gatot Subroto jeung [[Cisarua, Sukajaya, Bogor|Cisarua]]. Tina hasil éta ngajangjikeun bakal ngabagikeun sawaréh lahan éta pikeun kulawargana. Sanggeus tidinya, pamajikana jeung anak-anakna balik ka imah, ninggalkeun Dedi Hamdun sorangan di hotél kulantaran rék neruskeun perkara bisnisna téa. Isukna, Dedi Hamdun ngaleungit teu ninggalkeun tapak sababaraha minggu lilana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/x/detail/spotlight/20230801/Penculikan-Tangan-Kanan-Cendana--Loyalis-Mega-Bintang/|title=Penculikan Tangan Kanan Cendana &amp; Loyalis Mega-Bintang|last=Mardatila|first=Ani|website=detikx|publication-date=1 Agustus 2023|accessdate=18 Désémber 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raharja Waluya Jati, ogé salah sahiji korban penculikan taun 1998, nyatakeun yén anjeunna henteu pernah pendak langsung jeung Dedi Hamdun nalika anjeunna diculik. Nanging, anjeunna ngadangu ti sasama korban penculikan yén Dedi Hamdun aya di salah sahiji sél ngahiji jeung [[Pius Lustrilanang]] sarta [[Desmond Junaidi Mahesa]] di Pos Komando Taktis (Poskotis) Komando Pasukan Khusus Angkatan Darat Indonesia (Kopassus) di [[Cijantung, Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Wétan|Cijantung]], Jakarta Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Asét anu leungit ==
Numutkeun Hakim, putrana, Dedi sempet ngabogaan 33 persén kapamilikan parusahaan di Jawa Kulon, anu asét lahana nepi ka 135 héktar. Anjeunna ogé boga hiji lahan nu luasna 1.000 m² di Cempaka Putih, [[Jakarta Pusat]]. Sallian ti éta, aya sababraha mobil, diantarana tilu unit hardtop, hiji Mercedes-Benz, BMW, CJ7, Jeep Mercy, jeung Pajero First Edition, kabéh ngaleungit hiji-hiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Jelema anu leungit di Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thawaf</title>
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      <text bytes="6085" sha1="atb7gd1jys0ad25ijgh7w8j5nvx9d3a" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#4682B4; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Thawaf
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Kaaba 111.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Jamaah nuju ngalaksanakeun Thawaf ngurilingan [[Ka'bah]].''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| طواف (''Ṭawāf'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Ngurilingan
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jumlah Puteran
| 7 kali
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Titik Mimitian
| [[Hajar Aswad]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Titik Pungkasan
| [[Hajar Aswad]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Sarat Utama
| [[Wudu]] (Suci tina hadats)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jinis Utama
| [[Tawaf Ifadah]] (Rukun), [[Tawaf Qudum]], [[Tawaf Wada']]
|}
'''Thawaf''' nyaéta salah sahiji ritual utama dina [[haji|Ibadah Haji]] sarta [[umroh|Umrah]]. Ritual ieu mangrupikeun perlambang tina katundukan hamba ka Allah swt. sarta kamanunggalan umat [[Islam]] di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 45. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sarat Thawaf ===
Dina ngalaksanakeun thawaf, aya sababaraha sarat anu kedah ditedunan ku jamaah, antawisna:
* Suci tina [[hadats gedé]] sarta leutik (gaduh [[wudu]]).&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25, Hadits nomer 1606. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1606 sunnah.com/bukhari:1606].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nutup [[aurat]].
* Ngamimitian ti juru [[Hajar Aswad]].
* Posisi [[Ka'bah]] kedah aya di palih kénca jalma anu thawaf.
* Dilaksanakeun saloba tujuh kali kuriling kalayan yakin.

=== Jinis-jinis Thawaf ===
Aya sababaraha jinis thawaf dumasar kana tujuan sarta waktuna:&lt;ref&gt;Muh. Hadi Bashori, ''Mengenal Penanggalan Hijriyah'', (2013), kaca 58. ISBN 978-602-02-1323-1.&lt;/ref&gt;

#'''Thawaf Qudum:''' Thawaf &quot;wilujeng sumping&quot; anu dilakukeun nalika jamaah nembe dugi ka [[Mekah]].
#'''Thawaf Ifadhah:''' Thawaf anu mangrupikeun [[haji|rukun haji]], dilaksanakeun saatos [[Wukuf]] di [[Arafah]].
#'''Thawaf Wada:''' Thawaf &quot;paturay&quot; anu dilakukeun sateuacan jamaah mulang ka nagara asalna.&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab ka-15, Hadits nomer 1327. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/muslim:1327 sunnah.com/muslim:1327].&lt;/ref&gt;#
'''Thawaf Sunnah:''' Thawaf anu tiasa dilakukeun iraha waé salaku ibadah tambahan di [[Masjidil Haram]].

=== Sunnah dina Thawaf ===
* '''Idh-thiba:''' Nganggo kaén [[ihram]] kalayan muka taktak palih katuhu (khusus pikeun pameget).
* '''Ramal:''' Lumpat-lumpat leutik dina tilu puteran munggaran.
* '''Istimlam:''' Ngusap atanapi nyium [[Hajar Aswad]], atanapi cekap ku isyarat leungeun upami kaayaan pinuh ku jalma.&lt;ref&gt;''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Hadits nomer 1873. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/abudawud:1873 sunnah.com/abudawud:1873].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bacaan nalika Thawaf ==
Dina ritual [[Thawaf]], teu aya bacaan anu wajib (fardhu) di unggal puteranana, nanging aya sababaraha du'a sarta dzikir anu disunnahkeun dumasar kana hadits [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw.]]:&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (2013), kaca 50. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nalika Ngamimitian Thawaf (Istilam) ===
Nalika aya di payuneun [[Hajar Aswad]] dina unggal awal puteran, disunnahkeun ngangkat leungeun bari maca:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
'''{{lang|ar|بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ}}'''&lt;br/&gt;
''Bismillāhi wallāhu akbar.''&lt;br/&gt;
(Kalayan nyebat jenengan Allah, Allah Anu Maha Agung).&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25, Hadits nomer 1612. [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1612 sunnah.com/bukhari:1612]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Antara Rukun Yamani sareng Hajar Aswad ===
Nalika jamaah leumpang di antawis [[Rukun Yamani]] sarta [[Hajar Aswad]] (bagian tungtung unggal puteran), disunnahkeun maca du'a &quot;Sapu Jagat&quot;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
'''{{lang|ar|رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ}}''&lt;br/&gt;
''Rabbanā ātinā fid-dunyā ḥasanah, wa fil-ākhirati ḥasanah, wa qinā 'adhāban-nār.''&lt;br/&gt;
(Duh Pangéran abdi sadaya, paparinan kasaéan di dunya sarta kasaéan di ahérat, sarta tebihkeun abdi sadaya tina siksa naraka).&lt;ref&gt;''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Hadits nomer 1892. [https://sunnah.com/abudawud:1892 sunnah.com/abudawud:1892]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Dzikir Umum ===
Salami muter, [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw.]] ngadawuh yén Thawaf téh sarua jeung [[solat|salat]], ngan urang meunang nyarita. Ku kituna, disunnahkeun loba maca dzikir:
* '''[[Tasbih]]:''' {{lang|ar|سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ}} (''Subḥānallāh'')
* '''[[Tahmid]]:''' {{lang|ar|الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ}} (''Alḥamdulillāh'')
* '''[[Tahlil]]:''' {{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ}} (''Lā ilāha illallāh'')
* '''[[Takbir]]:''' {{lang|ar|اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ}} (''Allāhu akbar'')&lt;ref&gt;''Sunan Ibnu Majah'', Hadits nomer 2957. [https://sunnah.com/ibnumajah:2957 sunnah.com/ibnumajah:2957]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tutumbu ka Luar ==
* [https://sunnah.com/ Sunnah.com] - Puseur pamilarian hadits digital tina kitab-kitab shahih.
* [https://www.haramainsharifain.com/ Haramain Sharifain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007221745/http://www.haramainsharifain.com/ |date=2025-10-07 }} - Inpormasi resmi sarta berita panganyarna ngeunaan Masjidil Haram sarta Masjid Nabawi.
* [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi] - Loka resmi pamaréntah Saudi ngeunaan palaksanaan ibadah haji.
* [https://kemenag.go.id/ Kamentrian Agama Républik Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }} - Inpormasi ngeunaan palaksanaan haji pikeun jamaah ti Indonésia.

== Kategori ==
[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]
[[Kategori:Ritual]]
[[Kategori:islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wukuf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>11449</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Kagiatan nalika Wukuf */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9299" sha1="7fd6xrgxrcsvpaggwxibw1c0f5ng3qt" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#daa520; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Wukuf
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Jamaah haji nuju wukuf di [[Arafah]].''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| وقوف (''Wuqūf'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Cicing / Eureun
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Waktu
| 9 [[Dzulhijjah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Lokasi
| Padang [[Arafah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| Rukun Haji (Paling Utama)
|}

'''Wukuf''' (basa Arab: وقوف) nyaéta cicingna jamaah haji di padang [[Arafah]] dina waktu anu parantos ditangtukeun. Wukuf mangrupikeun puncak sarta rukun haji anu paling utama, sakumaha dawuh [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad saw.]]: &quot;Haji téh nyaéta Arafah.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sunan An-Nasa'i'', Hadits nomer 3016. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/nasai:3016 sunnah.com/nasai:3016].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wukuf &gt;{{cite book |last1=Herwibowo |first1=H. Bobby |last2=Dani |first2=Indriya R. |title=Panduan Pintar Manasik Haji dan Umrah |date=2013 |publisher=WahyuMedia |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-795-714-8 |page=42 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Pintar_Manasik_Haji_dan_Umrah/wXtxEQAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA42 |access-date=2 Pébruari 2026 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waktu Palaksanaan ==
Waktu wukuf dimimitian saatos lingsir panonpoé (waktu [[Lohor|Zuhur]]) dina kaping '''9 [[Dzulhijjah]]''' dugi ka meletékna fajar dina kaping 10 Dzulhijjah (Idul Adha).&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 55. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wukuf /&gt;

== Kagiatan nalika Wukuf ==
Nalika wukuf, jamaah disunnahkeun pikeun:
* Ngaregepkeun hutbah Arafah.
* Ngalaksanakeun [[Solat|salat]] [[Lohor|Zuhur]] sarta Ashar kalayan cara jamak takdim sarta [[Qosor|qashar]].
* Loba [[dzikir]], maca [[talbiyah]], sarta ngadu'a ka Allah swt. kalayan husyu'.
* Maca du'a anu pangsaéna nalika wukuf:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
'''{{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، لَهُ الْمُلْكُ وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ، وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ}}'''&lt;br/&gt;
''Lā ilāha illallāhu waḥdahū lā syarīka lah, lahul-mulku wa lahul-ḥamdu, wa huwa ‘alā kulli syay’in qadīr.''&lt;br/&gt;
(Taya deui Pangéran anging Allah, Anu Maha Tunggal, teu aya sekutu pikeun Mantenna. Kagungan Mantenna sagala karajaan sarta puji, sarta Mantenna Maha Kawasa luhureun sagala perkara).&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Muwatta'', Imam Malik, Kitab ka-15, Hadits nomer 32. [https://sunnah.com/malik/15/32 sunnah.com/malik/15/32]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Hikmah ==
=== Simbol Padang Mahsyar ===
Wukuf mangrupikeun gambaran leutik tina kaayaan manusa nalika engké dikumpulkeun di Padang Mahsyar. Di Arafah, sakabéh manusa ngagem papaséntan/anggoan anu sami (kaén ihram), tanpa ningali pangkat, kabeungharan, atanapi asal-usul bangsa. Iwal ti kataqwaan anu ngabedakeunna. &lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, ''Sejarah Mekah'', (2015), kaca 112.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wukuf /&gt; . Ieu téh kaayaan di mana manusa ngarasa leutik sarta hina di payuneun Nu Maha Kawasa.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin: Kitab Rahasia-Rahasia Haji''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhasabah sarta Pangampura ===
Wukuf hartosna &quot;eureun&quot;. Pesenna nyaéta manusa kedah eureun sakedap tina kasibukan dunya pikeun '''Muhasabah''' (nginget-nginget dosa). Arafah sorangan asalna tina kecap '''Araffa''' anu hartosna &quot;mikawanoh&quot;. Di dieu, manusa diharepkeun tiasa mikawanoh dirina anu loba dosa, sakaligus mikawanoh kaagungan Allah anu Maha Pangampura. Éta sababna, wanci wukuf mangrupikeun waktu anu paling mustajab pikeun ngadoa sarta ménta hampura sagemblengna.

=== Jabal Rahmah: Tempat Kasih Sayang ===
Di tengah [[tegal]] Arafah aya hiji [[pasir]] anu disebut '''Jabal Rahmah''' (Pasir Kasih Sayang). Numutkeun sajarah, ieu téh tempat ditepungkeunana deui [[Nabi Adam]] as. sareng [[Siti Hawa]] saatos mangpuluh-puluh taun dipisahkeun. Ieu ngalambangkeun yén Arafah téh tempat lungsurna rahmat sarta kasih sayang Allah ka hamba-Na anu daék tobat sarta mulang ka jalan-Na.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Katsir. ''Qisas al-Anbiya'' (Sajarah nabi-nabi).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ma'rifat di Arafah: Nepangkeun Diri ka Gusti===
Di Arafah téh sanés ngan saukur cicing papanasan, tapi mangrupikeun wanci [[Ma'rifatullah]] (mikawanoh Allah) anu dimimitian ku [[Ma'rifatun Nafs]] (mikawanoh diri sorangan).
# Ngawanohkeun Jati Diri anu Hina: &quot;Nepangkeun diri&quot; di dieu hartosna ngaku: &quot;Ieu sim kuring, ya Allah, hamba Anjeun anu kotor, anu taya lian ngan saukur siki keusik di jagat raya Anjeun.&quot; Di payuneun Allah anu Maha Agung, urang nembongkeun diri urang anu saéstuna: seueur dosa, bodo, sarta teu gaduh daya naon-naon.
# Ma'rifat Ti &quot;Nyaho&quot; Jadi &quot;Wano&quot; : Di Arafah, jamaah haji sanés ngan saukur nyaho yén Allah téh aya, tapi kedah &quot;manggihan&quot; sarta &quot;nepangkeun diri&quot; sacara langsung dina suasana anu kacida caketna. Ieu mangrupikeun momen dialog batin anu paling jujur. Upami urang tacan nepangkeun diri (ngaku dosa sarta jati diri) ka Allah, mangka wukuf urang ngan saukur raga anu nuju aya di padang pasir, tapi jiwana tacan nepi.
# Caketna Allah di Arafah:Arafah disebut tempat anu caket ka Allah sabab di dinya sakabéh halangan dunya (harta, pangkat, sarta baju) parantos dipiceun. Nalika manusa geus jadi &quot;nol&quot;, di dinya manusa bisa nepangkeun dirina ka Nu Maha &quot;Hiji&quot;.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Di '''[[Arafah]]''', anjeun nuju nangtung di payuneun Allah anu Maha Agung. Naha anjeun ngan saukur hadir sacara fisik, atanapi anjeun parantos 'nepangkeun diri' ka Manten-na? Nepangkeun diri hartosna anjeun jujur ngabongkar sakabéh dosa sarta kahinaan anjeun di payuneun Anjeunna. Sabab, moal aya anu bisa mikawanoh (Ma'rifat) ka Allah, upami anjeunna tacan mikawanoh sarta nepangkeun jati dirina anu saéstuna.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— Disarikeun tina ''Makna Haji'' (2014) ku Dr. Ali Syariati.&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Arafah: Lalampahan Nyuprih Pangarti===
Ari hakekat [[Wukuf]] téh mangrupikeun fase [[Kasadaran]] (''Consciousness'').
# Arafah salaku Madrasah Intelektual: Di Arafah, jamaah haji henteu dipiwarang ngerjakeun ritual fisik anu beurat sapertos [[tawaf]] atanapi [[sa'i]]. Jamaah ngan saukur dipiwarang cicing sarta mikir. Ieu mangrupikeun simbol yén sateuacan manusa meta ''(beraksi)'', manusa kedah gaduh [[Pangarti]] (ilmu/kasadaran) heula. Haji tanpa pangarti ngan saukur bakal janten adat kabiasaan anu kosong.
# Kagémbang dina Milari Jati Diri: Saha urang? (Ma'rifatun Nafs), Keur naon urang di dunya?, Kamana urang bakal mulang? Di Arafah, manusa nuju ngéntép &quot;ideologi&quot; sarta &quot;tujuan hirupna&quot; sateuacan lebet kana medan perang di [[Mina]].
# Pangarti salaku Sanjata: Nyuprih pangarti di Arafah mangrupikeun persiapan mental. Tanpa pangarti anu jero ngeunaan [[Tauhid]] sarta kamanusaan, saurang jamaah moal bakal kuat nalika kudu nyanghareupan gogoda [[sétan]] (Jumrah). Pangarti nyaéta cahaya anu nyaangan jalan haji urang.&lt;ref&gt;Syariati, Ali. (2014). ''Makna Haji''. Jakarta: Zahira.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalil ngeunaan Wukuf ==

=== Al-Qur'an: Miang ti Arafah ===
Allah SWT parantos maparin arahan nalika para jamaah tos lekasan ngerjakeun wukuf di Arafah:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُم مِّنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِندَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ...&lt;/div&gt;
&quot;Maka nalika anjeun geus miang ti Arafat (sanggeus wukuf), mangka kudu maraca dikir ka Allah di Masy’aril Haram (Muzdalifah)...&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''QS. Al-Baqarah: 198'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Hadis: Puncakna Ibadah Haji ===
Hadis ieu mangrupikeun rujukan utama anu nandeskeun yén wukuf di Arafah nyaéta inti tina sakabéh prosés ibadah haji:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;الْحَجُّ عَرَفَةُ&lt;/div&gt;
&quot;Haji téh nyaéta (wukuf di) Arafah.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Tirmidzi no. 889, Abu Dawud no. 1949, sarta Ibnu Majah no. 3015. Hadis Shahih.'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Hadis: Kaistiméwaan Poé Arafah ===
Ngenaan kautamaan poé nalika jamaah nuju wukuf, Rasulullah saw. ngadawuh:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;مَا مِنْ يَوْمٍ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ عَبْدًا مِنَ النَّارِ مِنْ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ&lt;/div&gt;
&quot;Taya hiji poé anu di dinya Allah leuwih loba ngabébaskeun hamba-Na tina seuneu naraka salian ti dina poé Arafah.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Muslim no. 1348'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Syariati |first=Ali |title=Makna Haji |year=2014 |publisher=Zahira |location=Jakarta}}
== Kategori ==
[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]
[[Kategori:islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>7fd6xrgxrcsvpaggwxibw1c0f5ng3qt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ihram</title>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Simbol Kasaruaan (Kafan Kahuripan) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12633" sha1="jkvff7mpsedsjeld939g0qey55itlng" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#2e8b57; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Ihram
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Peace-Pakistan-Man-in-Ihram-Mecca.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Jamaah haji nuju nganggo pakéan ihram bodas.''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| {{lang|ar|إحرام}} (''Iḥrām'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Nyingkahan / Ngaharamkeun
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Kagiatan Utama
| Niat &amp; Nganggo pakéan husus
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Lokasi Ngamimitian
| [[Miqat]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| Rukun Haji &amp; Umrah
|}

'''Ihram''' (basa Arab: {{lang|ar|إحرام}}) nyaéta kaayaan suci sarta niat pikeun ngamimitian ibadah [[Haji]] atanapi [[umroh|Umrah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiritual&quot;&gt;Iwan Guntur dkk., ''Haji dan Umrah: Sebuah Perjalanan Spiritual'', (Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo, 2021), kaca 75. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Haji_dan_Umrah_Sebuah_Perjalanan_Spiritu/iM5eEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ihram+adalah&amp;pg=PA75&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Jalma anu nuju dina kaayaan ihram disebut muhrim. Ritual ieu dimimitian ku mandi sunnah, nganggo pakéan ihram, sarta ngucapkeun niat di tempat anu parantos ditangtukeun ([[Miqat]]).&lt;ref&gt;H. Bobby Herwibowo &amp; Indriya R. Dani, ''Panduan Pintar Manasik Haji dan Umrah'', (Jakarta: WahyuMedia, 2013), kaca 25. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Pintar_Manasik_Haji_dan_Umrah/wXtxEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=niat+ihram&amp;pg=PA25&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadis ngeunaan Ihram ==
Di handap ieu rujukan hadis shahih anu janten dasar hukum nalika saurang mukmin nuju aya dina kaayaan ihram:

=== Niat sarta Miqat ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;وَلِأَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ ذَا الْحُلَيْفَةِ، وَلِأَهْلِ الشَّأْمِ الْجُحْفَةَ، وَلِأَهْلِ نَجْدٍ قَرْنَ الْمَنَازِلِ، وَلِأَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ يَلَمْلَمَ، فَهُنَّ لَهُنَّ، وَلِمَنْ أَتَى عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ غَيْرِهِنَّ مِمَّنْ أَرَادَ الْحَجَّ وَالْعُمْرَةَ...&lt;/div&gt;

Hartosna:
&quot;Rasulullah saw. parantos netepkeun Miqat pikeun penduduk Madinah di Dzulhulaifah, pikeun penduduk Syam di Al-Juhfah, pikeun penduduk Najed di Qarnul Manazil, sarta pikeun penduduk Yaman di Yalamlam...&quot; sarta anjeunna ngadawuh: &quot;Miqat-miqat éta téh pikeun maranéhna sarta pikeun saha waé anu ngaliwat ka dinya sanajan lain pendudukna, nyaéta pikeun jalma anu niat badé haji sarta umrah.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Bukhari no. 1524 sarta Muslim no. 1181'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

 '''Pami Haji'''
لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ حَجًّا

Labbaikallahumma hajjan.
&quot;Abdi nedunan panggero Anjeun, ya Allah, kanggo ngalaksanakeun haji.&quot;
 '''Pami Umroh :'''
لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ عُمْرَةً

Labbaikallahumma ‘umratan.
&quot;Abdi nedunan panggero Anjeun, ya Allah, kanggo ngalaksanakeun umroh.&quot;


===Hakekat Niat nalika Ihram===
Nalika saurang jamaah ngaleupaskeun papakéan dunya sarta ngagentos ku kaén blacu bodas, anjeunna sabenerna nuju ngalaksanakeun [[Niat Pamungkas]]. Numutkeun Syariati, niat dina mangsa harita téh nyaéta:
# Niat &quot;Paéh&quot; tina Égo (&quot;[[Ananiyah]]&quot;) : ''&quot;Dinten ieu, kuring maot tina pangkat kuring, maot tina kabeungharan kuring, sarta maot tina sagala rupa nu ngabédakeun kuring jeung batur.&quot;''
# Niat &quot;Nyingkirkeun Topéng/teregos&quot;: ''&quot;Kuring nuju ngalaan sakabéh topéng kuring pikeun manggihan jati diri kuring anu saenyana di payuneun Gusti.&quot;''
# Niat &quot;Migunakeun Kabébasan&quot; :''Numutkeun Syariati dina buku [[Makna Haji]], niat ihram téh nyaéta proklamasi kabébasan. Niat pikeun teu dijajah deui ku kahayang dunya, sato, atawa méwahna hirup''.&lt;ref&gt;Syariati, Ali. (2014). ''Makna Haji''. Jakarta: Zahira.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Haji nyaéta hijrahna manusa tina dirina sorangan (égo) nuju ka Allah. Ninggalkeun sagala rupa di dieu hartosna anjeun kudu wani mutuskeun ranté-ranté dunya anu salila ieu ngabeungkeut jiwa anjeun. Lamun anjeun miang ka Makkah bari masih mawa ambisi sarta kasombongan dunya, anjeun sabenerna mah tacan ninggalkeun nanaon.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— Disarikeun tina ''Makna Haji'' (2014) karya Dr. Ali Syariati.&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ma'na Filosofis sarta Ruh Ihram ==
Ihram sanés ngan saukur ganti papakéan, nanging mangrupikeun perlambang tina parobahan batin manusa anu hayang balik ka fitrahna. Ihram éta téh mangrupikeun perlambang tina maot/&quot;paéhna&quot; hawa nafsu.
* Maot tina sipat [[Amarah]] (nafsu nu sok ngajak kana kagoréngan).
* Maot tina sipat [[Luwamah]] (nafsu nu sok kaduhung tapi malikan deui).
* Sangkan hudang deui dina jiwa anu [[Mutmainnah]] (jiwa anu tenang sarta ridho)&lt;ref&gt;Syariati, Ali. (2014). ''Makna Haji''. Jakarta: Zahira. ISBN [Nomer ISBN upami aya].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Simbol Kasaruaan (Kafan Kahuripan) ===
Papakéan Ihram pikeun lalaki anu ngan saukur dua lambar [[lawon]] bodas tanpa kaput (jahitan) mangrupikeun simbol '''Kasaruaan'''. Di dieu, sakabéh atribut dunya sapertos jas méwah, pangkat, jabatan, sarta kabeungharan dileupaskeun sagemblengna. Di payuneun Allah, nu raja jeung nu jalata téh sarua bodasna. Papakéan ieu ogé ngingetkeun urang kana lawon kafan, yén manusa moal mawa nanaon ka ahéret iwal ti amal ibadahna.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin: Kitab Rahasia-Rahasia Haji''.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Tawadhu|Tawadu]]: Manusa téh sarua di payuneun Allah. Nafsu hayang dipuji (riya) sarta hayang katingal punjul ti batur (takabur) kedah &quot;dipeuncit&quot; nalika niat Ihram dikedalkeun.
*[[Kasinugrahan]]: Manusa balik deui ka jati diri anu murni (fitrah), lir ibarat orok anu nembé lahir atanapi mayit anu badé dikurebkeun, ngan saukur dibungkus ku kaén bodas polos.&lt;ref&gt;Syariati, Ali. (2014). ''Makna Haji''. Jakarta: Zahira].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngadalikeun Hawa Nafsu ===
Nalika dina kaayaan Ihram, aya sababaraha larangan (sapertos teu meunang mopolongo, teu meunang moro sato, teu meunang neukteuk [[kuku]]/[[buuk]], sarta teu meunang nganggo seuseungitan). Ieu ngajarkeun manusa ngeunaan '''Disiplin Rohani''' sarta ngadalikeun hawa nafsu. Manusa dilatih pikeun leuwih merhatoskeun kasucian batin tibatan kaéndahan fisik atawa kasenangan samentara.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Katsir. ''Tafsir Al-Qur'an al-Azim''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labbaikallah: Jawaban Panyaur Allah ===
Nalika ngamimitian Ihram, jamaah disunnahkeun macakeun kalimat '''Talbiyah''' (''Labbaikallahumma labbaik...''). Ieu mangrupikeun perlambang yén manusa téh hamba anu sumerah diri, ngajawab panyaur (panggilan) ti Gusti kalayan pinuh ku kaikhlasan sarta rasa reueus.

