Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 854 710570 700303 2026-06-19T06:54:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Nagara | native_name = {{lang|ja|日本国}}<br />''Nippon-koku'' | common_name = Japan | conventional_long_name = Japan | image_flag = Flag of Japan.svg | image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | symbol_type = Segel Kekaisaran | image_map = Japan-location-cia.png | national_anthem = {{nihongo|''[[Kimi ga Yo]]''|君が代|}} | official_languages = Teu aya <br /> [[Basa Jepang]] | languages_type = [[Basa Nasional]] | languages = [[Basa Jepang]] (''[[de facto]])''{{smallsup|1}} | demonym = Urang Jepang | capital = [[Tokyo]]¹ | latd=35 |latm=41 |latNS=N |longd=139 |longm=46 |longEW=E | largest_city = [[Tokyo]] | government_type = [[Nagara kahijian]] [[Sistim parleméntér]] [[Monarki konstitusional]] | leader_title1 = [[Kaisar Jepang|Kaisar]] | leader_name1 = [[Naruhito]] (徳仁) | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Jepang|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name2 = [[Sanaé Takaichi|Sanaé Takaichi]] (高市早苗) | area_rank = 62nd | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 377,975 | area_sq_mi = 145,883 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.4 | population_estimate = 125,360,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 11th | population_census = 126,226,568 | population_census_year = 2020 | population_density_km2 = 334 | population_densitymi2 = 873 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP = $5.586 [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]]² | GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $44,585² | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 27th | GDP_nominal = $5.378 [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]]² | GDP_nominal_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $42,928 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd | sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Jepang]] | established_event1 = [[National Foundation Day]] | established_date1 = [[11 Pébruari]], 660&nbsp;[[Maséhi|SM]]³ | established_event2 = [[id:Konstitusi Meiji|Konstitusi Meiji]] | established_date2 = [[29 Nopémber]] [[1890]] | established_event3 = [[id:Konstitusi Jepang|Konstitusi Jepang]] | established_date3 = [[3 Méi]] [[1947]] | established_event4 = [[id:Perjanjian San Francisco|Perjangjian San Francisco]] | established_date4 = <br />[[28 April]] [[1952]] | HDI_year = 2007 | HDI = {{increase}} 0.953 | HDI_rank = 8th | HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> | currency = [[Yen]] (¥)/円 <br />|currency_code = '''JPY''' | country_code = JPN | time_zone = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] | utc_offset = +9 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.jp]] | calling_code = 81 | ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = JP | ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = JPN | ISO_3166-1_numeric = 392 | sport_code = JPN | vehicle_code = J | footnote1 = [[Yokohama]] is the largest incorporated city. | footnote2 = {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ |title=World Factbook; Japan—Economy |publisher=[[CIA]] |date=[[2006-12-19]] |accessdate=2006-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20#Econ |date=2018-12-26 }} | footnote3 = According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the [[Emperor Jimmu]], first emperor of J apan; it is seen as largely symbolic. }} '''Jepang''' (''Nippon/Nihon'' 日本 {{Audio|ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg|déngékeun}} nyaéta salah sahiji [[nagara kapuloan]] di [[Asia Wétan]]. Ayana di [[Samudra Pasifik]], wates beulah wetan [[Républik Rakyat Cina|Cina]], [[Koréa]] jeung [[Rusia]], sumebar ti mimiti [[Sea of Okhotsk|Laut Okhotsk]] di kaler nepi ka [[Laut Cina Wétan]] di kidul. [[Kanji]] nu nyieun [[Names of Japan|ngaran Jepang]] hartina "asal-panonpoé", ku sabab Jepang kadangkala dianggap sabagé "Taneuh tempat bijil panonpoé". Jepang kasusun ku 3,000 pulo-pulo,<ref>{{cite web | title = ''Nihon Rettō'' | url = http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%AB%E3%81%BB%E3%82%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%86&dtype=0&stype=1&dname=0ss | publisher = [[Daijirin]] / Yahoo Japan dictionary | accessdate = 2007-05-07 | archiveurl = http://archive.is/vkiX | archivedate = 2012-05-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514182930/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%AB%E3%81%BB%E3%82%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%86&dtype=0&stype=1&dname=0ss |date=2012-05-14 }}</ref> nu mana pulo-pulo gedéna nyaéta [[Honshū]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Kyūshū]] jeung [[Shikoku]], nu mangrupa 97% daratan. Lolobana ieu pulo kasusun ku [[mountain|pagunungan]], tur masih [[volcano|gunung seuneu]]; contona, gunung tangjangkung di Jepang, [[Gunung Fuji]], nyaéta hiji gunung aktif. Jepang [[List of countries by population|nomer sapuluh populasi]]na di dunya, kira-kira 128&nbsp;juta jiwa. [[Greater Tokyo Area|Wewengkon Megapolitan Tokyo]], nu ngawengku [[Capital of Japan|ibukota]] [[Tokyo]] jeung [[Préféktur di Jepang|préféktur]] sabudeureunna, [[World largest cities|wewengkon metropolitan panggedéna]] sadunya, leuwih ti 30 juta panghuni. Panalungtikan [[Arkéologi]] nembongkeun yén kahirupan di pulo-pulo Jepang geus aya dina période Paléolitik Luhur. Dumasar kana catetan ngeunaan Jepang dina buku sajarah [[History of China|Sajarah China]] ti abad kahiji&nbsp;SM (Saméméh Maséhi). Pangaruh luar nu diteruskeun ku période isolasi nu panjang mangrupa salah sahiji ciri sajarah Jepang. Saprak maké [[Konstitusi Jepang|konstitusi]] dina taun 1947, Jepang ngagunakeun [[konstitusi monarki]] [[nagara bagian]] ku ayana [[Kaisar Jepang|kaisar]] jeung parlemén nu dipilih, [[Parlemén Jepang]]. Kakuatan ekonomi utama,<ref name="ciawfbjapan"/> Jepang nomer dua ékonomina dumasar kana gedéna GDP. Jepang ogé anggota [[PBB]], [[G8]], G4 jeung [[APEC]], sarta no lima anggaran pertahananna. Jepang ogé nomer opat nagara nu ékspor sarta [[List of countries by imports|nomer genep nagara nu impor]] sarta mingpin dina téknologi jeung permesinan. == Ngaran Asli == Dina [[Basa Jepang]] kecap Jepang nyaéta ''Nippon'' atawa ''Nihon''. Duanana ditulis dina karakter [[Kanji]] nu sarua. Basa Jepang ''Nippon'' dipaké keur kaperluan resmi, kaasup [[Yén|duit]], [[cap]], sarta [[kagiatan olahraga]] internasional. ''Nihon'' leuwih sederhana dipaké di Jepang. Contona, urang Jepang nyebut manéhna ''Nihonjin'' sarta basana ''Nihongo'': hartina "Urang Jepang" sarta "Basa Jepang". Di Jepang ayeuna, Nippon leuwih nasionalis, sarta dipaké ku para kokolot, sabalikan watesan Nihon dina watesan sederhana, sarta dipaké ku sabagéan gedé urang Jepang. Dina [[Basa Inggris]] kecap Jepang asalna ti kulon keur mimiti ruteu dagang. Dina [[Basa Mandarin]] kecap Jepang mimiti dipaké ku [[Marco Polo]] nyaéta ''Cipangu''. Sanajan kitu, dina [[Basa Kanton]] kecap keur Jepang, meureunna mangrupa kecap mimiti ''Japan'', nyaéta ''Jatbun''. Dina [[Malay language|Basa Melaya]] kecap Kanton ieu jadi ''Japang'' nu saterusna dipaké ku [[Portugal |Bangsa Portugis]] nu dagang di [[Malacca]] dina [[16th century|abad ka-16]]. Ku sabab kitu padagang [[Portugal|Portugis]] dianggap nu mimiti ngawanohkeun kecap Jepang ka [[Eropa]]. Mimiti dipaké dina [[Basa Inggris]] dina taun [[1577]], dibacana ''Giapan''. Dina Basa Inggris, ngaran nagara sacara resmi nyaéta "Japan". Saméméhna, ditulis lengkep nyaéta ''"Empire of Japan"'' tapai saterusna robah dumasar kana konstitusi sanggeus perang. Basa resmi Jepang nyaéta ''Nihonkoku'' (日本国), nu hartina "Nagara Jepang." == Sajarah == ''Artikel Utama: [[Sajarah Jepang]]'' Hasil panalungtikan arkéologi nunjukkeun yén di Jepang geus aya kahirupan saméméh 500,000 taun ka tukang, salila période [[Paleolithic|Paleolitik Handap]]. Salila zaman és dina sababara milyar taun, Jepang ngahiji jeung Benua Asia ku ayana jembatan pulo (mimiti [[Sakhalin]] di kalér, sarta mungkin nepi ka [[Kyushu]] di kidul), nu ngagampangkeun pindahna manusa, sato jeung tutuwuhan ka [[kapuloan]] Jepang ti wéwéngkon China jeung Koréa ayeuna. Tanda-tanda kahirupan sosial dimimitian kira-kira [[10,000 SM]] (Samemeh Masehi) ku budaya [[Jōmon]], dicirikeun ku robahna tina mésolitikum ka néolitikum tina kahirupan [[hunter-gatherer|moro]] kana kahirupan nu netep jeung mimiti apal kana [[agriculture|tatanen]]. [[Benang]] acan kapanggih sarta baju masih maké tina [[kulit kai]]. Kira-kira dina jaman ieu, masarakat Jomon mimiti nyieun guci tina taneuh liat, maké [[hiasan]] nu nembongkeun ayana anyaman atawa henteu (Jōmon hartina "pola tali nu dianyam"). Kamungkinan, [[keramik]] pangkolotna kapanggih di Jepang, sanajan umurna teu bisa ditangtukeun. Loba nu percaya, yén [[Ainu]], bangsa pribumi Jepang nu tumetep di [[Hokkaido]], mangrupa katurunan [[Jōmon]] tur nunjukkeun penduduk Jepang nu mimiti. <!-- The [[Yayoi period]], starting around the third century&nbsp;BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, [[iron]] and [[bronze]]-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from [[China]] or [[Korea]]. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23121 |title=The Yayoi period (c.250 BC – c.AD 250) |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2006 | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = [[Jared Diamond]] |title= Japanese Roots | journal = [[Discover Magazine]] Vol. 19 No. 6 |date=June 1998 | url=http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html#p26 |title=Pottery |publisher=MSN Encarta | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=De Bary |first=William Theodore |title=Sources of Japanese Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2005 |pages=1304 | isbn = 023112984X |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN023112984X&id=6wS_ijD6DSgC&pg=RA1-PA1304&lpg=RA1-PA1304&ots=MxkZKlTRlU&dq=%22Chinese+mainland%22+%22Korean+peninsula%22+%22Japanese+archipelago%22&sig=hc4ew2p4cGdppzY6O_b0zWgaB6E#PRA1-PA1304,M1 | accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s ''[[Book of Han]]''. According to the Chinese ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'', the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called [[Yamataikoku]]. [[Image:MiddleJomonVessel.JPG|thumb|left|150px|A middle [[Jōmon period]] vessel (3000 to 2000&nbsp;BC).]] [[Image:Kamakura Budda Daibutsu front 1885.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The Buddha in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]] (1252).]] Japan was first introduced to [[Buddhism]] from [[Baekje]] of the [[Korean Peninsula]], but the subsequent development of [[Japanese Buddhism]] and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Delmer M. Brown (ed.) |year=1993 |title=The Cambridge History of Japan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=140–149}}</ref> Despite early resistance, [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhism]] was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the [[Asuka period]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan |author=William Gerald Beasley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1999 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0520225600&id=9AivK7yMICgC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Soga+Buddhism+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Japan&sig=V65JQ4OzTFCopEoFVb8DWh5BD4Q#PPA42,M1 |pages=42 |isbn=0520225600 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The [[Nara period]] of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of [[Heijō Palace|Heijō-kyō]], or modern day [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the [[Nara period]] is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles ''[[Kojiki]]'' (712) and ''[[Nihonshoki]]'' (720).<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=64–79 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, [[Fujiwara-kyō]] and [[Asuka, Yamato|Asuka]] served as capitals of the [[Yamato state]].) In 784, [[Emperor Kammu]] moved the capital from Nara to [[Nagaokakyō]] for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to [[Heian-kyō]] (modern day [[Kyoto]]) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=79–87 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Heian period]], during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its [[Japanese art|art]], [[Japanese poetry|poetry]] and [[Japanese literature|literature]]. [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki's]] ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, ''[[Kimi ga Yo]]'' were written during this time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=122–123 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> Japan's [[feudal]] era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the [[samurai]]. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival [[Taira clan]], [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] was appointed [[Shogun]] and established a base of power in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. After Yoritomo's death, the [[Hōjō clan]] came to rule as regents for the shoguns. [[Zen]] Buddhism was introduced from China in the [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The [[Kamakura shogunate]] managed to repel [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasions]] in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a [[Kamikaze (typhoon)|kamikaze]], or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually [[Kemmu restoration|overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo]], who was soon himself defeated by [[Ashikaga Takauji]] in 1336.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[George Sansom]] |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford |pages=42 | isbn=0-8047-0525-9}}</ref> The succeeding [[Ashikaga shogunate]] failed to control the feudal warlords (''[[daimyo]]''), and a civil war erupted (the [[Ōnin War]]) in 1467 which opened a century-long [[Sengoku period]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[George Sansom]] |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford |pages=217 | isbn=0-8047-0525-9}}</ref> During the sixteenth century, traders and [[Jesuit]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Portugal]] reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (''[[Nanban trade]]''). [[Oda Nobunaga]] conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and [[firearms]] and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|invaded Korea twice]], but following several defeats by [[Korea]]n and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] [[China]] forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]] |year=2002 |title=Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War |publisher=Cassel |pages=227| isbn=978-0304359486}}</ref> [[Image:RedSealShip.JPG|thumb|One of Japan's [[Red seal ship]]s (1634), which were used for trade throughout Asia.]] [[Image:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|Samurai of the [[Satsuma]] clan during the [[Boshin war]], circa 1867.]][[Image:nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|150px|The 1945 [[Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bomb]]ing of [[Nagasaki]].]] After Hideyoshi's death, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed [[shogun|shōgun]] in 1603 and established the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] at [[Edo]] (modern [[Tokyo]]). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as ''[[Buke shohatto]]'' to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist ''[[sakoku]]'' ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the [[Edo period]]. The study of Western sciences, known as ''[[rangaku]]'', continued during this period through contacts with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] enclave at [[Dejima]] in [[Nagasaki]]. The Edo period also gave rise to ''[[kokugaku]]'', or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hooker |first=Richard |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/KOKUGAKU.HTM |title=Japan Glossary; Kokugaku | publisher = Washington State University | date=[[1999-07-14]] | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> On [[March 31]], [[1854]], [[Matthew Calbraith Perry|Commodore Matthew Perry]] and the "[[Black Ships]]" of the [[United States Navy]] forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the [[Convention of Kanagawa]]. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the [[late Tokugawa shogunate]] brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the [[Boshin War]] and the establishment of [[Abolition of the han system|a centralized state]] unified under the name of the Emperor ([[Meiji Restoration]]). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] organized the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]], introduced the [[Meiji Constitution]], and assembled the [[Diet of Japan|Imperial Diet]]. The [[Meiji Restoration]] transformed the [[Empire of Japan]] into an [[Industrialization|industrialized]] world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895) and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905), Japan gained control of [[Taiwan]], [[Korea]], and the southern half of [[Sakhalin]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://filebox.vt.edu/users/jearnol2/MeijiRestoration/imperial_japan.htm |title=Japan: The Making of a World Superpower (Imperial Japan) |author=Jesse Arnold | publisher = vt.edu/users/jearnol2 | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "[[Taishō period|Taisho democracy]]" overshadowed by the rise of [[Japanese expansionism]] and [[militarization]]. [[World War I]] enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], to [[Japan during World War I|expand its influence and territorial holdings]]. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying [[Manchuria]] in 1931. As a result of [[Lytton Report|international condemnation for this occupation]], Japan resigned from the [[League of Nations]] two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany]], joining the [[Axis Powers]] in 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.friesian.com/pearl.htm |title= The Pearl Harbor Strike Force |author= Kelley L. Ross | publisher = friesian.com |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of [[China]], precipitating the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945), after which the [[United States]] placed an oil embargo on Japan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roland H. Worth, Jr. |title=No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific |publisher=McFarland |date=1995 |isbn=0-7864-0141-9}}</ref> On [[December 7]], [[1941]], Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked the United States naval base]] in [[Pearl Harbor]] and declared war on the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Netherlands]]. This act brought the United States into [[World War II]]. After the [[atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings]] of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] in 1945, along with [[Operation August Storm|the Soviet Union joining the war against it]], Japan agreed to an [[Surrender of Japan|unconditional surrender]] on [[August 15]] ([[V-J Day]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.educationworld.net/txt15/surrend1.html |title=Japanese Instrument of Surrender |publisher=educationworld.net |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]], was convened by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] (on [[May 3]], [[1946]]) to prosecute Japanese leaders for [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes]] such as the [[Nanking Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/nankingatrocities/Tribunals/imtfe_01.htm |title=The Nanking Atrocities: The Postwar Judgment |publisher=University of Missouri-Columbia |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> In 1947, Japan adopted a new [[Pacifism|pacifist]] [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] emphasizing [[Liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] practices. [[Occupation of Japan|The Allied occupation]] ended by the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] in 1952<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070306f3.html |title='52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA |author=Joseph Coleman| date=[[2006-03-06]]| publisher=[[The Japan Times]] |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> and Japan was granted membership in the [[United Nations]] in 1956. Japan later achieved [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|spectacular growth]] to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered [[Japanese asset price bubble|a major recession]]. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5178822.stm |title=Japan scraps zero interest rates |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=[[2006-07-14]] |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> --> == Pamaréntahan jeung pulitik == {{utama|Pamarentah Jepang|Pulitik Jepang}} [[Gambar:Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Diet Building|Gedong Wakil Rakyat Nasional]], di [[Nagatachō, Tokyo]].]] Japan nyaéta nagara [[constitutional monarchy|konstitusi monarki]] nu mana kakuatan [[Emperor of Japan|kaisar]] kawates kacida. Salaku simbol seremoni, kaisar dianggap salaku [[Constitution of Japan|konstitusi]] "simbol nagara jeung ngahijina masarakat". Kakuatan aya dina pingpinan [[Prime Minister of Japan|Perdana Menteri Jepang]] sarta anggota [[Diet of Japan|Wakil Rakyat]], sedengkeun kakawasaan aya di [[Japanese people|masarakat Jepang]].<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/law/index.htm |title=The Constitution of Japan |publisher=House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan |date=[[1946-11-03]] |accessdate=2007-03-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317203812/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/law/index.htm |date=2007-03-17 }}</ref> Kaisar salaku [[head of state|kapala nagara]] dina hubungan diplomatik. [[Naruhito]] nyaéta kaisar Jepang kiwari.<!-- Japan's legislative organ is the [[Diet of Japan|National Diet]], a bicameral [[parliament]]. The Diet consists of a [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]], containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a [[House of Councillors]] of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is [[universal suffrage]] for adults over 20 years of age,<ref name="ciawfbjapan">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html |title=World Factbook; Japan |publisher=[[CIA]] |date=[[2007-03-15]] | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> with a [[secret ballot]] for all elective offices.<ref name="Constitution"/> The [[Liberal conservatism|liberal conservative]] [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived [[coalition government]] formed from opposition parties in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimin.jp/jimin/english/history/index.html |title=A History of the Liberal Democratic Party |publisher=Liberal Democratic Party of Japan |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The largest opposition party is the [[Social liberalism|social liberal]] [[Democratic Party of Japan]]. The Prime Minister of Japan is the [[head of government]]. The position is appointed by the [[Emperor of Japan]] after being designated by the [[Diet of Japan|Diet]] from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the [[Ministers of State]], a majority of whom must be Diet members. [[Yasuo Fukuda]] currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html |title=Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Japan| accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Historically influenced by [[Chinese law]], the [[Japanese law|Japanese legal system]] developed independently during the [[Edo period]] through texts such as ''[[Kujikata Osadamegaki]]''. However, since the late nineteenth century, the [[judicial system of Japan|judicial system]] has been largely based on the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] of [[Europe]], notably [[France]] and [[Germany]]. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a [[civil code]] based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.<ref name="civilcode">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043364?hook=6804 |title="Japanese Civil Code" |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2006 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.<ref name="Constitution"/> Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the [[Supreme Court of Japan|Supreme Court]] and three levels of lower courts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/judiciary/0620system.html |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Japan |title=The Japanese Judicial System |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the [[Six Codes]].<ref name="civilcode"/> --> == Préféktur == [[Gambar:Skyscrapers Shinjuku 2007 rev.jpg|thumb|[[Tokyo]]]] [[Gambar:Osaka Castle 02bs3200.jpg|thumb|[[Osaka]]]] [[Gambar:Nagoya of Meieki towers.JPG|thumb|[[Nagoya]]]] {{utama|Préféktur di Jepang|Cities of Japan|Towns of Japan|Villages of Japan|List of Japanese cities by population}} Di Jepang aya 47 [[Préféktur di Jepang|perféktur]]. Perféktur mangrupa bagian administrasi panggedéna. Unggal perfektur ngalaksanakeun pamilihan gubernur jeung legislatif tur biro administrasi. Perféktur ilahar kabagi kana [[Regions of Japan|wéwéngkon]]. Wéwéngkon ieu lain bentuk formal, teu pakait jeung pamilihan tur administrasi. Di handap ieu tabel nu ilahar dipaké nu mana perféktur diruntuykeun dumasar kana wéwéngkonna ti kalér ka kidul. {| class=wikitable ! Wéwéngkon ! Préféktur |- ! [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidō]] | [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidō]] |- ! [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]] | [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]], [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]], [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwaté]], [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]], [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]] |- ! [[Wewengkon Kantō|Kantō]] | [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]], [[Tokyo]] |- ! [[Wewengkon Chūbu|Chūbu]] | [[Préféktur Aichi|Aichi]], [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]], [[Préféktur Gifu|Gifu]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]], [[Préféktur Shizuoka|Shizuoka]], [[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]], [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] |- ! [[Wewengkon Kansai|Kansai]] | [[Hyogo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]], [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]], [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]] |- ! [[Wewengkon Chūgoku|Chūgoku]] | [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], [[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimané]], [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]] |- ! [[Shikoku]] | [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]], [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]], [[Kōchi Prefecture|Kōchi]], [[Tokushima Prefecture|Tokushima]] |- ! [[Kyushu|Kyūshū]] | [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]], [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]], [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]], [[Nagasaki Prefecture|Nagasaki]], [[Oita Prefecture|Oita]], [[Saga Prefecture|Saga]] |- ! [[Okinawa]] | [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] |} Propinsi saterusna dibagi kana [[cities of Japan|kota]], [[towns of Japan|kacamatan]] jeung [[villages of Japan|désa]]. Sistim ngaran nu béda aya di [[Tokyo City|Kota Tokyo]], nu dibagi kana 23 kota nu disebut [[23 special wards|kota husus]] (bagéan luar tina 23 kota husus di Tokyo ngagunakeun watesan nu sarua keur kota, kacamatan jeung désa). Kota-kota (kaasup kota husus di Tokyo), kacamatan, jeung désa dipilih sacara resmi. Tambahanna, kota gedé dibagi kana [[wards of Japan|distrik kota-kota]]. Distrik kota, teu ngahiji sacara resmi. {| class="wikitable" ! !! Kota !! Préféktur !! Populasi<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html#Stadt_gross |title=Japan—City Population |publisher=citypopulation.de |accessdate=2007-02-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417030600/http://www.citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html#Stadt_gross |date=2009-04-17 }}</ref> |- | 1 || '''[[Special wards of Tokyo|Tokyo]]'''^a{{spaces|2}} || [[Tokyo]] || 8,535,792</tr> | 2 || '''[[Yokohama]]''' || [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]{{spaces|2}} || 3,602,758</tr> | 3 || '''[[Osaka]]''' || [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]] || 2,635,420</tr> | 4 || '''[[Nagoya]]''' || [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]] || 2,223,148</tr> | 5 || '''[[Sapporo]]''' || [[Hokkaidō]] || 1,888,953</tr> | 6 || '''[[Kobe]]''' || [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]] <td> 1,528,687</td></tr> | 7 || '''[[Kyoto]]''' || [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]] || 1,472,511</tr> | 8 || '''[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]''' || [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]] || 1,414,417</tr> | 9 || '''[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]'''^b || [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]] || 1,342,262</tr> | 10 || '''[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]''' || [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]|| 1,182,744</tr> |} {{small|^a 23 municipalities. Also capital of Japan.<br />^b Government Ordinance City only.}} == Geografi == ''Artikel Utama: [[Geography of Japan]]'' [[Gambar:Japan sea map.png|thumb|right]] Jepang, mangrupa nagara kapuloan, manjang di beulah wetan [[Pacific Ocean|Samudera Pafisik]] basisir [[Asia]]. Pulo gedéna, ti kalér ka kidul nyaéta [[Karafuto]] (dina kakawasan Jepang: taun 1679-1875), [[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]] (pulo utama), [[Shikoku]], jeung [[Kyushu]]. [[Mairuppo]] ngaleupaskeun [[Kuril Islands|Kapuloan Kuril]] ( dina [[Basa Jepang]]: 千島列島, Chishima Rettō) leuwih ti 800&nbsp;km kaleureun [[Hokkaido]]; [[Naha]] di [[Okinawa]] di Kapuloan [[Ryukyu]] leuwih ti 800&nbsp;km kaleureun. Tambahan séjénna, kira-kira aya 3,000 pulo leutik nu bisa kaitung ngajadikeun Jepang salaku nagara [[archipelago|kapuloan]] tur leuwih lega. Kira-kira 73% mangrupa pagunungan, nu ngabentuk siga ranté di unggal pulo utama. Gunung pangluhurna di Jepang tur kawentar nyaéta [[Gunung Fuji]] kira-kira 3,776 m. Oyakobayama, pangkalérna di [[Kuril Islands|Kapuloan Kuril]], puncak saljuna (2337 m) langsung kaluar di tengah laut. <!-- Since so little flat area exists, many hills and mountainsides are cultivated all the way to the summits. As Japan is situated in a [[volcanism|volcanic]] zone along the Pacific deeps, frequent low intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive [[earthquake]]s occur several times a century, often resulting in [[tsunami]]s. [[Onsen|Hot springs]] are numerous and have been developed as resorts. The [[Japanese Archipelago]] extends from north to south along the eastern coast of the [[Eurasia|Eurasian Continent]], the western shore of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Japan is a temperate region with four distinct seasons, but because of its great length from north to south, its climate varies from region to region: the far north is very cold in the winter, while the far south is subtropical. The climate is also affected by the seasonal winds blown from the continent to the ocean in winters and vice versa in summers. Late June and early July are a [[rainy season]] (except in [[Hokkaido]] and islands to the north), as a seasonal rain front or ''baiu zensen'' (梅雨前線) stays above Japan. In the late summer and early autumn, typhoons develop from tropical depressions generated near the equator, and track from the southwest to the northeast, often bringing heavy rain. Japan's varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones. *[[Hokkaido]]: Belonging to the cool temperate zone, Hokkaido has long, cold winters and cool summers. The Kuril Islands are fogbound. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter. *[[Sea of Japan]]: The northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In summers, the region is less hot than the Pacific area, but it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures due to the [[Foehn wind]] phenomenon. *Central Highland (''[[Chuo-kochi]]''): A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is not large throughout a year. *[[Seto Inland Sea]] (''Setonaikai''): The mountains in [[Chugoku]] and [[Shikoku]] regions block the seasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout a year. *Pacific Ocean: Experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers due to the southeast seasonal wind. *Nansei-shoto ([[Ryukyu]]) or Southwest Islands: Has a subtropical climate with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season, and also due to typhoons. Politically and culturally, Japan is commonly divided into ten regions. From north to south, these are [[Karafuto]], [[Hokkaido]] and [[Chishima]], [[Tohoku region]], [[Hokuriku region]], [[Kanto region]], [[Chubu region]], [[Kinki region]] (commonly called [[Kansai]]), [[Chugoku region]], [[Shikoku region]], [[Kyushu region]], and [[Okinawa]], the main island in the [[Ryukyu Islands]]. Japan has outstanding territorial disputes over the [[Kuril Islands]] and [[Sakhalin]] or [[Karafuto]], occupied by Russia, as well as the [[Liancourt Rocks]] (Jp. ''Takeshima''), claimed by Korea. The [[Senkaku Islands]] are claimed by China and Taiwan as "Diaoyutai". --> == Ekonomi == {{Main|Economy of Japan}} Hubungan gawé nu raket tur hadé antara pamarentah jeung industri dina widang teknologi tinggi, merhatikeun dunya pendidikan dibandingkeun keur kaperluan pertahanan (1% tina [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]) ngajadikeun ékonomi Jepang hirup kalawan gancang sarta nagara nu kuat di sagigireun Amérika jeung Eropa. <!-- Notable characteristics of the economy include the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called [[keiretsu]]; the powerful enterprise unions and ''[[shunto]]''; cozy relations with government bureaucrats, and the guarantee of lifetime employment (shushin koyo) for up to a third of the urban labor force, usually big corporations and highly unionized blue-collar factories. Small and medium enterprises, women, and foreign employees typically do not enjoy such benefits. Most of the these features are now eroding, however, and the economy is currently characterized by stagnation. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The much smaller [[agriculture|agricultural]] sector is highly subsidised and protected, most notably for rice which currently charges a 490% tariff on imported rice and enforces a quota of only 3% of the total rice market. Considerable efforts are expended on developing a better tasting fruits and vegetables and while pricey even by high cost of living in Japan, best products are really the best (if you're willing to spend $20 for a single Japanese pear). Usually self-sufficient in [[rice]] (except for its use in making rice crackers and processed foods), Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other [[grain]] and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch, prompting some claims that Japan's fishing is leading to overdepletion in fish stocks such as tuna as well as killing whales for 'scientific research', and the whale meat somehow ending up in seafood restaurants. For three decades overall real economic growth had been spectacular: a 10% average in the [[1960s]], a 5% average in the [[1970s]], and a 4% average in the [[1980s]]. Growth slowed markedly in the [[1990s]] largely because of the after effects of overinvestment during the late 1980s and contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth have met with little success and were further hampered in [[2000]]-[[2001]] by the slowing of the US and [[Asia]]n economies. <!--Furthermore, the declining birth rate in Japan has led to speculation that more skilled immigrants will be required if Japan wishes to maintain its current level of production.--> <!--This speculation was made most notably by Toyota's CEO but economists disagree on this issue. This is 'A Speculation' and I seriously doubt its inclusion here--> <!-- The crowding of habitable land area and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems as is rising cost of the health care. [[Robotics]] constitutes a key long-term economic strength, with Japan possessing 410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots". Recently, the focus has also been on the [[Anime]] and other contemporary arts. --> == Demografi == {{Main|Demographics of Japan}} Kahirupan urang Jepang sacara etnik jeung basa hampir sarua, populasi utama nu saeutik nyaéta [[Korea]] Kaler jeung Kidul (1 yuta), Okinawa (1.5 yuta), China jeung [[Taiwan]] (0.5 yuta), Filipina (0.5 yuta), sarta Brazil (250,000), sarta minoritas bangsa pribumi [[Ainu]] di [[Hokkaido]]. 99% masyarakat Jepang ngobrol maké [[Japanese language|Basa Jepang]] dina kahirupan sapopoé sarta mangrupa basa indung. <!-- The Japanese population is one of the most rapidly aging on Earth. Fertility rates dropped in the wake of World War II, and dropped again in the mid-1970's, as more women remained in the workplace and refused to get married. Japan now also has the highest [[life expectancy]] in the world. By [[2007]], when Japan's population growth is expected to stop completely, over 20% of the population will be over the age of 65. Japanese government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. [http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/japan/socsec/ogawa.html] Most Japanese people profess to believe in the religions of Shinto and Buddhism, both practiced together, which is normal for Asian religions. Many people, especially those in younger generations, claim to feel that religion is something to stay clear from, pointing out historical reasons such as the role that the nationally enforced [[Shinto]] played in World War II, and more recently [[Aum Shinrikyo]] and its actions. However, Shinto and Buddhist teachings are deeply entangled in the everyday life of Japanese. Often, it is so deep that it takes someone from outside to point it out. Most Japanese people, though they denounce religion, still follow it, but not devoutly and some do not even follow their religion. --> Tempo oge: [[Religions of Japan]] == Budaya == {{Main|Culture of Japan}} Budaya Jepang mangrupa hasil interaksi antara budaya [[Jomon]] nu kuat jeung sesana pangaruh budaya luar luar. [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] jeung Koréa nu mimiti mere pangaruh dina waktu budaya [[Yayoi]] kira-kira 300 SM. Mesir kuno jeung tradisional India dikombinasikeun dina [[Greco-Buddhism]], mangaruhan kana seni jeung kapercyaan Jepang ti mimiti abad ka 6 M, dimekarkeun ku ngawanohkeun ''[[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism]]''. Ti mimiti abad ka 16, mimiti asup pangaruh Eropa, sarta pangaruh dominan Amérika sanggeus [[WWII|Perang Dunya ka II]]. === Sado === Sado mangrupakeun salah sahiji budaya Jepang anu loba dilakukeun ku sakumna masarakat Jepang nyaéta budaya nginum entéh anu baheulana datang ti karuhun. Masarakat Jepang ngalakukeun éta budaya dina hiji rohangan husus anu disebut ''tantami.'' Numutkeun kana sajarah, buaday sado geus aya ti abad ka-9 anu munggaran dina cutatan kuno ''Nihon Koki'' anu dicaritakeun ku biksu Buddha ngarana Eichu ti Cina. Maranéhna ngabogaan kayakinan yéh sado téh lain ngan sauukur nginum entéh hungkul tapi aya unsur etétika anu ngabogaan unsur spiritual.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://voi.id/lifestyle/37801/menengok-budaya-jepang-yang-unik-dan-menakjubkan-sebagian-mirip-dengan-indonesia|title=Menengok Budaya Jepang yang Unik dan Menakjubkan, Sebagian Mirip dengan Indonesia|website=VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205022650/https://voi.id/lifestyle/37801/menengok-budaya-jepang-yang-unik-dan-menakjubkan-sebagian-mirip-dengan-indonesia |date=2023-02-05 }}</ref> === Sumo === Jepang ngabogaan olahraga beladiri anu pohara populér, nyaéta Sumo. Sanajan digolongkeun kana gulat tradisional, sababaraha urang masih ngalaksanakeun ta nepi ka ayeuna. Biasana, sumo dilaksanakeun ku dua pegulat anu awakna kentel. Tapi sabenerna olahraga ieu teu nangtukeun aturan beurat. Kanyataanna, anu jadi atlét sumo maran.hna ngagedekeun awak ngarah dina gulat henteu babari éléh digubragkeun ku lawan.<ref name=":0" /> === Matsuri === Urang Jepang resep ngayakeun festival. Dina basa Jepang, 'festival' disebut 'Matsuri'. Rupa-rupa festival diayakeun di Jepang, unggal taun, mimitian ti festival usun gugur, taun anyar, kaagamaan, usum panas, jeung saterusna. Matsuri dipigawé henteu ngan sauukur senang-senang hungkul, tapi ngandung unsur spiritual. Urang Jepang ngayakeun festival pikeun ngahormatan jeung nganyatakeun rasa syukur kana barokah anu diparin ku déwa. Unggal matsuri sok dibarengan ku mikoshi. Mikoshi mangrupakeun kuil miniatur. Pamilon festival bakal diarak ngurilingan miniatur. Maranéhna yakin yén mikoshi mangrupakeun tutumpakan anu dipaké ku déwa.<ref name=":0" /> === Shodo === Mangrupakeun kasenian kaligrafi masarakat Jepang, ieu budaya munggaran ti abad ka-6 anu asalna ti nagara Cina. Shodo ngabogaan loba ajén pikeun masarakat Jepang. Salian mangrupa seni, shodo dipaké pikeun komunikasi jeung neangan pangalaman nilai-nilai zen. Ku tulisan Shodo, maranehna diajar ngarti kasinambungan jeung hikmah dina kahirupan. Shodo dijieun tina gabungan puisi, sastra, jeung lukisan. Anu ngamumule ieu budaya Shodo kudu ngalakukeun latihan jiwa jeung raga. Nalika ngalukis, aranjeunna bakal ngatur émosi, wirahma, éstétika, jeung spiritualitas.<ref name=":0" /> === Taiko === Taiko nyaéta seni musik has Jepang dina wangun ketukan kendang. Seni musik ieu biasana dipidangkeun nalika féstival Jepang jeung upacara kaagamaan. Tabuh taiko pinuh ku sumanget. Salila pagelaran, pamaén taiko bakal ngagorowok kecap dorongan. Maranhanana surak nyaring kana iringan lagu.<ref name=":0" /> === Hanami === Salah sahiji tujuan wisata favorit di Jepang nyaeta pamandangan usum gugur jeung usum semi.Dina usum semi, pengunjung bisa ningali kaéndahan kembang sakura jeung kembang sakura anu mekar. Pananda usuman mangrupakeun hal anu penting pikeun masarakat Jepang. Urang Jepang boga adat husus disebut hanami. Hanami mangrupakeun tradisi ningali kembang mekar dina usum semi. Nalika kembang sakura mekar, éta mangrupakeun tanda yén usum semi geus datang. Kalayan éta, ogé dipercaya yén kahirupan anyar dimimitian deui. Kembangna boga waktu mekar salila dua minggu, teras saatos éta bakal murag.<ref name=":0" /><!-- Japan developed a unique original culture, in its arts ([[ikebana]], [[origami]], [[ukiyo-e]]), [[Japanese crafts|crafts]] ([[Japanese Dolls|dolls]], [[lacquerware]], [[Japanese Pottery|pottery]]), performances ([[bunraku]], [[Japanese traditional dance|dance]], [[kabuki]], [[noh]], [[raku-go]]), and traditions ([[Japanese games|games]], [[onsen]], [[sento]], [[Japanese téa ceremony|tea ceremony]]), as well as a unique [[Japanese Cuisine|cuisine]]. Today, Japan is one of the world's largest exporters of popular culture. Japanese [[anime|cartoons]], [[manga|comic books]], [[fashion]], [[Japanese cinema|films]], [[japanese literature|literature]], and [[Music of Japan|music]] have gained popularity around the world, especially in the other countries of Asia. ''See also: [[Katana]], [[Japanese clothing]], [[Japanese Festivals]], [[Japanese New Year]], [[Japanese Sports]], [[Japanese television programs]], [[Tourism in Japan]], [[Japanese media]]'' --> == Rujukan == {{reflist|3}} == Bacaan saterusna == * Conrad Totman, 2000. 'A History of modérn Japan. Blackwell Publishers.' * C.H. Kwan. 2001. 'Yen Bloc: Toward Economic Integration in Asia.' Brookings Institution Press. * Bernson, Mary Hammond and Elaine Magnusson, eds. modérn JAPAN: AN IDéa BOOK FOR K-12 TéaCHERS. MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION RESOURCE SERIES. Olympia, WA: Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1984. ED 252 486. * Cogan, John J. and Donald O. Schneider, eds. PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN: A GUIDE FOR TéaCHERS. Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies, 1983. ED 236 090. * éaST MEETS WEST: MUTUAL IMAGES. Stanford, CA: California Center for Reséarch in International Studies, l980. ED 196 765. * Kaderabeck, Leslie. THE JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE WORKER: A MICROCOSM OF JAPAN'S SUCCESS. 1985. ED 263 041. * Murphy, Carole. A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR PLANNING A JAPANESE CULTURAL féstival. 1983. ED 238 748. * Wojtan, Linda S. FREE RESOURCES FOR TéaCHING ABOUT JAPAN. Bloomington, IN: Midwest Program for Téaching about Japan, Indiana University, 1986. ED 270 3891. == Rupa-rupa jejer == * [[Kalénder Jepang]] * [[Atikan di Jepang]] * [[Transportasi di Jepang]] * [[Tentara Jepang]] * [[Hukum Jepang]] * [[Televisi jeung Radio Jepang]] * [[Masalah étika di Jepang]] * [[Budaya ponsél di Jepang]] == Tumbu kaluar == ; Resmi * [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Kantei.go.jp]—Official [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime ministerial]] and cabinet site * [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html Kunaicho.go.jp]—Official site of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]]. * [http://www.mofa.go.jp/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs]—Detailed papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life. * [http://www.shugiin.go.jp/index.nsf/html/index_e.htm Shugi-in.go.jp]—Official site of the House of Representatives * [http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html National Diet Library (English)] ; Media * [http://www.nhk.or.jp/english/ NHK Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920123446/http://www.nhk.or.jp/english/ |date=2009-09-20 }} * [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/ Kyodo News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423043359/http://home.kyodo.co.jp/ |date=2008-04-23 }} * [http://www.asahi.com/english/index.html Asahi Shimbun (English)] * [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/ The Japan Times] ; Pariwisata * [http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/ Japan National Tourist Organization] * {{wikivoyage|Japan}} ; séjénna * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html CIA World Factbook—''Japan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |date=2018-12-26 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Japan Encyclopaedia Britannica's Japan portal site] * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/japan/0,7368,450622,00.html Guardian Unlimited—''Special Report: Japan''] * {{wikiatlas|Japan}} * {{gutenberg author | id=Japan | name=Government of Japan}} containing the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions {{Japan topics}} {{Japan}} {{Asia}} {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} <!-- {{East_Asia}} {{OECD}} --> [[Kategori:Monarki]] [[Kategori:Jepang]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Wétan]] [[Kategori:Proyek Makrab 2023]] 0g2hq43odr314brc3has7lwu0hko9zm 0 1668 710543 708295 2026-06-19T01:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Ajip Rosidi | image = Ajip Rosidi.jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Ajip Rosidi | birth_date = [[31 Januari]] [[1938]] | birth_place = [[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|7|29|1938|1|31}} | death_place = [[Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]] | occupation = Sastrawan, Budayawan, Dosen | nationality = [[Indonésia]] | genre = [[Carpon]], [[Sajak]], [[Éséy]] | spouse = Hj. Patimah Wirjadibrata | children = {{unbulleted list | Nunun Nuki Aminten (1956) | Titi Surti Nastiti (1957) | Uga Percéka (1959) | Nundang Rundagi (1961) | Rangin Sembada (1963) | Titis Nitiswari (1965) }} | influenced = [[Hasan Mustapa]] | awards = {{unbulleted list | Hadiah Sastera Nasional (1955-1958) | Hadiah Seni Pamaréntah RI (1993) | Kun Santo Zui Ho Sho (Jepang) | Anugerah Hamengku Buwono IX (2008) }} }} '''Ayip Rosidi''' (éjahan asli '''Ajip Rosidi''',{{lahirmati|[[Jatiwangi, Majalengka|Jatiwangi]], [[Jawa Barat]]|31 |1|1938|[[Kota Magelang|Magelang]]|29|7|2020}})<ref>[http://depok.pikiran-rakyat.com/atikan/pr-09641087/breaking-news-sastrawan-ajip-rosidi-dikabarkan-meninggal-dunia-sempat-dirawat-di-rumah-sakit BREAKING NEWS: Sastrawan Ajip Rosidi Dikabarkan Meninggal Dunia, Sempat Dirawat di Rumah Sakit] ''Pikiran Rakyat''. Diakses 29 Juli 2020</ref><ref>[http://kabartangsel.com/ajip-rosidi-meninggal-dunia/ Ajip Rosidi Meninggal Dunia] ''Kabar Tangsel''. Diakses 29 Juli 2020</ref> téh saurang budayawan sakaligus sastrawan kahot. Anjeunna nyiptakeun karya sastra dina [[basa Sunda]] jeung [[basa Indonésia]], sarta loba ngawanohkeun sastra [[Sunda]] jeung [[Indonésia]] ka mancanagara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/ajip-rosidi/profil/|title=Profil - Ajip Rosidi|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2021-12-13}}</ref> Ayip aktif nulis, boh dina basa Indonésia atawa dina basa Sunda ti rumaja kénéh, umur 15 taun geus jadi Pamingpin Rumpaka Majalah Suluh Pelajar ([[1953]]-[[1955]]), sarta satuluyna ngaluluguan sababaraha lembaga sastra, seni, pérs, jeung budaya. Anjeunna ngadegkeun [[Yayasan Pusat Studi Sunda]] (2003) nu ngulik kabudayaan Sunda sarta [[Yayasan Kabudayaan Rancagé]]<ref name="ajip1">{{id}} [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/282-ensiklopedi/590-ajip-rosidi Biografi dan CV Ajip Rosidi di TokohIndonesia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204075957/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/282-ensiklopedi/590-ajip-rosidi |date=2011-12-04 }}. Akses tanggal 11 November 2011.</ref> nu ngabobotohan tumuwuhna sastra lokal. Kungsi ngajar basa jeung kabudayaan Indonésia di Osaka Gaikokugo Daigaku (1981-2003), sagigireun ngajar ogé di Kyoto Sangyo Daigaku (1982-1996) jeung Tenri Daigaku (1982-1995), Jepang. Naratas dilembagakeunana [[Hadiah Sastra Rancagé]] ti taun 1989, sarta mokalan lumangsungna Konferénsi Internasional Budaya Sunda (KIBS) 2001 di Bandung. Buku-buku karyana geus leuwih ti saratus judul, mangrupa roman, kumpulan [[sajak]], kumpulan [[carita pondok]], mémoar, jeung biografi. == Atikan == Ayip Rosidi mimiti ngalakonan atikan di Sakola Rahayat Jatiwangi ([[1950]]), salajengna neruskeun ka SMP Negeri VIII Jakarta ([[1953]]) jeung pamungkas, Taman Madya, [[Taman Siswa|Taman Siswa Jakarta]] ([[1956]]). Sanajan henteu tamat SMA, anjeunna dipercaya pikeun ngajar minangka dosén di paguron tinggi Indonésia, ogé ti 1967, anjeunna ngajar di [[Jepang]] <ref name="ajip2">{{id}} McGlynn, John (editor dan penerjemah). ''On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry''. Biografi Ajib Rosidi. Yayasan Lontar, 1990, Jakarta. Halaman 183-184.</ref>. Dina [[31 Januari]] [[2011]], anjeunna narima gelar [[Doktor honoris causa]] widang Élmu Budaya ti Fakultas Sastra [[Universitas Padjadjaran]].<ref name="ajip3">{{id}} [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/atikan/2011/01/31/brk,20110131-310076,id.html Berita Ajip Rosidi di TempoInteraktif.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dimuat tanggal 31 Januari 2011, diakses tanggal 11 November 2011.</ref> == Kulawarga == Ayip Rosidi nikah jeung Patimah Wirjadibrata (Ceu Empat) ([[1955]]) ogé dipaparin 6 putra, nyaéta: * Nunun Nuki Aminten ([[1956]]) * Titi Surti Nastiti ([[1957]]) * Uga Percéka ([[1959]]) * Nundang Rundagi ([[1961]]) * Rangin Sembada ([[1963]]) * Titis Nitiswari ([[1965]]). Dina rujukan séjén disebutkeun tujuh putra.<ref name="ajip4">{{id}} [https://edu.abjad.eu.org/ajip-rosidi/ Profil Ajip Rosidi] Dimuat tanggal 25 Juli 2010, diakses tanggal 11 November 2011.</ref> == Prosés cacalakan == Ayip mimitina mah nulis karya kréatip dina [[basa Indonésia]], salajengna talaah jeung koméntar ngeunaan sastra, basa jeung budaya, boh mangrupa artikel, buku atawa makalah dina mangrupa panglawungan di tingkat régional, nasional, ogé internasional. Anjeunna loba maluruh titilar jeung tonggak alur sajarah sastra [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Sunda]], nepikeun panémbonganna ngeunaan perkara sosial pulitik, boh mangrupa artikel dina majalah, boh ceramah atawa makalah. Anjeunna ogé nulis biografi ahli seni jeung inohong pulitik.<ref name="ajip5">{{id}} http://www.penerbitkpg.com/penulis/detil/4/Ajip-Rosidi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115170819/http://www.penerbitkpg.com/penulis/detil/4/Ajip-Rosidi |date=2012-01-15 }}. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2011. Profil Ajip Rosidi</ref> Anjeunna mimiti ngabéwarakeun karya sastrana taun [[1952]], dipuat dina majalah-majalah kasohor dina mangsa harita saperti ''Mimbar Indonesia, Gelanggang/Siasat, Indonesia, Zenith, Kisah,'' jll. Nurutkeun panalungtikan Dr. Ulrich Kratz ([[1988]]), nepi ka taun 1983, Ayip nyaéta pangarang sajak jeung carita pondok nu pangproduktipna (326 judul karya dipuat dina 22 majalah).<ref name="ajip5"/> Bukuna anu munggaran, ''Tahun-tahun Kematian'' medal sabot yuswana 17 taun (1955), dituturkeun ku kumpulan sajak, kumpulan carita pondok, roman, drama, kumpulan éséy jeung kritik, hasil panalungtikan, jll., boh dina [[basa Indonésia]] boh dina [[basa Sunda]], anu lobana kira-kira saratus judulan.<ref name="ajip5"/> Karyana loba nu geus ditarjamahkeun kana basa séjén, dipuat dina bunga rampai atawa medal minangka buku, a.l. dina [[basa Walanda]], [[basa Cina|Cina]], Inggris, Jepang, Perancis, Kroatia, Rusia, jll.<ref name="ajip5"/> == Kagiatan == Dina yuswa 12 taun, nalika masih kénéh kelas VI Sakola Rahayat, tulisan Ayip geus dipuat dina rohangan barudak di harian Indonésia Raya.<ref name="ajip5"/> Ti SMP-na Ayip geus ngaleukeunan dunya panulisan jeung pamedalan. Anjeunna medalkeun jeung jadi éditor sarta mingpin majalah Suluh Pelajar (1953-1955). Dina taun 1965-1967 anjeunna jadi Pamingpin redaksi Mingguan Sunda; Pamingpin redaksi majalah kabudayaan Budaya Jaya (1968-1979); Pangadeg pamedal Pustaka Jaya (1971). Ngadegkeun jeung mingpin Proyék Panalungtikan Pantun jeung Folklor Sunda (PPP-FS) anu loba ngarékam Carita Pantun jeung ngabéwarakeunna (1970-1973). Ngajabat minangka Pupuhu Déwan Kasenian Jakarta (1972-1981).<ref name="ajip5"/> Barengan jeung babaturanna, Ayip ngadegkeun [[pamedal Kiwari]] di [[Bandung]] ([[1962]]), [[pamedal Cupumanik]] (Tjupumanik) di [[Jatiwangi]] (1964), Duta Rakyat ([[1965]]) di [[Bandung]], [[Pustaka Jaya]] (salajéngna Dunia Pustaka Jaya) di [[Jakarta]] ([[1971]]), [[Girimukti Pasaka]] di [[Jakarta]] ([[1980]]), jeung [[Kiblat Buku Utama]] di [[Bandung]] ([[2000]]). Kapilih jadi Pupuhu IKAPI dina dua kali kongrés ([[1973]]-[[1976]] jeung [[1976]]-[[1979]]). Jadi anggota DKJ ti mimiti ([[1968]]), tuluy jadi Pupuphu DKJ sababaraha périodeu jabatan ([[1972]]-[[1981]]). Jadi anggota BMKN [[1954]], jeung jadi anggota pangurus pléno (kapilih dina Kongrés [[1960]]). Jadi anggota [[LBSS]] jeung jadi anggota pangurus pléno ([[1956]]-[[1958]]) sarta anggota Déwan Pembina (kapilih dina Kongrés [[1993]]), tapi ngundurkeun diri ([[1996]]). Anjeunna ogé salah saurang pangadeg sarta Pupuhu PP-SS anu munggaran (1968-1975), ogé pangadeg jeung Pupuhu Déwan Pangadeg Yayasan PP-SS ([[1996]]) sarta pangadeg Yayasan PDS H.B. Jassin ([[1977]]).<ref name="ajip5"/> Ti [[1981]] anjeunna diangkat jadi dosén tamu di ''[[Osaka Gaikokugo Daigaku]]'' (Universitas Basa Asing Osaka), sabari ngajar di [[Kyoto Sangyo Daigaku]] ([[1982]]-[[1996]]) jeung Tenri Daignku ([[1982]]-[[1994]]). Sanajan aya di negeri deungeun, anjeunna tetep aktip merhatikeun hirup-huripna sastra-budaya jeung sosial-pulitik di [[Indonésia]], ogé masih terus nulis. Taun [[1989]] kalawan pribadina méré [[Hadiah Sastera Rancagé]] ka saha baé anu mikareueus kana budaya Sunda sangkan aya hasil karyana, anu saterusna tarékah ieu diteruskeun ku Yayasan Kabudayaan Rancagé anu diadegkeun ku anjeunna téa.<ref name="ajip5"/> Sanggeus pangsiun anjeunna dumuk di désa [[Pabelan, Mungkid, Magelang|Pabelan]], Kacamatan [[Mungkid, Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Sanajan kitu, anjeunna masih aktip ngokola sawatara lembaga tanpabati kayaning [[Yayasan Kabudayaan Rancagé]] jeung [[Pusat Studi Sunda]].<ref name="ajip5"/> == Pangajén == Babaraha pangajén anu kungsi ditarima ku Ayip Rosidi, di antararana:<ref name="ajip6">{{id}}[http://ppat.dbp.gov.my/galeri%20karyawan/anugerah%20mastera/ajip.htm Anugerah Tokoh: Anugerah Sastera Mastera Brunei Darussalamn 2003. Ajib Rosidi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115518/http://ppat.dbp.gov.my/galeri%20karyawan/anugerah%20mastera/ajip.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} Dimuat tahun 2003, diakses tanggal 11 November 2011.</ref> * ''Hadiah Sastra Nasional'' 1955-1956 pikeun [[puisi]] (dibikeun taun [[1957]]) jeung 1957-1958 pikeun [[prosa]] (dibikeun taun [[1960]]). * ''Hadiah Seni'' ti Pamaréntah RI [[1993]]. * ''Kun Santo Zui Ho Sho'' ("Béntang Jasa Khazanah Suci, Sinar Emas jeung Selempang Beuheung") ti pamaréntah [[Jepang]] minangka pangajén ku jasa-jasana anu diniléi kacida mangpaatna pikeun hubungan Indonésia-Jepang [[1999]] * ''[[Anugerah Hamengku Buwono IX]]'' 2008 pikeun sagala sumbangan positipna ka masarakat Indonésia di widang [[sastera]] jeung [[budaya]]. == Karya-karyana == Aya ratusan karya Ayip. Sababaraha di antarana:<ref name="ajip1"/> * {{id}} ''Tahun-tahun Kematian'' (kumpulan carpon, [[1955]]) * {{id}} ''Ketemu di Jalan'' (kumpulan sajak babarengan [[SM Ardan]] jeung [[Sobron Aidit]], [[1956]]) * {{id}} ''Pesta'' (kumpulan sajak, 1956) * {{id}} ''Di Tengah Keluarga'' (kumpulan carpon, 1956) * {{id}} ''Sebuah Rumah buat Hari tua'' (kumpulan carpon, [[1957]]) * {{id}} ''Perjalanan Pengantén'' (roman, [[1958]], geus ditarjamahkeun kana basa Perancis ku H. Chambert-Loir, [[1976]]; Kroatia, [[1978]], jeung Jepang ku T. Kasuya, [[1991]]) * {{id}} ''Cari Muatan'' (kumpulan sajak, [[1959]]) * {{id}} ''Membicarakan Cerita Pendek Indonesia'' (1959) * {{id}} ''Surat Cinta Enday Rasidin'' (kumpulan sajak, 1960); * {{id}} ''Pertemuan Kembali'' (kumpulan carpon, [[1961]]) * {{id}} ''Kapankah Kesusasteraan Indonésia lahir?'' (1964; citak ulang anu direvisi, 1985) * {{su}} ''Jante Arkidam jeung salikur sajak lianna'' (kumpulan sajak, basa Sunda, [[1967]]); * {{id}} ''Jeram'' (kumpulan sajak, 1970); * {{id}} ''Ikhtisar Sejarah Sastera Indonesia'' (1969) * {{id}} ''Ular dan Kabut'' (kumpulan sajak, 1973); * {{id}} ''Sajak-sajak Anak Matahari'' (kumpulan sajak, [[1979]], sakabéhna geus ditarjamahkeun kana basa Jepang ku T. Indoh, jeung dipuat dina majalah ''Fune'' jeung ''Shin Nihon Bungaku'' ([[1981]]) * {{id}} ''Manusia Sunda'' (1984) * {{id}} ''Anak Tanahair'' (novel, [[1985]], geus ditarjamahkeun kana basa Jepang ku Funachi Megumi, [[1989]]. * {{id}} ''Ngaran dan Makna'' (kumpulan sajak, [[1988]]) * {{ja}} ''Sunda Shigishi hi no yume'' (tarjamahan basa Jepang tina petingan ka opat kumpulan carita pondok ku [[T. Kasuya]] [[1988]]) * {{id}} ''Puisi Indonésia Modern, Sebuah Pengantar'' (1988) * {{id}} ''Terkenang Topeng Cirebon'' (kumpulan sajak, [[1993]]) * {{id}} ''Sastera dan Budaya: Kedaerahan dalam Keindonesiaan'' (1995) * {{id}} ''Mimpi Masasilam'' (kumpulan carpon, [[2000]], geus ditarjamahkeun kana basa Jepang) * {{id}} ''Masa Depan Budaya Daérah'' (2004) * {{id}} ''[http://www.karyapuisi.com/2010/04/pantun-anak-ayam.html/ Pantun Anak Ayam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323231137/http://www.karyapuisi.com/2010/04/pantun-anak-ayam.html |date=2014-03-23 }}'' (kumpulan sajak, [[2006]]) * {{id}} ''Korupsi dan Kebudayaan'' (2006) * {{id}} ''Hidup Tanpa Ijazah, Yang Terekam dalam Kenangan'' (otobiografi, [[2008]]) * {{su}} ''Ensiklopédi Sunda''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. [[2000]] * {{su}} ''Ayang-ayang Gung'' * {{su}} ''Bébér Layar'' * {{su}} ''Hurip Waras!'' * {{su}} ''Ucang-ucang Anggé'' * {{su}} ''Babasan jeung Paribasa Sunda'' * {{su}} ''Masyitoh'' * {{su}} ''Si Pucuk Kalumpang'' Ayip ogé nulis drama, [[carita rahayat]], carita [[wayang]], bacaan barudak, lulucon, jeung mémoar sarta jadi éditor babaraha [[bunga rampai]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [https://edu.abjad.eu.org/ajip-rosidi-kontribusi-akademik-ui-unpad/ Ayip Rosidi dan Kepunahan Bahasa Daérah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410153704/https://edu.abjad.eu.org/ajip-rosidi-kontribusi-akademik-ui-unpad/ |date=2025-04-10 }} * {{id}} [http://www.bainfokomsumut.go.id/detail.php?id=1012 Perkembangan Buku Indonésia Menyedihkan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/citak/2005/0205/05/0802.htm Menyoal Keberanian Orang Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508030140/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/citak/2005/0205/05/0802.htm |date=2005-05-08 }} {{lifetime|1938||Rosidi, Ayip}} {{Daptar Sastrawan Sunda}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Budayawan]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] rhtdyo5idha6anob4ltbx8b1bk5upqb 0 2534 710567 690059 2026-06-19T06:21:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = भारत गणराज्य<br />''Bh{{Unicode|ā}}rat Ga{{Unicode|ṇ}}ar{{Unicode|ā}}jya''<!-- IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE 'N' UPGRADE YOUR BROWSER --> |conventional_long_name = Républik India |common_name = India |image_flag = Flag of India.svg |image_coat = Emblem of India.