Obrolan pamaké:Renamed user 7856e0eddc6de4d1df08bafc55c86c1e

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    <title>Obrolan pamaké:Renamed user 7856e0eddc6de4d1df08bafc55c86c1e</title>
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      <comment>A09 mindahkeun kaca [[Obrolan pamaké:Iamandreyaleshin]] ka [[Obrolan pamaké:Renamed user 7856e0eddc6de4d1df08bafc55c86c1e]] tanpa ninggalkeun pindahan: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Iamandreyaleshin|Iamandreyaleshin]]&quot; menjadi &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 7856e0eddc6de4d1df08bafc55c86c1e|Renamed user 7856e0eddc6de4d1df08bafc55c86c1e]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3297" sha1="g1ctfd61uoufvlhsuhikmdqbl14ul5y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;float: right; padding:0em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;background-color:#FFF;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; background-color:#438EDF;border-radius: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Nyangkem Wikipédia&lt;/p&gt;
* [[Pamaké:Jimbo Wales/Kedalan prinsip dadasar Wikipédia|Kedalan pangadeg]]
* [[Wikipedia:Ngeunaan|Dadaran singget Wikipédia]]
* [[Pitulung:Eusi|Pituduh lengkep]]

&lt;p style=&quot;color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#E47B10;border-radius: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Jadi Éditor&lt;/p&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun artikel|Ngamimitian nyieun artikel]]
* [[Wikipedia:Pitulung|Pitulung]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Artikel munggaran Anjeun|Artikel munggaran Anjeun]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan|Cutat rujukan]] ku cara [[Wikipedia:Nyutat Wikipédia|Nyutat Wikipédia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala (wangkongan)]]

&lt;p style=&quot;color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#4DB93A;border-radius: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Kaca Pamaké Anjeun&lt;/p&gt;
* [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|Kaca pamaké anjeun]] &lt;small&gt;([[Wikipedia:Pituduh (kaca pamake)|pitulung]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]] &lt;!--&lt;small&gt;([[Wikipedia:Pituduh nyieun kotrétan|pitulung]])&lt;/small&gt;--&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;color:#FFF; font-weight: bold; padding:0.5em; margin-top: 1.2em; background-color:#A972D8;border-radius: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Panglawungan&lt;/p&gt;
* [[Portal:Panglawungan|Kaca utama panglawungan]]&lt;!--
* [[Portal:Kagiatan panglawungan|Sarupaning kagiatan panglawungan]]
* [[Portal:Proyèk panglawungan|Sarupaning proyèk panglawungan]]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Wilujeng sumping di Wikipédia, {{PAGENAME}}!&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;

Sampurasun, simkuring baris nyamat anjeun minangka Wikipédiawan.

Wikipédia mangrupa énsiklopédi bébas anu digarap réréongan, terus-tumerus diwangun ku sadaya pamaké. Wikipèdia basa Sunda kiwari kakarék {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&amp;nbsp;artikel. Sakabéh artikel di Wikipédia basa Sunda ditulis tur dimumulé ku para rélawan siga anjeun. Mangga lakonan lèngkah munggaran anjeun ku sawatara pituduh anu aya di lebah katuhu, atawa nulis di kaca [[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]].

Wikipédia neueul kana sawatara prinsip dasar anu dipihormat ku sakumna:
# énsiklopedis tur anteb (ngandelkeun sumber anu sohéh)
# jihat sawangan nétral (teu ngandung unsur promosi)
# watekna nembrak sarta mihormat hak cipta (teu asal nyalin atawa plagiat)
# étika (lumuhung kana kasopanan tur konsénsus)
# bébas pikeun ngarobah (nyimpen sakabéh jujutan)

Hayu urang ngaronjatkeun Wikipédia basa Sunda sangkan leuwih hadé, kontribusi anjeun diantos pisan.

Mugia anjeun sugema boh macana boh nulisna di Wikipédia.

Wilujeng ngontribusi!

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tw Cen MT; letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Pikeun nanda tangan obrolan, dina panungtung obrolan anjeun ketikeun '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' (opat kali tanda gelombang/tilde).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Segoe Script; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align:right;&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|don't speak Sundanese?]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;width:65%; height:18px; background-color:#2EFEF7; color:#444; margin-top:-46px;&quot; &gt;&lt;br/&gt; –-[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''&lt;font face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot; color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;Yusup_Ramdani&lt;/font&gt;''']]&amp;nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|&lt;font color=&quot;#&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/font&gt;]] 19 Juli 2015 14.46 (UTC)
----</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jénnifer Lopéz</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|Bot]]: Ngaganti TIFF_2019_jlo_(1_of_1)-2_(48696671561)_(cropped).jpg ku 2019_TIFF_premiere_of_Hustlers,_Jennifer_Lopez_(48696671561)_(cropped).jpg</comment>
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      <text bytes="3879" sha1="0iy3w7u7tzy6huls21akqmohgfo6djc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Jénnifer Lopéz
| image = 2019 TIFF premiere of Hustlers, Jennifer Lopez (48696671561) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jénnifer López (2019) 
| birth_name = Jennifer Lynn Lopez
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|7|24}}
| birth_place = [[The Bronx]], [[New York]], Amérika Sarikat.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[Los Angeles]], Kalifornia, Amérika Sarikat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-jennifer-lopez-aka-20140615-story.html |title=Jennifer Lopez on dating, her split with Marc Anthony and 'First Love' |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| occupation = {{Flatlist |
*Aktris
*panulis
*dancer
*desainer raksukan
*produser
*panyanyi
*panulis lagu
*personalitas tipi
}}
| years_active = 1986–kiwari
| spouse = {{Plainlist |
*{{marriage|Ojani Noa|1997|1998}}
*{{marriage|[[Cris Judd]]|2001|2003}}
*{{marriage|[[Marc Anthony]]|2004|2014}}
}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Lynda Lopez]] {{small|(adi)}}
| website = {{URL|http://jenniferlopez.com|jenniferlopez.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre  = {{Flatlist |
*[[R&amp;B kontémporér|R&amp;B]]
*[[Musik pop|pop]]
*[[Latin music (génré)|Latin]]
*[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]
*[[Dance music|dance]]
}}
| label = {{Flatlist |
*[[Work Group|Work]]
*[[Epic Records|Epic]]
*[[Island Records|Island]]
*[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist |
*[[Fat Joe]]
*[[Marc Anthony]]
*[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Jénnifer Lynn Lopéz''' ({{lahirmati|Bronx, [[New York]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]|24|7|1969||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[panyanyi]] asal [[Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/j/jennifer_lopez/|title=Profil Selebriti - Jennifer Lopez |publisher=KapanLagi|accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jénnifer kawilang multitalénta, ku sabab lian ti dunya musik ogé Jénnifer aktif dina dunya [[akting]], [[panulis]], [[dancer]], [[desainer]], sarta [[produser]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Bapana saurang spésialis [[komputer]] sedengkeun indungna saurang [[guru]] [[TK]].{{fact}} Jénnifer digedékeun di [[New York]], [[Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Jénnifer leuwih resep disebut urang [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Jénnifer asup kana jajaran 50 awéwé panggeulisna di dunya dina taun [[1997]] pilihan majalah [[People (majalah)|People]] alatan rupana anu geulis.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;