== Tata Cara Ihram ==
Sateuacan niat di Miqat, jamaah disunnahkeun ngalakukeun sababaraha hal pikeun nyampurnakeun kasucianana:&lt;ref&gt;A. Solihin dkk., ''Tuntunan Super Lengkap Haji &amp; Umrah'', (Jakarta: Ilmu, 2014), kaca 96. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tuntunan_Super_Lengkap_Haji_umrah/zEfzDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=tata+cara+ihram&amp;pg=PA96&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Mandi sunnah [[ihram]] sarta wudhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiritual&quot; /&gt;
# Nyukur [[kumis]], meresihan [[kuku]], sarta nyukur buuk kélék ogé buuk palangkakan.
# Nganggo pakéan ihram (dua lambar kaén bodas pikeun '''pameget''').
# Ngalaksanakeun [[solat|salat]] sunnah ihram dua rakaat.&lt;ref&gt;M. Sanusi &amp; H.S. Sholihin, ''Dirasah Islamiyah Kelas VIII'', (Jakarta: PT Penerbitan Pelangi Indonesia, 2021), kaca 27. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/DIRASAH_ISLAMIYAH_KELAS_VIII/ugtYEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=pakaian+ihram&amp;pg=PA27&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pakéan Ihram ==
Aturan pakéan ihram mangrupikeun simbol kasederhanaan sarta kasaruaan darajat manusa di payuneun Allah swt.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiritual&quot; /&gt;
'''Pameget''': Nganggo dua lambar kaén bodas anu teu dikaput. Salambar ditalikeun pikeun nutup aurat bagian handap, sarta salambar deui disampaykeun dina taktak.
'''Awéwé''': Nganggo pakéan anu nutup sakujur awak (nutup aurat) nanging teu kénging nutup pameunteu (cadar) sarta teu kénging nutup dampal leungeun.&lt;ref&gt;Siti Maemunah, ''Panduan Perjalanan Haji Untuk Perempuan'', (Jakarta: PT Lingkar Pena Kreativa, 2011), kaca 210. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Perjalanan_Haji_Untuk_Perempuan/WiVtDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ihram+perempuan&amp;pg=PA210&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;لَا تَلْبَسُوا الْقُمُصَ، وَلَا الْعَمَائِمَ، وَلَا السَّرَاوِيلَاتِ، وَلَا الْبَرَانِسَ، وَلَا الْخِفَافَ إِلَّا أَحَدٌ لَا يَجِدُ نَعْلَيْنِ&lt;/div&gt;
Ti Abdullah bin Umar r.a., yén aya saurang lalaki naros: &quot;Yaa Rasulullah, pakéan naon anu kedah dipaké ku jalma anu nuju ihram?&quot; Rasulullah saw. ngawaler: &quot;Anjeun ulah maké gamis, ulah maké sorban, ulah maké calana, ulah maké tutup sirah (tanjak/topi), sarta ulah maké sapatu (khuf) iwal upami teu mendakan sendal.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Bukhari no. 1542 sarta Muslim no. 1177'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Larangan Nalika Ihram ==
Nalika parantos niat ihram, jamaah dilarang ngalakukeun sababaraha hal anu tiasa ngabatalkeun atanapi ngawajibkeun denda ([[Dam]]):&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiritual&quot; /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;وَلَا تَلْبَسُوا مِنَ الثِّيَابِ شَيْئًا مَسَّهُ الزَّعْفَرَانُ وَلَا الْوَرْسُ&lt;/div&gt;
&quot;Sarta ulah maraké pakéan (ihram) anu keuna ku parfum za'faran atanapi wars (tutumbuhan anu seungit).&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Bukhari no. 134'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Pikeun lalaki: Teu meunang nganggo papakéan anu dikaput sarta teu meunang nutupan sirah.
# Pikeun awéwé: Teu meunang nutupan raray (cadar) sarta dampal leungeun.
# Nganggo seuseungitan (parfum).
# Neukteuk kuku atanapi nyukur rambut.&lt;ref&gt;H. Kholilurrohman, ''Fiqih Ibadah'', (Jakarta: Nurul Hikmah, 2021), kaca 59. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Fiqih_Ibadah/jGp3EAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=larangan+ihram&amp;pg=PA59&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ngalakukeun akad nikah atanapi hubungan suami-istri.
# Maéhan sato atanapi neukteuk pepelakan di Tanah Haram.&lt;ref&gt;Majelis Ulama Indonesia, ''Himpunan Hasil Ijtima Ulama Komisi Fatwa Se-Indonesia'', (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2011), kaca 160. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Himpunan_Hasil_Ijtima_Ulama_Komisi_Fatwa/k1QWEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=larangan+ihram&amp;pg=PA160&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Tanah Suci (Haram) nyaéta simbol kaamanan sarta kabébasan total. Di dieu, sakabéh makhluk—manusa, sato, nepi ka tutuwuhan—kudu ngarasa aman tina gangguan leungeun sarta lisan anjeun. Ngamulyakeun Tanah Suci hartosna anjeun kudu leupas tina sipat 'ngarasa boga' sarta 'ngarasa kawasa', sabab di dieu ngan Allah nu boga sarta nu kawasa.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— Dicutat sarta diringkes tina ''Makna Haji'' (2014) ku Dr. Ali Syariati.&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Rupa-rupa Gambar Patali Ihram&quot;&gt;
File:Arafat pilgrims.jpg|Suasana jamaah haji pameget nganggo kaén ihram bodas.
File:Masjid-u-Shajarah courtyard.jpg|Salah sahiji tempat [[Miqat]] (Bir Ali) pikeun ngamimitian ihram.
File:The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg|Jamaah dina kaayaan ihram nalika nuju ngurilingan [[Ka'bah]].
[[File:Female pilgrims towards Arafat 01.jpg|Female_pilgrims_towards_Arafat_01]]|Conto pakéan ihram pikeun awéwé anu nutup sakujur aurat.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka Luar ==
* [https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ Loka Resmi Haji Kementrian Agama RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }}
* [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi]
* {{cite book |last=Syariati |first=Ali |title=Makna Haji |year=2014 |publisher=Zahira |location=Jakarta}}
[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]
[[Kategori:islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>jkvff7mpsedsjeld939g0qey55itlng</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Arafah</title>
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      <text bytes="4220" sha1="jx0t9pwgl6rkn67m2lj3crpqjngaj1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arafah
| native_name = عرفات
| settlement_type = Padang pasir sarta tempat suci
| image_skyline = Mount Arafat.jpg
| image_caption = Jabal Rahmah di tengah padang Arafah.
| subdivision_type = Nagara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Arab Saudi}}
| subdivision_type1 = Provinsi
| subdivision_name1 = [[Provinsi Makkah]]
| subdivision_type2 = Kota
| subdivision_name2 = [[Makkah]]
| area_total_km2 = 17.9
| subdivision_type3 = Fungsi
| subdivision_name3 = Tempat [[Wukuf]]
}}

'''Arafah''' (basa Arab: '''عرفات''', ''‘Arafāt'') nyaéta hiji padang pasir anu legana kurang leuwih 18 km² sarta perenahna sakitar 21 km di wétaneun kota [[Makkah]], [[Arab Saudi]]. Arafah mangrupikeun tempat anu paling ''krusial'' dina ibadah [[Haji]], sabab di dieu sakumna jamaah haji wajib ngalaksanakeun ''ritual'' [[Wukuf]] dina kaping 9 [[Dzulhijjah]].&lt;ref&gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &quot;Mount Arafat&quot;. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Arafat britannica.com].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimologi sarta Sajarah ==
Kecap '''Arafah''' asalna tina akar kecap basa Arab ''‘arafa'' (عرف) anu hartosna &quot;nganyahokeun&quot; atanapi &quot;mikawanoh&quot;.

=== Sajarah Adam sarta Hawa ===
Numutkeun riwayat, Arafah nyaéta tempat patepangna (ta'aruf) Nabi [[Nabi Adam |Adam as]]. Sareng Siti Hawa saatos diturunkeun ti sawarga sarta papisah mangpuluh-puluh taun di bumi. Aranjeunna patepang di hiji pasir leutik di Arafah anu ayeuna disebut [[Jabal Rahmah]] (Pasir Kasih Sayang).&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Katsir. ''Qisas al-Anbiya''. ISBN 978-602-1243-16-1.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangajaran ti Malaikat Jibril ===
Aya ogé pamadegan yén nami ieu patali jeung nalika [[Malaékat |Malaikat Jibril]] ngajarkeun manasik haji ka [[Nabi Ibrahim]] as. Dina unggal léngkahna, Jibril naros, ''A’arafta?'' (Naha anjeun geus ngarti/nyaho?), sarta Nabi Ibrahim ngajawab, ''Araftu'' (Kuring geus nyaho).

== Kaayaan Geografis sarta Cuaca ==
* Legana: Sakitar 17,9 dugi ka 18 km². Wewengkonna diwatesan ku tanda-tanda husus (tihang konéng) salaku panyiri wates suci.
* Bentang Alam: mangrupikeun dataran anu dikurilingan ku pasir-pasir taringgul.
* Cuaca: Arafah kawentar ku hawana anu kacida panasna, utamana dina usum panas, dimana suhu bisa ngahontal 45°C dugi ka 50°C. Pikeun kanyamanan jamaah, pamaréntah Arab Saudi parantos masang jutaan semprotan cai (misting fans) sarta AC di ténda-ténda modern.&lt;ref&gt;Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filosofi Arafah dina Haji ==
Arafah mangrupikeun simbol tina [[Padang Mahsyar]], nyaéta tempat kumpulna sakabéh umat manusa saatos dihudangkeun deui (kiamat).
* Kasaruaan Derajat: Di Arafah, jutaan manusa nganggo pakéan anu sarua ([[Ihram]]), teu aya bédana antara nu beunghar jeung nu miskin.
* [[Ma'rifatullah]]: Wukuf di Arafah hartosna manusa keur &quot;mikawanoh&quot; jati dirina sarta mikawanoh Gustina. Ieu mangrupikeun momen ''kontemplasi'' diri (muhasabah) anu kacida jero.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Arafah nyaéta tempat pikeun nyuprih pangarti (kasadaran). Naha anjeun bener-bener kagémbang pikeun neuleuman hakekat diri anjeun sarta hakekat Pangéran anjeun di dieu? Ibadah tanpa pangarti nyaéta lolong, sarta pangarti tanpa ibadah nyaéta lumpuh. Di '''[[Arafah]]''', anjeun keur ngeusian sanjata jiwa anjeun ku elmu sarta kasadaran sateuacan anjeun lebet kana medan juang anu saéstuna.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— Disarikeun tina ''Makna Haji'' (2014) ku Dr. Ali Syariati.&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Amalan di Arafah ==
Dina poé Arafah, jamaah disunnahkeun ngerjakeun:
# Dikir sarta Doa: Ieu mangrupikeun inti wukuf. Rasulullah saw. ngadawuh yén pangalusna doa nyaéta doa dina poé Arafah.
# Salat [[Jama']] sarta [[Qasar]]: Ngerjakeun salat [[Lohor]] sarta [[Asar|Ashar]] dina waktu Lohor.
# Ngadangukeun Hutbah Arafah: Hutbah anu eusina pépéling sarta arahan ''spiritual''.

== Dalil Shahih ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;الْحَجُّ عَرَفَةُ&lt;/div&gt;
&quot;Haji téh nyaéta (wukuf di) Arafah.&quot;
&lt;cite&gt;— '''HR. Tirmidzi no. 889'''&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Ibadah haji]]
[[Kategori:Makkah]]
[[Kategori:Tempat suci Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Herbert Hoover</title>
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      <text bytes="124649" sha1="kp05ol6vp8t7ewf0ii1obmfrokjczla" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = President Hoover portrait.jpg
| caption             = Hoover dina taun 1928
| office              = [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-31
| vice_president      = [[Charles Curtis]]
| term_start          = 4 Maret 1929
| term_end            = 4 Maret 1933
| predecessor         = [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| successor           = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| office1             = [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]] ka-3
| president1          = {{plainlist|
* [[Warren G. Harding]]
* Calvin Coolidge}}
| term_start1         = 5 Maret 1921
| term_end1           = 21 Agustus 1928
| predecessor1        = [[Joshua W. Alexander]]
| successor1          = [[William F. Whiting]]
| office2             = Diréktur [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat]]
| president2          = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| term_start2         = 21 Agustus 1917
| term_end2           = 16 Nopémber 1918
| predecessor2        = Jabatan anyar
| successor2          = Jabatan dilaungkeun
| birth_name          = Herbert Clark Hoover
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1874|8|10}}
| birth_place         = [[West Branch, Iowa]], AS.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1964|10|20|1874|8|10}}
| death_place         = New York City, AS.
| resting_place       = [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]
| party               = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] (ti taun 1920)
| other_party         = [[Politikus indepénden|Indepénden]] (saméméh 1920)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]]|10 Pébruari 1899|7 Januari 1944|end=died}}
| children            = {{flatlist|
* [[Herbert Hoover Jr.|Herbert Jr.]]
* [[Allan Hoover|Allan]]}}
| education           = [[Universitas Stanford]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| signature           = Herbert Clark Hoover Signature.svg
| signature_alt       = Tanda tangan kursif mangsi
| module              = {{Listen
|pos         = center
|embed       = yes
|filename    = Hoover moment.ogg
|title       = Sorana Hoover
|type        = speech
|description = Hoover nembé ngumumkeun [[Rencana stimulus ékonomi 1931]]&lt;br&gt;Dirékam 18 Oktober 1931}}
}}

'''Herbert Clark Hoover''' (10 Agustus 1874 – 20 Oktober 1964) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-31, ngajabat ti taun 1929 nepi ka 1933. Saméméh asup ka dunya pulitik, Hoover digawé salaku [[insinyur]] sarta pangusaha dina industri pertambangan. Sanggeus kalibet dina layanan ''publik'', manéhna diangkat pikeun mingpin sababaraha tarékah kamanusaan utama, kaasup jadi pupuhu ''Commission for Relief in Belgium]]'', anu hasil mulangkeun leuwih ti 100.000 urang Amérika anu kapiuhan di Éropa, diréktur [[U.S. Food Administration]], anu nyadiakeun jatah keur prajurit sarta kadaharan keur warga anu kalaparan di Éropa, diréktur [[American Relief Administration]], anu mingpin infrastruktur sarta bantuan pangan pasca-perang di Éropa, sarta ngadegkeun [[Commission for Polish Relief]]. Salaku anggota [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]], manéhna ngajabat salaku [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]] ka-3 ti taun 1921 nepi ka 1928 saméméh [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928|kapilih jadi présidén dina taun 1928]]. [[Masa kapersidénan Herbert Hoover|Masa kapersidénanana]] didominasi ku [[Depresi Besar]], sarta kawijakan ogé métodena pikeun merangan krisis éta dianggap teu nyukupan sarta kolot teuing (konservatif). Di tengah kaayaan manéhna anu teu dipikaresep ku rahayat, manéhna éléh mutlak dina usaha kapilih deui ku [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dina taun [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932|1932]].

Lahir ti kulawarga [[Quaker]] di [[West Branch, Iowa]], Hoover digedékeun di [[Oregon]]. Manéhna mangrupa salah sahiji lulusan munggaran ti [[Universitas Stanford]] anu anyar dina taun 1895. Hoover nyokot posisi di hiji pausahaan pertambangan anu puseurna di [[London]] anu digawé di [[Australia]] sarta [[Tiongkok]]. Manéhna gancang jadi insinyur pertambangan anu beunghar. Dina taun 1914, nalika bituna [[Perang Dunya I]], manéhna ngatur sarta mingpin ''Commission for Relief in Belgium'', hiji organisasi bantuan internasional anu nyadiakeun kadaharan ka Bélgia anu dikoasa ku Jérman. Nalika [[Amérika Sarikat|AS]] asup ka jero perang dina taun 1917, Présidén [[Woodrow Wilson]] nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin ''Food Administration''. Manéhna jadi kawentar salaku &quot;diktator pangan&quot; di nagarana. Sanggeus perang, Hoover mingpin ''American Relief Administration'', anu nyadiakeun kadaharan keur jutaan jalma anu kalaparan di [[Éropa Tengah]] sarta Wétan, utamana [[Rusia]]. Jasa-jasana nalika mangsa perang ngajadikeun manéhna jadi favorit loba pihak [[Progresivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrisif]], sarta manéhna gagal nyiar nominasi Républik dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920|Pemilu 1920]].

Hoover ngajabat salaku Menteri Perdagangan di sahandapeun présidén [[Warren G. Harding]] sarta [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Hoover mangrupa anggota Kabinét anu aktif sarta katingali pisan, nepi ka katelah salaku &quot;Menteri Perdagangan sarta Wakil Menteri keur sakabéh departemén séjénna.&quot; Manéhna boga pangaruh dina kamekaran transportasi udara sarta radio. Hoover mingpin réspon féderal kana [[Banjir Gedé Mississippi 1927]]. Manéhna meunangkeun nominasi Républik dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928|Pemilu 1928]] sarta ngéléhkeun calon Démokrat [[Al Smith]] kalayan sora anu kacida mutlakna. Dina taun 1929, Hoover mimiti ngajabat présidén. Nanging, dina taun kahiji jabatanna, [[Pasar saham ancur 1929|pasar saham ancur]], anu nandaan mimitina Depresi Besar. Hoover ngarojong [[Repatriasi Méksiko]] sarta résponna kana Depresi Besar dianggap sacara lega kurang sumanget.