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" ([[Basa Sangsakerta|Sangsakerta]])<br />[[Devanāgarī]]: सत्यमेव जयते<br />{{IPARef|sət̪jəmeːʋə ʤəjət̪eː}}<br />("Truth Alone Triumphs") |image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = "[[Jana Gana Mana]]<br />{{Audio|Jana Gana Mana.ogg|listen}}"<br />{{IPA|/ʤənə gəɳə mənə/}}| official_languages = [[Hindi]], [[Sangsakerta]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] |capital = [[New Delhi]] |latd = 28|latm=34|latNS=N|longd=77|longm=12|longEW=E |government_type = [[Républik Féderal]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén India|Présidén]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri India|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] |leader_name2 = [[Narendra Modi]] |largest_city = [[Mumbai]] |area = 3,287,590 |areami²= 1,269,346<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |area_rank = ka-7 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 9.56 |population_estimate = 1,324,171,354 |population_estimate_year = 2016 |population_estimate_rank = ka-2 |population_census = 1,210,854,977 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density = 394 |population_densitymi² = 1,022<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ka-31 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $3.633 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-4 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,344 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-122 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.602 |HDI_rank = ka-127 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">sedeng</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Peradaban Léngkob Indus|Ngadeg]] |sovereignty_note = [[3300 SM]]<br />[[Peradaban Léngkob Indus]]<br /><br />[[321 SM]]<br />[[Kakaisaran Maurya|Kaisar Ashoka<br />Kakaisaran Maurya]]<br /> |established_event1 = [[Integrasi Pulitik India|Nagara-Nagara bagian]] |established_event2 = Republik |established_date1 = [[15 Agustus]] [[1947]] |established_date2 = [[26 Januari]] [[1950]] |currency = [[Rupee India|Rupee]] (Rs.)¹ |currency_code = INR |time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] |utc_offset = +5:30 |time_zone_DST = teu ditalungtik |utc_offset_DST = +5:30 |cctld = [[.in]] |calling_code = 91 |footnotes = ¹ '''Re.''' tunggal, '''Rs.''' jamak |*Kaasup data sensus ti [[Jammu jeung Kashmir]], [[Azad Kashmir]], jeung [[Aksai Chin]] }} :''Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo [[India (disambiguasi)]]. '' '''India'''(भारत), resmina '''Républik India''', mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di [[Asia Kidul]]. India mangrupa nagara [[Daptar nagara dumasar wewengkon|katujuh panggedéna]] numutkeun wewengkon géografis, [[Daptar nagara dumasar pangeusi|kadua pangloba pangeusina]], sarta nagara nu ngagem [[démokrasi liberal]] panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung [[Pakistan]], [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok|China]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Népal]] jeung [[Bhutan]]. Puseur nagarana nyaéta [[New Delhi]]. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer<ref name="indianembassy">{{cite web | title = Foreign Policy of India | work = Indian Embassy | url = http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm | accessdate = March 24 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907162922/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm |date=2006-09-07 }}</ref> and borders [[Pakistan]]<ref name="afgh">The Government of India considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> di béh kulon; [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]], [[Nepal]], jeung [[Bhutan]] di béh wétan kalér; sarta [[Bangladésh]] jeung [[Myanmar]] di béh wétaneunnana. Di [[Samudra India]], India wawatesan jeung [[nagara kapuloan]] [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maladéwa]] jeung [[Indonésia]]. <br/> Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun [[budaya]] wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén.<ref name="usdeptofstate">{{cite web | title = US Department of State Background Notes on India | work = US Department of State | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm | accessdate = August 19 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618165336/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> Salila mangtaun-taun, [[nagara]] ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun [[budaya]] sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé. [[Agama]] [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Buddha]] jeung [[Jainis]] mangrupa [[agama]] asli ti India, sedengkeun [[Islam]] jeung [[Kristen]] datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing. Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah. Kalawan turunna pamor [[Karajaan Mughal]], sababaraha nagara [[Eropa]] kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India. Tahta [[Inggris]], dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India. Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula. Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun [[1947]]. Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna. {| class="infobox borderless" |+ Lambang-lambang nasional Républik India (Resmi) |- ! '''Sato nasional''' | | [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Manuk nasional''' | | [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Tangkal nasional''' | | [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Kembang nasional''' | | [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Sato warisan nasional''' | | [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Mammalia laut akuatik nasional''' | | [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Réptil nasional''' | | [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Mammalia warisan nasional''' | | [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Buah nasional''' | | [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]] |- ! '''Kuil nasional''' | | [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''Walungan nasional''' | | [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''Gunung nasional''' | | [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]] |- |} == Étimologi == {{utama|Asal-usul ngaran India}} Ngaran ''India'' /{{IPA|'ɪndiə}}/ asalna tina kecap ''[[Indus River|Indus]]'', nu asalna tina [[basa]] [[Hindu Persia]] baheula, tina [[basa]] [[Sansekerta Sindhu]], sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di [[Walungan Indus]]. Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun '''Bharat''', salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua. Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, ''[[Hindustan]] '' (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu < basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus < basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus) geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan. == Sajarah == <!-- THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY. CONSIDER ADDING MATERIAL TO THE 'HISTORY OF INDIA' ARTICLE.--> {{utama|Sajarah India}} Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di [[Bhimbetka]] perenahna aya di nagara bagéan [[Madhya Pradesh]], mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India. Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat. Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih [[3300 SM]] di India Kulon. Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran [[agama]] [[Hindu]] jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal. Kurang leuwih taun [[550 SM]], loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka ''Mahajanapadas'' nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno. <br/> Karajaan nu diwangun ku [[Dinasti Maurya]] sahandapeun [[Kaisar Asoka Agung]] ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-[[Asia Kidul]] iwal ti [[Karajaan Dravida]] di beulah kidul. Ti taun [[180 SM]], aya runtuyan invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]] nu dituturkeun ku [[Indo Yunani]], [[Indo-Scythia]], [[Indo-Partia]], jeung [[Kushan]] di anak benua India kalér-kulon. Abad katilu, [[Dinasti Gupta]] ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut [[India Kuno]] atawa ''Golden Age''. Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana. Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda. Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung [[Sri Lanka]] nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana. Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Éropa]] ti jaman kuno. [[Élmu pangaweruh]], [[téhnik]], [[seni]], [[sastra]], [[matématika]], [[astronomi]], [[agama]] jeung [[filsafat]] tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu. [[Gambar:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|left|270px|The [[Sanchi|Sanchi stupa]] in Sanchi, [[Madhya Pradesh]] built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]] Sanggeus invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]], antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di [[India Kalér]] dikawasa ku [[Karajaan Délhi]]. Tuluy [[Dinasti Mughal]] nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India. Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti [[Karajaan Wijayanagara]]. Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara [[Éropa]] kaasup [[Portugal]], [[Walanda]], [[Perancis]], jeung [[Inggris]] mimiti datang salaku padagang. Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat ''fractious'' di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara. Taun [[1856]], sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan ''British East India Company''. Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka [[Pemberontakan India taun 1857|Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India]] (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti [[Karajaan Inggris]] minangka koloni [[Karajaan Inggris]]. <!--[[Image:Nehru Gandhi 1937 touchup.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) with India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]]]--> Awal abda ka-21 [[Gerakan Kemerdékaan India|pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan]] diprakarsai ku [[Kongrés Nasional India]] jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner. Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku [[Mahatma Gandhi]] jeung [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], jeung [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] miboga kalungguhan nu penting. <br/> Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa ''non-kekerasan''. Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar ''Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil'' salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing [[Pemberontakan Bombay|pemberontakan]] angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan [[Inggris]] dina tanggal [[15 Agustus]] [[1947]]. Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal [[26 Januari]] [[1950]], India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi [[républik]]. <br/> Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah. Aya sengketa wilayah jeung [[China]] nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana [[Perang Sino- India]] dina taun [[1962]]; antara India jeung [[Pakistan]], nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun [[1947]], [[1965]], [[1971]], jeung perang di [[Kargil]] taun [[1999]]. India mangrupa anggota pendiri [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] jeung [[PBB]] (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India). Dina taun [[1974]], India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah. Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun [[1998]]. Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun [[1991]] nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya. Angka kamiskinan taun [[1996]] turun jadi 22% dina taun [[2006]]. {{see also|Timeline of Indian history|Military history of India|Indian Independence Movement}} == Pamaréntahan == {{utama|Pamaréntahan India}} {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em; width:220px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+ '''National symbols of India''' |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Flag''' | [[Tiranga]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Emblem''' | [[Emblem of India|Sarnath Lion]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Anthem''' | "[[Jana Gana Mana]]" |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Song''' | "[[Vande Mataram|Vandē Mātaram]]" |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Animal''' | [[Bengal Tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Bird''' | [[Indian Peacock]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Flower''' | [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Tree''' | [[Banyan]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Fruit''' | [[Mango]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Sport''' | [[Field Hockey]] |- | style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Calendar''' | [[Indian National Calendar|Saka]] | |} India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest [[electorate|electing population]] among [[List of democratic states|democratic countries]]. The country has a federal form of government and a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]] operating under a [[Westminster System|Westminster-style]] parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the [[Legislature]], [[Executive]] and [[Judiciary]]. The [[President of India|President]] is the [[head of state]], though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of [[Indian military|India's armed forces]]. The présidént is elected indirectly by an [[electoral college]] for five-yéar terms. présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is the de facto [[head of government]], and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters. [[Gambar:Thesouthblockdelhi.JPG|270px|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi houses the [[Indian Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Office]], the ministries of [[Ministry of Defence|Defence]], External Affairs and Finance and the Home Ministry.]] The legislature of India is the bicameral [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], which consists of the upper house called the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), and the lower house called the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of Péople). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term. éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age. The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the [[Council of Ministers]] (the [[Cabinet]] being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature. India's independent judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], héaded by the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen [[High Courts of India]], and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite book | first = K.M. | last = Matthew | title = Manorama Yearbook 2003 | publisher = [[Malayala Manorama]] | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 81-89004-07-7 | pages = pg 524 }}</ref> == Pulitik == {{main2|Pulitik India|Hubungan luar nagri India}} For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the [[Janata Party]] coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the [[Indian Emergency|"Emergency"]] declared by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The [[Janata Dal]] won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) followed by a left-léaning [[United Front (India)|United Front]] coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term. The [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 Indian elections]] saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the [[United Progressive Alliance]], and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP. Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia. During the [[Cold War]], India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India's relationship with the [[Soviet Union]] warmed at the expense of ties with the [[United States]] and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the [[CTBT]] and the [[NPT]] to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of [[South America]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the [[SAARC]]. India has been a long time supporter of the [[United Nations]], with over 55,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents <ref name="UN">{{cite web | title = India and the United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html | accessdate = April 22 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504184925/http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html |date=2006-05-04 }}</ref>. Since the 1990s, India has been considered a [[great power|great or major power]] on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs. == Babagéan Administratif == {{utama|States and territories of India}} Administratively, India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into [[districts of India|districts]]), and seven [[union territories]] (or territories owned by the Central Government). All states and the union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry have elected governments. The remaining five union territories have centrally-appointed administrators. The states and territories are further divided into 602 districts. ''See also: [[Districts of India]], [[List of Indian districts]]'' {{India states}} == Géografi == {{utama|Géografi India}} The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]], situated on the [[Indian Plate]], the northerly portion of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], in [[southern Asia]]. India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the [[Himalaya|Himalayan Mountain Range]]. The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plain]]. In the west, bordering southéast [[Pakistan]], lies the [[Thar Desert]]. The [[South India|southern Indian]] [[Peninsula]] is almost entirely composed of the [[Deccan|Deccan plateau]], which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]]. India is home to several major rivers, including the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yamuna]], [[Godavari]], [[Kaveri]], [[Narmada]], and [[Krishna River|Krishna]]. India has three archipelagos – [[Lakshadweep]] off the southwest coast, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the [[Sunderbans]] in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal. Climate in India varies from [[tropical climate|tropical]] in the south to more [[temperate climate|temperate]] in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The [[Thar Desert]] is responsible for attracting the moisture laden [[southwest monsoon]] winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September. {{see also|Iklim India|Ecoregions of India|Geology of India}} == Ékonomi == {{utama|Ékonomi India}} The economy of India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth largest]] in the world as méasured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), with a [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of US $3.63 [[trillion]]. When méasured in [[United States dollar|USD]] [[exchange rate|exchange-rate]] terms, it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest]] in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank.<ref name="India's GDP in 2005">{{cite web|url=http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237,00020008.htm|title="India 12th wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=2006-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715123609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237%2C00020008.htm |date=2006-07-15 }}</ref> India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the [[Q1|first quarter]] of 2006. [[Wealth distribution]] in India, a [[developing country]], is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income.<ref name=incomedist>[http://www.indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm "IN PICTURES - Middle Class, or Upper Class? "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723080711/http://indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm |date=2014-07-23 }}. India Together. <u>Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.</u>. August 2003</ref> India's [[per capita income]] (PPP) of US$&nbsp;3,400 <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = CIA Factbook : India | work = CIA Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|122nd]] in the world. For most of its independent history, India adhered to a ''[[quasi]]''-[[Socialism|socialist]] approach, with strict government control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through [[liberalization|economic reforms]] by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. [[Privatization|Privatisation]] of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate. India has a [[labour force]] of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries. India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.<ref name="CIA"/> India's large [[English language|English]] spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in [[Business Process Outsourcing]] (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%. India is also a major exporter of [[financial]], [[research]] and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]].<ref name="CIA"/> == Démografis == {{utama|Démografis India}} <!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.--> India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006.<ref name="Census">{{cite web | title = Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work = Census of India | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516234343/http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html |date=2005-05-16 }}</ref> Language, [[caste]] and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the péople are [[Hinduism|Hindus]], India is also home to the [[Islam by country|second-largest]] population of [[Muslim]]s in the world (12.2%), after [[Indonesia]]. Other religious groups include [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (2%), [[Christianity|Christians]] (2.33%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.76%), [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.40%), [[Jew]]s, [[Zoroastrians]], [[Ahmadi]]s, and [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]].<ref name="Census"/> The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of [[Kerala]] léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%. Unlike the [[Race (United States Census)|USA]], [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK]], and [[Census in Australia|Australian Censuses]], the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. <http://www.censusindia.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/ |date=2004-06-16 }}>.</ref> <!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.--> India's biggest [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] agglomerations are [[Mumbai]] (formerly ''Bombay''), [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] (formerly ''Calcutta''), [[Chennai]] (formerly ''Madras''), [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The national [[sex ratio]] is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.<ref name="Census"/> The total [[fertility rate]] (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in [[South India]]. India is home to two major [[Languages of India|linguistic families]]: [[Indo-Aryan]] (spoken by about 74% of the population) and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman]] linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages.<ref name="languagesofInd">{{cite web | title = Languages of India | work = India image | url = http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107200105/http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm |date=2006-11-07 }}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are used by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a ''de jure'' priority. [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] enjoy [[classical language]] status in India <ref name=classicallanguage>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm "Tamil to be declared classical language"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181730/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}. The Hindu. 17 Sept. 2004</ref>. The number of [[dialects]] in India is as high as 1,652.<ref name="Manorama"/> <!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.--> == Budaya == {{utama|Budaya India}} [[Gambar:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is India's most popular tourist destination.]] India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the [[Taj Mahal]] and other examples of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic-inspired architecture]] have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country. <!--[[Image:Thanjavur_temple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built 1000 years ago.]]--> [[Music of India|Indian music]] is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] are ''[[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]'' from [[South India]], and ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'' from [[North India]], éach of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being [[Filmi music]]. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of [[Indian folk music|folk music]] from different parts of the country. Many [[Indian classical dance|classical dance forms]] exist, including the [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements. The éarliest [[Indian literature|literary traditions]] in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the [[Vedas]] and the epics of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. [[Sangam]] literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and [[Indian Writing in English|in English]]. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel laureate in literature]] was the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003. The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "[[Bollywood]]". There are also strong cinema industries based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages. [[Gambar:Babasteve-View of Varanasi from the Ganges.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Varanasi]] , the religious and cultural center of India for thousands of yéars is the oldest living city in the world and is considered as one of the most sacred places of [[pilgrimage]] for [[Hindus]] irrespective of denomination.<ref name=Varanasicity>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH "Oldest Holy city"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029134626/http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH |date=2006-10-29 }}</ref>]] Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional [[joint family]] system. The [[cuisine of India]] is diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of [[vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of India|cuisine]]. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. [[Indian Dress|Traditional dress]] in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional [[sari]] for women and the traditional [[dhoti]] for men. India's national sport is [[field hockey]], although [[cricket]] is now the ''de facto'' national game. In some states, particularly in the northéast, [[football (soccer)]] is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, [[tennis]] has gained popularity in India. [[Chess]] is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised [[International Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include [[kabaddi]]<ref name="rediff">{{cite web | title = India pitches for Olympic kabbadi | work = Rediff.com | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm | accessdate = April 15 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822114658/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm |date=2006-08-22 }}</ref>, [[Kho Kho]] and [[gilli-danda]], which are played in most parts of the country. India is also known as a land of féstivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of [[Indian festivals|festivals]], many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Pongal]] and [[Dussehra]] and the Muslim celebration of [[Eid]]. A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style. == Tempo ogé == {{Topics related to India}} {{India ties}} == Catetan jeung rujukan == {{Spoken Wikipedia|India.ogg|2006-03-07}} <div style="font-size: 95%"> <references/> </div> == Tumbu luar == {{portal}} {{sisterlinks|India}} <!--PLEASE ADD SITES RELATING TO INDIA AS A WHOLE. EXTERNAL LINKS PERTAINING TO SPECIFICS SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE CORRESPONDING ARTICLES. --> ; '''Pamaréntahan''' * [http://india.gov.in/ Official portal of the Government of India] * [http://www.nic.in Government of India Directory] — Directory of Central and State government websites ; '''Séjénna''' <!-- Include ONLY links that pertain to India as a whole. Maps are linked from the country's latitude/longitude. --> * {{wikivoyage|India}} * {{wikia|india|India}} * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/India Encyclopaedia Britannica, India - Country Page] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html CIA World Factbook article on India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm BBC Country Profile on India] {{Asia}} [[Kategori:Nagara]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:India|*]] [[Kategori:Anggota Persemakmuran]] [[Kategori:Anggota SAARC]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia|India]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul|India]] bvv9r9k3ih3q7303qqo4swxdjq1m0ad 0 3774 710594 709421 2026-06-19T11:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Oil well3419.jpg|frame|[[Kompa]] minyak konvénsional di [[Sarnia, Ontario]]]] '''Minyak bumi''' atawa '''pétroleum''' (tina [[basa Yunani]] ''petra'' – [[batu]] jeung ''elaion'' atawa [[basa Latin]] ''oleum'' – [[minyak]]), '''minyak atah''' ('''''crude oil'''''), ogé katelah ''emas hideung'', hartina [[cairan]] kentel, warnana kopi atawa semu héjo, nu mangrupa campuran rupa-rupa [[hidrokarbon]], utamana golongan [[alkana]], sarta kandungan lianna nu aya di lapisan luhur dina jero [[kulit bumi|kulit]] [[Bumi]]. Minyak bumi utamana dipaké pikeun [[bahan bakar]] nu penting pisan salaku sumber [[énergi]] ([http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 IEA Key World Energy Statistics]). Minyak bumi ogé mangrupa bahan baku pikeun rupa-rupa produk [[bahan kimia]], di antarana [[pangleyur]], [[pupuk]], [[péstisida]], jeung [[plastik]]. == Formasi == === Téori biogénik === lolobana ahli [[géologi]] menanggap minyak bumi sarupa jeung [[batubara]] sarta [[gas alam]], mangrupa produk [[diagenesis|komprési jeung pamanasan]] [[vegetasi]] kuna sapanjang [[skala waktu géologis]]. Ceuk ieu [[téori]], kabentukna minyak bumi téh tina pasésaan [[sato|sasatoan]] [[laut]] [[prasajarah]] sarta [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]] terestrial. Sapanjan jutaan taun, [[zat]] [[sanyawa organik|organik]] ieu pagalo jeung [[leutak]], sarta kakubur dina lapisan bahan [[sédimén]] nu kandel. [[Panas]] jeung [[tekenan]] nu dihasilkeunana ngabalukarkeun ieu pasésaan téh ngalaman [[métamorposis]], mimiti jadi bahan sarupa lilin nu katelah [[kerogén]], lajeng jadi hidrokarbon cair jeung gas dina prosés nu disebut [[katagenesis]]. Bahan ieu lajeng ngalir ka lapisan batu luhureunana nepi ka antukna kakurung dina [[pori]] batu nu disebut [[reservoir minyak]], nu salajengna digali ku urang salaku lapang minyak. Jerona ieu reservoir antara 150 m nepi ka 5&nbsp;km. <!--Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a rich source rock, a migration conduit, and a trap (seal) that forms the reservoir.The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where kerogen breaks down to oil and natural gas by a large set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. --> === Téori abiogénik === <!--The idea of [[abiogenic petroleum origin]] was championed in the [[Western world]] by [[Thomas Gold]] based on thoughts from [[Russia]], mainly on studies of [[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]]. The idea proposes that large amounts of [[carbon]] exist naturally in the [[planet]], some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. [[extremophile|Thermophilic]], rock-dwelling [[microorganism|microbial life]]-forms are in part responsible for the [[biomarker]]s found in petroleum. However, their role in the formation, alteration, or contamination of the various hydrocarbon deposits is not yet understood{{ref|Kenney2001}}. Thermodynamic calculations{{ref|Kenney2002}} and experimental studies confirm that n-alkanes (common petroleum components) do not spontaneously evolve from [[methane]] at pressures typically found in sedimentary basins, and so the theory of an abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons suggests deep generation (below 200 km) (see results [http://www.gasresources.net/]). As with any petroleum, the idea goes, these hydrocarbons would migrate upwards with methane, sometimes bearing helium and nitrogen and heavy metals. [[Diamondoid]]s are common in oil and gas and its nature probably is related to natural diamonds that come from earth's mantle. The proponents of abiogenic petroleum claim that reserves are never exhausted because they are filled from below. Further evidence, such as the existence of hydrocarbons on planetary bodies (e.g. methane on Titan [http://www.newscientistspace.com/channel/solar-system/cassini-huygens/dn7489-hydrocarbon-volcano-discovered-on-titan.html]) where life has not been found, support this theory. Experiments in 2004, by Henry Scott of the University of Indiana of South Bend and associates, showed that methane could be created from carbon and water at high temperatures and pressures, but Scott states [http://www.homepages.indiana.edu/011405/text/hydrocarbons.shtml] that this not the source of commercial petroleum. Also, the implications of this theory are what have been used to find most of the recent reserves world-wide. Traditional biotic theory only predicts oil in certain rock at a certain depth, but the abiotic theory allows for much more. Reserves in much of Canada, Iran, Kazakhstan, the coast of Vietnam, and virtually all the oil in Russia were found either at depths or in source rock that are incompatible with traditional techniques. In 1985, in Switzerland, Thomas Gold led an experimental drill for oil straight into pure granite, where 12 tonnes [http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&targetRule=10&xml=/news/2004/06/25/db2501.xml] (about 100 barrels) were extracted over five years. --> == Ékstraksi == <!--Generally the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. Historically, in the [[USA]] some [[oil field]]s existed where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been depleted, except for certain remote locations in Alaska. Often many wells (called ''multilateral wells'') will be drilled into the same reservoir, to ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable. Also, some wells (''secondary wells'') may be used to pump [[water]], [[steam]], [[acid]]s or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate. If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, then the oil will be forced to the surface under this pressure. Gaseous fuels or natural gas are usually present, which also supplies needed underground pressure. In this situation it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of [[valve]]s (the [[Christmas tree (oilfield)|Christmas tree]]) on the [[well head]] to connect the well to a [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] network for storage and processing. This is called primary oil recovery. Usually, only about 20% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted this way. Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall, and at some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. If economical, and it often is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted using secondary oil recovery methods ''(see: [[energy balance]] and [[net energy gain]])''. Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or low-pressure reservoirs. Sometimes pumps, such as [[nodding donkey|beam pumps]] and [[Electrical Submersible Pumps|electrical submersible pumps]] (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface. Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by [[Water injection (oil production)|water injection]], [[gas reinjection|natural gas reinjection]] and [[Gas Lift|gas lift]], which injects [[Earth's atmosphere|air]], [[carbon dioxide]] or some other gas into the reservoir. Together, primary and secondary recovery allow 25% to 35% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. Tertiary oil recovery reduces the oil's [[viscosity]] to increase oil production. Tertiary recovery is started when secondary oil recovery techniques are no longer enough to sustain production, but only when the oil can still be extracted [[profit]]ably. This depends on the [[cost]] of the extraction method and the current [[wikinews:price of crude oil|price of crude oil]]. When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back into production and when they are low, production is curtailed. Thermally-enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a [[cogeneration]] plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a [[gas turbine]] is used to generate [[electricity]] and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to increase oil production in the [[San Joaquin Valley]], which has very heavy oil, yet accounts for 10% of the United States' oil production. In-situ [[burn]]ing is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally, [[detergent]]s are also used to decrease oil viscosity. Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. ===Alternative means of producing oil=== As oil prices continue to escalate, other alternatives to producing oil have been gaining importance. The most viable of these is the coal to oil process, known as the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]], that aims to convert coal into crude oil. It was a concept pioneered in [[Nazi Germany]] when [[import]]s of petroleum were restricted due to war and [[Germany]] found a method to extract oil from coal. It was known as ''Ersatz'' ("substitute" in [[German language|German]]), and accounted for nearly half the total oil used in [[World War II|WWII]] by Germany. However, the process was used only as a last resort as naturally occurring oil was much cheaper. As crude oil prices increase, the cost of coal to oil conversion becomes comparatively cheaper. The method involves converting high ash coal into [[synthetic oil]] in a multistage process. Ideally, a [[ton]] of coal produces nearly 200 [[liter]]s (1.25 bbl) of crude, with [[by-product]]s ranging from tar to [[Abundance of the chemical elements|rare chemicals]]. Currently, two companies have commercialised their Fischer-Tropsch technology. [http://www.shell.com.my/smds Shell] in [[Bintulu]], [[Malaysia]], uses [[natural gas]] as a [[feedstock]], and produces primarily low-[[sulfur]] [[diesel]] fuels. [http://www.sasol.com Sasol] in [[South Africa]] uses coal as a feedstock, and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products. The process is today used in [[South Africa]] to produce most of the country's [[diesel]] fuel from coal by the company [[Sasol]]. The process was used in South Africa to meet its energy needs during its isolation under [[Apartheid]]. This process has received renewed attention in the quest to produce low [[sulfur]] [[diesel]] fuel in order to minimize [[the environment]]al impact from the use of diesel [[engine]]s. More recently explored is [[Thermal depolymerization]] (TDP). In theory, TDP can convert any organic waste into petroleum. --> == Sajarah == <!--The first [[oil well]]s were drilled in [[China]] in the [[4th century]] or earlier. They had depth of up to 800 feet and were drilled using [[drill bit|bits]] attached to [[bamboo]] poles. The oil was burned to evaporate [[brine]] and produce [[sodium chloride|salt]]. By the [[10th century]], extensive [[bamboo]] pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. Ancient [[Persian Empire|Persian]] tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper echelons of their society. In the [[8th century]], the [[street]]s of the newly-constructed [[Baghdad]] were paved with [[tar]], derived from easily-accessible petroleum from natural fields in the region. In the [[9th century]], oil fields were exploited in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], to produce [[naphtha]]. These fields were described by the [[geographer]] [[Masudi]] in the [[10th century]], and by [[Marco Polo]] in the [[13th century]], who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. ''(See also: [[Timeline of Islamic science and technology]].)'' The [[modern world|modern history]] of oil began in [[1853]], with the discovery of the process of oil distillation. Crude oil was distilled into kerosene by [[Ignacy Lukasiewicz]], a [[Poland|Polish]] [[scientist]]. The first "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") mine was created in [[Bobrka]], near [[Krosno]] in southern [[Poland|Poland]] in the following year and the first [[refinery]] (actually a [[distillery]]) was built in [[Ulaszowice]], also by Lukasiewicz. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and [[Meerzoeff]] built the first Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at [[Baku]] in [[1861]]. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world's oil. The battle of Stalingrad was fought over Baku (now the capital of the Azerbaijan Republic). [[Image:oilfield.jpg|frame|Oil field in [[California]], 1938. The first modern oil well was drilled in [[1848]] by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the [[Aspheron Peninsula]] north-east of [[Baku]].]] The first commercial oil well drilled in North America was in Oil Springs, [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] in [[1858]], dug by James Miller Williams. The American petroleum [[industry]] began with [[Edwin Drake]]'s discovery of oil in [[1859]], near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]]. The industry grew slowly in the [[1800s]], driven by the demand for [[kerosene]] and [[oil lamp]]s. It became a major [[nation]]al concern in the early part of the [[20th century]]; the introduction of the [[internal combustion engine]] provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Ontario]] were quickly exhausted, leading to "oil booms" in [[Texas]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[California]]. By [[1910]], significant oil fields had been discovered in [[Canada]] (specifically, in the province of [[Alberta]]), the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[1885]], in [[Sumatra]]), [[Persian Empire|Persia]] ([[1908]], in [[Masjed Soleiman]]), [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Mexico]], and were being developed at an industrial level. Even until the mid-([[1950s]]), [[coal]] was still the world's foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the [[1973 energy crisis]] and the [[1979 energy crisis]], there was significant [[media]] coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true, many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. ''[[USA Today]]'' news ([[2004]]) reports that there are 40 years of petroleum left in the ground. Some would argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the [[1970s]] have merely been postponed. Others argue that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of [[tar sands]], bitumen fields and [[oil shale]] that will allow for petroleum use to continue for an extremely long period in the future, with both the Canadian tar sands and United States shale oil deposits representing potential reserves matching existing liquid petroleum deposits worldwide. Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important [[commodity|commodities]]. Access to it was a major factor in several military conflicts, including World War II and the [[Persian Gulf War]]. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the [[Middle East]], with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: [[Saudi Arabia]] (12.5%), [[UAE]], [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]]. The USA has less than 3%. --> == Balukarna ka lingkungan == <!--The presence of oil has significant [[society|social]] and [[environment]]al impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as [[seismology|seismic]] exploration, drilling, and generation of [[pollution|polluting]] wastes. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although [[John Hunt|Dr. John Hunt]] from [[Woods Hole]] pointed out in a [[1981]] paper that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macroseepages, and many oil fields are found due to natural leaks. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Extraction may involve [[dredging]], which stirs up the [[seabed]], [[kill]]ing the sea plants that marine creatures need to survive. Crude oil and refined fuel spills from [[tanker (ship)|tanker ship]] accidents have damaged fragile [[ecosystem]]s in [[Alaska]], the [[Galapagos Islands]], [[Spain]], and many other places. Burning oil releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to [[global warming]]. Per energy unit, oil produces less [[CO2]] than coal, but more than natural gas. However, oil's unique role as a [[transportation]] fuel makes reducing its CO₂ emissions a particularly thorny problem; amelioration strategies such as [[carbon sequestering]] are generally geared for large [[power plant]]s, not individual tailpipes. [[Renewable energy source]] alternatives do exist, although the degree to which they can replace petroleum and the possible environmental damage they may cause are uncertain and controversial. [[Sun]], [[wind]], [[geothermal]], and other renewable electricity sources cannot directly replace high energy density liquid petroleum for transportation use; instead automobiles and other equipment must be altered to allow using electricity (in [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]) or hydrogen (via [[fuel cell]]s or internal combustion) which can be produced from renewable sources. Other options include using [[biomass]]-origin liquid fuels ([[ethanol]], [[biodiesel]]). Any combination of solutions to replace petroleum as a liquid transportation fuel will be a very large undertaking. ==Future of oil== {{main|Hubbert peak theory}} The [[M. King Hubbert|Hubbert]] peak theory, also known as '''''[[peak oil]]''''', is a theory concerning the long-term rate of production of conventional oil and other fossil fuels. It assumes that [[oil reserves]] are not replenishable (i.e. that abiogenic replenishment is negligible), and predicts that future world oil production must inevitably reach a peak and then decline as these reserves are exhausted. Controversy surrounds the theory, as predictions for when the global peak will actually take place are highly dependent on the past production and discovery data used in the calculation. Proponents of peak oil theory also refer as an example of their theory, that when any given oil well produces oil in similar volumes to the amount of water used to obtain the oil, it tends to produce less oil afterwards, leading to the relatively quick exhaustion and/or commercial unviablility of the well in question. The issue can be considered from the point of view of individual regions or of the world as a whole. Originally [[M. King Hubbert]] noticed that the ''discoveries'' in the United States had peaked in the early 1930s, and concluded that ''production'' would then peak in the early 1970s. His prediction turned out to be correct, and after the US peaked in 1971 - and thus lost its excess production capacity - [[OPEC]] was finally able to manipulate oil prices, which led to the oil crisis in 1973. Since then, most other countries have also peaked: Britain's [[North Sea]], for example in late 1990s. China has confirmed that two of its largest producing regions are in decline, and Mexico's national oil company, [[Pemex]], has announced that [[Cantarell Field]], one of the world's largest offshore fields, is expected to peak in 2006, and then decline 14% per annum. For various reasons (perhaps most importantly the lack of transparency in [[accounting]] of global oil reserves), it is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region. Based on available production data, proponents have previously (and incorrectly) predicted the peak for the world to be in years 1989, 1995, or 1995-2000. However these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent reduction in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. A new prediction by [[Goldman Sachs]] picks 2007 for oil and some time later for natural gas. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off. One signal is that 2005 saw a dramatic fall in announced new oil projects coming to production from 2008 onwards. Since it takes on average four to six years for a new project to start producing oil, in order to avoid the peak, these new projects would have to not only make up for the depletion of current fields, but increase total production annually to meet increasing demand. 2005 also saw substantial increases in oil prices due to temporary circumstances, which then failed to be controlled by increasing production. The inability to increase production in the short term, indicating a general lack of spare capacity, and the corresponding uncontrolled price fluctuations, can be interpreted as a sign that peak oil has occurred or is presently in the process of occurring. --> == Klasifikasi == <!--The [[oil industry]] classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its relative weight ([[API gravity]]) or [[viscosity]] ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"); refiners may also refer to it as "sweet", which means it contains relatively little [[sulfur]], or as "sour", which means it contains substantial amounts of [[sulfur]] and requires more refining in order to meet current product specifications. The world reference [[barrel (unit)|barrel]]s are: * '''Brent Blend''', comprising 15 oils from fields in the [[Brent oilfield|Brent]] and [[Ninian]] systems in the [[East Shetland Basin]] of the [[North Sea]]. The oil is landed at [[Sullom Voe]] terminal in the [[Shetlands]]. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price of this oil, which forms a [[benchmark]]. See also [[Brent crude]]. * [[West Texas Intermediate]] (WTI) for North American oil. * Dubai, used as benchmark for Middle East oil flowing to the [[Asia]]-[[Pacific]] region. * Tapis (from [[Malaysia]], used as a reference for light Far East oil) * Minas (from [[Indonesia]], used as a reference for heavy Far East oil) * The [[OPEC]] Basket consisting of ** Arab Light [[Saudi Arabia]] ** [[Bonny Light]] [[Nigeria]] ** Fateh [[Dubai]] ** Isthmus [[Mexico]] (non-OPEC) ** Minas [[Indonesia]] ** Saharan Blend [[Algeria]] ** Tia Juana Light [[Venezuela]] OPEC attempts to keep the price of the Opec Basket between upper and lower limits, by increasing and decreasing production. This makes the measure important for market analysts. The OPEC Basket, including a mix of light and heavy crudes, is heavier than both Brent and WTI. See also [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ask/crude_types1.html] --> == Harga == <!--[[Image:Gas-hike.jpg|thumb|350px|Overnight gas price hike shown at a Chicago area BP-Amoco station (background). The Shell station (foreground) has not yet posted the 12 cent price hike.]] References to the oil price are usually either references to the [[spot price]] of either WTI/Light Crude as traded on [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] (NYMEX) for delivery in [[Cushing, Oklahoma]]; or the price of Brent as traded on the [[International Petroleum Exchange]] (IPE) for delivery at [[Sullom Voe]]. The price of a barrel of oil is highly dependent on both its grade (which is determined by factors such as its specific gravity or [[application programming interface|API]] and its sulphur content) and location. The vast majority of oil will not be traded on an exchange but on a [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] basis, typically with reference to a marker crude oil grade that is typically quoted via pricing agencies such as [[Argus Media Ltd]] and [[Platts]]. For example in Europe a particular grade of oil, say Fulmar, might be sold at a price of "Brent plus US$0.25/barrel".or as an [[intra-company transaction]]. IPE claim that 65% of traded oil is priced off their Brent benchmarks. Other important benchmarks include Dubai, Tapis, and the OPEC basket. The [[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) uses the Imported Refiner Acquisition Cost, the weighted average cost of all oil imported into the US as their "world oil price". It is often claimed that OPEC sets the oil price and the true cost of a barrel of oil is around $2, which is equivalent to the cost of extraction of a barrel in the Middle East. These estimates of costs ignore the cost of finding and developing oil reserves. Furthermore the important cost as far as price is concerned, is not the price of the cheapest barrel but the cost of producing the marginal barrel. By limiting production OPEC has caused more expensive areas of production such as the North Sea to be developed before the Middle East has been exhausted. OPEC's power is also often overstated. Investing in spare capacity is expensive and the low oil price environment in the late 90s led to cutbacks in investment. This has meant during the oil price rally seen between 2003-2005, OPEC's spare capacity has not been sufficient to stabilise prices. [[Image:Oil Prices Medium Term.png|thumb|300px|Oil prices, 1994-2006 (not adjusted for inflation).]] Oil demand is highly dependent on global macroeconomic conditions, so this is also an important determinant of price. Some economists claim that high oil prices have a large negative impact on the global growth. This means that the relationship between the oil price and global growth is not particularly stable although a high oil price is often thought of as being a late cycle phenomenon. A recent low point was reached in January [[1999]], after increased oil production from Iraq coincided with the [[Asian financial crisis]], which reduced demand. The prices then rapidly increased, more than doubling by September [[2000]], then fell until the end of [[2001]] before steadily increasing, reaching US $40 to US $50 per barrel by September [[2004]]. [http://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CO/M] In October 2004, light crude [[futures contract]]s on the NYMEX for November delivery exceeded US $53 per barrel and for December delivery exceeded US $55 per barrel. Crude oil prices surged to a record high above $60 a barrel in June 2005, sustaining a rally built on strong demand for gasoline and diesel and on concerns about refiners' ability to keep up. This trend continued into early [[August]] [[2005]], as NYMEX crude oil futures contracts surged past the $65 mark as consumers kept up the demand for gasoline despite its high price. (see [[Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005]]).) The [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] (NYMEX) trades crude oil (including futures contracts) and provides the basis of US crude oil pricing via WTI (West Texas Intermediate). Other exchanges also trade crude oil futures, eg the [[International Petroleum Exchange]] (IPE) in London trades contracts in Brent crude. Even individuals can now trade crude oil through online trading sites [[margin account]] or their banks through [[structured product]]s indexed on the Commodities markets. [[Image:Oil Prices Short Term.png|thumb|300px|Recent oil prices, 2004-2006]] See also [http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm History and Analysis of Crude Oil Prices] --> == Nagara utama produsén minyak bumi == Sumber: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216112638/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html Statistika énergi ti Pamaréntah AS] Dumasar produksi taun 2004 (jb/p = ''juta barél per poé''): * [[Arab Saudi]] ([[OPEC]]) - 10.37 jb/p * [[Rusia]] - 9.27 jb/p * [[Amérika Serikat]] ¹ - 8.69 jb/p * [[Iran]] (OPEC) - 4.09 jb/p * [[Méksiko]] ¹ - 3.83 jb/p * [[Cina]] ¹ - 3.62 jb/p * [[Norwégia]] ¹ - 3.18 jb/p * [[Kanada]] ¹ - 3.14 jb/p * [[Vénézuéla]] (OPEC) ¹ - 2.86 jb/p * [[Uni Émirat Arab]] (OPEC) - 2.76 jb/p * [[Kuwait]] (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p * [[Nigeria]] (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p * [[Inggris]] ¹ - 2.08 jb/p * [[Irak]] (OPEC) ² - 2.03 jb/p <small>¹ [[Cadangan minyak#Nagara nu geus ngaliwatan puncak produksina|puncak produksi geus kaliwat]]</small> <small>² Najan masih anggota, Irak can kungsi deui dilaporkeun catetan produksina ti 1998</small> Dumasar jumlah nu diékspor taun 2003: * Saudi Arabia (OPEC) * Russia * Norway ¹ * Iran (OPEC) * United Arab Emirates (OPEC) * Venezuela (OPEC) ¹ * Kuwait (OPEC) * Nigeria (OPEC) * Mexico ¹ * Algeria (OPEC) * Libya (OPEC) ¹ <small>¹ [[Cadangan minyak#Nagara nu geus ngaliwatan puncak produksina|puncak produksi geus kaliwat]]</small> Catet yén AS ampir maké sakabéh produksina sorangan, sedengkeun Inggris kiwari geus jadi ''net-importer''. Produksi/konsumsi sadunya (taun [[2005]]) kira 84 juta barél unggal poéna. Baca ogé: [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]]. == Minyak bumi dina taktik militér == <!--* In [[World War 2]] the [[Soviet Union]] sought to protect their [[oil fields]] from falling into the hands of [[Nazi Germany]] at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. * The [[United States]] has a [[strategic oil reserve]] in the event of war or loss of oil supplies. * During the [[Iran-Iraq War]] many nations sent military ships to escort tankers carrying oil. * During the [[Gulf War]], [[Iraq]]'s retreating troops burned [[Kuwait]]'s oil fields in order to give them air cover, to slow the advance of pursuing coalition forces, and to damage the Kuwaiti economy. * During the [[Iraq War]] the United States had military units work to quickly secure oil fields and remove any explosives that Iraq was rumored to have placed on them to be used in the event of an invasion. ==Books about the petroleum industry== * {{Book reference | Author=James Howard Kunstler | Title=The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century | Publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press | Year=2005 | ID=0871138883}} * {{Book reference | Author= C.J. Campbell| Title=The Coming Oil Crisis | Publisher= | Year=2004 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author= Peter Odell| Title=Why Carbon Fuels Will Dominate the 21st Century's Global Energy Economy| Publisher= Multi Science| Year=2004 | ID=0906522226 }} * {{Book reference | Author= | Title=Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil | Publisher= | Year=2004 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Amory B. Lovins | Title=Winning the Oil Endgame | Publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute | Year=2004 | ID=1881071103}} * {{Book reference | Author= | Title=Hubbert's Peak : The Impending World Oil Shortage | Publisher= | Year=2003 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Vaclav Smil | Title=Energy at the Crossroads : Global Perspectives and Uncertainties | Publisher=The MIT Press | Year=2003 | ID=0262194929}} * {{Book reference | Author=Daniel Yergin | Title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power | Publisher=Simon & Schuster | Year=1991 | ID=0671502484}} * {{Book reference | Author=Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum | Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume I, The Age of Illumination | Publisher=Northwestern University Press | Year=1959 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gilbert C. Klose | Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume II, The Age of Energy | Publisher=Northwestern University Press | Year=1963 | ID=}} ==Films about petroleum== * {{imdb title|id=0299612|title=Burning of the Standard Oil Co.'s Tanks, Bayonne, N.J.}} * {{imdb title|id=0363498|title=California Oil Wells in Operation }} * {{imdb title|id=0222879|title=Canada Strikes Oil: Leduc, Alberta 1947 }} * {{imdb title|id=0446320|title=The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream}} ** http://www.endofsuburbia.com * {{imdb title|id=0063060|title=Hellfighters}} * {{imdb title|id=0386530|title=Incendio del pozo petrolero de Dos Bocas, Veracruz}} * {{imdb title|id=0391235|title=La Industria del Petróleo}} * {{imdb title|id=0172594|title=Industria petrolului }} * {{imdb title|id=0334042|title=Oil - From Fossil to Flame }} * {{imdb title|id=0184795|title=Oil Fires, Their Prevention and Extinguishment}} * {{imdb title|id=0461695|title=Oil Storm }} * {{imdb title|id=0224029|title=Roughnecks: The Story of Oil Drillers }} * {{imdb title|id=0348412|title=Wildcatter: The Story of Texas Oil }} * {{imdb title|id=0104706|title=Lektionen in Finsternis }} * [[Syriana]] * [http://www.archive.org/details/Destinat1956 "Destination Earth"] at the [[Prelinger Archives]] ==Writers covering the petroleum industry== *[[Colin Campbell (geologist)|Colin J. Campbell]] *[[Kenneth S. Deffeyes]] *[[Thomas Gold]] *[[David Goodstein]] *[[Jay Hanson]] *[[Daniel Yergin]] ==Baca ogé== * [[Abiogenic petroleum origin]] * [[List of oil fields]] * [[List of oil-producing states]] * [[List of oil-consuming states]] * [[Oil reserves#Countries that have already passed their production peak|List of Countries that have already passed their production peak]] * [[List of petroleum companies]] * [[Energy crisis]]: [[1973 energy crisis]], [[1979 energy crisis]] * [[Fossil fuel]] * [[Greenhouse gas]]es * [[History of the Petroleum Industry]] * [[Hubbert peak]] (aka peak oil) * [[Future energy development]] * [[1990 spike in the price of oil]] * [[Mineral oil]] * [[Non-conventional oil]] * [[Oil imperialism]] * [[Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005]] * [[Oil refinery]] * [[Oil supplies]] * [[Oil well]] * [[Olduvai theory]] (not strictly about oil, but it basically assumes that oil and gas are the only significant energy sources) * [[Petroleum disaster]]s * [[Petroleum geology]] * [[Petroleum politics]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Soft energy path]] * [[Thermal depolymerization]] * [[Thomas Gold]] --> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Petroleum}} * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html US Energy Information Administration] - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration. * [http://www.api.org/ American Petroleum Institute] - A site run by the American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the US oil industry. * [http://www.longemergency.blogspot.com Long Emergency Blog] - A site with Péak Oil news and discussion, regarding how our world will never be the same. * [http://theoildrum.com The Oil Drum] - A Community Discussion about Péak Oil and the Oil Industry. * [http://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CO Crude Oil Commodity Charts] - Price charts for crude oil * [http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm Major dates of the Polish petroleum industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519031720/http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm |date=2007-05-19 }} * [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.] * [http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)] * [http://www.gasresources.net/Introduction.htm An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.] * [http://www.spe.org/elibinfo/eLibrary_Papers/spe/1982/82UGR/00010836/00010836.htm Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)] * [http://www.bp.com/genericsection.do?categoryId=92&contentId=7005893 BP Statistical Revue of World Energy ] * [http://www.oilrocks.com Oil Rocks] * [http://www.peak-oil-crisis.com Peak Oil News and Articles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221151602/http://www.peak-oil-crisis.com/ |date=2006-02-21 }} * [http://www.nymex.com Nymex] - oil trading center of the US * [http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/ Bloomberg Energy Prices] - current prices on world mercantile exchanges * [http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/ Oil Marketer] - oil news and market information * [http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3884623 Oil in troubled waters] - Economist article on investor approaches to oil markets, supply, and future * [http://www.pdvsa.com PDVSA] - The site for the state-owned oil company of Venezuela * [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com venezuelanalysis.com] - A site focusing on developments in Venezuela, with a big emphasis on the oil issue. * [http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ Petroleum industry portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203024633/http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ |date=2006-02-03 }} <!