==Karir==
Jénnifer mimiti midang minangka panari latar dina vidio klip [[Janet Jackson]], ''That's The Way Love Goes''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Dina umur 25 taun, Jénnifer mimiti turun serius ka dunya akting.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Manéhna maén dina sawatara [[pilem]], di antarana: [[Money Train]], [[Jack]] jeung [[Mi Familia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Tapina [[pilem|pilem-pilem]] éta teu pati susksés.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Nasibna ngaronjat nalika merankeun Séléna dina [[pilem]] nu judulna berjudul sarua dina taun [[1996]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; ti dinya ngaranna ngalanglang, tuluy meunang tawaran pikeun ngabéntangan runtuyan [[pilem]], siga [[Anaconda]] anu suksés ngaraih ''box office'', jeung [[U-Turn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Ti harita Jénnifer tuluy midang dina sawatara [[pilem]] siga [[Out of Sight]] jeung [[The Wedding Planner]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://pagalmovies.guru/jennifer-lopez-was-always-aware-of-rumours-about-alex-rodriguez-cheating-on-her-report/ Jennifer Lopez was 'always aware' of rumours] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505131545/https://pagalmovies.guru/jennifer-lopez-was-always-aware-of-rumours-about-alex-rodriguez-cheating-on-her-report/ |date=2021-05-05 }} about Alex Rodriguez cheating on her: Report (May 5, 2021)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kampung Adat Cireundeu</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="7198" sha1="08t2gjnskj69a3dxe19pe6izsn6bczt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cireundeu.jpg|thumb|right|Gapura Kampung Adat Cireundeu]]

'''Kampung Adat Cireundeu''' nyaéta [[kampung]] adat anu aya di daérah Leuwi Gajah, kacamatan [[Kota Cimahi|Cimahi]] Kidul, [[kota Cimahi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1033&amp;lang=id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234436/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1033&amp;lang=id |date=2017-07-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kampung Adat Cireundeu téh miboga hal anu istiméwa nyaéta nalika asup ka jero kampungna, aya tulisan hanacaraka &quot;Wilujeng Sumping di Kampung Cireundeu&quot;. Kampung Cireundeu aya kusabab masih ngawariskeun budaya ti karuhun, ulah nepi ka anu geus aya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1033&amp;lang=id|title=Kampung Adat Cireundeu-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-10-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234436/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1033&amp;lang=id |date=2017-07-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aya dua tradisi anu masih dipertahankeun ku warga nu aya di ditu, nyaéta bahan pangan pokok nu masih ngagunakeun sampeu tuluy dijieun jadi rasi atawa béas sampeu, jeung masih ngayakeun tradisi 1 Suro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Di jerona aya 60 kapala kulawarga atawa kurang leuwih 800 jiwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;, anu kalolobaanana pagaweanana tatanén sampeu. Legana Kampung Adat Cireundeu sakitar 64 héktar, nu diwangun ku 60 héktar lahan tatanén jeung 4 héktar pikeun pamukiman. Masarakatna nepi ka kiwari masih ngagem jeung pageuh nyepeng kapercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Maranéhna salawasna konsistén dina ngalaksanakeun ajaran kapercayaan sarta terus ngalestarikeun budaya jeung adat-istiadat warisan ti karuhunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disbudparpora.cimahikota.go.id/tour/detail/25-kampung-adat-cireundeu|title=Dinas Kebudayaan Pariwisata Pemuda dan Olahraga Kota Cimahi|website=disbudparpora.cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Imah Panggung di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Imah Panggung di Kampung Adat Cireundeu]]
Masarakat adat Cireundeu kacida pageuhna dina nyekel kapercayaan, kabudayaan, jeung adat-istiadatna. Maranéhna miboga prinsip “Ngindung ka waktu, mibapa ka jaman”. Harti “Ngindung ka waktu” nyaéta yén unggal warga kampung adat miboga cara, ciri, jeung kayakinan séwang-séwangan. Sedengkeun “Mibapa ka jaman” hartina masarakat Kampung Adat Cireundeu henteu ngalawan kana parobahan jaman, tapi nuturkeunana, saperti ayana téknologi, tipi, alat komunikasi, ''handphone'', jeung pangcaangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kampung Adat Cireundeu mangrupa salah sahiji tujuan wisata budaya anu dikunjungi ku wisatawan sapanjang taun, henteu ngan ukur dina poé libur. Jumlah pangunjung rata-rata ngahontal kurang leuwih 2.000 urang per bulan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hiburan/wisata-budaya-sunda-di-kampung-adat-cireundeu-cimahi-1223430|title=Wisata Budaya Sunda di Kampung Adat Cireundeu Cimahi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kalawan paningkatan jumlah pangunjung dina sababaraha période tangtu.

Kunjungan wisatawan biasana ningkat dina waktu-waktu husus, utamana nalika lumangsungna puncak upacara adat, saperti Suroan. Dina période ieu, Kampung Adat Cireundeu jadi salah sahiji pusat kagiatan budaya anu narik minat pangunjung ti rupa-rupa daérah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah sarta Filosofi Pangan ==
Masarakat Cireundeu parantos mibanda kamerdikaan pangan saprak taun 1918. Hal ieu dimimitian ku '''[[Eyang Ali]]''' sarta '''[[Ibu Asmi]]''' anu ngajarkeun masarakat sangkan teu gumantung kana paré. Filosofi anu dicekel nyaéta: ''&quot;Teu boga sawah asal boga kebon, teu boga paré asal boga sampeu, teu boga béas asal bisa dahar, teu dahar asal kuat.&quot;''

# [[Filosofi Singkong (Sampeu)]]: Aya prinsip anu kacida luhurna di Cireundeu ngeunaan pangan. Masarakatna nyekel deleg ugeran: &quot;Teu boga sawah asal boga boga kebon, teu boga paré asal boga sampeu, teu bapa béas asal bisa dahar, teu dahar asal kuat.&quot; Ieu filosofi téh mimitina tina gerakan [[Kemandirian Pangan]] anu dirintis ku [[Eyang Ali]] sarta [[Ibu Asmi]] sakitar taun 1918, nalika jaman pangjajahan Walanda keur susah paré.
# [[Rasi (Béas Sampeu)]] Sampeu téh henteu ngan saukur dikulub, tapi: Diparud, diperes acina, teras hampasna dipoé dugi ka garing. Sanggeus garing, ampas sampeu téh ditutu sarta diayak janten tipung kasar anu siga béas. Cara masakna ogé sami sareng ngaliwet paré.
# Leuweung Larangan sarta Leuweung Tutupan]]: Di Cireundeu, leuweungna dibagi janten tilu bagian utama pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan alam: 
::* [[Leuweung Larangan]]: Leuweung anu teu meunang pisan dincak atanapi diruksak (kanggo cadangan cai).
::* [[Leuweung Tutupan]]: Leuweung anu fungsina pikeun reboisasi (penghijauan).
::* [[Leuweung Baladahan]]: Wilayah anu kenging diolah janten kebon sampeu ku masarakat.