Di tengah-tengah Depresi Besar, manéhna éléh mutlak ku calon Démokrat Franklin D. Roosevelt dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932|Pemilu 1932]]. Masa pangsiun Hoover lumangsung leuwih ti 31 taun, salah sahiji mangsa pangsiun présidén anu panglilana. Manéhna nulis loba karya sarta jadi beuki [[Konservatisme di Amérika Sarikat|konservatif]] dina mangsa pangsiunna. Manéhna sacara kuat ngritik kawijakan luar nagri Roosevelt sarta [[New Deal]]. Dina taun 1940-an sarta 1950-an, sawangan umum ka Hoover ningkat, sabagéan gedé alatan jasa-jasana dina sababaraha pancén keur présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] sarta [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], kaasup mingpin [[Komisi Hoover]] anu boga pangaruh. Penilaian kritis kana kapersidénanana ku para sajarahwan sarta élmuwan pulitik sacara umum [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|nempatkeun manéhna]] di antara présidén anu panggoréngna dina sajarah Amérika, sanajan Hoover kenging pamuji kana tindakanana salaku tokoh kamanusaan sarta pajabat publik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Levinson|first=Martin H.|title=Indexing and Dating America's 'Worst' Presidents |date=2011 |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=147–155 |jstor=42579110 |issn=0014-164X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Merry |first=Robert W. |date=January 3, 2021|title=RANKED: Historians Don't Think Much of These Five U.S. Presidents |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/ranked-historians-dont-much-these-five-us-presidents-175654 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |magazine=The National Interest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa leutik sarta pendidikan ==
{{stack|float=left|[[File:Herbert Hoover birthplace.jpg|left|thumb|Imah pondok tempat lahirna Hoover di [[West Branch, Iowa]]]]}}

Herbert Clark Hoover lahir dina 10 Agustus 1874, di [[West Branch, Iowa]].{{efn|Hoover satuluyna jadi présidén munggaran anu lahir di kuloneun [[Walungan Mississippi]], sarta tetep jadi hiji-hijina présidén anu lahir di Iowa.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=4}}}} Bapana, Jesse Hoover, nyaéta saurang [[tukang panday]] sarta nu boga toko pakakas tatanén turunan Jérman, Swiss, sarta Inggris.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=4}} Indungna Hoover, Hulda Randall Minthorn, digedékeun di [[Norwich, Ontario]], Kanada, méméh pindah ka [[Iowa]] dina taun 1859. Kawas kalolobaan warga West Branch séjénna, Jesse sarta Hulda téh urang [[Quakers]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=5–10}} Sabudeureun umur dua taun &quot;Bertie&quot;, nénéhna harita, katarajang panyakit [[croup]] anu parna, sarta sempet dianggap geus maot nepi ka dihirupkeun deui ku emangna, John Minthorn.&lt;ref&gt;Burner, p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika budak leutik, manéhna mindeng disebut ku bapana salaku &quot;stick in the mud&quot; (budak leutik nu kapepet na leutak) alatan mindeng kajebak dina leutak nalika meuntas jalan anu can diaspal.&lt;ref&gt;Burner, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawarga Herbert boga peran penting dina kahirupan ibadah di éta kota, utamana alatan peran indungna, Hulda, di garéja.&lt;ref&gt;Burner, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika keur budak, Hoover rutin sakola, tapi manéhna jarang maca buku sorangan salian ti Alkitab.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=13–14, 31}} Bapana Hoover, anu kacatat ku koran lokal boga sipat &quot;pikabungaheun sarta dareuda&quot;, tilar dunya dina taun 1880 dina umur 34 taun alatan serangan jantung dadakan.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=10}} Indungna Hoover tilar dunya dina taun 1884 alatan [[tipes]], ninggalkeun Hoover, lanceukna Theodore, sarta adina May, jadi budak yatim piatu.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=17–18}} Hoover hirup 18 bulan saterusna jeung emangna, Allen Hoover, di hiji tegalan deukeut dinya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Crippen | first=Ray | title=Column: President spent days of his boyhood only 90 miles away | website=Worthington Globe | date=August 19, 2017 | url=https://www.dglobe.com/community/column-president-spent-days-of-his-boyhood-only-90-miles-away | access-date=August 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio31.htm| title = National Park Service – The Presidents (Herbert Hoover)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Herbert Hoover in 1877.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.57|Hoover dina taun 1877]]

Dina Nopémber 1885, Hoover dikirim ka [[Newberg, Oregon]], pikeun hirup bareng emangna John Minthorn, saurang dokter sarta pangusaha Quaker anu anakna sorangan geus tilar dunya sataun méméhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://hoover.archives.gov/timeline#event-/timeline/item/hoover-moved-newberg-oregon |title = Timeline|date = December 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawarga Minthorn dianggap boga budaya sarta méré atikan, sarta nanamkeun étika gawé anu kuat.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=12}} Sarua jeung West Branch, Newberg téh kota wates anu dicicingan ku urang Quaker ti Wétan Tengah.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=20–21}} Minthorn mastikeun yén Hoover meunang atikan, tapi Hoover teu resep kana loba pancén anu dibikeun ka manéhna sarta mindeng ngarasa keuheul ka Minthorn. Saurang panitén ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku &quot;budak yatim [anu] sigana dipaliré dina loba hal&quot;.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=22–24}} Hoover sakola di Friends Pacific Academy (ayeuna [[Universitas George Fox]]), tapi kaluar dina umur tilu belas taun pikeun jadi asisten kantor di kantor real estate emangna (Oregon Land Company)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://hoover.archives.gov/timeline#event-/timeline/item/hoover-worked-oregon-land-company-salem-oregon |title = Timeline|date = December 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; di [[Salem, Oregon]]. Sanajan manéhna teu sakola SMA, Hoover diajar pembukuan, ngetik, sarta matematika di sakola peuting.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=4–6}}

Hoover mangrupa anggota angkatan munggaran &quot;Pioneer Class&quot; ti [[Universitas Stanford]], asup dina taun 1891 sanajan gagal dina sakabéh [[Ujian asup pendidikan|ujian asup]] iwal matematika.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=16}}{{efn|Hoover satuluyna ngaku salaku mahasiswa munggaran di Stanford, kalayan alesan yén manéhna téh jalma munggaran dina angkatan munggaran anu saré di asrama.&lt;ref name=e1&gt;{{Citation | first = David 'Dave' | last = Revsine | url = https://www.espn.com/college-football/columns/story?columnist=revsine_dave&amp;id=2680873 | title = One-sided numbers dominate Saturday's rivalry games | newspaper = ESPN | date = November 30, 2006 | publisher = Go | access-date = November 30, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Nalika taun kahiji, manéhna pindah jurusan tina téknik mesin ka géologi sanggeus digawé pikeun [[John Casper Branner]], pupuhu departemén géologi Stanford. Dina taun kadua, Sam Collins ngajukeun pangadegan ''Romero Hall Boarding Club'', imah mondok koperasi mahasiswa munggaran di Romero Hall, pikeun &quot;pergaulan sarta ékonomi&quot;, anu diadegkeun babarengan ku Hoover sarta [[Hidden Houses|William Foster Hidden]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lane&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Rose Wilder |title=The Making of Herbert Hoover |date=1920 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=New York |pages=130–139 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030938983 |access-date=November 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Irwin |first1=Will |author1-link=Will Irwin |title=Herbert Hoover: A Reminiscent Biography |date=1928 |publisher=[[Century Company]] |url=https://archive.org/details/herberthooverare007945mbp |access-date=September 15, 2024 |via=[[archive.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lockley |first1=Fred |title=History of the Columbia River Valley from the Dalles to the Sea |date=1928 |publisher=[[S. J. Clarke Publishing Company]] |page=498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AxNswEACAAJ |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter=W. Foster Hidden (William Foster Hidden (1871–1963)) |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoover nyaéta mahasiswa anu biasa-biasa waé, sarta manéhna méakkeun loba waktuna pikeun digawé part-time atawa milu dina kagiatan kampus.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=35–39}} Sanajan awalna éraan di antara papada mahasiswa, Hoover meunang pamilihan salaku bendahara mahasiswa sarta jadi kawentar alatan rasa teu resepna kana [[fraternities and sororities]] (organisasi mahasiswa).{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=6–9}} Manéhna ngajabat salaku manajer mahasiswa pikeun tim [[Bisbol Stanford Cardinal|bisbol]] sarta [[Sepak bola Stanford Cardinal|sepak bola]], sarta mantuan ngatur [[Big Game (sepak bola Amérika)|Big Game]] munggaran ngalawan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]].&lt;ref&gt;Big Games: College Football's Greatest Rivalries – Page 222&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika usum panas méméh sarta sanggeus taun pamungkasna, Hoover magang di handapeun géolog ékonomi [[Waldemar Lindgren]] ti [[United States Geological Survey]]; pangalaman-pangalaman ieu ngayakinkeun Hoover pikeun ngudag karir salaku géolog pertambangan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=39–41}}

== Karir téknik sarta bisnis ==
=== Bewick, Moreing &amp; Co. ===
[[File:Herbert Hoover in 1898.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hoover, umur 23 taun; dipoto di [[Perth]], Australia Kulon, dina taun 1898]]

Nalika Hoover lulus ti Stanford dina taun 1895, nagarana nuju aya di tengah [[Panic of 1893]] sarta manéhna awalna hésé néangan gawé.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=6–9}} Manéhna digawé dina rupa-rupa pagawéan tambang tingkat handap di [[Pagunungan Sierra Nevada]] nepi ka hasil ngayakinkeun insinyur pertambangan kawentar Louis Janin pikeun nyéwa manéhna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=46–48}} Sanggeus digawé salaku pangawas tambang salila sataun, Hoover ditarima gawé ku Bewick, Moreing &amp; Co. (&quot;Bewick&quot;), hiji pausahaan pusatna di London anu ngajalankeun [[Pertambangan emas|tambang emas]] di [[Australia Kulon]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=48–50}} Manéhna mimitina indit ka [[Coolgardie, Australia Kulon|Coolgardie]], anu harita jadi pusat [[Eastern Goldfields]], kalayan gajih $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1897|fmt=eq}}). Kaayaan di wewengkon tambang emas kacida teuasna; Hoover ngagambarkeun tegalan [[Coolgardie (wilayah biogeografis)|Coolgardie]] sarta [[Murchison (wilayah biogeografis)|Murchison]] di sisi [[Gurun Victoria Gedé]] salaku tanah &quot;laleur hideung, lebu beureum, sarta panas bodas&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoover biography&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hooverinstitutionla.blogspot.com/2011/06/herbert-hoover-just-another-stanford.html?m=1|title=Herbert Hoover, the graduate: Have Stanford degree, will travel |date=June 15, 2011|publisher=Hoover Institution |access-date=January 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia | publisher = Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum | title = FAQ | contribution = What did the President do in Western Australia? | access-date = January 18, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118014403/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia | archive-date = January 18, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118014403/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/info/faq.html#Australia |date=January 18, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoover terus-terusan indit-inditan meuntas [[Outback]] pikeun meunteun sarta ngatur tambang-tambang pausahaan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=54–55}} Manéhna ngayakinkeun Bewick pikeun meuli tambang emas [[Sons of Gwalia]], anu tétéla jadi salah sahiji tambang paling suksés di wewengkon éta.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=56}} Sabagian alatan tarékah Hoover, pausahaan tungtungna ngawasa kurang leuwih 50 persén produksi emas di [[Australia Kulon]].{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=283}} Hoover mawa loba [[Imigran Italia di Australia|imigran Italia]] pikeun neukteuk biaya sarta ngalawan [[Gerakan buruh Australia|gerakan buruh]] para panambang Australia.&lt;ref name=HG&gt;{{Citation | url = http://www.gwalia.org.au/ | title = Gwalia Historic Site | place = AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/programsales/studyguide/StG_Hoovers_Gold.pdf | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=2005|title=Hoover's Gold|access-date=June 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika digawé di pausahaan tambang, Hoover jadi teu satuju kana aturan saperti [[upah minimum]] sarta [[kompensasi pagawé]], manéhna ngarasa hal éta teu adil keur nu boga pausahaan. Gawéna Hoover narik perhatian dunyana, sarta dina taun 1898 manéhna ditaékkeun pangkat jadi mitra junior (''junior partner'').{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=10–13}} Pepecahan kabuka lumangsung antara Hoover jeung bosna, Ernest Williams, tapi pamingpin Bewick niiskeun kaayaan ku cara nawarkeun Hoover posisi anu narik di [[Dinasti Qing|Tiongkok]].{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=32}}

Nalika nepi di Tiongkok, Hoover ngembangkeun tambang emas deukeut [[Tianjin]] atas nami Bewick sarta pausahaan milik Tiongkok, [[Chinese Engineering and Mining Company]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=70–71, 76}} Manéhna jadi kacida katarikna kana [[Sajarah Tiongkok]], tapi manéhna henteu neruskeun diajar [[Basa Mandarin|basana]] nepi ka tingkat mahér. Manéhna sacara kabuka méré pépéling yén pagawé Tiongkok téh teu éfisién sarta sacara rasial leuwih handap.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=72–73}} Manéhna méré bongbolongan pikeun ngoméan nasib pagawé Tiongkok, nyoba ngeureunkeun prakték kontrak budak jangka panjang sarta ngayakeun réformasi pagawé dumasar kana préstasi.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=34}} [[Pemberontakan Boxer]] peupeus teu lila sanggeus kulawarga Hoover nepi di Tiongkok, ngajebak maranéhna sarta loba warga nagara asing séjénna nepi ka [[Aliansi Dalapan Nagara|pasukan militer multinasional]] ngéléhkeun pasukan Boxer dina [[Pertempuran Tientsin]]. Alatan sieun pamaréntah Tiongkok bakal runtuh, diréktur pausahaan Chinese Engineering and Mining Company sapuk pikeun ngadegkeun usaha patungan Sino-Inggris anyar jeung Bewick. Sanggeus maranéhna hasil ngawasa pausahaan tambang Tiongkok anyar éta, Hoover jadi mitra operasional dina tungtung taun 1901.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=77–81, 85–89}}

Dina peran ieu, Hoover terus indit-inditan ka sakuliah dunya atas nami Bewick, ngadatangan tambang-tambang anu dijalankeun ku pausahaan di buana anu béda-béda. Dimimitian dina Désémber 1902, pausahaan nyanghareupan masalah hukum sarta kauangan anu numpuk sanggeus salah sahiji mitra ngaku geus sacara curang ngajual saham di hiji tambang. Masalah séjénna muncul dina taun 1904 sanggeus pamaréntah Inggris ngawangun dua [[Komisi Karajaan|komisi karajaan]] anu misah pikeun nalungtik prakték tanaga gawé sarta urusan kauangan Bewick di Australia Kulon. Sanggeus pausahaan éléh dina gugatan hukum, Hoover mimiti néangan jalan pikeun kaluar tina kemitraan éta, sarta manéhna ngajual sahamna dina pertengahan taun 1908.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=88–93, 98, 102–104}}

===Usaha mandiri===
[[File:HHoover (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Hoover dina taun 1917 nalika jadi insinyur pertambangan]]

Sanggeus ninggalkeun Bewick, Moreing, Hoover digawé salaku konsultan pertambangan sarta bankir mandiri anu pusatna di London. Sanajan manéhna geus kakoncara salaku géolog sarta operator tambang, Hoover museurkeun loba perhatianana kana néangan dana, ngaropéa organisasi korporasi, sarta ngabiayaan usaha-usaha anyar.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=112–115}} Manéhna boga spésialisasi dina ngahirupkeun deui operasi pertambangan anu nuju dinesah (bermasalah), nyokot bagian tina kauntungan salaku imbalan tina kaahlian téknis sarta kauanganana.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=11–13}} Hoover nganggap dirina sarta batur-baturna salaku &quot;dokter téknik keur pausahaan anu gering&quot;, sarta manéhna meunang jujuluk salaku &quot;dokter tambang gering&quot;.{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=392}} Manéhna investasi di unggal buana sarta boga kantor di San Francisco; London; New York City; Paris; Petrograd; sarta [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar|Burma Britania]].&lt;ref&gt;Hoover, Herbert C. (1952). ''The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874–1920''. London: Hollis &amp; Carter. p. 99&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1914, Hoover geus jadi jalma anu kacida beungharna, kalayan perkiraan kabeungharan pribadi salaku $4 juta (sarua jeung ${{Inflation|US|4|1914|r=2}} juta dina taun {{Inflation-year|US}}).{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=569}}

Hoover milu ngadegkeun [[Consolidated Zinc|Zinc Corporation]] pikeun ékstraksi [[séng]] deukeut kota [[Broken Hill, New South Wales|Broken Hill]] di Australia.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=115}} Zinc Corporation ngamekarkeun prosés [[froth flotation]] pikeun misahkeun séng tina bijih timah-pérak{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=24–43}} sarta ngajalankeun pabrik flotasi diferensial bijih selektif munggaran di dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blainey&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Blainey|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Rush That Never Ended|url=https://archive.org/details/rushthatneverend0000blai|url-access=registration|date=1963|publisher=Melbourne University Press|location=Melbourne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rushthatneverend0000blai/page/265 265–268]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoover digawé bareng jeung Burma Corporation, hiji firma Inggris anu ngahasilkeun pérak, timah, sarta séng dina jumlah badag di [[Tambang Bawdwin]] [[Namtu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoover&quot; /&gt;{{rp|90–96,101–102}}{{sfn|Nash|1983|p=381}} Manéhna ogé mantuan ngaronjatkeun [[Ékstraksi tambaga|produksi tambaga]] di [[Kyshtym]], [[Kaisar Rusia|Rusia]], ngaliwatan pamakéan peléburan piritik. Manéhna ogé sapuk pikeun ngatur tambang misah di [[Pagunungan Altai]] anu, nurutkeun Hoover, &quot;ngamekarkeun meureun kumpulan bijih tunggal panggedéna sarta pangbeungharna anu kanyahoan di dunya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoover&quot;&gt;Hoover, Herbert C. (1952). ''The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874–1920''. London: Hollis &amp; Carter&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|102–108}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kennan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kennan|first1=George|title=Siberia and the Exile System|date=1891|publisher=James R. Osgood, McIlvaine &amp; Co.|location=London|pages=165, 286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina waktu luangna, Hoover nulis. Kuliah-kuliahna di universitas [[Universitas Columbia|Columbia]] sarta Stanford diterbitkeun dina taun 1909 kalayan judul ''Principles of Mining'' (Prinsip-Prinsip Pertambangan), anu jadi buku téks standar. Éta buku ngagambarkeun parobahan pamikiranana kana idé-idé [[Progresivisme di Amérika Sarikat|progrisif]], nalika Hoover mimiti ngarojong [[Dalapan jam gawé|dalapan jam gawé sapoé]] sarta [[Serikat buruh|serikat buruh]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=18–20}} Hoover jadi kacida katarikna kana [[sajarah sains]], sarta manéhna utamana katarik ku ''[[De re metallica]]'', hiji karya boga pangaruh ti abad ka-16 ngeunaan pertambangan sarta metalurgi ku [[Georgius Agricola]]. Dina taun 1912, Hoover sarta pamajidanna nerbitkeun tarjamahan basa Inggris munggaran tina ''De re metallica''.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=119–120}} Hoover ogé asup jadi déwan pangawas di Stanford, sarta mingpin kampanye anu suksés pikeun nunjuk John Branner salaku présidén universitas éta.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=124–125}}

== Awal karir politik ==

=== Pupuhu komite Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia (1914–1919) ===
{{Further|Presidénsi Woodrow Wilson}}
{{Main|Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia}}

[[Perang Dunya I]] peupeus dina Agustus 1914, nyanghareupkeun Jérman sarta sekutuna ngalawan Perancis sarta sekutuna. [[Rencana Schlieffen]] Jérman nyaéta pikeun ngahontal kameunangan gancang ku cara narajang ngaliwatan Bélgia anu nétral pikeun ngepung Tentara Perancis di wétaneun Paris. Éta manuver gagal nepi ka Paris, tapi Jérman hasil ngarebut ampir sakabéh Bélgia sarta ngajajah sabagéan badag éta nagara salila sésa perang. Hoover sarta pangusaha Amérika séjénna anu pusatna di London ngadegkeun komite pikeun ngatur mulangna kira-kira 100,000 urang Amérika anu kajebak di Éropa. Hoover diangkat salaku pupuhu komite sarta, kalayan idin ti Kongrés sarta [[Presidénsi Woodrow Wilson|pamaréntahan Wilson]], tanggung jawab kana distribusi bantuan ka urang Amérika di Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=132–136}} Hoover satuluyna nyebutkeun, &quot;Kuring henteu nyadar harita, tapi dina 3 Agustus 1914, karir kuring geus réngsé salawasna. Kuring geus aya dina jalan leueur tina kahirupan publik.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Humanitarian Years|url=http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html|publisher=[[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]|access-date=February 16, 2011|mode=cs2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109151702/http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html|archive-date=January 9, 2011|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109151702/http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html |date=January 9, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal Oktober 1914, organisasi Hoover geus ngadistribusikeun bantuan ka saeutikna 40,000 urang Amérika.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=137–138}}

[[Invasi Jérman ka Bélgia (1914)|Invasi Jérman ka Bélgia]] dina Agustus 1914 nyababkeun krisis pangan di Bélgia, hiji nagara anu kacida gumantungna kana impor pangan. Jérman nolak tanggung jawab pikeun méré dahar warga Bélgia di wilayah anu direbut, sarta Inggris nolak ngaleupaskeun [[Blokade Jérman (1914–1919)|blokade]] maranéhna ka [[Pendudukan Jérman di Bélgia nalika Perang Dunya I|Bélgia anu dijajah Jérman]] iwal pamaréntah AS ngawas impor pangan Bélgia salaku pihak nétral dina perang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=140–142}} Kalayan gawé bareng pamaréntahan Wilson sarta [[Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation|CNSA]], hiji organisasi bantuan Bélgia, Hoover ngadegkeun [[Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia]] (CRB).{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=143–144}} CRB meunangkeun sarta ngimpor jutaan ton bahan pangan pikeun didistribusikeun ku CNSA, sarta mantuan mastikeun yén tentara Jérman henteu nyokot éta kadaharan. Sumbangan pribadi sarta hibah pamaréntah nyadiakeun sabagéan badag tina anggaran $11-juta-sabulan, sarta CRB jadi sabenerna &quot;républik bantuan&quot; anu mandiri, kalayan bandéra, angkatan laut, pabrik, panggilingan, sarta jalan karéta sorangan.{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=79}}&lt;ref&gt;George H. Nash, &quot;The &quot;Great Humanitarian&quot;: Herbert Hoover, the Relief of Belgium, and the Reconstruction of Europe after War I.&quot; ''The Tocqueville Review'' 38.2 (2017): 55–70.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=December 2023}}

Hoover digawé 14 jam sapoé ti London, ngatur distribusi leuwih ti dua juta ton kadaharan ka salapan juta korban perang. Dina bentuk awal [[diplomasi jemput-anteur]] (''shuttle diplomacy''), manéhna meuntas [[Laut Kalér]] opat puluh kali pikeun panggih jeung otoritas Jérman sarta ngayakinkeun maranéhna pikeun ngidinan pangiriman kadaharan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hudson2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Hudson|title=Christmas 1914: The First World War at Home and Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1YTDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT31|date=October 6, 2014|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-6038-0|pages=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé ngayakinkeun [[Menteri Kauangan Inggris]] [[David Lloyd George]] pikeun ngidinan individu ngirim duit ka urang Bélgia, sahingga ngurangan beban gawé CRB.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=158–159}} Atas paménta pamaréntah Perancis, CRB mimiti ngirimkeun pasokan ka masarakat di [[Pendudukan Jérman di timur laut Perancis nalika Perang Dunya I|Perancis Kalér anu dijajah Jérman]] dina taun 1915.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=163}} Dina taun 1926, diplomat Amérika [[Walter Hines Page|Walter Page]] ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku &quot;meureun hiji-hijina jalma anu hirup anu sacara pribadi (hartina, tanpa nyekel jabatan resmi) geus ngayakeun rundayan pamahaman jeung pamaréntah Inggris, Perancis, Jérman, Walanda, sarta Bélgia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HendrickWilson1926&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Burton Jesse|last1=Hendrick|first2=Woodrow|last2=Wilson|title=The life and letters of Walter H. Page|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJonAQAAMAAJ|year=1926|publisher=Doubleday, Page|page=313}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WilsonLink1982&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Woodrow|last1=Wilson|first2=Arthur Stanley|last2=Link|title=The Papers of Woodrow Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjsJAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=369|isbn=978-0-691-04690-7}} vol 40 p 369.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diréktur Administrasi Pangan AS (1917–1918) ===
{{Main|Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat}}

[[File:&quot;Wanted Immediately. 2,000,000 Garments for destitute Men, Women, and children in occupied Northern France and... - NARA - 512616.jpg|upright|thumb|Poster [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat|Administrasi Pangan AS]]]]
Perang ngalawan Jérman diumumkeun dina April 1917, sarta pangan Amérika kacida pentingna pikeun kameunangan Sekutu. Nalika AS nuju mobilisasi perang, Présidén Wilson nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin [[Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat|Administrasi Pangan AS]], anu ditugaskeun pikeun mastikeun kaperluan pangan nagara salila perang.{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=96–97}} Hoover geus boga harepan pikeun asup ka pamaréntahan saprak taun 1916, sarta manéhna meunangkeun éta posisi sanggeus lobi ka sababaraha anggota Kongrés sarta kapercayaan Wilson, [[Edward M. House]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=178, 187–191}} Meunang jujuluk &quot;czar pangan&quot;, Hoover ngarékrut kakuatan rélawan ratusan rébu awéwé sarta ngagunakeun [[Propaganda dina Perang Dunya I|propaganda]] di bioskop, sakola, sarta garéja.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43}} Manéhna kalayan taliti milih jalma-jalma pikeun mantuan kapamingpinan lembaga—[[Alonzo E. Taylor]] (kaahlian téknis), [[Robert A. Taft|Robert Taft]] (hubungan politik), [[Gifford Pinchot]] (pangaruh tatanén), sarta Julius Barnes (kaahlian bisnis).{{sfn|Burner|1996|p=101}}