-- ===Articles=== * [http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v38/oil.html The End of the Age of Oil] - article adapted from a talk by Caltech vice provost and professor of physics [[David Goodstein]] * [http://www.publicintegrity.org/oil/ The Politics of Oil] - A report on the oil industry's influence of lawmakers and public policy by the ''[[Center for Public Integrity]]''. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3953907.stm BBC: Stability fears rise as oil reliance grows] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil] "261 billion barrels in reserve..." * [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,16849-1733893,00.html Lee Raymond of Exxon Mobile believes oil supplies will rise] * [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6&section=0&article=44011&d=29&m=4&y=2004 Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled] * [http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=6110&tabla=miami Pemex's oil estimates double:] Mexican Oil company's estimate of reserves doubled. *''[http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum] {{ref|Kenney2001}}'' *''[http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)]'' ===Data=== *[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html Department of Energy EIA - World supply and consumption] * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/prices.html US petroleum prices] ===References=== # {{note|Kenney2002}} {{cite journal | author=Kenney, J., Kutcherov, V., Bendeliani, N. and Alekseev, V. | title= The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. | volume=99 | year=2002 | pages=10976-10981 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/17/10976 }} # {{note|Kenney2001}} {{cite journal | author=Kenney, J., Shnyukov, A., Krayushkin, V., Karpov, I., Kutcherov, V. and Plotnikova, I. | title= Dismissal of the claims of a biological connection for natural petroleum | journal=Energia | volume=22 | issue=3 | year=2001 | pages=26-34}} --> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Minyak]] [[Kategori:Minyak bumi]] rl7q59mblg1j75htvf5l645oy64i689 0 3839 710569 658375 2026-06-19T06:52:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Japati | image = Columba livia.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Japati liar kelir alami | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Columbiformes]] | familia = [[Columbidae]] | genus = ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]'' | species = '''''C. livia''''' | binomial = ''Columba livia'' | binomial_authority = [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789 }} [[Gambar:Feral pigeons on cliffs at Hunstanton, Norfolk.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Japati di [[habitat]] alamina dina cadas gawir basisir. Di pakotaan, gawir cadas ieu téh diganti ku témbok gedong-gedong jangkung.]] [[File:Columba livia MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.73.7.jpg|thumb| ''Columba livia'']] '''Japati''' mangrupa [[manuk]] anggota kulawarga [[Columbidae]]. Istilah japati dipaké pikeun 308 [[spésiés]] [[manuk]] anggota ordo [[Columbiformes]], ngawengku '''japati''', [[tikukur]], [[titiran]], [[manuk puter]], jeung spésiés lianna. Nu jadi ciri golongan japati nyaéta awakna tegep, beuheung, pamatuk jeung sukuna pondok, boga ''cera'' luhureun pamatukna. Ordo japati sumebar di sakuliah dunya, tapi rupa nu panglobana mah aya di wewengkon [[Indomalaya]] jeung [[Australasia]], dianggap patali jeung [[dodo]] nu geus lastari. Anak japati disebut 'piyik'. Japati alamina aya di wewengkon [[Éropa]] kulon jeung kidul, [[Aprika Kalér]], jeung [[Asia]] kidul-kulon. Habitatna alamna di gawir-gawir cadas, utamana di basisir. Hasil [[doméstikasi]]na mah aya di mana-mana, kaasup di kota-kota. Di [[Inggris]], [[Irlandia]], jeung wewengkon asalna nu alami, japati téh ukur aya di pasisian. Japati mimiti dibawa ka [[Amérika Kalér]] taun [[1606]] di [[Habitasi Port-Royal|Port Royal]], [[Acadia]] (ayeuna [[Nova Scotia]]). == Anatomi == [[Gambar:Herd_instinct_1.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Rupa-rupa kelir bulu japati liar]] Panjang awak japati antara 30–35&nbsp;cm, kalawan lébar bébér [[jangjang]] 62–68&nbsp;cm. Ciri utama japati liar murni bisa ditempo dina warna bulu tungtung tonggong nu bodas, ditambah dua polét hideung dina jangjangna. Umurna di alam liar antara 3-5 taun, sedengkeun mun dikandangan bisa nepi ka 15 taun. Warna hulu jeung [[beuheung]] japati nu geus sawawa ilaharna bulao-abu-abu, leuwih kolot batan tonggong jeung jangjangna, sedengkeun dina beuteungna mah bodas. Panonna biasana mah oranyeu, tapi aya ogé nu bodas semu abu-abu. == Sayang == Sayangna biasana dijieun dina lelegok atawa guha, dijieun tina régang garing, [[jukut]], atawa [[jukut laut]]. Sakali baranahan, japati mah ngendogna ukur dua; disileungleuman piligenti ku indung jeung bapana salila 18 poéan. 'Piyik'na kakara disapih mun geus umur 30 poéan. Sayang japati ilaharna dijieun tina régang leutik jeung sésa bilik (mun di sabudeureunana aya), sakali baranahan ukur boga dua [[endog]] nu disileungleuman piligenti ku jalu jeung bikangna. Kadaharanana sarupaning sisikian ([[jagong]], [[paré]]/[[béas]]), [[buah|bungbuahan]], jeung bahan tutuwuhan lianna. Béda ti galibna bangsa manuk, japati mah sok "nyusuan" anakna nu cairan ladang ngabeuweung kadaharanana. == Doméstikasi == Japati geus didoméstikasi ti rébuan taun ka tukang. Japati doméstik nu geus dilatih bisa mulang ka sayangna najan di bawa ka tempat nu can dipikawanoh nu jauhna nepi ka sarébuan kilo. Silangan husus, nu katelah [[japati pos]], geus kalatih sangkan bisa mawa surat. Japati nu kieu ogé sok [[balap japati|dibalapkeun]]. [[Gambar:Feral Rock Dove nest with chicks.jpg|thumb|190px|'''Piyik''' umur sapuluh poéan]] Japati sok dikawinsilangkeun pikeun diala daging, dedegan, atawa kelir buluna ([https://web.archive.org/web/20010820063042/http://members.aol.com/duiven/highlight/carrier/carrier.htm galeri poto]). Kabisa navigasi mangrupa salah sahiji kaahéngan japati, padahal manuk ieu mah tara ngayakeun [[migrasi manuk|migrasi]]. Japati doméstik sok dipaké dina percobaan di laboratorium [[biologi]], [[kadokteran]], jeung [[élmu kognitif]]. Contona baé, japati sok dilatih pikeun ngabédakeun antara lukisan [[kubisme]] jeung [[imprésionisme]]. [[Gambar:PigeonX.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Japati liar nu nyayang dina sela-sela témbok wangunan.]] == Japati liar di kota-kota == Japati liar di pakotaan sacara naluri ngajadikeun gedong-gedong jangkung di pakotaan salaku gawir-gawir cadas tempat alamina. Sababaraha kota nu kawentar ku japati liarna, di antarana *[[Trafalgar Square]] - [[London]] *[[Dam Square]] - [[Amsterdam]] *[[Martin Place]] - [[Sydney]] *[[Piazza San Marco]] - [[Venice]] *[[Misir Carshisi]]- [[Istambul]] *[[Rynek Główny]]- [[Cracow]] ku sabab kamekaran populasina, di kota-kota kawas di luhur mah pihak pamaréntah nepi ka nyaram maraban japati liar. Komo ku kalakuanana nu bisa ngaruksak wangunan, nyebarkeun panyakit, [[polusi]] taina, sarta ngusir manuk lianna. == Rupa Japati == Japati digolongkeun ka opat jenis nyaéta:<ref name=":0">Suparman. 2007.''Cara Beternak Merpati''. Surabaya: Ganeca Exact</ref> # Japati hias # Japai pos # Japati balap, jeung # Japati daging. === Japati Hias === Nu kaasup japati hias nyaéta Japati Makuta, Japati Kapas, Japati Robot jeung Japati Tembolok. Nu séwang-séwangan boga cirina sorangan.<ref name=":0" /> === Japati Pos === nyaéta japati nu boga kamampuh ngapung kalawan gancang dina jarak nu jauh. Japati ieu nu baheula dijadikeun sarana pikeun ngirimkeun surat.<ref name=":0" /> === Japati Balap === nyaéta japati nu sok dipaké minangka adu balap japati. Biasana japati diadukeun kalawan ditempo japati nu panggancangna,<ref name=":0" /> === Japati Daging === nyaéta japati nu maksud dipiara pikeun diala dagingna. Japati daging diingu sarua saperti hayam jeung manuk tuluy dipeuncit.<ref name=":0" /> ==Klasifikasi & béréndélan spésiésna== Famili japati biasana dibagi kana lima subfamili, sakumaha dadaran di handap (diluyukeun jeung ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'', karya Lynx taun [[1997]]): ===Subfamili Columbinae - nu ilahar disebut japati=== Genus ''[[Columba]]'' - Japati biasa * [[Rock Dove]] or '''feral pigéon''', ''Columba livia'' * [[Stock Dove]] ''Columba oenas'' * [[Trocaz Pigeon]] ''Columba trocaz'' * [[Bolle's Pigeon]] ''Columba bollii'' * [[Laurel Pigeon]] ''Columba junoniae'' * [[White-crowned Pigeon]] ''Columba leucocephala'' * [[Red-billed Pigeon]] ''Columba flavirostris'' * [[Band-tailed Pigeon]] ''Columba fasciata'' * [[Hill Pigeon]], ''Columba rupestris'' * [[Snow Pigeon]], ''Columba leuconota'' * [[Speckled Pigeon]], ''Columba guinea'' * [[White-collared Pigeon]], ''Columba albitorques'' * [[Pale-backed Pigeon]], ''Columba eversmanni'' * [[Somali Pigeon]], ''Columba oliviae'' * [[Wood Pigeon]], ''Columba palumbus'' * [[Afep Pigeon]], ''Columba unicincta'' [[Gambar:Herd_instinct_1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Japati Batu' ngagorombol eunteup na kabel listrik.]] * [[African Olive Pigeon]], ''Columba arquatrix'' * [[Cameroon Olive Pigeon]], ''Columba sjostedti'' * [[Sao Tome Olive Pigeon]], ''Columba thomensis'' * [[Comoro Olive Pigeon]], ''Columba polleni'' * [[Speckled Woodpigeon]], ''Columba hodgsonii'' * [[White-naped Pigeon]], ''Columba albinucha'' * [[Ashy Woodpigeon]], ''Columba pulchricollis'' * [[Nilgiri Woodpigeon]], ''Columba elphinstonii'' * [[Sri Lanka Woodpigeon]], ''Columba torringtoni'' * [[Pale-capped Pigeon]], ''Columba punicea'' * [[Silvery Pigeon]], ''Columba argentina'' (possibly extinct) * [[Andaman Woodpigeon]], ''Columba palumboides'' * [[Japanese Woodpigeon]], ''Columba janthina'' * [[Bonin Wood Pigeon]], '' Columba versicolor'' (extinct) * [[Metallic Pigeon]] or White-throated Pigéon, ''Columba vitiensis'' * [[White-headed Pigeon]], ''Columba leucomela'' * [[Ryukyu Pigeon]], ''Columba jouyi'' (extinct) * [[Yellow-legged Pigeon]], ''Columba pallidiceps'' * [[White-crowned Pigeon]], ''Columba leucocephala'' * [[Scaly-naped Pigeon]], ''Columba squamosa'' * [[Scaled Pigeon]], ''Columba speciosa'' * [[Picazuro Pigeon]], ''Columba picazuro'' * [[Bare-eyed Pigeon]], ''Columba corensis'' * [[Spot-winged Pigeon]], ''Columba maculosa'' * [[Band-tailed Pigeon]], ''Columba fasciata'' * [[Chilean Pigeon]], ''Columba araucana'' * [[Ring-tailed Pigeon]], ''Columba caribaea'' * [[Pale-vented Pigeon]], ''Columba cayennensis'' * [[Red-billed Pigeon]], ''Columba flavirostris'' * [[Peruvian Pigeon]], ''Columba oenops'' * [[Plain Pigeon]], ''Columba inornata'' * [[Plumbeous Pigeon]], ''Columba plumbea'' * [[Ruddy Pigeon]], ''Columba subvinacea'' * [[Short-billed Pigeon]], ''Columba nigrirostris'' * [[Dusky Pigeon]], ''Columba goodsoni'' * [[Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon]], ''Columba delegorguei'' * [[Western Bronze-naped Pigeon]], ''Columba iriditorques'' * [[Sao Tome Bronze-naped Pigeon]], ''Columba malherbii'' * [[Madagascar Pigeon]], ''Columba picturata'' (formerly ''Streptopelia picturata'') * [[African Lemon-dove]], ''Columba larvata'' * [[Sao Tome Lemon-dove]], ''Columba simplex'' [[Image:Poland-Krakow-Pigeons.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'Japati Batu' di [[Krakow]], [[Polandia]] ]] Genus ''[[Streptopelia]]'' * [[Laughing Dove]] ''Streptopelia senegalensis'' * [[Eurasian Collared Dove|Collared Dove]] ''Streptopelia decaocto'' * [[Barbary Dove]] ''Streptopelia risoria'' (domesticated; taxonomic status doubtful) * [[African Collared Dove]], ''Streptopelia roseogrisea'' * [[Spotted Dove]] ''Streptopelia chinensis'' * [[Turtle Dove]] ''Streptopelia turtur'' * [[Oriental Turtle Dove]] ''Streptopelia orientalis'' * [[Dusky Turtle Dove]], ''Streptopelia lugens'' * [[Adamawa Turtle Dove]], ''Streptopelia hypopyrrha'' * [[Pink Pigeon]], ''Streptopelia mayeri'' * [[Island Collared Dove]], ''Streptopelia bitorquata'' * [[White-winged Collared Dove]], ''Streptopelia reichenowi'' * [[African Mourning Dove]], ''Streptopelia decipiens'' * [[Red-eyed Dove]], ''Streptopelia semitorquata'' * [[Ring-necked Dove]], ''Streptopelia capicola'' * [[Vinaceous Dove]], ''Streptopelia vinacea'' * [[Red Turtle Dove]], ''Streptopelia tranquebarica'' Genus ''[[Macropygia]]'' * [[Barred Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia unchall'' * [[Slender-billed Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia amboinensis'' * [[Brown Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia phasianella'' * [[Dusky Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia magna'' * [[Andaman Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia rufipennis'' * [[Philippine Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia tenuirostris'' * [[Ruddy Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia emiliana'' * [[Black-billed Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia nigrirostris'' * [[Mackinlay's Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia mackinlayi'' * [[Little Cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia ruficeps'' Genus ''[[Reinwardtoena]]'' * [[Great Cuckoo-dove]], ''Reinwardtoena reinwardtii'' * [[Pied Cuckoo-dove]], ''Reinwardtoena browni'' * [[Crested Cuckoo-dove]], ''Reinwardtoena crassirostris'' Genus ''[[Turacoena]]'' * [[White-faced Cuckoo-dove]], ''Turacoena manadensis'' * [[Black Cuckoo-dove]], '' Turacoena modesta'' Genus ''[[Turtur]]'' * [[Emerald-spotted Wood Dove]], '' Turtur chalcospilos'' * [[Black-billed Wood Dove]], '' Turtur abyssinicus'' * [[Blue-spotted Wood Dove]], '' Turtur afer'' * [[Tambourine Dove]], ''Turtur tympanistria'' * [[Blue-headed Wood Dove]], ''Turtur brehmeri'' Genus ''[[Oena]]'' * [[Namaqua Dove]], ''Oena capensis'' Genus ''[[Chalcophaps]]'' * [[Emerald Dove]], ''Chalcophaps indica'' * [[Stephan's Dove]], ''Chalcophaps stephani'' Genus ''[[Henicophaps]]'' * [[New Guinea Bronzewing]], ''Henicophaps albifrons'' * [[New Britain Bronzewing]], ''Henicophaps foersteri'' Genus ''[[Phaps]]'', '''[[bronzewing pigeon]]s''' * [[Common Bronzewing]], ''Phaps chalcoptera'' * [[Brush Bronzewing]], ''Phaps elegans'' * [[Flock Bronzewing]], ''Phaps histrionica'' Genus ''[[Ocyphaps]]'' * [[Crested Pigeon]], ''Ocyphaps lophotes'' Genus ''[[Geophaps]]'' * [[Spinifex Pigeon]], ''Geophaps plumifera'' * [[Squatter Pigeon]], ''Geophaps scripta'' * [[Partridge Pigeon]], ''Geophaps smithii'' Genus ''[[Petrophassa]]'', rock pigéons * [[Chestnut-quilled Rock Pigeon]], ''Petrophassa rufipennis'' * [[White-quilled Rock Pigeon]], ''Petrophassa albipennis'' Genus ''[[Geopelia]]'' * [[Diamond Dove]], ''Geopelia cuneata'' * [[Zebra Dove]], ''Geopelia striata'' * [[Peaceful Dove]], ''Geopelia placida'' * [[Barred Dove]], ''Geopelia maugei'' * [[Bar-shouldered Dove]], ''Geopelia humeralis'' Genus ''[[Leucosarcia]]'' * [[Wonga Pigeon]], ''Leucosarcia melanoleuca'' [[Image:NestlingMourningDoveNestlingsAndMourningDoveMother.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Nestlings and mother [[Mourning Dove]]]] Genus ''[[Zenaida]]'' * [[Socorro Dove]], '' Zenaida graysoni'' * [[Eared Dove]], '' Zenaida auriculata'' * [[Zenaida Dove]], '' Zenaida aurita'' * [[Galapagos Dove]], '' Zenaida galapagoensis'' * [[White-winged Dove]], '' Zenaida asiatica'' * [[Pacific Dove]], '' Zenaida meloda'' * [[Mourning Dove]], '' Zenaida macroura'' Genus ''[[Ectopistes]]'' *[[Passenger Pigeon]] ''Ectopistes migratorius'' (extinct) Genus ''[[Columbina (genus)|Columbina]]'' Ground Doves * [[Common Ground Dove]], ''Columbina passerina'' * [[Plain-breasted Ground Dove]], ''Columbina minuta'' * [[Ecuadorian Ground Dove]], ''Columbina buckleyi'' * [[Ruddy Ground Dove]], ''Columbina talpacoti'' * [[Picui Dove]], ''Columbina picui'' * [[Croaking Ground Dove]], ''Columbina cruziana'' * [[Blue-eyed Ground Dove]], '' Columbina cyanopis'' Genus ''[[Claravis (genus)|Claravis]]'' * [[Blue Ground Dove]], ''Claravis pretiosa'' * [[Purple-winged Ground Dove]], ''Claravis godefrida'' * [[Maroon-chested Ground Dove]], ''Claravis mondetoura'' Genus ''[[Metropelia]]'' * [[Bare-faced Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia ceciliae'' * [[Moreno's Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia morenoi'' * [[Black-winged Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia melanoptera'' * [[Golden-spotted Ground Dove]], ''Metriopelia aymara'' Genus ''[[Scardafella]]'' * [[Inca Dove]], ''Scardafella inca'' * [[Scaled Dove]], ''Scardafella squammata'' Genus ''[[Uropelia]]'' * [[Long-tailed Ground Dove]], ''Uropelia campestris'' Genus ''[[Leptotila]]'' * [[White-tipped Dove]], ''Leptotila verreauxi'' * [[White-faced Dove]], ''Leptotila megalura'' * [[Grey-fronted Dove]], ''Leptotila rufaxilla'' * [[Grey-headed Dove]], ''Leptotila plumbeiceps'' * [[Pallid Dove]], ''Leptotila pallida'' * [[Brown-backed Dove]], ''Leptotila battyi'' * [[Grenada Dove]], ''Leptotila wellsi'' * [[Caribbean Dove]], ''Leptotila jamaicensis'' * [[Grey-chested Dove]], ''Leptotila cassini'' * [[Ochre-bellied Dove]], ''Leptotila ochraceiventris'' * [[Tolima Dove]], ''Leptotila conoveri'' Genus ''[[Geotrygon]]'', quail-doves * [[Purplish-backed Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon lawrencii'' * [[Veracruz Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon carrikeri'' * [[Costa Rica Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon costaricensis'' * [[Russet-crowned Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon goldmani'' * [[Sapphire Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon saphirina'' * [[Grey-headed Quail-dove]], '' Geotrygon caniceps'' * [[Crested Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon versicolor'' * [[Rufous-breasted Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon chiriquensis'' * [[Olive-backed Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon veraguensis'' * [[White-faced Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon albifacies'' * [[Lined Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon linearis'' * [[White-throated Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon frenata'' * [[Key West Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon chrysia'' * [[Bridled Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon mystacea'' * [[Violaceous Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon violacea'' * [[Ruddy Quail-dove]], ''Geotrygon montana'' Genus ''[[Starnoenas]]'' * [[Blue-headed Quail Dove]], ''Starnoenas cyanocephala'' Genus ''[[Caloenas]]'' [[image:nicobar.pigeon.750pix.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Nicobar Pigeon]] (Caloenas nicobarica).]] * [[Nicobar Pigeon]], ''Caloenas nicobarica'' Genus ''[[Gallicolumba]]'' * [[Luzon Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba luzonica'' * [[Mindanao Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba criniger'' * [[Mindoro Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba platenae'' * [[Negros Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba keayi'' * [[Sulu Bleeding-heart]], ''Gallicolumba menagei'' * [[Cinnamon Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba rufigula'' * [[Sulawesi Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba tristigmata'' * [[White-bibbed Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba jobiensis'' * [[Caroline Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba kubaryi'' * [[Polynesian Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba erythroptera'' * [[White-throated Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba xanthonura'' * [[Friendly Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba stairi'' * [[Tanna Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba ferruginea'' (extinct) * [[Santa Cruz Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis'' * [[Thick-billed Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba salamonis'' (extinct) * [[Marquesas Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba rubescens'' * [[Bronze Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba beccarii'' * [[Palau Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba canifrons'' * [[Wetar Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba hoedtii'' * [[Norfolk Island Ground Dove]], ''Gallicolumba norfolciensis'' (extinct) Genus ''[[Trugon]]'' * [[Thick-billed Ground Pigeon]], '' Trugon terrestris'' Genus ''[[Microgoura]]'' * [[Choiseul Pigeon]], ''Microgoura meeki'' (probably extinct) ===Subfamily Otidiphabinae - pheasant pigeon=== Genus ''[[Otidiphaps]]'' * [[Pheasant Pigeon]], ''Otidiphaps nobilis'' ===Subfamily Gourinae - crowned pigeons=== [[Image:bristol.zoo.victoria.crowned.pigeon.arp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Victoria Crowned Pigeon ''Goura victoria'' in a zoo aviary.]] Genus ''[[Goura (genus)|Goura]]'' crowned pigéons * [[Western Crowned Pigeon]], '' Goura cristata'' * [[Southern Crowned Pigeon]], '' Goura scheepmakeri'' * [[Victoria Crowned Pigeon]], '' Goura victoria'' ===Subfamily Didunculinae - tooth-billed pigeon=== Genus ''[[Didunculus]]'' * [[Tooth-billed Pigeon]], ''Didunculus strigirostris'' ===Subfamily Treroninae - green & fruit doves=== Genus ''[[Phapitreron]]'' * [[White-eared Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron leucotis'' * [[Amethyst Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron amethystina'' * [[Dark-eared Brown Dove]], ''Phapitreron cinereiceps'' Genus ''[[Treron]]'' green pigéons * [[Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron fulvicollis'' * [[Little Green Pigeon]], ''Treron olax'' * [[Pink-necked Green Pigeon]], ''Treron vernans'' * [[Orange-breasted Green Pigeon]], ''Treron bicincta'' * [[Pompadour Green Pigeon]], ''Treron pompadora'' * [[Thick-billed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron curvirostra'' * [[Grey-cheeked Green Pigeon]], ''Treron griseicauda'' * [[Sumba Green Pigeon]], ''Treron teysmannii'' * [[Flores Green Pigeon]], ''Treron floris'' * [[Timor Green Pigeon]], ''Treron psittacea'' * [[Large Green Pigeon]], ''Treron capellei'' * [[Yellow-footed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicoptera'' * [[Bruce's Green Pigeon]], ''Treron waalia'' * [[Madagascar Green Pigeon]], ''Treron australis'' * [[African Green Pigeon]], ''Treron calva'' * [[Pemba Green Pigeon]], ''Treron pembaensis'' * [[Sao Tome Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sanctithomae'' * [[Pin-tailed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron apicauda'' * [[Sumatran Green Pigeon]], ''Treron oxyura'' * [[Yellow-vented Green Pigeon]], ''Treron seimundi'' * [[Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sphenura'' * [[White-bellied Green Pigeon]], ''Treron sieboldii'' * [[Whistling Green Pigeon]], ''Treron formosae'' Genus ''[[Ptilinopus]]'', fruit doves * [[Black-backed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus cinctus'' * [[Black-banded Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus alligator'' * [[Red-naped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus dohertyi'' * [[Pink-headed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus porphyreus'' * [[Flame-breasted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus marchei'' * [[Cream-bellied Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus merrilli'' * [[Yellow-breasted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus occipitalis'' * [[Red-eared Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus fischeri'' * [[Jambu Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus jambu'' * [[Maroon-chinned Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus subgularis'' * [[Black-chinned Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus leclancheri'' * [[Scarlet-breasted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus bernsteinii'' * [[Wompoo Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus magnificus'' * [[Pink-spotted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus perlatus'' * [[Ornate Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus ornatus'' * [[Tanna Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus tannensis'' * [[Orange-fronted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus aurantiifrons'' * [[Wallace's Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus wallacii'' * [[Superb Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus superbus'' * [[Many-coloured Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus perousii'' * [[Purple-capped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus porphyraceus'' * [[Palau Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus pelewensis'' * [[Rarotonga Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus rarotongensis'' * [[Mariana Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus roseicapilla'' * [[Rose-crowned Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus regina'' * [[Silver-capped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus richardsii'' * [[Grey-green Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus purpuratus'' * [[Makatea Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus chalcurus'' * [[Atoll Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus coralensis'' * [[Red-bellied Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus greyii'' * [[Rapa Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus huttoni'' * [[White-capped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii'' * [[Red-moustached Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus mercierii'' * [[Henderson Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus insularis'' * [[Coroneted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus coronulatus'' * [[Beautiful Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus pulchellus'' * [[Blue-capped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus monacha'' * [[White-bibbed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus rivoli'' * [[Yellow-bibbed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus solomonensis'' * [[Claret-breasted Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus viridis'' * [[White-headed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus eugeniae'' * [[Orange-bellied Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus iozonus'' * [[Knob-billed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus insolitus'' * [[Grey-headed Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus hyogaster'' * [[Carunculated Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus granulifrons'' * [[Black-naped Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus melanospila'' * [[Dwarf Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus nanus'' * [[Negros Fruit Dove]], '' Ptilinopus arcanus'' * [[Orange Dove]], '' Ptilinopus victor'' * [[Golden Dove]], '' Ptilinopus luteovirens'' * [[Whistling Dove]], '' Ptilinopus layardi'' Genus ''[[Drepanoptila]]'' * [[Cloven-feathered Dove]], ''Drepanoptila holosericea'' Genus ''[[Alectroenas]]'' blue pigéons * [[Madagascar Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas madagascariensis'' * [[Comoro Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas sganzini'' * [[Seychelles Blue Pigeon]], ''Alectroenas pulcherrima'' Genus ''[[Ducula]]'' imperial pigéons [[image:Collared.dove.jpg|thumb|300px|Salah sahiji anggota famili japati nu di urang katelah [[Puter]], nu mun disilangkeun jeung japati bakal ngahasilkeun [[Dederuk]].]] * [[Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula poliocephala'' * [[White-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula forsteni'' * [[Mindoro Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula mindorensis'' * [[Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula radiata'' * [[Grey-necked Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula carola'' * [[Green Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula aenea'' * [[White-eyed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula perspicillata'' * [[Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula concinna'' * [[Pacific Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pacifica'' * [[Micronesian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula oceanica'' * [[Polynesian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula aurorae'' * [[Nukuhiva Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula galeata'' * [[Red-knobbed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rubricera'' * [[Spice Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula myristicivora'' * [[Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rufigaster'' * [[Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula basilica'' * [[Finsch's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula finschii'' * [[Shinning Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula chalconota'' * [[Island Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pistrinaria'' * [[Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula rosacea'' * [[Christmas Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula whartoni'' * [[Grey Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pickeringii'' * [[Peale's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula latrans'' [[Image:NZ-pigeon.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Kererū, New Zealand Pigeon.]] * [[Chestnut-bellied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula brenchleyi'' * [[Vanuatu Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula bakeri'' * [[New Caledonian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula goliath'' * [[Pinon's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula pinon'' * [[Bismarck Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula melanochroa'' * [[Collared Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula mullerii'' * [[Zoe's Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula zoeae'' * [[Mountain Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula badia'' * [[Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula lacernulata'' * [[Timor Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula cineracea'' * [[Pied Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula bicolor'' * [[Torresian Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula spilorrhoa'' * [[White Imperial Pigeon]], '' Ducula luctuosa'' Genus ''[[Lopholaimus]]'' * [[Topknot Pigeon]], ''Lopholaimus antarcticus'' Genus ''[[Hemiphaga]]'' * [[kererū|New Zealand Pigeon]], ''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae'' Genus ''[[Cryptophaps]]'' * [[Sombre Pigeon]], ''Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa'' Genus ''[[Gymnophaps]]'', mountain pigéons * [[Papuan Mountain Pigeon]], ''Gymnophaps albertisii'' * [[Long-tailed Mountain Pigeon]], ''Gymnophaps mada'' * [[Pale Mountain Pigeon]], ''Gymnophaps solomonensis'' == Baca ogé == * [[Balap japati]] * [[Japati pos]] == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Rock pigeon|Rock pigeon]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (8 Maret 2006). * ''Collins Bird Guide'' karya Mullarney, Svensson, Zetterström & Grant. ISBN 0-00-219728-6 * {{ITIS|ID=177071|taxon=Columba livia|year=2006|date=9 Pébruari}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Columba livia}} * [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_016 Why do pigeons bob their heads?] (ti [[The Straight Dope]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080201062504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3030.shtml BBC Life and Nature] (ti [[BBC]]) [[Kategori:Columbidae]] [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Chordata]] 82iik4y8r3k6vfy7usbtpj3vbz7akum 0 4059 710592 674584 2026-06-19T11:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|275px|thumb|[[Lodaya|Maung lodaya]], spesies panggedéna sarta pangbeuratna ti kulawarga ucing]] '''Maung''' ([[basa Inggris|Ing.]] ''big cat'') nujul kana [[Felidae|ucing]] gedé nu liar di [[Amérika]], [[Aprika]], [[Asia]], jeung [[Éropah]]; [[Australia]] jeung [[Antartika]] mah teu boga spésiés ucing [[éndemik (ékologi)|pituin]]. Najan awakna jauh leuwih gedé batan ucing, paripolah maung jeung struktur/dedeganana mah méh baé sarua. Sakabéh bangsa ucing watekna [[karnivora]] sarta pinter pisan [[prédator|moro]]. Watesan ''maung'' ukur ngawengku opat [[spésiés]] [[Panthera]]: [[singa]], [[lodaya]], [[maung totol]] (kaasup [[maung kumbang]]), sarta [[jaguar]]. Anggota genus ieu bisa ngagaur, sedengkeun bangsa ucing nu lianna mah henteu. Ku kituna, kabisa ngagaur téh kadang dianggap ciri pangbéda pikeun golongan maung. Spésiés genus Panthera lianna, [[citah]], [[maung salju]], jeung [[puma]], nu jaluna bisa nepi ka 70&nbsp;kg atawa leuwih saeutik, mindeng ogé digolongkeun kana maung. Sababaraha jenis ucing, misalna [[ling Eurasia]], beuratna ukur 25 kiloan, leuwih beurat batan [[ucing|ucing inguan]], tapi teu dianggap kaasup maung. ==Spésiés== '''Genus ''[[Panthera]]'':''' * [[Lodaya]], ''Panthera tigris'' (Asia) * [[Singa]], ''Panthera leo'' (Aprika, [[Leuweung Gir]] di [[India]]; ogé di Éropa tenggara jeung [[Tatar Arab]] jaman baheula) * [[Jaguar]], ''Panthera onca'' (Amérika, ti [[Méksiko]] nepi ka [[Argéntina]] kalér) * [[Maung totol]], ''Panthera pardus'' (Asia jeung Aprika) '''"Maung" lianna:''' * [[Citah]] (''cheetah''), ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Aprika) * [[Puma]], ''Puma concolor'' ([[Amérika Kalér]] jeung Kidul) * [[Maung salju]] (''snow leopard''), ''Uncia uncia'' (pagunungan [[Asia Tengah]]) * ''[[Clouded Leopard]]'', ''Neofelis nebulosa'' (Asia Tenggara) [[Hibrid]]: * [[Tigon]] (Lodaya jalu/Singa bikang) * [[Liger]] (Singa jalu/Lodaya bikang) * [[Jagulep]] (Jaguar jalu/Maung tutul bikang) * [[Lepjag]] (Maung totol jalu/Jaguar bikang) * [[Singa Tutul Kongo]] (''Congolese Spotted Lion'') (Jagulep atawa Lepjag/Singa) * [[Marozi]] (Singa jalu/Maung totol bikang) * [[Leopon]] (Maung totol jalu/Singa bikang) * pikeun hibrid séjénna, baca '''[[hibrid Panthera]]''' Maung nu statusna can écés (spésiés anyar, suspésiés ti nu geus aya, atawa dongéng): * [[Onza]] ([[Méksiko]] [[Pra-Kolumbus]]) '''Méong (ucing sedeng)''': * '''Genus ''[[Lynx]]'':''' ** [[Ling Eurasia]], ''Lynx lynx'' (Éropa jeung Asia) ** [[Bobcat]], ''Lynx rufus'' (Amérika Kalér) ** [[Ling Kanada]], ''Lynx canadensis'' (Amérika Kalér) ** [[Ling Iberia]], ''Lynx pardinus'' (Éropa) * [[Oselot]], ''Leopardus pardalis'' ([[Méksiko]], [[Amérika Tengah]] jeung [[Amérika Kidul|Kidul]], sarta [[Texas]] kulon-ngidul, [[AS]]) * [[Karakal]], ''Caracal caracal'' (Aprika) * [[Serval]], ''Leptailurus serval'' (Aprika) ==Tumbu kaluar== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_Big_Cats Wikijunior Big Cats] ti Wikipustaka *NatureFootage [http://www.naturefootage.com/stockfootage/big_cats/ Big Cat pictures and video clips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043507/http://www.naturefootage.com/stockfootage/Big_Cats |date=2007-10-20 }} * [http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/abf90/bco/fact1.htm How big are the Big Cats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822071716/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/abf90/bco/fact1.htm |date=2007-08-22 }} - artikel di ''Big Cats Online'' nu ngawengku diagram babadingan awak sababaraha spésiés ucing. * ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/ images and movies of endangered big cats]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427162729/http://www.arkive.org/ |date=2016-04-27 }} ==Sumber rujukan== *''[[:en:Big cat|Big cat]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (7 Juni 2006) [[Kategori:Panthera]] 497lkdi4sxbi5ozvp4jbkgdgzwrq5pz 0 5872 710571 657463 2026-06-19T07:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710571 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Pikeun '''Tuban''' di [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]], tempo [[Tuban, Bali]].'' {{dati2 |nami=Kabupatén Tuban<br>{{lang|jv|ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦧꦤ꧀}} |foto=[[Gambar:Kwan Sing Bio Temple, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia.jpg|250px]] |caption=Kelenténg kwan sing bio {{location map|Indonésia_Jawa#Indonésia |float=center |label=Kabupatén Tuban}} |lambang=[[Gambar:Coat of arms of Tuban Regency.svg|80px]] |peta=[[Gambar:Locator kabupaten tuban.png|250px]] |propinsi=[[Jawa Wétan]] |ibukota=[[Tuban]] |lega=1.904,70 km&sup2 km² |kordinat ={{coord|6|53|S|112|03|E|type:kabupatén|display=inline,title}} |pangeusi=1 yuta jiwa |kapala daerah=[[Bupati]] |kapala daerah1=[[Wakil Bupati]] |kapadetan=- |kacamatan=20 |kalurahan=- |dau=Rp.849.399.312.000 |motto={{lang-id|Tuban Bumi Wali}}<br />{{lang-jv|ꦠꦸꦧꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦩꦶꦮꦭꦶ}} |dasar hukum=- |tanggal=- |nami kapala daerah=Fatchul Huda |nami kapala daerah1=Noor Nahar Hussein |kodearea=0356 |web={{url|tubankab.go.id}} }} '''Tuban''' ({{lang-jv|ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦧꦤ꧀}}) nyaéta salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] di [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonésia]]. Ibu kotana aya di [[Tuban]]. Legana 1.904,70&nbsp;km². [[Pangeusi]]na aya kira-kira 1 yuta jiwa. Tuban aya di sisi [[pulo Jawa]] beulah [[kalér]], kalayan wates-wates wilayahna: beulah kalér [[laut Jawa]], beulah wétan [[Lamongan]], beulah kidul [[Bojonegoro]], sarta di beulah kulonna [[Rembang]], [[Jawa Tengah]] ==Pamaréntahan== Kabupatén Tuban kawengku ku 19 kacamatan nyaéta: # [[Bancar, Tuban|Bancar]] # [[Bangilan, Tuban|Bangilan]] # [[Jatirogo, Tuban|Jatirogo]] # [[Jenu, Tuban|Jenu]] # [[Kenduruan, Tuban|Kenduruan]] # [[Kerek, Tuban|Kerek]] # [[Merakurak, Tuban|Merakurak]] # [[Montong, Tuban|Montong]] # [[Palang, Tuban|Palang]] # [[Parengan, Tuban|Parengan]] # [[Plumpang, Tuban|Plumpang]] # [[Rengel, Tuban|Rengel]] # [[Semanding, Tuban|Semanding]] # [[Senori, Tuban|Senori]] # [[Singgahan, Tuban|Singgahan]] # [[Soko, Tuban|Soko]] # [[Tambakboyo, Tuban|Tambakboyo]] # [[Tuban, Tuban|Tuban]] # [[Widang, Tuban|Widang]] ==Transportasi== Tuban diliwatan ku jalur kalér beus antar kota [[Semarang]] - [[Surabaya]]. Di sababaraha lokasi, jalur ieu aya di pipir basisir [[laut Jawa]]. ==Industri== * [[Pabrik]] [[Semén Gresik]] unit IV ==Kadaharan jeung Inuman== Nu kasohor ti Tuban nyaéta [[legén]] ==Tumbu Luar== *{{id}} [http://www.tuban.go.id Ramatloka resmi]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091537/http://www.tuban.go.id/ |date=2007-09-29 }} {{Indonésia-pondok}} {{JaTim}} <!--{{Kabupatén Tuban}}--> [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Jawa Wétan|Tuban, Kabupatén]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Tuban| ]] ntvvuqy8vi0d96desx6cranc3jwjlld 0 9364 710545 710175 2026-06-19T01:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo Kalurahan | nami = Bantarsari | peta = | propinsi = Jawa Barat | dati2 = Kabupatén | nami dati2 = Ciamis | nami kacamatan = Pamarican | kalurahan = désa | nami lurah = | lega = 5,17 km² | pangeusi = 2.491 | kapadetan = 481,8 jiwa/km² }} '''Bantarsari''' nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] [[Pamarican, Ciamis|Pamarican]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. == Sajarah == Désa Bantarsari mimiti ngadeg taun 1984 hasil pamékaran wewengkon. Dina taun nu sarua, Désa Pasirnagara ogé dimekarkeun deui ti wewengkon Bantarsari. Mimitina Kacamatan Pamarican ngan ukur ngawengku 8 désa, sarta saterusna ngembang nepi ka 14 désa kiwari.<ref name="profil_kec">{{cite web |url=https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id/ |title=Profil Kacamatan Pamarican |website=Situs Resmi Kabupatén Ciamis |access-date=7 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Wates Wilayah == Wates wengkuan Désa Bantarsari nyaéta: * Kalér: [[Kota Banjar]], Désa Neglasari * Wétan: Désa Pasirnagara * Kidul: Désa Ciparay * Kulon: [[Kacamatan Cimaragas]], Désa Bojongmalang == Géografi == Bantarsari perenahna di bagian tenggara Kabupatén Ciamis, kalayan luas 5,17 km² atawa sarua 4,80% tina total luas Kacamatan Pamarican. Jangkungna wilayah kira-kira ± 35 méter ti permukaan laut. Koordinat géografis: 7.4168° Lintang Kidul, 108.5099° Bujur Wétan. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS taun 2023, jumlah pangeusi Désa Bantarsari aya 2.491 jiwa.<ref name="bps">{{cite web |url=https://sirusa.bps.go.id/ |title=Data Sensus BPS 2023 |website=Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date=7 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Poténsi == Mayoritas warga Désa Bantarsari digawé minangka patani jeung padagang. Dina taun 2025, Pamaréntah Désa Bantarsari ngalaksanakeun program Pelatihan UMKM pikeun nguatkeun Kemandirian Ékonomi Warga dina tanggal 7 Oktober 2025. Tujuanana nyaéta pikeun ngagali jeung ngembangkeun potensi lokal jadi Produk Unggulan Désa (Prukades).<ref name="berita">{{cite web |url=https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id/berita |title=Berita Kacamatan Pamarican |website=Situs Resmi Kabupatén Ciamis |date=14 Oktober 2025 |access-date=7 Juni 2026 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916202820/https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id/berita |date=2025-09-16 }}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pamarican, Ciamis]] * [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] * [[Kota Banjar]] == Tumbu luar == * [https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Pamarican] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Pamarican, Ciamis]] a8agodl9hl1wclmajwgf4hsh0l9wmyb 0 16544 710557 544492 2026-06-19T04:01:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710557 wikitext text/x-wiki Di handap ieu '''daptar [[propinsi di Indonésia]] dumasar jumlah pangeusi'''. Data-data asalna ti ''The World Gazetteer'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001062233/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1114857638&men=gadm&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-101&srt=1npn&col=aohdq&srt=a1npn] nu ngagunakeun hasil [[sénsus]] resmi pamaréntah taun [[2000]]. #[[Jawa Barat]] - 35.729.537 #[[Jawa Timur]] - 34.783.640 #[[Jawa Tengah]] - 31.228.940 #[[Sumatra Utara]] - 11.649.655 #[[Jakarta]] - 8.389.443 #[[Banten]] - 8.098.780 #[[Sulawesi Selatan]] - 8.059.627 #[[Sumatera Selatan]] - 6.899.675 #[[Lampung]] - 6.741.439 #[[Sumatra Barat]] - 4.248.931 #[[Kalimantan Barat]] - 4.034.198 #[[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] - 4.009.261 #[[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] - 3.952.279 #[[Aceh]] - 3.930.905 #[[Bali]] - 3.151.162 #[[Yogyakarta]] - 3.122.268 #[[Kalimantan Selatan]] - 2.985.240 #[[Kalimantan Timur]] - 2.455.120 #[[Jambi]] - 2.413.846 #[[Papua]] - 2.220.934 #[[Sulawesi Tengah]] - 2.218.435 #[[Sulawesi Utara]] - 2.012.098 #[[Kalimantan Tengah]] - 1.857.000 #[[Sulawesi Tenggara]] - 1.821.284 #[[Bengkulu]] - 1.567.432 #[[Maluku]] - 1.205.539 #[[Bangka-Belitung]] - 900.197 #[[Gorontalo]] - 835.044 #[[Maluku Utara]] - 785.059 #[[Riau]] - ''tidak ada data'' #[[Kepulauan Riau]] - ''tidak ada data'' #[[Irian Jaya Barat]] - ''belum berdiri'' ---- :'''TOTAL''' 206.264.595 ==Tempo ogé== *[[Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia]] *[[Daptar propinsi di Indonésia dumasar lega wilayah]] *[[Jumlah wilayah administratif di Indonésia]] *[[Lambang propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia]] *[[Pamekaran daérah di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Propinsi di Indonésia| ]] 6f1wkxk6fk60bhqnez16suhrmjt4z24 0 17548 710561 705713 2026-06-19T05:08:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Pesawat | airline=PT Garuda Indonesia| logo=| logo_size=150px| IATA=GA| ICAO=GIA| callsign=INDONESIA| parent=Garuda Indonesia| founded=26 Januari 1949 (sebagai Garuda Indonesian Airways)| headquarters=[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]| key_people=Emirsyah Satar (President and [[CEO]])| hubs=[[Bandara internasional Soekarno-Hatta]]<br />[[Bandara internasional Ngurah Rai]]<br />[[Bandara internasional Sultan Hasanuddin]]| focus_cities=[[Surabaya]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Palembang]], [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]], [[Batam]], [[Manado]], dan [[Semarang]] | frequent_flyer=Garuda Frequent Flyer| lounge=Garuda Lounge| alliance=| fleet_size=57| destinations=43| website= [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/ www.garuda-indonesia.com]| }} '''PT (Persero) Perusahaan Penerbangan Garuda Indonésia''', disingget '''Garuda Indonésia''', nyaéta salah sahiji [[airline|parusahaan penerbangan]] nasional [[Indonesia]]. Ieu ngaran asalna tina dongeng manuk [[Garuda]]. Dina tradisi [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] India, Garuda nu mawa [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pangeran [[Vishnu]]. Parusahaan ieu markasna di [[Jakarta]] at [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]], nu ngalayanan tujuan utama di [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]], [[Bali]], [[Juanda International Airport]], [[Surabaya]], [[Polonia International Airport]], [[Medan]], jeung [[Sepinggan International Airport]], [[Balikpapan]]. Ekspor Impor Surat Pindah Penduduk (Domisili) biaya Ticket Naik PCC, maintenance, Pilot Pendapatan Dari Bank Sekuritas bebas Bekerja Jam Kerja, Istirahat (Time) Working. kabéh sahamna dipibanda ku pamaréntah Indonésia tur mibanda 6,251 karyawan (dina [[2005]]). Meunang bentang-3 ti [[Skytrax]]. [http://www.airlinequality.com/Airlines/GA.htm] == Sajarah == {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Garuda Indonésia had its beginnings in the [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian war of independence]] against the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in the late [[1940s]], when Garuda flew special transports with [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] [[DC-3]] aircraft. [[January 26]], [[1949]], is generally recognized as the airline's founding date, at which time the airline was known as "Garuda Indonesian Airways." The first plane was a DC-3 known as ''Seulawah'' (Acehnese: "Gold Mountain") and was purchased for a sum of 120,000 [[Malayan dollar]]s, which was provided by the [[Acehnese]] péople (notably local merchants). {{Fact|date=February 2007}} During the revolution, the airline supported Indonésian interests, such as carrying Indonésian léaders for diplomatic missions. [[Gambar:Garuda Indonesia B747-4U3 (PK-GSG) at Narita International Airport (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Garuda Indonesia 747-400 di [[Narita International Airport]], Tokyo]] The government of [[Burma]] helped the airline significantly during the airline's beginnings. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Accordingly, upon Garuda's formal joint incorporation with [[KLM]] on [[March 31]], [[1950]], the airline presented the Burmese government with a [[DC-3]]. By [[1953]], the airline had 46 planes, although by [[1955]] its [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] fleet had been retired. In [[1956]], Garuda made its first [[Hajj|pilgrim]] flight to the city of [[Mecca]]. The [[1960s]] were times of growth for the airline; the fleet in 1960 included eight [[Convair 240]]s, eight [[Convair 340]]s, and three [[Convair 440]]s. In [[1961]] and late [[1965]], three [[Convair 990]] jet planes and three [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] were introduced, and a route was opened to [[Kai Tak International Airport]] in [[Hong Kong]]. After concentrating on domestic and regional services, the first flights to Europe were added on [[September 28]], [[1963]], to [[Amsterdam]] and [[Frankfurt]]. In 1965, flights to Europe were expanded to include [[Rome]] and [[Paris]] via [[Bombay]] and [[Cairo]], with the exclusive use of [[Convair 990]] aircraft. That yéar, flights to [[China]] started, with Garuda flying to [[Guangzhou|Canton]] via [[Phnom Penh]]. Also in [[1965]], the jet age arrived for Garuda, with a [[Douglas DC-8]] that flew to [[Schiphol Airport]] in Amsterdam. The [[1970s]] saw [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] and [[Fokker F28]] jets introduced, and at one point Garuda owned 36 Fokker jets, making Garuda the world's largest operator of F28s at that time. In the [[1980]]s, Garuda introduced [[Airbus]] equipment such as the [[Airbus A300]] and the [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600]], as well as [[Boeing 737]]s, [[Boeing 747]]s, and [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]s. The [[East Asian Economic Crisis]] of 1998 hit Indonésia and Garuda hard, resulting in severe cutbacks on unprofitable routes. Despite once having a comprehensive worldwide route network, Garuda currently operates no flights to [[Europe]] or [[North America]]. Largely due to historical links with [[the Netherlands]], Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam after the initial cutbacks, although these flights have since been discontinued. The situation was not helped by the [[September 11]] terrorist attacks, the [[Bali]] bombings, the [[2004 Boxing Day tsunami]], and the [[SARS]] scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonésian tourism. However, the airline has recovered favorably from its economic problems and seems to be in good economic shape entering the middle [[2000s]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In [[2001]], a [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airline]] subsidiary, [[Citilink|CitiLink]], was established to provide shuttle services between Indonésian cities. Garuda may expand its route map again before the end of the decade, {{Fact|date=February 2007}} possibly after the completion of [[Kuala Namu International Airport]] in Medan. This could include routes to major [[European]] hubs such as [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Frankfurt]]. However, it is possible that to keep costs down and profitability up, Garuda may employ secondary airports such as [[London Gatwick]]. A Garuda representative for the [[Benelux]] confirmed in August 2006 that Garuda will resume its route to [[Amsterdam]] in May 2007. [http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?id=15326] In 2005, Garuda Indonésia carried 8,679,443 passengers [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/about/statistics.php], with a [[load factor]] of 68.73%. == Tujuan == {{utama|Tujuan Garuda Indonesia}} Garuda Indonésia is a full-service airline, in contrast with the 'no frills' low-cost carrier. The class configuration is divided into first (on Boeing 747-400s), business, and economy class. <!--[[Image:Garuda_changi.JPG|thumb|300px|Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-300 bound for Jakarta holding at [[Singapore Changi Airport]]]]--> It currently operates flights to a total of 45 destinations (21 domestic, 24 international) throughout [[East Asia|East]] and [[South East Asia]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Middle East]]. Garuda Indonesia also offers flights to 13 other international destinations through code-share agreements with [[China Airlines]], [[China Southern Airlines]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Korean Air]], [[Gulf Air]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Silkair]], [[Vietnam Airlines]], and [[Philippine Airlines]]. Taking these routes into account, Garuda Indonesia's route map extends to [[Western Europe]]. A 24-hour call center is available for local customer access. The e-tickets system (paperless or electronic ticket) has been introduced on all domestic flights and flights to Singapore originating in Jakarta. This system computerizes ticketing method, in which a traditional paper ticket is no longer required. == Frequent flyer program == In 2005, Garuda Indonésia relaunched its frequent flyer program called Garuda Frequent Flyer (GFF) with a new look, new benefits, and new services. The new program allows members to éarn miles on domestic and international flights and has four tiers of membership covering Blue, Silver, Gold, and Platinum benefit levels. New services for GFF members include a new website at http://gff.garuda-indonesia.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405233649/http://gff.garuda-indonesia.com/ |date=2007-04-05 }}, including an on-line miléage calculator for éarning and redemption, on-line miléage balance, on-line personal profile management, and downloadable forms. == Nomor penerbangan == The flight numbers of Garuda Indonésia are classified as follows: * GA010-099: [[Citilink]] * GA100-699: domestic flights (within the territory of [[Indonesia]]) * GA677: Taipei - Jakarta codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA678: Jakarta - Taipei codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA687: Taipei - Denpasar codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA688: Denpasar - Taipei codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA700-799: [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (Flights to New Zéaland were suspended in 2006) * GA800-899: [[Asia]] (except Indonésia and Middle éast) * GA900-999: codeshares, Europe and [[Middle East]] == Armada == The Garuda Indonésia fleet includes the following aircraft ([[March]] [[2007]]) <ref>[[Flight International]], 3-9 [[October]] [[2006]]</ref> : * 6 [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]] (plus 3 on order) * 17 [[Boeing 737#737-300|Boeing 737-300]] * 17 [[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]] (+ one that just crashed, [[GA200]]) * 5 [[Boeing 737#737-500|Boeing 737-500]] * 2 [[Boeing 737#737-800|Boeing 737-800]] * 3 [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] * On order: 18 [[Boeing 737]] * On order: 6 [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]] * On order: 10 [[Boeing 787-9]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_787_orders#Orders_and_Options] Previously operated: * [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300 B4-220, -600]] * [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]] * [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-100, -200 and -300]] * [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] * [[Convair 990]] * [[Douglas DC-3]] * [[Douglas DC-8]] * [[Fokker F28]] * [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] * [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]] * [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11|McDonnell Douglas MD-11/ER]] == Kacilakaan jeung kajadian == Saatos kacilakaan nu pertama di [[1950]], Garuda Indonésia tos ngalami 14 kacilakaan fatal sareng 1 pembajakan. * Garuda Indonésia Flight 206, a [[DC 9]] aircraft was hijacked on [[28 March]] [[1981]]. This was the first serious Indonésian airline hijacking, since the first case was a desperate Marine hijacker who was killed by the pilot himself. The hijackers, a group called Commando Jihad, hijacked the [[DC 9]] "Woyla", onroute from [[Palembang]] to [[Medan]], and ordered the pilot to fly the plane to [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. But since the plane didn't have enough fuel, it refueled in [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] and then to [[Don Muang]], [[Thailand]]. The hijackers demanded the reléase of Commando Jihad members imprisoned in [[Indonesia]], and US $ 1.5 million, as well as a plane to take those prisoners to an unspecified destination. The [[Kopassus]] commandos who took part in this mission trained for only three days with totally unfamiliar wéapons, brilliantly executed this fast-paced operation. One of the [[Kopassus]] commandos was shot by the hijacker léader, who then shot himself. All the other hijackers were killed. All the hostages were saved. * Garuda Indonésia Flight 865, a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] departing [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]], on [[June 13]], [[1996]], overran the runway after aborting the takéoff well above rotation speed. The number-3 engine fuel line was severed, resulting in a massive fire and the total destruction of the aircraft. Three of the 275 péople on board were killed. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06131996&reg=PK-GIE&airline=Garuda+Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907234645/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06131996&reg=PK-GIE&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-07 }} * [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 152]], an [[Airbus A300]] aircraft flying direct from [[Jakarta]], crashed in Sibolangit, 18 miles short of [[Medan]] airport in low visibility on [[September 26]], [[1997]]. All 222 passengers and 12 crews were killed. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=09261997&reg=PK-GAI&airline=Garuda+Indonesia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905061120/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=09261997&reg=PK-GAI&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-05 }} * Garuda Indonésia Flight 421 was a [[Boeing 737#737-300|Boeing 737-300]] traveling from [[Lombok]] to [[Yogyakarta]] on [[January 16]], [[2002]], which was forced to maké an emergency landing in poor wéather on the [[Bengawan Solo River]]. One person, a stewardess, was killed in the accident; 59 other passengers and crew survived. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=01162002&reg=PK-GWA&airline=Garuda+Indonesia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907235812/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=01162002&reg=PK-GWA&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-07 }} * Garuda Indonésia Flight 238, a [[Boeing 737#737-500|Boeing 737-500]] régistered PK-GGD bound for [[Semarang]] on [[February 1]], [[2007]] collided with a [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] [[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]], régistered TF-ATJ when doing [[pushback]] at [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]]. None of the 96 passengers were injured. [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0702/02/utama/3285302.htm] * [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 200]], salah sahiji kapal [[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]] (registration PK-GZC) ngapung ti [[Jakarta]], kacilakaan tur kahuruan basa "mendarat" di [[Adisucipto International Airport]], [[Yogyakarta]] jam 07.00 WIB [[March 7|7 Maret]], [[2007]]. Sakurangna 22 urang tiwas. == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar perusahaan penerbangan]] * [[Transportasi di Indonésia]] * [[Daptar bandara di Indonésia]] * [[Flag carrier]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commonscat|Garuda Indonesia}} {{portal|Indonesia}} * [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/ Garuda Indonesia] * [http://www.garudaindonesia.co.uk/ Garuda Indonesia UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101000535/http://www.garudaindonesia.co.uk/ |date=2007-01-01 }} * [http://www.garuda-jpn.com/ Garuda Indonesia Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323104519/http://www.garuda-jpn.com/ |date=2007-03-23 }} * [http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Garuda Garuda Indonesia Fleet Age] * [http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/garuda.htm Garuda Indonesia Passenger Opinions] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312133302/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/index/0,22045,5012584,00.html Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashes 7 march 2007] {{Anggota IATA}} [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1949]] [[Kategori:Worldperks]] cd6zo9hdcmlicmmp1ow0onkppsi73dm 4 19825 710538 672365 2026-06-18T14:06:13Z Zulf 21463 /* Nu ayeuna keur kapapancénan */ Tos teu ngagaduhan hak 710538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kuncén}} [[File:Wikipedia bureaucrat.svg|jmpl|ka|172px|Logo Birokrat]] Dina kapangurusan Wikipedia, birokrat ngarujuk dina pamaké Wikipedia anu dibéré kewenangan téknis pikeun * ngangkat status pamaké séjén jadi '''[[Wikipedia:Kuncén|kuncén]]''' atawa '''birokrat''' * ngangkat sarta nyabut status '''[[Wikipedia:Bot|bot]]''' pamaké Kabirokratan diatur ku kawijakan sarta kasapukan (konsénsus) anu ngébréhkeun dangong komunitas Wikipedia, sarta biasana diangkat sanggeus pangajuanana di [[Wikipedia:Kuncén/Pamundut jadi kuncén]]. Umumna, anu kapilih minangka birokrat nyaéta pamaké anu geus cukup boga pangalaman di Wikipedia sarta aktip dina nangtukeun kaputusan kawijakan Wikipedia. Birokrat henteu bisa ngabolaykeun pengajuan atawa ngangkat pamaké ka tingkat aksés anu séjénna. Kawenangan ieu ngan dipiboga ku ''steward'', jumplukan leutik multibahasa anu ngaladénan sakumna proyek Wikimedia pikeun sakumna vérsi basa, sarta dipilih saban warsih. Pikeun leuwih pepek, tempo [[meta:Requests_for_permissions|Permohonan idin]] (halaman Meta). [[Category:Émbaran_dasar_Wikipédia|{{PAGENAME}}]] == Daptar == :''[[Husus:DaptarPamake/bureaucrat|Daptar otomatis]]'' === Nu ayeuna keur kapapancénan === {|class="wikitable plainlinks sortable" |- bgcolor=LightGrey !width=50%|Birokrat !width=50%|Mulai mancén tugas |- |- valign=top | | |} ri9e2hnj91mhmgbde9csjtqlduowax8 0 20026 710540 676162 2026-06-19T01:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Angklung_Garut.