== Filosofi hirup ==
Masarakat adat Cireundeu nganut filosofi &quot;''Ngindung ka waktu, mibapa ka jaman&quot;'', anu hartina unggal jalma miboga cara, ciri, jeung kayakinan séwang-séwangan. Sanajan kitu, éta hal teu meunang papadangan jeung parobahan jaman, tapi kudu bisa nuturkeun kamekaranana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sanusi|first=Nunung|last2=Sidik|first2=Adi Permana|date=Januari 2022|title=KOMODIFIKASI KEUNIKAN KAMPUNG ADAT CIREUNDEU SEBAGAI OBJEK WISATA BUDAYA|url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/linimasa/article/download/4721/2133|journal=LINIMASA: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009055720/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/linimasa/article/download/4721/2133 |date=2024-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masarakat Cireundeu yakin yén kelestarian lemburna kudu dumasar kana kamampuh pikeun nyaluyukeun diri jeung parobahan jaman. Kamajuan téknologi informasi ogé kudu bisa diimbangkeun supaya teu leungit tina ajén-inajén anu geus aya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tradisi Suraan ==
Unggal tanggal 1 Sura (Taun Anyar Saka Sunda), masarakat Cireundeu ngayakeun upacara '''[[Suraan]]''' salaku wujud syukur ka Gusti Nu Maha Suci sarta ngahormat ka alam jeung karuhun. Upacara ieu biasana dipapaés ku rupa-rupa kasenian Sunda sarta ritual doa babarengan.

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Jajaran Rumah di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg|Jajaran Imah di Kampung Adat Cireundeu
File:Alat Bunyi Untuk Ronda Terbuat Dari Bambu.jpg|Paranti Ronda
File:Leuit atau Tempat Penyimpanan Padi.jpg|Leuit atau Tempat Neundeun 
File:Lampu Berlambang Kujang di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg|Lampu Lambang Kujang di Kampung Adat Cireundeu
File:Dudukuy atau Pelindung Kepala.jpg|Dudukuy 
File:Angklung di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg|Angklung di Kampung Adat Cireundeu
File:Aula Tempat Belajar di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg|Aula Tempat Diajar di Kampung Adat Cireundeu.jpg
File:Alat Penggiling Untuk Mengolah Singkong.jpg|Alat Paranti Ngolah Singkong
File:Lisung atau Alat Penumbuk Padi.jpg|Lisung
File:Saung Make Hateup Tina Jukut.jpg|Saung Make Hateup Tina Jukut
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:Kampung adat Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kampung Adat]]
[[Kategori:Adat Sunda]]

{{pondok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gunung Argapura</title>
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      <text bytes="2773" sha1="ki7xhh41vn5sip3nva3g08ej4p0zvli" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo Gunung|Photo=Gunung Argopuro 1.jpg|Listing=[[Ribu]]|Location=[[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]]|Range=Iyang-Argopuro|Coordinates={{coord|7.97|S|113.57|E|type:mountain}}|Type=[[Kompleks gunungapi]] (Istirahat)}}
[[Gambar:Iyang-Argapura.jpg|jmpl|250x250px| Komplek tetempoan-Argapura.]]
'''Gunung Argapura''' (mindeng diéja ''Gunung Argopuro)'' nyaéta kompléks vulkanik lokasina di [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa Timur]] , [[Indonésia]] .  Gunung Argapura gaduh saluhur hiji luhurna 3.088 [[méter]] .  Gunung Argapura urut gunung nu kiwari teu aktif deui.

Wewengkon gunung ieu téh Kaséhatan [http://bbksdajatim.org/suaka-margasatwa-dataran-tinggi-yang-1504 Pagunungan Yang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214411/https://bbksdajatim.org/suaka-margasatwa-dataran-tinggi-yang-1504 |date=2021-06-24 }} , jadi komplek ilahar disebut '''Yang-Argapura.'''  Yang-Argapura kompléks nyaéta hiji vulkanik kompléks buta nu mendominasi béntang antara Gunung ngagaur sarta Gunung Lamongan di [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa Timur]] , [[Indonésia]] .  Dina kompléks ieu aya hiji lebak jero untaian 1.000 &amp;nbsp; m.  [http://infotempatpariwisata.blogspot.com/2016/06/wisata-gunung-argopuro-atau-pendakian-gunung-argopuro-situbondo-via-baderan.html Climbing Gunung Argapura] geus cukup nyadiakeun tantangan, artikel sanajan ukur boga jangkungna ngeunaan 3.088 mdpl, tapi jalur nyaéta pisan rada panjang.  Teu héran lamun nu disebut lagu pendakian pulo pangpanjangna di Jawa, ngeunaan 63 Km.

Argapura gunung téh punclut pangluhurna di Iyang Pagunungan jeung aya dina posisi antara [[Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung Gunung ngagaur .  Aya sababaraha puncak nu dipiboga ku gunung ieu.  Puncak kawentar disebut Puncak Rengganis / Welirang (topografichen Dienst 1928).  Sedengkeun punclut pangluhurna perenahna di jarak ± 200 m di Rengganis puncak kidul.  Puncak pangluhurna anu ngaranna Argopuro sarta ditandaan ku luhurna tugu (triangulation).

Argopuro wilayah gunung boga leuweung Dipterokarp Hill , Leuweung Dipterokarp Up , leuweung Montane sarta Leuweung Ericaceous atawa leuweung gunung.

gunung ieu ayana di wewengkon [[Kabupatén Probolinggo|Probolinggo]] , [[Kabupatén Lumajang|Lumajang]] , [[Kabupatén Jember|Jember]] , [[Kabupatén Bondowoso|Bondowoso]] , sarta [[Kabupatén Situbondo|Situbondo]] , sareng puncak di wewengkon Rengganis Jember.  Di wewengkon Puncak Rengganis konon nurutkeun carita ngeunaan hirup Dewi Rengganis, adina tina [[Nyi Rara Kidul|Nyi Roro Kidul]] .

== rujukan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Daptar gunung api di Indonésia|Daptar gunung di Indonésia]] 
* [[Pulo Jawa|Java]]