[[Perang Dunya I]] geus nyiptakeun krisis pangan global anu sacara drastis ngaronjatkeun harga pangan sarta ngabalukarkeun karusuhan pangan sarta kalaparan di nagara-nagara anu perang. Tujuan utama Hoover salaku czar pangan nyaéta nyadiakeun pasokan pikeun Pihak Sekutu, tapi manéhna ogé narékahan pikeun nyetabilkeun harga domestik sarta nyegah kakurangan di jero nagara.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=183–185}} Dina kawasa lega anu dibikeun ku [[Food and Fuel Control Act]] (Undang-Undang Kontrol Pangan sarta Bahan Bakar), Administrasi Pangan ngawas produksi pangan di sakuliah Amérika Sarikat, sarta administrasi ngagunakeun kakuatanana pikeun meuli, ngimpor, nyimpen, sarta ngajual kadaharan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=198–199}} Alatan hayang nyingkahan jatah (ransum) resmi, Hoover netepkeun poé-poé husus sangkan masarakat nyingkahan dahar kadaharan nu tangtu pikeun disimpen keur ransum prajurit: [[Senén tanpa daging]] (''meatless Monday''), Rebo tanpa gandum, sarta &quot;lamun ragu-ragu, dahar kentang&quot;. Kawijakan ieu disebut &quot;Hooverizing&quot; ku tukang publikasi pamaréntah, sanajan Hoover terus-terusan méré paréntah sangkan publikasi henteu nyebut ngaran manéhna.{{sfn|Burner|1996|pp=104–109}} Administrasi Pangan ngirimkeun 23 juta métrik ton kadaharan ka Pihak Sekutu, nyegah karuntuhan maranéhna sarta matak Hoover meunang pujian gedé.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=212–213}} Salaku kapala Administrasi Pangan, Hoover meunang loba pangrojong di Amérika Sarikat, utamana di kalangan progrisif anu nempo Hoover salaku administrator ahli sarta simbol éfisiénsi.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=204–206}} Manéhna kapilih jadi anggota [[American Philosophical Society]] salila masa jabatanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Herbert+Hoover&amp;title=&amp;subject=&amp;subdiv=&amp;mem=&amp;year=&amp;year-max=&amp;dead=&amp;keyword=&amp;smode=advanced |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diréktur Administrasi Bantuan Amérika (1919–1923) ===
{{Main|Administrasi Bantuan Amérika}}

Perang Dunya I réngsé dina bulan Nopémber 1918, tapi Éropa terus nyanghareupan kaayaan pangan anu kritis; Hoover ngira-ngira yén aya 400 juta jalma anu nyanghareupan kamungkinan kalaparan.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=214–215}} Administrasi Pangan Amérika Sarikat dirobah jadi [[Administrasi Bantuan Amérika]] (ARA), sarta Hoover ditugaskeun nyadiakeun kadaharan ka Éropa Tengah sarta Wétan.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Salian ti nyadiakeun bantuan, ARA ngawangun deui infrastruktur dina upaya ngahirupkeun deui ékonomi Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=215–217}} Salila [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris, 1919]], Hoover ngabulaé salaku panaséhat deukeut Présidén Wilson, sarta manéhna sapikiran jeung tujuan Wilson pikeun ngadegkeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], nangtukeun wates dumasar kana [[hak nangtukeun nasib sorangan]], sarta nyingkahan méré hukuman anu beurat ka Pihak Tengah anu éléh.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=216–222}} Taun saterusna, ékonom Inggris kawentar [[John Maynard Keynes]] nulis dina ''[[The Economic Consequences of the Peace]]'' yén lamun réalime, &quot;kanyaho, kamurahan haté sarta sikep teu milih pihak&quot; Hoover dipaké leuwih lega dina rundayan di Paris, dunya bakal meunang &quot;Perdamaian anu Alus&quot;.{{sfn|Keynes|1919|p=247}} Sanggeus waragad pamaréntah AS pikeun ARA béak dina pertengahan 1919, Hoover ngarobah ARA jadi organisasi swasta, ngumpulkeun jutaan dolar ti donatur swasta.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Manéhna ogé ngadegkeun European Children's Fund (Dana Barudak Éropa), anu nyadiakeun bantuan ka lima belas juta barudak di opat belas nagara.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=224}}

Sanajan ditentang ku Sénator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] sarta urang Républik séjénna, Hoover tetep nyadiakeun bantuan ka bangsa Jérman anu éléh sanggeus perang, sarta bantuan ka [[Kalaparan Rusia 1921–1922|kalaparan]] anu narajang [[Républik Sosialis Federasi Soviét Rusia]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Hoover ngutuk kaum [[Bolshevik]] tapi méré pépéling ka Présidén Wilson sangkan ulah [[Intervénsi Sekutu dina Perang Sipil Rusia|pipilueun]] dina [[Perang Sipil Rusia]], sabab manéhna nempo pasukan [[Gerakan Bodas|Rusia Bodas]] henteu leuwih alus ti batan Bolshevik sarta sieun ku kamungkinan keterlibatan AS anu lila.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=43–45}} Kalaparan Rusia 1921–22 nelasan genep juta jalma, tapi intervénsi ARA meureun geus nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = https://www.hoover.org/research/food-weapon| publisher = Hoover Institution | title = Hoover Digest | contribution = Food as a Weapon.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika ditanya naha manéhna téh kalah mantuan Bolshevisme ku cara méré bantuan, Hoover némbalan, &quot;dua puluh juta jalma nuju kalaparan. Naon baé politikna, maranéhna kudu dipéré dahar!&quot;{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=41–43, 57–58}} Ngagambarkeun rasa nuhun loba urang Éropa, dina Juli 1922, panulis Soviét [[Maxim Gorky]] ngomong ka Hoover yén &quot;bantuan anjeun bakal asup kana sajarah salaku pencapaian anu unik sarta raksasa, pantes meunang kamulyaan panggedéna, anu bakal lila diinget ku jutaan urang Rusia anu geus disalametkeun ku anjeun tina pati&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130064356/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html |date=January 30, 2012 }}&quot;. Stanford University. April 4, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1919, Hoover ngadegkeun [[Perpustakaan sarta Arsip Institusi Hoover|Koléksi Perang Hoover]] di Universitas Stanford. Manéhna nyumbangkeun sakabéh berkas Komisi Bantuan di Bélgia, Administrasi Pangan AS, sarta Administrasi Bantuan Amérika, sarta jangji méré $50,000 salaku dana abadi ({{Inflation|US|50000|1919|fmt=eq}}). Para sarjana dikirim ka Éropa pikeun ngumpulkeun pamflét, publikasi masarakat, dokumén pamaréntah, koran, poster, proklamasi, sarta bahan-bahan séjénna anu patali jeung perang sarta révolusi anu lumangsung sanggeusna. Éta koléksi dingaranan deui jadi Perpustakaan Perang Hoover dina taun 1922 sarta ayeuna katelah [[Perpustakaan sarta Arsip Institusi Hoover]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hoover Institution Timeline |url=http://www.hoover.org/about/timeline |publisher=Hoover Institution |access-date=September 25, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila mangsa sanggeus perang, Hoover ogé ngajabat salaku présidén Federated American Engineering Societies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7e4eBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA67|title=Republicans and Labor: 1919—1929|first=Robert H.|last=Zieger|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8131-6499-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Himmelberg&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KqqgTB8Q_wC&amp;pg=PA169|title=Antitrust and Regulation During World War I and the Republican Era, 1917-1932|first=Robert F.|last=Himmelberg|date=1994|orig-date=1st pub. January 16, 1962|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8153-1406-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pemilu présidén 1920 ==
{{Further|Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}}
Hoover teu pati dipikawanoh ku masarakat Amérika méméh taun 1914, tapi jasana dina pamaréntahan Wilson ngajadikeun manéhna saurang contender dina pemilu présidén 1920. Usaha Hoover salila mangsa perang pikeun pajeg anu leuwih luhur, kritikna kana tindakan Jaksa Agung [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] nalika [[Red Scare Munggaran]], sarta pangrojongna kana aturan saperti [[Upah minimum di Amérika Sarikat|upah minimum]], opat puluh dalapan jam gawé saminggu, sarta [[Undang-undang tanaga gawé budak di Amérika Sarikat|ngaleungitkeun tanaga gawé budak]] ngajadikeun manéhna narik perhatian urang progrisif ti kadua partéy.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=45–50}} Sanajan manéhna digawé dina pamaréntahan [[Sajarah Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] Woodrow Wilson, Hoover henteu kungsi kabeungkeut rapet boh ka Démokrat atawa [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]]. Mimitina manéhna nyoba nyingkahan pikeun mihak ka salah sahiji partéy dina pemilu 1920, kalayan harepan salah sahiji ti dua partéy gedé éta bakal nyalonkeun manéhna jadi présidén dina konvénsi nasional maranéhna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=232–234}} Dina Maret 1920, manéhna ngarobah stratégi sarta nyatakeun dirina salaku urang Républik; hal ieu didorong sabagéan gedé ku kapercayaan yén Démokrat boga lolongkrang leutik pikeun meunang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=235–236}} Sanajan kawentar di tingkat nasional, jasa Hoover dina pamaréntahan Wilson geus ngajauhkeun manéhna tina patani sarta [[Old Right (Amérika Sarikat)|Old Guard konservatif di GOP]], sarta pancalonan présidénna kandas sanggeus éléh dina primér California ku [[favorite son]] [[Hiram Johnson]]. Dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920]], [[Warren G. Harding]] muncul salaku calon kompromi sanggeus konvénsi macét di antara pangrojong Johnson, [[Leonard Wood]], sarta [[Frank Orren Lowden]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=45–50}} Hoover ngarojong kampanye Harding anu suksés dina pemilu umum, sarta manéhna mimiti neundeun dasar pikeun maju jadi présidén di mangsa hareup ku cara ngawangun basis pangrojong anu kuat di Partéy Républik.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=237–238}}

== Menteri Perdagangan (1921–1928) ==
{{Further|Presidénsi Warren G. Harding|Presidénsi Calvin Coolidge}}
[[File:HooverCommerce1926.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Asistén William McCracken (kénca) sarta Walter Drake (katuhu) bareng Menteri Hoover (tengah)]]
Sanggeus kapilih jadi présidén dina taun 1920, Harding méré ganjaran ka Hoover pikeun pangrojongna, kalayan nawarkeun jabatan boh salaku [[Menteri Jero Nagri Amérika Sarikat]] atawa [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]]. Menteri Perdagangan harita dianggap jabatan Kabinét anu leutik, kalayan tanggung jawab anu kawates sarta kurang jéntré, tapi Hoover mutuskeun pikeun nampa éta posisi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=51–52}} Sikep progrisif Hoover, pangrojongna anu terus-terusan ka [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta pindahna manéhna ka Partéy Républik anyar kénéh, nimbulkeun pertentangan kana jabatanna ti loba [[Konférénsi Républik Sénat|urang Républik di Sénat]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=247–248}} Pikeun nungkulan ieu tantangan, Harding ngapasangkeun nominasi Hoover jeung tokoh favorit konservatif [[Andrew Mellon]] salaku [[Menteri Kauangan Amérika Sarikat]], sarta nominasi Hoover boh Mellon tungtungna disahkeun ku Sénat. Hoover ngajabat salaku Menteri Perdagangan ti taun 1921 nepi ka 1928, digawé di sahandapeun Harding sarta, sanggeus Harding tilar dunya dina taun 1923, Présidén [[Calvin Coolidge]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=51–52}} Nalika sawatara anggota paling nonjol dina pamaréntahan Harding, kaasup Jaksa Agung [[Harry M. Daugherty]] sarta Menteri Jero Nagri [[Albert B. Fall]], kalibet dina [[Presidénsi Warren G. Harding#Skandal pamaréntahan|skandal gedé]], Hoover muncul kalayan bersih tina rupa-rupa pamariksaan ka pamaréntahan Harding.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=288–292}}

Hoover ngabayangkeun Departemén Perdagangan salaku puseur kamekaran sarta stabilitas nagara.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–63}} Pangalamanana dina mobilisasi ékonomi mangsa perang ngayakinkeun manéhna yén pamaréntah féderal bisa ngamajukeun éfisiénsi ku cara ngaleungitkeun runtah (kabubujal), ningkatkeun produksi, nyorong pamakéan prakték dumasar data, investasi dina infrastruktur, sarta ngajaga sumber daya alam. Manéhna ngamajukeun skéma &quot;Super Power&quot; pikeun interkonéksi utilitas listrik,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=DeGraaf |first=Leonard |date=1990 |title=Corporate Liberalism and Electric Power System Planning in the 1920s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115843 |journal=The Business History Review |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.2307/3115843 |jstor=3115843 |issn=0007-6805}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta nampa telepon [[Vidéo-telepon|Picturephone]] térémonial munggaran di Washington dina April 1927 ti Walter Gifford, Pupuhu AT&amp;T di New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Norcross |first=Amy |date=April 7, 2019 |title=Hoover joins 1st American demo of long-distance TV, April 7, 1927 |url=https://www.edn.com/hoover-joins-1st-american-demo-of-long-distance-tv-april-7-1927/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |magazine=[[EDN (magazine)|EDN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma sajamanana ngagambarkeun pamikiran Hoover salaku &quot;alternatif katilu&quot; antara &quot;kapitalisme anu teu kakontrol&quot; sarta [[sosialisme]], anu beuki kawentar di Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=254–257}} Hoover narékahan pikeun nyiptakeun kasaimbangan antara buruh, modal, sarta pamaréntah, sarta ku sabab ieu, manéhna rupa-rupa disebut salaku urang [[korporatisme]] atawa [[asosiasionalisme]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=106}} Prioritas luhurna nyaéta diplomasi ékonomi, kaasup ngamajukeun kamekaran ékspor, sarta panyalindungan tina prakték monopoli pamaréntah asing, utamana ngeunaan karét sarta kopi.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Brandes, ''Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy: Department of Commerce Policy, 1921–1928'' (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970) pp 83–74. [https://archive.org/details/herberthoovereco00bran online].&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoover ngarojong loba program pangurangan pajeg ti Mellon tapi leuwih mihak kana sistem [[pajeg progrisif]] sarta nentang usaha menteri kauangan éta pikeun ngaleungitkeun [[pajeg warisan di Amérika Sarikat|pajeg warisan]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=303–304}} Manéhna ogé ménta, sarta meunangkeun, kawasa pikeun koordinasi urusan ékonomi di sakuliah pamaréntahan. Manéhna nyiptakeun loba sub-departemén sarta komite, ngawas sarta ngatur sagala hal ti mimiti statistik manufaktur nepi ka [[transportasi hawa]]. Dina sababaraha hal, manéhna &quot;nyokot&quot; kadali tanggung jawab ti departemén Kabinét séjén nalika manéhna nganggap yén maranéhna henteu ngajalankeun tanggung jawabna kalayan hadé; sawatara jalma mimiti nyebut manéhna salaku &quot;Menteri Perdagangan sarta Wakil Menteri pikeun sakabéh departemén séjénna&quot;.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–63}} Pikeun ngaréspon [[Depresi 1920–21]], manéhna ngayakinkeun Harding pikeun ngawangun komisi présidén ngeunaan pangangguran, anu nyorong pamaréntah lokal pikeun ngalakukeun belanja infrastruktur kontrasiklikal.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=260–264}} Hiji konférénsi dilaksanakeun pikeun ngabahas kaayaan pangangguran dina taun 1921, kalayan Hoover boga argumén yén &quot;henteu aya kagagalan ékonomi anu kacida pikasieuneunana hartina jiga hiji nagara anu boga kaleuwihan tina unggal kabutuhan hirup, tapi anggotana anu daék sarta hayang digawé kalah dicabut tina éta kabutuhan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere A Conceptual History, 1919-1933 By Vincent Gaddis, 2005, P.19&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, Hoover boga pamandangan yén solusi pikeun kaayaan pangangguran nagara lain dina intervénsi féderal tapi dina tindakan sacara sukaréla sarta lokal.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Hoover As Secretary of Commerce Studies in New Era Thought and Practice, Editor: Ellis Wayne Hawley, 1981, P.25&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé nentang pangmayaran langsung ti pamaréntah ka individu anu nganggur, boga kapercayaan yén hal ieu moal ngan ngabalukarkeun belanja defisit anu badé tapi ogé ngajadikeun jalma gumantung ka pamaréntah.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Hoover, Unemployment, and the Public Sphere A Conceptual History, 1919-1933 By Vincent Gaddis, 2005, P.19&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakumaha anu ditepikeun ku Hoover salila éta konférénsi:

{{Blockquote|It is not consonant with the spirit or institutions of the American people that a demand should be made upon the public treasury for the solution of every difficulty. The Administration has felt that a large degree of solution could be expected through the mobilization of the fine cooperative action of our manufacturers and employers and of our public bodies and local authorities. And that if a solution could be found in these directions we should accomplish even more than the care of our unemployed-that we will again demonstrate that independence and ability of action amongst our own people which saves our Government from that ultimate paternalism that would undermine our whole political system. In the other countries that have been primarily affected by the War, solution has been had by direct doles to individuals by their Governments. We have so far escaped this most vicious of solutions, and I am hopeful, and I believe you will be, that it is within the intelligence and initiative of our people that we may find remedies against hardship and bitterness that do not, except in exceptional cases, come within the range of charity.&lt;ref&gt;THE PRESIDENCY VS. HOOVER By Samuel Crowther, GARDEN CITY NEW YORK, DOUBLEDAY, DORAN AND COMPANY, INC. 1928, P.143-144&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Regulation of radio and transportation===
{{Main|Regulation of radio broadcast in the United States}}

[[File:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hoover listening to a [[radio receiver]], 1925]]

Between 1923 and 1929, the number of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million,{{sfn|Ferrell|1998|pp=32–33}} and Hoover's tenure as Secretary of Commerce heavily influenced radio use in the United States. Between 1922 and 1925, Hoover organized conferences among radio manufacturers, news agencies, and government organizations which played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of [[radio broadcasting]]. Hoover also helped pass the [[Radio Act of 1927]], which allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed &quot;non-useful&quot; to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lepore |first=Jill |title=These Truths |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc. |year=2018 |isbn=9780393635249 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=427–428 |chapter=A Constitution of the Air |lccn=2018019180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Barnouw|first=Erik|title=A Tower In Babel; A history of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933|year=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of 91st Congress, First Session. Volume 115, Part 4|journal=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of 91st Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|others=United States Congress|author-link=Edith Green|last=Green|first=Edith|title=Program Practices of Television Networks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85wTj3YZGL4C&amp;q=Congressional+Record:+%22herbert+hoover%22+radio&amp;pg=PA3558|journal=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress, Second Session|volume=108|issue=part 3 (Pages 2851 to 4340)|date=March 7, 1962|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=85wTj3YZGL4C&amp;pg=PA3558&amp;dq=Congressional+Record:+%22herbert+hoover%22+radio&amp;hl=en 3558]|quote=Interestingly, ... an American ... recognized the problem that arose with general dissemination, as opposed to [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point transmission]], of messages by wireless. ... The American was Herbert Hoover.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for [[Aerial application|crop dusting]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=53–54}} Hoover also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later [[Federal Aviation Administration]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=271}}

As Commerce Secretary, he hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. His chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of [[Traffic collision|traffic accidents]], but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity among jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.&lt;ref&gt;Peter D. Norton, ''Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City'' (MIT Press, 2008), pp. 178–197 {{ISBN|0-262-14100-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngawangun citra diri Hoover ===
[[Phillips Payson O'Brien]] boga pamandangan yén Hoover boga masalah jeung Inggris. Manéhna geus mangtaun-taun cicing di Britania Raya sarta Australia salaku pagawé pausahaan Inggris, sahingga aya résiko manéhna bakal dicap salaku &quot;pakakas&quot; Inggris. Aya tilu solusi, anu sakabéhna dicoba ku manéhna kalayan gawé bareng rapet jeung média anu kacida mujina ka manéhna.&lt;ref&gt;George H. Nash, &quot;The Great Enigma and the Great Engineer&quot;, in John E. Haynes, ed., ''Calvin Coolidge and the Coolidge Era,'' (1998) pp 149–80.&lt;/ref&gt; Kahiji nyaéta citra salaku élmuwan anu tenang, henteu kabawa ku parasaan (émosi) tapi salawasna komitmen pikeun néangan sarta ngajalankeun solusi pangalusna. Solusi kadua nyaéta ku cara meunangkeun reputasi salaku saurang kamanusaan (humanitarian), anu kacida padulina kana kasusah dunya, saperti kalaparan di Bélgia, sarta masalah-masalah husus di Amérika anu geus diréngsékeun ku manéhna salaku komisaris pangan salila perang dunya. Solusi katilu nyaéta ngagunakeun taktik heubeul &quot;twisting the British tail&quot; (nyigeung kangeunahan Inggris), anu dipaké ku manéhna salaku pakarang nalika [[Rencana Stevenson|krisis karét dunya 1925–1926]]. [[Industri otomotif di Amérika Sarikat|Industri mobil Amérika]] meakkeun 70% tina hasil dunya, tapi investor Inggris ngawasa sabagéan badag pasokanana. Rencana maranéhna nyaéta pikeun neukteuk sacara drastis hasil ti [[Malaya Britania]], anu boga pangaruh naékkeun harga karét nepi ka tikel tilu. Hoover kalayan sumanget méré runtuyan biantara sarta wawancara anu ngutuk prakték [[Monopoli|monopoli]] éta sarta ménta sangkan éta hal diureunkeun. [[Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika]] teu hayang aya krisis saperti kitu sarta ngalakukeun kompromi dina taun 1926. Harita, Hoover geus hasil ngaréngsékeun masalah citrana, sarta salila kampanye taun 1928 manéhna hasil ngbungkem serangan anu nyebutkeun yén manéhna deukeut teuing jeung kapentingan Inggris.&lt;ref&gt;Phillips Payson O'Brien, &quot;Herbert Hoover, Anglo–American Relations and Republican Party Politics in the 1920s.&quot; ''Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft'' 22.2 (2011): 200–218.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Banjir Mississippi ===
[[Banjir Gedé Mississippi 1927]] ngabobol sisi walungan sarta [[tanggul]] [[walungan Mississippi bagian handap]] dina awal taun 1927, anu ngabalukarkeun banjir di jutaan héktar lahan sarta nyababkeun 1,5 juta jalma kudu ngungsi ti imahna. Sanajan penanganan bencana lain mangrupa tugas [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Perdagangan]], para gubernur ti genep nagara bagian di sapanjang walungan Mississippi sacara husus ménta ka Présidén Coolidge pikeun nunjuk Hoover jadi koordinator penanganan banjir.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=68–71}} Boga kapercayaan yén penanganan bencana lain urusan pamaréntah féderal, Coolidge mimitina nolak pikeun kalibet, tapi tungtungna manéhna nurut kana tekenan politik sarta nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin komite husus pikeun mantuan éta wewengkon.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=328–329}} Hoover ngadegkeun leuwih ti saratus [[Kota tenda|tenda pangungsian]] sarta armada leuwih ti genep ratus kapal, sarta hasil ngumpulkeun dana $17 juta (sarua jeung ${{Inflation|US|17|1927|r=2}} juta dina taun {{Inflation-year|US}}). Sabagéan badag alatan kapamingpinanana salila krisis banjir, dina taun 1928, Hoover mimiti leuwih kawentar batan Présidén Coolidge sorangan.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=68–71}} Sanajan Hoover meunang pujian anu lega pikeun peranna dina éta krisis, manéhna méré paréntah pikeun nyumputkeun laporan ngeunaan perlakuan anu salah ka urang Amérika turunan Afrika di [[kémp pangungsian]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=333–335}} Manéhna ngalakukeun hal éta kalayan gawé bareng jeung tokoh kulit hideung Amérika [[Robert Russa Moton]], anu dijangjikeun bakal meunang pangaruh anu gedé sanggeus Hoover jadi présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/flood-moton-cac/ 'Robert Moton and the Colored Advisory Commission'], PBS.org&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inisiatif séjénna ===
[[File:Hoover and Harding at baseball game.jpg|thumb|Hoover (kénca) bareng [[Florence Harding]] sarta Présidén [[Warren Harding]] dina hiji pertandingan baseball taun 1921]]