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Para pamaén angklung bihari di [[Garut]]]] '''Angklung''' nyaéta alat musik tradisional Sunda nu dijieun tina [[awi]], diulinkeun ku cara dieundeukkeun (awak buku awina neunggar sarigsig) antukna ngahasilkeun sora nu ngageter dina susunan nada 2, 3, nepi ka 4 dina unggal ukuranana, boh nu gedé atawa nu leutik. Laras (nada) nu dipaké angklung tradisional [[Sunda]] biasana [[saléndro]] jeung [[pelog]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== Mimitina Berawal dina di pilihna putri raja sunda Pajajaran Dyah pitaloka ku raja anom Hayam wuruk ti karajaan Jawa Majapahit minangka calon pamajikan sanggeus pilari pasangan hirup ti sagala rupa raja di nusantara. Teapi pilihan Hayam Wuruk ditentang teuas ku mamang na Bhre Wengker,Margi raja majapahit kedah ngabogaan pamajikan ti jawa oge,nanging pilihan raja nyaéta mutlak ku kituna sakumna punggawa raja kanggo pernikahan di kerhkan nuju karajaan Jawa ngagunakeun ratusan parahu. === Pernikahan putri raja sunda kalawan raja jawa === Putri dyah Pitaloka di sanding bapa sarta indung bareng ponggawa karajaan anjog di lapang bubat berlatarkan leuweung belantara anu endah sarta hejo kanggo ngalakukeun pasamoan kadua karajaan anu bade melangsungkeun pernikahan. Karajaan sunda di sambut saé ku patih Gajah mada di lapang kasebat kanggo nungguan raja hayam wuruk. Sanggeus nungguan lami,ti wangsul leuweung anu hejo,kadenge soanten musik anu riuh sarta di pungkur gajah mada wedal serbuan soldadu kalawan baju katutup sarwa hideung anu ngagunakeun sagala rupa kedok sumawonten aya anu ngagunakeun baju ti tumuwuh-tumbuhan narajang karajaan sunda kalawan sagala rupa pakarang sepertos pedang,panah,gada,pecut duhung,tali tambang,sarta pager awi. Serangan ngadadak ka karajaan sunda midamel reuwas karajaan kaasup patih gajah mada. Karajaan sunda atos di tingker 360 derajat sarta tersudutkan ku prajutit baju hideung ngagunakeun pager awi anu dina tungtungna aya hiji jimat mangrupi benang,sanggeus terkumpul kalawan beungkeutan tali mangka dibunuhlah sakumna awewe sarta soldadu anu ngabogaan kakiatan tangguh. Sanggeus raja,ratu sunda sarta putrid dyah pitaloka nilar,soldadu misterius anu ngabantun pager awi nyanghareupan pakarangna ka langit di goyang-goyangkan kalawan teuas ku kituna menghasilkeun unggel anu memilukeun sacara teuas sarta bersautan minangka tawis karajaan sunda atos di kalahkan. Hayam wuruk kuciwa luhur inseden bubat anu lumangsung ku kituna niwaskeun calon pamajikan sarta mitohana,sedengkeun para wargi sarta pajabat karajaan sunda anu ngan sakedik hirup menyalahkeun patih gajah mada minangka patih pangluhurna. Ahirna raja hayam wuruk nikah kalawan putri bhre wengker,sedengkeun pihak ti karajaan sunda anu hirup kénéh di pasihan kalungguhan di karajaan jawa. Pihak sunda anu berkerja di karajaan jawa nitetan sakumna anu aya karajaan jawa. Sedangan soldadu misterius anu menyebabkeun lumangsung na perang bubat henteu laina dalah soldadu kaduh bhre wengker, soldadu wengker anu ngabantuan gajah mada kanggo menyatukeun nusantara. Sedengkeun pager bamu anu mangrupa pakarang anu boga fungsi minangka perisai namina ongklong margi ngabogaan unggel “klong-klong” === Balik ka sunda === Sanggeus lami cicing di karajaan jawa,pihak sunda mundurkeun diri ti karajaan jawa sarta wangsul ka karajaan sunda,kalawan ngabantun sagala rupa pernak-pernik ti karajaan jawa leuwih ti pihak wengker. Pamakean baju katutup boga warna hideung di terapkan di karajaan sunda,kitu ogémidamel pakarang pager awi,setalah sakitu lami islam ogélebet ka karajaan sunda di pingpin ku karajaan islam demak. kaeleh Karajaan sunda sarta jalmi karajaan sunda anu ngagem agama hindu sunda nampik kanggo lebet islam sarta mawa lumpat diri ka pedalaman anu sesah di dongkang dugi ayeuna di sebat suku badui atawa di sebat jalmi kanekes anu identik ngagunakeun baju berwrna hideung sarta ngagunakeun udeng katutup dina buuk meujeuhna na jalmi wengker,padahal jalmi karajaan sunda di karajaan jawa balarea kira-kira ngagunakeun udeng katembong kénéh buuk sirahna. Margi jalmi sunda sesah ngomong hurup O mangka wasta ongklong anu terkesan pikasieuneun sarta telenges di ceuli pihak sunda,digantilah ongklong kalawan sebutan angklung anu terkesan langkung lemes lamun di kuping. Angklung jalmi badui atawa kanekes katembong ageung ukuran na margi wangun saleresna angklung wanci perang bubat lumangsung benten kalawan angklung sunda ayeuna anu langkung alit. Henteu hemeng dina poto angklung jaman belanda,seueur pamake angklung ngagunakeun kaos beureum bodas bergaris-gurat sepertos anu di anggo jalmi wengker --> ==Rupa-rupa angklung== Angklung Kanékés angklung kanekes anu di anggo olah jalmi badui mangrupa patilasan karajaan Sunda anu mangrupa pakarang nyarupaan pager awi ti jalmi wengker anu berkerja kanggo majapahit sanggeus perang bubat kanggo menghindari serangan sarupa. Pikeun tujuan hiburan, angklung ilaharna dipidangkeun nalika caang bulan jeung teu hujan. Ieu hiburan téh digelar di buruan bari nembang, di antarana ''Lutung Kasarung'', ''Yandu Bibi'', ''Yandu Sala'', ''Ceuk Arileu'', ''Oray-orayan'', ''Dengdang'', ''Yari Gandang'', ''Oyong-oyong Bangkong'', ''Badan Kula'', ''Kokoloyoran'', ''Ayun-ayunan'', ''Pileuleuyan'', ''Gandrung Manggu'', ''Rujak Gadung'', ''Mulung Muncang'', ''Giler'', ''Ngaranggeong'', ''Aceukna'', ''Marengo'', ''Salak Sadapur'', ''Rangda Ngendong'', ''Celementre'', ''Keupat Reundang'', ''Papacangan'', jeung ''Culadi Dengdang''. <!--Para penabuh angklung sebanyak delapan orang dan tiga penabuh bedug ukuran kecil membuat posisi berdiri sambil berjalan dalam formasi lingkaran. Sementara itu yang lainnya ada yang ngalage (menari) dengan gerakan tertentu yang telah baku tetapi sederhana. Semuanya dilakukan hanya oleh laki-laki. Hal ini berbeda dengan masyarakat Baduy Jero, mereka dibatasi oleh adat dengan berbagai aturan pamali (pantangan; tabu), tidak boleh melakukan hal-hal kesenangan duniawi yang berlebihan. Kesenian semata-mata dilakukan untuk keperluan ritual. Nama-nama angklung di Kanekes dari yang terbesar adalah: indung, ringkung, dongdong, gunjing, engklok, indung leutik, torolok, dan roel. Roel yang terdiri dari 2 buah angklung dipegang oleh seorang. Nama-nama bedug dari yang terpanjang adalah: bedug, talingtit, dan ketuk. Penggunaan instrumen bedug terdapat perbedaan, yaitu di kampung-kampung Kaluaran mereka memakai bedug sebanyak 3 buah. Di Kajeroan; kampung Cikeusik, hanya menggunakan bedug dan talingtit, tanpa ketuk. Di Kajeroan, kampung Cibeo, hanya menggunakan bedug, tanpa talingtit dan ketuk. Di Kanekes yang berhak membuat angklung adalah orang Kajeroan (Tangtu; Baduy Jero). Kajeroan terdiri dari 3 kampung, yaitu Cibeo, Cikartawana, dan Cikeusik. Di ketiga kampung ini tidak semua orang bisa membuatnya, hanya yang punya keturunan dan berhak saja yang mengerjakannya di samping adanya syarat-syarat ritual. Pembuat angklung di Cikeusik yang terkenal adalah Ayah Amir (59), dan di Cikartawana Ayah Tarnah. Orang Kaluaran membeli dari orang Kajeroan di tiga kampung tersebut. --> (Alat musik) === Angklung Dogdog Lojor=== Kasenian dogdog lojor ayana di masarakat [[Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan]] atawa masarakat adat [[Banten Kidul]] nu sumebar di sabudeureun [[Gunung Halimun]]. Najan kasenian ieu ngaranna dogdog lojor, luyu jeung salah sahiji alat musikna, ieu kasenian dilengkepan ogé ku angklung, sabab patali jeung upacara adat paré. Unggal geus panén, masarakat ngayakeun acara Sérén Taun di puseur kampung adat (imah kokolot) anu biasana pindah-pindah luyu jeung paréntah tina wangsit. Tradisi ngamulyakeun paré di ieu masarakat masih terus lumangsung, ku sabab masarakatna masih pengkuh kana adat baheula. Dumasar pitutur turun-tumurun, ieu masarakat adat ngaku salaku turunan para prajurit karaton Pajajaran barisan Pangawinan (prajurit nu marawa tumbak). Najan kitu, masarakat kasepuhan ieu geus lila ngagem [[Islam]] sarta narima kana modérenisasi. Luyu jeung kamekaran ieu, dogdog lojor ogé kadang sok midang dina acara nyunatan, ngawinkeun, sarta karaméan lianna. Kasenian dogdog lojor dimaénkeun ku genep urang nu nyepeng alat musikna séwang-séwangan, nyaéta dua dogdog lojor jeung opat angklung gedé, nu masing-masing boga ngaran <nowiki>:</nowiki> gonggong, panémbal, kingking, jeung inclok (noron ti nu pangbadagna). Lagu-lagu dogdog lojor di antarana ''Balé Agung'', ''Samping Hideung'', ''Oléng-oléng Papangantén'', ''Si Tunggul Kawung'', ''Adulilang'', jeung ''Adu-aduan''. Upami di [[Sukabumi]] kasohorna Dogdog loyor pangrojong dina acara panen. ===Angklung Gubrag=== Angklung gubrag ayana di kampung Cipining, kacamatan [[Cigudeg, Bogor]]. Ieu angklung umurna geus kolot, dipaké dina upacara melak, ngunjal, jeung ngadiukkeun paré ka leuit. Dumasar carita turun-tumurun, ieu angklung téh mimiti aya dina hiji mangsa paceklik. ===Badéng=== Badéng téh mangrupa kasenian nu asalna ti Sanding, [[Malangbong, Garut]]. Bentuk kasenian angklung ieu dipaké pikeun kapentingan da'wah [[Islam]], kira [[abad ka-16]] atawa [[abad ka-17|17]]. Harita, Arpaén jeung Nursaen (dua warga Sanding), diajar Islam ka [[kasultanan Demak|Demak]]. Samulangna ti Demak, aranjeunna nyumebarkeun ajaran Islam ka masarakat Sanding hususna ngagunakeun kasenian badéng. Angklung nu dipaké dina pintonan badéng aya salapan: angklung roél dua, angklung kecer hiji, angklung indung jeung bapa opat, jeung dua angklung anak anu dibarengan ku dogdog dua, terebang atawa gembyung dua, jeung kecrék hiji. Rumpaka tembangna maké [[basa Sunda]] nu euyeub ku istilah [[basa Arab]], nu ka dieunakeun ogé ditambah ku [[basa Indonésia]]. Eusi rumpakana taya lian ti ajén -inajén Islam jeung pitutur. Pidangan ieu kasenian kadang ogé dibarengan ku debus nu mintonkeun élmu-élmu kawedukan. Tembang-tembang badéng anu kawentar, di antarana ''Lailaha illalloh'', ''Ya’ti'', ''Kasréng'', ''Yautika'', ''Lilimbungan'', jeung ''Solaloh''. ===Buncis=== Buncis téh seni pintonan nu watekna hiburan, nu utamana kawentar di wewengkon Baros (Arjasari, [[Bandung]]). <!--Pada mulanya buncis digunakan pada acara-acara pertanian yang berhubungan dengan padi. Tetapi pada masa sekarang buncis digunakan sebagai seni hiburan. Hal ini berhubungan dengan semakin berubahnya pandangan masyarakat yang mulai kurang mengindahkan hal-hal berbau kepercayaan lama. Tahun 1940-an dapat dianggap sebagai berakhirnya fungsi ritual buncis dalam penghormatan padi, karena sejak itu buncis berubah menjadi pertunjukan hiburan. Sejalan dengan itu tempat-tempat penyimpanan padi pun (leuit; lumbung) mulai menghilang dari rumah-rumah penduduk, diganti dengan tempat-tempat karung yang lebih praktis, dan mudah dibawa ke mana-mana. Padi pun sekarang banyak yang langsung dijual, tidak disimpan di lumbung. Dengan demikian kesenian buncis yang tadinya digunakan untuk acara-acara ngunjal (membawa padi) tidak diperlukan lagi. Nama kesenian buncis berkaitan dengan sebuah teks lagu yang terkenal di kalangan rakyat, yaitu ''cis kacang buncis nyengcle...'', dst. Teks tersebut terdapat dalam kesenian buncis, sehingga kesenian ini dinamakan buncis. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kesenian buncis adalah 2 angklung indung, 2 angklung ambrug, angklung panempas, 2 angklung pancer, 1 angklung enclok. Kemudian 3 buah dogdog, terdiri dari 1 talingtit, panembal, dan badublag. Dalam perkembangannya kemudian ditambah dengan tarompet, kecrek, dan goong. Angklung buncis berlaras salendro dengan lagu vokal bisa berlaras madenda atau degung. Lagu-lagu buncis di antaranya: Badud, Buncis, Renggong, Senggot, Jalantir, Jangjalik, Ela-ela, Mega Beureum. Sekarang lagu-lagu buncis telah menggunakan pula lagu-lagu dari gamelan, dengan panyanyi yang tadinya laki-laki pemain angklung, kini oleh wanita khusus untuk menyanyi. Dari beberapa jenis musik mambu di Jawa Barat (Angklung) di atas, adalah beberapa contoh saja tentang seni pertunjukan angklung, yang terdiri atas: Angklung Buncis ([[Priangan]]/Bandung), Angklung Badud (Priangan Timur/[[Ciamis]]), Angklung Bungko ([[Indramayu]]), Angklung Gubrag (Bogor), Angklung Ciusul ([[Banten]]), Angklung Dog dog Lojor (Sukabumi), Angklung Badeng ([[Malangbong]], Garut), dan Angklung Daeng yang identik dengan Angklung Nasional dengan tangga nada diatonis, yang dikembangkan sejak tahun [[1938]]. Angklung khas Indonésia ini berasal dari pengembangan angklung Sunda. Angklung Sunda yang bernada lima (salendro atau pelog) oleh [[Daeng Sutigna]] alias Si Etjle ([[1908]]—[[1984]]) diubah nadanya menjadi [[tangga nada]] Barat (solmisasi) sehingga dapat memainkan berbagai lagu lainnya. Hasil pengembangannya kemudian diajarkan ke siswa-siswa sekolah dan dimainkan secara orkestra besar. -->==Sumber rujukan== *[[Ganjar Kurnia]]. 2003. ''Deskripsi kesenian Jawa Barat''. Dinas Kebudayaan & Pariwisata Jawa Barat, Bandung. ==Tumbu kaluar== *[http://www.kpa.unit.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Paduan Angklung Institut Teknologi Bandung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706045110/http://kpa.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-06 }} * {{id}} [http://angklung-web-institute.com/ AWI (Angklung Web Institute) di Bandung, Indonesia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101110002/http://angklung-web-institute.com/ |date=2015-01-01 }} {{musik-pondok}} [[Kategori:Seni Sunda]] [[Kategori:Waditra geter]] ieojjtqndearru2g3lrbsrmnrdcdi34 0 20235 710588 494773 2026-06-19T11:07:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Organisasi Pangbébasan Macan Tamil Eelam''' ({{lang-en|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam; LTTE}}, Basa Tamil: ''தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள்''), nu leuwih kasohor minangka '''Macan Tamil''' diadegkeun taun [[1976]] kalayan tujuan utama pikeun ngadegkeun nagara [[Tamil]] nu merdika jeung berdaulat di wetan kalereun [[Sri Langka]]. Pamingpin organisasi ieu nyaéta Pupuhu Nasionalis Tamil [[Velupillai Prabakharan]] nu ditéangan ku [[Interpol]] kalayan tuduhan "maehan, kajahatan terorganisasi, jeung terorisme" [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903121259/http://www.interpol.int/public/Data/Wanted/Notices/Data/1994/54/1994_9054.asp]. LTTE ngarekrut sabagian gedé kaderna ti organisasi militan Tamil séjén, nu hayang ngadegkeun nagara merdeka di weta kalereun Sri Langka. == Tumbu luar == * {{en}} [http://www.ltteps.org/ LTTE] * {{en}} [https://archive.is/20060903121259/www.interpol.int/public/Data/Wanted/Notices/Data/1994/54/1994_9054.asp Interpol] * {{en}} [http://www.tamilnation.org/ltte/ Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam] [[Kategori:Kelompok séparatis]] [[Kategori:Sri Langka]] d37ua5mgsk9xscaf17zsrwuft8umcw5 0 24072 710560 626897 2026-06-19T04:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean name |title=Everland Resort |img=Korea-Yongin-Everland-01.jpg |hangul=에버랜드 리조트 |rr=Ebeolaendu Rijotu |mr=Ebǒlaendǔ Rijot'ǔ |}} '''Everland Resort''' nyaéta [[taman]] di [[Yongin]], pasisian [[Seoul]], [[Korea Kidul]]. Everland mangrupa taman utama panggedéna di Koréa Kidul. Taun 2002, Everland aya dina rengking kagenep taman hiburan nu panglobana didatangan di dunya [http://www.cityglance.org/asia/korea/yongin/everland/main.shtml]. Lian ti atraksi-atraksi utamana, Everland ogé miboga [[kebon sato]] jeung [[taman cai]] nu katelah Caribbéan Bay. Everland dioprasikeun ku [[Samsung Everland]], cabang tina [[Samsung Group]]. Everland mindeng dibandingkeun jeung [[Disneyland]] ku nu kungsi ngadatangan dua tempat eta, cenah mah arsitektur, skala, jejer jeung atmosfir umumna kacida saruana [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230304/http://www.nypost.com/seven/08142007/entertainment/travel/at_a_theme_park_in_korea__everythings_strangely_familiar_small_world_travel_jason_cochran.htm] ==Zona== Everland kabagi jadi 6 zona; Global Fair, Zoo-Topia, Européan Adventure, Magic Land jeung American Adventure. Taman cai Caribbéan Bay mah merlukeun tiket tambahan, sarta henteu buka sapanjang taun alatan kondisi cuaca. ===Global Fair=== Global Fair utamana mah mangrupa tempat keur [[dahareun]], [[supenir]] jeung [[gambar]] nu perenahna di jalan asup jeung kaluar. Di dieu loba toko jeung restoran slian ti jasa husus saperti panyewaan kareta jeung loker. ===Zoo-Topia=== Zoo-Topia nyaéta bagéan nu jejerna sasatoan. Aya petting-zoo, pony rides, jeung pintonan sato. Aya ogé kebon sato leutik nu eusina [[biruang kutub]], [[singa laut]], [[pinguin]], [[biruang]], [[maung]] jeung [[primata]]. Beus safari sadia pikeun nguriling nempoan sasatoan dina habitat aslina. Nu daratang dikandangan dina beus. Amazon express mangrupa perjalanan cai, nu daratang bisa baraseuh. Petting zoo mintonkeun sasatoan siga [[embé]] jeung [[domba]] keur ingon-ingon. Ieu mangrupa atraksi keur barudak. ===European Adventure=== Européan Adventure boga loba réstoran dina rupa-rupa gaya Éropah. Aya loba arsitektur nu sababaraha di antarana mangrupa rarancang [[Walanda]] jeung [[Romawi]]. Aya taman kekembangan nu diideran ku karéta, game jeung arcade. Atraksi favorit di dieu nyaéta Mystery Mansion tempatna nu daratang bisa nembakan [[jurig|jujurigan]]. Dina bulan Maret 2008, hiji kaulinan anyar nu ngaranna "[[T Express]]" ditambahkeun. Ieu mangrupa ''rollercoaster'' munggaran di Koréa nu sakabéhna dijieun tina [[kayu]]. ===Magic Land=== Magic land mangrupa jejeran wangunan jeung kandaraan. Aya Aesop's Village nu mana karakter jeung jejerna dicokot tina fabel Aesop. [[Kareta gantung]] bisa dipaké keur ningali sakuliah taman. Aya log ride, futuristic flying ride, robot ride. Aya ogé restoran jeung arcade. ===American Adventure=== Jejer tina sajarah Amérika aya di dieu, di antarana ''west ride'', kaasup tutumpakan "Eagle's Fortress", jeung [[rodeo]]. Di Rocks Ville jejerna nyaéta jaman [[1950-an]] jeung musikna. Double Rock Spin mangrupa atraksi utama minangka pintonan band live di deukeuteun Rolling X-Train, ''[[roller coaster]]''. Loba pintonan [[My Love Patzzi]] dipilemkeun di Everland. ===Everland Speedway=== Everland Speedway nyaéta track racing munggaran di Koréa Kidul. Speedway ieu sadia keur event balap dina sababaraha rupa skala kagedéannana. méré kasempetan keur ngalaman jeung ngarasakeun nyupiran mobil balap keur jalma biasa nu henteu miboga pangalaman balap. {{Commonscat|Everland}} ===Gallery=== <gallery> Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-20.jpg Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-02.jpg Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-08.jpg Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-16.jpg| Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-26.jpg|Maung ditempo tina beus safari Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-10.jpg|Budk keur numpakan onta Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-37.jpg|Meerkat keur istirahat di zootopia Everland Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-06.jpg Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-15.jpg Image:Korea-Yongin-Everland-18.jpg|Everland pabuburit </gallery> ==Tumbu luar== *[http://www.everland.co.kr Loka resmi Everland ] {{Samsung Group}} [[Kategori:Taman hiburan di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan jasa di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Grup Samsung]] [[Kategori:Yongin]] ruxzf81k7xhrwnwrq3zvorgyttderld 0 25531 710551 709367 2026-06-19T03:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media | name = Blu-ray Disc | logo = | image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]] | caption = | type = High-density [[optical disc]] | encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]] | capacity = 25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer), 50&nbsp;GB (dual layer) | read = 1x@36&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] & 2x@72&nbsp;Mbit/s | write = | standard = | owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] | use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games | extended from = | extended to = }} '''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]]. Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&nbsp;GB. Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release) |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Seán Byrne |date = 2007-02-23 |work = cdrfreaks.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}</ref> pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref> judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]]. Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]]. == Sajarah == {{Optical disc authoring}} [[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]] Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}</ref> === Asal === {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}</ref> The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html |title = Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |date= 2000-10-11 |work = cdrinfo.com }}</ref> Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html |title = Replacement for DVD unveiled |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Barry Fox |date= 2002-02-19 |work = newscientist.com }}</ref> and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs. === Kompetisi jeung HD DVD === The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}</ref> However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011126/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-10-25 }}</ref> after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}</ref> Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}</ref> In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25" [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}</ref> ==== Attempts to avoid a format war ==== The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}</ref> A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.<ref name="stalemate">{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}</ref> An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}</ref> At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}</ref> At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.<ref name="DaggersDrawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards, Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}</ref> On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html|archivedate=2008-09-06}}</ref> Rumours surfaced that an "unnamed partner" had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.<ref name="stalemate"/><ref name="DaggersDrawn"/> At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}</ref> In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}</ref> However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}}</ref> === Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun === The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html |title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge |accessyear = 2007-10-17 |author = Martyn Williams |date= 2004-08-05 |work = pcworld.com }}</ref> In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}</ref> The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/ |title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Tony Smith |date= 2006-01-06 |work = theregister.co.uk }}</ref> AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}</ref> had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}</ref> At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan |accessdate=2007-10-17 |author= |date= 2006-03-31 |work= foxnews.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= Dan Costa |date= 2006-06-15 |work= pcmag.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}</ref> The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.<ref>[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]</ref> The first movies using dual layer discs (50&nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html | title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date = 2006-10-10 | last = Bracke | first = Peter M. | work = HighDefDigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}</ref> The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699. HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher=}}</ref> This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}</ref> and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}</ref> == Disc structure == === Laser and optics === Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a "blue" (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&nbsp;nm and 780&nbsp;nm respectively. The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "[[spatial resolution|spot size]]" on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.) === Hard-coating technology === Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary. [[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard. == Software standards == === Codecs === [[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques. The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed. The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.<ref>[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)</ref> For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> === Java software support === {{utama|BD-J}} At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard. === Kode wewengkon === [[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video | language = | accessdate = 2007-01-14 | year = 2006 }}</ref>]] Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices. {| class="wikitable" ! Region code !! Aréa<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control? | language = | accessdate = 2006-08-29 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }}</ref> |- |align="center" | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. |- |align="center" | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]]. |- |align="center" | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]]. |- |} This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are "ALL" region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe. === Digital rights management ('''DRM''') === The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].<ref name="dellbd-romprotection">{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}</ref> They have been at léast partially circumvented. '''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]]. Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}<span class="plainlinks"></span> '''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].<ref>http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html</ref> BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:<ref name="dellbd-romprotection"/> * examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. * verify that the player's keys have not been changed. * execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system. * transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it. If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases. The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website]. BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}</ref> The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}</ref> BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> '''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization. When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them. == Player profiles == The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}</ref> All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Féature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}</ref> ! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0) ! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1) ! BD-Live (Profile 2) |- | Built-in persistent memory | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB |- | Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}} | – | 256 MB | 1 GB |- | Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]]) | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}} | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | [[Virtual file system]] | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Internet connection capability | No | No | Mandatory |} {{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory. {{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by "Bonus View" as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.<ref name="BonusView">{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.<ref>[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]</ref> On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on "Bonus View" hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> == Backward compatibility == While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]]. == List of Blu-ray devices == <!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource: http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Device name ! Manufacturer ! Type of device ! Release date ! Approximate price |- | [[PlayStation 3]] | [[Sony]] | [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1) | [[November 11]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]399<ref name="PS3price">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}</ref>/499$ |- | [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]] | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player | 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]599 |- | DMP-BD30 | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1) | 2007 | [[United States dollar|US$]]500 |- | [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | [[December 4]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]1000 |- | BD-P1200 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[January 8]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]799 |- | BD-P1000 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[June 20th]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]450 |- | [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }} | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | |- | BD-P1400 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | BDP-LX70 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. ) |- | BDP-LX80 | Pioneer | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HP1 | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV1 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV10 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW15 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW20 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DMR-E700BD | [[Panasonic]] | Blu-ray/DVD Recorder | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW200 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BR100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback | accessdate = 2006-10-13 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}</ref> | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }} | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW800 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW900 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V7 | [[Sony]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V9 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T50 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-L70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-X90 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX] | [[VidaBox]] | [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | BH-100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[January 7]], [[2007]] | |- | BH-200 | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[October]], [[2007]] | |- | BD-UP5000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | [[VAIO]] AR Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | [[VAIO]] FZ Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2007 | |- | XPS M1710 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | December 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599 |- | XPS M1730 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | XPS M2010 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | Pavilion Desktop | [[Hewlett-Packard]] | [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive) | [[9 May]] [[2007]] | |- | TravelMate 8215WLMi<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray">{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> | [[Acer]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | ASUS Lamborghini VX2<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray"/> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | ASUS Lamborghini W2W<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&model=1834&l1=5&l2=22&l3=192&l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | BDC-2202 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | PC drive | [[May 2]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]299<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> |- | DH-401S<ref>{{cite web|url=about:blank | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive | accessdate = 2007-10-31 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LiteOn]] | PC drive | [[31 October]] [[2007]] | |- | BC-1205PT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive | accessdate = 2007-09-09 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[ASUS]] | PC drive | [[9 September]] [[2007]] | |- | BWU-100A | [[ASUS]] | Recordable PC drive | [[July 18]] [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]699 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> |- | DZ-BD7A<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]] | | |- | DZ-BD7HA<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA, Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder | | |- | Lite-On DH-4O1S<ref name="cheap-199-player">{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}</ref> | [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]] | Read Only PC Drive | | [[United States dollar|US$]]199<ref name="cheap-199-player"/> |- |} <!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --> Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> == Corporate support == {{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}} [[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]] Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/ | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format "Blu-ray Disc" Established | publisher=SONY Press Release | language = | date= February 19, 2002 | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]]. Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe. Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.<ref name="HDOutsideUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}</ref> Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.<ref>[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]</ref> It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]]. [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats. It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref> However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}</ref> including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important. Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs. They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.<ref>[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&ResLibraryID=20345&Category=1027 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }}</ref> Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about | title = About Netflix | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref>, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/ | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726</ref> While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format | accessdate = 2007-07-29 | year = 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}</ref> The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a "jaw-dropping" sum for the end cap displays.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&ctrack=5&cset=true | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion | accessdate = 2007-09-10 | year = 2007 }}</ref> On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format. Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD. Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg) | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}</ref> In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007 }}</ref> However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&en=fe619b851abc0231&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007}}</ref> In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]</ref> == Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison == {{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}} {{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}} The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.<ref name="tripleApproved">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}</ref> It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943 | title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date= 2007-09-13 | last = Fulton III | first = Scott M. | work = BetaNews | language = English }}</ref> As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&nbsp;GB disc<ref name="bluraystats">[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]</ref> while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&nbsp;GB dual layer format.<ref>[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]</ref> In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).<ref name="DDplus_whitepaper">[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com</ref> Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]]. As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,<ref name="bluraystats"/> which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.<ref name="BDaudio_support">[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com</ref> As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with "repeat field flags"). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}} There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region. Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}</ref> However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> == Ongoing development == Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY | language = | accessdate = 2007-09-27 | year = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493 | title = Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback }}</ref> Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K). Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&nbsp;GB data layers.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement">{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&nbsp;GB CAPACITY | publisher = TDK | accessdate = 2006-11-27 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}</ref> Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656 | title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow | accessdate = 2007-04-24 | date= 2007-01-10 | last = Yam | first = Marcus | work = DailyTech | language = English }}</ref> [[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology | accessdate = 2006-05-30 | year = 2006 }}</ref> This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure. [[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]</ref> TDK has also produced a 200&nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement"/> == Variants == === BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc === BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&nbsp;Mbit/s. These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html | title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | format = HTML | work = | language = English }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}</ref> It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]] === AVCREC === AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD. === Blu-ray Disc recordable === {{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}} [[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]]. === HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs === Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced. == Tempo ogé == * [[List of Blu-ray Movies]] * [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] * [[Format war]] * [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA) * [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]] * [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals * [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries * [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]] === Tehnologi cakram alternatif === * [[HD DVD]] * [[AVCHD]] * [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD) * [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format * [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008 * [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs * [[PH-DVD]] * [[Protein-coated disc]] * [[Tapestry Media]] * [[Ultra Density Optical]] * [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]] * [[LS-R]] – a "layer selection" technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}} {{Portal|Blu-ray}} * [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association] * [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site] * [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA] * [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }} * [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology] * [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories] * [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS] * [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing] * [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }} by Hugh Bennett * [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD... * [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray] === Warta === * [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]]. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]]. * [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]]. * [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]]. * [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]]. * [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles] {{Home_video}} {{HighDefinitionMedia}} [[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]] [[Kategori:Platform Java]] [[Kategori:High-definition television]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]] [[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]] [[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]] [[Kategori:DVD]] [[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]] m8adpsq7kiqyn042uap51vmbxmvzb6k 0 25602 710541 703173 2026-06-19T01:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Asia Tenggara}} '''Asia Tenggara''' atawa '''Asia Kidul Wétan''' nyaéta hiji [[subwewengkon]] di [[Asia]], nu ngawengku nagara-nagara nu sacara géografis aya di kiduleun [[China]], wetaneun [[India]] sarta kalereun [[Australia]]. Wewengkon Asia Tenggara ngampar dina interseksi pelat géologis, kalayan aktivitas seismik katut vulkanik nu rongkah. Asia Tenggara ngawengku dua wewengkon géografis: Asia daratan, jeung [[island arc]] katut [[kapuloan]] nu aya di wetan jeung wetan kiduleunnana. Bagéan [[Indochina|daratan]] kaasup [[Kamboja]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] jeung [[Vietnam]]; nu populasina utamana [[urang Tai]] jeung [[basa Austro-Asiatik|urang Austroasiatik]]; ageman nu dominan nyaéta [[Buda]], tuluy [[Islam]]. Bagéan [[Asia Tenggara Maritim|maritim]] kaasup [[Brunei]], [[Timor Wetan]],<ref>[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/worldregions.htm United Nations]</ref> [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pilipina]] jeung [[Singapura]]. [[Urang Austronesia]] nu panglobana aya di wewengkon ieu; ageman nu dominan nyaéta [[Islam]],tuluy [[Kristen]]{{Fact|date=December 2007}}. == Babagian == === Pulitis === Asia Tenggara mindeng nujul kana hiji wewengkon nu ngawengku nagara-nagara di handap ieu, sok sanajan ari dina prak-prakannana mah, boh sacara umum atawa husus, wewengkonna bisa leuwih heureut atawa leuwih lega. * {{BRU}} * {{CAM}} * {{IDN}} * {{LAO}} * {{MYS}} * {{MYA}} * {{PHL}} * {{SGP}} * {{THA}} * {{ETM}} * {{VIE}} Sakabéh nagara nu disebutkeun di luhur nyaéta anggota [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASéaN), kajaba [[Timor Wetan]], nu mangrupa calon kénéh. Wewengkon ieu, babarengan jeung bagéan [[Asia Kidul]], saméméhna katelah [[Indies|Indies Wetan]] atawa basajanna mah disebut [[Indies]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Mungguhing sacara pulitik mangrupa wewengkon cangkingan luar ti Australia, [[Pulo Natal]] sareng [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]] sacara kabudayaanana mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan. Mungguhing, sawatara [[South China Sea Islands|Kapuloan di Laut Cina Kidul]] Kiwari janten pajoréwatan. [[Papua]], kumaha ogé, sacara pulitik mangrupa bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan ti Indonésia, sanaos sacara géografi mindeng disamarutkeun minangka bagéan ti [[Oceania]]. === Geograpis === [[Gambar:LocationSoutheastAsia.PNG|285px|thumb|right|Lokasi Asia Tenggara.<ref>This map primarily indicates ASEAN member countries, and therefore does not mark the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], which are also geographically a part of Southeast Asia.</ref>]] Sacara géografina Asia Kidul Wétan kabagi Kana dua wewengkon, utamina [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Asia Kidul Wétan Daratan]] (atawa [[Indochina]]) sareng [[Maritime Southeast Asia|Maritime Southeast Maritim]] (atawa [[Malay Archipelago|Semenanjung Malaya]] [[Basa Malayu|Malayu]]: ''[[Nusantara]]). [[Asia Tenggara Daratan]] kaasup: * [[Kamboja]] * [[Laos]] * [[Myanmar]] * [[Thailand]] * [[Vietnam|Viétnam]] [[Asia Tenggara Maritim]] kaasup: * [[Brunei|Brunéi]] * [[Timor Wetan|Timor Wétan]] * [[Indonesia|Indonésia]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Pilipina]] * [[Singapura]] [[Gambar:Mayon1984.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gunung seuneun Mayon.]] Malaysia dibagi ku [[Laut Cina Selatan]]. [[Semenanjung Malaysia]] di daratan mungguhing [[Malaysia Timur|Malaysia Wétan]] di [[Kalimantan]], pulo pangageungna di wewengkon ieu. Nanging, Malaysia mindeng dianggrp nagara kapuloan. Ogé, bagéan wétan Indonésia jeung Timor Wétan (wétan gurat Wallace) dianggep bagéan géograpis ti Oceania. [[Gambar:Mount Kinabalu.jpg|right|200px|thumbnail|Gunung Kinabalu.]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Kapuloan Andaman jeung Nicobar]] di [[India]] disamarutkeun minangka bagéan Asia Kidul Wétan. [[Hainan Island|Pulo Hainan]] mindeng dianggep Asia Kidul Wétan ogé [[Asia Wétan]]. == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Asia Tenggara}} [[Gambar:Borom That Chaiya.jpg|thumb|upright|Arsitektur dina gaya [[Sriwijaya]].]] Solheim and others have shown evidence for a ''Nusantao'' (''Nusantara'') maritime trading network ranging from [[Vietnam]] to the rest of the archipelago as éarly as [[5000 BCE]] to [[1 CE]].<ref>Solheim, ''Journal of East Asian Archaeology'', 2000, '''2''':1-2, pp. 273-284(12) </ref> The péoples of Southéast Asia, especially those of [[Austronesian]] descent, have been séafarers for thousands of yéars, some réaching the island of [[Madagascar]]. Their vessels, such as the [[vinta]], were océan-worthy. [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan's]] voyage records how much more manœuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the Européan ships.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan">Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0-06-621173-5</ref> Passage through the [[Indian Ocean]] aided the colonization of Madagascar by the [[Malay race]], as well as commerce between [[West Asia]] and Southéast Asia. Gold from [[Sumatra]] is thought to have réached as far west as [[Rome]]. Originally most péople were [[animist]]. This was later replaced by Brahmanic Hinduism. [[Theravada Buddhism]] soon followed in [[525]]. In 1400s, Islamic influences began to enter. This forced the last Hindu court in Indonésia to retréat to [[Bali]]. In Mainland South éast Asia, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand retained the Theravada form of Buddhism, brought to them from Sri Lanka. This type of Buddhism was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. === Indianized kingdom === {{utama|Indianized kingdom}} Very little is known about Southéast Asian religious beliefs and practices before the advent of Indian merchants and religious influences from the second century BCE onwards. Prior to the [[13th century]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] were the main religions in Southéast Asia. The [[Jawa Dwipa]] Hindu kingdom in [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] existed around [[200 BCE]]. The history of the Malay-spéaking world begins with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at léast the 3rd century BC. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an éarly date. Both Hinduism and [[Buddhism]] were well established in the [[Malay Peninsula]] by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spréad across the archipelago. [[Cambodia]] was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of the [[Funan]] kingdom. Hinduism was one of the [[Khmer Empire]]'s official religions. Cambodia is the home to one of the only two temples dedicated to [[Brahma]] in the world. [[Angkor Wat]] is also a famous Hindu temple of Cambodia. The [[Majapahit Empire]] was an [[Indianized kingdom]] based in éastern [[Java (island)|Java]] from 1293 to around 1500. Its gréatest ruler was [[Hayam Wuruk]], whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's péak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], [[Bali]] and southern of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Cholas]] excelled in maritime activity in both military and the mercantile fields. Their raids of [[Kedah]] and the [[Srivijaya]], and their continued commercial contacts with the [[Chinese Empire]], enabled them to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hindu cultural influence]] found today throughout the Southéast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.<ref name="prambanan">The great temple complex at [[Prambanan]] in [[Indonesia]] exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 709</ref> === Perdagangan Cina === {{see also|List of tributaries of Imperial China}} Chinese merchants have traded with the region for a long time as evidence of Magellan's voyage records that [[Brunei]] possessed more [[cannon]] than the Européan ships so it appéars that the Chinese fortified them.<ref name="Bergreen.L_Magellan"/> Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, [[Han Li Po]] to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry [[Sultan Mansur Shah]] after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed [[1459]]) is now a tourist attraction there, as is [[Bukit Cina]], where her retinue settled. The strategic value of the [[Strait of Malacca]], which was controlled by [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in the 15th and éarly 16th century, did not go unnoticed by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] writer [[Duarte Barbosa]], who in 1500 wrote ''"He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of [[Venice]]".'' [[Gambar:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Strait of Malacca]], (narrows).]] === Western colonization === {{see also|Imperialism in Asia|The Ugly American}} [[Western world|Western]] influence started to enter in the [[1500s]], with the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish in [[Moluccas]] and the [[Philippines]]. Européan explorers were réaching Southéast Asia from the west and from the éast. A regular trade between the sailing ships éast, from the Indian Océan and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products such as honey and hornbill béaks from the islands of the archipelago. Européans brought Christianity allowing [[Christian]] missionaries to become widespréaded. Siam also allowed Western science and technology to enter their country. China traded a lot of rice. === Kiwari === {{See also|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Japanese foreign policy in Southeast Asia}} Regional integration through [[ASEAN]] is one of the goals of Southéast Asian countries today. Currently, there are various conflicting territorial and/or maritime claims, both among these countries and even involving other parties (notably both Chinas in the case of the [[Spratly Islands]]). == Geograpi == [[Gambar:Ha Long Bay with boats.JPG|thumbnail|[[Halong Bay|Hạ Long Bay]], a Natural World's Heritage Site in [[Vietnam]]]] {{See also|Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|List of Southeast Asian mountains}} Géologically, the [[Malay archipelago]] is one of the most active [[vulcanology|vulcanological]] regions in the world. [[Geology|Geological]] [[Tectonic uplift|uplifts]] in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in [[Mount Kinabalu]] in [[Sabah]], Malaysia on the island of Bornéo with a height of 4,101 metres (13,455 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) and also [[Puncak Jaya]] in [[Papua]], Indonésia at 4,884 metres (16,024&nbsp;ft), on the island of [[New Guinea]]. === Sabudeureun === {{See also|Austronesia}} The [[Australasia]]n [[continental plate]] defines a region adjacent to Southéast Asia, which is also politically separated from the countries of Southéast Asia. But a cultural touch point lies between [[Papua New Guinea]] and the Indonésian region of [[Papua]], which shares the island of [[New Guinea]] with Papua New Guinéa. A considerable colonization effort of Papua is underway. o === Iklim === The climate of Southéast Asia is mainly tropical – hot and humid all yéar round. There is a lot of rainfall. Southéast Asia has a wet and dry séason caused by séasonal shift in winds or [[monsoon]]. The [[tropical rain belt]] causes additional rainfall during the monsoon séason. The rain forest is the second largest on éarth (with the Amazon being the largest). Exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain aréas in the northern region, where high altitudes léad to milder temperatures and drier landscape. === Lingkungan === {{See also|Southeast Asian coral reefs|Gurat Wallac}} [[Gambar:Indonesia-Bull.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Munding cai.]] The animals of Southéast Asia are diverse; on the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], the [[Orangutan]] (man of the forest), the [[Asian Elephant]], the Malayan [[tapir]], the [[Sumatran Rhinoceros]] and the [[Bornean Clouded Leopard]] can be also found. The [[bearcat]] can be found on the island of [[Palawan]]. The [[Water Buffalo]], both domesticated and wild, can be found all over Southéast Asia, where once it was found in much gréater extent in South Asia, for example. The [[mouse deer]], a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, can be found on Sumatra, Bornéo and Palawan Islands. The [[gaur]], a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild Water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina and Malaysia. Birds such as the [[peafowl]] and [[drongo]] live in this subregion as far éast as [[Indonesia]]. The [[babirusa]], a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonésia as well. The [[hornbill]] was prized for its béak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well. The Indonésian Archipelago is split by the [[Wallace Line]]. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (éastern) species. The islands between Java/Bornéo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacéa. [[Gambar:Doppelhornvogel-09.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Great Hornbill]] - bird from Southeast Asia]] The shallow waters of the [[Southeast Asian coral reefs]] have the highest levels of [[biodiversity]] for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. The [[whale shark]] can be found in the [[South China Sea]]. The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest aréas are currently being logged-over, especially in Bornéo. While Southéast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southéast Asia is facing severe [[deforestation]] which causes habitat loss for various [[endangered species]] such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. At the same time, [[haze]] has been a regular occurrence. The worst regional haze occurred in 1998 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze. In réaction, several countries in Southéast Asia signed the [[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]] in order to combat haze pollution. == Ekonomi == The region is also one of the most productive in manufacturing [[microprocessor]]s. Reserves of [[Petroleum|oil]] are also present in the region. Seventeen telecommunications companies have contracted to build a new submarine cable to connect Southéast Asia to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sean Yoong |title=17 Firms to Build $500M Undersea Cable |publisher=International Business Times |date=April 27, 2007 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070427/malaysia-undersea-cable.htm |accessdate=2007-07-28 }}</ref> This is to avoid the disruption caused by the cutting of the underséa cable from Taiwan to the U.S. in a recent éarthquake. == Demograpi == Southéast Asia has an aréa of approx. 4,000,000&nbsp;km² (1.6 million sq miles). [[As of 2004]], more than 593 million péople lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (125 million) on the Indonésian island of [[Java (island)|Java]], the most densely populated large island in the world. The distribution of the religions and péople is diverse in Southéast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million [[overseas Chinese]] also live in Southéast Asia, most prominently in [[Christmas Island]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Indonesia]] jeung [[Thailand]], sarta oge, [[Hoa]], di [[Vietnam]]. === Golongan seler === {{See also|urang Austronesia|kelompok etnik Cina|urang Erasia (mixed ancestry)|urang Filipina|Malayu (kelompok etnik)|Negrito|urang Tai|urang Amerika Asia Tenggara}} According to a recent [[Stanford University|Stanford]] [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf genetic study], the Southéast Asian population is far from being homogenéous. Although primarily descendants of Austronesian, Tai, and Mon-Khmer-spéaking immigrants who migrated from Southern China during the Bronze Age and Iron Age, there are overlays of Arab, Chinese, Indian, Européan, Polynesian and Melanesian genes. The [[Philippines]] has Asia's largest [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)]], [[United States|American]] and [[Amerasian]] population, and is continuously growing. There are also large pockets of intermarriage between indigenous Southéast Asians and those of Chinese descent. They form a substantial part of everyday life in countries such as [[Thailand]] and the [[Philippines]]. Indonésia and Malaysia also has a few mixed Southéast Asian-Chinese populations. === Ageman === {{refimprove|section|date=May 2007}} {{See also|Theravada|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia}} Countries in Southéast Asia practise many different religions. ''Mainland'' Séa countries, which are, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, practise predominantly [[Buddhism]]. [[Singapore]] is also predominantly Buddhist. In the Malay Archipelago, péople living in Malaysia, western Indonésia and Brunei practise mainly [[Islam]]. [[Christianity]] is predominant in the Philippines, éastern Indonésia and éast Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population followed by Vietnam, both ex-colonies of Européan powers. The religious composition for éach country is as follows. Some values are taken from the [[CIA Factbook]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing - Religions|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|publisher=CIA factbook|accessdate=2007-02-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |date=2018-12-20 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Andaman and Nicobar Islands |[[Animisme]], [[Buda]], [[Kristen]], [[Hindu]], [[Islam]], [[Sikh]] |- |Brunei |Islam (67%), Buda (13%), Kristen (10%), lianna (indigenous beliefs, etc) (10%) |- |Kamboja |[[Buda Theravada]] (93%), lianna (animisme, jsb) (7%) |- |Pulo Christmas |Buda (36%), Islam (25%), Kristen (18%), [[Taoisme]] (15%), lianna (6%) |- |Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling) |[[Islam Suni]] (80%), lianna (20%) |- |Timor Wetan |[[Katolik Roma]] (90%), Islam (5%), [[Protestan]] (3%), lianna (Buda, Hindu, jsb) (2%) |- |Pulo Hainan |Animisme, Konghucu, [[Buda Mahayana]], Protestan, Katolik Roma, Taoisme, [[teu boga ageman]], lianna |- |Indonésia |Islam (86.1%), Protestan (5.7%), Katolik Roma (3%), Hindui (1.8%), lianna kaasup Buda, atawa teu jelas (3.4%)<ref name='indoCIA'>Indonesia - The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |date=2008-12-10 }}</ref> |- |Laos |Buda Theravada (60%), lianna (animisme, jsb) (40%) |- |Malaysia |Islam (60.4%), Buda Mahayana (19.2%), Kristen (9.1%), Hindu (6.1%), Animisme (5.2%) |- |Myanmar |Buda Theravada (89%), Islam (4%), Kristen (4%), Animisme (1%), lianna (2%) |- |Pilipina |[[Katolik Roma]] (81%), Islam (5%), [[Evangelis]] (2.8%), [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] (2.2%), [[Aglipayan]] (2%), Kristen lianna (4.5%), lianna (animisme, Buda, teu boga ageman, jsb) (2.5%) |- |Singapura |Buda (42.5%), Islam (15%), Taoisme (8%), Katolik Roma (4.5%), Hindu (4%), teu boga ageman (15%), Kristen lianna (10%), lianna (1%) |- |Kapuloan di Laut Cina Kidul |Buda, Kristen, Konghucu, Islam, Taoisme, teu boga ageman |- |Thailand |Buda Theravada (94.6%), Islam (4.6%), lianna (1%) |- |Viet Nam | Buda Mahayana (78%), Katolik Roma (7%), Buda Theravada (5%), [[Cao Dai]] (2%), Protestan (1%), lianna (Animisme, [[Hoa Hao]], Islam, teu boga ageman, jsb) (7%) |} Religions and péoples are diverse in Southéast Asia and not one country is homogenéous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonésia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as [[Bali]]. Christianity also predominates in [[Philippines]], [[Papua]] and [[Timor]]. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southéast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. [[Garuda]] (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] who is the mount (vahanam) of [[Vishnu]], is a national symbol in both [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]; in the [[Philippines]], gold images of Garuda have been found on [[Palawan]]; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on [[Mindanao]]. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southéast Asia; they are in the majority in éast Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote aréas of [[Sarawak]] in éast Malaysia and [[Papua]] in éastern Indonésia. In Myanmar, Sakka ([[Indra]]) is revered as a ''[[nat (spirit)|nat]]''. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practiced, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on [[Ancestor Worship]]. === Basa === {{See also|basa Austrik|Austro-Asiatic languages|Austronesian languages|Hmong-Mien languages|Sino-Tibetan languages|Tai-Kadai languages}} éach of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade and historical colonization as well. Thus, for example, a Filipino, educated in English and Filipino, as well as in his native tongue (e.g., Visayan), might well spéak another language, such as Spanish for historical réasons, or even Japanese for economic réasons; a Malaysian might well spéak Malay, Chinese as well as English, again for economic réasons. The language composition for éach country is as follows: ('''The official languages have been bolded'''.) {| class="wikitable" |- |Andaman and Nicobar Islands | '''Nicobarese''', '''Bengali''', '''English''', '''Hindi''', '''Malayalam''', '''Punjabi''', '''Tamil''', '''Telugu''', Shompen, Andamanese languages, others |- |Brunei |'''Malayu''', English, Chinese, indigenous Borneian dialects |- |Cambodia |'''Khmer''', Vietnamese, Chamic dialects, others |- |Christmas Island |'''English''', Chinese, Malay |- |Cocos (Keeling) Islands |'''English''', Cocos Malay |- |éast Timor |'''Tetum''', '''Portuguese''', Indonésian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others |- |Hainan Island |'''Mandarin (Chinese)''', Hainanese, Vietnamese, Hlai, Hmong, Tsat, Zhuang, others |- |Indonésia |'''Indonésian''', Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Javanese, Sasak, Tetum, Dayak, Minahasa, Toraja, Buginese, Halmahera, Ambonese, Ceramese, Dutch, Papuan languages, Chinese, others |- |Laos |'''Lao''', Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, others |- |Malaysia |'''Malay''', English, Tamil, Chinese, other Indian languages, Sarawakian and Sabahan languages, others |- |Myanmar |'''Burmese''', Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Chinese dialects, Indian languages, others |- |Philippines |'''Tagalog''', '''English''', Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Bicolano, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Kinaray-a, Chabacano, '''Lán-lâng-oē''' (Philippine Hokkien), Spanish, Arabic, other Visayan languages, and other Native Philippine languages |- |Singapore |'''Mandarin (Chinese)''', '''Malay''', '''Tamil''', '''English''', other Chinese dialects, other Indian languages, Arabic dialects, others |- |South China Séa Islands | '''English''', '''Filipino''', '''Malay''', '''Mandarin (Chinese)''', '''Vietnamese''' |- |Thailand |'''Thai''', Vietnamese, Lao, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Khmer, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Malay, Chinese dialects, others |- |Vietnam |'''Vietnamese''', Khmer, Cham, French créole, Tay, Muong, Nung, English, others |} == Budaya == {{See also|Southeast Asian cinema|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian music}} [[Gambar:Rice Terraces Banaue.jpg|thumb|The Banaue Rice Terraces in Luzon Island, Philippines.]] [[Rice paddy]] agriculture has existed in Southéast Asia for thousands of yéars, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] in the mountains of [[Luzon]] in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labor-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region. [[Stilt house]]s can be found all over Southéast Asia, from Thailand and Laos, to Bornéo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to [[Papua New Guinea stilt house|Papua New Guinea]]. The region has diverse metalworking. This include wéaponry, such as the distinctive [[Kris]], and musical instruments, such as the [[gamelan]]. === Pangaruh === {| align="left" class="wikitable" |- ! Calendars |- | [[Buddhist calendar|Buddhist]] <br /> [[Traditional calendar of Myanmar|Burmese]] <br /> [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]] <br /> [[Gregorian calendar]]<br /> [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] <br /> [[Indonesian calendars|Indonesian]] <br /> [[Tabular Islamic calendar|Islamic]] <br /> [[Thai lunar calendar|Thai (lunar)]] <br /> [[Thai solar calendar|Thai (solar)]] <br /> |} The region's chief cultural influences have been from either [[Culture of China|China]] or [[Culture of India|India]] or both, with [[Vietnam]] considered by far the most [[Culture of China|Chinese-influenced]]. As a rule, the péoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the péoples first ate with [[chopstick]]s; [[tea]], as a beverage, can be found across the region. The [[fish sauce]]s distinctive to the region tend to vary. === Seni === Dance in much of Southéast Asia also includes movement of the hands, as well as the feet. Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries. The Arts and Literature in some of South éast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism brought to them centuries ago. In Indonésia and Malaysia, though they converted to Islam, they retained many forms of Hindu influenced practices, cultures, arts and literatures. An example will be the [[Wayang Kulit]] (Shadow Puppet) and literatures like the [[Ramayana]]. This is also true for mainland South éast Asia (excluding Vietnam). Dance movements, Hindu gods, Arts were also fused into [[Thai culture|Thai]], [[Culture of Cambodia|Khmer]], [[Culture of Laos|Laotian]] and [[Burmese culture|Burmese]] cultures. In Vietnam, the Vietnamese share many cultural similarities with the Chinese. {| align="left" class="wikitable" |- ! Cuisine |- | [[:Category:Cambodian cuisine|Cambodia]]<br /> [[:Category:Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]]<br /> [[Cuisine of Laos|Laos]]<br /> [[:Category:Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]]<br /> [[Burmese cuisine|Myanmar]]<br /> [[:Category:Filipino cuisine|Philippines]]<br /> [[:Category:Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]]<br /> [[:Category:Thai cuisine|Thailand]]<br /> [[:Category:Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnam]]<br /> |} ==== Musik ==== [[Gamelan]] instruments are common in the region. These consists of [[gong]]s and other tonal and percussive music. Most of the traditional music is based on a [[pentatonic scale]]. ==== Tulisan ==== {{utama|Baybayin|Jawi (script)|S.E.A. Write Award|Thai alphabet|}} [[Gambar:101 1048.jpg|thumb|right|Balinese writing on palm leaf. Artifacts can be seen in the [[Field Museum]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].]] The history of Southéast Asia has led to a wéalth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region. Originally, [[Culture of India|Indians]] were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through [[Brahmic family|Brahmic]] forms of writing present in the region such as the [[Balinese script]] shown on split palm léaf called ''lontar'', right: The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper circa [[100]], in [[China]]. Note éach palm léaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the léaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southéast Asia tended to be [[abugida]]s, until the arrival of the Européans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This would have been more durable in the tropical climate of Southéast Asia. == Tempo ogé == * [[Southeast Asian Capitals]] * [[Southeast Asian studies]] * [[History of Southeast Asia]] * [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SéaTO) * [[Japanese foreign policy in Southeast Asia]] * [[S.E.A. Write Award]] * [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)]] * [[List of Southeast Asian mountains]] * [[Southeast Asian Leaders]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <!-- Dead note "Solheim2000": Solheim, ''Journal of East Asian Archaeology'', [[2000]], '''2''':1-2, pp. 273-284(12) --> <!-- Dead note "Oppenheimer2001": Oppenheimer and Richards, ''Science Progress'' [[2001]], '''84''' (3), pp.157–181 --> <!-- Dead note "Bergreen": Laurence Bergreen, ''Over the Edge of the World'': Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0-06-621173-5 --> * Tiwari, Rajnish (2003): [http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/RRZ/R.Tiwari/papers/exchange-rate.pdf ''Post-crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast Asia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326181141/http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/RRZ/R.Tiwari/papers/exchange-rate.pdf |date=2006-03-26 }} (PDF), Seminar Paper, University of Hamburg. == Tumbu kaluar == * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf Topography of Southeast Asia in detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506072036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf |date=2009-05-06 }} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) * [http://www.citymayors.com/government/se_asia_government.html CityMayors.com article] * [http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html Southeast Asian Archive]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022023141/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html |date=2009-10-22 }} at the University of California, Irvine. * [http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/ "Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111656/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/ |date=2011-05-01 }}, exhibit at the [[University of California, Irvine]], Library. * [http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives] Cornell University Library Digital Collection {{Southeast_Asia}} {{Regions of the world}} [[Kategori:Wewengkon di Asia]] [[Kategori:Asia Tenggara| ]] 34u5rxgz8c45kcyjvn66jwf0jod3ctc 0 26552 710544 649961 2026-06-19T01:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox j-rail service |name=Azusa |image=E353 Super Azusa Kokubunzhi Station 20180407.jpg |caption=Seri E353 "Super Azusa" EMU |type=Éksprés terbatas |operator=JR East |lines=[[Jalur Utam Chūō]], [[Shinonoi Line]] |startyear=1966 |endyear= |stock=[[E353 series]] (Super Azusa) / [[E257 series]] EMUs }} {{Nihongo|'''Azusa'''|あずさ}} nyaéta layanan éksprés terbatas nu dioperasikeun ku [[JR East]], antara [[Stasion Shinjuku]] jeung [[Stasion Matsumoto]] liwat [[Jalur Utama Chūō]] jeung [[Jalur Shinonoi]]. Ieu layanan munggaran taun [[1966]]. Layanan "Super Azusa" mimiti dibuka dina bulan [[Désémber]] [[1994]] nu maké karéta séri E351 tipe EMU. Ngaroko dilarang dina sakabéh gerbong mimiti [[18 Maret]] [[2007]]. Ngaran ''Azusa'' dicokot tina ngaran Walungan Azusa di [[Matsumoto, Nagano]]. ==Formasio== ===Super Azusa=== {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1 |- |colspan=6 align=lift|←Shinjuku/Tokyo |&nbsp; |colspan=6 align=right|Matsumoto/Minamiotari→ |- |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-left:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|1<br />Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|2<br /> Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|3<br />Non-reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|4<br />Non-reserved |width=1 style="border-right:solid 2px gray;"|- |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|5<br />Non-reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|6<br />Non-reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|7<br /> Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|8<br /> Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;" bgcolor=greenyellow|9<br />Green |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|10<br /> Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|11<br /> Reserved |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|12<br /> Reserved |} ===Azusa=== {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1 |- |colspan=6 align=lift|←Shinjuku/Chiba |colspan=6 align=right|Matsumoto/Minamiotari→ |- |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-left:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|1 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|2 |width=1 style="border-right:solid 2px gray;"|- |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|3 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|4 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|5 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|6 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|7 |style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;" colspan=2|8 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|9 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|10 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|11 |- |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-left:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |width=1 style="border-right:solid 2px gray;"|- |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Non-reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Non-reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Non-reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |width=20 style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 1px gray;"|Re |width=20 style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;" bgcolor=greenyellow|Grn |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|Reserved |} ==Daptar stasion gedé nu dilayanan== *[[Stasion Chiba]] (teu kabéh rangkéan) *[[Stasion Tokyo]] (teu kabéh rangkéan) *[[Stasion Shinjuku]] *[[Stasion Hachioji]] *[[Stasion Otsuki]] (teu kabéh rangkéan) *[[Stasion Kofu]] *[[Stasion Matsumoto]] *[[Stasion Minami-Otari]] (teu kabéh rangkéan) ==Kareta nu dipake== [[Image:Jreast e257 door.jpg|thumb|right|[[E257 series]] EMU]] ===Kareta nu kiwari dipake=== * [[E351 series]] EMUs ("Super Azusa", mimiti [[1993]]) * [[E257 series]] EMUs (mimiti [[2001]]) * [[189 series]] EMUs (mimiti [[1975]]) * [[183 series]] EMUs (mimiti [[1972]]) ===Kareta nu dipake samemehna=== * [[181 series]] 10-car EMUs (ti 1966) * [[165 series]] EMUs (ti 1966) == Tingali ogé == * [[Kaiji (karéta)|''Kaiji'']], layanan éksprés terbatas anu ngalayanan koridor [[Stasion Shinjuku]]-[[Stasion Kofu]] ==Tumbu kaluar== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003821/http://www.jreast.co.jp/train/express/e257.html JR E257 Azusa/Kaiji (Japanese)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121224063937/http://www.jreast.co.jp/train/express/e351.html JR E351 Super Azusa (Japanese)] {{JR East trains}} [[Kategori:Ngaran karéta panumpang di Jepang]] {{Japan-rail-stub}} g36of6x9h8mzlwm4h8pbuh13pqm4iwj 0 26554 710572 650823 2026-06-19T07:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Jreast e257 door.jpg|thumb|Seri E257 "Kaiji"]] [[Gambar:LTD Exp Kaiji.JPG|thumb|Seri 183 "Kaiji"]] [[Gambar:LTD Exp. Hamakaiji.JPG|thumb|Seri 185 "Hamakaiji"]] {{Infobox rail line | name = Kaiji | image = Jreast e257 door.jpg | caption = Kaiji seri E257 | locale = [[Jepang]] | system = ékspres terbatas | status = beroperasi | termini = Stasion Shinjuku<br>Stasion Kofu | gauge = 1.067 mm | el = 1.500 V DC | operator = JR East | open = ? }} {{nihongo|'''''Kaiji'''''|かいじ}} nyaéta layanan kareta [[limited express]] di [[Jepang]] dioperasikeun ku [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR éast). Kareta ieu antara [[Shinjuku Station]] di [[Tokyo]] jeung [[Kōfu Station]] di [[Kofu, Yamanashi|Kōfu]], [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] liwat [[Jalur Utama Chūō]]. == Rute == === Kaiji === [[Shinjuku Station|Shinjuku]] - [[Kōfu Station|Kōfu]] (Sababaraha kareta antara [[Stasion Tokyo|Tokyo]] jeung [[Ryūō Station|Ryūō]].) === View Kaiji === [[Chiba Station|Chiba]] - [[Kōfu Station|Kōfu]] - [[Ryūō Station|Ryūō]] === Hamakaiji === [[Yokohama Station|Yokohama]] - [[Hachiōji Station|Hachiōji]] - [[Matsumoto Station|Matsumoto]] == Kareta nu dipake == * Kaiji *: [[E257 series]] (since 2001) * View Kaiji *: [[255 series]] * Hamakaiji *: [[185 series]] === Formasi === Formasi standar ''Kaiji'' (seri E257) mawa salapan gerbong, nomerna ti 3 nepi ka 11. Gerbong 1 jeung 2 ditambahkeun ka sababaraha kareta. {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1 |- |colspan=6 align=lift|←Shinjuku/Tokyo |colspan=4 align=right|Kōfu→ |- |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray; border-left:solid 2px gray;"|3 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|4 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|5 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|6 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|7 |style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;" colspan=2|8 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|9 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|10 |width=40 style="border-top:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|11 |- |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray; border-left:solid 2px gray;"|N |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|N |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|N |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|N |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|R |width=20 style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 1px gray;"|R |width=20 style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;" bgcolor=greenyellow|G |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|R |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|R |style="border-bottom:solid 2px gray; border-right:solid 2px gray;"|R |} '''Katerangan''' * G: Kelas Green * R: Kelas biasa, pesen * N: Kelas biasa, bébas == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.jreast.co.jp/train/express/e257.html JR East E257 series "Kaiji"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003821/http://www.jreast.co.jp/train/express/e257.html |date=2013-05-18 }} (Japanese) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{JR East trains}} [[Kategori:Ngaran kareta penumpang di Jepang]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan Japan Railway Wétan]] {{japan-rail-stub}} nwdbqhewz9i7196jmay7tqwkhbye3j6 0 27023 710558 708883 2026-06-19T04:04:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710558 wikitext text/x-wiki Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''. == [[Sumatera]] == === Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam === ==== Dayeuh Sabang ==== * 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM ==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ==== * 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM * 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM * 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM * 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM * 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM * 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }} * 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }} * 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM * 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }} * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM * 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM * 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM * 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM ==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ==== * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM ==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ==== * 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3 * 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2 * 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1 * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM * 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM * 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM ==== Kabupatén Bireuen ==== * 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM * 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ==== * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ==== * 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ==== * 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM ==== Kabupatén aceh selatan - Tapaktuan ==== * 88.9 Mhz - Radio SIT FM * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM * 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ==== * 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ==== * 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM ==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ==== * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ==== * 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM ==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ==== * Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang * Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis === Sumatera Kulon === * [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }} * [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ * [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ * [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }} * [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }} * [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz * [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz * [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz === Jambi === * [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ * [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ === Kapuloan Bangka Belitung === * [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id] === Lubuklinggau === * [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }} === Palémbang === * Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz * Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ * Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ * Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ * Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ * Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ * Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ * Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ * Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ * Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ * Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ * Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ * Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ * Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ * Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ * Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ === Riau === ==== Pekanbaru ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ * Radio Pas FM 105MHZ * Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ * Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ * Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ * Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ * Radio CBSFM 101MHZ * Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ * Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ * Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ * Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ * Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ] * Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ * Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ * Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ * Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ * Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ * Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ * Radio SF3 94.3MHZ * Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ * Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ * Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ * Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ * Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ * Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ * Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ * Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Talukkuantan ==== * Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ * Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ === Kapuloan Riau === ==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ==== * Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM ==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ==== * Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani) * Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }} * Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }} ==== Tembilahan ==== * Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] ==== Batam ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }} * Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi) * Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ * Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ * Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ * Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ * Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ * Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ * Radio Bigs 104.7 FM * Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM * Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM {{col-css3-end}} == '''[[Jawa]] barat''' == '''Bandung''' * Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM * Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM <br /> ==[[Jakarta]]== '''AM''' * Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] * Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta * Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta * Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta * Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz * Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta * Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta * RRI 999 AM Jakarta * Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta * Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta * Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta * Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta * RRI 1332 AM Jakarta * Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz * Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta {{col-css3-end}} '''FM''' {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com] * GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ * RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ * Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ * Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] * Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }} * Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ * RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }} * Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ * Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ [http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }} * MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ * Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ * U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} * Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ * Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com] * Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com] * Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ * RDI: 97.1 MHZ * Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ [http://www.femaleradio.com] * Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ * GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ [http://www.987genfm.com/] * Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] * Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ * Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com] * Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi * 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }} * iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] * Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ * Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta * Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} * Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta * Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta * IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta * Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta * Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ * Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta * Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com] * Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta * Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta * Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ * Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ * Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ * Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ * Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ * REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Banten]] === ==== Banten ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id] * EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM * Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten * Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten * PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang * Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé * HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten {{col-css3-end|2}} ==== Bekasi ==== * Gaya: 93.60 MHZ * M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz * Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ. * Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ === [[Jawa Kulon]] === ==== Sukabumi ==== * Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ * LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 * ==== Bogor ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ * Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ * Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ * Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ * Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ * Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ * Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis {{col-css3-end}} ==== Bandung ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio MGT 101.1 FM "Spirit Of Your Life". Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/] * Delta FM 94,4 * Female Radio 96,4 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung * Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM * Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] * Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM * Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} * Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} * 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }} * Maestro FM 92.5 FM * B Radio 95.6 FM * Radio Maraghita FM 106.7 * MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }} * K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM * GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung * Poshway 107.9 FM * Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} * Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM * Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan * Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung * Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung * Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Cimahi ==== * AR 92.9 FM ==== Cirebon ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }} * DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }} * Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon * RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ * Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ * Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ * Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ * IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ * Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ * Prima Sonata FM * Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon * Salma FM * Maritim FM {{col-css3-end}} ==== Indramayu ==== * KC-10 87.9 FM * TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA ==== Karawang ==== * Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381 ==== Kuningan ==== * Rasuci FM * Kost FM === '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' === ==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ==== '''FM''' * Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM) * Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5) * MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM) * Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU * RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM) * RSPD Paguyangan-brebes '''AM''' * RSPD AM * Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)<1026 Khz> ==== Kudus ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz * Muria AM 1440 Khz * Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz * Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz * Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz * Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz * RTK FM 106.30 Mhz?? * UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Jepara ==== * R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz ==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ==== * Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK) * IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN. * Bima Sakti FM 96,8 * GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG ) * MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET. * Prima FM 105,3. * ==== Pati ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz * Pas FM 101.00 Mhz * Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz * Pop FM 90.80 Mhz * Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz??? * Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz * Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwokerto ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz * RGM FM * RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz * Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz * Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz * Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz * Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz * Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz * RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz * Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2 * Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91 * Yasika FM 91.5 * Pop FM 91.9 * RGBS 92.3 * RRI PRO 1 93.1 * King FM 93.9 * SBS Purbalingga 94.7 * Ardi Lawt 96.4 * Dian Swara 98.2 * Prima FM 98.6 * RRI PRO 2 99 * Pop FM Banyumas 100.2 * Paduka FM 100.6 * Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4 * Crez FM 103 * Satria Ajibarang 103.9 * Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto * Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3 * Metro FM 105.7 * Ria FM 106.5 * RRI PRO 3 107.3 * Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwodadi ==== * Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz ==== Salatiga ==== * Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ * Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz * Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ * Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ ==== Semarang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pas FM: 106 Mhz - * RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ * TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz * Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz * TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz * RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta * Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz * Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz * RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ * Female FM: 96.1 Mhz * Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz * Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz * Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz * Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz * Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz * RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz * IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz * Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz * Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz * Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz * IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz * Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz * Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz * Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ * Borobudur * Lusiana * Kalimasada * Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Surakarta ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar * Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group) * PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM * Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo * SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar * GSM 97.6 FM * Suara Slenk 92.5 FM * MQ 100.9 FM * Hizbullah 101.4 FM * Imanuel FM * JPI 106.3 FM * Pro1 FM * Pro2 FM * Swara Graha 92.1 * Mentari FM * Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Kharisma 100.3 FM * Metta 104.7 FM * Solopos 103 FM * Suara Wening Ati MQ FM * UMS FM * Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS * Unisri FM * Ramakusala FM * Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM * 89.6 STAR FM * Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Prima 91.7 fm * Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804 * Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888 * RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578 * IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4 * Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil {{col-css3-end}} ==== Tegal ==== * La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal * Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * DLC * Roshinta * Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM) * Radi Raka * Paramount 106 FM ==== Magelang ==== * [[Magelang FM]] === [[Yogyakarta]] === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ * Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ * I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ * Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ * Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }} * Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ * PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ * Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ * MQ FM 92.3 MHZ * MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }} * Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ * Rama FM 93.5 MHZ * Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ * Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ * Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ * Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ * Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Ista FM 96.2 MHZ * Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * EMC FM 97.8 MHZ * Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ * GCD FM 98.6 MHZ * Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ * Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }} * Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ * Prima FM 100.2 MHZ * Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ * Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ * Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ * Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }} * Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ * Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ * Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ * Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ * Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ * Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }} * Petra FM 105.7 MHZ * [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }} * Uty FM 106.9 MHZ * Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ * Global FM 107.6 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Jawa Wétan]] === ==== Batu - Malang ==== * Swara Buana FM * Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ * Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ * Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ * Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ * Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ * Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ * Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ ==== Banyuwangi ==== *. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi * Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }} * Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi * MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi ==== Blitar ==== *RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc] *Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya *Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ *Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ *Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh ) *Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab ) *Istana FM 88.4 MHZ *Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ *Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ *radio grast 91.6 Mhz *Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz ==== Jember ==== * RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ * RKPD Jember * Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ * Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ * Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ * Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/] * Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ * [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ * Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }} * Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ * Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ * Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ * M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ ==== Malang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ * Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ * Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz * Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz * Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ * Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/] * RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ * Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ * Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ * Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ * Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ * Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ * AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ * Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ * Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ * Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ * Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ * Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ * Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ * UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ * FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ * Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ * Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ * Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ * Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }} * Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ * Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ * Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Ngawi ==== * Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz * Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz ==== Ponorogo ==== * Radio Gema Surya News, Music & Culture * Radio Duta Nusantara * Romansa FM * GONG FM * Gress FM * AVIDA FM * Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz * [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }} * Suara Gontor FM * Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ ==== Surabaya ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }} * RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz * JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ * Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ * RKIP - AM 1449 khz * Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ * Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }} * EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/] * Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net] * Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] * SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ * [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ * Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }} * [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id] * Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] * Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }} * Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} * Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }} * Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }} * Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/] * JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/] * Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Trenggalek ==== * [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} * Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ * Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ==== Tulungagung ==== * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }} * Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }} * Radio Jos FM Tulungagung * Radio Perkasa FM * Radio jaya FM Tulungagung * Radio RKS Tulungagung * Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ == [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] == === Bali === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Rock FM 88.2 MHZ * R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ * Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ * Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ * Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ * Barong, AM 1188 MHZ * Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ * Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ * Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ * Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ * Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ * Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ * FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ * Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ * Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ * Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ * Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ * Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === Nusa Tenggara Kulon === * RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} == [[Kalimantan]] == === Banjarmasin === * Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM === Balikpapan === * SBI 102,1 Mhz * Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * Smartfm 97.8 Mhz * Swara Media 101.3 * RSPD 99,9 FM * AMA FM 105,3 FM * Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM * phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio] === Berau === * RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }} === Bontang === * Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm === Martapura === * Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }} === Palangka Raya === * Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} * Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }} === Pontianak === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Pontianak * Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM * Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM * RRI Pro 2 FM * RRI Pro 3 FM * Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }} * Radio Mitra Mahardika * Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas {{col-css3-end}} ==== Luar Pontianak ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Suara Sambas (104 Fm) * Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi) {{col-css3-end}} === Samarinda === * Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html] * Radio One Way 95.2 FM * Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }} * Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM * Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM * Radio Mitra 102.7 FM * Radio Paras 103.5 FM * Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM * Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM === Sampit === * Radio Pesona 100,3 FM == [[Sulawesi]] == * Radio Komunitas * Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ === Gorontalo === *Selebes 101 fm. *SK FM. *Nada 90,8fm. *BPKB Radio 94.7 FM === Kendari === * RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz === Makassar === * RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ * Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ === Manado === * RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ === Palu === * RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ = Radio komunitas = == Riau == == Tanjungpinang == * Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ == Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta == === Jakarta Wétan === * FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790 * Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon * Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790, * Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770 * Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun * AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770 * N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas * RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] === Bandung === * Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ === Pontianak === * Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, * Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM === Luar Pontianak === * Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) * Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) * Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936 * Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak) * Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak) * Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau) * Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi) == Jawa Wétan == Blitar Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz == Tulungagung == * [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }} * Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz == Jombang == * Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang == Ponorogo == * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ == Trenggalek == * Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ * Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ * Radio Komonitas RBS FM panggul Freq 107,30 mhz # Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya freg 107,30 mhz [[Kategori:Radio]] gm48ppwpelr8fo2fy1r8ktus52mvl44 0 31212 710549 650143 2026-06-19T02:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bumblebee''' mangrupa nami keur salah sahiji karakter fiksi tina serial [[Transformers|The Transformers]]. Dirina mangrupa salah sahiji anggota tim [[Autobots]] pimpinan [[Optimus Prime]]. Bumblebee janten salah sahiji karakter seri Transformers anu paling dikenal ku masyarakat dunia salian ti Optimus Prime atanapi [[Megatron]]. Dina seri Transformers G1 Bumblebee tiasa robih janten mobil VW Beetle, samentara dina seri Transformers film 2007 jeung 2009 modél Bumblebee nyaéta mobil Chevrolet Camaro edisi 1976/2009. Dina serial [[Transformers: Animated]], Bumblebee tiasa robih janten mobil polisi koneng anu mirip Toyota Yaris. == Pangeusi sora == * Transformers G1: [[Dan Gilvezan]] * Transformers 2007/2009: [[Mark Ryan]] * Transformers: Animated: [[Bumper Robinson]] == Tumbu luar == * [http://seibertron.com/database/character.php?view=hasbro&char_id=17 Profil Bumblebee di Seibertron.com] * [http://www.myspace.com/bubblebee07 Profil Bumblebee di MySpace] * [http://www.toybin.org/search.php?q=1984+Autobot+Bumblebee Galeri mainan di ToyBin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410062900/http://www.toybin.org/search.php?q=1984+Autobot+Bumblebee |date=2009-04-10 }} * [http://seibertron.com/toys/index.php?f_series=&f_name=bumblebee&f_type=exact&Submit=Search Galeri mainan Bumblebee di Seibertron.com] * [http://paperinside.com/bumblebee Model kertas dari Bumblebee] * [http://www.tfu.info/1984/Autobot/Bumblebee/bumblebee.htm Info Bumblebee di TFU.info] * [http://www.spencer1984.com/my_models/bumblebee.php Bumblebee dalam mobil nyata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819123012/http://www.spencer1984.com/my_models/bumblebee.php |date=2009-08-19 }} [[sv:Figurer i Transformers#Bumblebee]] aczxscoa4ee578k5s566abg68csvfx5 0 31948 710577 705087 2026-06-19T09:24:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Keuyeup | fossil_range = {{rentang géologis|Jurasik|Kiwari|earliest=Mississippian}} | image = Liocarcinus_vernalis.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Liocarcinus vernalis]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | subordo = [[Pleocyemata]] | infraordo = '''Brachyura''' | infraordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Sections & subsections&nbsp;<ref name="Grave">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2009 |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |author=Sammy De Grave ''et al.'' |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |format=[[Format Dokumén Portabel|PDF]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> | subdivision = *[[Dromiacea]] *[[Raninoida]] *[[Cyclodorippoida]] *[[Eubrachyura]] **[[Heterotremata]] **[[Thoracotremata]] }} '''Keuyeup'''; ''yuyu'' nyaéta ''[[crustacea]] [[Decapoda]]'' ti infraordo '''Brachyura''', nu dicirikeun ku ayana "buntut" anu pondok pisan ({{lang-el|βραχύς / ''brachys''}} = pondok,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbraxu%2Fs |title=βραχύς |author=Henry George Liddel & Robert Scott |work=A Greek–English Lexicon |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |accessdate=24 Méi 2010}}</ref> {{lang|el|οὐρά / ''οura''}} = buntut<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dou%29ra%2F |title=οὐρά |author=Henry George Liddel & Robert Scott |work=A Greek–English Lexicon |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |accessdate=24 Méi 2010}}</ref>), atawa anu [[abdomén]]na nyumput handapeun [[toraks]].<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref><ref name=”Hen”>{{Cite book| url =https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kamus_Basa_Sunda_Indonesia_Indonesia_Sun/UiWyDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=basa+sunda,+sirah%27&pg=PA255&printsec=frontcover| title =Kamus Basa Sunda - Indonesia , Indonesia - Sunda Untuk Pelajar & UmumHenrayana & Yus R. Ismail| last =Henrayana & Yus R. Ismail| first =Dian | publisher =Bhuana Ilmu Populer| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=9786232164123|pages =290}} Disungsi 25 Desember 2025</ref> == Évolusi == [[File:Gecarcinus quadratus (Nosara).jpg|thumb|left|''[[Halloween crab|Gecarcinus quadratus]]'', [[keuyeup darat]] ti [[Amérika Tengah]] jeung [[Amérika Kidul|Kidul]].]] Awak keuyeup biasana dibulen ku ''[[éksoskeleton]]'' anu kandel sarta boga '[[pakarang]]' mangrupa sapasang [[cacapit]]. Keuyeup aya di sagara di sakuliah dunya jeung di darat, boh dina [[cai]] atawa di [[keuyeup darat|darat]], utamana di wewengkon [[tropis]]. Gedéna rupa-rupa, ti ''Pinnotheres pisum'' anu awakna ukur sababaraha miliméter, nepi ka ''Macrocheira kaempferi'' (keuyeup lancah ti Jepang) anu deupa sukuna bisa nepi ka 4 m.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://na.oceana.org/en/explore/creatures/japanese-spider-crab |title=Japanese spider crab ''Macrocheira kaempferi'' |publisher=[[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana North America]] |accessdate=January 2, 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114041143/http://na.oceana.org/en/explore/creatures/japanese-spider-crab |date=November 14, 2009 }}</ref> [[File:Rice field crab (Parathelphusa convexa) at rice field.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Keuyeup sawah (Parathelphusa convexa)]] Di darat (kaasup dina cai darat), aya kira 850 [[spésiés]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=R. von Sternberg & N. Cumberlidge|date=|year=2001|title=On the heterotreme-thoracotreme distinction in the Eubrachyura De Saint Laurent, 1980 (Decapoda: Brachyura)|url=https://www.keuyeup.com/|journal=[[Crustaceana]]|volume=74|pages=321–338|doi=10.1163/156854001300104417}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525233459/https://www.keuyeup.com/ |date=2023-05-25 }}</ref>, sumebar di wewengkon tropis jeung [[Subtropis|semi-tropis]]. Mimitina mah disangka hiji [[grup monofilétik]], tapi kiwari sacara umum ngabagi kana sahanteuna dua [[Silsilah (évolusi)|silsilah]], hiji ti [[Dunya Kuna]] jeung hiji ti [[Dunya Anyar]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=R. von Sternberg, N. Cumberlidge & G. Rodriguez |year=1999 |title=On the marine sister groups of the freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) |journal=[[Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research]] |volume=37 |pages=19–38 |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95092.x}}</ref> == Dimorfismeu séksual == [[File:Pachygrapsus marmoratus male female.png|thumb|right|Bagian handap keuyeup ''[[Pachygrapsus marmoratus]]'' jalu (luhur) jeung bikang (handap), nunjukkeun béda bentuk abdoménna.]] Ilaharna, keuyeup jalu bisa dibédakeun ti nu bikang tina ukuran [[cacapit]]na,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sms.si.edu/irLspec/Pachyg_transv.htm |title=''Pachygrapsus transversus'' |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |accessdate=20 Januari 2010 |author=L. H. Sweat |date=21 Agustus 2009}}</ref>, utamana di genus ''Uca''. Keuyeup jalu ti ieu genus boga cacapit anu gedé sabeulah nu dipaké pikeun komunikasi, utamana pikeun ngabandang bikang.<ref>{{cite journal |author=M. J. How, J. M. Hemmi, J. Zeil & R. Peters |url=http://richard.eriophora.com.au/pubs/pdf/HowHemmiZeilPeters-07.pdf |title=Claw waving display changes with receiver distance in fiddler crabs, ''Uca perplexa'' |journal=[[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=1015–1022 |year=2008}}</ref> Béda nu lianna bisa kapanggih dina bentuk pléonna (abdomén); nu jalu biasana heureut jeung ngabentuk [[jurutilu]], anapon nu bikang biasana leuwih lébar sarta [[buleud]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Post-larval development and sexual dimorphism of the spider crab ''Maja brachydactyla'' (Brachyura: Majidae) |author=Guillermo Guerao & Guiomar Rotllant |journal=[[Scientia Marina]] |volume=73 |issue=4 |year=2009 |pages=797–808 |doi=10.3989/scimar.2009.73n4797 |url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/19120/3/1148.pdf}}</ref> Ieu patali raket jeung kanyataan yén endog nu geus dibuahan digedékeun di jero [[pléopod]] bikangna. == Paripolah == [[File:Carpilius convexus is consuming Heterocentrotus trigonarius in Hawaii.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Carpilius convexus]]'' ngahakan ''[[Heterocentrotus trigonarius]]'' di [[Haway]]]] Kaahéngan keuyeup katémbong tina leumpangna anu ka gigir<ref name="Sleinis">{{cite journal |title=Locomotion in a forward walking crab |author=Sally Sleinis & Gerald E. Silvey |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Physiology A]]: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology |volume=136 |issue=4 |year=1980 |doi=10.1007/BF00657350 |pages=301–312}}</ref>, ku sabab sasandian sukuna leuwih ngagampangkeun leumpang ka gigir batan ka hareup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keuyeup.com/2023/07/keuyeup-pahami-tentang-kepiting-sunda.html |title=keuyeup |author=Andy Horton & Jane Lilley |publisher=[[British Marine Life Study Society]] |accessdate=5 Januari 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715022634/https://www.keuyeup.com/2023/07/keuyeup-pahami-tentang-kepiting-sunda.html |date=2023-07-15 }}</ref> Najan kitu, aya ogé anu leumpangna ka hareup atawa ka tukang, di antarana [[Raninidae]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanner crab ''Ranina ranina'' |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/sw-species/spanner-crab |publisher=[[New South Wales Department of Primary Industries]] |accessdate=4 Januari 2009 |year=2005 |work=Fishing and Aquaculture }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021249/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/sw-species/spanner-crab |date=2016-03-19 }}</ref>, keuyeup lancah ''[[Libinia emarginata]]''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Muscular anatomy of the legs of the forward walking crab, ''Libinia emarginata'' (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea) |author=A. G. Vidal-Gadea & J. H. Belanger |journal=[[Arthropod Structure & Development]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |year=2009 |pages=179–194 |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2008.12.002}}</ref> jeung ''[[Mictyris platycheles]]''.<ref name="Sleinis"/>. Aya ogé keuyeup anu bisa ngojay, di antarana [[Portunidae]] jeung [[Matutidae]].<ref name="Ng"/> Ieu sato kaasup [[omnivora]], kahakananana [[ganggang]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Natural diet of the crab ''Notomithrax ursus'' (Brachyura, Majidae) at Oaro, South Island, New Zealand |author=C. M. C. Woods |journal=[[New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research]] |year=1993 |volume=27 |pages=309–315 |url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/1993/29.php}}</ref> [[moluska]], [[cacing]], [[crustacea]] lianna, [[fungi]], [[baktéri]], jeung [[détritus]], gumantung aya/henteuna di lingkungan hirupna sarta spésiésna. == Kadaharan manusa == [[File:Sorting Crabs Fionnphort.jpg|thumb|right|Keuyeup keur dipilihan di [[Fionnphort]], [[Skotlandia]].]] Keuyeup bisa ngahontal 20% crustacéa hasil laut, nu jumlahna bisa nepi ka 1½ juya [[ton]] sataunna, utamana ''[[Portunus trituberculatus]]''. Keuyeup dahareun lianna nyaéta ''[[Portunus pelagicus]]'', sababaraha spésiés genus ''[[Chionoecetes]]'', ''Callinectes sapidus'', ''[[Charybdis (genus)|Charybdis spp.]]'', ''Cancer pagurus'', ''Metacarcinus magister'', jeung ''Scylla serrata'', nu masing-masing bisa ngahontal leuwih ti 20.000&nbsp;ton sataunna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Capture&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY |title=Global Capture Production 1950-2004 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] |accessdate=26 Agustus 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123085332/http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Capture&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY |date=2016-01-23 }}</ref> Masak keuyeup sok tara dipaéhan heula. Taun [[2005]], élmuwan Norwégia boga kacindekan yén [[lobster]] teu boga kanyeri.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/feb/08/research.highereducation |title=Scientists say lobsters feel no pain |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 Pébruari 2005 |author=David Adam}}</ref>, tapi panalungtikan leuwih ahir nyindekkeun yén crustacéa bisa ngarasa jeung nginget kanyeri.