[[Kategori:Gunung di Jawa Timur]]
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  <page>
    <title>Gunung Snowdon</title>
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      <text bytes="10869" sha1="inxc3qdd07cengcxs8o3z5rfpu631we" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gunung Snowdon
| native_name = ''Yr Wyddfa''
| native_name_lang = cy
| photo = Snowdon massif.jpg
| photo_caption = Puncak-puncak gunung Snowdon ditempo ti beulah wétan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;left to right&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Y Lliwedd]], [[Crib Goch]], Yr Wyddfa, Garnedd Ugain
| elevation_m = 1085
| elevation_ref = &amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Liz |url=http://www.grough.co.uk/magazine/2010/09/21/survey-puts-welsh-mountain-into-1000m-super-league?printview=1 |title=Survey puts Welsh mountain into 1,000m 'super league' |publisher=Grough |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prominence_m = 1039
| prominence_ref = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of mountains of the British Isles by relative height|Ranked joint 3rd]] in [[British Isles]]&lt;/small&gt;
| parent_peak = [[Ben Nevis]] &lt;!-- This is correct. Please discuss on the talk page before moving it. --&gt;
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_size = 
| label_position 
| listing = [[Marilyn (pasir)|Marilyn]], [[Furth (gunung)|Furth]], [[Hewitt (pasir)|Hewitt]], [[Nuttall (pasir)|Nuttall]], [[Welsh 3000s]], [[List of Welsh principal areas by highest point|council top]], [[Ribu]]
| location = [[Gwynedd]], Wales
| range = [[Snowdonia]]
| coordinates= {{coord|53|4|6.59|N|4|4|34.43|W|region:GB-GWN_type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Edwardes |first=Simon |url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&amp;rf=1963 |title=Snowdon – Yr Wyddfa |work=The Mountains of England and Wales |accessdate=28 April 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071808/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&amp;rf=1963 |date=28 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| grid_ref_UK = SH6098954379
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 115, ''Explorer'' OL17
}}
'''Gunung Snowdon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|n|oʊ|d|ən}}; [[Basa Welsh]]: '''Yr Wyddfa''', diucapkeun: ər ˈwɪðva) nyaéta hiji gunung anu aya di [[Wales]], [[Britania Raya]]. Gunung ieu mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna di Wales kalawan tingkat kaluhuran 1.085 méter di luhureun beungeut sagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-40289447|title=Snowdon Partnership launch plan to 'safeguard' mountain|website=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.climb-snowdon.co.uk/about-yr-wyddfa|title=Climb Snowdon - About Yr Wyddfa|last=@ClimbSnowdon|website=www.climb-snowdon.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran asli Gunung Snowdon, ''Yr Wyddfa'', anu asalna tina [[basa Welsh]], miboga harti makam atawa monumén. Aya nu nyebut makam anu dimaksud nyaéta makam Rhita Gawr, hiji ''ogre'' anu rék nelasan raja sarta rék nyieun jubah tina janggutna. Cenah manéhna tilar dunya nalika Raja Arthur datang ka puncak Gunung Snowdon sarta nelasan manéhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainwalk.co.uk/snowdonfacts.html|title=Interesting Facts about Snowdon and its History|website=www.mountainwalk.co.uk|accessdate=2020-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202084158/https://www.mountainwalk.co.uk/snowdonfacts.html |date=2020-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Gunung Snowdon geus ditempatan ku jelema ti [[jaman prasajarah]], tuluy laju ka jaman [[Romawi]], jaman bangkitna agama [[Kristen]], jaman [[abad patengahan]], nepi ka kiwari. Bangsa anu kungsi ngeusian gunung ieu nyaéta [[Viking|bangsa Viking]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], sarta [[bangsa Norman]]. Sajarah ieu gunung teu bisa leupas ti sajarah '''[[Snowdonia]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/history|title=History {{!}} Visit Snowdonia|website=www.visitsnowdonia.info|accessdate=2020-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di daérah sabudeureun ieu gunung, aya mangratus-ratus situs prasajarah, salah sahiji anu paling penting sarta anu pangkasohorna nyaéta Tre'r Ceiri (Kota Raksasa), padumukan jaman beusi anu ngadominasi Semenanjung Llŷn di tutugan Yr Eifl, kira-kira ti 134 [[méter]] di luhureun [[Laut Irlandia]]. Padumukan ieu eusina mangrupa sésa-sésa 150 imah batu sarta bénténg anu ukuranna gedé, anu diwangun kira-kira [[abad ka-2 saacan maséhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saenggeus ruhagna [[kakaisaran Romawi]], panjajah anu lianna, bisa ngaeréh daérah pagunungan ieu. Sanajan cara pikeun nepi ka ieu wewengkon téh hésé, tapi Urang-urang Viking, Anglo-Saxon, sarta Normandia bisa datang sarta ngaeréh ieu wewengkon. Hal ieu anu nyababkeun Pangéran Gwynedd ngawangun loba bénténg dina tarékah ngalindungan lemah cai maranéhna ti anu ngajajah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kastil Dolbadarn jeung Dolwyddelan diwangun di posisi anu stratégis di puseur Snowdonia pikeun ngendalikeun dua ruteu utama anu ngaliwatan pagunungan. Kastil Criccieth mangrupa conto lianna anu diwangun ku ''Llywelyn the Great'' sarta dilegakeun ku ''Llywelyn the Last.'' kastil y Bere, kastil Welsh asli lianna anu perenahna di kaléreun Abergynolwyn, ogé kamungkinan diwangun ku ''Llywelyn the Great'' kira-kira di taun [[1221]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanggeus ngarebut kastil asli, [[Edward I]] tuluy ngawangun cingcin kastil anu kuat di Wales Kalér. Situs Warisan Budaya Caernarfon Castle anu perenahna di sisieun Walungan Seiont jeung Selat Menai, éta ogé diwangun ku Edward I. Tempat éta, salian dijadikeun bénténg militér, ogé dijadikeun tempat panyicingan anu resmi di Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pariwisata ==
[[File:Snowdon-P8060404.JPG|250px|thumb|Jalan ka puncak Gunung Snowdon]]
Gunung Snowdon miboga poténsi [[pariwisata]] anu hadé. Ku lantaran pamandanganna anu éndah sarta jauh ti hiruk-pikuk kota. Unggal taunna sok aya baé jelema anu naék ieu gunung. Aya kira-kira 400.000 jalma anu naék ieu gunung unggal taunna. Biasana, ti handap nepi ka puncak merlukeun watu antara 3 nepi ka 4 jam ku cara leumpang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walkupsnowdon.co.uk/|title=Walk up Snowdon {{!}} The Online Guidebook for all the Walking Routes up Snowdon - Climb The highest mountain in Wales|website=Walk up Snowdon|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globaladventurechallenges.com/journal/how-long-will-it-take-climb-mount-snowdon|title=How Long Will It Take to Climb Mount Snowdon?|last=WPS|website=www.globaladventurechallenges.com|accessdate=2020-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, lamun naék [[karéta api]] mah ngan sajam baé nepi ka puncak téh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Jalur anu bisa ditempuh pikeun ka punclut ieu gunung aya genep, nyaéta jalur ''Llanberis'', jalur ''Pyg'', jalur ''Miners'', jalur ''Watkin'', jalur ''Rhyd-Ddu'', sarta jalur ''Snowdon Ranger''. Sajajalan, urang bisa nempo pamandangan anu éndah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/snowdon-walking-routes|title=Snowdon - Your Ultimate Guide to the Six Walking Routes to the Summit {{!}} Visit Snowdonia|website=www.visitsnowdonia.info|accessdate=2020-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031042/https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/snowdon-walking-routes |date=2020-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/walking/walking-snowdon-wales-highest-mountain|title=Snowdon walks|website=VisitWales|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.llanberismountainrescue.co.uk/snowdon|title=Snowdon Information|website=Llanberis Mountain Rescue|accessdate=2020-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228020210/http://www.llanberismountainrescue.co.uk/snowdon |date=2019-12-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jalur anu bisa ditempuh ==