Kalayan tujuan pikeun nyorong investasi bisnis anu bijaksana, Hoover ngajadikeun Departemén Perdagangan salaku puseur informasi (''clearinghouse''). Manéhna ngarékrut loba akademisi ti rupa-rupa widang sarta ditugaskeun pikeun nerbitkeun laporan ngeunaan rupa-rupa aspék ékonomi, kaasup [[Industri beusi sarta baja di Amérika Sarikat|produksi baja]] sarta film. Pikeun ngaleungitkeun kabubujal (runtah), manéhna nyorong [[standardisasi]] produk saperti [[ban]] mobil sarta dot botol orok.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=257–200}} Usaha séjénna pikeun ngurangan kabubujal kaasup ngurangan karugian tanaga gawé tina sengketa dagang sarta parobahan musiman, ngurangan karugian industri tina kacilakaan sarta tatu, sarta ngurangan jumlah [[minyak bumi]] anu tumpah salila ékstraksi sarta pangiriman. Manéhna ngamajukeun perdagangan internasional ku cara muka kantor-kantor di luar nagri pikeun méré naséhat ka para pangusaha. Hoover utamana kacida sumangetna pikeun ngamajukeun film-film [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] di luar nagri.{{sfn|Hart|1998}} Kampanye &quot;Own Your Own Home&quot; (Boga Imah Sorangan) nyaéta hiji kolaborasi pikeun ngamajukeun kapimilik imah kulawarga tunggal, jeung grup-grup saperti gerakan Better Houses in America, Architects' Small House Service Bureau, sarta Home Modernizing Bureau. Manéhna digawé bareng jeung para bankir sarta industri [[Asosiasi simpen pinjam|simpen pinjam]] pikeun ngamajukeun kiridit imah (KPR) jangka panjang anyar, anu sacara drastis ngarangsang pangwangunan imah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Hutchison |first=Janet |title=Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal |journal=Journal of Policy History |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=184–210 |year=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0898030600005923 |issn=0898-0306 |s2cid=155048376}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pencapaian séjénna kaasup hasil ngayakinkeun [[U.S. Steel]] pikeun ngajalankeun dalapan jam gawé sapoé, sarta ngabantu kana ayana [[Kasapukan Walungan Colorado]], hiji kasapukan [[hak cai]] di antara nagara-nagara bagian di [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul-kulon]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=269–271}}

{{Main|Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928}}

Hoover cicing-cicing ngumpulkeun pangrojong pikeun maju jadi présidén sapanjang taun 1920-an, tapi manéhna kalayan taliti nyingkahan parasaan Coolidge anu kurang merenah, anu harita aya kamungkinan maju deui pikeun jabatan saterusna dina [[Pemilu Présidén Amérika Sarikat 1928]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=322–323}} Bareng jeung sakumna nagara, manéhna kaget nalika Coolidge dina Agustus 1927 nyatakeun &quot;[[I do not choose to run]]&quot; (kuring milih moal maju deui) pikeun jabatan saterusna. Kalayan pangunduran diri Coolidge anu geus deukeut, Hoover langsung muncul salaku calon unggulan pikeun nominasi Républik taun 1928, sarta manéhna kalayan gancang nyusun tim kampanye anu kuat anu dipingpin ku [[Hubert Work]], [[Will H. Hays]], sarta [[Reed Smoot]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=335–338}} Coolidge henteu kersa nunjuk Hoover salaku panerusna, malah kungsi nyarita &quot;salila genep taun éta jalma méré kuring naséhat anu teu dipénta—anu sakabéhna goréng&quot;.{{sfn|Ferrell|1957|p=195}} Sanajan parasaanana biasa-biasa waé ka Hoover, Coolidge teu boga niat pikeun meulah partéy ku cara nentang sacara kabuka kana pancalonan Menteri Perdagangan anu keur populér éta.{{sfnm|McCoy|1967|1pp=390–391|Wilson|1975|2pp=122–123}}

Salah sahiji tokoh publik anu ngarojong Hoover pikeun pancalonan présidén ti Républik nyaéta [[William Randolph Hearst]], anu boga pamandangan yén &quot;Kaayaan ayeuna merlukeun konservatisme, sarta konservatisme Menteri Hoover téh mangrupa tipe anu konstruktif, lain tipe anu réaksionér.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCNPAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA18&amp;dq=Hearst+The+present+situation+demands+conservatism,+and+Secretary+Hoover%E2%80%99s+conservatism+is+of+the+constructive+and+not+the+reactionary+type&amp;article_id=7187,2028328&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjrlcecnqOMAxVYUkEAHYW7G-gQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Hearst%20The%20present%20situation%20demands%20conservatism%2C%20and%20Secretary%20Hoover%E2%80%99s%20conservatism%20is%20of%20the%20constructive%20and%20not%20the%20reactionary%20type&amp;f=falseSt. Petersburg Times 10 Jun 1928]&lt;/ref&gt;

Loba pamingpin Républik anu waspada sarta nyoba néangan calon alternatif, saperti Menteri Kauangan Andrew Mellon atawa urut menteri luar nagri [[Charles Evans Hughes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rusnak&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Rusnak|first1=Robert J.|title=Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|date=Spring 1983|volume=13|issue=2|pages=269–278|jstor=27547924}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, Hughes sarta Mellon nolak pikeun maju, sarta calon poténsial séjénna saperti [[Frank Orren Lowden]] sarta Wakil Présidén [[Charles G. Dawes]] gagal meunangkeun pangrojong anu lega.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=338–339}} Hoover meunangkeun nominasi présidén dina sora (ballot) munggaran dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1928]]. Delegasi konvénsi kungsi mertimbangkeun pikeun nyalonkeun deui Wakil Présidén Charles Dawes salaku [[pendamping kampanye]] (''running mate'') Hoover, tapi Coolidge, anu ngéwa ka Dawes, nyatakeun yén hal éta bakal jadi &quot;panghina pribadi&quot; pikeun dirina. Konvénsi kalah milih Sénator [[Charles Curtis]] ti Kansas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Mencken | first1 = Henry Louis | last2= Nathan | first2= George Jean | title = The American Mercury | year = 1929 | page = 404 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoover nampa éta nominasi di [[Stadion Stanford]], nyarita ka balaréa yén manéhna bakal neruskeun kawijakan-kawijakan pamaréntahan Harding sarta Coolidge.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=71–72}} Urang Démokrat nyalonkeun gubernur New York [[Al Smith]], anu jadi calon munggaran ti [[Geréja Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|Katolik]] ti partéy gedé pikeun posisi présidén.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=344–345, 350}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Hasil sora éléktoral 1928]]

Hoover masrahkeun surat pangunduran diri salaku Menteri Perdagangan dina 7 Juli, tapi Coolidge nahan manéhna nepi ka 21 Agustus pikeun ngaréngsékeun urusan anu tunda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Coolidge Defers Action on Hoover; President's Wishes as to Date of Resignation's Acceptance Are Not Revealed. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/08/archives/coolidge-defers-action-on-hoover-presidents-wishes-as-to-date-of.html |access-date=July 24, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 8, 1928 |page=2 col. 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Clements|2010|pp=413–414}} Hoover museurkeun kampanyeana kana catetan Républik ngeunaan katengtreman sarta kamakmuran, sarta reputasi dirina salaku insinyur sarta pajabat publik anu suksés. Alatan teu pati resep méré biantara politik, Hoover leuwih loba cicing sarta masrahkeun urusan kampanye ka Curtis sarta urang Républik séjénna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=343–346}} Smith leuwih karismatik sarta gampang campur gaul batan Hoover, tapi kampanyena ruksak ku [[anti-Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|sikep anti-Katolik]] sarta pertentanganana anu jelas kana Prohibisi (larangan inuman keras). Hoover sorangan henteu kungsi jadi pangrojong kuat Prohibisi, tapi manéhna nampa platform Partéy Républik anu ngarojong hal éta sarta ngaluarkeun pernyataan anu ambivalén kalayan nyebut Prohibisi salaku &quot;hiji éksperimén sosial sarta ékonomi anu agung, mulya dina motifna sarta lega tujuanna&quot;.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=349–351}} Di wilayah Kidul, Hoover sarta partéy nasional ngagunakeun stratégi &quot;[[Gerakan lily-white|lily-white]]&quot;, nyaéta nyingkirkeun urang Républik kulit hideung tina posisi kapamingpinan dina usaha pikeun metot simpati urang Kidul kulit bodas.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=462–463}}

Salila kampanye pemilu, Hoover ngutuk usulan Démokrat pikeun kontrol publik kana tanaga cai, modifikasi prohibisi, sarta bantuan tatanén salaku “sosialisme nagara”&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dbwwAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=herbert+hoover+democratic+program+socialism&amp;article_id=5712,2708952&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiT2pr50saRAxUmUEEAHbvRIhcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=herbert%20hoover%20democratic%20program%20socialism&amp;f=false St. Petersburg Times 25 Oct 1928]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ogé ngabandingkeun naon anu disebut ku manéhna salaku “rugged individualism” (individualisme tangguh) Amérika jeung naon anu dianggap négatif ku manéhna salaku sosialisme nagara sarta paternalisme Éropa:

{{Blockquote|Nalika perang réngsé, hal anu pangpentingna tina sakabéh pasualan, boh di nagara urang sorangan boh di sakuliah dunya, nyaéta naha pamaréntah kudu neruskeun kapamilikan sarta operasional mangsa perangna kana rupa-rupa alat produksi sarta distribusi. Urang nangtang ku hiji pilihan mangsa damai antara sistem individualisme tangguh Amérika sarta filosofi Éropa ngeunaan doktrin-doktrin anu papalingan pisan—doktrin paternalisme sarta sosialisme nagara. Panampa kana ieu idé-idé bakal hartina karuksakan tina pamaréntahan mandiri ngaliwatan sentralisasi pamaréntah. Hal éta bakal hartina ngaruksak inisiatif sarta usaha individu anu geus ngajadikeun raayat urang tumuwuh kana kaagungan anu taya tandingna.'&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XNJbAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=herbert+hoover+speech+new+york+paternalism&amp;article_id=1524,4809789&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-hsqk0caRAxU9V0EAHUy0BaMQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=herbert%20hoover%20speech%20new%20york%20paternalism&amp;f=false St. Joseph Gazette 23 Oct 1928]&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Hoover terus unggul dina hasil poling sapanjang kampanye taun 1928, sarta manéhna sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun Smith dina poé pamilihan, kalayan meunangkeun 58 persén sora raayat sarta 444 ti 531 sora éléktoral.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=355, 360}} Para sajarawan sapuk yén reputasi nasional Hoover sarta ékonomi anu nuju meujeuhna alus, ditambah deui ku perpecahan jero di Partéy Démokrat ngeunaan agama sarta Prohibisi, ngajamin kameunangan mutlakna.&lt;ref&gt;Elesha Coffman, 'The &quot;Religious Issue&quot; in Presidential Politics', ''American Catholic Studies'', (Winter 2008) 119#4 pp 1–20&lt;/ref&gt; Daya tarik Hoover ka pamilih kulit bodas di Kidul hasil ngabobol &quot;[[Solid South]]&quot;, sarta manéhna meunang di lima nagara bagian Kidul.{{sfn|Garcia 1980}} Kameunangan Hoover ditarima kalayan positip ku surat kabar; salah sahijina nulis yén Hoover bakal &quot;digawé kacida tohaga dina tugas-tugas anu aya di hareupeun bangsa sahingga dina ahir dalapan taun jabatanna salaku présidén, urang bakal nempo deui ka tukang kana hiji éra pencapaian anu luar biasa&quot;.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=369–370}}

Pihak anu nentang Hoover panaséhat naha manéhna henteu ngalakukeun nanaon pikeun [[Alokasi korsi kongrés Amérika Sarikat|ngalokasikeun deui korsi kongrés]] sanggeus [[Sénsus Amérika Sarikat 1920]] anu némbongkeun ayana kanaékan populasi kota sarta imigran. Sénsus 1920 nyaéta sénsus sapuluh taunan anu munggaran sarta hiji-hijina anu hasilna henteu dipaké pikeun nangtukeun deui alokasi korsi Kongrés, anu tungtungna mangaruhan Éléktoral College taun 1928 sarta méré dampak kana pemilu présidén.&lt;ref name=slayton&gt;{{cite book |last=Slayton |first=Robert A. |date=June 2, 2002 |title=Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/13 |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/13 13] |isbn=978-0-684-86302-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=finan&gt;{{cite book |last=Finan |first=Christomer M. |date=June 2, 2002 |title=Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior |url=https://archive.org/details/alfredesmithhapp00fina |publisher=Hill and Wang |isbn=0-8090-3033-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kapersidénan (1929–1933) ==
{{Main|Kapersidénan Herbert Hoover}}

[[File:Taft Hebert Hoover Oath.jpg|thumb|Hoover keur disumpah ku Hakim Agung [[William Howard Taft]] dina 4 Maret 1929]]
Hoover nempo kapersidénan salaku pakakas pikeun ngabenerkeun kaayaan sakabéh urang Amérika ku cara nyorong gawé bareng antara publik jeung swasta—anu ku manéhna disebut &quot;voluntarisme&quot; (sukarelawan). Manéhna boga kacenderungan nolak paksaan atawa pipilueun pamaréntah, sabab manéhna nganggap hal éta ngalanggar idé-idé Amérika ngeunaan individualisme sarta kamerdikaan diri.&lt;ref name=&quot;9iopl&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title = Biography | date = October 4, 2016 | publisher = Miller center | url = http://millercenter.org/president/hoover/essays/biography/1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, Hoover ngadukung ayana béaya pangsiun anu dibiayaan ku pamaréntah pikeun maranéhna anu umurna di luhur 65 taun, sanajan usulan ieu henteu kungsi dilaksanakeun salila mangsa jabatanna.&lt;ref&gt;100 Turning Points in American History By Alan Axelrod, 2019, P.195&lt;/ref&gt; Undang-undang utama munggaran anu ditandatanganan ku manéhna nyaéta [[Undang-Undang Pamasaran Tatanén 1929]], anu ngadegkeun [[Déwan Ladang Féderal]] pikeun nyetabilkeun harga hasil tatanén.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=65–66}} Hoover loba ngagunakeun komisi-komisi pikeun nalungtik pasualan sarta ngusulkeun solusi, sarta loba tina komisi éta téh disponsoran ku donor swasta lain ku pamaréntah. Salah sahiji komisi anu dimimitian ku Hoover, nyaéta Komite Panalungtikan ngeunaan Trén Sosial, ditugaskeun pikeun nalungtik sakabéh kahirupan masarakat Amérika.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=84–85}} Manéhna nunjuk Kabinét anu lolobana diusi ku jalma beunghar, konservatif anu pro-bisnis,{{sfn|Fausold 1985|p=34}} kaasup Menteri Kauangan [[Andrew Mellon]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=81–82}} [[Lou Henry Hoover]] nyaéta saurang Ibu Nagara anu aktip. Manéhna jadi conto pikeun [[Awéwé Anyar|awéwé anyar]] dina éra sanggeus Perang Dunya I: calakan, jagat, sarta sadar kana rupa-rupa poténsi awéwé.&lt;ref&gt;Tempo sacara umum Nancy Beck Young, ''Lou Henry Hoover: Activist First Lady'' (University Press of Kansas, 2005)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kawijakan jero nagri ===
==== Déprési Gedé ====
{{See also|Déprési Gedé di Amérika Sarikat}}

Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Hoover nyarita yén &quot;upami dipaparin kasempetan pikeun maju kalayan kawijakan dalapan taun ka tukang, urang bakal geura-giru kalayan pitulung Gusti, nempo poé dimana kamiskinan bakal dileungitkeun tina ieu bangsa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=James L. |last1=Roark |first2=Michael P.|last2=Johnson|first3=Patricia Cline|last3=Cohen|first4=Sarah|last4=Stage|first5=Susan M.|last5=Hartmann|title=The American Promise, Volume C: A History of the United States: Since 1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ozj_o6POIssC&amp;pg=PA772|year=2012|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=772|isbn=978-0-312-56944-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus nempo hasil kamakmuran anu dibawa ku kamajuan téknologi, loba jalma anu milu ngarasa optimis saperti Hoover, sarta pasar saham anu geus ramé beuki naék luhur nalika Hoover mimiti ngajabat.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=80–81}} Ieu rasa optimis téh sabenerna nyumputkeun sababaraha ancaman pikeun pertumbuhan ékonomi AS anu tuluy-tuluyan, kaasup [[Krisis tatanén 1920-an|krisis tatanén]] anu terus lumangsung, jenuhna [[barang konsumsi]] saperti [[Mobil|mobil]], sarta tumuwuhna [[Kateusaruaan panghasilan di Amérika Sarikat|kateusaruaan panghasilan]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=65–68}} Anu pangbahayana pikeun ékonomi nyaéta spékulasi kalebihan anu geus naékkeun [[Harga saham|harga saham]] jauh saluhureun ajén sabenerna.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=35–36}} Sababaraha régulator sarta bankir geus ngingetan Coolidge sarta Hoover yén kagagalan pikeun nahan spékulasi bakal ngabalukarkeun &quot;salah sahiji musibah kauangan panggedéna anu kungsi katingali ku ieu nagara,&quot; tapi duanana présidén éta asa-asa pikeun kalibet dina urusan [[Sistem Cadangan Féderal]], anu ngatur bank-bank.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=68–71}}

Dina ahir Oktober 1929, [[Pasar Saham Ancur 1929|pasar saham ancur]], sarta ékonomi dunya mimiti turun drastis kana mangsa [[Déprési Gedé]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=72–74}} Anu jadi [[sabab Déprési Gedé]] masih jadi bahan padu omong,{{sfn|Kaufman|2012|p=502}} tapi Hoover nempo yén kurangna kapercayaan kana sistem kauangan mangrupa masalah ékonomi anu paling dasar anu disanghareupan ku bangsa.{{sfn|Houck|2000|pp=155–156}} Manéhna nyoba nyingkahan pipilueun féderal, percaya yén cara pangalusna pikeun nguatkeun ékonomi nyaéta ngaliwatan pangiatan bisnis-bisnis saperti bank sarta jalan karéta api. Manéhna ogé sieun yén ngantepkeun individu narima &quot;[[belanja karaharjaan|santunan]]&quot; (''dole'') bakal ngaleutikan nagara sacara permanén,{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=350–351}} sarta percaya yén &quot;bantuan pikeun individu ti pamaréntah féderal bakal mawa runtuyan korupsi sarta kabubujal (pemborosan) anu can pernah kasaksian ku bangsa urang.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;History of the U.S., Vol. 2 By Thomas V. DiBacco, 1991, P.353&lt;/ref&gt; Sabalikna, Hoover percaya pisan yén pamaréntah lokal sarta sumbangan swasta anu kudu nanganan pangabutuh individu.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009b}}

##### Kawijakan awal #####
[[File:President Herbert Hoover Sitting At His Desk (1930).jpg|thumb|Hoover keur calik dina méjana dina 20 Désémber 1930. Ieu mangrupa poto munggaran Hoover di Gedong Bodas, sarta poto munggaran anu némbongkeun telepon dina méja saurang présidén.]]
Sanajan manéhna nyoba méré gambaran positip kana [[Wall Street Ancur 1929|Salasa Hideung]], Hoover gancang gerak pikeun nanganan runtagna pasar saham.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=74–75}} Dina poé-poé sanggeus Salasa Hideung, Hoover ngumpulkeun para pamingpin bisnis sarta buruh, ménta maranéhna pikeun nyingkahan pamotongan gajih sarta panghentian gawé nalika nagara nyanghareupan naon anu diyakini ku manéhna salaku résési pondok, sarupa jeung Déprési 1920–21.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=104105}} Hoover ogé ngayakinkeun pausahaan jalan karéta sarta utilitas publik pikeun ningkatkeun belanja pangwangunan sarta pangropéa, sarta [[Federal Reserve]] ngumumkeun yén maranéhna bakal nurunkeun suku bunga.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=53–55}} Dina awal taun 1930, Hoover meunangkeun tambahan dana $100 juta ti Kongrés pikeun neruskeun kawijakan pinjaman sarta pameulian [[Déwan Ladang Féderal]].&lt;ref&gt;Harris Gaylord Warren, ''Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu léngkah-léngkah téh sacara koléktif dirancang pikeun nyegah siklus [[déflasi]] sarta méré [[Stimulus (ékonomi)|stimulus fiskal]].{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=53–55}} Dina waktu anu sarua, Hoover nentang usulan kongrés pikeun méré bantuan féderal ka nu pangangguran, sabab manéhna percaya yén program saperti kitu téh mangrupa tanggung jawab pamaréntah nagara bagian, lokal, sarta organisasi filantropi.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=147–149}}

Hoover mimiti ngajabat kalayan harepan bisa naékkeun tarif tatanén pikeun mantuan para patani anu keur kasusah alatan krisis ladang taun 1920-an, tapi usahana ieu jadi kabeungkeut kana hiji rarancang undang-undang anu naékkeun tarif sacara lega.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=93–97}} Hoover nolak pikeun kalibet jero dina debat kongrés ngeunaan tarif éta, sarta Kongrés ngahasilkeun hiji RUU tarif anu naékkeun tingkat pajeg pikeun loba barang.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=399–402, 414}} Sanajan éta RUU téh teu dipikaresep ku balaréa, Hoover ngarasa manéhna teu bisa nolak hasil législatif utama ti [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-71]] anu dikawasa ku Républik. Ngaliwatan protés ti loba ahli ékonomi, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Tarif Smoot–Hawley]] jadi hukum dina Juni 1930.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=414–415}} Kanada, Perancis, sarta nagara-nagara séjénna males ku cara naékkeun tarif ogé, anu ngabalukarkeun kontraksi dina [[perdagangan internasional]] sarta ngajadikeun ékonomi beuki parah.&lt;ref&gt;Kumiko Koyama, &quot;The Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?&quot; ''Journal of Policy History'' (2009) 21#2 pp. 163–86&lt;/ref&gt; Urang Républik Progrésif saperti Sénator [[William E. Borah]] ti Idaho kacida ambekna nalika Hoover nandatanganan éta undang-undang tarif, sarta hubungan Hoover jeung faksi éta di partéy teu kungsi pulih deui.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=91–92}}

===== Kawijakan satuluyna =====
[[File:Herbert Hoover and Ted Joslin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Hoover di Oval Office bareng [[Theodore Joslin|Ted Joslin]], 1932]]

Dina ahir taun 1930, [[Pangangguran di Amérika Sarikat|tingkat pangangguran nasional]] geus nepi ka 11,9 persén, tapi can pati jelas pikeun sabagéan badag urang Amérika yén kamunduran ékonomi ieu bakal leuwih parah batan Déprési 1920–21.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=58–59}} Runtuyan [[bank bangkrut|kagagalan bank]] dina ahir taun 1930 nandakeun [[Runtagna ékonomi|runtagna ékonomi]] anu leuwih gedé dina taun 1931.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=65–66}} Nalika nagara-nagara séjén ninggalkeun [[standar emas]], Hoover nolak pikeun ngaleupaskeunana;{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=77–78}} manéhna ngécé kana sagala [[sistem monétér]] séjénna salaku &quot;[[Koléktivisme sarta individualisme|koléktivisme]]&quot;.{{sfn|Eichengreen|Temin|2000|pp=196–197}} Hoover nempo yén lemahna [[Ékonomi Éropa]] mangrupa sabab utama tina masalah ékonomi di Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=143–144}} Salaku réspon kana runtugna [[Ékonomi Jérman]], Hoover ngumpulkeun rojongan kongrés pikeun moratorium sataun kana hutang perang Éropa.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=441–444, 449}} [[Moratorium Hoover]] ditarima kalayan hadé di Éropa sarta Amérika Sarikat, tapi Jérman tetep aya dina bangku [[Gagal bayar|kagagalan bayar]] tina pinjamanna.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=450–452}} Nalika ékonomi dunya beuki parah, pamaréntahan démokratis loba anu runtag; di Jérman, pamingpin [[Partéy Nazi]] [[Adolf Hitler]] nyekel kakawasaan sarta ngabubarkeun [[Républik Weimar]].{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=485–486}}