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/27/crabs.memorypain/ |title=Crabs 'feel and remember pain' suggests new study |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=27 Maret 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106235902/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/27/crabs.memorypain/ |date=2017-01-06 }}</ref> == Dina Budaya Sunda == * '''Babasan''': ''Kawas keuyeup apu'' (ngagambarkeun jalma nu teu boga tanaga).<ref name="DeMan1879">De Man, J.G. (1879). "On some new or imperfectly known podophthalmous crustacea of the Leyden Museum". ''Notes from the Leyden Museum'', vol. 1: 61–73.</ref> * '''Kuliner''': Di sawatara tempat di Tatar Sunda, keuyeup sok ditéwak pikeun dijadikeun deungeun sangu, biasana dipasak ku cara dioncoman atawa digoréng garing.<ref name="Whitten1996">Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R. E., & Afiff, S. A. (1996). ''The Ecology of Java and Bali''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198544340.</ref> [https://www.keuyeup.com/ keuyeup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525233459/https://www.keuyeup.com/ |date=2023-05-25 }} == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Crab|Crab]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris (disalin 14 Juli 2010) {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Keuyeup]] 6o6bo7nheocj8izhnulc4l4ot64tnps 0 32247 710554 705371 2026-06-19T03:44:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | name = Cut Nyak Dhien | image = Tjoet Nya' Dhien.jpg | image_size = | caption = Cut Nyak Dhien | birth_date = [[1848]] | birth_place = [[Kabupaten Aceh Besar|Lampadang]], [[Kesultanan Aceh]] | known_for = [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia]] | death_date = [[6 November]] {{death year and age|1908|1848}} | death_place = [[Sumedang]], [[Hindia Belanda]] | spouse = Ibrahim Lamnga, [[Teuku Umar]] | children = [[Cut Gambang]] | religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Cut Nyak Dhien''' (éjahan heubeul: Tjoet Nja' Dhien, [[Lampadang]], [[Karajaan Acéh]], [[1848]] – [[Sumedang]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[6 Nopémber]] [[1908]]; dikurebkeun di [[Gunung Puyuh]], [[Sumedang]]) nyaéta salah saurang Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia ti [[Acéh]] anu bajoang ngalawan [[Walanda]] dina mangsa [[Perang Acéh]]. Sanggeus wewengkon VI Mukim diserang, manéhna ngungsi sedengkeun salakina, [[Ibrahim Lamnga]] tempur ngalawan Walanda. [[Ibrahim Lamnga]] tiwas di [[Gle Tarum]] dina tanggal [[29 Juni]] [[1878]] anu ngabalukarkeun Cut Nyak Dhien pohara ambekna sarta kedal sumpah rék ngancurkeun Walanda. [[Teuku Umar]], salah sahiji inohong anu ngalawan [[Walanda]], ngalamar Cut Nyak Dhien. Awalna Cut Nyak Dhien nampik, tapi alatan Teuku Umar ngidinan manéhna milu dina medan perang, Cut Nyak Dhien narima lamaranana tuluy nikah jeung [[Teuku Umar]] dina taun[[1880]]. Maranéhanana boga anak anu dingaranan [[Cut Gambang]]. Cut Nyak Dhien babarengan jeung [[Teuku Umar]] tempur ngalawan [[Walanda]]. Tapi, [[Teuku Umar]] gugur waktu nyerang [[Meulaboh]] dina tanggal [[11 Pebruari]] [[1899]]. Ku kituna, Cut Nyak Dhien bajoang sorangan di Meulaboh jero babarengan jeung pasukan leutikna. Cut Nyak Dien waktu éta geus kolot sarta kaserang panyakit [[éncok]] jeung [[lamur]]. Lantaran hal éta, salah sahiji pasukanana anu ngaranna [[Pang Laot]] ngalaporkeun di mana posisi Cut Nyak Dien alatan karunyaeun. Pamustunganana mah manéhna ditéwak sarta dibawa ka [[Banda Acéh]]. Di ditu manéhna diurus nepi ka panyakitna mimiti cageur. Tapi, ku lantaran Cut Nyak Dien masih kénéh nyumangetan para pajoang sarta sok komunikasi kénéh jeung para pajoang lainna nu can katéwak, Cut Nyak Dhien ahirna dipiceun ka [[Sumedang]]. Tjoet Nyak Dhien maot dina tanggal [[6 Nopémber]] [[1908]] sarta dikuburkeun di [[Gunung Puyuh]], [[Sumedang]]. ===Kahirupan mimiti=== Cut Nyak Dhien dilahirkan ti kulawarga bangsawan anu taat ngagem agama di [[Acéh Besar]], wewengkon VI Mukim dina taun[[1848]]. Bapana ngaranna [[Teuku Nanta Satia]], saurang uleebalang VI Mukim, anu ogé mangrupa turunan [[Machmoed Sati]], perantau ti [[Sumatera Kulon]]. [[Machmoed Sati]] kawasna datang ka Acéh dina abad ka 18 sabot kesultanan Acéh diparéntah ku [[Sultan Jamalul Badrul Munir]]. Ku sabab éta, Bapana Cut Nyak Dhien mangrupa turunan [[Minangkabau]]. Ibu Cut Nyak Dhien nyaéta putri uleebalang [[Lampagar]]. Dina mangsa leutikna, Cut Nyak Dhien kawilang budak anu geulis. Manéhna nampa atikan dina widang ageman (anu dididik ku kolot atawa guru ageman) sarta laki-rabi (masak, ngaladénan salaki, sarta anu ngait kahirupan sapopoé anu dididik alus ku kolotna). Loba lalaki anu resep ka Cut Nyak Dhien sarta usaha satékah polah hayang ngalamar manéhanana. Dina umur 12 taun [[1862]], manéhna dinikahkeun ku kolotna ka [[Teuku Cék Ibrahim Lamnga]], putra ti uleebalang Lamnga XIII. ==Lalawanan waktu Perang Acéh== [[File:Tjoet Njak Dhien (cropped).jpg|left|200px|thumb|Tjoet Njak Dhien nalika kacerek ku Walanda]] Dina tanggal [[26 Maret]] [[1873]], Walanda nyatakeun perang ka Acéh, sarta mimitian nyerang ka daratan Acéh tina kapal perang ''Citadel van Antwerpen''. Dina perang kahiji ([[1873]]-[[1874]]), Acéh anu dipingpin ku Panglima Polim sarta [[Sultan Machmud Syah]] tarung ngalawan [[Walanda]] anu dipingpin [[Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler]]. Waktu éta, Walanda ngirim 3.198 soldadu. Tuluy, dina tanggal [[8 April]] [[1873]], Walanda badarat di [[Basisir Ceureumen]] di handapeun lulugu Köhler, sarta langsung bisa ngawasa [[Masjid Raya Baiturrahman]] tuluy ngaduruk éta masjid. Cut Nyak Dhien anu nempo hal ieu ceuceuleuweungan: “Tingalikeun ieuh jalma-jalma Acéh!! Tempat ibadah urang digarah!! Maranéhanana geus ngotoran ngaran Alloh! Nepi ka iraha urang kieu? Nepi ka iraha urang baris jadi budak Walanda?” [[Ibrahim Lamnga]] anu bertarung di gurat hareup balik kalayan sorak kameunang, samentara Köhler tiwas katémbak dina [[April]] [[1873]], nepi ka ngabalukarkeun Aceh meunang dina perang kahiji. <br/> Dina taun [[1874]]-[[1880]], di handapeun lulugu [[Jenderal Jan van Swieten]], wewengkon VI Mukim bisa dikawasa ku Walanda dina taun [[1873]], sedengkeun [[Karaton Sultan]] éléh dina taun [[1874]]. Cut Nyak Dhien sarta anakna ngungsi babarengan jeung ibu-ibu sarta rombongan séjénna dina tanggal [[24 Désémber]] [[1875]]. Salakina mah terus tarung pikeun ngarebut balik wewengkon VI Mukim. Sabot [[Ibrahim Lamnga]] tarung di [[Gle Tarum]], manéhna tiwas dina tanggal [[29 Juni]] [[1878]]. Hal ieu nyieun Cut Nyak Dhien pohara ambekna sarta kedal sumpah baris ngancurkeun Walanda. <br/> [[Teuku Umar]], inohong pajoang Acéh, nanyaan Cut Nyak Dhien. Dina awalna Cut Nyak Dhien nampik. Tapi, alatan Teuku Umar ngawidian Cut Nyak Dhien pikeun milu tarung di medan perang, Cut Nyak Dien ahirna mah narima sarta tuluy nikah jeung Teuku Umar dina taun [[1880]]. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun ngaronjatna moral sumanget perjuangan Acéh ngalawan [[Kaphe Ulanda]] (Walanda Kafir). Engkéna, Cut Nyak Dhien sarta Teuku Umar mibanda anak anu dibéré ngaran [[Cut Gambang]]. Perang dituluykeun sacara gerilya sarta dikobarkan perang fi'sabilillah. Kira-kira taun [[1875]], Teuku Umar ngadeukeutan Walanda sarta hubunganana jeung urang Walanda beuki raket. Dina tanggal [[30 Séptember]] [[1893]], Teuku Umar sarta pasukanana anu jumlahna 250 jalma indit ka [[Kutaraja]] sarta "masrahkeun dirina" ka Walanda. Walanda pohara gumbirana alatan Teuku Umar daék mantuan maranéhanana. Ku kituna, maranéhanana méré jujuluk ka Teuku Umar salaku '''Johan Pahlawan''' sarta ngajadikeun Teuku Umar salaku komandan unit pasukan Walanda. Teuku Umar boga pikir rangkepan keur linyok ka Walanda, sanajan manéhna dituduh salaku tukang hianat ku urang Acéh. Komo, [[Cut Nyak Meutia]] datang nepungan Cut Nyak Dhien bari nyarékan. Cut Nyak Dien mapatahan Teuku Umar sangkan ngalawan deui Walanda. Tapi, Teuku Umar masih terus nyambung jeung Walanda. Umar tuluy mecakan pikeun diajar taktik Walanda, anca-anca ngaganti saloba-lobana urang Walanda di unit anu dikawasa ku manéhna. Sanggeus jumlah urang Acéh dina pasukan cukup, Teuku Umar ngalaksanakeun rencana palsu sarta ngaku ka Walanda yén manéhna hayang narajang basis Acéh. Teuku Umar sarta Cut Nyak Dhien indit jeung sakabéh pasukan sarta pakarang jeung amunisi Walanda nepi ka henteu kungsi balik. Penghianatan ieu disebut ''Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar'' (pengkhianatan Teuku Umar). Teuku Umar anu hianat ka Walanda ngabalukarkeun Walanda ambek sarta ngayakeun operasi gegedéan pikeun néwak Cut Nyak Dhien sarta Teuku Umar. Tapi, gerilyawan anu dilengkepan perlengkapan ti Walanda geus mimiti narajang Walanda sedengkeun Jend. [[Van Swieten]] diganti ku Jend. [[Jakobus Ludovicius Hubertus Pel]], nu ahirna tiwas. Ti dinya, Walanda tuluy nyabut gelar Teuku Umar sarta ngaduruk imahna, sarta ogé ngudag di mana ayana. Teuku Umar jeung Cut Nyak Dhien tuluy narajang [[Banda Acéh]] (Kutaraja) sarta [[Meulaboh]] (urut basis Teuku Umar), ku kituna Walanda terus-terusan ngaganti jéndral anu mancén tugas. Unit "Maréchaussée" tuluy dikirim ka Acéh. Maranéhanana dianggap biadab sarta pohara hésé ditaklukan ku urang Acéh. Sajaba ti éta, lolobana pasukan "De Marsose" mangrupa urang [[Tionghoa]]- [[Ambon]] anu ngancurkeun kabéh anu aya di jalanana. Alatan ti hal ieu, pasukan Walanda ngarasa simpati ka urang Acéh, tuluy [[Van der Heyden]] ngabubarkeun unit "De Marsose". [[Jéndral Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz]] nyéwa urang Acéh pikeun ''memata-matai'' pasukan pemberontak minangka informan. Ku kituna Walanda manggihan rencana Teuku Umar pikeun narajang Meulaboh dina tanggal [[11 Pebruari]] [[1899]]. Pamustunganana, Teuku Umar gugur katémbak pélor. Cut Nyak Dien tuluy mingpin lalawanan ngalawan Walanda di wewengkon pedalaman Meulaboh babarengan pasukan leutikna bari tuluy usaha mopohokeun salakina. Pasukan ieu tuluy tarung nepi ka ancurna dina taun [[1901]] alatan soldadu Walanda geus biasa perang di wewengkon Acéh. Sajaba ti éta, Cut Nyak Dien geus beuki kolot. Panonna geus mimiti [[lamur]], sarta kakeunaan ogé ku panyakit [[éncok]]. Salian ti éta, jumlah pasukanana terus ngurangan. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun para pasukanana ngarasa karunyaeun ka Cut Nyak Dhien. <br/> Anak buah Cut Nyak Dhien anu ngaranna [[Pang Laot]] ngalaporkeun lokasi markasna ka Walanda alatan karunya téa. Balukarna, Walanda narajang markas Cut Nyak Dien di [[Beutong Le Sageu]]. Maranéhanana reuwaseun pisan tuluy tarung bébéakan. Cut Nyak Dhien ditéwak sarta dibawa ka [[Banda Acéh]]. Dhien dipindahkeun ka Sumedang. [[Cut Gambang]] junun kabur ka leuweung sarta neruskeun lalawanan anu geus dipigawé ku ayah sarta indungna. ==Mangsa Kolot tepi ka Tilar Dunya== [[Gambar:Makam Cut Nyak Dien 1.jpg|jmpl|Makam Cut Nyak Dien]] Sanggeus ditéwak, Cut Nyak Dhien dibawa ka [[Banda Acéh]] tuluy diurus di dinya. Panyakitna kawas [[lamur]] jeung [[éncok]] lila kalilaan mah cageur. Tapi, ahirna mah Cut Nyak Dien dipiceun ka Sumedang, Jawa Kulon, alatan kasieun Walanda yén ku ayana Cut Nyak Dhien bakal ngagedurkeun sumanget juang pasukan Acéh. Salian ti éta, Cut Nyak Dhien ogé masih osok komunikasi jeung pajoang anu tacan tunduk. Manéhna dibawa ka [[Sumedang]] bareng jeung tahanan pulitik Acéh séjénna nepi ka ngirut panitén bupati [[Suriaatmaja]], tapi soldadu Walanda dilarang ngébréhkeun idéntitas tahanan. Manéhna ditahan babarengan jeung ajengan nu ngaranna Ilyas anu nyadar pisan yén Cut Nyak Dhien téh mangrupa ahli dina ageman Islam, ku kituna Cut Nyak Dhien meunang jujuluk "Ibu Perbu". Dina tanggal [[6 Nopémber]] [[1908]], Cut Nyak Dhien maot alatan umurna anu geus kolot. Astana "Ibu Perbu" kakara kapanggih dina taun [[1959]] dumasar paménta Gubernur Acéh waktu harita, [[Ali Hasan]]."Ibu Perbu" diaku ku Présidén [[Soekarno]] salaku Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia ngaliwatan SK Présidén RI No.106 taun[[1964]] dina tanggal [[2 Méi]] [[1964]]. ==Makam== Numutkeun kuncén astana, makam Cut Nyak Dhien kakara kapanggih dina taun [[1959]] dumasar paménta Gubernur Acéh, [[Ali Hasan]]. Panéangan dipigawé dumasar data anu kapanggih di Walanda. Masarakat Acéh di Sumedang mindeng ngayakeun acara sarasehan. Dina éta acara, pamilon jarah ka makam Cut Nyak Dhien kalawan jarak kurang leuwih dua kilométer. Numutkeun kuncén astana, kumpulan masarakat Acéh di Bandung mindeng ngayakeun acara taunan sarta ngayakeun jarah sanggeus poé kahiji [[Lebaran]]. Sajaba ti éta, urang Acéh ti Jakarta ngalakonan acara Haul saban bulan [[Nopémber]]. Astana Cut Nyak Dhien mimiti dipugar dina taun [[1987]] sarta bisa katingali ngaliwatan monumen peringatan di deukeut panto asup anu ditulis waktu peresmian astana anu ditandatanganan ku Gubernur Acéh Ibrahim Hasan dina tanggal [[7 Désémber]] [[1987]]. MAkam Cut Nyak Dhien dikurilingan ku pager beusi kalayan lega 1.500 m2. Di tukangeun makam aya musholla sarta di palebah kénca makam aya loba batu nissan anu disebutkeun minangka astana kulawarga ajengan H. Sanusi. Dina batu nissan Cut Nyak Dhien, ditulis riwayat hirupna maké tulisan jeung aksara Arab, Surah At-taubah sarta Al-fajr, sarta hikayat carita Acéh. Jumlah peziarah ka astana Cut Nyak Dhien ngurangan alatan Gerakan Acéh Merdika ngalakonan lalawanan di [[Acéh]] pikeun merdika ti Républik [[Indonésia]]. Sajaba ti éta, wewengkon astana ieu sepi alatan mindeng diawasi ku aparat. Kiwari, astana ieu meunang waragad perawatan ti kotak amal di wewengkon astana alatan pamaréntah Sumedang henteu méré dana. == Pranala luar == {{Commonscat|Cut Nyak Dhien}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/294-pahlawan/1004-cut-nyak-dien "Perempuan Aceh Berhati Baja" Bio Cut Nyak Dien di Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529042921/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/294-pahlawan/1004-cut-nyak-dien |date=2013-05-29 }} * [http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/c/cut-nyak-dien/index.shtml Biografi Cut Nyak Dhien di tokohindonesia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224182551/http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/c/cut-nyak-dien/index.shtml |date=2011-02-24 }} * [http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=2300&Itemid=369 Biografi Cut Nyak Dhien di Website Pemerintah Provinsi Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202082658/http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=2300&Itemid=369 |date=2008-02-02 }} * [http://www.sofyanr.com/film-perjoeangan-tempo-doeloe.html Film Perjuangan Tempo Dulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326112341/http://www.sofyanr.com/film-perjoeangan-tempo-doeloe.html |date=2013-03-26 }} * [http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TjoetNjakDien.htm Tjoet Njak Dien Story @ Victory News Magazine]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518001211/http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TjoetNjakDien.htm |date=2014-05-18 }} * [http://www.wartanews.com/read/Nasional/1d10c2af-1508-4426-9cd2-f968baf06104/Cut-Nyak-Dien-Pahlawan-Tanah-Rencong Cut Nyak Dien Pahlawan Tanah Rencong @ WartaNews.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923092254/http://www.wartanews.com/read/Nasional/1d10c2af-1508-4426-9cd2-f968baf06104/Cut-Nyak-Dien-Pahlawan-Tanah-Rencong |date=2010-09-23 }} {{Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] 1j0qm4fd2yzqeq6dpulbd2gey7elin4 0 33816 710575 660235 2026-06-19T08:16:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |conventional_long_name = Sri Wijaya |common_name = Sriwijaya |native_name = Kadatuan Sriwijaya |continent = pindah ti Kategori:Asia ka Asia Tenggara |region = Asia Tenggara (Asia Kidul Wétan) |country = Kamboja, Indonésia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand |religion = [[Buda Mahayana]], [[Animismeu]] jeung [[Hindu]] |p1 = Kantoli |p2 = Sailéndra |s1 = Dharmasraya |s2 = Karaijaan Singapura |year_start = 650 |year_end = 1377 |date_start = |date_end = |event_start = Ékspédisi jeung ékspansi Dapunta Hyang, ([[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]]) |event_end = Taluk ka [[Singasari]] 1288, [[Majapait]] mungkas baruntakna Sriwijaya taun 1377 |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Srivijaya Empire.svg |image_map_caption = Lega maksimeum Kakaisaran Sriwijaya kurang leuwih abad ka-8 kalayan runtuyan ékspédisi jeung ékspansina |capital = * [[Palémbang]] <br/> * Jawa Tengah (mangsa [[Sailéndra]] awal) * [[Chaiya]] (ibu kota régional) * [[Jambi]] (mangsa katompérnakeun) |common_languages = [[Malayu Buhun]], [[Sangsakerta]] |government_type = Karajaan |title_leader = Maharaja |leader1 = Jayanasa |year_leader1 = Kira-kira taun 683 |leader2 = Dharmasetu |year_leader2 = Kira-kira taun 775 |leader3 = Samaratunga |year_leader3 = Kira-kira taun 792 |leader4 = Balaputra |year_leader4 = Kira-kira taun 835 |leader5 = [[Sri Culamanivarmadeva]] |year_leader5 = Kira-kira taun 988 |currency = Koin emas jeung perak murni |category= |today = {{flag|Indonesia}}<br>{{flag|Malaysia}}<br>{{flag|Philippines}}<br>{{flag|Singapore}}<br>{{flag|Thailand}} |footnotes = }} '''Sriwijaya''' (atawa disebut ogé '''Srivijaya'''; Thai: ศรีวิชัย atawa "Ṣ̄rī wichạy") nyaéta salah sahiji kamaharakaan maritim anu kungsi ngadeg di [[pulo]] [[Sumatera]] jeung loba méré pangaruh di [[Nusantara]] kalawan wewengkon kakawasaanna ti [[Kamboja]], [[Thailand]] [[Kidul]], Semenanjung Malaya, [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], jeung basisir [[Kalimantan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cœdés|first=George|authorlink=George Cœdés|title=Les inscriptions malaises de Çrivijaya|journal =Bulletin de l'Ecole français d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO) |year=1930|volume=30||issue=||pages=29-80}}</ref><ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url= |doi= |id= ISBN 981-4155-67-5}}</ref> Dina [[basa]] Sansekerta, ''sri'' artina "gurilap" atawa "burinyay", jeung ''wijaya'' artina "menang" atawa "kajayaan",<ref name="end" /> ku kituna ngaran Sriwijaya boga makna "kajayaan anu gumilang". Bukti munggaran ngeunaan ayana karajaan ieu asalna ti [[abad ka-7]]; saurang pandita ti [[Tiongkok]] I Tsing, nuliskeun yén anjeunna datang ka Sriwijaya [[taun]] [[671]] jeung dumuk salila [[6]] [[bulan]].<ref>Gabriel Ferrand, (1922), ''L’Empire Sumatranais de Crivijaya'', Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, “Textes Chinois”</ref><ref name="Takakusu">Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), ''A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671-695, by I-tsing'', Oxford, London.</ref> Salajengna prasasti nu pangkolotna ngeunaan Sriwijaya ogé dina [[abad ka-7]], nyaéta [[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] di Palembang, taun [[682]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Casparis |first=J.G.|authorlink=Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis|title=Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to C. A, Part 1500 |year=1975 |publisher=E. J. Brill |id=ISBN 90-04-04172-9 }}</ref> Mundurna pangaruh Sriwijaya ka wewengkon handapna dimimitian ku sabab sababaraha perang <ref name="end" /> di antarana serangan ti raja Dharmawangsa Teguh ti [[Jawa]] di taun [[990]], jeung taun [[1025]] serangan Rajendra Chola I ti Koromandel, salajengna taun [[1183]] kakawasaan Sriwijaya di handap pangaruh karajaan Dharmasraya.<ref name="Muljana">{{cite book |last=Muljana|first=Slamet|authorlink=Slamet Muljana|title= Sriwijaya|editor= F.W. Stapel|publisher=PT. LKiS Pelangi Aksara|year=2006 |location= |pages=|id=ISBN 978-979-8451-62-1 }}</ref><ref name="Suwarno">{{Citation | last =Suwarno| first = Suwarno| coauthors =P.J.| year = 1993| title =Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia: penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan, historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan|page=18|location=Jakarta| publisher =Kanisius| isbn =9789794139677| Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x-A0wy95LUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=budaya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3OyS66_oAhXKyTgGHZwZBesQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=budaya&f=false}}</ref> Sanggeus runtag, karajaan ieu dipohokeun jeung éksisténsina dipikanyaho liwat publikasi taun [[1918]] ti ahli [[sajarah]] [[Perancis]] Géorge Cœdés ti ''École française d'Extrême-Orient''.<ref name="Cœdés">{{cite journal |last=Cœdés|first=George|authorlink=George Cœdés|title=Le Royaume de Çriwijaya|journal =Bulletin de l'Ecole français d'Extrême-Orient|year=1918|volume=18||issue=6||pages=1-36}}</ref> == Catetan [[sajarah]] == Euweuh catetan leuwih jero ngeunaan Sriwijaya dina [[sajarah]] [[Indonesia]]; Ingetan nu kapopohokeun diwangun deui ku sarjana asing. euweuh urang [[Indonesia]] modérn anu nguping ngeunaan Sriwijaya nepi taun [[1920]]-an, nalika sarjana [[Perancis]] Géorge Cœdés ngawanohkeun pamanggihna dina koran [[basa Walanda]] jeung [[basa Indonesia]].<ref name="TAYLOR">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url= |doi= |pages=|id= ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Coedés ngebrehkeun yén referensi Tiongkok ka "San-fo-ts'i", sateuacanna dibaca "Sribhoja", sarta sababaraha [[prasasti]] dina [[basa]] Malayu Kuna ngarujuk ka kaisar nu sarua.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krom|first=N.J.|chapter= Het Hindoe-tijdperk |title= Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië|editor= F.W. Stapel|publisher=N.V. U.M. Joost van den Vondel|year=1938 |location= Amsterdam|url= |doi= |pages= vol. I p. 149|id= }}</ref> Sriwijaya jadi perlambang kaagungan [[Sumatera]] awal, jeung karajaan badag [[Nusantara]] iwal Majapahit di [[Jawa]] Wétan. Dina [[abad ka-20]], dua karajaan éta jadi referensi ku kaom nasionalis pikeun nunjukkeun yén [[Indonésia]] mangrupa hiji nagara sateuacan [[Hindia Walanda]].<ref name="TAYLOR"/> Sriwijaya disebut ku sababaraha ngaran. Urang Tionghoa nyebutna ''Shih-li-fo-shih'' atawa ''San-fo-ts'i'' atawa ''San Fo Qi''. Dina basa Sansekerta jeung Pali, karajaan Sriwijaya disebut ''Yavadesh'' jeung ''Javadeh''. Bangsa Arab nyebutna ''Zabaj'' jeung Khmer nyebutna ''Malayu''. Loba ngaran mangrupa alesan séjén kunaon Sriwijaya hésé kapanggih.<ref name="end" /> Iwal ti peta Claudius Ptolemaeus kapanggih katerangan ngeunaan ayana 3 [[pulo]] ''Sabadeibei'' nu mungkin aya pakaitna jeung Sriwijaya.<ref name="Muljana"/> Dina taun [[1993]], Pierre-Yves Manguin ngalakukeun ''observasi'' jeung méré sawangan yén puseur Sriwijaya ayana di ''Sungai'' Musi antara Bukit Seguntang jeung Sabokingking (nu ayana di provinsi [[Sumatera]] Kidul kiwari).<ref name="end" /> Namung sateuacanna Soekmono nyawang yén puseur Sriwijaya ayana di wewengkon sehiliran Batang Hari, antara Muara Sabak nepi ka Muara Tembesi (di provinsi [[Jambi]] kiwari),<ref name="Muljana"/> kalawan catetan Karajaan Melayu teu di kawasan eta, lamun Malayu di kawasan éta, condong ka pamadegan Moens,<ref name="Soekmono2">{{cite book |last=Soekmono|first=R.|authorlink=Soekmono |title=Pengantar sejarah kebudayaan Indonesia 2|year=2002 |publisher=Kanisius |id=ISBN 979-413-290-X }}</ref> anu sateuacanna oé geus boga sawangan yén puseur karajaan Sriwijaya aya di kawasan [[Candi]] Muara Takus (provinsi [[Riau]] kiwari), kalawan asumsi nunjuk ka lalampahan dina catetan I Tsing,<ref name="Poesponegoro">Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), ''Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuna'', PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-408-X</ref> sarta hal ieu bisa ogé dikaitkeun jeung warta ngeunaan diadegkeunna candi nu disembahkeun ku raja Sriwijaya (''Se li chu la wu ni fu ma tian hwa'' atawa Sri Cudamaniwarmadewa) taun [[1003]] ka kaisar [[Cina]] anu dingaranan ''cheng tien wan shou'' ([[Candi]] Bungsu, salah sahiji bagéan [[candi]] nu ayana di Muara Takus).<ref>''Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra'', Brill Archive</ref> Namung nu pasti dina mangsa kakawasaan Rajendra Chola I, dumasar prasasti Tanjore, Sriwijaya puseur dayeuhna di ''Kadaram'' (Kedah kiwari).<ref name="Muljana"/> == Pangwangunan jeung Kamekaran == Teu acan aya bukti fisik ngeunaan Sriwijaya anu kapanggih.<ref name="TAYLOR"/> Karajaan ieu jadi puseur niaga jeung mangrupa nagara maritim, namung karajaan ieu teu ngagedéan kakawasaana si luar wilayah kapuloan [[Asia Tenggara]]. Sababaraha ahli masih madungdengkeun kawasan nu jadi puseur pamaréntahan Sriwijaya, salian éta mungkin karajaan ieu biasa mindahkeun puseur pamaréntahanna, namung kawasan nu jadi puseur dayeuh angger diparéntah langsung ku pangawasa, sedengkeun wewengkon pangrojongna diparentah ku dātu. [[Gambar:Candi Gumpung Muarojambi.jpg|left|thumb|[[Candi]] Gumpung, [[candi]] Buddha di Muaro Jambi, Karajaan Melayu anu ditaklukeun ku Sriwijaya.]] [[Gambar:Chaiya Wat Kaew.jpg|left|thumb|Puing Wat ([[Candi]]) Kaew anu asalna ti zaman Sriwijaya di Chaiya, [[Thailand]] Selatan.]] [[Gambar:Borobudur Northwest View.jpg|left|thumb|[[Candi]] Borobudur, pangwangunanna diréngsékeun di masa Samaratungga]] Kakaisaran Sriwijaya geus aya ti [[671]] saluyu jeung catetan I Tsing, di prasasti Kedukan Bukit di taun [[682]] dipikanyaho imperium ieu di handap kapamingpinan Dapunta Hyang. Di [[abad ka-7]] ieu, urang Tionghoa nyatet yén aya [[2|dua]] karajaan nyaéta ''Malayu'' jeung ''Kedah'' jadi bagéan kamaharajaan Sriwijaya.<ref name="end" /> Dumasar prasasti Kota Kapur anu angkana taun [[686]] kapanggih di pulo Bangka, kamaharajaan ieu geus ngawasa bagéan kidul [[Sumatera]], [[pulo]] Bangka jeung Belitung, nepi ka [[Lampung]]. [[Prasasti]] ieu ogé nyabutkeun yén Sri Jayanasa geus nyieun ekspedisi militer keur ngahukum ''Bhumi [[Jawa]]'' anu teu babakti ka Sriwijaya, kajadian ieu babarengan jeung runtagna [[Tarumanagara]] di [[Jawa Kulon]] jeung Holing (Kalingga) di [[Jawa Tengah]] nu kamungkinan sabab serangan Sriwijaya. Sriwijaya mekar jeung bisa ngandalikeun jalur paniagaan mariti di Selat Malaka, [[Selat Sunda]], Laut [[China]] Kidul, Laut [[Jawa]], jeung Selat Karimata. Ekspansi karajaan ieu ka Jawa jeung Semenanjung Malaya, ngajadikeun Sriwijaya ngontrol dua puseur paniagaan utama di [[Asia Tenggara]]. Dumasar observasi, kapanggih sésa [[candi]]-[[candi]] Sriwijaya di [[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]]. Di [[abad ka-7]], palabuan Cham di beulah wetan Indochina mulai ngalihkeun loba padagang ti Sriwijaya. Keur nyegah hal éta, Maharaja Dharmasetu nyieun serangan ka dayeuh-dayeuh basisir Indochina. Dayeuh Indrapura di sisi sungai Mekong, di mimiti [[abad ka-8]] aya di handap kakawasaan Sriwijaya. Sriwijaya neruskeun dominasi ka [[Kamboja]], nepi raja Khmer Jayawarman II, nu ngadegkeun imperium Khmer, megatkeun hubungan jeung Sriwijaya di [[abad]] nu sarua.<ref name="end" /> Di ahir [[abad ka-8]] karajaan di [[Jawa]] Holing aya di handap kakawasaan Sriwijaya. Nurutkeun catetan, dina mangsa éta ogé wangsa Sailendra migrasi ka [[Jawa Tengah]] jeung boga kawasa di dinya. Di abad ieu oge, Langkasuka di semenanjung Melayu jadi bagéan karajaan.<ref name="end" /> Di masa salajengna, Pan Pan jeung Trambralinga, nu ayana di beulah kalér Langkasuka, ogé aya di handap pangaruh Sriwijaya. Sanggeus Dharmasetu, Samaratungga jadi panerus karajaan. Anjeunna ngawasa dina périodeu [[792]] nepi [[835]]. Teu jiga Dharmasetu nu ekspansionis, Samaratungga teu ngalakukeun ekspansi militer, namung leuwih milih keur nguatkeun pangawasaan Sriwijaya di [[Jawa]]. Salila masa kapamingpinanna, anjeunna ngawangun [[Candi]] Borobudur di [[Jawa Tengah]] nu réngsé di taun [[825]].<ref name="end" /> == Agama == [[Gambar:Muara Takus temple.jpg|thumb|[[Candi]] Muara Takus, salah sahiji kawasan anu dianggep salaku puseur dayeuh Sriwijaya.]] Salaku puseur pangajaran Buddha Vajrayana, Sriwijaya ngirut loba paziarah jeung sarjana ti [[nagara]]-[[nagara]] [[Asia]]. Antarana nyaéta pandita ti Tiongkok I Tsing, anu ngalakukeun kunjungan ka [[Sumatera]] dina lalampahan studina di Universitas Nalanda, [[India]], di taun [[671]] jeung [[695]], I Tsing ngalaporkeun yén Sriwijaya jadi imah keur sarjana Buddha nepi ka jadi puseur pangajaran [[agama]] Buddha. Sémah anu datang ka [[pulo]] ieu nyebatkeun yén koin [[emas]] geus digunakeun di basisir karajaan. Salian ti ajaran Buddha aliran, Buddha Hinayana jeung Buddha Mahayana ogé ngilu mekar di Sriwijaya. Nepi ka ahir [[abad ka-10]], ''Atiśa'', saurang sarjana Buddha asal Benggala anu boga peran dina ngamekarkeun Buddha Vajrayana di Tibet dina kertas gawéna ''Durbodhāloka'' nyebutkeun ditulis dina mangsa pamarétahan Sri Cudamani Warmadewa pangawasa ''Sriwijayanagara'' di ''Malayagiri'' di ''Suvarnadvipa''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cœdés|first=George|authorlink=George Cœdés|title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1996|id=ISBN 0-8248-0368-X}}</ref> Karajaan Sriwijaya loba dipangaruhan ku [[budaya]] [[India]], mimitina ku [[budaya]] [[Hindu]] salajengna diturut ku agama Buddha. Raja-raja Sriwijaya ngawasaan kapuloan Melayu ngaliwatan niaga jeung naklukeun ti [[abad ka-7]] nepi [[abad ka-9]], sacara langsung ngilu ngembangkeun [[basa]] Melayu sarta kabudayaanna di [[Nusantara]]. <blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:45%; margin:0 0em 1em .25em; float:right; padding: 10px; display:table; margin-left:10px;">".... loba raja jeung pamingpin anu aya di pulo-pulo di Laut Kidul percaya jeung ngajén Buddha, dihaté aranjeunna geus kapelak kahadéan. Di jero benteng dayeuh Sriwijaya dipinuhan leuwih ti [[1000]] biksu Buddha, anu diajar kalawan tekun jeung ngamalkeunna kalawan hadé...Lamun biarawan [[China]] hayang ka [[India]] keur diajar “Sabda”, leuwih hadé aranjeunna dumuk heula di dieu salila sataun atawa dua taun keur neuleuman élmuna sateuacan dilanjutkeun di [[India]]".<p style="text-align: right;">— Gambaran Sriwijaya nurutkeun I Tsing.<ref name="Takakusu"/></blockquote> Mungkin ogé yén Sriwijaya nu kamahsyur salaku bandar puseur paniagaan di [[Asia Tenggara]], tangtu waé ngirut minat padagang jeung ulama [[muslim]] ti Timur Tengah, nepi ka sababaraha karajaan nu mimitina mangrupa bagéan Sriwijaya, salajengna tumuwuh jadi cikal-bakal karajaan-karajaan [[Islam]] di [[Sumatera]], nalika lemahna pangaruh Sriwijaya.<ref name="end" /> Aya sumber nu nyebutkeun, ku sabab pangaruh [[muslim]] Arab anu loba datang jeung niaga di Sriwijaya, ku kituna saurang raja Sriwijaya anu ngaranna Sri Indrawarman di taun [[718]] disebutkeun yén anjeunna asup [[Islam]] <ref>{{cite book |first=H. Zainal Abidin |last=Ahmad|title=Ilmu politik Islam V, Sejarah Islam dan Umatnya sampai sekarang|publisher=Bulan Bintang|year=1979}}</ref> atawa sahenteuna kairut keur diajar [[Islam]] jeung kabudayaan Arab, nepi ka mungkin kahirupan sosial Sriwijaya nyaéta masarakat sosial anu di jerona aya masarakat Buddha jeung [[Muslim]] sakaligus. Kacatet sababaraha kali raja Sriwijaya ngirim surat ka khalifah [[Islam]] di Damaskus, [[Suriah]]. Dina salah sahiji naskah surat anu ditujukeun ka khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz ([[717]]-[[720]]) eusina paménta ka khalifah sangkan ngirimkeun da’i ka istana Sriwijaya.<ref name="Prof">{{cite book |last=Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, MA.,|title=Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII & XVIII|publisher=Mizan|year=1994|location=Jakarta}}</ref> == [[Budaya]] == Dumasar sababaraha sumber [[sajarah]], hiji masarakat anu kompleks jeung kosmopolitan anu dipangaruhan ku alam pikir Buddha Wajrayana digambarkeun mekar di puseur dayeuh Sriwijaya. Sababaraha prasasti Siddhayatra [[abad ka-7]] saperti [[Prasasti]] Talang Tuwo ngagambarkeun ritual Buddha anu ngaberkatan kajadian pinuh berkah nyaéta peresmian Taman Sriketra, anugerah Maharaja Sriwijaya keur rahayatna. [[Prasasti Telaga Batu]] ngagambarkeun karumitan jeung tingkatan jabatan pajabat karajaan, iwal ti éta [[Prasasti]] Kota Kapur nyebutkeun kagagahan balatentara Sriwijaya di handap [[Jawa]]. Sakabéh [[prasasti]] éta ngagunakeun [[Basa]] Melayu Kuno, [[basa]] anu digunakeun ku Sriwijaya nyaéta leluhur [[Basa]] Melayu jeung [[Basa Indonesia]] modérn. Ti [[abad ka-7]], [[basa]] Melayu Kuno geus digunakeun di [[Nusantara]] ditandaan kalawan kapanggihna sababaraha [[prasasti]] Sriwijaya jeung sababaraha [[prasasti]] [[basa]] Melayu Kuno di tempat séjén, saperti anu kapanggih di [[pulo Jawa]]. Hubungan dagang anu dilakukeun salaku bangsa [[Nusantara]] jadi wahana nyebarkeun [[basa]] Melayu, ku sabab [[basa]] ieu jadi alat [[komunikasi]] keur kaom padagang. Ti dinya, [[basa]] Melayu jadi ''lingua franca'' sarta digunakeun sacara luas ku loba panutur di kapuloan [[Nusantara]].<ref>[http://melayuonline.com/eng/researcher/dig/16/bambang-budi-utomo Melayu Online: Bambang Budi Utomo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005220517/http://melayuonline.com/eng/researcher/dig/16/bambang-budi-utomo |date=2011-10-05 }}</ref> Sanajan disebut mibanda kakuatan [[ekonomi]] jeung kaperkasaan militer, Sriwijaya ngan ninggalkeun saeutik patilasan purbakala di jajantung nagarana di [[Sumatera]], béda jeung episode Sriwijaya di [[Jawa Tengah]] nalika kapamingpinan wangsa Syailendra anu loba ngawangun monumen badag; saperti [[Candi]] Kalasan, [[Candi]] Sewu, jeung Borobudur. [[Candi]]-[[candi]] Buddha anu asalna ti masa Sriwijaya di [[Sumatera]] di antarana [[Candi]] Muaro [[Jambi]], [[Candi]] Muara Takus, jeung Biaro Bahal, tatapi teu saperti [[candi]] périodeu [[Jawa Tengah]] anu dijieun ti [[batu]] [[andesit]], [[candi]] di [[Sumatera]] dijieun ti bata [[beureum]]. Sababaraha arca sipatna Buddhisme, saperti sababaraha [[arca]] Buddha jeung Bodhisatva Awalokiteswara kapanggih di Bukit Seguntang, Palembang<ref>[http://www.epalembang.com/lang/en/travel-tourism/landmarks/bukit-siguntang/ Bukit Siguntang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304222750/http://www.epalembang.com/lang/en/travel-tourism/landmarks/bukit-siguntang/ |date=2012-03-04 }}</ref>, Jambi<ref>Titik Temu, Jejak Peradaban di Tepi Batanghari, Photograph and artifact exhibition of Muara Jambi Archaeological site, Bentara Budaya Jakarta, 9-11 November 2006</ref>, Bidor, Perak,<ref>[http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/kaalachakra/art_and_Architecture1.htm KaalaChaKra, Early Indian Influences in Southeast Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720113310/http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/kaalachakra/art_and_Architecture1.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> jeung Chaiya<ref>[http://www.bridgemanart.com/image/Srivijaya-7th-13th-Century/Avalokitesvara-figure-from-the-Srivijaya-Period-found-in-Chaiya-Thailand-9th-10th-century-bronze/6680daf37df64243a2cf59d12ea94fb0?key=%20Bangkok%20Thailand&thumb=x150&num=15&page=14 Bridgeman: Avalokitesvara figure from the Srivijaya Period, found in Chaiya, Thailand, 9th-10th century (bronze)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930092211/http://www.bridgemanart.com/image/Srivijaya-7th-13th-Century/Avalokitesvara-figure-from-the-Srivijaya-Period-found-in-Chaiya-Thailand-9th-10th-century-bronze/6680daf37df64243a2cf59d12ea94fb0?key=%20Bangkok%20Thailand&thumb=x150&num=15&page=14 |date=2011-09-30 }}</ref>. Sakabéh arca-arca ieu nampilkeun kaagrengan jeung langgam nu sarua saperti "Seni Sriwijaya" atawa "Langgam/Gaya Sriwijaya" anu nembongkeun kamiripan ku langgam Amarawati India jeung langgam Syailendra Jawa (di [[abad ka-8]] nepi [[abad ka-9]]).<ref>[http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=183 Srivijaya Art In Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707103338/http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=183 |date=2006-07-07 }}</ref> == Paniagaan == Di dunya paniagaan, Sriwijaya jadi pangatur padagangan ti [[India]] jeung Tiondkok, nyaéta ngawasaan selat Malaka jeung [[selat Sunda]]. Urang [[Saudi Arabia|Arab]] nyatet yén Sriwijaya mibanda komoditas nu loba nyaéta kapur barus, kayu gaharu, cengkeh, pala, kapulaga, gading, [[emas]] sarta timah anu nyieun raja Sriwijaya sabeunghar raja-raja di [[India]]..<ref name="Poesponegoro"/> Kabeunghatan anu loba geus ngamungkinkeun Sriwijaya meuli kasetiaan vassal-vassalnya di sakabéh [[Asia Tenggara]]. Salian ngajalin hubungan dagang jeung [[India]] sarta Tiongkok, Sriwijaya ogé ngajalin paniagaan jeung taneuh Arab, ngamungkinkeun utusan Maharaja Sri Indrawarman anu nganteurkeun [[surat]] ka khalifah Umar bin Abdul-Aziz ti Bani Umayyah taun [[718]] balik deui ka Sriwijaya kalawan mawa hadian 'Zanji'' (budak wanita berkulit hitam), sarta ti kronik Tiongkok disebutkeun ''Shih-li-fo-shih'' kalawan rajana ''Shih-li-t-'o-pa-mo'' (Sri Indrawarman) di taun [[724]] ngirimkeun hadiah keur kaisar [[China]], mangrupa ''ts'engchi'' (maksudna sarua jeung ''Zanji'' dina basa Arab).<ref name="Azra">{{cite book |last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|authorlink=Azyumardi Azra|title=Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation|publisher=Mizan Pustaka|year=2006|id= ISBN 979-433-430-8}}</ref> Dina mimiti [[abad ka-10]], di antara runtagna dinasti Tang jeung naékna dinasti Song, padagangan jeung luar [[nagara]] cukup ramé, utamana Fujian, Karajaan Min jeung Karajaan Nan Han kalawan [[nagara]] beungharna Guangdong. Sriwijaya meunang kauntungan ti padagangan ieu.<ref name="Azra" /> == Relasi jeung Kakuatan Regional == [[Gambar:Borom That Chaiya.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Pagoda Borom That gaya Sriwijaya di Chaiya, [[Thailand]].]] Keur nguatkeun posisina di luhun pangawasaan di kawasan di [[Asia Tenggara]], Sriwijaya ngajalin hubungan diplomasi kalawan Kaisar [[Cina]], jeung sacara kaatus nganteurkeun utusan jeung upeti.<ref>Oliver W. Wolters, (1967), ''Early Indonesian Commerce: a study of the origins of Śrīvijaya'', Cornell University Press, Ithaca.</ref> Dina mangsa awal Karajaan Khmer mangrupa daérah jajahan Sriwijaya. Loba ahli sajarah ngaklaim yén Chaiya, di provinsi Surat Thani, [[Thailand]] Kidul, salaku puseur dayeuh karajaan éta, pangaruh Sriwijaya katempo dina wangunan pagoda Borom That anu gayana Sriwijaya. Nepi ka runtagna Sriwijaya, Chaiya kabagi jadi tilu dayeuh nyaéta (Mueang) Chaiya, Thatong (Kanchanadit), jeung Khirirat Nikhom. Sriwijaya ogé deukeut jeung karajaan Pala di Benggala, dina [[prasasti]] Nalanda angkana [[860]] nyatet yén raja Balaputradewa ngadedikasikeun hiji biara ka Nalanda. Relasi jeung dinasti Chola ti kidul [[India]] ogé deukeut pisan, ti [[Prasasti]] Leiden disebatkeun yén raja Sriwijaya di ''Kataha'' Sri Mara-Vijayottunggawarman geus ngawangun hiji vihara anu dingaranan ku ''Vihara Culamanivarmma'', namung jadi goréng sanggeus Rajendra Chola I naék tahta anu ngalakukeun serangan di [[abad ka-11]]. Tuluy hubungan ieu balik deui ka mangsa Kulothunga Chola I, di dinya raja Sriwijaya di Kadaram ngirimkeun utusan nu ménta dikaluarkeunna bagéan ti dinasti Chola, ti kronik Tiongkok nyebutkeun yén Kulothunga Chola I (''Ti-hua-ka-lo'') salaku raja San-fo-ts'i ngabantuan renovasi candi deukeut Kanton di taun [[1079]], dina mangsa dinasti Song [[candi]] ieu disebut ku ngaran ''Tien Ching Kuan'' jeung di mangsa dinasti Yuan disebut ku ngaran ''Yuan Miau Kwan''.<ref name="Muljana"/> == Mangsa Kaemasan == [[Gambar:Avalokiteçvara, Malayu Srivijaya style.jpg|left|thumb|[[Arca]] emas Avalokiteçvara gaya Malayu-Sriwijaya, kapanggih di Rantaukapastuo, Muarabulian, [[Jambi]], [[Indonésia]].]] Kamaharajaan Sriwijaya nyirikeun karajaan maritim, ngandelkeun hégemoni dina tanaga armada lautna dina ngawasaan alur palayaran, jalur padagangan, ngawasaan jeung ngawangun sababaraha kawasan stratégis salaku pangkalan armadana dina ngawas, ngalindungi kapal dagang, nagih cukai sarta keur ngajaga wilayah kadaulatan jeung kakawasaanna..<ref>{{cite book |last=Pramono|first=Djoko |title=Budaya bahari|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2005|id=ISBN 979-22-1351-1}}</ref> [[Gambar:Borobudur ship.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Model kapal taun [[800-an|800-an Masehi]] anu aya dina candi Borobudur]] Dina catetan sajarah jeung bukti arkeologi, dina [[abad ka-9]] Sriwijaya geus ngalakukeun kolonisasi di sakabeh karajaan-karajaan [[Asia Tenggara]], antarana: [[Sumatera]], [[Jawa]], Semenanjung Malaya, [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Vietnam]],<ref name="end" /> jeung [[Filipina]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rasul|first=Jainal D.|title=Agonies and Dreams: The Filipino Muslims and Other Minorities"|publisher=CARE Minorities|year=2003|location=Quezon City|url= |doi= |pages=pages 77|id=}}</ref> Dominasi di [[Selat Malaka]] jeung [[Selat Sunda]], ngajadikeun Sriwijaya salaku pangawas rute padagangan rempah jeung padagangan lokal anu meunang bayaran ti unggal kapal anu ngaliwat. Sriwijaya ngaakumulasikeun kabeungharanna salaku palabuan jeung gudang padagangan anu ngalayanan pasar Tiongkok jeung [[India]]. Sriwijaya ogé disebut boga peran ngaruntagkeun karajaan Medang di [[Jawa]], dina prasasti Pucangan disebutkeunn salaku kajadian ''Mahapralaya'' nyaéta kajadian runtagna istana Medang di [[Jawa Timur]], ''Haji Wurawari'' ti ''Lwaram'' anu kamungkinan mangrupa raja handapeun Sriwijaya, dina taun [[1006]] atawa [[1016]] nyerang jeung nyababkeun kabunuhna raja Medang pamungkas. Dharmawangsa Teguh.<ref name="Muljana"/> == Ambang Wates Sriwijaya == Taun [[1017]] jeung [[1025]], Rajendra Chola I, raja ti dinasti Chola di Pantai Koromandel, [[India]] kidul, ngirim ekspedisi [[laut]] keur nyerang Sriwijaya, dumasar [[prasasti]] Tanjore taun [[1030]], karajaan Chola geus naklukkeun wewengkon – wewengkon koloni Sriwijaya, sakaligus meunang ngalawan raja Sriwijaya nu boga kawasa dina mangsa éta Sangrama-Vijayottunggawarman. Salila sababaraha dekade saterusna, sakabeh imperium Sriwijaya geus aya dina pangaruh dina Chola. Sanajan kitu Rajendra Chola I geus méré lolongkrang ka raja-raja anu ditaklukeunna keur tetep boga kawasa salila tetep taluk ka anjeunna.<ref>Sastri K. A. N., (1935). ''The Cholas''. University of Madras.</ref> Hal ieu bisa dipatalikeun jeung ayana warta utusanna ''San-fo-ts'i'' ka Cina taun [[1028]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kulke |first=H. |authorlink= |coauthors=Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, V.|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |year=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian |location= |id=ISBN 981-230-936-5 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;font-size:90%" !colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" | Kawasan Sriwijaya dina prasasti Tanjore |- ! Ngaran kawasan !! Katerangan |- | Pannai || Kerajaan Pannai |- | Malaiyur || Kerajaan Melayu |- | Mayirudingam || |- | Ilangasogam || Langkasuka |- | Mappappalam || |- | Mevilimbangam || |- | Valaippanduru || |- | Takkolam || |- | Madamalingam || Tambralingga |- | Ilamuri-Desam || Lamuri |- | Nakkavaram || Nikobar |- | Kadaram || Kedah |} Namung dina mangsa ieu Sriwijaya dianggep geus jadi bagéan ti dinasti Chola, ti kronik Tiongkok nyebutkeun yén dina taun [[1079]] Kulothunga Chola I (''Ti-hua-ka-lo'') raja dinasti Chola disebut ogé salaku raja San-fo-ts'i, anu salajengna ngirimkeun utusan keur ngabantuan renovasi candi deukeut Kanton. Salajengna dina warta [[Cina]] anu judulna ''Sung Hui Yao'' disebutkeun yén karajaan San-fo-tsi dina taun [[1082]] masih ngirimkeun utusan dina mangsa Cina di handap pamaréntahan Kaisar Yuan Fong. Duta besar éta ogé nepikeun [[surat]] ti raja ''Kien-pi'' handapeun San-fo-tsi, anu mangrupa [[surat]] ti putri raja anu dipasrahkeun urusan nagara san-fo-tsi, sarta nyerahkeun [[227]] tahil perhiasan, rumbia, sarta 13 baju. Salajengna ogé ngirimkeun utusan di taun [[1088]].<ref name="end" /> Pangaruh invasi Rajendra Chola I, ka hegemoni Sriwijaya kalawan raja-raja handapeunna ngaheureutan, sababaraha daerah handapan ngaleupaskeun manéh, nepin ka muncul Dharmasraya salaku kakuatan anyar anu salajengna ngawasaan deui wilayah jajahan Sriwijaya mimiti ti kawasan Semenajung Malaya, [[Sumatera]], sampai [[Jawa]] bagian barat. Dumasar sumber Tiongkok dina buku ''Chu-fan-chi''<ref>{{cite book |last=Hirth |first=F. |authorlink= |coauthors=Rockhill, W.W. |title=Chao Ju-kua, His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteen centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi |year=1911 |publisher=St Petersburg}}.</ref> anu ditulis di taun 1178, ''Chou-Ju-Kua'' ngajelaskeun yén di kapuloan [[Asia Tenggara]] aya dua karajaan anu kacida kuat sarta beunghar, nyaéta San-fo-ts'i jeung Cho-po ([[Jawa]]). Di [[Jawa]] anjeunna manggihan yén rahayatna ngagem [[agama]] Buddha jeung [[Hindu]], sedengkeun rahayat San-fo-ts'i ngagem Buddha, jeung boga 15 daerah handapan nyaéta; ''Si-lan'' ([[Kamboja]]), ''Tan-ma-ling'' (Tambralingga, Ligor, kidul [[Thailand]]), ''Kia-lo-hi'' (Grahi, Chaiya kiwari, kidul [[Thailand]]), ''Ling-ya-si-kia'' (Langkasuka), ''Kilantan'' (Kelantan), ''Pong-fong'' (Pahang), ''Tong-ya-nong'' (Terengganu), ''Fo-lo-an'' (muara sungai Dungun daerah Terengganu kiwari), ''Ji-lo-t'ing'' (Cherating, pantai timur semenanjung malaya), ''Ts'ien-mai'' (Semawe, pantai timur semenanjung malaya), ''Pa-t'a'' (Sungai Paka, pantai timur Semenanjung Malaya), ''Lan-wu-li'' (Lamuri di [[Aceh]]), ''Pa-lin-fong'' (Palembang), ''Kien-pi'' ([[Jambi]]), jeung sabagéan ''Sin-t'o'' ([[Sunda]]).<ref name="Muljana">Slamet Muljana, 2006, ''Sriwijaya'', Yogyakarta: LKIS.</ref><ref name="Soekmono2"/> Namung, istilah ''San-fo-tsi'' utamana dina taun [[1178]] teu identik jeung Sriwijaya, tatapi geus identik jeung jeung Dharmasraya, ti 15 nagara handapan San-fo-tsi éta mangrupa daptar jajahan karajaan Dharmasraya, sanajan sumber Tiongkok geus nyebatkeun San-fo-tsi salaku karajaan anu aya di kawasan laut Cina Selatan. Hal ieu kusabab dina Pararaton geus nyebutkeun Malayu, disebutkeun Kertanagara Raja Singhasari ngirim hiji ekspedisi Pamalayu atawa ''Pamalayu'', jeung saterusna mere Arca Amoghapasa ka raja Melayu, Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauli Warmadewa di kabupaten Dharmasraya sakumaha anu katulis dina prasasti Padang Roco. Kajadian ieu salajengna dihubungkeun jeung manuskrip anu aya di prasasti Grahi. Kitu ogé dina Nagarakertagama, anu ngadadarkeun ngeunaan daérah jajahan Majapahit anu geus teu nyebutkeun deui ngaran Sriwijaya keur kawasan anu sateuacanna mangrupa kawasan Sriwijaya. == Struktur Pamaréntahan == Wangun hiji nagara dina dimensi struktur otoritas politik Sriwijaya bisa dilacak ti sababaraha prasasti anu nyangkem informasi penting ngeunaan ''kadātuan'', ''vanua'', ''samaryyāda'', ''mandala'' jeung ''bhūmi''.<ref name="Kulke">{{cite journal |last=Kulke |first=H. |title=Kadātuan Śrīvijaya’—Empire or Kraton of Śrīvijaya? A Reassessment of the Epigraphic Data |year=1993 |journal=Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extreme Orient |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=159-180}}</ref> ''Kadātuan'' bisa ngabogaan makna kawasan ''datuk'', (''tanah rumah'') padumukan ''bini hāji'', geus disimpen ''[[emas]]'' jeung hasil cukai (''drawy'') salaku kawasan anu kudu dijaga. Kadātuan ieu dilingkung ku ''vanua'', anu bisa dianggep salaku kawasan kota ti Sriwijaya anu di jerona aya ''vihara'' keur tempat ibadah masarakatna. ''Kadātuan'' jeung ''vanua'' ieu mangrupa hiji kawasan inti keur Sriwijaya éta sorangan. Nurutkeun Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis, ''samaryyāda'' mangrupa kawasan anu pagigir-gigir jeung ''vanua'', anu kahubung jeung jalan husus (''samaryyāda-patha'') anu bisa boga maksud kawasan jero. Sedengkeun ''mandala'' mangrupa hiji kawasan otonom ti ''bhūmi'' anu aya dina pangaruh kakawasaan ''kadātuan'' Sriwijaya.<ref name="Kulke" /> Pangawasa Sriwijaya disebut ''Dapunta Hyang'' atawa ''Maharaja'', jeung dina wilayah raja aya dina wilayah raja anu ngentep seureuh ''yuvarāja'' (putra mahkota), ''pratiyuvarāja'' (putra mahkota kadua) jeung ''rājakumāra'' (pewaris salajengna).<ref name="Caspa">Casparis, J.C., ([[1956]]), ''Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th century A.D.'', Vol. II. Bandung: Masa Baru.</ref> Prasasti Telaga Batu loba nyebutkeun jabatan dina struktur pamaréntahan karajaan dina mangsa Sriwijaya. == Hubungan jeung dinasti Sailendra == Munculna hubungan antara Sriwijaya jeung Wangsa Sailendra dimimitian kusabab ngaran ''Śailendravamśa'' dina sababaraha [[prasasti]] di antarana dina [[prasasti]] Kalasan di [[pulo]] [[Jawa]], prasasti Ligor di kidul [[Thailand]], jeung [[prasasti]] Nalanda di [[India]]. Iwal ti éta dina [[prasasti]] Sojomerto kapendak [[ngaran]] ''Dapunta Selendra''. Najan asal-usulna dinasti ieu masih jadi padungdengan nepi ka kiwari.<ref name="Poesponegoro"/> Majumdar boga pamadegan dinasti Sailendra ieu aya di Sriwijaya (Swarnadwipa) jeung Medang ([[Jawa]]), kaduanana asalna ti Kalinga di kidul [[India]].<ref name="Majumdar">{{cite journal |last=Majumdar|first=R.C.,|authorlink=|title=Le rois Çriwijaya de Suvarnadvipa|journal =Bulletin de l'Ecole français d'Extrême-Orient|year=1933|volume=XXXIII||issue=||pages=121-144}}</ref> Salajengna Moens nambahkeun kadatangan Dapunta Hyang ka Palembang, nyababkeun salah sahiji kulawarga dina dinasti ieu pindah ka [[Jawa]].<ref name="Moens">{{cite journal |last=Moensr|first=J.L.,|authorlink=|title=Çriwijaya, Yāva en Katāha|journal =TBG|year=1937|volume=LXXVII||issue=||pages=317-487}}</ref> Iwal ti éta Poerbatjaraka nyawang yén ieu dinasti asalna ti [[Nusantara]], dumasar [[Carita Parahiyangan]]<ref name="Poerbatjaraka">{{cite journal |last=Poerbatjaraka|first=R.N.,|authorlink=|title=Çriwijaya, de Çailendra-en de Sanjāyavança|journal =BKI|year=1956|volume=114||issue=||pages=254-264}}</ref> salajengna dikaitkeun jeung sababaraha [[prasasti]] di [[Jawa]] anu basana Malayu Kuna di antarana Prasasti Sojomerto.<ref name="Boechari">{{cite journal |last=Boechari|first=|authorlink=|title=Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old malay inscription at Sojomerto |journal =MISI|year=1966|volume=III||issue=||pages=241-251}}</ref> == Raja anu Maréntah == Para Maharaja Sriwijaya<ref name="end" /><ref name="Muljana">Slamet Muljana, 2006, ''Sriwijaya'', Yogyakarta: LKIS.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width="90%" !width="70px"|Taun !width="140px"|[[Ngaran]] Raja !width="140px"|Ibukota !width="400px"|[[Prasasti]], catetan ngirim utusan ka Tiongkok sarta kajadian |- |[[671]] |Dapunta Hyang atawa <br />Sri Jayanasa |Srivijaya Shih-li-fo-shih | Catetan lalampahan I Tsing di taun [[671]]-[[685]], naklukeun Malayu, naklukeun [[Jawa]] [[Prasasti]] Kedukan Bukit ([[683]]), [[Prasasti]] Talang Tuo ([[684]]), [[Prasasti]] Kota Kapur ([[686]]), [[Prasasti]] Karang Brahi jeung [[Prasasti]] Palas Pasemah |- |[[702]] |Sri Indrawarman Shih-li-t-'o-pa-mo |Sriwijaya Shih-li-fo-shih |Utusan ka Tiongkok [[702]]-[[716]], [[724]] Utusan ka Khalifah Muawiyah I jeung Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz |- |[[728]] |Rudra Vikraman Liéou-t'eng-wei-kong |Sriwijaya Shih-li-fo-shih |Utusan ka Tiongkok [[728]]-[[742]] |- |[[743]]-[[774]] | | |Teu acan aya warta dina mangsa ieu |- |[[775]] |Wisnu (raja)|Sri Maharaja |Sriwijaya |Prasasti Ligor B taun [[775]] di Nakhon Si Thammarat, kidul [[Thailand]] jeung naklukeun [[Kamboja]] |- | | |Pindah ka [[Jawa]] ([[Jawa Tengah]] atawa [[Yogyakarta]]) |Wangsa Syailendra ngagantikeun Wangsa Sanjaya |- |[[778]] |Dharanindra atawa<br /> Rakai Panangkaran |[[Jawa]] |[[Prasasti]] Kelurak [[782]] di gigireun kalér kompleks [[Candi]] Prambanan [[Prasasti]] Kalasan taun [[778]] di [[Candi]] Kalasan |- |[[782]] |Samaragrawira atawa <br /> Rakai Warak |[[Jawa]] |[[Prasasti]] Nalanda jeung [[prasasti]] Mantyasih taun [[907]] |- |[[792]] |Samaratungga atawa<br /> Rakai Garung |[[Jawa]] |[[Prasasti]] Karang Tengah taun [[824]], [[825]] ngaréngsékeun pangwangunan [[candi]] Borobudur |- |[[840]] | | |Kabinangkitan Wangsa Sanjaya, Rakai Pikatan |- |[[856]] |Balaputradewa |Suwarnadwipa |Leungitna kakawasaan di [[Jawa]], sarta balik deui ka Suwarnadwipa [[Prasasti]] Nalanda taun [[860]], [[India]] |- |[[861]]-[[959]] | | |Teu acan aya warta di périodeu ieu |- |[[960]] |Sri Udayaditya Warmadewa Se-li-hou-ta-hia-li-tan |Sriwijaya San-fo-ts'i |Utusan ka Tiongkok [[960]], & [[962]] |- |[[980]] | | |Utusan ka Tiongkok [[980]] & [[983]]: kalawan raja, ''Hie-tche'' (Haji) |- |988 |Sri Cudamani Warmadewa Se-li-chu-la-wu-ni-fu-ma-tian-hwa |Sriwijaya Malayagiri (Suwarnadwipa) San-fo-ts'i |990 Jawa yerang Sriwijaya, Catetan ''Atiśa'',<br /> Utusan ka Tiongkok 988-992-1003,<br /> pangwangunan candi keur kaisar Cina anu dibéré ngaran <br />''cheng tien wan shou'' |- |1008 |Sri Mara-Vijayottunggawarman Se-li-ma-la-pi |San-fo-ts'i Kataha |Prasasti Leiden & utusan ka Tiongkok 1008 |- |1017 | | |Utusan San-fo-ts'i ke Tiongkok 1017: kalawan raja, ''Ha-ch'i-su-wa-ch'a-p'u'' <br />(''Haji Sumatrabhumi'' (?)); gelar ''haji'' biasana keur ''raja bawahan'' |- |1025 |Sangrama-Vijayottunggawarman |Sriwijaya Kadaram |Diserang ku Rajendra Chola I jeung jadi tawanan Prasasti Tanjore tarikh 1030 dina candi Rajaraja, Tanjore, India |- |1030 | | |Dihandap Dinasti Chola ti Koromandel |- |1079 | | |Utusan San-fo-ts'i kalawan raja [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (''Ti-hua-ka-lo'') ka Tiongkok 1079 mantuan renovasi candi Tien Ching di Kuang Cho (deukeut Kanton) |- |1082 | | |Utusan San-fo-ts'i ti ''Kien-pi'' (Jambi) ka Tiongkok 1082 jeung 1088 |- |1089-1177 | | |Teu acan aya warta |- |1178 | | |Laporan ''Chou-Ju-Kua'' dina buku ''Chu-fan-chi'' eusina daptar koloni San-fo-ts'i |- |1183 |Srimat Trailokyaraja Maulibhusana Warmadewa |Dharmasraya |Dihandap Dinasti Mauli, Karajaan Melayu, Prasasti Grahi taun 1183 di kidul [[Thailand]] |} == Warisan Sajarah == Sanajan Srwijaya ngan nyésakeun saeutik titinggal arkéologi sarta dipohokeun ti émutan masarakat pangrojongna, papanggihan deui kamaharajaan bahari ieu ku Coedés di taun [[1920]]-an geus ngabangkitkeun kasadaran yén hiji wangung persatuan politik raya, mangrupa kamaharajaan anu eusina gabungan karajaan-karajaan bahari, kungsi ngadep, tumuwuh, sarta jaya di mangsa bihari.<ref name="nya">{{cite book |title=Strategic Centrality: Indonesia's changing role in ASEAN |last=Smith |first=A.L. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=981-230-103-8 |page=9 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C-IZCcEuX30C&pg=PA9&dq=Srivijaya+source+of+Indonesia+pride&cd=6#v=onepage&q=Srivijaya%20source%20of%20Indonesia%20pride&f=false/Strategic Centrality: Indonesia's changing role in ASEAN |accessdate=}}</ref> Warisan penting Sriwijaya nyaéta basana. Salila mangabad-abad kamekaran kakuatan [[ekonomi]] sarta kaperkasaan militérna, Sriwijaya boga peran badag ti nyebarna pamaké [[Basa]] Malayu Kuna di [[Nusantara]]. Sahenteuna di kawasan basisir. [[Basa]] ieu jadi [[basa]] gawé atawa [[basa]] anu fungsina salaku panghubung (''lingua franca'') digunakeun di sababaraha bandar jeung pasar kawasan [[Nusantara]].<ref name="sea.lib.niu.edu">[http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710201133/http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html |date=2010-07-10 }}</ref> Sumebarna [[basa]] Melayu Kuna ieu mungkin geus muka sarta méré jalan keur [[Basa]] Melayu salaku [[basa]] nasional [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Basa Indonesia]] salaku basa “pemersatu” [[Indonesia]] kiwari.<ref name="sea.lib.niu.edu"/> Di sagigireun Majapahit, kaum nasionalis [[Indonesia]] ogé ngagungkeun Sriwijaya salaku sumber kabagjaan jeung bukti kajayaan mangsa bihari [[Indonesia]].<ref name="nya"/> Kajayaan Sriwijaya geus jadi sumber kabagjaan nasinal sarta identitas daérah, hususna keur masarakat [[kota]] Palembang, provinsi [[Sumatera Selatan]], kaagungan Sriwijaya geus jadi inspirasi seni budaya, saperti lagu jeung tarian tradisional Gending Sriwijaya. Hal anu sarua ogé lumaku ka masarakat kidul [[Thailand]] anu nyiptakeun tarian ''Sevichai'' dumasar kana kaanggunan seni [[budaya]] Sriwijaya. Di [[Indonesia]], ngaran Sriwijaya geus digunakeun sarta diabadikeun salaku ngaran jalan di sababaraha [[kota]], sarta ngaran ieu digunakeun ku Universitas Sriwijaya anu diadegkeun taun [[1960]] di Palembang. Kitu ogé Komando Daerah Militer II/Sriwijaya (unit komando militer), PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (Perusahaan Pupuk di Sumatera Selatan), Sriwijaya Post (Surat kabar harian di Palembang), Sriwijaya TV, Sriwijaya Air (maskapai penerbangan), Stadion Gelora Sriwijaya, jeung Sriwijaya Football Club (Klab sepak bola Palembang), sakabéh dingaranan kitu keur ngahormatan, ngamuliakeun, sarta ngarayakeun kamaharajaan Sriwijaya anu agung. <gallery> Gambar:KedukanBukit001.jpg|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] Gambar:Prasasti Kota Kapur.jpg|Prasasti Kota Kapur Gambar:Talang Tuo Inscription.jpg|Prasasti Talang Tuo Gambar:Telaga Batu inscription.JPG|[[Prasasti Telaga Batu]] Gambar:Southeast Asia trade route map XIIcentury.jpg|Peta Abad XII-XIII </gallery> == Catetan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * {{id}} [http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3NWL29QTS9VenVwRnRCb20%3D= Kerajaan Sriwijaya di MelayuOnline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313065110/http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3nwl29qts9venvwrnrcb20== |date=2016-03-13 }} * {{id}} [http://arkeologi.palembang.go.id/ Balai Arkeologi Palembang dan Sriwijaya Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223013428/http://arkeologi.palembang.go.id/ |date=2015-12-23 }} * {{en}} [http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires] * {{en}} [http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s05.html Śrīwijaya: A Centre of Learning?] {{featured article}} {{Artikel Geulis}} [[Kategori:Karajaan Sriwijaya]] [[Kategori:Karajaan di Sumatera]] 1delor7v83lndry2idh2xercteoycac 0 33985 710553 650236 2026-06-19T03:44:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox waterfall | name = Curug Orok | photo = Curug Orok, Cikajang, Garut, Indonesia.jpg | photo_caption = | location = [[Cikandang, Cikajang, Garut|Désa Cikandang]], [[Cikajang, Garut|Kacamatan Cikajang]], [[Kabupatén Garut]], Propinsi [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]] | coords = {{Coord|-7.386804|107.736176|display=inline,title|type:landmark|name=Curug Orok}} | watercourse = Walungan Cikahuripan | type = Curug paralél | elevation = 250 mdpl | height = 45 m | height_longest = | number_drops = 3 | average_flow = | world_rank = }} '''Curug Orok''' nyaéta salah sahiji objék pelesir alam mangrupa [[curug]] nu perenahna di désa [[Cikandang, Cikajang, Garut|Cikandang]], kacamatan [[Cikajang, Garut|Cikajang]], [[Kabupatén Garut]], Provinsi [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name="sumber1"/> ==Asal muasal== Ieu curug dingaranan Curug Orok ku sabab dina taun 1968 aya [[awéwé]] anu miceun [[orok]] ti puncak éta [[curug]].<ref name="sumber1">[http://pariwisata.garutkab.go.id/index.php?mindex=daf_det_wisata&id_wisata=19 Curug Orok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315134717/http://pariwisata.garutkab.go.id/index.php?mindex=daf_det_wisata&id_wisata=19 |date=2013-03-15 }} (Dicutat tanggal 23 Oktober 2011)</ref> Ku saba éta katelah curug orok anu ceuk sakaol mah orok éta téh lalaki anu nepi ka ayeuna nyicingan éta curug. Cenah mah lamun bobogohan di dinya bakal pepegatan.<ref name="sumber1"/> ==Gambaran== ===Kaayaan géografis=== Ditilik tina wangun curugna, di curug orok téh aya 2 curug anu ngalambangkeun [[indung]] jeung anak ku sabab aya curug anu [[luhur|pangluhurna]] jeung aya ogé curug-curug anu [[leutik]] anu ngalambangkeun orokna curug.<ref name="sumber1"/> Luhurna Curug Orok téh 45 méter.<ref name="sumber1"/> Sedengkeun luhurna di saluhureun pabeungeutan laut nyaéta 250 mdpl kalayan konfigurasi umum lahanna punclut ku sabab perenahna di handapeun gunung Papandayan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Jenis material taneuhna nyaéta mangrupa [[taneuh porang]] jeung [[batu]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Wates administrasi ODTW ieu nyaéta : *Kalér : [[Gunung Papandayan]] *Kidul : [[Gunung Geder]] *Kulon : Désa Cikandang *Wétan : Kacamatan [[Pamulihan, Garut|Pamulihan]] ===Ngokolakeun=== 21 April 1996 ieu curug téh ditetepkeun jadi Objék jeung Daya Tarik Wisata (ODTW). Curug Orok dikokolakeun ku PT.<ref name="sumber1"/> Perkebunan Nusantara jeung dipimilik ku PT. Perkebunan [[Papandayan]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Curug Orok mukana ti jam 09.00-16.30. Jarak ti curug Orok ka kota kacamatan Cikajang nyaéta 5 Km, sedengkeun ti Kabupatén Garut 31 Km.<ref name="sumber1"/> Saméméh ka curug anu jadi pangjugjugan urang bakal ngaliwatan téktékan anu panjangna 100 méter.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Pikeun nepi ka curug orok téh bisa naék motor atawa mobil anu lilana kira-kira 1,5 jam.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT">Darpan, Suhardiman, Budi.2007.SEPUTAR GARUT.Garut:Komunitas Srimanganti.</ref> ==Catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tempat pelesir di Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Curug]] 2uqbnb4y3gmf6txcoaqd1d0glf9e64v 0 36487 710548 675485 2026-06-19T02:33:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Infobox country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">República Federativa do Brasil</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Républik Féderasi Brasil</span> |common_name = Brasil |image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg |alt_flag = |image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg |alt_coat = |symbol_type = Lambang |national_motto = ''"Ordem e Progresso"'' |national_anthem = [[Gambar:Hino Nacional Brasileiro instrumental.ogg]]<br /><small>[[Lagu Kabangsaan Brasil|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]] |royal_anthem = |other_symbol_type = [[Tanda (lambang)|Tanda nasional]] |other_symbol = [[Tanda Nasional Brasil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]] [[Gambar:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|15px]] |image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg |alt_map = |map_caption = |image_map2 = |alt_map2 = |map_caption2 = |capital = [[Brasília]] |latd= 15 | latm= 45 | latNS = S |longd= 47 |longm= 57 |longEW = W |largest_city = [[São Paulo]] |official_languages = [[Basa Portugis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographics|publisher=Brazilian Government|year=2011|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics|accessdate=2011-10-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117051415/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics |date=2011-11-17 }} {{en}}</ref> |national_languages = |regional_languages = |languages_type = |languages = |ethnic_groups = 47,73% [[Brasil Kulit Bodas|Bodas]]<br />43,13% [[Pardo|Soklat]] ([[Multiras#Brazil|Multiras]])<br />7,61% [[Brasil Kulit Hideung|Hideung]]<br />1,09% [[Brasil Asia|Asia]]<br />0,43% [[Urang pribumi Brasil|Amerindian]] |ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name="raca2010">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Cor ou raça] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217041601/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref> |demonym = Brazilian |government_type = [[Républik]] [[Féderalisme|féderal]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] [[républik konstitusional|konstitusional]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Brasil|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Jair Bolsonaro]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakil Présidén Brasil|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Braga Neto]] |legislature = [[Kongrés Nasional Brasil|Kongrés Nasional]] |upper_house = [[Sénat Brasil|Sénat Féderal]] |lower_house = [[Déwan Députi Brasil|Déwan Députi]] |sovereignty_type = [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Brasil|Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Karajaan Portugal, Brasil, jeung Algarves Ngahiji]] |established_event1 = [[Kakaisaran Brasil|Didéklarasi]] |established_date1 = 7 Séptémber 1822 |established_event2 = [[Kakaisaran Brasil|Diakuan]] |established_date2 = 29 Agustus 1825 |established_event3 = [[República Velha|Républik]] |established_date3 = 15 Nopémber 1889 |established_event4 = [[Konstitusi Brasil|Konstitusi nu ayeuna]] |established_date4 = 5 Oktober 1988 |area_rank = ka-5 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = 8514877 |areami² = 3287597 |area_footnote = |percent_water = 0,65 |area_label = Total |population_census = 190.732.694<ref>IBGE. [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118115603/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 |date=2012-01-18 }}.