#'''Jalur Llanberis''' (14,5 km), jalur anu pangpanjangna ti genep jalur anu aya, tapi rada gampil. Di jalur ieu, urang bisa nempo pamandangan Cwm Brwynog, Llanberis, sarta Menai anu éndah. Jalur ieu mangrupa jalur anu pangkasohorna ku sabab panggampilna pikeun dipilampah dina kaayaan cuaca anu hadé. Sanajan kitu, nalika usum tiris, jalan satapak anu pangluhurna bisa jadi bahaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Pyg''' (11 km), jalur anu pangpondokna, tapi nanjak pisan. jalur ieu mangrupa jalur panghéséna ti genep jalur anu aya. Jalur ieu brasna ka pasir Crib Goch. Ruteu Crib Goch bahaya pisan sarta jelema anu kakaraeun mah teu meunang jalan dieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Miners''' (13 km), jalur ieu mimitina lébar, tuluy ngaliwatan Llyn Teyrn ka Llyn Llydaw, anu mana ruruntuhan tambang bisa katempo. Ti dinya, jalan nanjak pisan nepi ka Llyn Glaslyn, tuluy, jalur ieu bakal papangih jeung jalur Pyg, ti dinya, jalan jadi jig-jag ka Bwlch Glas, tuluy nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Rhyd Ddu''' (12 km), jalur anu paling tenang ti genep jalur nu aya. Di jalur ieu, urang bisa nempo pagunungan kalawan jelas pisan. Komopas di Moel Hebog jeung pasir Nantlle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Watkin''' (13 km), jalur anu rada hésé di Snowdon. Mimitina, jalan lébar tur rata, tapi ka dieunakeun jadi loba batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Snowdon Ranger''' (13 km), jalurna nanjak di deukeut Moel Cynghorion nepi ka Bwlch Cwm Brwynog. Tuluy nanjak di Clogwyn Du'r Arddu saacan nyambung jeung jalur Llanberis, tuluy nyambung deui jeung jalur Pyg jeung jalur Miners di Bwlch Glas, tuluy nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walkupsnowdon.co.uk/snowdonia-walks/walk-up-snowdon-via-the-snowdon-ranger-path/|title=Snowdon Ranger Path {{!}} Walk up Snowdon from Snowdon Ranger|website=Walk up Snowdon|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jalur karéta api Snowdon ==
[[File:Snowdon Mountain train with engine 2.jpg|250px|thumb|Karéta api Snowdon]]
Salian ti ku cara leumpang, urang gé bisa nepi ka puncak gunung ku cara naék [[karéta api]]. Ieu layanan karéta api téh dikokolakeun ku ''Snowdon Railway.'' Jalur karéta api ieu diwangun di taun [[1896]] kalawan panjang 12,16 kilométer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ieu layanan karéta téh mimitina ti Stasion Llanberis, sarta langsung nganteur urang ka puncak dina waktu sajam. Stasion anu diliwatan di antarana Stasion Hebron, Stasion Halfway, Stasion Rocky Valley, Stasion Clogwyn, tuluy urang nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://snowdonrailway.co.uk/journey-to-the-summit/|title=Journey to the Summit|website=Snowdon Mountain Railway|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan kitu, ieu layanan karéta api biasana ditutup saheulaanan salila [[usum tiris]] sarta dibuka deui di bulan [[Maret]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Snowdon from Yr Aran.JPG|Gunung Snowdon
File:Harlech Castle with Snowdon.jpg|Kastil Harlech kalawan pamandangan gunung Snowdon
File:WHR Garratt K1 at Snowdon Ranger.jpg|Karéta api ''Snowdon railway''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
[[Gunung]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Gunung]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Éropa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ratu Sikumbang</title>
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        <username>Afdhal Sy</username>
        <id>34142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Album */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3484" sha1="0b2bhu9rcmvudvhvf72t56s8g9xnruq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Ratu Sikumbang
| image =
| birthname = Ratu Prillia Menez
| othername = Ratu Sikumbang
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1994|04|2}}
| birthplace = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Serang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]]
| deathdate = 
| deathplace = 
| yearsactive = [[2009]]-ayeuna
| occupation = [[aktris]], penyanyi
| religion = [[Islam]]
| ethnicity = {{hlist|[[Urang Malayu|Malayu]]|[[Urang Minang|Minang]]}}
| spouse = Rahmat Hidayat (2021–2024)
| parents = Zas Yanessos (ayah)&lt;br/&gt;Resmember (ibu)
}}
'''Ratu Prillia Menez''' langkung dikenal salaku '''Ratu Sikumbang''' ({{lang-ms|'''Ratu Sikumbang'''}}; [[Jawi]]: راتو سيكومباڠ; {{lahirmati|[[Kota Sérang]], [[Banten]]|2|04|1994}}) nyaéta saurang panyanyi sareng [[aktris]] [[Indonésia]] keturunan [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[Melayu]].

== Diskografi ==

===== '''Album''' =====

* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Balam Tigo Gayo''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2009)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Jaso Mandeh''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2010)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Kelok 9''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2011)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Talambek Pulang''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2011)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Di Mimpi Datang Juo''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2012)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Teluk Bayur''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2012)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Pulanglah Yuang''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2012)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Hiduik di Rantau Subarang''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2012)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Di Hati Mati, Di Mato Buto''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2013)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Rindu di Hati''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2013)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Aduh Rindu''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2013)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Kaba dari Rantau''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2013)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Ampun Mandeh''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2014)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Mananti Cinto''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2015)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Andam Oi''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2015)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Cangguang''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2015)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Matohari Pagi di Ranah Minang''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2015)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Bia Pusaro di Rantau''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2015)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Bia Tuo Jo Mudo''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2016)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Manjalang Denai''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2016)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Pergi untuk Kembali (Golden Memories)''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2017)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Cincin Bapulangkan''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2018)
* &lt;nowiki&gt;''Kutang Barendo (Remix Hits)''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2019)

===== '''Single''' =====

* &quot;I Love You&quot; (2014)
* &quot;Hey Baby&quot; (2017)
* &quot;Kepo&quot; (2018)
* &quot;Kubuat Kau Bahagia&quot; (2019)
* &quot;Coba Jadi Aku&quot; (2020)
* &quot;Om Pim Pa&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Seso Malam Langang&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Janji Nan Badutoi&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Rambang Mato&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Jarak Pambateh Cinto&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Ibo-Ibo Hati Den Mandeh&quot; (2022)
* &quot;Mambuang Raso Cinto&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Hati yang Salah&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Salamaik Rayo&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Marantau Cino&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Taraok Tapian Baro&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Baa Kaba&quot; (2023)
* &quot;FWB (Friend with Benefit)&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Aku Tak Biasa&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Rambuik Karibo&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Dayuang Palinggam&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Sopir Batak&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Aku Ikhlas&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Andam Sarasah&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Cinto Bakasan (2024)
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* &quot;Dek Tido Urang Sisiahkan&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Takuik Hari Malam&quot; (2025)
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* &quot;Tambah Pitih Balanjo&quot; (2026)

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Instagram|barbiequeen94}}

{{biografi-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikumbang, Ratu}}
[[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Drumblèk</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="7527" sha1="1274icj6e1q5uom5fp1jp78u75us60e" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Ragam Kostum Pemain Drumblek (1).jpg|jmpl|280x280px|Drumblék.]]
'''Drumblék''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kasenian]] [[budaya]] anu asalna ti [[Kota Salatiga]].