Nepi ka pertengahan 1931, tingkat pangangguran geus nepi ka 15 persén, anu ngabalukarkeun kasieun anu beuki ningkat yén nagara keur ngalaman déprési anu jauh leuwih parah batan kamunduran ékonomi saméméhna.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=140–141}} Salaku jalma anu rada katutup sarta boga kasieun pikeun nyarita di hareupeun umum, Hoover ngantepkeun lawan-lawanna di Partéy Démokrat ngagambarkeun dirina salaku jalma anu tiis, teu mampuh, réaksionér, sarta kurang gaul.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=351–352}} Lawan-lawan Hoover nyiptakeun rupa-rupa [[Landihan (julukan)|landihan]] anu ngahina pikeun ngaruksak reputasina, saperti &quot;[[Hooverville]]&quot; (padumukan kumuh sarta kémp pangungsian), &quot;kulit Hoover&quot; (kardus anu dipaké pikeun nambal sol sapatu anu bolong), sarta &quot;simbut Hoover&quot; (koran urut anu dipaké pikeun nyimbut diri tina hawa tiis).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title=The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924| last=Cabanes| first=Bruno| page=206| publisher=Cambridge University Press| date=2014|isbn=978-1-107-02062-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika Hoover terus nolak usaha bantuan féderal, Gubernur [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ti New York ngaluncurkeun Administrasi Bantuan Darurat Samentara pikeun méré bantuan ka nu pangangguran. Urang Démokrat mosisikeun éta program salaku alternatif anu leuwih merhatoskeun batan naon anu disebut sikép apatis Hoover ka nu pangangguran, sanajan Hoover percaya yén program kitu téh tanggung jawab nagara bagian sarta lokal.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=457–459}}

Ékonomi terus nyirorot, kalayan tingkat pangangguran ampir nepi ka 23 persén dina awal taun 1932,{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–166}} sarta Hoover tungtungna ngadéngékeun pamenta pikeun leuwih loba pipilueun féderal.{{sfn|Olson 1972|pp=508–511}} Dina Januari 1932, manéhna ngayakinkeun Kongrés pikeun ngesahkeun pangadegan [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] (RFC), anu bakal méré pinjaman anu dijamin ku pamaréntah ka lembaga kauangan, jalan karéta, sarta pamaréntah lokal.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=153–154}} RFC nyalametkeun loba bisnis tina kabangkrutan, tapi gagal ngarangsang pinjaman komérsial saloba anu dipiharep ku Hoover, sabagéan alatan RFC dijalankeun ku bankir konservatif anu teu kersa méré pinjaman anu boga résiko luhur.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–163}} Dina bulan anu sarua nalika RFC diadegkeun, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Bank Pinjaman Imah Féderal]], anu ngadegkeun 12 bank distrik anu diawasi ku Déwan Bank Pinjaman Imah Féderal kalayan cara anu sarupa jeung Sistem Federal Reserve.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|pp=309}} Manéhna ogé mantuan dina pengesahan [[Undang-Undang Glass–Steagall 1932]], hiji panerapan perbankan darurat anu dirancang pikeun ngalegaan kiridit perbankan ku cara ngalegaan jaminan dimana bank Federal Reserve diwenangkeun pikeun méré pinjaman.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=483–484}} Nalika ieu léngkah-léngkah téh gagal nahan krisis ékonomi, Hoover nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Bantuan Darurat sarta Pangwangunan]], hiji RUU proyék umum saharga $2 miliar, dina Juli 1932.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=162–166}}

====Budget policy====
[[File:Debt1929-50.jpg|thumb|left|National debt as a fraction of GNP up from 20% to 40% under Hoover. From ''Historical Statistics US'' (1976).]]

After a decade of [[budget surplus]]es, the federal government experienced a [[Budget deficits|budget deficit]] in 1931.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|p=303}} Though some economists, like [[William Trufant Foster]], favored [[deficit spending]] to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a [[balanced budget]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=158–159}} In late 1931, Hoover proposed a tax plan to increase [[tax revenue]] by 30 percent, resulting in the passage of the [[Revenue Act of 1932]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=472, 488–489}} The act increased taxes across the board, rolling back much of the [[tax cut]] reduction program Mellon had presided over during the 1920s. Top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, the highest rate since the early 1920s. The act also doubled the top [[Estate tax in the United States|estate tax]] rate, cut [[Income tax in the United States|personal income tax]] exemptions, eliminated the [[Corporate tax in the United States|corporate income tax]] exemption, and raised corporate tax rates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ippolito |first1=Dennis S. |title=Deficits, Debt, and the New Politics of Tax Policy |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-85157-2 |page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to its passage, the legislation included a sales tax, but this part of the bill was defeated in the House of Representatives by 211 to 178 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/LaGuardia_in_Congress/2hNdePcjrdUC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=la+guardia+in+congress+sales+tax+211+votes&amp;pg=PA224&amp;printsec=frontcover LaGuardia in Congress By Howard Zinn, 2010, P.224]&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the passage of the Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=159–161}}

{{Clear left}}


{{Further|Gerakan Lily-white|Repatriasi Méksiko}}
[[File:President &amp; Mrs Hoover in Belvidere IL cph.3b12319.jpg|thumb|upright|Herbert sarta [[Lou Henry Hoover]] dina karéta api di Illinois]]
Hoover jarang nyabit-nyabit ngeunaan [[Gerakan hak sipil (1896–1954)|hak sipil]] nalika manéhna jadi présidén. Manéhna percaya yén urang Afrika-Amérika sarta ras séjénna bisa ningkatkeun darajatna sorangan ngaliwatan pendidikan sarta inisiatif individu.&lt;ref&gt;Lisio, Donald J. ''Hoover, Blacks, &amp; Lily-Whites: A Study of Southern Strategies'', University of North Carolina Press, 1985 ([https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=105110361 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043201/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=105110361 |date=June 5, 2011 }})&lt;/ref&gt; Hoover nunjuk leuwih loba urang Afrika-Amérika kana jabatan féderal batan Harding sarta Coolidge digabungkeun, tapi loba pamingpin Afrika-Amérika anu ngutuk rupa-rupa aspék administrasi Hoover, kaasup kateukersa Hoover pikeun ngadorong undang-undang féderal [[Gerakan anti-lynching|anti-panyiksa (anti-lynching)]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=471–474}} Hoover ogé terus ngajalankeun strategi lily-white, nyaéta nyoplokkeun urang Afrika-Amérika tina posisi pamingpin di Partéy Républik dina usaha pikeun mungkas [[Solid South|dominasi Partéy Démokrat di Kidul]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=462–464}} Sanajan [[Robert Russa Moton|Robert Moton]] sarta sababaraha pamingpin kulit hideung séjénna nampa strategi lily-white salaku léngkah samentara, lolobana pamingpin Afrika-Amérika mah kacida ambekna.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=464–465}} Hoover beuki ngajauhan pamingpin kulit hideung ku cara nyalonkeun hakim konservatif ti Kidul, [[John J. Parker]], ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]; pencalonan Parker tungtungna gagal di Sénat alatan ayana perlawanan ti [[NAACP]] sarta organisasi buruh.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=465–467}} Loba pamilih kulit hideung anu pindah ka Partéy Démokrat dina pemilu 1932, sarta urang Afrika-Amérika engkéna bakal jadi bagian penting tina [[Koalisi New Deal]] Franklin Roosevelt.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=476–477}}

Salaku bagian tina usahana pikeun ngawatesan pangangguran, Hoover nyoba neukteuk [[imigrasi ka Amérika Sarikat]], sarta dina taun 1930 manéhna ngaluarkeun paréntah éksékutip anu ngawajibkeun individu boga pagawéan saméméh pindah ka Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|p=247}} Administrasi Hoover ngamimitian kampanye pikeun nungtut [[Imigrasi ilegal ka Amérika Sarikat|imigran ilegal di Amérika Sarikat]], anu pangaruhna kacida kuatna ka [[Urang Méksiko-Amérika]], utamana maranéhna anu cicing di [[California Kidul]].{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=206–207}} Pamaréntah féderal ogé ngarojong repatriasi Méksiko dimana aya sakitar 300.000 nepi ka dua juta urang Méksiko sarta Méksiko-Amérika anu dipulangkeun, didéportasi, atawa diusir ka Méksiko salila taun 1930-an, utamana dina mangsa jabatan Hoover. Opat puluh nepi ka genep puluh persén ti maranéhna téh sabenerna [[Kawasarganagaraan Amérika Sarikat|warga nagara Amérika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Byza6YM2bukC|title=The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S.|last=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313338304|editor-last=Soto|editor-first=Lourdes Diaz|pages=400–403|chapter=Repatriation of Mexicans from the US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gratton&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102163/imre12054.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|title=Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950|last1=Gratton|first1=Brian|last2=Merchant |first2=Emily|date=December 2013|pages=944–975|publisher=The International migration review|issue=4|volume=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=4–5}} Sanajan pamaréntah féderal nyorong repatriasi, hal ieu lolobana diatur ku otoritas nagara bagian sarta lokal kalayan pangrojong ti pihak swasta. Administrasi Hoover ngadéportasi 34.000 urang ka Méksiko antara taun 1930 nepi ka 1933. Tapi, leuwih loba jalma anu milih repatriasi sacara sukarela.{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=208, 217–218}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gratton&quot; /&gt; Sababaraha ahli boga pamadegan yén repatriasi massal ieu mangrupa kawijakan ti administrasi Hoover.&lt;ref name=&quot;gratton&quot; /&gt; Numutkeun profésor hukum Kevin R. Johnson, kampanye repatriasi ieu minuhan standar hukum modern ngeunaan [[ethnic cleansing]] (pembersihan étnis), sabab ngalibatkeun panyabutan paksa hiji minoritas ras ku aktor pamaréntah.{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=6}}

Hoover ngatur deui [[Biro Urusan India]] pikeun ngawatesan éksploitasi ka urang pribumi Amérika (Native Americans).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Prohibisi ====

Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Hoover ngadesek urang Amérika pikeun matuh kana [[Amandemén Kadalapan Belas Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén Kadalapan Belas]] sarta [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], anu geus netepkeun [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|Prohibisi]] di sakuliah Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=372–373}} Pikeun méré rékoméndasi kawijakan publik ngeunaan Prohibisi, manéhna ngadegkeun [[Komisi Wickersham]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|p=85}} Hoover tadina miharep yén laporan publik komisi éta bakal nguatkeun siképna anu pro-Prohibisi, tapi éta laporan téh kalah nyawad kana palaksanaan Undang-Undang Volstead sarta nyatet ayana tumuwuhna panolakan publik kana Prohibisi. Sanggeus Laporan Wickersham dipublikasikeun dina taun 1931, Hoover nolak saran ti sababaraha babaturan deukeutna sarta nolak pikeun nyatujuan révisi naon waé kana Undang-Undang Volstead atawa Amandemén Kadalapan Belas, sabab manéhna sieun hal éta bakal ngaruksak rojongan ti para panganjur Prohibisi.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=433–435}} Nalika opini publik beuki malik nentang Prohibisi, beuki loba jalma anu ngarémpak hukum, sarta gerakan akar jukut mimiti digawé satékah polah pikeun ngabolaykeun Prohibisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Repealing National Prohibition|last=Kyvig|first=David E.|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1979|location=Chicago, IL|pages=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Januari 1933, hiji amandemén konstitusi pikeun ngabolaykeun Amandemén Kadalapan Belas disatujuan ku Kongrés sarta diajukeun ka nagara-nagara bagian pikeun diratifikasi. Nepi ka Désémber 1933, éta amandemén geus diratifikasi ku jumlah nagara bagian anu diperlukeun pikeun jadi [[Amandemén Kasalapan Likur Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=DCHuckabee&gt;{{cite web|last=Huckabee|first=David C.|title=Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627015810/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 27, 2004|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|date=September 30, 1997}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627015810/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/97-922.pdf |date=June 27, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Protés Bonus Army ====
{{Main|Bonus Army}}

Rébuan véteran Perang Dunya I sarta kulawargana ngayakeun démonstrasi sarta masang kémp di Washington, DC, salila bulan Juni 1932, nungtut pamayaran saharita tina bonus anu geus dijanjikeun ku [[Undang-Undang Kompénsasi Disaluyukeun Perang Dunya]] dina taun 1924; katangtuan dina éta undang-undang nyebutkeun yén pamayaran bonus téh kakara bakal dilaksanakeun dina taun 1945. Sanajan ditawaran duit ku [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]] pikeun marulang ka lemburna, sababaraha anggota &quot;Bonus Army&quot; tetep cicing di dinya. Pulisi Washington nyoba ngabubarkeun para démonstran, tapi jumlahna éléh loba sarta teu hasil. Pulisi ngaleupaskeun témbakan dina usaha anu taya gunana pikeun nyiptakeun katartiban, anu ngabalukarkeun dua démonstran tiwas sarta loba petugas anu tatu. Hoover ngirimkeun pasukan Angkatan Darat AS anu dipingpin ku Jéndral [[Douglas MacArthur]] ka tempat protés. MacArthur, anu percaya yén manéhna keur merangan [[Révolusi Komunis]], milih pikeun ngabersihkeun éta kémp ku kakuatan militér. Sanajan Hoover teu maréntahkeun MacArthur pikeun ngabubarkeun démonstran ku cara kitu, manéhna nyatujuan tindakan éta sanggeus kajadianana lumangsung.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=136–138}} Ieu kajadian téh jadi hal anu ngerakeun pikeun administrasi Hoover sarta ngaruksak usahana pikeun kapilih deui dina pemilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dickson1&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Dickson|first1=Paul|last2=Allen|first2=Thomas B.|title=Marching on History|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/marching-on-history-75797769/|access-date=February 7, 2017|magazine=Smithsonian|date=February 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kawijakan luar nagri ===

Numutkeun Leuchtenburg, Hoover téh &quot;présidén Amérika pamungkas anu mimiti ngajabat tanpa boga kabutuhan anu nyata pikeun merhatoskeun dunya luar&quot;. Sanajan kitu, salila mangsa jabatan Hoover, tatanan dunya anu diadegkeun sanggeus Perang Dunya I mimiti runtag.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|p=117}} Salaku présidén, Hoover umumna nedunan jangjina saméméh ngajabat pikeun henteu pipilueun kana urusan jero nagri Amérika Latin. Dina taun 1930, manéhna ngaluarkeun [[Mémorandum Clark]], hiji panolakan kana [[Roosevelt Corollary]] sarta léngkah nuju non-intervénsionisme di Amérika Latin. Hoover henteu sagemblengna nahan diri tina pamakéan militér dina [[hubungan Amérika Latin–Amérika Sarikat|urusan Amérika Latin]]; manéhna tilu kali ngancem bakal ngayakeun intervénsi di [[Républik Dominika]], sarta ngirimkeun kapal perang ka [[Él Salvador]] pikeun ngarojong pamaréntah dina nyanghareupan révolusi sayap kénca.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=120–121}} Sanajan aya tindakan-tindakan éta, manéhna mungkas [[Perang Cau]] (Banana Wars), ngaréngsékeun [[pangeureutan Amérika Sarikat di Nikaragua|pangeureutan Nikaragua]] sarta ampir mungkas [[pangeureutan Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|pangeureutan Haiti]].{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=183–186}}

Hoover méré prioritas kana [[pancaténan pakarang]] (disarmament), anu dipiharep ku manéhna bisa mindahkeun dana ti militér kana kabutuhan jero nagri.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|p=58}} Hoover sarta Menteri Luar Nagri [[Henry L. Stimson]] museurkeun perhatian kana ngalegaan [[Perjangjian Angkatan Laut Washington]] 1922, anu tujuanna pikeun nyegah balapan [[pakara pakarang]] angkatan laut.{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=479–480}} Alatan usaha Hoover, Amérika Sarikat sarta kakuatan angkatan laut utama séjénna nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Angkatan Laut London]] 1930.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=175–176}} Ieu perjangjian téh mangrupa munggaran kalina kakuatan-kakuatan angkatan laut sapuk pikeun ngawatesan tonase [[Kapal pangrojong|kapal tambahan]], sabab perjangjian saméméhna mah ngan ukur mangaruhan kana [[kapal utama]] (capital ships).{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=117–119}}

Dina [[Konférénsi Pancaténan Pakarang Dunya]] 1932, Hoover ngadesek pangurangan pakarang anu leuwih loba sarta ngalarang pamakéan [[tank]] sarta [[kapal nu mawa bom]], tapi usulna henteu ditarima.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=117–119}}

Dina taun 1931, Jepang [[invasi Jepang ka Manchuria|nginvasi]] [[Manchuria]], ngéléhkeun [[Angkatan Révolusionér Nasional]] [[Républik Cina (1912–1949)]] sarta ngadegkeun [[Manchukuo]], hiji nagara bonéka. Administrasi Hoover ngutuk éta invasi, tapi ogé nyoba nyingkahan konflik jeung urang Jepang, sabab sieun yén nyokot sikép anu teuing keras bakal ngaleutikan kakuatan moderat di pamaréntahan Jepang sarta ngajauhkeun poténsi sekutu pikeun ngalawan [[Uni Soviét]], anu ku manéhna dianggap salaku ancaman anu jauh leuwih gedé.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=122–123}} Salaku réspon kana invasi Jepang, Hoover sarta Menteri Luar Nagri Stimson nyieun garis badag [[Doktrin Stimson]], anu nétépkeun yén Amérika Sarikat moal ngaku kana wilayah-wilayah anu dimeunangkeun ku cara kekerasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1844715|title = The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine|journal = The American Historical Review|volume = 59|issue = 3|pages = 513–542|last1 = Current|first1 = Richard N.|year = 1954|doi = 10.2307/1844715}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kampanye pamilihan deui 1932 ==
{{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1932}}

Nepi ka pertengahan 1931, saeutik pisan pangamat anu mikir yén Hoover boga harepan gedé pikeun meunangkeun jabatan kadua di tengah krisis ékonomi anu terus lumangsung.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=193–194}} Harepan urang Républik kacida murepna nepi ka Hoover teu nyanghareupan perlawanan anu hartosna pikeun dicalonkeun deui dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1932]]. Coolidge sarta inohong Républik séjénna kabéhanana ngaliwatkeun kasempetan pikeun nangtang Hoover.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=194–195}} Franklin D. Roosevelt meunangkeun pencalonan présidén dina sora (ballot) kaopat dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1932]], ngéléhkeun calon Démokrat taun 1928, Al Smith. Urang Démokrat nyerang Hoover salaku cukang lantaran Déprési Gedé, sarta dianggap teu paduli kana sangsara anu dialaman ku jutaan jalma.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=353}} Salaku Gubernur New York, Roosevelt geus ménta législatur New York pikeun méré bantuan ka jalma-jalma anu merlukeun, anu ngawangun reputasi Roosevelt salaku jalma anu leuwih satuju kana intervénsionisme pamaréntah salila krisis ékonomi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=138–140}} Partéy Démokrat, kaasup Al Smith sarta pamingpin nasional séjénna, ngahiji di tukangeun Roosevelt, samentara urang Républik progrésif saperti George Norris sarta [[Robert M. La Follette Jr.|Robert La Follette Jr.]] ninggalkeun Hoover.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=211–212}} Prohibisi beuki teu dipikaresep sarta golongan &quot;wet&quot; (anti-prohibisi) méré argumén yén nagara bagian sarta lokal merlukeun duit pajeg. Hoover ngusulkeun amandemén konstitusi anyar anu teu jelas sacara hususna. Program Roosevelt ngajanjikeun pangabolayan Amandemén ka-18.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prohibition After the 1932 Elections&quot; [https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1932081100 ''CQ Researcher'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Brucker, &quot;How Long, O Prohibition?&quot; ''The North American Review'', 234#4 (1932), pp. 347–357. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25114102 online]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hasil sora éléktoral 1932]]
Hoover mimitina ngarencanakeun ngan ukur bakal ngayakeun hiji atawa dua biantara utama sarta masrahkeun sésa kampanyena ka utusan (proxy), sakumaha anu biasana dilakukeun ku présidén anu keur ngajabat. Sanajan kitu, didorong ku paménta urang Républik sarta ngarasa ambek ku klaim-klaim urang Démokrat, Hoover tungtungna turun langsung ka masarakat. Dina salapan biantara radio utamana, Hoover utamana ngabéla administrasina sarta [[Filsafat politik|filsafat pamaréntahanana]], ngadesek para pamilih pikeun tetep nyekel kana &quot;dasar pangalaman&quot; sarta nolak anggapan yén intervénsionisme pamaréntah bisa nyalametkeun nagara tina Déprési.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=359}} Para sejarawan boga pamadegan yén biantara radiona henteu ditarima kalayan hadé, sabagéan alatan cara nyaritana anu monoton sarta kaku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dina lalampahan kampanyena ka sakuliah nagara, Hoover nyanghareupan balaréa anu bisa jadi pangmushuhna anu kungsi katingali ku hiji présidén anu keur ngajabat. Dina unggal pangeureutan kampanye, manéhna mindeng diganggu (heckled) sarta dipoyok, malah di [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], saurang lalaki ditahan kalayan tuduhan yén manéhna geus nyoplokkeun paku tina jalur karéta api saméméh karéta Hoover ngaliwat. Saurang anggota [[United States Secret Service | Secret Service]] nyatet, &quot;Kuring geus ngarénjangan Présidén-Présidén saprak [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] sarta can kungsi ningali présidén bener-bener dipoyok, kalayan jalma-jalma lalumpatan ka jalan bari némbongkeun sikép ngahina ka manéhna.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rehoming&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |url=https://time.com/archive/6890906/republicans-homing-hoover/ |magazine=Time |date=November 14, 1932 |title=Republicans: Rehoming Hoover |access-date=April 21, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tungtungna, usaha Hoover pikeun ngabenerkeun administrasina henteu didéngé ku masarakat, sabab sabagéan badag publik nyalahkeun administrasina salaku cukang lantaran déprési.{{sfn|Carcasson|1998|pp=361–362}} Dina sora éléktoral, Hoover éléh 59–472, sarta ngan meunang di genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Fausold 1985|pp=212–213}} Hoover meunangkeun 39,6 persén tina sora populer (popular vote), turun drastis 18,6 poin perséntase tina hasilna dina pemilu 1928.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=142}}