</ref> |population_census_rank = ka-5 |population_census_year = 2010 |population_density = 22 |population_densitymi² = 57 |population_density_rank = ka-182 |GDP_PPP = $2,172 triliun<ref name=imf>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=4|title=Brazil|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194649/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=4 |date=2011-04-29 }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11.767<ref name=imf/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $2,421 triliun<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-7 |GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12.422<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = <span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▼</span>53.6<ref name = "2010censusgini">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab8.pdf Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Rendimento] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105225211/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab8.pdf |date=2012-01-05 }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">luhur</span> |HDI = 0,718<ref name=HDI11>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human development index 2011 and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2011-12-04|publisher=UNDP|author=UNDP Human Development Report 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111152313/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |date=2011-11-11 }}</ref> |HDI_rank = ka-84 |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">luhur</span> |currency = [[Real Brasil|Real]] (R$) |currency_code = BRL |time_zone = [[Wanci di Brasil|BRT]]<ref name="timezones" /> |utc_offset = [[UTC−02|-2]] nepi ka [[UTC−04|-4]]<ref name="timezones">{{cite web | title = Hora Legal Brasileira | publisher = Observatório Nacional | url = http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173247/http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |time_zone_DST = [[Wanci di Brasil#Usum panas|BRST]] |antipodes = |date_format = pp/bb/tttt ([[Common Era|CE]]) |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−02|-2]] to [[UTC−04|-4]] |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.br]] |iso3166code = |calling_code = [[Nomer telepon di Brasil|55]] }} '''Brasil''' ({{lang-pt|Brasil}}, {{IPA-pt|bɾaˈziw|IPA}}), resmina '''Républik Féderasi Brasil'''<ref>As on for example the [http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en national website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154407/http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en |date=2018-06-28 }}.</ref><ref name="Mugnier">{{cite journal|last=Mugnier|first=Clifford|date=January 2009|title=Grids & Datums – Federative Republic of Brazil|url=http://www.asprs.org/resources/GRIDS/01-2009-brazil.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621192851/http://www.asprs.org/resources/grids/01-2009-brazil.pdf |date=2009-06-21 }}</ref> ({{lang-pt|República Federativa do Brasil}}, {{Audio|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg|listen}}), nyaéta nagara nu panggedéna di [[Amérika Kidul]]. Brasil mangrupa nagara nu panggedéna kalima sadunya, boh aréana boh populasina.<ref name="CIA Geo"/><ref name="CIA People">{{cite web | title = People of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121846/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> Nagara ieu mangrupa nagara anggota [[CPLP]] sahiji-hijina di [[buana Amérika]] jeung nagara [[lusopon]] nu panggedéna sadunya.<ref name="CIA Geo">{{cite web | title = Geography of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121846/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> === Babagian administratif === :''Artikel utama: [[Nagara bagian di Brasil]], [[Kotamadya di Brasil]]'' {{See also|Région di Brasil}} Brasil mangrupa hiji féderasi nu ngawengku 26 [[Nagara féderasi|nagara bagian]], hiji [[Distrik Féderal Brasil|distrik féderal]] (nu ngawengku ibu kotana, [[Brasília]]), jeung kotamadya-kotamadya.<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = Presidency of the Republic | year = 1988 | url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm | language = Portuguese | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |date=2007-12-13 }} {{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = v-brazil.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html | quote = Unofficial translate | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |date=2018-09-28 }}</ref> Nagara bagian miboga administrasi otonom, ngumpulkeun pajakna sorangan, jeung narima bagain ti pajak nu dikumpulkeun ku pamaréntah Féderal. Nagara bagian miboga gubernur jeung hiji badan législatif. == Tempo ogé == *[[Daptar inohong Brasil]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <!-- ===Bibliograpi=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. {{pt icon}} * Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 {{en icon}} * [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902929 {{pt icon}} * Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 8508082134 * Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. {{pt icon}} * Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. {{pt icon}} * Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. {{pt icon}} * Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. {{pt icon}} *''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. {{pt icon}} * Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 8573263083{{pt icon}} * [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902775 {{pt icon}} * Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 8535908072 {{pt icon}} * Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. {{pt icon}} * Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. {{en icon}} * Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. ''As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos''. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 8571648379 {{pt icon}} * [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 8521903138 * Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{pt icon}} ISBN 9788520008645 * Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 8573024410 {{pt icon}} * Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. {{pt icon}} * Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. {{pt icon}} {{Refend}} --> == Bacaan salajengna == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985}} * {{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp.&nbsp;1805–1819) |year=1990}} * {{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher=US Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |accessdate=2011-06-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123353/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |date=2011-06-29 }} * {{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1991}} * {{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964}} * {{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1999}} * {{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}} * {{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1977}} * {{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967}} * {{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974}} * {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963}} * {{cite book |title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil |location=New York, NY |publisher=World Almanac Books |year=2006}} {{Refend}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks}} {{Wikisource|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil}} * [http://www.braziltour.com/ Braziltour.com]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.brasil.gov.br/ Pamaréntah Féderal Brasil] * [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Institut Géografi jeung Statistika Brasil] * {{CIA World Factbook link|br|Brazil}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm Brazil] di ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Brazil|Brasil}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105025706/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html Propil Nagara] ti [[Library of Congress]] AS (1997) * {{wikivoyage|Brazil}} {{osmrelation-inline|59470}} {{navboxes| list = {{Brazil topics|state=expanded}} {{navboxes|title=[[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal| list = {{Countries of South America}} }} {{navboxes|title=Kaanggotaan internasional| list = {{Latin Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{Union of South American Nations (Unasur\Unasul)}} {{Mercosur\Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}} {{Organization of American States}} {{G8+5}} {{G-20}} {{G15 nations}} {{BRIC}} {{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}} }} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} }} {{Authority control}} {{nagara-geo-stub|Brasil}} [[Kategori:Brasil| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Nagara féderal]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Portugis]] [[Kategori:Nagara G15]] [[Kategori:Nagara G20]] [[Kategori:Nagara Amérika Latin]] [[Kategori:Démokrasi liberal]] [[Kategori:Anggota Mercosur]] [[Kategori:Anggota CPLP]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Nagara Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Portugis]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1822]] 0c47xeij082le0aj8fgx9zv91abrigh 0 36539 710563 661253 2026-06-19T05:33:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name =''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands'' |conventional_long_name =Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul |common_name =Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul |image_flag =Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg |image_map =LocationSouthGeorgiaAndSouthSandwichIslands.png |map_width =230px |map_caption =Peta wewengkon |national_motto =''"Leo Terram Propriam Protegat"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br />''"Let the Lion protect his own land"''<br />atawa ''"May the Lion protect his own land"''</small> |national_anthem ="[[God Save the Queen]]" |official_languages =[[Basa Inggris]] |capital =[[Titik Raja Edward]] ([[Grytviken]]) |latd =54|latm=17|latNS=S|longd=36|longm=30|longEW=W |government_type =[[Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania]] |leader_title1 =[[Monarki Britania|Raja/Ratu]] |leader_name1 =[[Elizabeth II ti Britania Raya|Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 =[[Komisionér Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul|Komisionér]] |leader_name2 =[[Nigel Haywood]] |area =3.903 |areami² =1.507 |population_estimate =30 |population_estimate_year=2006 |population_density =0,005 |population_densitymi²=0,013 |population_density_rank =t/s |currency =[[Pound sterling]] |currency_code =GBP |time_zone = |utc_offset =-2 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on =kénca |cctld =[[.gs]] |calling_code =}} [[Gambar:South Georgia Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|240px|Glasier jeung koloni pinguin di Géorgia Kidul]] {{Infobox islands |name =South Georgia Island<br />Pulo Géorgia Kidul |image name =Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg|thumb|270px |image caption =Géorgia Kidul tengah: [[Teluk Cumberland]]; [[Samenanjung Thatcher]] jeung [[Teluk Raja Edward]] ([[Grytviken]]); [[Pagunungan Allardyce]] jeung puncang [[Gunung Paget|Gn. Paget]] (gambar ti NASA) |locator map =Cook-1777.jpg|thumb|270px |map caption =Peta beunang James Cook (1777, South-up) |location =[[Antartik]] |total islands = |major islands = |area_km2 = |length_km = |width_km = |highest mount =Gn Paget |elevation_m =2934 |population =30 |population as of=2006 |density_km2 = |ethnic groups =Britania |country =Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul |additional info =}} '''Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul''' ({{lang-en|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}, SGSSI) nyaéta hiji [[téritori peuntas laut Britania]] jeung [[Téritori nagara anggota husus jeung Uni Éropa#Nagara jeung téritori peuntas laut|téritori peuntas laut]] ti [[Uni Éropa]] di Samudra Atlantik beulah kidul. Géorgia Kidul panjangna {{Convert|167.4|km|0}} sarta lébarna {{Convert|1.4|to|37|km|mi|1|abbr=in}}<ref name="Google">[http://earth.google.com/ Google Earth]</ref>. Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul aya kira-kira {{Convert|520|km}} tenggaraeun Géorgia Kidul.<ref name="Google" /> Total aréa daratan ti wewengkon ieu nyaéta {{Convert|3903|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html CIA - The World Factbook 2002 - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]</ref> Taya populasi pribumi di kapuloan ieu; padumuk kiwari nyaéra Pagawé Pamaréntahan Britania, Députi Pupuhu Kantor Pos, élmuwan, jeung pagawé bantuan ti [[Survéy Antartika Britania]] nu ngurus markas kaélmuan di [[Pulo Manuk (Géorgia Kidul)|Pulo Manuk]] jeung di ibu kota, [[Titik Raja Edward]], ogé sadaya pagawé musieum di [[Grytviken]]. Britania Raya ngaklaim [[kadaulatan]] kana Géorgia Kidul dina 1775 jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul dina 1908. Dina 1908, Britania Raya [[anéksasi|nganéksasi]] Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul. Téritori "Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul" ({{lang-en|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}) diwangun dina 1985; saméméhna, diparéntah salaku bagian ti [[Depéndensi Kapuloan Falkland]]. [[Argéntina]] ngaklaim Géorgia Kidul dina 1927 jeung ngaklaim Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul dina 1938. == Tempo ogé == *[[Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania]] *[[Daptar pulo jeung kapuloan Antartik jeung sub-Antartik]] *[[Kapuloan Orkney Kidul]] *[[Kapuloan Shetland Kidul]] == Catetan == {{reflist}} == Rujukan == {{Refbegin}} * Géorge Forster, ''A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.) '', London, 1777. * R.K. Héadland, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=bg&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Island of South Georgia''], Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0 521 25274 1 {{Refend}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks|Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul}} ; Pamaréntah *[http://www.sgisland.gs/ Loka pamaréntah Géorgia Kidul]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229023107/http://www.sgisland.gs/ |date=2021-12-29 }} ; Informasi umum *{{CIA World Factbook link|sx|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} *{{dmoz|Regional/Polar_Regions/Antarctic/South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands|Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul}} *{{wikiatlas|Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul}} ; Nu lian *[http://www.southgeorgiaassociation.org/ Loka Asosiasi Géorgia Kidul] *[http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28h%29South_Georgia_webcam?useskin= Gambar langsung ti ''webcam'' Georgia Kidul] {{kml}} {{-}} {{Template group | title = Géografi lokal | list = {{SGSSI}} {{British dependencies}} {{Nagara di Amérika Kidul}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Georgia Kidul Jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul}} [[Kategori:Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon husus Uni Éropa]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1985]] [[Kategori:Papaséaan wewengkon Argéntina]] [[Kategori:Région Antartik]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul}} 4fuzshyqbh1cvcsar5cgvizsgmoe4yt 0 36612 710593 703727 2026-06-19T11:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Soccer}} {{Infobox sport | image = Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg | imagesize = 300px | caption = Panarajang <small>(No. 10)</small> rék najong bal ngaliwatan kiper musuh sangkan asup ka gawang jeung nyitak skor. | union = [[FIFA]] | nickname = Méngbal, sépak bola, bola, ''football, soccer, footy/footie, "the beautiful game", "the world game"'' | first = Britania panengah abad ka-19 | country/region = Sakuliah dunya | registered = | clubs = | contact = Enya | team = 11 per tim | mgender = Nya, kompetisi kapisah | category = [[Olah raga tim]], [[Olah raga nu maké bal]] | equipment = [[Bal (maén bal)|Bal]] | venue = [[Lapangan maén bal]] | olympic = [[Olimpiade 1900|1900]] }} [[Gambar:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|jmpl|Dina maén bal, tujuan dasar para pangpayén nyaéta pikeun ajak timnya salami pertandingan.]] '''Maén bal''', atanapi '''méngbal''', '''sépak bal''', nyaéta [[olah raga tim|olah raga]] nu dimaénkeun antawis 2 di mana saban tim [[pamaén bal|pamaénna]] 11 urang kalawan hiji [[bal (maén bal)|bal]], di mana bal bisa gerak ku cara ditajong maké [[suku]] atawa dipentalkeun kana unggal babagian [[awak]] salian ti [[leungeun]].<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soccer Soccer] (diaksés ping 1 September 2015)</ref>. Dina abad ka-21, olah raga ieu dimaénkeun ku leuwih ti 250 juta pamaén di leuwih 200 nagara, nyieunanna olahraga nu pangsohorna sajagad raya.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title= Overview of Soccer |coauthors= |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550852/football|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guttman |first=Allen |editor=Eric Dunning, Joseph A. Maguire, Robert E. Pearton |title=The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach |year=1993 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-88011-624-2 |page=129 |chapter=The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=tQY5wxQDn5gC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=6ns3wVUEGV&sig=SZPKYSDMJBrO1uV4mPxNbKyAuJY#PPA129,M1 |quote=the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Dunning |title=Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation |year=1999 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=0-415-06413-9 |page=103 |chapter=The development of soccer as a world game |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=X3lX_LVBaToC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=ehee9Lr9o1&sig=nyvDhcrPoR8lXhYKE7k4CZYg_qU#PPA103,M1 |quote=During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Frederick |last2=Cantu |first=Robert |last3=Van Camp |first3=Steven |title=Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports |year=1996 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]] |isbn=0-87322-674-7 |page=57 |chapter=Team Sports |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=soccer+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=QzydYB5Am0&sig=w_ouIgmegjytYFfWy7k92guTNfU#PPA57,M1 |quote=Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over [[US$]]400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels }}</ref> Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dina hiji [[Lapangan maén bal|lapangan]] pasagi panjang ti jukut atanapi [[jukut jieunan]], kalawan hiji [[gawang]] di tengah-tengah ti saban sisi pondokna. Aya sawatara strategi anu nyerang jeung anu mertahankeun kalayan pola anu bisa dilarapkeun ka unggal kasabelasan dina laga.<ref name="sb">[http://www.g-excess.com/6030/pengertian-permainan-sepak-bola-beserta-peraturannya/ Pengertian Permainan Sepak Bola Beserta Peraturannya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117174859/http://www.g-excess.com/6030/pengertian-permainan-sepak-bola-beserta-peraturannya/ |date=2013-01-17 }} (Dicutat tanggal 12 November 2011)</ref> Dina méngbal aya sababaraha pola nyaéta pola nyerang jeung pola mertahankeun.<ref name="sb"/> Dina pola nyerang miboga tujuan nyaéta ngasupkeun bola ka gawang lawan, ku sabab kitu diperlukeun strategi jeung téhnik dina nyerang.<ref name="sb"/> Sedengkeun pola mertahankeun pikeun méré perlawanan ka lawan sangkan henteu gol.<ref name="sb"/> Tujuan maén bal nyéta nyitak skor ku cara ngasupkeun balna ka gawang musuh. Tim nu boga skor nu panglobana nalika wayahna séép nyaéta nu meunang. Upami skorna sarua, biasana dinyatakeun [[seri]] atawa lanjut ka [[babak tambihan]] jeung/atawa hiji [[adu pénalti (maén bal)|adu pénalti]]. ''[[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|Laws of the Game]]'' (aturan kaulinan) aslina disusun di Inggris ku ''[[The Football Association|Football Association]]'' dina 1863 sarta geus robah-robah saprak éta. Maén bal internasionalna diatur ku [[FIFA]], nu ngurus [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] nu dilaksanakeun saban 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061230124633/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |archivedate=2006-12-30 |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |publisher=FIFA |date=2006-12-05 |accessdate=2008-01-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230124633/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |date=2006-12-30 }}</ref> ==Étimologi jeung ngaran== <!-- Keep this overview section streamlined! Please place details and debate of what name is used where (other than the five nations noted) and other name debate issues in the dedicated article [[Names for association football]] rather than here! --> Aturan maén bal disusun di Inggris ku ''the Football Association'' dina 1863 sarta ngaran [[basa Inggris]] ''association football'' dijeung pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung [[Football|wangun ''football'' nu lian]] keur éta, utamina [[rugbi football]]. Sesebutan ''soccer'' asalna ti Inggris, kahiji muncul dina 1880-an salaku hiji singketan [[Oxford "-er"]] pikeun kecap "association".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html |title=The Yanks are Coming: A U.S. World Cup Preview |accessdate=2009-06-06 |last=Mazumdar |first=Partha |date=2006-06-05 |publisher=Embassy of the United States in London }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110175014/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref> Di [[Dunya pamaké basa Inggris]], olah raga ieu bisana disebut ''football'' (atawa ''footy'') di Britania Raya, sarta ''soccer'' di [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Di Indonésia, umumna kawanoh salaku ''sepak bola'' atanapi ''bola'' hungkul. ==Cara maén== [[File:U20-WorldCup2007-Okotie-Onka edit2.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang kiper ngeureunkeun bal ti tajongan deukeut ti jero kotak pénalti]] Olah raga ieu dimaénkeun dumasar kana sababaraha aturan nu disebut [[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|''Laws of the Game'']]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun maké bal nu bundeur (kira-kira {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} kurilingna dina standar FIFA). 2 tim (11 urang saban tim) parebut bal pikeun ngasupkeunnana ka gawang musuh. Tim nu miboga skor nu panglobana basa wayahna béak nyaéta nu meunang; lamun dua tim éta skorna sarua, patandingan éta disebut seri. Saban tim dipingpin ku hiji [[Kaptén (maén bal)|kaptén]] nu ngan miboga 1 tanggung jawab sakumaha disebutkeun ku ''Laws of the Game'': dimilukeun dina undian koin saméméh ''kick-off'' atawa adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/> Aturan utamina nyaéta pamaén iwal [[Kiper (maén bal)|kiper]] teu kénging ngeunaan balna maké panangan/leungeunna, kajaba basa pikeun [[alungan ka jero]] (''throw-in''). Sanajan umuna ngagunakeun suku, pamaén kénging ngagunakeun sadaya bagian awakna pikeun maénkeun balna, ("nyundul" lamun maké mastaka)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expertfootball.com/training/heading.php |title=How to head a football ) |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref> salian ti panangan jeung leungeunna.<ref name="fouls">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> Sadaya pamaén bébas maénkeun bal ka mana waé di jero lapangan, iwal dina posisi ''[[Offside (maén bal)|offside]]''<ref name="offsidelaw">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 11 – Offside |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=31 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref>, nu ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun tim lawanna. Dina kaulinan nu umum, pamaén ngusahakeun pikeun nyitak gol langkung nyieun kasempetan individual ku cara ngadalikeun balna, saperti kalawan ''[[dribbling]]'', ngoper balna ka batur satim, sarta bari najong balna ka gawang musuh, nu dijagaan ku kiper musuh. Pamaén musuh bisa mibogaan kadali balna ku cara motong operan musuhna atanapi ku cara [[Tackle#Maén bal|'tackling'']] musuh nu keur mibanda balna; tapi, kontak pisik biasana bahaya, jeung bisa ngahasilkeun tajongan bébas pikeun musuhna. [[File:Soccer goalkeeper.jpg|thumb|Saurang kiper ngusahakeun ngeureunkeun bal sangkan teu asup ka gawangna]] Dina tingkat profésional, kalobaannana patandingan ngan nyieun seutik gol. Contona, [[Liga Primér FA 2005-06|usum 2005–06]] [[Liga Primér]] Inggris ngan nyieun rarata 2,48 gol per patandingan.<ref>{{cite news |title=England Premiership (2005/2006) |work=Sportpress.com |url=http://www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |accessdate=2007-06-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023234/http://www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> ''The Laws of the Game'' teu nyebutkeun posisi pamaén nanaon salian kiper,<ref name=LAW301>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> tapi aya sababaraha [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] husus. Umumna, aya 3 kategori posisi nu utama: ''[[striker]]'' (atanapi 'pamaén payun'), nu pancén utamina pikeun nyitak gol; [[Bék (maén bal)|bék]], nu tujuana nyegah musuhna nyitak gol; sarta [[pamaén tengah]]. Pamaén-pamaén dina posisi ieu biasana disebut pamaén ''outfield'', pikeun ngabédakeunnana jeung kiper. Posisi-posisi ieu teras dibagi dumasar wewengkon lapangan di mana pamaén éta. Contona, aya bék tengah, pamaén tengah kénca, jeung pamaén tengah katuhu. 10 pamaén ''outfield'' bisa disusun dina rupa-rupa kombinasi susunan. Jumlah pamaén di unggal posisi nangtukeun pola maén tim; upami nu narajang jumlahna leuwih ti jumlah békna nyieun pola maén nu agrésif jeung ofénsif, samentara nu sabalikna nyieun pola maén nu leuwih defénsif. Ngan aya saeutik larangan dina pagerakan pamaén jadina pamaén bisa gentos posisi iraha waé.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4196830.stm |title=Positions guide, Who is in a team? |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref> Susunan pamaén-pamaén kawanoh salaku [[Formasi (maén bal)|''formasi'']]. Nangtoskeun formasi biasana hak prérogatif [[Manager (maén bal)|manager]] tim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197420.stm |title=Formations |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2007-09-24 | date=2005-09-01}}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{utama|Sajarah maén bal}} [[File:Fußballgeschichte (1872).jpg|thumb|right|Inggris lawan Skotlandia dina [[Patandingan pawakilan Inggris v Skotlandia (1870–1872)|patandingan maén bal internasional kahiji]] ([[The Oval]], 1872)]] [[File:1stRoyalEngineers.png|thumb|left|Tim [[Royal Engineers A.F.C.|Royal Engineers]] nu meunangkeun [[Final Piala FA 1872|Final Piala FA]] dina 1872]] Aya sababaraha bukti yén maén bal datangna ti perang-perang jaman baheula. Baheulana méngbal téh olahraga anu ahéng tur pikasieuneun ku sabab encan ayana peraturan [[FIFA]].<ref name="bola1"/> Para pamaéna osok silih serang anu teu kabendung anu balukarna anarkis.<ref name="bola1"/> Kaulinan nu aya najong balna geus dimaénkeun di raloba nagara di rupa-rupa jaman. Dumasar FIFA, "wangun pangawalna kaulinan nu mana aya bukti ilmiahna nyaéta hiji latihan ti hiji manual militér ti abad ka-2 jeung ka-3 SM di Cina", nu mana kawanoh salaku ''[[cuju]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html | accessdate = 2006-11-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208013354/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html |date=2013-02-08 }}</ref> Lain di [[Cina]] wungkul tapi di [[Jepang]] ogé tapi béda ngarana méngbal di Jepang disebut ''Kemari''. Jadi dina hakékatna mah olahraga méngbal téh mimitina di daérah [[Asia]] namung kamekarana jeung sumebarna méngbal [[Éropa]] anu ngamimitian ngamodifikasi méngbal jadi olahraga modéren anu dieuyeuban ku ayana peraturan dina maénna.<ref name="bola1">[http://sejarahsepakbola.com/ Asal Mula dan Sejarah Sepakbola] (Dicutat tanggal 4 Oktober 2011)</ref> <br/> Aturan maén bal modérn dumasar kana usaha patengahan abad ka-19 pikeun ngastandarisasi [[kaulinan maénbal sakola Inggris|rupa-rupa wangun maén bal]] nu dimaénkeun di sakola-sakola di Inggris. Sajarah maén bal di Inggris bisa ditéangan balik ka [[maén bal jaman patengahan|saheunteuna abad ka-8]].<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Football – Britain, the home of Football | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html | accessdate = 2006-11-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413045718/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html |date=2013-04-13 }}</ref> [[Aturan Cambridge]]{{dash}}kahiji dirancang di [[Universitas Cambridge]] dina 1848{{dash}}miboga pangaruh husus kana pamekaran aturan-aturan nu salajengna, kaasup maén bal. Aturan Cambridge ditulis di [[Kampus Trinity, Cambridge]], dina hiji panglawungan pawakilan sakola saperti [[Kampus Eton|Eton]], [[Sakola Harrow|Harrow]], [[Sakola Rugby|Rugby]], [[Kampus Winchester|Winchester]], jeung [[Sakola Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]]. Aturan éta teu diadopsi sadunya. Dina 1850-an, raloba klub nu teu kahubung jeung sakola atanapi universitas dibentuk di sapanjuru dunya panyatur basa Inggris, pikeun maénkeun rupa-rupa wangun maén bal. Sababaraha di antawisna ahirna miboga aturanna sorangan nu béda, cotona [[Sheffield F.C.]], nu dibentuk ku urut murid sakola dina 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football, the first hundred years |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |year=2005 |location=London |isbn=0-415-35018-2}}</ref> nu mana nuju ka dibentukna [[Sheffield & Hallamshire Football Association|Sheffield FA]] dina 1867. Dina 1862, [[J. C. Thring|John Charles Thring]] ti [[Sakola Uppingham]] ogé manggihan sababaraha sét aturan nu boga pangaruh.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Winner |date=2005-03-28 |title=The hands-off approach to a man's game |newspaper=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-07 |location=London }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528033057/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-05-28 }}</ref> Usaha-usaha ieu mangaruhan dibentukna ''[[The Football Association]]'' (Asosiasi Maén Bal, The FA) dina 1863, nu mana kahiji patepung dina 26 Oktober 1863 di [[Freemasons' Tavern]] (Warung [miras] Freemason) di [[Jalan Great Queen]], London.<ref name="FAhistory">{{cite web |title=History of the FA |publisher=Football Association (FA) |url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm |accessdate=2007-10-09| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050407161619/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm| archivedate = 7 April 2005}}</ref> Sahiji-hijina sakola nu diwakilkeun di panglawungan ieu nyaéta [[Sakola Charterhouse|Charterhouse]]. Freemason's Tavern jadi patempatan pikeun 5 panglawungan salajengna antawis Oktober jeung Désémber, nu mana ngahasilkeun sét aturan komprehénsif kahiji. Di panglawungan ahir, panata harta kahiji FA, wakil ti [[Blackheath Rugby Club|Blackheath]], kaluar jeung klubna ti FA ku lantaran dihupusna 2 konsép aturan ti panglawungan saméméhna: nu kahiji, ngijinkeun mawa bal jeung leungeun; nu kadua pikeun ngahalangan, lumpat misalna, ku cara najong sampéanna), néngklasanna, jeung nyekelannana. [[Sajarah rugbi union|Klub rugbi football Inggris nu lian mimiliuan ieu]] jeung teu ngagabung ka FA, atawa ninggalkeun FA jeung teras dina 1871 ngawangun [[Union Rugbi Football]]. 11 klub sésana, dina kaluluguan [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]], ngesahkeun 13 aturan asli kauliinan.<ref name="FAhistory"/> Sheffield FA maén kalawan aturana sorangan nepi ka 1870-an bari FA nyerep sababaraha aturan éta nepi bédana ngan saeutik.<ref name="Merger">{{cite book|author=Young, Percy M.|year=1964|title=Football in Sheffield|pages=28–29|publisher=S. Paul}}</ref> ''Laws of the game'' ayeuna ditangtoskeun ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB).<ref>{{cite web|title=IFAB|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125507/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |date=2013-02-06 }}</ref> Badan éta ngadeg taun 1886<ref>{{cite web |title=The International FA Board |publisher=FIFA |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archivedate=2007-04-22 |accessdate=2007-09-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |date=2007-04-22 }}</ref> sanggeus hiji panglawungan di [[Manchester]] antawis The Football Association, [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Skotlandia]], [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Wales]], sarta [[Asosiasi Maén Bal Irlandia]]. Kompetisi maén bal nu pangkolotna sadunya nyaéta [[Piala FA]], nu diwangun ku [[C. W. Alcock]] jeung geus dilombakeun antawis tim-tim Inggris saprak 1872. [[Skotlandia v Inggris (1872)|Patandingan maén bal internasional resmi nu kahiji]] lumangsung dina 1872 antawis Skotlandia jeung Inggris di [[Glasgow]]. Inggris minangka imah pikeun [[The Football League|liga maén bal]] nu kahiji di dunya, nu diwangun di [[Birmingham]] dina 1888 ku diréktur [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[William McGregor (maén bal)|William McGregor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History Of The Football League |publisher=Football League |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0,,10794~1357277,00.html |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Wangun aslina miboga 12 klub ti [[Daratan Tengah Inggris|''Midlands'']] (Daratan Tengah) jeung [[Inggris Kalér]]. [[Fédération Internationale de Football Association|FIFA]], badan maén bal internasional, diwangun di [[Paris]] dina 1904 jeung nyebutkeun bakal satia ka ''Laws of the Game''-na Football Association.<ref name=Wherebegan/> Tumuwuhna popularitas patandingan internasional ngarah ka pangakuan pawakilan FIFA ka [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] dia 1913. Badan éta ayeuna miboga 4 wakil ti FIFA jeung 1 ti unggal opat asosiasi ti Britania.<ref name="IFAB works"/> Kiwari, maén bal diulinkeun dina hiji tingkat [[olah raga profésional|profésional]] di sakuliah dunya. Jutaan jalmi biasa angkat ka stadion maén bal pikeun nongton tim dukunganna,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |last2=Glendenning |first2=Barry |date=2003-10-09 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=2006-06-05 }}</ref> samentara milyaran lianna nongton patandingan di televisi atanapi di Internét.<ref>{{cite web | title = TV Data | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html | accessdate = 2007-09-02 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070922225713/http://fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html | archivedate = 22 September 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224112318/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html |date=2009-02-24 }}</ref> Aya loba ogé nu maén bal dina tingkat amatir. Dumasar hiji survéy FIFA, dibéwarakeun dina 2001, leuwih ti 240 juta urang ti leuwih ti 200 nagara régulér maén bal.<ref>{{cite web | title = FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide | publisher = FIFA | url = http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archivedate = 2006-09-15 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf |date=2006-09-15 }}</ref> Maén bal miboga panongton televisi sadunya nu panglobana dina olah raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before|publisher=FIFA|date=6 February 2007|accessdate=2009-10-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806183836/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/ |date=2013-08-06 }}</ref> [[Tim nasional maén bal Basisir Gading]] ngabantos ngamankeun gencatan pakarang di [[Perang Sadulur Basisir Gading]] dina 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=More than a game |work=Common Ground News Service |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |last=Stormer |first=Neil |date=2006-06-20 |accessdate=2010-03-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626030739/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |date=2010-06-26 }}</ref> jeung leuwih tebih ngirangan tegangan antawis pamaréntah jeung nu berontak dina 2007 langkung tanding maén bal di ibu kota pamberontakan, [[Bouaké]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Best Feet Forward | work=Vanity Fair | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/ivorycoast200707 |first=Merrill |last=Austin | date = 2007-07-10 | accessdate = 2010-03-02 }}</ref> Bandinganna, maén bal kawanoh kalawan luas salaku pertimbangan sabab ayana [[Perang Maén Bal]] dina Juni 1969 antawis [[Él Salvador]] jeung [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Has football ever started a war? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,2017161,00.html |last1=Dart |first1=James |last2=Bandini |first2=Paolo |date=2007-02-21 |accessdate=2007-09-24 |location=London}}</ref> Olah raga ieu ogé miburukan tegangan dina awal [[perang Yugoslav]] dina 1990-an, nalika patandingan antawis [[NK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]] jeung [[Red Star Belgrade]] jadi karusuhan dina Maret 1990.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | title= The Soccer Wars | last=Drezner |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel W. Drezner |date=2006-06-04 |page=B01 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201401.html |accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> ==Aturan== Aya 17 aturan di "Laws of the Game". Aturan nu sarua disusun pikeun dipaké dina sadaya tingkat, sanajan modifikasi katangtu pikeun kelompok saperti junior, sénior, putri, jeung jalmi kalawan kakirangan fisik, diijinkeun. "Laws of the Game" dimedalkeun ku FIFA, tapi diurus ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]] (IFAB), sanésna FIFA.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html| title=Laws Of The Game| publisher=FIFA| accessdate=2007-09-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044035/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html |date=2007-09-01 }}</ref> Tambihannana kana 17 aturan, raloba kaputusan IFAB jeung instruksi lianna mangaruhan régulasi maén bal. Nu pangrumitna nyaéta [[offside (maén bal)|''offside'']]. <!-- The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to receive the ball when closer to the opponent's goal line than: the ball itself; the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper); and the half-way line.<ref name="offsidelaw"/> --> ===Pamaén, kalengkepan, jeung ofisial=== {{See also|Posisi maén bal|Formasi (maén bal)|Pakéan (maén bal)}} Unggal tim miboga maksimal 11 pamaén (teu kaasup [[cadangan (maén bal)|cadangan]]), salah sahijina kedah janten [[kper (maén bal)|kiper]]. Aturan kompetisi bisa nyebutkeun jumlah pamaén minimal dina hiji tim, biasana 7. Kiper mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaén nu kaci maénkeun balna jeung panangan, tapi sabenerna pamaén nu lian ogé kaci ukur keur''throw-in'' (alungan ka jero) hungkul. Sanajan aya sababaraha rupa [[posisi maén bal|posisi]] di mana pamaén ''outfielder'' (non-kiper) ditempatkeun ku palatih, posisi-posisi ieu teu diterangkeun jeung diatur.<ref name=LAW301/> [[Pakéan (maén bal)|Pakéan]] (''seragam'') nu dipibutuh nyaéta baju, calana, kaos suku, alas suku, jeung upami diperlukeun [[palindung suku]]. [[Hélem (maén bal)|Palindung mastaka]] sanés kalengkepan dasar, tapi kiwari, pamaén tiasa makéna pikeun ngalindungan soranganna ti kacilakaan. Pamaén teu meunang maké nanaon nu bahaya pikeun manéhna atawa pamaén lian, kawas jewellery atanapi arloji. Kiper kedah maké pakéan anu gampang dibédakeung jeung nu dipaké ku pamaén lian jeung ofisial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> Sababaraha pamaén bisa digentos ku cadangan. Jumlah maksimal panggantian nu diijinkeun dina raloba laga doméstik jeung internasional nyaéta 3, sanajan jumlah éta bisa robah di kompetisi lian atanapi patandingan sababaturan. Alesan digentosna pamaén contona ku lantaran cedera, capé, kirang éféktif, taktik, atanapi [[miceun waktos]]. Dina patandingan standar, pamaén nu geus digentos teu kaci maén deui dina patandingan éta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> IFAB nyarankeun yén "hiji patandingan kedahna teu dilanjutkeun upami dua tim éta pamaénna nu maénna kirang ti 7 urang." Kaputusan méré poin tina patandingan nu katinggal kitu dumasar kana asosiasi maén bal sosoranganna.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 3 – The Number of Players |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=62 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref> <div id="Match officials"></div>Hiji patandingan diluluguan ku saurang [[wasit (maén bal)|wasit]], nu mibanda "kakawassan pinuh ngalaksanakeun ''Laws of the Game'' dina patandingan di mana manéhna ditunjuk kanana" (Hukum 5), jeung kaputusanna final. Wasit dibantos ku 2 [[asistén wasit]]. Di loba patandingan tingkat luhur, aya ogé saurang [[ofisial kaopat]] nu ngabantoasn wasit jeung bisa ngagentos ofisial nu lian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> ===Lapangan=== {{utama|Lapangan maén bal}} [[File:Football pitch metric.svg|thumb|400px|Lapangan standar kalawan ukuranna]] Ku lantaran aturanna disusun di Inggris, jeung ngan diurus ku 4 asosiasi maén bal Britania dina [[IFAB]], diménsi lapangan maén bal standar aslina ngagunakeun [[unit impérial]]. Aturan ayeuna ngagunakeun diménsi kalawan ajén pakiraan [[SI|métrikna]] (dipiluan ku unit tradisional di jero kurung), sanajan pamakéan populér condongna tetep maké unit tradisional di nagara pamaké basa Inggris kalawan sajarah [[métrikasi]] nu rélatif anyar (atanapi métrikasi sabagian), saperti Britania.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will we ever go completely metric? |work=BBC news |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm |date=2004-09-02 |last=Summers |first=Chris |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> Panjang lapangan pikeun patandingan internasional déwan 100–110&nbsp;m (110–120&nbsp;yd) jeung lébarna 64–75&nbsp;m (70–80&nbsp;yd). Lapangan pikeun patandingan non-internasional bisa 90–120&nbsp;m (100–130&nbsp;yd) panjangna jeung 45–90&nbsp;m (50–100&nbsp;yd) lébarna. Sanajan kitu, dina 2008, IFAB ngasahkeun ukuran panjang standar 105&nbsp;m (344&nbsp;suku) jeung lébra 68&nbsp;m (223&nbsp;suku) salaku diménsi lapangan standar pikeun patandingan internasional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/media/news/newsid=707751/ |title=Goal-line technology put on ice |publisher=FIFA |date=2008-03-08 |accessdate=2010-06-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130227/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2008/m=3/news=goal-line-technology-put-ice-707751.html |date=2018-07-04 }}</ref><!-- ref for last sentence only --> Kaputusan ieu sabenerna teu pernah diréalisasikeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |title=FIFA Amendments to the Laws of the Game, 2008 |publisher=FIFA |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503194134/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |date=2020-05-03 }}</ref> Gurat wates nu panjang ngaranna ''touchlines'', samentwis nu pondok nyaéta ''goal lines'' (gurat gawang). Hiji gawang pasagi panjang ditempatkeun di tengah unggal gurat gawang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |archivedate=13 September 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> Jarak antawis 2 tihang gawang vértikal nyaéta 7,32&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;yd), jeung tihang horisontalna kedah 2,44&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;ft) luhureun taneuh. Jaring biasana dipasang di tukangeun gawang, tapi teu dipibutuh ku aturan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144942/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014712/https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |date=2020-07-04 }}</ref> Hareupeun gawang aya nu kawanoh salaku [[aréa pénalti]]. <!-- Aréa ieu dicirian ku gurat gawang, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5&nbsp;m (18&nbsp;yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a [[penalty kick (football)|penalty kick]]. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at [[Kick-off (association football)|kick-off]]s, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011084145/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm| archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref> --> ===Durasi jeung cara ngeureunkeun waktos=== Patandingan standar miboga 2 babak. Unggal babak panjangna 45 menit. Biasana aya istirahat 15 menit antawis babak-babak. Wasit nyaéta panjaga waktu resmi. Wasit bisa nambihkeun waktosna dina ahir unggal babak ku lantaran misalna aya pamaén nu digentosan, cidera, atawa hal-hal lianna. Waktu tambihan ieu kawanoh ogé salaku ''stoppage time'', ''injury time'', atanapi ''loss time''. Lilana waktu tambihan dumasar kana kaputusan wasit. Dina patandingan di mana aya ofisial kaopat, nuju ka réngséna hiji babak, wasit méré nyahoan baraha menit waktos anu rék ditambih. Ofisial kaopat teras nginformasikeun para pamaén jeung panongton kalawan nyandak papan nu némbongkeun menit tambihannana. Waktu tambihan bisa ditambih deui ku wasit.<ref name="rule7.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-10-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> Waktu tambihan dipikawanohkeun ku lantaran kacilakaan dina 1891 dina hiji patandingan antawis [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke]] jeung [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]. Kaaayaan 1–0 sarta waktosna ngan sésa 2 menit, Stoke dibéré pénalti. Kiper Aston Villa najong balna kaluar lapangan. Basa balna geus balik, waktu 90&nbsp;menit geus béak jeung patandinganna réngsé.<ref>[[The Sunday Times]] ''Illustrated History Of Football'' Reed International Books Limited 1996. p.11 ISBN 1-85613-341-9</ref> Aturan nu sarua ogé mikawanohkeun yén upami waktosna geus béak tapi aya pénalti nu kedah dilakukeun, durasi babak éta dilamikeun deui nepi ka pénalti dilaksanakeun, ku kituna taya patandingan nu réngsé kalawan hiji pénalti pikeun dilakukeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.3–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2010-03-03 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080603064822/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |archivedate=3 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603064822/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |date=2008-06-03 }}</ref> Dina kompetisi liga, patandingan bisa réngsé dina kadudukan seri, tapi dina sababaraha kompetisi sistim gugur, upami hiji patandingan réngséna seri, patandingan éta bisa lanjut ka babak tambihan, unggall babakna 15-menit. Upami skorna masih kénéh seri, sababaraha kompetisi ngijinkeun pamakéan [[adu pénalti]] (resmina dina ''Laws of the Game'': "kicks from the penalty mark") pikeun nangtoskeun tim nu mana nu ngalanjutkeun ka puteran salajengna dina turnamén éta. Gol nu dicitak dina babak tambihan diétang kana skor ahir patandingan, tapi gol ti adu pénalti ukur dipaké pikeun nagroskeun tim mana nu meunangna (gol dina adu pénalti teu diétang kana skor ahir).<ref name="laws51-52">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Procedures to determine the winner of a match or home-and-away |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |pages=51–52 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref> Dina kompetisi nu ngagunakeun [[patandingan 2 laga]], unggal tim tanding di stadion kandangna sakali. Skor agrégat ti 2 patandingan éta nangtukeun tim mana nu lanjut. Upami skor agrégatna sarua, [[aturan gol tandang]] bisa dipaké pikeun nangtoskeun nu meunangna, nu mana nu meunangna nyaéta tim nu nyitak gol panglobana basa maén di kandang musuhna. Upami hasilna masih kénéh sarua, adu pénalti.<ref name="laws51-52"/> Dina ahir 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an, [[IFAB]] nyobian cara nangtoskeun nu meunang tanpa adu pénalti. Di antarana ngeureunkeun patandingan dina babak tambihan, boh basa gol kahiji dina babak tambihan dicitak (''[[golden goal]]''), boh hiji tim skorna mingpin dina ahir babak kahiji babak tambihan (''[[silver goal]]''). ''Golden goal'' dipaké dina Piala Dunya [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]] jeung [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|2002]]. Patandingan Piala Dunya nu kahiji ditangtukeun ku ''golden goal'' nyaéta meunangna [[tim nasional maén bal Perancis|Perancis]] ti [[tim nasional maén bal Paraguay|Paraguay]] dina 1998. [[tim nasional maén bal Jérman|Jérman]] mangrupa nagara kahiji nu nyitak ''golden goal'' dina hiji kompetisi gedé, ngéléhkeun [[tim nasional maén bal Céko|Céko]] di final [[Euro 1996]]. ''Silver goal' dipaké dina [[Euro 2004]]. Pacobaan ieu duanana teu dilanjutkeun ku IFAB.<ref>{{cite news | title = Time running out for silver goal |publisher=Rediff.com |agency=Reuters | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/02silver.htm | last=Collett |first=Mike | date = 2004-07-02 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>'' ===Bal asup jeung kaluar=== Dina ''Laws of the Game'', 2 dasar patandingan nyaéta ''bal di'' jeung ''di luar maén''. Ti mimitina unggal babak kalawan kick-off nepi ka réngséna, bal salawasna aya di pamaénan, iwal nalika balna kaluar lapangan, atanapi patandingan distop heula ku wasit. Basa balna kaluar ti pamaénan, maénna di-"ulang" deui ku salah sahiji cara ti 8métodeunu aya dumasar sababna: [[File:Shunsuke1 20080622.jpg|thumb|right|Saurang pamaén ngalaksanakeun tajongan bébas. Musuhna ngawangun "témbok" pikeun ngalingan balna]] * [[Kick-off (maén bal)|Kick-off]]: sanggeus hiji gol ku tim lawan, atanapi mimitian unggal babak.<ref name="restart">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |accessdate=2007-09-24 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * [[Alungan ka jero]]: basa balna kaluar ti gurat sisi (nu panjang, sanés nu aya gawangna); dibéré ka lawan ti tim nu pangahirna ngeunaan bal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * [[Tajongan gawang]]: basa balna kaluar liwat garis gawang tanpa hiji skor nu dicitak sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu narajang; dibéré ka tim musuhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * [[Tajongan juru]]: basa balna geus meuntasan gurat gawang tanpa aya gol nu kacitak tina sarta pangahirna dikeunaan ku tim nu ditarajangan; dibéré ka tim nu narajang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * [[Tajongan bébas teu langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "non-pidana", palanggaran téhnis katangtos, atanapi basa pamaénanna dieureunkeun saheulaan. Teu kaci nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu (tanpa ngeunaan paamén lian).<ref name="freekick">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * [[Tajongan bébasa langsung]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran "pidana".<ref name="freekick"/> Kénging nyitak gol langsung liwat tajongan ieu. * [[Tajongan pénalti (maén bal)|Tajongan pénalti]]: dibéré ka lawanna tim nu ngalakukeun palanggaran di kotak pénalti soranganna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-09-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref> * ''[[Dropped-ball]]'': basa wasitna ngeureunkeun patandingan saheulaan pikeun alesan-alesan lian, saperti aya pamaén nu cedera serius di lapangan. Kaputusan kieu carang aya dina patandingan normal.<ref name="restart"/> ===Palanggaran=== {{double image|right|Yellow card.svg|60|Red card.svg|60|Pamaén dibéré pangélingan maké kartu konéng, jeung dikaluarkeun maké kartu beureum. Warna-warna ieu kahiji dipikawanohkeun dina [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1970]] jeung masih dianggo nepi ka ayeuna.}} [[File:Ryan Valentine scores.jpg|thumb|left|Saurang pamaén nyitak hiji tajongan pénalti nu dihadiahkeun sanggeus hiji palanggaran kana timna dina kotak pénalti lawanna]] Hiji [[palanggaran (maén bal)|palanggaran]] aya basa saurang pamaén ngalakukeun hiji kalakuan katangtos nu kaserat dina Laws of the Game nalika balna keur dimaénkeun. Lalaku anu nyababkeun palanggaran kaserat dina Law 12. Ku sangaja ngeunaan balna maké tangan, néngklasan musuh, atanapi ngadorong musuh, mangrupa conto "pidana", bisa dihukum ku [[tajongan bébas langsung]] atanapi [[tajongan pénalti (maén bal|tajongan pénalti]] dumasar di mana palanggaran éta aya. Palanggaran lian dihukum ku hiji [[tajongan bébas teu langsung]].<ref name="fouls"/> Wasit bisa ngahukum saurang pamaén atanapi ku cara méré pangélingan ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu konéng]]) atanapi ngaluarkeunna ([[kartu palanggaran|kartu beureum]]). Kartu konéng kadua bisa nyababkeun pamaén narima kartu beureum. Saurang pamaén nu dibéré kartu kuning kawanoh salaku geus "booked", wasit nyerat nami si pamén dina buku resmina. Upami saurang pamaén geus dikaluarkeun, pamaén cadangan teu kénging ngeusian posisina. Non-pamaén saperti ménéjer jeung staf teu kénging dibéré kartu, tapi bisa diusir upami kalakuanna katempo teu sopaneun.<ref name="fouls"/> Tinimbang ngeureunkeun patandingan, wasit bisa ngidinkeun patandingan lanjut. Upami kitu, nu kawas kitu bisa nguntungkeun tim lawanna nu ngalakukeun palanggaranna. Hal ieu kawanoh salaku "''playing an advantage''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm |title=Referee's signals: advantage |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2011-03-04 |date=14 September 2005}}</ref> Wasit bisa "''call back''" patandingan jeung méré hukuman éta palanggaran upami teu jadi "''advantage''" dina "sababaraha detik". Upami hiji palanggaran teu dihukuman ku lantaran keur aya ''advantage'', nu ngalakukeunnana masih bisa dihukum ku sabab palanggaran salajengna nu dilakukeunnana.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 5: Referee: Advantage |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |format=PDF |author=IFAB |authorlink=International Football Association Board |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 |page=66 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}</ref> ==Babon organisasi== {{See also|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}} Babon organisasi internasional maén bal (jeung varian-varianna, kawas [[futsal]] jeung [[maén bal basisir]]) nu diakuan nyaéta [[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] (FIFA). Markas FIFA aya di [[Zurich]]. 6 konféderasi kawewengkonan kahubung jeung FIFA; nyaéta:<ref name="confeds">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/confederations/ |title=Confederations |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317215323/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/confederations/ |date=2015-03-17 }}</ref> * Asia: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Asia|Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC) * Afrika: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Afrika|Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) * Éropa: [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) * Amérika Kalér/Tengah & Karibia: [[CONCACAF|Konféderasi Maén Bal Amérika Kalér, Tengah, jeung Karibia]] (CONCACAF) * Oséania: [[Konféderasi Maén Bal Oséania]] (OFC) * Amérika Kidul: [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol]] (CONMEBOL) Asosiasi nasional ngawasan maén bal dina nagara sosoranganna. Hali ieu umumna harina sarua jeung [[nagara daulat]], (conto: [[Fédération Camerounaise de Football]] di [[Kamerun]]) tapi ngawengku ogé sababaraha asosiasi nu ngawasan éntitas sub-nasional (contona [[Scottish Football Association]] di [[Skotlandia]]). 208 asosiasi nasional kaafiliasi boh jeung FIFA atanapi konféderasi kabuanaanna.<ref name="confeds"/> FIFA miboga tanggung jawab pikeun nyusun kompetisi jeung aturan-aturanna nu patali, tapi Laws of the Game sabenerna diatur ku [[Badan Asosiasi Maén Bal Internasional]], di mana unggal asosiasi ti Britania Raya miboga hiji sora, samentara FIFA sacara koléktif miboga 4 sora.<ref name="IFAB works">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |title=The IFAB: How it works |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125507/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html |date=2013-02-06 }}</ref> ==Pasanggiri internasional== {{utama|Daptar pasanggiri maén bal}} Kompetisi maén bal internasional utami nyaéta [[Piala Dunya FIFA|Piala Dunya]], diatur ku FIFA. Kompetisi ieu lumangsung dina jangka waktos 4 taun. Leuwih ti 190 tim nasional palomba-lomba dina turnamén. Puteran finalna, nu dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun, mimilukeun 32 tim nasional dina jangka waktos 4 minggu.<ref>Jumlah tim nu asup ka puteran final robah-robah saprak mimitina Piala Dunya. Nu panganyarna nyaéta 32 tim, saprak [[Piala Dunya FIFA 1998|1998]].</ref> Turnamén nu panganyarna, [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2010]], dilaksanakeun di [[Afrika Kidul]] ti 11 Juni nepi ka 11 Juli.<ref>{{cite web | title = The FIFA Calendar | publisher = FIFA | url = http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/calendar/events.html | accessdate = 2010-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424044547/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/calendar/events.html |date=2013-04-24 }}</ref> Aya [[Maén bal di Olimpiade|pasanggiri maén bal]] dina unggal [[Olimpiade Usum Panas]] saprak 1900, iwal dina 1932 di [[Olimpiade 1932|Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/football-equipment-and-history?tab=1 |title=Football Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |accessdate=2011-03-04}}</ref> Saméhémh mimitina Piala Dunya, maén bal nu dina Olimpiade (utamina dina 1920-an) miboga status nu sarua jeung Piala Dunya. Aslina, cabang ieu ngan pikeun amatir hungkul,<ref name=Wherebegan>{{cite web |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-06-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |date=2007-06-08 }}</ref> tapi, saprak [[Olimpiade 1984]], pamaén profésional diidinkeun ngiring, sanajan kalawan larangan katangtos nu nyegahan nagara nurunkeun timna nu pangkiatna. Ayeuna, turnamén maén bal putra dina Olimpiade dimaénkeun ku pamaén U-23. Baheula, Olimpiade miboga larangan ngeunaan umur sababaraha pamaén;<ref>{{cite web |title=Football – An Olympic Sport since 1900 |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090601015157/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=FB |archivedate=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> tapi praktikna euweuh dina Olimpiade 2008. Turnamén putrina ditambihkeun dina 1996. Lain jeung nu putrana, euweuh larangan ngeunaan yuswa pamaén dina turnamén nu putrina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olympics.sportinglife.com/olympics/story/0,23911,14986,00.html |title=Event Guide – Football |work=sportinglife |publisher=365 media group |accessdate=2011-03-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430181217/http://olympics.sportinglife.com/olympics/story/0%2C23911%2C14986%2C00.html |date=2011-04-30 }}</ref> Sanggeus Piala Dunya, kompetisi internasional maén bal nu penting lianna nyaéta kajuaraan konféderasi, nu diatur ku asosiasi kabuanaan jeung dilombakeun antawis tim-tim nasional. Kajuaraanna nyaéta [[Kajuaraan Maén Bal Éropa UEFA|Kajuaraan Éropa]] (UEFA), [[Copa América]] (CONMEBOL), [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Afrika]] (CAF), [[Piala Asia]] (AFC), [[Piala Emas CONCACAF]] (CONCACAF), jeung [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa OFC]] (OFC). [[Piala Konféderasi FIFA]] dilombakeun antawis 6 juara konféderasi, juara [[Piala Dunya FIFA]] keur éta, jeung nagara tuan rumah Piala Konféderasi éta sorangan. Kompetisi ieu umumna katémbong salaku pamanasan pikeun Piala Dunya FIFA. Aya ogé kompetisi konféderasi pikeun klub contona saperti [[UEFA Champions League]] jeung [[Copa Libertadores de América]]. Nu meunang kajuaraan konféderasi ngawakilkeun konféderasina dina [[Piala Dunya Klub FIFA]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format| publisher=FIFA| url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html| date=2007-08-14| accessdate=2007-10-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531094715/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html |date=2008-05-31 }}</ref> ==Pasanggiri lokal== {{utama|Maén bal di sakuliah dunya}} [[File:Cesc Fàbregas Anderson.jpg|thumb|2 pamaén parebut bal]] Umumna, babon organisasi di unggal nagara nguruskeun [[sistim liga]] dina hiji [[usum doméstik maén bal|usum doméstik]], biasana miboga sababaraha [[divisi (olahraga)|divisi]], di mana tim-tim mibandaan poin dina sausum dumasar hasil atandinganna. Tim-tim ditempatkeun kana [[klasemén]], diurutkeun dumasar poin nu dipibanda. Dina ahir usum, tim nu panglobana mibanda poin nyaéta nu meunang. Umumna dina ahir usum, sababaraha tim nu pangluhurna [[promosi jeung dégradasi|promosi]] ka divisi nu leuwih luhur. Sabalikna, hiji atanapi sababaraha tim nu dina ahir usum jadi panghandapna dégradasi ka divisi nu leuwih handap.