== Rujukan ==
{{refbegin|2}}
'''Buku'''

* {{Cite book|title=Drumblek dari Salatiga untuk Dunia|last=Kampoeng Salatiga|first=|publisher=Kampoeng Salatiga|year=2013|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kampoeng Salatiga|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Diskriminasi Rasial di Kota Kolonial: Salatiga 1917–1942|last=Prakosa|first=Abel Jatayu|publisher=Sinar Hidoep|year=2017|isbn=|location=Semarang|page=|ref={{sfnref|Prakosa|2017}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Salatiga: Sketsa Kota Lama|last=Supangkat|first=Eddy|publisher=Griya Media|year=2007|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Supangkat|2007}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedia Salatiga|last=Supangkat, Eddy, dkk|first=|publisher=Kantor Perpustakaan dan Arsip Daerah Kota Salatiga|year=1995|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Supangkat, dkk|1995}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Drumblek Seni Budaya Asli Salatiga|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drumblek_(Seni_Budaya_Asli_Salatiga).pdf|last=Supangkat, Eddy, dkk|first=|publisher=Kantor Perpustakaan Arsip Daerah Kota Salatiga|year=2014|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Supangkat, dkk|2014}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Drumblek dari Salatiga untuk Dunia.|last=Sutantyo|first=|publisher=Buksuling|year=2013|isbn=|location=Salatiga|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Sutantyo|2013}}}}

'''Jurnal'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Aprianto|first=Iwan Dwi|year=Desember 2021|title=Kajian Asal Usul, Perkembangan, dan Bentuk Penyajian Kesenian Drumblek|url=|journal=Jurnal Jantra|volume=16|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2715-0771|ref={{sfnref|Aprianto|2021}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Rohman|first=Fandy Aprianto|year=Juni 2020|title=Administrasi Pemerintahan ''Gemeente'' di Salatiga 1917–1942|url=https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/64|journal=Jurnal Walasuji|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2502-2229|ref={{sfnref|Rohman|2020}}|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618142759/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/64|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618142759/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/64 |date=2020-06-18 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Rohman|first=Fandy Aprianto|year=Juni 2019|title=Drumblek, Kesenian Barang Bekas: Dari Salatiga untuk Dunia|url=http://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/35|journal=Jurnal Walasuji|volume=10|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2502-2229|ref={{sfnref|Rohman|2019}}|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2020-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530020135/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/35|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530020135/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/35 |date=2020-05-30 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Susanto|first=Ferry|year=Juni 2016|title=Strategi Pengelolaan Kelompok Musik Perkusi Drumblek Gempar di Salatiga|url=http://journal.isi.ac.id/index.php/JTKS/article/view/1816/544|journal=Jurnal Tata Kelola Seni|volume=2|issue=1|pages=|doi=|issn=2614-7009|ref={{sfnref|Susanto|2016}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Satriyo|first=Bagus|year=November 2016|title=Optimalisasi Festival Sebagai Sarana Hiburan Masyarakat Umum yang Bernilai Ekonomis|url=http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/1030/1/Prosiding%20Irham%20Bashori%20Hasba.pdf|journal=Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Call For Papers &quot;Integrasi Disiplin Ilmu Keislaman dalam Konteks Potensi Madura&quot;|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|isbn=978-602-6080-40-0|ref={{sfnref|Satriyo|2016}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wiratama|first=Danang|year=Desember 2018|title=Perancangan Identitas Visual Kota Salatiga Sebagai Kota Multikultur dan Toleran|url=http://journal.isi.ac.id/index.php/ars/article/view/2894|journal=Jurnal Seni Rupa dan Desain|volume=21|issue=3|pages=|doi=|issn=2580-7374|ref={{sfnref|Wiratama|2018}}}}

'''Majalah'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|first=|date=|year=2013|orig-year=|title=Segera Wujudkan Wisata Kampung Buah|url=http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2014-01.pdf|journal=Majalah Jiwa Raga|edition=3|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|issn=|ref={{sfnref|Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|2013}}|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120180602/http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2014-01.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|first=|year=2014|title=Drumblek Kesenian Asli Salatiga: Dari Salatiga untuk Indonesia|url=http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2014-03.pdf|journal=Majalah Jiwa Raga|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|issn=|edition=3|ref={{sfnref|Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|2014}}|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=2019-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824183450/http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2014-03.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|first=|year=2015|title=Festival Drumblek Karang Taruna Svarna Gatra Suruh|url=http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2015-04.pdf|journal=Majalah Jiwa Raga|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|issn=|edition=4|ref={{sfnref|Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|2015}}|access-date=2019-08-25|archive-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117070221/http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jiwaraga-2015-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|first=|year=2017|title=Potensi dan Kearifan Lokal: Pilihan Pengambil Kebijakan|url=http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Majalah-Jiwa-Raga-I-2017.pdf|journal=Majalah Jiwa Raga|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|issn=|edition=1|ref={{sfnref|Humas Sekretariat DPRD Kota Salatiga|2017}}|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205090502/http://dprd-salatigakota.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Majalah-Jiwa-Raga-I-2017.pdf|dead-url=yes}}

'''Bacaan salajengna'''

* {{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|year=|orig-year=|title=Penyusunan Data Master Referensi Nilai Budaya Takbenda untuk Output Layanan Data dan Informasi Kota Salatiga, Provinsi Jawa Tengah|url=http://sdm.data.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/files/Drumblek%20Salatiga.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Referensi Nilai Budaya Takbenda untuk Output Layanan Data dan Informasi Kota Salatiga, Provinsi Jawa Tengah|2017}}}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|year=|orig-year=|title=Peraturan Daerah Kota Salatiga No. 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Pembentukan Kelurahan Kutowinangun Lor dan Kutowinangun Kidul|url=https://jdih.salatiga.go.id/berkas/perda_2012_05.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Peraturan Daerah Kota Salatiga No. 5 tentang Pembentukan Kelurahan Kutowinangun Lor dan Kutowinangun Kidul Tahun|2012}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825112637/https://jdih.salatiga.go.id/berkas/perda_2012_05.pdf |date=2019-08-25 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|Drumblek}}
[[Kategori:Kota Salatiga]]
[[Kategori:Budaya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eukaryota</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105905</id>
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      <id>710256</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="53173" sha1="32endzrg8pa1xefso50mk3zdsuac4pp" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name              = Eukaryota
| fossil_range      = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}}
| image             = {{Multiple image
| perrow       = 2/2/2
| total_width  = 270
| image1       = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg
| caption1     = [[Cryptista]]
| image2       = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg
| caption2     = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants)
| image3       = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg
| caption3     = [[Discoba]]
| image4       = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg
| caption4     = [[Amoebozoa]]
| image5       = Ammonia tepida.jpg
| caption5     = [[Rhizaria]]
| image6       = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg
| caption6     = [[Alveolata]]
| image7       = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg
| caption7     = [[Animalia]]
| image8       = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg
| caption8     = [[Fungi]]
| border       = infobox
}}
| taxon             = Eukaryota
| authority         = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] &amp; [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978
| subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]]
| subdivision       = * [[Diaphoretickes]]
** [[SAR supergroup]]
** [[Haptista]]
** [[Cryptista]]
** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Plants]])
** [[Provora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Provora&quot;/&gt;
* [[Hemimastigophora]]
* [[Metamonada]]
* [[Malawimonadida]]
* [[Ancyromonadida]]
* [[CRuMs]]
* [[Amorphea]]
** [[Amoebozoa]]
** [[Breviatea]]
** [[Apusomonadida]]
** [[Opisthokonta]]
*** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]])
*** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Animals]])
{{!}}- style=&quot;background:#e0d0b0;&quot; {{!}}
| synonyms          = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}&lt;ref name=&quot;w1990&quot;/&gt;
* Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Margulis 1996&quot;/&gt;
}}


'''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ngaran  &quot;Eukariota&quot; asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], &quot;eu&quot; anu hartina  &quot;hadé&quot; atawa &quot;alus&quot; sarta  &quot;karyon&quot; anu hartina  &quot;inti&quot;. Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé  [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoek 95&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina  jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.&lt;ref name=Wood&gt;{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}&lt;/ref&gt;  
Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, [[Baktéri]] jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''.