&lt;/ref&gt; Anu ngajadikeun manéhna kuciwa pisan, Hoover henteu diondang pikeun ngabantosan nagara sanggeus [[Sajarah militér Amérika Sarikat nalika Perang Dunya II|Amérika Sarikat aub dina Perang Dunya II]] alatan ayana pabéantar pamadegan jeung Roosevelt sarta popularitasna anu tetep murep.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=155–156}} Manéhna henteu ngudag pencalonan présidén dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1944]], sarta, dumasar kana paménta calon ti Républik [[Thomas E. Dewey]], manéhna nahan diri pikeun henteu milu kampanye salila pamilihan umum.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=572}} Dina taun 1945, Hoover méré saran ka Présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] sangkan ngabolaykeun tungtutan Amérika Sarikat ngeunaan [[penyerahan tanpa sarat]] ti Jepang alatan tingginya proyéksi korban jiwa tina [[Operasi Downfall|rencana invasi ka Jepang]], sanajan harita Hoover teu nyahoeun ngeunaan ayana [[Proyék Manhattan]] sarta [[Pakarang nuklir Amérika Sarikat|bom atom]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen |first=Jared |title=Accidental presidents: eight men who changed America|date=April 9, 2019 |publisher= Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-1-5011-0982-9|edition=First hardcover |location=New York|pages=313|oclc=1039375326}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina awal mangsa perang, [[Bernard Baruch]] ngusulkeun ka Franklin Roosevelt yén Hoover bisa waé dimangpaatkeun dina kapasitas administratif pikeun usaha perang. Roosevelt ngajawab, &quot;Kuring téh lain Yésus Kristus. Kuring moal ngahudangkeun Hoover tina maotna,&quot; sarta éta ideu téh dipopohokeun kitu waé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Schaefer |first1=Matthew |title=Hoover and 20th Century Presidents: Franklin Roosevelt |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/08/hoover-and-20th-century-presidents-franklin-roosevelt/ |website=hoover.blogs.archives.gov |access-date=2 May 2026 |date=8 April 2020 |quote=‘I’m not Jesus Christ.  I’m not raising Hoover from the dead.’}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan Roosevelt nolak ngagunakeun jasa Hoover, manéhna tetep méré hormat ku cara ngutus Jéndral [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer]] pikeun rutin nganjang ka Hoover di suite-na di Hotel Waldorf Astoria, New York City, pikeun méré béja panganyarna ngeunaan rencana perang Sekutu. Tapi tetep waé, manéhna teu dibéré nyaho ngeunaan program pakarang atom ku Wedemeyer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Thomas |title=A Troubled Relationship |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2021/05/05/a-troubled-relationship/ |website=hoover.blogs.archives.gov |access-date=2 May 2026 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1943, Hoover nyatakeun dukunganna kana [[Zionisme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Herbert Hoover's Plan for Palestine | url=https://cooperative-individualism.org/medoff-rafael_herbert-hoover's-plan-for-palestine-1990-summer.pdf | access-date=December 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pasca-Perang Dunya II ===
{{Further|Kapersidénan Harry S. Truman|Kapersidénan Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
[[File:Hoover men Allan Herbert Sr Andrew 1950.jpg|thumb|Hoover bareng jeung putrana [[Allan Hoover|Allan]] (kénca) sarta incuna Andrew (luhur), 1950]]

Saatos Perang Dunya II, Hoover sosobatan jeung Présidén Truman sanajan maranéhna boga bédana idéologi.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=157–158}} Alatan pangalaman Hoover jeung Jérman dina ahir Perang Dunya I, dina taun 1946 Truman milih tilas présidén éta pikeun ngulilingan [[Jérman anu dikawasa Sekutu]] sarta [[Roma]], Itali pikeun mastikeun kabutuhan pangan nagara-nagara anu dikawasa éta. Sanggeus ngulilingan Jérman, Hoover ngahasilkeun [[Misi Ékonomi Présidén ka Jérman sarta Austria|sajumlah laporan]] anu kritis kana kawijakan pangeureutan AS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first = Michael R. | last = Beschloss | title = The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541 | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]|location=New York City|date = 2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-4454-1|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541/page/277 277]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyatakeun dina salah sahiji laporanna yén &quot;aya ilusi yén Jérman Anyar anu nyésa sanggeus [[Jérman Wétan sacara Sajarah#Konférénsi Potsdam|anéksasi]] bisa diréduksi jadi '[[Rencana Morgenthau|nagara pastor]] (pastoral state).' Hal éta moal bisa dilakukeun iwal urang maéhan atawa mindahkeun 25.000.000 jalma ti dinya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UN Chronicle |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |title=The Marshall Plan at 60: The General's Successful War on Poverty |publisher=The United Nations |date=March 18, 1947 |access-date=June 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414103548/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2008/webarticles/080103_marshallplan.html |archive-date=April 14, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Atas inisiatif Hoover, program kadaharan sakola di [[Bizone|zona pangeureutan Amérika sarta Inggris di Jérman]] dimimitian dina 14 April 1947; éta program méré dahar ka 3.500.000 barudak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Shephard |first=Roy J. |author-link=Roy J. Shephard |year=2014 |title=An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]]|location=New York City|page=782 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right
 | audio1 = [https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/pressclub/hoover.html National Press Club Luncheon Speakers], Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954, 37:23, Hoover speaks starting at 7:25 about the second reorganization commission, [[Library of Congress]]&lt;ref name=&quot;loc&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title =National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954 | publisher =[[Library of Congress]] | url =https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/pressclub/hoover.html | access-date =October 20, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}

Anu leuwih penting deui, dina taun 1947 Truman nunjuk Hoover pikeun mingpin [[Komisi Hoover|Komisi Organisasi Cabang Éksékutip Pamaréntah]], hiji studi tingkat luhur anu anyar. Truman nampa sababaraha rékoméndasi ti &quot;Komisi Hoover&quot; pikeun ngaleungitkeun pemborosan, penipuan, sarta inéfisiénsi, ngahijikeun lembaga-lembaga, sarta nguatkeun kontrol Gedong Bodas kana kawijakan.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Norton Smith, ''An Uncommon Man,'' (1984) pp 371–380.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christopher D. McKenna, &quot;Agents of adhocracy: management consultants and the reorganization of the executive branch, 1947–1949.&quot; ''Business and Economic History'' (1996): 101–111.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan Hoover kungsi nentang konséntrasi kakawasaan Roosevelt dina taun 1930-an, manéhna percaya yén kapersidénan anu leuwih kuat diperlukeun ku ayana [[Zaman Atom]].{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=158–159}} Salila [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1948|pamilihan présidén 1948]], Hoover ngarojong kampanye calon Républik [[Thomas E. Dewey]] anu gagal ngalawan Truman, tapi manéhna tetep boga hubungan anu hadé jeung Truman.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=587–588}} Hoover satuju kana ayana Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UN) sacara prinsip, tapi manéhna nolak méré kaanggotaan ka [[Uni Soviét]] sarta nagara-nagara [[Nagara komunis|Komunis]] séjénna. Manéhna nganggap Uni Soviét sarua hinana sacara moral jeung Jérman Nazi sarta ngarojong usaha [[Richard Nixon]] jeung nu séjénna pikeun ngungkab urang Komunis di Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=592–594}}

[[File:President John F. Kennedy and former President Herbert Hoover.jpg|thumb|Hoover bareng jeung Présidén [[John F. Kennedy]] dina taun 1961]]
Dina taun 1949, Dewey salaku gubernur New York nawarkeun korsi Sénat ka Hoover anu ditinggalkeun ku [[Robert F. Wagner]]. Éta téh ngan ukur pikeun jadi sénator salila dua bulan, sarta manéhna nolak.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Hoover, ''The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover's Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath'', edited by George H. Nash,  (Hoover Institution Press, 2013) p 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hoover Truman Eisenhower.jpg|thumb|left|Hoover (katuhu) bareng jeung Présidén [[Harry S. Truman]] (tengah) sarta Jéndral [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (kénca) di [[Universitas Princeton]]]]
Hoover ngarojong pamingpin konservatif [[Robert A. Taft]] dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1952]], tapi pencalonan présidén ti partéy kalah labuh ka [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], anu satuluyna meunangkeun [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1952|pamilihan 1952]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=595}} Sanajan Eisenhower nunjuk Hoover kana komisi présidén séjénna, Hoover teu pati resep ka Eisenhower, manéhna nyalahkeun Eisenhower alatan gagalna dina ngabolaykeun New Deal.{{sfn|Leuchtenburg 2009|pp=158–159}} Kagiatan publik Hoover mantuan mulihkeun reputasina, kitu ogé carana anu sok ngagunakeun humor anu ngarendahkeun diri sorangan; manéhna sakapeung nyarita yén &quot;Kuring téh hiji-hijina jalma pinunjul anu ngaranna kungsi dijadikeun ngaran déprési.&quot;{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=592}} Dina taun 1958, Kongrés ngaluarkeun [[Undang-Undang Tilas Présidén]], anu méré pénsiun taunan $25.000 (sarua jeung {{Inflation|US|25000|1958|fmt=eq}}) ka unggal tilas présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits |date=March 18, 2008 |website=[[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120224024/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2011 |access-date=November 18, 2008 |first=Stephanie |last=Smith }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoover nampa éta duit pénsiun sanajan manéhna teu butuh duitna, bisa jadi pikeun nyingkahan Truman ngarasa éra, sabab kaayaan kauangan Truman anu dikabarkan kurang hadé jadi salah sahiji pemicu disahkeunna éta undang-undang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Joseph William Jr. |author-link=Joseph William Martin Jr. |year=1960 |title=My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=249 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal taun 1960-an, Présidén [[John F. Kennedy]] nawarkeun rupa-rupa posisi ka Hoover; Hoover nolak éta tawaran tapi manéhna ngabéla administrasi Kennedy sanggeus [[Invasi Teluk Babi]], [[Krisis Misil Kuba]], sarta manéhna ngarasa sedih pisan ku ayana [[pamaténian John F. Kennedy]] dina taun 1963.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=601}}

Hoover nulis sababaraha buku salila mangsa pangsiunna, kaasup ''The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson'', dimana manéhna satékah polah ngabéla tindakan-tindakan Wilson dina Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=571, 604–605}} Dina taun 1944, manéhna mimiti nulis ''Freedom Betrayed'', anu sering disebut ku manéhna salaku &quot;[[magnum opus]]&quot;-na. Dina ''Freedom Betrayed'', Hoover sacara keras ngritik [[Kawijakan luar nagri administrasi Franklin D. Roosevelt|kawijakan luar nagri Roosevelt]], utamana kaputusan Roosevelt pikeun ngaku ka Uni Soviét pikeun méré bantuan ka nagara éta salila Perang Dunya II.{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=606}} Ieu buku téh kakara dipublikasikeun dina taun 2012 sanggeus diédit ku sejarawan [[George H. Nash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Yerxa|first=Donald A|title=Freedom Betrayed: An interview with George H. Nash about Herbert Hoover's Magnum Opus|journal=Historically Speaking|date=September 2012|volume=XIII| issue = 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pupusna sarta Umur Panjang ===
{{anchor|Death}}
[[File:Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 009.jpg|thumb|right|Makam Herbert sarta [[Lou Henry Hoover]]]]
Hoover nyanghareupan tilu panyakit utama salila dua taun pamungkas hirupna, kaasup operasi dina Agustus 1962 pikeun ngangkat sél nu tumuwuh dina [[Peujit gedé|peujit gedéna]].{{sfn|Whyte 2017|pp=606–607}}&lt;ref name=Hoover90NYT&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/10/archives/hoover-marks-90th-year-today-predicts-new-gains-for-nation-because.html| title=Hoover Marks 90th Year Today; Predicts New Gains for Nation Because of Its Freedoms| newspaper=The New York Times| date=August 10, 1964| access-date=March 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna pupus di New York City dina 20 Oktober 1964, alatan ayana [[pendarahan internal]] anu hébat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title=Herbert Hoover Is Dead; Ex-President, 90, Served Country in Varied Fields| last=Phillips| first=McCandlish| date=October 21, 1964|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0810.html| newspaper=[[The New York Times]] on the web| access-date=March 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbupidan&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FzxYAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=aPcDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1272%2C2733112 |via=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|''The Bulletin'']] |agency=United Press International |last=Justice |first=Charles J. |title=Ex-President Herbert Hoover dead at 90 |date=October 20, 1964 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hdanali&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wH1IAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=g2wDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5537%2C2967559 |via=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |last=Everett |first=Arthur |title=Hoover dies at 90 after long illness |date=October 21, 1964 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kekecapan pamungkas anu diucapkeun ku Hoover teu kanyahoan, tulisan pamungkasna anu kanyahoan nyaéta pesen &quot;get-well&quot; pikeun sobatna, tilas Présidén Harry S. Truman, genep poé saméméh manéhna pupus, sanggeus manéhna ngadéngé yén Truman tatu alatan tiroseuleu di kamar mandi:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mancini |first1=Mark |title=Harry Truman and Herbert Hoover: An Unlikely Friendship |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/52420/harry-truman-and-herbert-hoover-unlikely-friendship |website=Mentalfloss.org |date=August 30, 2013 |publisher=Mentalfloss |access-date=April 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{blockquote|&quot;Bak mandi téh mangrupa ancaman pikeun para tilas présidén, sakumaha anu meureun inget ku anjeun yén hiji bak mandi nangtang kuring sarta [[Parihna tulang tonggong|méréngpékkeun tulang tonggong]] kuring nalika kuring keur di [[Vénézuéla]] dina misi kalaparan dunya anjeun dina taun 1946. Simpati panghaneutna sarta harepan panghadéna ti kuring sangkan anjeun énggal damang.&quot;}} Dua bulan saméméhna dina 10 Agustus, Hoover nincak umur 90 taun,&lt;ref name=bbaugtn&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M_hYAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=TvcDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1352%2C5635225 |newspaper=The Bulletin |agency=United Press International |last=Wilson |first=Lyle |title=Hoover, 90 years today, wants no honors |date=August 10, 1964 |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pipgnin&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NtgNAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=yGwDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7143%2C1046713 |via=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |last=Daniell |first=Raymond |title=Hoover marking 90th birthday |date=August 10, 1964 |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; manéhna jadi présidén AS kadua (sanggeus [[John Adams]]) anu nincak umur sakitu. Nalika ditanya kumaha parasaanana nalika nincak umur sakitu, Hoover ngajawab, &quot;Teuing ku kolot.&quot;&lt;ref name=Hoover90NYT/&gt; Nalika pupusna, Hoover geus teu ngajabat salila leuwih ti 31 taun (sakabéhna {{age in days|1933|3|4|1964|10|20|format=commas}} poé). Ieu téh mangrupa mangsa pangsiun panglilana dina sajarah kapersidénan, ngalangkungan John Adams anu lilana 25 taun, nepi ka [[Jimmy Carter]] meupeuskeun éta rékor dina Séptémber 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first=John| last=Dillon| title=The Record-Setting Ex-Presidency of Jimmy Carter| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/the-record-setting-ex-presidency-of-jimmy-carter/262143/| magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=September 9, 2012|access-date=March 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Présidén [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] maréntahkeun sangkan bandera dikibarkeun satengah tihang sarta jadi salah sahiji ti 500 tamu anu diondang kana upacara pangureunan anu dilaksanakeun di [[Gereja Episkopal St. Bartholomew (Manhattan)|Gréja Épiskopal St. Bartholomew]]. Inohong séjénna anu hadir nyaéta tilas Wakil Présidén sarta bakal calon Présidén Richard Nixon, Perwakilan [[William E. Miller]], Gubernur [[Nelson Rockefeller]], tilas Gubernur Thomas E. Dewey, tilas Jaksa Agung [[Robert F. Kennedy]], tilas Menteri Pos [[James A. Farley]], Laksamana Muda [[Lewis L. Strauss]] sarta para Sénator [[Hubert Humphrey]], [[Barry Goldwater]], [[Kenneth Keating]], sarta [[Jacob Javits]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 23, 1964 |title=LEADERS ATTEND HOOVER FUNERAL |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/23/archives/leaders-attend-hoover-funeral-johnson-and-goldwater-join-city-in.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713124424/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/23/archives/leaders-attend-hoover-funeral-johnson-and-goldwater-join-city-in.html |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |access-date=October 30, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times |pages=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoover dipasihan panghormatan kalayan [[Pamulasaraan nagara di Amérika Sarikat|pamulasaraan nagara]] dimana layonna [[persemayaman|disemayamkeun]] di [[rotunda United States Capitol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/lying-state-honor| title=Lying in State or in Honor | publisher=Architect of the Capitol| location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=March 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Présidén Johnson sarta Ibu Nagara [[Lady Bird Johnson]] hadir, tapi tilas présidén Truman sarta Eisenhower duanana teu bisa hadir alatan nuju teu damang. Satuluyna, dina 25 Oktober, manéhna dikureubkeun di West Branch, Iowa, deukeut [[Perpustakaan sarta Muséum Présidén Herbert Hoover|perpustakaan présidénna]] sarta tempat lahirna di kawasan [[Situs Sajarah Nasional Herbert Hoover]]. Sanggeusna, pamajikan Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover, anu geus dikureubkeun di Palo Alto, California, sanggeus pupusna dina taun 1944, dipindahkeun pikeun dikureubkeun deui di gigireunana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Gravesite| website=nps.gov| url=https://www.nps.gov/heho/learn/historyculture/gravesite.htm| publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior| access-date=March 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamulasaraan nagara ieu téh mangrupa anu katilu dina jangka waktu dua belas bulan, sanggeus [[Pamulasaraan nagara John F. Kennedy|Présidén John F. Kennedy]] sarta [[Jéndral Besar]] [[Douglas MacArthur]]. [[Black Jack (kuda)|Black Jack]] nyaéta kuda tanpa nu tumpak (riderless horse) anu milu dina tilu upacara pamulasaraan éta.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Warisan==

=== Reputasi sajarah ===
Hoover kacida teu dipikaresepna nalika manéhna ninggalkeun jabatan sanggeus pamilihan 1932, sarta reputasi sajarahna kakara mimiti pulih dina taun 1970-an. Nurutkeun Profésor David E. Hamilton, para sejarawan méré aprésiasi ka Hoover pikeun kapercayaanana anu tulus kana boluntarisme sarta gawé bareng, ogé inovasi dina sababaraha programna. Sanajan kitu, Hamilton ogé nyatet yén Hoover téh kurang tapis sacara pulitik sarta gagal mikawanoh parahna Déprési Gedé.{{sfn|Hamilton 2016}} [[Nicholas Lemann]] nulis yén Hoover geus diinget &quot;salaku jalma anu kaku teuing sacara konservatif pikeun méré réaksi anu tapis kana Déprési, salaku lawan anu apes pikeun Franklin Roosevelt anu hébat, sarta salaku politisi anu hasil ngarobah nagara anu tadina pro-Républik jadi pro-Démokrat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lemann&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Lemann |first1=Nicholas |title=Hating on Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/23/hating-on-herbert-hoover |access-date=February 18, 2019 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poling ka para sejarawan sarta élmuwan pulitik umumna [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|nempatkeun]] Hoover dina jajaran sapertilu panghandapna ti sakabéh présidén. Poling taun 2018 ti bagian Présidén sarta Pulitik Éksékutip [[Asosiasi Élmu Pulitik Amérika]] nempatkeun Hoover salaku présidén panghadéna ka-36.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first1=Brandon|last1=Rottinghaus|first2=Justin S.|last2=Vaughn|title=How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310203020/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/|archive-date=March 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poling [[C-SPAN]] taun 2017 ka para sejarawan ogé nempatkeun Hoover salaku présidén panghadéna ka-36.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|website=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=May 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan Hoover umumna dianggap boga mangsa kapersidénan anu gagal, manéhna ogé meunang pamuji pikeun tindakanana salaku kamanusaan sarta pajabat publik.&lt;ref name=&quot;lemann&quot;/&gt; Panulis biografi Glen Jeansonne nulis dina taun 2016 yén Hoover téh &quot;salah sahiji urang Amérika anu paling luar biasa dina jaman modéren,&quot; sarta nambahan yén Hoover &quot;ngajalanan hirup anu jadi conto carita [[Horatio Alger]], iwal ti carita Horatio Alger mah eureun dina puncak kasuksésan&quot;.{{sfn|Jeansonne 2016|pp=1–2}} Panulis biografi [[Kenneth Whyte]] nulis yén, &quot;pananya ngeunaan dimana posisi Hoover dina tradisi pulitik Amérika tetep jadi hal anu pinuh ku perdebatan nepi ka poé ieu. Sanajan manéhna écés maénkeun peran penting dina kamekaran tradisi progrésif sarta konservatif, duanana pihak moal daék ngaku ka manéhna alatan sieun kacampuran ku pihak séjénna.&quot;{{sfn|Whyte 2017|p=610}}

Sejarawan [[Richard Pipes]], ngeunaan tindakanana nalika mingpin [[Administrasi Bantuan Amérika]], nyebutkeun: &quot;Loba negarawan nempatan tempat anu nonjol dina sajarah alatan geus ngirim jutaan jalma kana pati; Herbert Hoover, anu dihina alatan kinerjana salaku Présidén, sarta geura dipopohokeun di Rusia, boga kaistiméwaan anu langka nyaéta geus nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Pipes|title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime|year=1993|publisher=Knopf|page=419}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sawangan kana ras ===
Sanajan omongan sarta humor rasis téh umum dina mangsa harita, Hoover teu kungsi ngalakukeun hal éta nalika jadi présidén, sarta diskriminasi anu dihaja téh mangrupa hal anu [[Anatéma|paling dipantang]] ku manéhna. Saperti loba batur sapantaranna, Hoover nganggap urang bodas sacara alamiah leuwih unggul ti batan urang hideung, nganggap yén &quot;percampuran getih téh ngarugi keun&quot;. Manéhna mikir yén atikan sarta pagawéan bakal ngaronjatkeun darajat urang hideung, ku kituna manéhna ngarojong [[Universitas Tuskegee|Institut Tuskegee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;garcia&quot;/&gt; Pamajikanana, [[Lou Henry Hoover]], meupeuskeun batasan warna kulit salaku ibu nagara ku cara ngondang [[Jessie De Priest]], pamajikan anggota kongrés hideung munggaran anu kapilih sanggeus sababaraha dékadeu, kana [[Acara téh Jessie De Priest di Gedong Bodas|acara téh tradisional pikeun para pamajikan anggota kongrés]], ogé saterusna ngondang paduan sora Institut Tuskegee (anu harita dipingpin ku [[William L. Dawson (komponis)|William Dawson]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=William L. Dawson Tribute {{!}} Tuskegee University |url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/student-organizations/choir/william-l-dawson-tribute |website=www.tuskegee.edu |access-date=March 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan manéhna nganggap dirina salaku babaturan pikeun urang hideung sarta nu ngarojong kamajuan maranéhna,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jeansonne |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZfAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT257 |title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928–1933 |date=April 3, 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-11189-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; loba urang hideung sapantaranna anu boga sawangan bédé. [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] ngagambarkeun Hoover salaku &quot;rasis anu teu démokratis anu ningali urang hideung salaku spésiés 'sub-manusa'&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;garcia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.17077/0003-4827.8609| issn = 0003-4827| volume = 44| issue = 7| pages = 507–515| last = Garcia| first = George F.| title = Herbert Hoover and the Issue of Race| journal = The Annals of Iowa| access-date = May 11, 2019| date = 1979| url = https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/3996/| doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha sejarawan maluruh leungitna kapercayaan urang Amérika-Afrika ka partéy Républik téh dimimitian dina mangsa jabatanana, utamana alatan usahana pikeun nyingkirkeun urang Amérika-Afrika tina kapamingpinan partéy Républik di wilayah Kidul.&lt;ref name=&quot;garcia&quot;/&gt;

Mangsa Hoover di Cina ogé mangaruhan sawanganana ka urang Asia sarta urang Amérika-Asia. Manéhna nulis yén &quot;euweuh pamanggih mékanis anu ngagejleugkeun dunya&quot; anu asalna ti Cina, manéhna ngklaim yén ieu téh alatan urang Cina teu boga insting mékanis anu sarua jeung urang Éropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;garcia&quot; /&gt; Hal ieu meureun mangaruhan kaputusanana pikeun ngurangan imigrasi ngaliwatan pangwatesan visa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Spencer |date=August 4, 2016 |title=Hoover on Immigration |url=https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2016/08/04/hoover-on-immigration/ |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dicutat Tina==
{{reflist|2}}
=== Catetan ===
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;
[[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sipat Dua Puluh</title>
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      <comment>/* 2. Sipat Salbiyah */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3601" sha1="5t8r1rgt3953rs3ck5ey81j3hqc9zc1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sipat Dua Puluh''' (basa Arab: '''عشرون صفة''') nyaéta sipat-sipat anu wajib aya di Gusti Allah SWT. sakumaha anu parantos dirumuskeun ku para ulama [[Asy'ariyah]] sarta [[Maturidiyah]], utamana dumasar kana kitab-kitab Imam [[Abu al-Hasan al-Asy'ari]] sarta Imam [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Lajnah ad-Daimah. ''Aqidah Ahli Sunnah wal Jama'ah''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mikawanoh ieu sipat téh mangrupa bagian tina [[Ma'rifatullah]] sarta jadi dadasar kaimanan pikeun saurang Muslim.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;&gt;As-Sanusi, Muhammad bin Yusuf. ''Ummul Barahin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:اسماء الله الحسنى god Names 4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Asmaul Husna mangrupa lawang munggaran pikeun mikawanoh sipat-sipat Allah anu sampurna.]]

Dina élmu tauhid, sipat anu dua puluh ieu dibagi kana opat kelompok utama:

== 1. Sipat Nafsiyah ==
Sipat Nafsiyah nyaéta sipat anu nangtukeun ayana Dzat Allah. Sipatna mung aya hiji:
* '''[[Wujud]]''' (Aya): Allah téh aya kalayan dzat-Na sorangan, lain dijieun atawa ngayakeun.&lt;ref&gt;Nawawi al-Bantani. ''Fathul Majid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2. Sipat Salbiyah ==
Sipat Salbiyah nyaéta sipat anu nolak sagala sipat anu teu pantes pikeun kamulyaan Gusti Allah. Kelompok ieu aya lima sipat:
* '''[[Qidam]]''' (Ti Heula/Awal): Allah teu aya mimitina.
* '''[[Baqa]]''' (Langgeng): Allah teu aya tungtungna sarta moal ruksak.
* '''[[Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi]]''' (Béda jeung mahluk): Allah moal sarua jeung naon waé anu dicipteun-Na.
* '''Qiyamuhu Binafsihi''' (Ngadeg ku sorangan): Allah teu merlukeun pitulung atawa tempat ti nu séjén.
* '''[[Wahdaniyah]]''' (Tunggal/Ésa): Allah téh hiji dina Dzat-Na, sipat-Na, sarta padamelan-Na.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;/&gt;

== 3. Sipat Ma'ani ==
Sipat Ma'ani nyaéta sipat-sipat abstrak anu aya dina Dzat Allah anu nuduhkeun kasampurnaan-Na. Kelompok ieu aya tujuh sipat:
* '''Qudrat''' (Kawasa): Allah boga kawasa kana sagala perkara.
* '''Iradat''' (Kersa): Allah boga kahayang sarta nangtukeun sagala rupa.
* '''Ilmu''' (Uninga): Allah uninga kana sagala hal, boh nu nyata boh nu goib.
* '''Hayat''' (Hirup): Allah téh hirup salamina, teu aya maotna.
* '''Sama'''' (Ngadangu): Allah ngadangu sagala rupa tanpa alat.
* '''Bashar''' (Ningali): Allah ningali sagala rupa tanpa mata.
* '''Kalam''' (Ngandika): Allah ngandika tanpa sora sarta tanpa aksara.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 4. Sipat Ma'anawiyah ==
Sipat Ma'anawiyah nyaéta sipat anu raket patalina jeung sipat Ma'ani (kaayaan Allah anu miboga sipat Ma'ani). Aya tujuh sipat:
* '''Kaunuhu Qadiran''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Kawasa).
* '''Kaunuhu Muridan''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Kersa).
* '''Kaunuhu 'Aliman''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Uninga).
* '''Kaunuhu Hayyan''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Hirup).
* '''Kaunuhu Sami'an''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ngadangu).
* '''Kaunuhu Bashiran''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ningali).
* '''Kaunuhu Mutakalliman''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ngandika).

== Sipat Mustahil sarta Jaiz ==
Sajaba ti sipat wajib, unggal Muslim ogé kedah mikawanoh:
* '''Sipat Mustahil:''' Lalawanan tina sipat wajib (sapertos ''’Adam''/euweuh, ''Huduts''/anyar, jsb.).
* '''Sipat Jaiz:''' Sipat anu wenang (mungkin) aya di Allah, nyaéta: ''&quot;Fi’lu kulli mumkinin aw tarkuhu&quot;'' (Midamel sakabéh perkara anu mungkin atawa henteu midamelna).&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
* As-Sanusi, Muhammad bin Yusuf. ''Ummul Barahin''.
* Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid ala Jauharatut Tauhid''.
* Nawawi al-Bantani. ''Fathul Majid Syarh Durratul Farid''.

[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sipat Dua Puluh]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3605" sha1="p57l5fvtci53k5zt017mzbjrtg95ywd" xml:space="preserve">'''Sipat Dua Puluh''' (basa Arab: '''عشرون صفة''') nyaéta sipat-sipat anu wajib aya di Gusti Allah SWT. sakumaha anu parantos dirumuskeun ku para ulama [[Asy'ariyah]] sarta [[Maturidiyah]], utamana dumasar kana kitab-kitab Imam [[Abu al-Hasan al-Asy'ari]] sarta Imam [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Lajnah ad-Daimah. ''Aqidah Ahli Sunnah wal Jama'ah''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mikawanoh ieu sipat téh mangrupa bagian tina [[Ma'rifatullah]] sarta jadi dadasar kaimanan pikeun saurang Muslim.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;&gt;As-Sanusi, Muhammad bin Yusuf. ''Ummul Barahin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:اسماء الله الحسنى god Names 4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Asmaul Husna mangrupa lawang munggaran pikeun mikawanoh sipat-sipat Allah anu sampurna.]]

Dina élmu tauhid, sipat anu dua puluh ieu dibagi kana opat kelompok utama:

== 1. Sipat Nafsiyah ==
Sipat Nafsiyah nyaéta sipat anu nangtukeun ayana Dzat Allah. Sipatna mung aya hiji:
* '''[[Wujud]]''' (Aya): Allah téh aya kalayan dzat-Na sorangan, lain dijieun atawa ngayakeun.&lt;ref&gt;Nawawi al-Bantani. ''Fathul Majid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2. Sipat Salbiyah ==
Sipat Salbiyah nyaéta sipat anu nolak sagala sipat anu teu pantes pikeun kamulyaan Gusti Allah. Kelompok ieu aya lima sipat:
* '''[[Qidam]]''' (Ti Heula/Awal): Allah teu aya mimitina.
* '''[[Baqa]]''' (Langgeng): Allah teu aya tungtungna sarta moal ruksak.
* '''[[Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi]]''' (Béda jeung mahluk): Allah moal sarua jeung naon waé anu dicipteun-Na.
* '''[[Qiyamuhu Binafsihi]]''' (Ngadeg ku sorangan): Allah teu merlukeun pitulung atawa tempat ti nu séjén.
* '''[[Wahdaniyah]]''' (Tunggal/Ésa): Allah téh hiji dina Dzat-Na, sipat-Na, sarta padamelan-Na.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;/&gt;

== 3. Sipat Ma'ani ==
Sipat Ma'ani nyaéta sipat-sipat abstrak anu aya dina Dzat Allah anu nuduhkeun kasampurnaan-Na. Kelompok ieu aya tujuh sipat:
* '''Qudrat''' (Kawasa): Allah boga kawasa kana sagala perkara.
* '''Iradat''' (Kersa): Allah boga kahayang sarta nangtukeun sagala rupa.
* '''Ilmu''' (Uninga): Allah uninga kana sagala hal, boh nu nyata boh nu goib.
* '''Hayat''' (Hirup): Allah téh hirup salamina, teu aya maotna.
* '''Sama'''' (Ngadangu): Allah ngadangu sagala rupa tanpa alat.
* '''Bashar''' (Ningali): Allah ningali sagala rupa tanpa mata.
* '''Kalam''' (Ngandika): Allah ngandika tanpa sora sarta tanpa aksara.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 4. Sipat Ma'anawiyah ==
Sipat Ma'anawiyah nyaéta sipat anu raket patalina jeung sipat Ma'ani (kaayaan Allah anu miboga sipat Ma'ani). Aya tujuh sipat:
* '''Kaunuhu Qadiran''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Kawasa).
* '''Kaunuhu Muridan''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Kersa).
* '''Kaunuhu 'Aliman''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Uninga).
* '''Kaunuhu Hayyan''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Hirup).
* '''Kaunuhu Sami'an''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ngadangu).
* '''Kaunuhu Bashiran''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ningali).
* '''Kaunuhu Mutakalliman''' (Kaayaan Allah anu Maha Ngandika).

== Sipat Mustahil sarta Jaiz ==
Sajaba ti sipat wajib, unggal Muslim ogé kedah mikawanoh:
* '''Sipat Mustahil:''' Lalawanan tina sipat wajib (sapertos ''’Adam''/euweuh, ''Huduts''/anyar, jsb.).
* '''Sipat Jaiz:''' Sipat anu wenang (mungkin) aya di Allah, nyaéta: ''&quot;Fi’lu kulli mumkinin aw tarkuhu&quot;'' (Midamel sakabéh perkara anu mungkin atawa henteu midamelna).&lt;ref name=&quot;sanusi&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
* As-Sanusi, Muhammad bin Yusuf. ''Ummul Barahin''.
* Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid ala Jauharatut Tauhid''.
* Nawawi al-Bantani. ''Fathul Majid Syarh Durratul Farid''.

[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sipat Dua Puluh]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kerajaan Kertabumi</title>
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      <text bytes="3037" sha1="11ow2o4ksh3i6smfw1hs522hrrwyh44" xml:space="preserve">'''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi.

== Sajarah ==
Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut &quot;Kertadjaga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kidung1956&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,&lt;br&gt;
Bawah tatar beulah wetan,&lt;br&gt;
Duka dimana lebahna,&lt;br&gt;
Ngan disebut &quot;KERTADJAGa,&lt;br&gt;
Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,&lt;br&gt;
Nagara pulang ka asal...''&lt;ref name=&quot;Kidung1956&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina &quot;jaga&quot;, nagara balik deui ka asal...''

Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pemdes&quot;&gt;https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru&lt;/ref&gt; Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artefak&quot;&gt;Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). &quot;Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi&quot;. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.&lt;/ref&gt;

Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kidung1956&quot;/&gt;

Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]].

== Daptar Raja ==
1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?)
2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja
3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641)

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala Luar ==
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0).
* Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ &quot;Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726.
* [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024).

[[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi</title>
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      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
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      <text bytes="4220" sha1="95hjqa3eshh725c93nw2pgyyi1me0xn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#8B0000; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(مخالفته للحوادث)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Béda jeung sakabéh nu anyar (mahluk)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Sipat Salbiyah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| Mumatsalatu lil Hawaditsi (Sarua jeung mahluk)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Sipat Akli
| Wajib
|}

'''Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi''' (basa Arab: '''مخالفته للحوادث''') mangrupa sipat nu kaopat tina [[Sipat Dua Puluh]] anu wajib aya di Gusti Allah SWT. Hartosna sipat ieu nyaéta &quot;Allah béda pisan jeung sakabéh nu anyar&quot; (mahluk).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid ala Jauharatit Tauhid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'na Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi ==
Sipat ieu negeskeun yén Allah SWT teu aya sarupana sareng mahluk, boh dina Dzat-Na, sipat-Na, atanapi padamelan-Na (Af'al). Sipat ieu kaasup kana '''Sipat Salbiyah''', anu fungsina pikeun nolak sakabéh sipat-sipat kakurangan anu aya di mahluk (hawadits) sangkan teu dilarapkeun ka Gusti Allah.

Dina harti anu jembar, Allah mah:
* Sanés jirim (materi) sarta sanés sipat mahluk (warna, rasa, jsté).
* Teu miboga anggota badan (leungeun, suku, raray) sakumaha mahluk.
* Teu butuh ka tempat (rohangan) sarta teu kabeungkeut ku waktu.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Syekh Muhammad. ''Tijan ad-Darari''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dadasar Naqli ==
Dadasar utama sipat Mukhalafatu lil Hawaditsi aya dina Al-Qur'an Surat Asy-Syura ayat 11:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ ۖ وَهو السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;...Teu aya hiji perkara ogé anu sarupa jeung Mantenna (Allah); sarta Mantenna anu Maha Ngadéngé sarta Maha Ningali.&quot;|sign=QS. Asy-Syura: 11}}

Salian ti éta, dina Surat Al-Ikhlas ayat 4 ogé ditegeskeun:
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ'''&lt;/p&gt;
{{quote|text=&quot;Sarta teu aya saurang ogé anu sarua (satara) jeung Mantenna.&quot;|sign=QS. Al-Ikhlas: 4}}

== Dalil Akli ==
Sacara logika (akal), upami Allah sarua jeung mahluk dina hiji aspék baé, hartosna Allah téh &quot;anyar&quot; (hawadits). Upami Allah anyar, hartosna Allah peryogi ka anu ngayugana (Pancipta). Hal ieu mustahil, sabab urang parantos ngabuktikeun yén Allah téh [[Qidam]] (teu aya mimitina). Ku kituna, akal wajib narima yén Allah mah pasti béda jeung sakabéh mahluk-Na.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Hasyimi, Sayyid Ahmad. ''Syarih Aqidatul Awam''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sawangan Filsafat sarta Kalam ==
Dina jihat filsafat Islam sarta [[Élmu Kalam]], sipat ieu mangrupa dadasar tina konsép ''Tanzih'' (nyucikeun Allah):

=== 1. Kritik Antropomorfisme ===
Filsafat Islam nolak pemahaman yén Allah miboga wujud fisik kawas manusa. Upami Allah miboga jirim, hartosna Allah kabeungkeut ku dimensi sarta butuh ka rohangan. Padahal, sipat butuh ka rohangan téh mangrupa ciri mahluk anu lemah, sedengkeun Allah mah Maha Kawasa.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Al-Iqtishad fil I'tiqad''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Konsép &quot;Basith&quot; (Murni) ===
Para filosof muslim saperti [[Ibnu Sina]] nyebutkeun yén Allah téh Dzat anu ''Basith'', hartosna Dzat anu tunggal sarta teu disusun ku rupa-rupa unsur materi. Mahluk mah disebutna ''Murakkab'' (disusun ku sababaraha unsur). Ku sabab Allah teu disusun ku unsur-unsur, mangka Allah moal robah sarta moal ruksak.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Sina. ''Al-Isyarat wat Tanbihat''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 3. Wajib al-Wujud ===
Dina filsafat, Allah téh disebutna ''Wajib al-Wujud'', hartosna ayana Allah téh wajib sarta murni tina Dzat-Na sorangan tanpa butuh nu séjén. Sedengkeun mahluk mah disebutna ''Mumkin al-Wujud'' (aya sotiéh dumeh diayakeun). Ieu bédana hakékat antara Pancipta jeung nu diciptakeun.&lt;ref&gt;Mulla Sadra. ''Al-Hikmah al-Muta'aliyah''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akidah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sipat Dua Puluh]]</text>
      <sha1>95hjqa3eshh725c93nw2pgyyi1me0xn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wudu</title>
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    <redirect title="Abdas" />
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      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:20:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mindahkeun ka [[Abdas]]</comment>
      <origin>709179</origin>
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      <text bytes="18" sha1="6pcs2g6f6tlpxp96m1vttaocy0jbbzq" xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Abdas]]</text>
      <sha1>6pcs2g6f6tlpxp96m1vttaocy0jbbzq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wahdaniyah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3672" sha1="q2lyju1nkagemtgf1q1uygcv2fpncrg" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Wahdaniyah&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(وحدانية)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Tunggal / Esa
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Sipat Salbiyah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| Ta'addud (Loba/Wilangan)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Sipat Akli
| Wajib
|}

'''Wahdaniyah''' (basa Arab: '''وحدانية''') mangrupa sipat nu kagenep tina [[Sipat Dua Puluh]] anu wajib aya di Gusti Allah SWT. Hartosna Wahdaniyah téh nyaéta &quot;Tunggal&quot; atanapi &quot;Ésa&quot;. Sipat ieu negeskeun yén Allah téh Maha Tunggal dina Dzat-Na, Maha Tunggal dina Sipat-Na, sarta Maha Tunggal dina sakabéh Padamelan-Na (Af'al).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid ala Jauharatit Tauhid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'na Wahdaniyah ==
Sipat Wahdaniyah fungsina pikeun nolak ayana wilangan (bilangan) ka Gusti Allah. Dina élmu tauhid, Tunggalna Allah téh ngawengku tilu perkara:
# '''Tunggal dina Dzat:''' Dzat Allah teu disusun ku unsur-unsur (kam muttashil) sarta teu aya dzat séjén anu nyaruaan Dzat Allah (kam munfashil).
# '''Tunggal dina Sipat:''' Allah teu miboga dua sipat anu sarua (misalna dua kakuatan) sarta teu aya mahluk anu miboga sipat anu sarua jeung sipat Allah.
# '''Tunggal dina Padamelan (Af'al):''' Teu aya hiji mahluk ogé anu bisa nyieun pangaruh (atsar) sacara mandiri. Sakabéh kajadian di alam dunya, boh nikmat boh dodoja, hakékatna mangrupa padamelan Allah SWT.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Syekh Muhammad. ''Tijan ad-Darari''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dadasar Naqli ==
Dadasar utama sipat Wahdaniyah aya dina Al-Qur'an Surat Al-Ikhlas ayat 1:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;Pok caritakeun (Muhammad): Mantenna Allah teh Anu Maha Tunggal.&quot;|sign=QS. Al-Ikhlas: 1}}

Salian ti éta, dina Surat Al-Baqarah ayat 163 ditegeskeun:
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''وَإِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ ۖ لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ الرَّحِيمُ'''&lt;/p&gt;
{{quote|text=&quot;Sarta Pangéran anjeun téh Pangéran Anu Maha Tunggal; teu aya Pangéran iwal ti Mantenna, Anu Maha Welas deui Maha Asih.&quot;|sign=QS. Al-Baqarah: 163}}

== Sawangan Filsafat sarta Kalam ==
Dina jihat filsafat Islam, Wahdaniyah mangrupa puncak tina sakabéh logika katauhidan:

=== 1. Burhanul Tamana' (Dalil Silih Tolak) ===
Para mutakallimin ngagunakeun logika ''Tamana''' (silih haid/silih cegah) pikeun ngabuktikeun tunggalna Allah. Upami aya dua pangéran, mangka bakal aya kamungkinan bédana kahayang. Upami Pangéran A hayang nyieun dunya sedengkeun Pangéran B hayang dunya euweuh, mangka alam moal bakal kawangun. Ayana alam anu rapih ieu ngabuktikeun yén anu ngaturna téh ngan hiji (Tunggal).&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Al-Iqtishad fil I'tiqad''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Tauhidul Af'al sarta Kaikhlasan ===
Dina sawangan spiritual, Wahdaniyah dina padamelan (tauhidul af'al) mangrupa konci [[Ikhlas]]. Nalika urang yakin yén dodoja jeung nikmat téh sumberna ngan hiji (Allah), mangka urang moal bakal deudeupeun ka mahluk. Urang moal bakal miboga rasa &quot;tukar-tambah&quot; dina ibadah, sabab urang sadar yén diri urang jeung nikmat urang téh kabéh oge milik Mantenna anu Maha Tunggal.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akidah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sipat Dua Puluh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Qiyamuhu Binafsihi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3620" sha1="09q9vceo7iao2vskptv61fgqw4m1txt" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#2F4F4F; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Qiyamuhu Binafsihi&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(قيامه بنفسه)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Ngadeg ku Salira (Mandiri)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Sipat Salbiyah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| Ihtiyaj (Butuh ka nu séjén)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Sipat Akli
| Wajib
|}

'''Qiyamuhu Binafsihi''' (basa Arab: '''قيامه بنفسه''') mangrupa sipat nu kalima tina [[Sipat Dua Puluh]] anu wajib aya di Gusti Allah SWT. Hartosna sipat ieu nyaéta &quot;Allah ngadeg ku salira&quot;, anu negeskeun yén Allah SWT henteu miboga kabutuhan ka mahluk-Na atanapi ka tempat sarta zat séjénna.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bajuri, Ibrahim. ''Tuhfatul Murid ala Jauharatit Tauhid''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'na Qiyamuhu Binafsihi ==
Sipat Qiyamuhu Binafsihi ngandung dua harti utama dina élmu tauhid:
# '''Teu butuh ka tempat (Mahal):''' Allah sanés sipat anu meryogikeun zat (fisik) pikeun nempat, sabab Allah mah Dzat anu nangtung sorangan.
# '''Teu butuh ka anu ngayuga (Mukhassis):''' Allah henteu meryogikeun anu nyiptakeun atanapi anu ngatur, sabab Allah téh nu Maha Murba ti jaman azali.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Syekh Muhammad. ''Tijan ad-Darari''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sipat ieu kaasup kana '''Sipat Salbiyah''', nyaéta sipat anu nolak sakabéh anggapan yén Allah téh miboga kakurangan kawas mahluk anu salawasna butuh ka batur.

== Dadasar Naqli ==
Dadasar utama sipat Qiyamuhu Binafsihi aya dina Al-Qur'an Surat Al-Ankabut ayat 6:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَغَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;...Saéstuna Allah téh bener-bener Maha Beunghar (teu butuh) ka sakabéh alam.&quot;|sign=QS. Al-Ankabut: 6}}

Salian ti éta, dina Surat Fatir ayat 15 ogé ditegeskeun:
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَنتُمُ الْفُقَرَاءُ إِلَى اللَّهِ ۖ وَاللَّهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ الْحَمِيدُ'''&lt;/p&gt;
{{quote|text=&quot;Hé manusa! Aranjeun téh jalma-jalma anu butuh (pakarir/mikabutuh) ka Allah; sedengkeun Allah mah Mantenna Nu Maha Beunghar deui Maha Pinuji.&quot;|sign=QS. Fatir: 15}}

== Sawangan Filsafat sarta Kalam ==
Dina jihat filsafat Islam, Qiyamuhu Binafsihi mangrupa dadasar tina kamerdikaan mutlak Gusti Allah:

=== 1. Istighna sarta Iftiqar ===
Para ulama mutakallimin ngagunakeun konsép ''Istighna'' (Maha Teu Butuh) pikeun Allah sarta ''Iftiqar'' (Maha Butuh) pikeun mahluk. Sacara ontologis, mahluk mah ibarat kalangkang anu ayana gumantung sagemblengna ka nu gaduh kalangkang. Upami Allah butuh ka mahluk, hartosna Allah téh lemah, sarta sipat lemah téh mustahil pikeun Pangéran.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Hasyimi, Sayyid Ahmad. ''Syarih Aqidatul Awam''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Hubungan sareng Ikhlas dina Ibadah ===
Sipat ieu ngajarkeun manusa sangkan ikhlas. Nalika urang ibadah, urang sadar yén ibadah urang moal nambahan kaagungan Allah sarta maksiat urang moal ngurangan kamulyaan Mantenna. Ieu negeskeun yén sakabéh amal urang téh sabenerna mah keur kapentingan urang sorangan, sanés pikeun &quot;nyugemakeun&quot; Allah anu tos Maha Beunghar.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akidah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Tauhid]]
[[Kategori:Sipat Dua Puluh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus Jambi</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709193</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oceanmuse</username>
        <id>22609</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Artikel anu patali jeung program WikiMaknyus dina kaping 28 Désémber 2025 nepi ka 4 Januari 2026 di Jambi.</comment>
      <origin>709193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="cwwx0s83vfflu6gxsnsspiejx9lvxky" xml:space="preserve">Artikel anu patali jeung program WikiMaknyus dina kaping 28 Désémber 2025 nepi ka 4 Januari 2026 di Jambi.</text>
      <sha1>cwwx0s83vfflu6gxsnsspiejx9lvxky</sha1>
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