==Karagaman==
Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika  [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565&quot;/&gt;
Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.&lt;ref name=Wood/&gt; 
Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina  jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoek 95&quot;/&gt; 

&lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption=&quot;Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan&quot;&gt; 
File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]''
File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna   [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']]
File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55&quot;/&gt; Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grosberg2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b.                                                    B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Organisme multisélular kompléks,  kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bagéan anu jadi  pangbéda==
===Nucleus (Inti)===
Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, &quot;well&quot; atawa &quot;alus&quot;) jeung κάρυον (karyon, &quot;inti&quot; atawa &quot;puseur&quot;), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.&lt;ref name=&quot;OnlineEtDict&quot;&gt;{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Biokimia===
Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain  kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11805300&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mémbran internal===

{{multiple image
| image1            = Prokaryote cell.svg
| width1            = 5&lt;!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks--&gt;0
| caption1          = &lt;small&gt;[[Prokaryote]], to same scale&lt;/small&gt;
| image2            = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg
| width2            = 300
| caption2          = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]]
| footer            = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]].
}}

Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&amp;pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&amp;pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah  amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.&lt;ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mitochondria===
[[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]]
Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitokondria biasana disebut &quot;''powerhouse sél''&quot;, pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.&lt;ref name=Voet&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi  ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karn&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Plastida===
[[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]]
Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung  patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang  ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.&lt;ref name=pmid18518896&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Struktur sitoskeletal===
Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun  pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa  angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweeney&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Silflow Lefebvre 2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél.
''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Témbok sél===
Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howland 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | pages=69–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fry1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Réproduksi séksual===
[[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]]

Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan  ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. 

Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa  mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;


Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.&lt;ref name=Ramesh&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Malik&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Évolusi==
[[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

===Sajarah klasifikasi===
Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008:  ''&quot;Erste Klasse.  Urthiere.  Protozoa.&quot;''  (First class.  Primordial animals.  Protozoa.) [Note:  each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:&lt;ref name=Scamardella1999&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Rothschild1989&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik)
#Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan)
#Karajaan ''Fungi'' 
#Karajaan ''Animalia''(Sasatoan)


Protista dina waktos éta dianggap &quot;bentuk primitif&quot;, sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;w1990&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knoll 1992&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain &quot;Eucarya&quot;, nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén &quot;'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima&quot;.&lt;ref name=Rothschild1989/&gt; Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami &quot;inklusif&quot; pikeun nyiptakeun &quot;filogéni dumasar simbiosis&quot;, masihan katerangan &quot;Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margulis 1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Filogéni===
Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;burki2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.&lt;ref name=&quot;SchönZlatogursky2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&amp;dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Provora&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{stem group kingdoms}}
{{clear}}

Sisipkan tabel disini
Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===Asal usul eukariota===

[[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.&lt;ref name=latorre/&gt;]]
Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabaldón&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}&lt;/ref&gt; LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RedAlgalDerivedPlastids&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.&lt;ref name=latorre&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&amp;pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&amp;pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting  dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Fosil===
Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. 
Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji  &quot;masalah&quot; fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Retallack 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah &lt;ref name=&quot;Retallack 2013&quot;/&gt; ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]]

Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun &quot;organisme kolonial badag&quot; geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki &quot;biota Francevillian&quot; anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. &lt;ref name=&quot;El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Albani 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&amp;PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&amp;PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29869832&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Biologi]]
[[Kategori:Élmu alam]]
[[Kategori:Élmu]]</text>
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    <title>SDN 2 Bangunsari</title>
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      <comment>Nambihan penghargaan Sekolah Adiwiyata Kabupatén Ciamis 2026 dumasar kana berita Galuh.id (12 Juni 2026)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3673" sha1="h5xf5a2uzcl4ffu32yb05r8mtunfhkk" xml:space="preserve">'''SDN 2 Bangunsari''' nyaéta sakola dasar nagri anu aya di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Sakola ieu beralamat di Jalan Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, [[Kacamatan Pamarican]]. Sakola ieu aya dina naungan Dinas Pendidikan Kabupatén Ciamis sareng ngalaksanakeun [[Kurikulum Merdeka]].

[[File:SD Negeri 2 Bangunsari, Kacamatan Pamarican, Kabupatén Ciamis.jpg|thumb|Bagian depan SDN 2 Bangunsari, Pamarican, Ciamis. Katémbong papan ngaran &quot;SD NEGERI 2 BANGUNSARI&quot;, ruang UKS, sareng lingkungan anu bersih kalayan rupa-rupa pepelakan hias. Ieu ngagambarkeun palaksanaan program &quot;Gerbang Cinta&quot;.]]

== Idéntitas ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Idéntitas !! Katerangan
|-
| '''NPSN''' || 20212453 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20212453 |website=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Status''' || Nagri
|-
| '''Akreditasi''' || A &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Informasi Lengkap SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://daftarsekolah.net/sekolah/23568/sdn-2-bangunsari |website=daftarsekolah.net |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Kapala Sakola''' || Risye Risnawati, S.Pd., M.Pd. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Data Pokok SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id/sekolah/8731F1B5A51C737B9C0D |website=dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Alamat''' || Jl. Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, Kec. Pamarican, Kab. Ciamis, Jawa Barat
|}

== Sajarah ==
Sakola ieu didirikeun dina 1 Januari 1960 kalawan No. SK Operasional 801/PRB/1960. Numutkeun data Dapodik, SK Izin Operasional panganyarna kaluar tanggal 28 Agustus 2025.

== Tingkatan ==
SDN 2 Bangunsari nyadiakeun atikan pikeun tingkatan '''Dikdas''' (Pendidikan Dasar) kelas 1 dugi ka kelas 6.

== Program Unggulan ==
SDN 2 Bangunsari ngalaksanakeun program unik anu disebut &quot;Giroh&quot;, singkatan tina ''Gerakan Penghimpunan Impak Terarah''. Program ieu mangrupa bagian tina gerakan sakola &quot;Gerbang Cinta&quot; atawa ''Gerakan Bangunsari, Ciptakeun Lingkungan Indah di Sekitar Kita''. Program ieu berakar tina visi sakola kalayan slogan &quot;Sanubari Berdikari&quot; anu tujuanana ngamumule kapedulian sosial murid ti mimiti dini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Program Giroh di SDN 2 Bangunsari Wujudkan Kepedulian Sosial Sejak Dini |url=https://www.insiden24.com/berita/39616022252/program-giroh-di-sdn-2-bangunsari-wujudkan-kepedulian-sosial-sejak-dini |website=insiden24.com |access-date=10 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Penghargaan ==
Dina taun 2026, SDN 2 Bangunsari meunang panghargaan '''Sekolah Adiwiyata Kabupatén Ciamis'''. Panghargaan ieu dibikeun ku Dinas Perumahan Rakyat, Kawasan Permukiman, dan Lingkungan Hidup (DPRKPLH) Kabupatén Ciamis dumasar kana penilaian administrasi jeung verifikasi lapangan.

SDN 2 Bangunsari jadi salah sahiji ti genep sakola dasar di Kabupatén Ciamis anu meunang panghargaan ieu. Ieu ngabuktikeun komitmen sakola dina ngawangun budaya peduli lingkungan, sapertos ngajaga kabersihan, ngokolakeun sampah, ngahijauan, sareng nerapkeun kabiasaan hirup ramah lingkungan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=DPRKPLH Ciamis Apresiasi Sekolah Adiwiyata, Siap Jadi Inspirasi Sekolah Lain |url=https://galuh.id/dprkplh-ciamis-apresiasi-sekolah-adiwiyata-siap-jadi-inspirasi-sekolah-lain/ |website=Galuh.id |date=12 Juni 2026 |access-date=13 Juni 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [https://sdn2bangunsari.sch.id/ Situs resmi SDN 2 Bangunsari]

[[Kategori:Sakola dasar di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Sakola di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan Pamarican]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kacamatan Purwadadi</title>
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      <text bytes="4858" sha1="dnmg1zhj230ravftcspz7kamx8vlskm" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;&quot;
|+ '''Kacamatan Purwadadi'''
|-
! Nami
| Purwadadi
|-
! Propinsi
| [[Jawa Kulon]]
|-
! Kabupatén
| [[Ciamis]]
|-
! Luas
| 50,52 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;
|-
! Kode pos
| 46385&lt;ref name=&quot;situs&quot;/&gt;
|-
! Kode Kemendagri
| 32.07.35&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;
|-
! Situs
| [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id]
|}

'''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Kacamatan ieu aya di wewengkon anu baheula disebut [[Bandjarpatroman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Dina naskah éta, dicaritakeun perang antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] di wewengkon sabudeureun ieu.

== Géografi ==
Kacamatan Purwadadi boga luas wilayah '''50,52 km²'''. Kantor kacamatan perenahna di Jl. Lakbok - Sidareja, Purwajaya, Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kode pos 46385.&lt;ref name=&quot;situs&quot;&gt;[https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kacamatan Purwadadi]. Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wilayah Administrasi ==
Kacamatan Purwadadi kabagi kana '''9 désa''', nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;
# Bantardawa
# Karangpaningal
# Kutawaringin
# Padaringan
# Pasirlawang
# Purwadadi
# Purwajaya
# Sidarahayu
# Sukamulya

Désa panglegana nyaéta kalayan luas 7,86 km², sedengkeun désa pangleutikna kalayan luas 3,49 km².&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;

== Démografi ==
Dumasar data BPS Kabupatén Ciamis taun 2023, jumlah penduduk Kacamatan Purwadadi nyaéta '''40.936 jiwa''' kalayan kapadetan penduduk '''810 jiwa/km²'''. Rasio jenis kelaminna nyaéta 101,39, hartina unggal 100 jiwa awéwé aya 101 jiwa lalaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;&gt;BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. &quot;Kecamatan Purwadadi Dalam Angka 2024&quot;, Tabel 3.1 Penduduk Menurut Desa 2023, hlm 33. 26 Séptémber 2024. [https://ciamiskab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/c9f6feb90678e8b31691e454/kecamatan-purwadadi-dalam-angka-2024.html] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sebaran penduduk dumasar désa taun 2023 ===
# Karangpaningal: 6.413 jiwa
# Purwajaya: 5.919 jiwa
# Sidarahayu: 5.252 jiwa
# Purwadadi: 4.736 jiwa
# Padaringan: 4.604 jiwa
# Sukamulya: 4.248 jiwa
# Pasirlawang: 3.872 jiwa
# Kutawaringin: 2.994 jiwa
# Bantardawa: 2.898 jiwa

Jumlah penduduk panglobana aya di Désa Karangpaningal, sedengkeun jumlah pangleutikna aya di Désa Bantardawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
Kacamatan Purwadadi mangrupa Organisasi Pamaréntah Daérah di lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis. Kacamatan ieu dipingpin ku saurang Camat.&lt;ref name=&quot;situs&quot;/&gt;

== Sosial jeung Budaya ==
Tanggal 16 Juli 2025, Pamaréntah Kacamatan Purwadadi ngagelar rapat koordinasi persiapan HUT ka-80 RI tingkat kacamatan di Aula Kantor Kacamatan Purwadadi. Rapat dipingpin ku plt. Camat Purwadadi sarta dihadiran ku Forkopimcam, kepala désa, Koramil, Polsek, jeung tokoh masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;Kacamatan Purwadadi. &quot;Rapat Koordinasi Persiapan HUT Ke-80 RI Tingkat Kecamatan Digelar di Purwadadi&quot;. 16 Juli 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/rapat-koordinasi-persiapan-hut-ke-80-ri-tingkat-kecamatan-digelar-di-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 14 Agustus 2025, Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka ka-64 tingkat Kacamatan Purwadadi lumangsung khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi.&lt;ref&gt;Kacamatan Purwadadi. &quot;Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka Ke-64 Tingkat Kecamatan Purwadadi Berlangsung Khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi&quot;. 14 Agustus 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/upacara-peringatan-hari-pramuka-ke-64-tingkat-kecamatan-purwadadi-berlangsung-khidmat-di-lapangan-bakti-dharma-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bendung Manganti ===
Di Kacamatan Purwadadi, tepatna di Dusun Karangsari, Désa Sidarahayu, aya '''Bendung Manganti''' atawa ''Sri Manganti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pupr&quot;&gt;BBWS Citanduy, Ditjen SDA Kementerian PUPR. &quot;Bendung Manganti&quot;. [https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwscitanduy/infrastruktur/8] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Bendung ieu mangrupikeun infrastruktur irigasi anu penting pikeun ngairigasi wewengkon [[Lakbok]], Sidareja, sareng Cihaur.&lt;ref name=&quot;detik&quot;&gt;detik.com. &quot;Mengenal Bendung Manganti Ciamis, Benteng Air untuk 22.640 Hektar Sawah&quot;. 15 Januari 2024. [https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7142345/mengenal-bendung-manganti-ciamis-benteng-air-untuk-22-640-hektar-sawah] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polres&quot;&gt;Polres Ciamis. &quot;Bendungan Manganti&quot;. [https://resciamis.jabar.polri.go.id/bendungan-manganti/]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Bandjarpatroman]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan Purwadadi]]</text>
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