<ref>{{cite journal |title=European and North American Sports Differences(?) |title=Scottish Journal of Political Economy |last=Fort |first=Rodney |month=September |year=2000 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=431–455 |doi=10.1111/1467-9485.00172}}</ref> Pangajabaan sistem ieu aya di sababaraha liga [[Amérika Latin]], nu ngabagi kajuaraan kana 2 bagian, [[Apertura jeung Clausura]] (Basa Spanyol pikeun ''Pamuka'' jeung ''Panutup''), ngahadiahan ka unggal juara bagian.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/latinamerica/story/Estudiantes-win-Argentina-Apertura-title |title=Estudiantes win Argentina Apertura title |date=2010-12-13 |newspaper=FoxSports |agency=Associated Press |quote=Under the system used in Argentina and most of Latin America, two season titles are awarded each year – the Apertura and Clausura.}}</ref> Sababaraha liga top midangkeun pamaén-pamaén béntang; sabalikne di liga nu leuwih leutik, pamaén bisa jadi nu boga gawé lian atanapi amatiran. Lima liga Éropa top&nbsp;– [[Premier League]] (Inggris),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7321408.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |title= Premier League conquering Europe |date=2008-03-31 |accessdate=2008-05-27 | first=Ian | last=Hughes}}</ref> [[La Liga]] (Spanyol), [[Serie A]] (Italia), [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] (Jérman), jeung [[Ligue 1]] (Perancis)&nbsp;– mincut raloba pamahttp://tiatizzianni.com/wp-content/uploads/4307103713_0e18a0d57f.jpgn alus sadunya sarta unggal liga miboga total biaya bayaran leuwih ti £600 yuta/[[Euro|€]]763 yuta/$AS 1,185 milyar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Louise |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/29/premierleague |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Leading clubs losing out as players and agents cash in |date=2008-05-29 |accessdate=2008-11-28 | location=London}}</ref> ==Maén bal putri== {{utama|Maén bal putri}} Awéwé geus ngulinkeun maén bal saprak patandingan putri nu kahiji kacutat nyaéta dina 1895 di London Kalér. Maén bal pikeun awéwé sok dihubngkeun jeung patandingan amal sarta latihan fisik, utamina di Britania Raya.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4607171.stm |title=How women's football battled for survival |last=Gregory |first=Patricia |work=BBC sport |publisher=BBC |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> Cara nempo kieu mimiti ngarobah dina 1970-an kalawan torobosan dina maén bal pikeun awéwé nu diorganisir. Tumuwuhna maén bal pikeun awéwé, ngahasilkeun kompetisi tingkat boh [[maén bal putri di sakuliah dunya|nasional]] boh [[kompetisi maén bal putri internasional|internasional]]. Maén bal putri pernah miboga "jaman kajayaan" di Britania Raya dina awal 1920-an basa panongtonna nepi ka 50.000 di sababaraha patandingan;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/4603149.stm |title=Trail-blazers who pioneered women's football |last=Alexander |first=Shelley |work=BBC sport |publisher=BBC |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> tapi dieureunkeun dina 5 Désémber 1921 nalika Asosiasi Maén Bal Inggris nyorakeun sangkan ngalaranganna ti lapangan nu dipaké ku anggotana. Larangan éta dibatalkeun dina Désémber 1969 kalawan pamilihan sora di UEFA pikeun ngakuan sacara resmi maén bal putri dina 1971.<ref name="BBCwomen-Gregory"/> [[Piala Dunya Putri FIFA]] mimiti dina 1991 jeung saprak éta geus dilaksanakeun unggal 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |title=Tournaments: Women's World Cup |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2011-03-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042405/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |date=2013-02-08 }}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Maén bal}} *[[Budaya maén bal]] *[[Taktik jeung kaahlian maén bal]] *[[Daptar klub maén bal]] *[[Daptar klub maén bal putri]] *[[Daptar tim nasional maén bal putra]] *[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal]] *[[Daptar panyitak gol top maén bal dumasar nagara]] *[[Daptar pamaén bal]] *[[Maén bal Paralimpiade]] *[[Variasi maén bal]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|3}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons|Football (Soccer)}} * [http://www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)] * [http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html Laws of the Game (LOTG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044035/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html |date=2007-09-01 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maen bal}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké bal]] [[Kategori:Maén bal| ]] [[Kategori:Olah raga ti Inggris]] [[Kategori:Kode football]] [[Kategori:Aturan maén bal]] co1k9swnvvd64ywnz2nndp4fm5fcleg 0 37285 710585 673236 2026-06-19T10:14:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian federal subject |en_name=Krai Krasnodar |ru_name=Краснодарский край |image_map=Krasnodar in Russia.svg |latd=45 |latm=22 |longd=39 |longm=26 |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Krasnodar Krai.svg |coa_caption=[[Lambang Krai Krasnodar]] |image_flag=Flag of Krasnodar Krai.svg |flag_caption=[[Bandéra Krai Krasnodar]] |anthem=[[Lagu Kabangsaan Krai Krasnodar]] |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Krai |political_status_link=Krai di Rusia |federal_district=[[Distrik Féderal Kidul|Kidul]] |economic_region=[[wewengkon ékonomi Kaukasus Kalér|Kaukasus Kalér]] |adm_ctr_type=Puseur administratif |adm_ctr_name=[[Krasnodar]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=5226647 |pop_2010census_rank=ka-3 |urban_pop_2010census=52,9% |rural_pop_2010census=47,1% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=76000 |area_km2_rank=ka-42 |area_km2_ref |established_date=13&nbsp;Séptémber 1937 |established_date_ref=<ref name="DateEstablished">Azarenkova et al., p.&nbsp;114</ref> |license_plates=23 |ISO=RU-KDA |gov_as_of=March 2011 |leader_title=[[Pupuhu Administrasi Krai Krasnodar|Pupuhu Administrasi (Gubernur)]] |leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadTitle">Charter, Article&nbsp;41.1</ref> |leader_name=[[Alexander Nikolayevich Tkachyov|Alexander Tkachyov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Loka resmi Krai Krasnodar. [http://admkrai.kuban.ru/content/section/701/detail/23876/ Biografi Alexander Nikolayevich Tkachyov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828165041/http://admkrai.kuban.ru/content/section/701/detail/23876 |date=2012-08-28 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Majelis Législatif Krai Krasnodar|Majelis Législatif]] |legislature_ref=<ref name="Legislature">Charter, Chapter&nbsp;3</ref> |website=http://admkrai.kuban.ru/ |website_ref |date=August 2010 }} '''Krai Krasnodar''' ({{lang-ru|Краснода́рский край}}, ''Krasnodarsky kray'') nyaéta hiji [[subjék féderal Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]] (hiji [[krai]]), aya di [[Distrik Féderal Kidul]]. [[Puseur administratif]]na nyaéta [[rupa pamukiman di Rusia|kota]] [[Krasnodar]]. Populaai: 5.226.647 ([[Sénsus Rusia 2010|Sénsus 2010]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == *[[Musik Krai Krasnodar]] *[[Gubernur Krai Krasnodar]] == Catetan jeung rujukan == {{Reflist}} *{{Cite book |last=Азаренкова |first=А.&nbsp;С. |coauthors=И.&nbsp;Ю.&nbsp;Бондарь, Н.&nbsp;С.&nbsp;Вертышева |title=Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985&nbsp;гг.) |origyear=1986 |year=1986 |publisher=Краснодарское книжное издательство |language=Basa Rusia }} *{{Cite Russian law |ru_date=10 ноября 1993 г. |ru_title=Устав Краснодарского края |ru_amendment_type=Закона |ru_amendment_number=1523-КЗ |ru_amendment_date=21 июля 2008 г |en_date=November 10, 1993 |en_title=Piagam Krai Krasnodar |en_amendment_type=Undang-Undang |en_amendment_number=1523-KZ |en_amendment_date=July 21, 2008 }} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Krasnodar Krai}} *[http://admkrai.kuban.ru/ Loka resmi Krai Krasnodar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130174354/http://admkrai.kuban.ru/ |date=2012-11-30 }} {{ru icon}} *[http://eng.russ-yug.ru/section/krasnodar/ Warta jeung kajadian di Krai Krasnodar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207125937/http://eng.russ-yug.ru/section/krasnodar/ |date=2012-02-07 }} *[http://www.russiakrasnodar.com/ Poto-poto Krasnodar]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206061814/http://www.russiakrasnodar.com/ |date=2011-12-06 }} {{Subdivisions of Russia}} {{Countries and regions of the Caucasus}} {{nagara-geo-stub|Krai Krasnodar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krasnodar}} [[Kategori:Krai Krasnodar| ]] [[Kategori:nu ngadeg taun 1937]] rszfnbq009f8d4tbsyqgxk8er0ztgl2 0 37577 710574 658638 2026-06-19T08:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Geopolitical organization |native_name = ''Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı (Türksoy)'' |name = Kapangurusan Bareng Kasenian jeung Budaya Turk |image_flag = |image_map = Map-TurksoyMembers.png |map_caption = Anggota TÜRKSOY |membership = 14 nagara anggota<ref name="Members">{{cite web|author=TURKSOY Official Web Site|url=http://www.turksoy.org.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AC302172C9058B831D03BF0F1177D1C0|title=Homepage > TÜRKSOY > Member States|accessdate=2009-12-04|year=2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901234346/https://www.turksoy.org.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AC302172C9058B831D03BF0F1177D1C0 |date=2024-09-01 }}</ref> |admin_center_type = Markas |admin_center = [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] |languages_type = [[Basa resmi]] |languages = [[Basa Turki]] |leader_title1 = Diréktur Jéndral |leader_name1 = [[Duisen Kaseinov]] |established = 1993 |official_website = http://www.turksoy.org.tr }} '''Kapangurusan Bareng Kasenian jeung Budaya Turk''' ([[Basa Turki]]: ''''Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı'' - '''Türksoy''') nyaéta hiji organisasi [[budaya|kabudayaan]] internasional nagara-nagara kalawan [[masarakat Turk|populasi Turk]], maké basa nu asup ka [[rungkun basa Turk]]. == Sajarah == [[File:Turksoy.jpg|thumb|left|300px|International Organization of Turkic Culture, headquarters.]] Organisasi ieu miboga asalna ti panglawungan-panglawungan dina 1992 di [[Baku]] jeung [[Istanbul]], di mana mentri-mentri kabudayaan ti [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kirgizstan]], [[Uzbékistan]], [[Turki]], jeung [[Turkménistan]] ngadéklarasikeun komitmenna pikeun gawé bareng dina hiji rangka kabudayaan bareng. TÜRKSOY saterasna diadegkeun ku hiji pasatujuan nu ditandatanganan dina 12 Juli 1993 di [[Almaty]]. Dina 1996, hiji gawé bareng resmi antara TÜRKSOY jeung [[UNESCO]] diwangun, mimilukeun konsultasi bareng sarta hubungan pawakilan bulak-balik.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|author=UNESCO Web Site|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001035/103511E.pdf|title=Relations with the Joint Administration of the Turkic Culture and Arts (TÜRKSOY), and Draft Agreement between that Organization and UNESCO|accessdate=2009-12-04|year=1996}}</ref> Dibéwarakeun yén TÜRKSOY bakal diintegrasikeun ka [[Déwan Turk]], hiji organisasi nagara-nagara Turk nu diadegkeun dina 2009. == Anggota == Ayeuna TÜRKSOY miboga 14 anggota, kaasup nagar daulat jeung [[Féderasi|subjék féderal]] atanapi [[wewengkon otonom]] ti hiji nagara.<ref name="Members"/> {|class="wikitable" !width="160"|Nagara !width="100"|Basa !width="160"|Catetan |- |{{flag|Altai}} |[[basa Altay|Altay]] |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] |- |{{flag|Bashkortostan}} |[[basa Bashkir|Bashkir]] |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Gagauzia}} |[[basa Gagauz|Gagauz]] |Hiji [[wewengkon otonom]] di [[Moldova]]. |- |{{flag|Kazakhstan}} |[[basa Kazakh|Kazakh]] | |- |{{flag|Khakassia}} |[[basa Khakas|Khakas]] |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Kirgizstan}} |[[basa Kirgiz|Kirgiz]] | |- |{{flag|Siprus Kalér}} |[[basa Turki|Turki]] |Hiji républik indepénden ''[[de facto]]'' nu ngan diakuan ku Turki; tingali [[Papaséaan Siprus]]. |- |{{flag|Sakha}} |[[basa Sakha|Sakha]] (Yakut) |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Tatarstan}} |[[basa Tatar|Tatar]] |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Turki}} |[[basa Turki|Turki]] | |- |{{flag|Turkménistan}} |[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] | |- |{{flag|Tuva}} |[[basa Tuva|Tuva]] |Hiji [[subjék féderal di Rusia|subjék féderal]] di [[Rusia]]. |- |{{flag|Uzbékistan}} |[[basa Uzbék|Uzbék]] | |} ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == *{{tr icon}} {{en icon}} {{ru icon}} [http://www.turksoy.org.tr Ramatloka TÜRKSOY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823120839/http://www.turksoy.org.tr/ |date=2009-08-23 }} {{Countries and languages lists}} {{Turkic topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapangurusan Bareng Kasenian Jeung Kabudayaan Turk}} [[Kategori:Organisasi internasional]] [[Kategori:Rungkun basa Turk]] [[Kategori:Masarakat Turk]] [[Kategori:Organisasi nu ngadeg taun 1993]] {{organisasi-stub}} gvu83dx2bzaqhfh84fmr14uum168lp2 0 37851 710552 708574 2026-06-19T03:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game |title = Cities XL 2011 |collapsible = |state = |show image = |image = [[File:Cities XL 2011 cover.jpg|250px]] |caption =Sampul Cities xl 2011 |developer = [[Focus Home Interactive]] |publisher = Focus Home Interactive |distributor = |series = ''[[Cities XL]]'' |version = |released = 14 Oktober 2010 |genre = [[Simuloator kota]] |modes = [[Pamaén tunggal]] |ratings = {{vgratings|PEGI=3}} {{vgratings|OFLC=G<ref name="OFLCRating">{{cite web|title=Classification Database - Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/188b98f03a6dd463ca2577a6005d6c4f?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Government|date=2010-09-22|accessdate=2010-09-28}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} {{vgratings|ESRB=E}} |platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] |distribution = |media = |requirements = }} '''''Cities XL 2011''''' nyaéta hiji [[simulator kota]] nu dimekarkeun ku [[Focus Home Interactive]]. Kaulinan ieu museur kana mode pamaén tunggal. ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010. Fitur-fitur anyar kaasup wangunan jeung peta, paningkatan [[transportasi umum]], paningkatan sistim [[pajak]], sarta pilihan [[niaga|dagang]] nu dialuskeun.<ref name="CitiesXL2011">{{cite web|title=Focus Home Interactive announces Cities XL 2011|url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|date=2010-07-04|accessdate=2010-09-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155528/http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13 |date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> ==Pamekaran== Kaulinan ieu sacara resmi dipublikasikeun ku Focus Home Interactive, nu nyandak alih lisénsi kaulinan ieu nalika [[Monte Cristo (pausahaan)|Monte Cristo]] tutup ku sabab panjualan buruk ''[[Cities XL]]''.<ref name="CitiesXL2011"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Priest|first=Simon|title=Cities XL developer Monte Cristo Games closes doors "this week"|url=http://www.strategyinformer.com/news/8152/cities-xl-developer-monte-cristo-games-closes-doors-this-week|publisher=StrategyInformer|accessdate=2010-09-25|date=2010-05-28}}</ref> == Rilis== ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010.<ref name="CitiesXL2011Date">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011 |url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=citiesxl2011|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref> == Panarimaan == {{VG Reviews | GR = 75%<ref name="GameRankings">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html|publisher=[[GameRankings]]|accessdate=2011-02-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228022439/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html |date=2011-02-28 }}</ref> | MC = 70 ti 100<ref name=Metacritic>{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/cities-xl-2011|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> | GameZone = 7 ti 10<ref name="GameZone">{{cite web|last=Splechta|first=Mike|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/|publisher=[[GameZone]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127105528/http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/ |date=2011-01-27 }}</ref> | IGN = 7.0 ti 10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Neilie|title=Cities XL 2011 Review|url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121235230/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html |date=2010-11-21 }}</ref> | PCGUK = 71%<ref name="Metacritic"/> }} ''Cities XL 2011'' narima peunteun rata-rata.<ref name="Metacritic"/> [[IGN]] nerangkeun yén kaulinan ieu "kawas anu saméméhna, dikurang mode multi-pamaén" sarta nyindekkeun yén kaulinan ieu "teu boga loba nu anyar nu ditawarkeun". Pameunteunanna tapi muji mode [[latihan]] jeung grafisna.<ref name="IGN"/> [[GameZone]] ngabandingkeun ''Cities XL 2011'' jeung [[Civilization IV]] sarta nyindekkeun yén "sametawis kirangna tujuan atanapi carita kaulinan moal cocog jeung sababaraha pamaén, heunteu boga harti ngaganggu alam candu ''Cities XL 2011''".<ref name="GameZone"/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www2.citiesxl.com/ Loka resmi ''Cities XL 2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420075138/http://www.citiesxl.com/ |date=2008-04-20 }} [[Category:kaulinan video 2010]] [[Category:kaulinan ngawangun kota]] [[Category:kaulinan video nu dimekarkeun di Perancis]] [[Category:kaulinan Windows]] amist4p582qc1sc2f7jaqyasee4oly6 0 38526 710555 650251 2026-06-19T03:50:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Dammam | native_name = الدمام<br />''Ad Dammām'' | settlement_type=Kota | image_skyline =Sign to Dammam.jpg | image_size = 200px | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | | map_caption = Lokasi Dammam di Arab Saudi| | coordinates_region = SA | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = {{flag|Arab Saudi}} | subdivision_type1 = [[propinsi di Saudi Arabia|Propinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Propinsi Asy-Syarqiyah|Asy-Syarqiyah]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 800 | area_total_sq_mi = 308.9 | area_metro_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | elevation_m = | area_footnotes = | population_note = Perkiraan | population_as_of = 2009 | population_total = 2054710 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = 2500710 | population_footnotes = | utc_offset = +3 | website =[http://www.e-amana.gov.sa/ www.e-amana.gov.sa] |latd=26 |latm=17 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=50 |longm=12 |longs= |longEW=E |coordinates_type = region:SA-04_type:city |coordinates_display = inline, title }} '''Dammam''' ({{lang-ar|الدمام}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ad Dammām}}'') nyaéta ibu kota [[Propinsi Asy-Syarqiyah]] di [[Arab Saudi]]. == Tingali ogé == {{Portal|Saudi Arabia}} *[[Khobar]] *[[Jalan Raya Raja Fahd]] *[[Bandar Udara Internasional Raja Fahd]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Dammam}} * [http://www.dammam.gov.sa/ Loka resmi]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427030215/http://www.dammam.gov.sa/ |date=2011-04-27 }} {{ar icon}} {{Saudi cities}} {{Saudi Arabia topics}} [[Kategori:Dammam| ]] [[Kategori:Géografi Arab Saudi]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota propinsi di Arab Saudi]] {{saudiArabia-geo-stub}} ej5rs77idibk4rtfkr1l8vdv8yvfdw8 0 39043 710579 678157 2026-06-19T09:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710579 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Artikel ieu ngeunaan kotana. Kanggo distrikna, tingali [[Distrik Khulna]]. Pikeun divisina, tingali [[Divisi Khulna]].'' {{Infobox settlement| |official_name = Khulna |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Métropolitan]] |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_seal = |pushpin_map=Bangladés |subdivision_type = [[daptar nagara|Nagara]] |subdivision_type1 = [[divisi di Bangladés|Divisi]] |subdivision_type2 = [[distrik di Bangladés|Distrik]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladés}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Divisi Khulna]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Khulna]] |established_title = Status kota |established_date = 1984 |established_title2 = Badan Kota |established_date2 = 1990 |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_footnotes = <ref name="bangladesh1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/census/municip.pdf|title=Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Paurashava –2001|year=2001|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2009-08-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052740/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/census/municip.pdf |date=2008-06-25 }}</ref> |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 59,57 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = <ref name="World Gazetteer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130508104530/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-29&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=406250956] 2010 Population Estimate. Retrieved on 19 August 2010.</ref> |population_total = 140835 |population_metro = 1435422 |population_density_km2 = 14364 |timezone = [[Wanci Standar Bangladés|BST]] |utc_offset = +6 |timezone_DST = |latd=22 |latm=49 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=89 |longm=33 |longs=0 |longEW=E |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_type = type:city_region:BD |elevation_m = 9 |blank_name = Kode Telepon Nasional |blank_info = +880 |blank1_name = [[nomer telepon di Bangladés|Kode telepon]] |blank1_info = 041 |blank3_name = Kode pos |blank3_info = Khulna GPO 9000 & Khulna Head Office 9100 |website=[http://www.khulnacity.org Khulna City Corporation] [http://www.dckhulna.gov.bd Khulna District] }} '''Khulna''' nyaéta kota nu panggedéna di [[Bangladés]] ka-3 sarta kota utama di [[Divisi Khulna]]. Khulna aya di gigireun Walungan [[Walungan Rupsha|Rupsha]] jeung [[Walungan Bhairab|Bhairab]] di [[Distrik Khulna]]. Khulna miboga palabuan nu ngaranna [[Palabuan Mongla|Mongla]] di wewengkon luarna, 38&nbsp;km ti Kota Khulna. ==Iklim== {{Weather box |location = Khulna |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 25.6 |Feb high C = 28.5 |Mar high C = 33.1 |Apr high C = 34.6 |May high C = 34.3 |Jun high C = 32.9 |Jul high C = 31.8 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 32.0 |Oct high C = 32.0 |Nov high C = 29.9 |Dec high C = 26.5 |year high C = 31.1 |Jan low C = 12.4 |Feb low C = 15.4 |Mar low C = 20.5 |Apr low C = 23.9 |May low C = 25.2 |Jun low C = 26.1 |Jul low C = 26.0 |Aug low C = 26.2 |Sep low C = 25.8 |Oct low C = 24.1 |Nov low C = 19.6 |Dec low C = 13.6 |year low C = 21.6 |Jan precipitation mm = 13.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 44.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 52.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 87.5 |May precipitation mm = 200.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 335.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 329.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 323.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 254.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 129.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 32.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 6.6 |year precipitation mm = 1809.4 |unit rain days = 0.1 mm |Jan rain days= 2 |Feb rain days= 3 |Mar rain days= 3 |Apr rain days= 6 |May rain days= 11 |Jun rain days= 14 |Jul rain days= 17 |Aug rain days= 16 |Sep rain days= 13 |Oct rain days= 7 |Nov rain days= 2 |Dec rain days= 1 |year rain days=95 |source 1 = [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=3914&refer=&cityname=Khulna-Khulna-Bangladesh&units= Weather Base] |date=9 December 2012 }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category}} {{wikivoyage|Khulna}} * [http://www.khulnacity.org/ Ramatloka Resmi Badan Kota Khulna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302035931/http://www.khulnacity.org/ |date=2012-03-02 }} * [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/K_0247.HTM Banglapedia - Khulna] * [http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/meetbangladesh/khulna.html Khulna di Discovery Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016061319/http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/meetbangladesh/khulna.html |date=2018-10-16 }} * [http://maps.msn.com/%28k2ngem55yktcpm2mrm3oyp55%29/map.aspx?lats1=22.816667&lons1=89.55&alts1=14&regn1=2 MSN Map]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{BDeshCities}} {{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}} {{bangladesh-stub}} [[Category:pamukiman di Divisi Khulna]] [[Category:Khulna| ]] t2klsrn1ucsc3771h6qkkigdxu54qa9 0 39190 710568 703718 2026-06-19T06:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{Infobox musical artist |name = Iron Maiden |image = Iron Maiden Madrid 2011.jpg |caption = Iron Maiden keur manggung di Madrid 2011 |image_size = 300 |landscape = yes |background = group_or_band |origin = [[Leyton]], [[London, England]] |genre = [[Heavy Metal music|Heavy Metal]] |years_active = 1975–kiwari<!-- See MOS:DATE --> |label = [[EMI]], [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Portrait Records|Portrait]], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] |associated_acts = [[The Entire Population of Hackney]], [[Gogmagog (band)|Gogmagog]], [[Psycho Motel]], [[Samson (band)|Samson]], [[Trust (band)|Trust]], [[Urchin (band)|Urchin]] |website = {{url|www.ironmaiden.com}} |current_members = [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] <br />[[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]] <br />[[Adrian Smith]] <br />[[Bruce Dickinson]] <br />[[Nicko McBrain]] <br />[[Janick Gers]] |past_members = [[Iron Maiden#Band members|Former members]] }} '''Iron Maiden''' nyaéta band [[Heavy Metal]] Inggris ti [[Leyton]] wétan di London anu diadegkeun taun 1975 ku bassis sarta nu nulis lagu utama, [[Steve Harris]]. Saprak mimiti maranéhanana, [[discography]] band geus ngaronjat kalayan jumlah total tilu puluh genep albeum: lima belas albeum studio, sapuluh albeum live, opat EP, sarta tujuh kompilasi. Pionir [[New Wave Heavy Metal British]], Iron Maiden ngahontal suksés awal taun 1980-an. Sanggeus sababaraha parobahan formasi, band ieu saterusna ngarilis sauntuyan albeum platinum sarta albeum emas di Amérika Serikat sarta Inggris , kaasup ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'' taun 1982, ''[[Piece of Mind]]'' taun 1983, ''[[Powerslave]]'' taun 1984, Ngarilis konsér ''[[Live After Death]]'' taun 1985, ''[[Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album)|Somewhere in Time]]'' taun 1986 sarta ''[[Seventh Son of a Seventh Son]]'' taun 1988. Saprak vokalis [[Bruce Dickinson]] sarta gitaris [[Adrian Smith]] balik ngagabung deui taun 1999, band ieu geus ngalaman ronjatan popularitas,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7915012/Iron-Maiden-doing-it-their-own-way.html | title = Iron Maiden: doing it their own way | accessdate = 24 December 2011 | quote = when Dickinson re-entered the fold in 1999 the band’s ensuing career made them bigger than ever | location=London | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | first=Thomas H | last=Green | date=28 July 2010}}</ref> kalayan nawarkeun studio panganyarna maranéhanana, ''[[The Final Frontier]]'', ngaronjat di No.&nbsp;1 di 28&nbsp; nagara anu béda<ref name="FF 28 quote">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=148709 | title = Iron Maiden Around The World In 66 Days | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | date = 2 November 2010 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> sarta loba narima kritik ngawangun .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/the-final-frontier | title=''The Final Frontier'' - Iron Maiden | work=[[MetaCritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] | accessdate=1 September 2011}}</ref> Dianggap minangka salah sahiji band pang suksésna dina sajarah Héavy Metal, Iron Maiden geus ngajual leuwih ti 100&nbsp;juta rékaman di sakumna dunya <ref name="Die-Hard Fans Follow Iron Maiden Into the Digital Age">https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/lifestyle-reviews/1247294/pictures-ground-shaker-9000-rock-iron-maiden/<nowiki/>{{cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/lifestyle-reviews/1247294/pictures-ground-shaker-9000-rock-iron-maiden/|title=Iron Maiden UK Tour|accessdate=07 October 2017|newspaper=www.pressandjournal.co.uk|date=27 September 2017}}</ref> ku pangrojong radio leutik atawa télévisi .<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.sky.com/story/686694/award-winning-iron-maiden-film-hits-cinemas | title = Award Winning Iron Maiden Film Hits Cinemas | accessdate = 26 November 2011 | date = 21 April 2009 | quote = ...largely without the help of radio airplay or the mainstream media. | publisher = [[BSkyB]] | last = Smith | first = Matt}}</ref> Band ieu meunang panghargaan [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] pikeun prestasi internasional taun 2002,<ref name="Ivor Novello">{{cite web|title = Iron Maiden honoured with Ivor Novello award|date = 18 September 2002|publisher = [[Sanctuary Records Group|Sanctuary Group]]|format = Official Website|url = http://www.sanctuarygroup.com/index.php?page=1&l1=1&l2=2&l3=0&getArticleId=9|accessdate = 11-10-2006|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070310153337/http://www.sanctuarygroup.com/index.php?page=1&l1=1&l2=2&l3=0&getArticleId=9 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate = 10 March 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310153337/http://www.sanctuarygroup.com/index.php?page=1&l1=1&l2=2&l3=0&getArticleId=9 |date=10 March 2007 }}</ref> sarta ogé dileler [[Guitar Center#Hollywood's RockWalk|Hollywood RockWalk]] di [[Sunset Boulevard]], Los Angeles, California Amérika Sarikat salila maranéhanana [[Eddie Rips Up the World Tour|tour]] taun 2005.<ref name="rock walk">{{cite web | url = http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/inductee.cfm?id=163 | title = Iron Maiden- Guitar Center Rockwalk | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Guitar Center]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182030/http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/inductee.cfm?id=163 |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Dina Agustus 2011, band ieu geus midangkeun ampir [[List of Iron Maiden concert tours|2000 live shows]] sapanjang karir maranéhanana. Salila 30&nbsp; taun pamungkas, band ieu geus dirojong ku maskot kaceluk maranéhanana, "[[Eddie the Head|Eddie]]", anu geus mecenghul di ampir kabéh albeum maranéhanana sarta cover tunggal, sarta pintonan langsung maranéhanana. ==Sajarah== ===Awal tahun (1975–1978)=== [[File:Exterior photograph of Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland, Stratford.JPG|thumb|250px|Cart sarta Horses Pub, perenahna di Maryland Point, Stratford, nyaéta di mana Iron Maiden midangkeun sawatara pintonan kahiji maranéhanana taun 1976.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=29}}<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bushell | first1 = Garry | authorlink1 = Garry Bushell | last2 = Halfin | first2 = Ross | authorlink2 = Ross Halfin | title = Running Free, The Official Story of Iron Maiden | edition = 2nd | publisher = Zomba Books | year = 1985 | page = 9 | accessdate = 13 January 2012 | isbn = 0-946391-84-X}}</ref>]] Iron Maiden diadegkeun dina Poé Natal 1975 ku pamaén bass [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] teu lila sanggeus manéhna ninggalkeun grup saméméhna, Smiler. Harris ngaatributan ngaran band pikeun hiji film mengadaptasi ''[[The Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film)|The Man in the Iron Mask]]'' tina novel karya [[Alexandre Dumas]], dina waktu éta manéhna nempo sarta anu mibanda hubungan verbal ka [[iron maiden (torture)|iron maiden torture device]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Barton|first = Geoff|title = Blood and Iron: HM from the punky East End and nothing to do with Margaret Thatcher, sez Deaf Barton|date = 27 October 1970|work = [[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]|url = http://www.nwobhm.com/maiden.htm|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070629075244/http://www.nwobhm.com/maiden.htm|archivedate = 2007-06-29|publisher = NWOBHM.com|accessdate = 8 October 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629075244/http://www.nwobhm.com/maiden.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}</ref> Sanggeus mangbulan-bulan latihan, Iron Maiden nyieun debut maranéhanana di Hall Nicks St di Poplar tanggal 1 Méi 1976,<ref name="earlydaysdvd"/> saméméh nyokot semi- residen di Cart sarta Horses Pub di Maryland Point, Stratford.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=29}} Formasi asli, henteu lumangsung lila, kalahkumaha ogé, kalayan vokalis [[Paul Day (musician)|Paul Day]] jadi korban kahiji waktu manéhna boga kakurangan "énérgi atawa karisma dina panggung."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=32}} Manéhna diganti ku Dennis Wilcock, saurang panggemar [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] anu ngagunakeun make-up sarta getih palsu dina pintonan lansung (live).{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=32}} Babaturan Wilcock nyaéta [[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]] diondang pikeun ngagabung, pikeun kahariwang gitaris Dave Sullivan and Terry Rance.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=33}} Harris minangka pamingpin maranéhanana frustrasi pikeun ngabubarkeun samentara Iron Maiden taun 1976,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=33}} sanajan grup diréformasi sanggeus jeung Murray minangka gitaris tunggal. Steve Harris sarta Dave Murray anggota band panglilana. [[File:Harris 1.jpg|thumb|225px|left|Dave Murray jeung Steve Harris taun 2008. Ngan Harris jeung Murray anggota anu geus nyieun sakabéh albeum band.]] Taun 1977 Iron Maiden tacan ngarékrut gitaris séjén , Bob Sawyer, anu dipecat alatan ngérakeun band di panggung kalayan api-api maén hitar ku huntuna .{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=44}} Kategangan ogé lumangsung deui,. Ngabalukarkeun paanggangna antara Murray jeung Wilcock, anu ngayakinkeun Harris mecat Murray ,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=46}} sarta drummer pituin Ron Matthews.<ref name="earlydaysdvd"/> Hiji formasi kakara dihijikeun,kaasup [[Tony Moore (musician)|Tony Moore]] dina keyboards, Terry Wapram dina hitar, sarta drummer [[Thunderstick|Barry Purkis]]. Hiji pagawéan anu goréng di Bridgehouse, hiji pub anu perenahna di Canning Town,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=23}} dina bulan Nopémber 1977 nyaéta formasi konser kahiji sarta hiji-hijina sarta ngabalukarkeun Purkis digantikeun ku Doug Sampson [[Doug Sampson]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=48}} Dina waktu anu sarua, Moore dipénta pikeun ninggalkeun band ku kaputusan Harris yén sora keyboard henteu luyu jeung band.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=48}} Sawatara bulan saterusna, Dennis Wilcock nyieun kaputusan yén manéhna geus ngarasa cukup dina grup sarta kaluar pikeun nyieun band sorangan, V1, sarta Dave Murray buru-buru dirékrut deui..{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=50}} manéhna leuwih resep jadi gitaris band hiji-hijina , Wapram teu satuju Murray balik deui sarta ngeureunkeun manéh. .<ref name="earlydaysdvd"/> Steve Harris, Dave Murray and Doug Sampson méakkeun usum panas sarta usum gugur 1978 pikeun latihan maranéhanana bari néangan saurang purah nembang pikeun ngabéréskeun formasi anyar band ieu..{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=52}} Hiji kasempetan pasamoan di [[Leytonstone]] bulan Nopémber 1978 ngembang jadi kesuksésan pikeun audisi vokalis [[Paul Di'Anno]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=54}} Steve Harris nyatakeun, "Aya sarupaning kualitas sora Paul, saurang raspiness dina sorana, atawa naon baé anu Anjeun rék nyebutkeunana, ieu méré kapinunjulan anu badag. "{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=53}} Kiwari, Murray baris salaku minangka gitaris tunggal maranéhanana, sarta Harris ngoméntaran, "Davey alus manéhna bisa ngalakonan loba hal sorangan. Rancanana nyaéta pikeun néangan gitaris kadua, tapi manggihan anu bisa cocog jeung Davey bener-bener hésé ."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=64}} ===Ngaronjat kaceluk (1978–1981)=== {{utama|The Soundhouse Tapes|Iron Maiden (album)|Killers (Iron Maiden album)}} Dina Peuting Taun anyar 1978, Iron Maiden ngarékam demo, anu diwangun ti opat lagu, di Spaceward Studios Cambridge.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=66}} Miharep yén rékaman baris mantuan maranéhanana pintonan aman anu leuwih,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=66}} band ieu salinanna dipidangkeun ka [[Neal Kay]], saterusna ngokolakeun klub Héavy Metal anu disebut "Bandwagon Heavy Metal Soundhouse", anu perenahna di Kingsbury Circle,barat laut London.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=67}} Upon héaring the tape, Kay began playing the demo regularly at the Bandwagon, and one of the songs, "Prowler", eventually went to No.&nbsp;1 Sanggeus ngadéngé rékaman éta, Kay mimitian demo sacara teratur di Bandwagon, sarta salah sahiji lagu, "Prowler", pamustunganana nempatan No 1 di tangga lagu Soundhouse, anu dipedar mingguan di ''[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]'' majalah.{{sfn|Wall|2004|pp=104–105}} Naskahna ogé diakuisisi ku [[Rod Smallwood]], anu langsung jadi manajer band,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=83}} sarta, popularitas Iron Maiden ngaronjat, maranéhanana mutuskeun pikeun ngalaan demo dina label rékaman maranéhanana sorangan minangka ''[[The Soundhouse Tapes]]'', ngaran sanggeus kleub.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=103}} Eusina ngan tilu lagu (hiji lagu, "Strange World", dikaluarkeun minangka band anu henteu sugema jeung produksina){{sfn|Wall|2004|p=102}} lobana lima rébu copy kajual béak dina mangsa mimingguan.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=104-105}} [[File:IRON MAIDEN - Manchester Apollo - 1980.jpg|thumb|165px|right|[[Paul Di'Anno]] jeung [[Steve Harris (musisi)|Steve Harris]] ngarojong [[Judas Priest]] dina konsér British Steel Tour, 1980.]] Dina bulan Désémber 1979, band ieu dikontrak rékaman badag ku [[EMI]]{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=108}} sarta ngajak [[Adrian Smith]] babaturan mangsa keur leutik Dave Murray ngagabung jeung grup minangka gitaris kadua maranéhanana.{{sfn|Wall|2004|pp=163–164}} Smith nampik alatan manéhna riweuh kalayan bandna sorangan, [[Urchin (band)|Urchin]], ku kituna Iron Maiden nyéwa gitaris [[Dennis Stratton]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=121}} Teu lila sanggeus éta, [[Doug Sampson]] kaluar alatan masalah kaséhatan sarta digantikeun ku[[Samson (band)|Samson]] mantan drummer [[Clive Burr]] ku alpukahna bongbolongan dina tanggal 26 Désémber .{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=123}} Panampilan kahiji Iron Maiden di albeum éta dina kompilasi ''[[Metal for Muthas]]'' (dirilis dina tanggal 15 Pebruari1980) sarta dua vérsi mimiti "[[Sanctuary (Iron Maiden song)|Sanctuary]]" jeung "Wrathchild".{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=137}} rilisan ngabalukarkeun tur saterusna anu mintonkeun [[Metal for Muthas Tour|ensuing tour]] anu mintonkeun sawatara band séjénna patali jeung [[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=139}} [[eponym]]ous Iron Maiden 1980 dirilis, ''[[Iron Maiden (album)|Iron Maiden]]'', aya di runtuyan No.&nbsp;4 dina [[UK Albums Chart]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=143}} Di gigireun judul lagu, albeum kaasup favorit mimiti séjén kawas "[[Running Free]]", "Transylvania", "Phantom of the Opera", sarta "[[Sanctuary (Iron Maiden song)|Sanctuary]]" – anu henteu dirilis di Inggris asli tapi dijieun vérsi AS sarta saterusna diremasters. Band ieu ditetepkeun dina [[Iron Maiden Tour|headline tour of the UK]], band pembuka pikeun [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] taun 1980 [[Unmasked Tour]] Eropa sarta ngarojong [[Judas Priest]] dina [[British Steel Tour|select dates]]. Sanggeus tur KISS, [[Dennis Stratton]] dipecat ti band alatan béda kréatif sarta urusan pribadi,<ref>{{cite web|last = Hinchcliffe|first = Jon|title = Dennis Stratton Interview: October 1999|date = 27 October 1999|url = http://www.praying-mantis.com/mantis/dennis99.shtml|publisher=Praying-Mantis.com|accessdate =8 October 2006}}</ref> sarta digantikeun ku [[Adrian Smith]] dina Oktober 1980. Taun 1981, ngarilis albeum kadua maranéhanana, dijudulan ''[[Killers (Iron Maiden album)|Killers]]''. Eusina loba trek anu geus ditulis saméméh rilis debut maranéhanana, ngan dua lagu anyar anu ditulis pikeun direkam: "Prodigal Son" and "Murders in the Rue Morgue"{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=183}} (judul anu pamungkas dicokot ti [[The Murders in the Rue Morgue|carpon]] ku [[Edgar Allan Poe]]).<ref>{{cite journal | title = Hack Job? | journal = [[Kerrang!|Kerrang! Legends]] | first = Paul | last = Brannigan | issue = 2 | pages = 26–27}}</ref> Henteu sugema kalayan produksi dina albeum debut maranéhanana,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=145}} band nyéwa produser veteran [[Martin Birch]],{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=181}} anu baris digawé pikeun Iron Maiden nepi ka pangsiun dina taun 1992.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=300}} Rékaman dituturkeun ku tur dunya kahiji [[Killer World Tour|world tour]], anu kaasup debut gawé maranéhanana di Amérika Sarikat, band pamuka pikeun Judas Priest di [[Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino|The Aladdin Casino]], Las Vegas.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=251}} ===Suksés (1981–1986)=== {{utama|The Number of the Beast (album)|Piece of Mind|Powerslave|Live After Death}} Tun 1981, [[Paul Di'Anno]] beuki némbongkeun laku-lampah ngarusak diri sorangan, hususna ngaliwatan pamakéan narkoba,<ref name="earlydaysdvd"/> ngunaan koméntar Di'Anno, "éta lain ngan alatan kuring ngambeuan coca-cola saeutik, sanajan; kuring nyaéta lumangsung teu eureun-eureun, 24 jam sapoé, unggal poé... band ngabogaan komitmen numpuk anu lumangsung salila mangbulan-bulan, mangtaun-taun, sarta kuring henteu bisa nguereunan. Kuring weruh kuring baris kunngsi sakumna tur. Éta pohara lobana."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=194}} Kalayan panampilana anu nalangsara, Di'Anno langsung dieureunkeun sanggeus World Tour Killer,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=219}} di dieu band geus milih gagantina.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=218}} Sanggeus pasamoan jeung Rod Smallwood di [[Reading and Leeds Festivals|Reading Festival]],{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=217}} [[Bruce Dickinson]], anu saméméhna ti [[Samson (band)|Samson]], audisi pikeun Iron Maiden dina bulan Séptember 1981 sarta langsung ditarima.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=218}} Bulan saterusna, Dickinson langsung maén kaluar kalayan band ngaropéa tur leutik di Italia, sarta hiji pintonan di [[Rainbow Theatre]] di UK.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=219}} Pikeun nyegah albeum panganyarna maranéhanana, band ieu midangkeun "Children of the Damned", "[[Run to the Hills]]", "22 Acacia Avenue" and "The Prisoner" ditempat-tempat nu tangtu, ngawanohkeun ka pamirsa yén maranéhanana keur maju ngaronjat. Rékor Debut Dickinson jeung Iron Maiden nyaéta taun 1982 ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'', hiji albeum anu ngabalukarkeun band maranéhanana nempatan posisi rekaman UK Albums Chart No.&nbsp;1 {{sfn|Wall|2004|p=227}} sarta tambahan jadi asup Top Ten di loba nagara séjén .{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=228}} Dickinson, harita, aya di tengah-tengah karerepet hukum jeung managemen Samson sarta henteu diidinan pikeun nambahan ngaranna kasalah sahiji panulisan lagu, sanajan manéhna masih nyieun naon anu manéhna digambarkeun minangka "kontribusi moral" pikeun "Children of the Damned", "The Prisoner" and "Run to the Hills".<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shooman | first1 = Joe | title = Bruce Dickinson: Flashing Metal with Iron Maiden and Flying Solo | publisher = Independent Music Press | year = 2007 | page = 82 | isbn = 0-9552822-4-1}}</ref> Pikeun kadua kalina band mitembeyan tur dunya, katelahna [[The Beast on the Road]], di mana maranéhanana ngadatangan Amérika Utara, Jepang, Australia sarta Eropa, kaasup panampilan warta utama di réading féstival. Hiji bab anyar sarta pohara suksés pikeun mangsa ka hareup Iron Maiden geus napel; Albeum kajual leuwih ti 14 juta kopi di sakumna dunya .<ref name="Die-Hard Fans Follow Iron Maiden Into the Digital Age"/> [[File:Nicko McBrain 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Nicko McBrain]] drummer Iron Maiden ti taun 1982]] The Béast on the Road AS kabuktian kontroversial sabot hiji jumplukan pulitik konservatif di Amérika ngaklaim yén Iron Maiden nyaéta, [[Satanism|Satanic]] alatan judul lagu albeum anyar,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=228}} di mana sajumplukan aktivis Kristen [[activism|activists]] ngancurkeun rékaman Iron Maiden minangka protés ka Band .<ref name="Kerrang! Legends32"/> Dina sawatara taun pamungkas, Dickinson geus nyatakeun yén band memperlakukan ieu minangka "kakonyolan,"<ref name="NOTBDVD">{{cite video|date= 4 December 2001|title=[[Classic Albums: Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Eagle Rock Entertainment|Eagle Vision]]}}</ref> sarta yén demonstrasi dina kanyataanana méré maranéhanana "loads of publicity."<ref name="earlydaysdvd"/> Dina Désémber 1982, drummer [[Clive Burr]] mungkas hubunganana kalayan band alatan masalah pribadi sarta jadwal tur sarta digantikeun ku [[Nicko McBrain]], anu saméméhna ti band Perancis [[Trust (band)|Trust]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=233}} Sanggeus éta, band ieu indit munggaran ka Bahama pikeun mimiti ngarékam ti tilu albeum berturut-turut di [[Compass Point Studios]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=246}} taun 1983, maranéhanana geus ngarilis ''[[Piece of Mind]]'', anu ngahontal posisi No.&nbsp;3 di UK,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=247}} sarta debut band di runtuyan tangga lagu Amérika Kalér, nempatan No.&nbsp;70 di [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200#/album/iron-maiden/piece-of-mind/9073|title=Piece of Mind|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]]|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> ''Piece of Mind'' ngawengku single suksés "[[The Trooper]]" sarta "[[Flight of Icarus]]", anu pamungkas anu jadi pohara kaceluk minangka salah sahiji ti sawatara lagu band pikeun bisa diputer substansial di Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=245}} Sanggeus kaberhasilan ''Piece of Mind'' sarta [[World Piece Tour|supporting tour]], band geus ngarilis ''[[Powerslave]]'' 9 September 1984. Albeum ieu mintonkeun karesep pamirsa "[[2 Minutes to Midnight]]", "[[Aces High (song)|Aces High]]", and "Rime of The Ancient Mariner",{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=253}} anu pamungkas dumasar puisi [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s [[Rime of the Ancient Mariner|kalayan ngaran puisi anu sarua]] kalayan durasi leuwih ti 13 menit. Tur nuturkeun sanggeus albeum, katelahna [[World Slavery Tour]], nyaéta band pangbadagna sarta diwangun ti 193 pertunjukkan di 28nagara salila 13 bulan,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=253}} kira-kira ulin ka 3.500.000 pamirsa.<ref name="Stenning102">{{cite book| author=Stenning, Paul| title=Iron Maiden: 30 Years of the Beast – The Complete Unauthorised Biography| publisher=Chrome Dreams| year=2006| isbn=1-84240-361-3|page= 102}}</ref> Sagala rupa acara anu pintonkeun gunta-ganti di dayeuh anu sarua,kawas di Long Béach, California (4 konser kajual béak terus-terusan ka sakabéh 54.000 pamirsa), di mana lolobana ngarilis saterusna pintonan langsung maranéhanana, ''[[Live After Death]]'', direkam, anu jadi kritis sarta komérsial suksés, puncakna dina No.&nbsp;4 di UK.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=257}} Iron Maiden ogé bareng (jeung [[Queen (band)|Queen]]) di [[Rock In Rio]] féstival, di mana maranéhanana hadir kalayan nu datang kira-kira 300.000.<ref>{{cite video|date= 4 February 2008|title=[[Live After Death (video)|Live After Death]]|chapter=The History of Iron Maiden part 2|medium=DVD|publisher=[[EMI]]}}</ref> Tur sacara fisik capé pikeun Band, anu nungtut reureuh genep bulan sabot éta lekasan (sanajan ieu saterusnadikurangi jadi opat bulan)).{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=258}} Ieu téh mangrupa reureuh badag kahiji dina sajarah band, kaasup ngabolaykeun tur panggemar anu diusulkan pikeun albeum live anyar ,<ref name="Stenning104">{{cite book| author=Stenning, Paul| title=Iron Maiden: 30 Years of the Beast – The Complete Unauthorised Biography| publisher=Chrome Dreams| year=2006| isbn=1-84240-361-3|page= 104}}</ref> Bruce Dikinson ngancem pikeun ngandeg kajaba tur lekasan.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=255}} ===Experimentation (1986–1989)=== {{utama|Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album)|Seventh Son of a Seventh Son}} Returning from their time off, the band adopted a different style for their 1986 studio album, entitled ''[[Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album)|Somewhere in Time]]'', féaturing, for the first time in the band's history, [[synthesiser|synthesised]] bass and guitars to add textures and layers to the sound.<ref name="amg_somewhereintime">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r9916|pure_url=yes}}|title=Iron Maiden - ''Somewhere in Time'' – Review|accessdate=12 October 2008|author=Steve Huey|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|year=2008}}</ref> The reléase charted well across the world, particularly with the single "[[Wasted Years]]", but notably included no writing credits from léad singer [[Bruce Dickinson]], whose material was rejected by the rest of the band.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=260}} While Dickinson was focused on his own music, guitarist Adrian Smith, who typically collaborated with the vocalist, was "left to [his] own devices" and began writing songs on his own, coming up with "Wasted Years", "Sea of Madness", and "[[Stranger in a Strange Land (song)|Stranger in a Strange Land]]",{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=261}} the last of which would be the album's second single.{{sfn|Wall|2004|pp=260}} The experimentation evident on ''Somewhere in Time'' continued on their next album, entitled ''[[Seventh Son of a Seventh Son]]'', which was reléased in 1988. A [[concept album]], based on ''[[The Tales of Alvin Maker]]'' series of novels by [[Orson Scott Card]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Commercial Break! | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] presents: Iron Maiden 30 Years of Metal Mayhem | year = 2005 | first = Martin | last = Popoff | authorlink = Martin Popoff | pages = 108–109| id = }}</ref> this would be the band's first record to include keyboards, as opposed to [[Guitar synthesizer|guitar synthesisers]] on the previous reléase.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=265}} After his contributions were not used for ''Somewhere in Time'', Dickinson's enthusiasm was renewed as his idéas were accepted for this album.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=265}} Another popular reléase, it became Iron Maiden's second album to hit No.&nbsp;1 in the UK charts,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=263}} although it only achieved a Gold certification in the U.S., in contrast to its four predecessors.<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web| url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?|title=RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=30 March 2008}}</ref> During the following [[7th Tour of a 7th Tour|tour]], the band héadlined the [[Monsters of Rock]] féstival at [[Donington Park]] for the first time on 20 August 1988, playing to the largest crowd in the féstival's history (107,000).{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=269}} Also included on the bill were [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[David Lee Roth]], [[Megadeth]], [[Guns N' Roses]] and [[Helloween]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/donington-1988.html|title=Donington – Iron Maiden|accessdate=12 October 2009|work=Donington 1988}}</ref> The féstival was marred, however, by the déaths of two fans in a crowd-surge during the aforementioned Guns N' Roses performance; the following yéar's féstival was cancelled as a result.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=269}} The tour concluded with several héadline shows in the UK in November and December 1988, with the concerts at the [[National Exhibition Centre|NEC Arena]], [[Birmingham]] recorded for a live vidéo, entitled ''[[Maiden England]]''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=272}} ===Upheaval (1989–1994)=== {{utama|No Prayer for the Dying|Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)}} During another bréak in 1989, guitarist Adrian Smith reléased a solo album with his band [[ASAP (band)|ASAP]], entitled ''[[Silver and Gold (ASAP album)|Silver and Gold]]'',{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=273}} and vocalist Bruce Dickinson began work on a solo album with former [[Gillan]] guitarist [[Janick Gers]], reléasing ''[[Tattooed Millionaire]]'' in 1990,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=281}} followed by a tour.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=285}} At the same time, to mark the band's ten-yéar recording anniversary, Iron Maiden reléased ''[[The First Ten Years]]'', a series of ten CDs and double [[12"|12" vinyl]]. Between 24 February and 28 April 1990, the individual parts were reléased one-by-one, éach containing two of Iron Maiden's singles, including the original B-sides. Soon afterwards, Iron Maiden regrouped to work on a new studio record. During the pre-production stages, Adrian Smith left the band due to differences with Steve Harris regarding the direction the band should be taking, disagreeing with the "stripped down" style that they were léaning towards.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=283}} Janick Gers, having worked on Dickinson's solo project, was chosen to replace Smith and became the band's first new member in seven yéars.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=285}} The album, ''[[No Prayer for the Dying]]'', was reléased in October 1990<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r9919|pure_url=yes}}|title=No Prayer for the Dying – Review|accessdate=19 November 2011|author=Greg Prato|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> and contained "[[Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter]]", the band's first (and to date, only) [[UK Singles Chart]] No.&nbsp;1, originally recorded by Dickinson for the soundtrack to ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child]]''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=282}} After another [[No Prayer on the Road|tour]] and some more time off, the band recorded their next studio reléase, ''[[Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)|Fear of the Dark]]'', which was reléased in 1992 and included the stand-out [[Fear of the Dark (song)|title track]], which is now a regular fixture in the band's concert setlists. Achieving their third No.&nbsp;1 in the UK albums chart,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=289}} the disc also féatured "[[Wasting Love]]", one of the band's softer songs, and the No.&nbsp;2 single "[[Be Quick or Be Dead]]". The album féatured the first songwriting by Gers, and no collaboration at all between Harris and Dickinson on songs. The [[Fear of the Dark Tour|extensive worldwide tour that followed]] included their first ever Latin American leg (after a single concert during the World Slavery Tour), and héadlining the [[Monsters of Rock]] féstivals in seven Européan countries. Iron Maiden's second performance at [[Donington Park]], to an audience of 68,500 (the attendance was capped after the incident in 1988),{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=291}} was filmed for the audio and vidéo reléase, ''[[Live at Donington (Iron Maiden album)|Live at Donington]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0352442/|title=''Live At The Donington''|accessdate=14 October 2009|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|year=2008}}</ref> and féatured a guest appéarance by Adrian Smith, who joined the band to perform "Running Free".{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=291}} In 1993, Bruce Dickinson left the band to further pursue his solo career, but agreed to remain for a [[Real Live Tour|farewell tour]] and two live albums (later re-reléased in [[A Real Live Dead One|one package]]).{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=293}} The first, ''[[A Real Live One]]'', féatured songs from 1986 to 1992, and was reléased in March 1993. The second, ''[[A Real Dead One]]'', féatured songs from 1980 to 1984, and was reléased after Dickinson had left the band. The tour did not go well, however, with Steve Harris claiming that Dickinson would only perform properly for high profile shows and that at several concerts he would only mumble into the microphone.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=296}} Dickinson denies the charge that he was under-performing, stating that it was impossible to "make like Mr Happy Face if the vibe wasn't right," claiming that news of his exit from the band had prevented any chance of a good atmosphere during the tour.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=297}} He played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993, which was filmed, broadcast by the [[BBC]] and reléased on vidéo under the name ''[[Raising Hell (video)|Raising Hell]]''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=298}} ===Blaze Bayley era, ''The X Factor'' and ''Virtual XI'' (1994–1999)=== {{utama|The X Factor (album)|Virtual XI}} In 1994, the band listened to hundreds of tapes sent in by vocalists before convincing [[Blaze Bayley]], formerly of the band [[Wolfsbane (band)|Wolfsbane]] who had supported Iron Maiden in 1990, to audition for them.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=301}} Bayley had a different vocal style from his predecessor, which ultimately received a mixed reception among fans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/8519/Iron-Maiden-The-X-Factor/ | title = Iron Maiden: ''The X Factor'' (Review) | last = Stagno | first = Mike | date = 2 August 2006 | accessdate = 28 February 2012 | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]] | quote = ...the often criticised Blaze Bayley himself. With his lower vocal range, he may not have been able to sing the old Iron Maiden classics as well as Bruce...}}</ref> After a two-yéar hiatus (as well as a three-yéar hiatus from studio reléases – a record for the band at the time) Iron Maiden returned in 1995. Reléasing ''[[The X Factor (album)|The X Factor]]'', the band had their lowest chart position since 1981 for an album in the UK (debuting at No.&nbsp;8),{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=313}} although it would go on to win ''Album of the Year'' awards in France and Germany.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=311}} The record included the 11-minute epic "Sign of the Cross", the band's longest song since "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", as well as the singles, "[[Man on the Edge]]", based on the film ''[[Falling Down]]'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Paterson | first1 = Lawrence | authorlink = Lawrence Paterson | title = Blaze Bayley: At the End of the Day | publisher = Blaze Bayley Recordings Ltd | year = 2009 | page = 44}}</ref> and "[[Lord of the Flies (song)|Lord of the Flies]]", based on the [[Lord of the Flies|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = The X Offender | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] presents: Iron Maiden 30 Years of Metal Mayhem | year = 2005 | first = Martin | last = Popoff | authorlink = Martin Popoff | page = 63| id = }}</ref> The reléase is notable for its "dark" tone, inspired by Steve Harris' divorce.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=311}} [[The X Factour|The band toured]] for the rest of 1995 and 1996, playing for the first time in Israel and South Africa,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=314}} before stopping to reléase ''[[Best of the Beast]]''. The band's first compilation, it included a new single, "[[Virus (Iron Maiden song)|Virus]]", whose lyrics attack the critics who had recently written off the band.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=316}} Iron Maiden returned to the studio to record ''[[Virtual XI]]'', reléased in 1998. The album's chart scores were the band's lowest to date,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Iron+Maiden&titel=Virtual+XI&cat=a | title = Iron Maiden - ''Virtual XI'' Worldwide Charts | accessdate = 11 April 2012 | publisher = Swedishcharts.com | work = [[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref> including the UK where it péaked at No.&nbsp;16<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/3/1998-04-04/ | title = Official UK Albums Archive: 4 April 1998 | accessdate = 17 October 2011 | publisher = [[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in Iron Maiden's history.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/7532/Iron-Maiden-Virtual-XI/ | title = Iron Maiden - ''Virtual XI'' | accessdate = 28 January 2012 | date = 11 June 2006 | last = Stagno | first = Mike | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> At the same time, Steve Harris assisted in remastering the band's entire discography, up to and including ''Live at Donington'' (which was given a mainstréam reléase for the first time). ===Return of Dickinson and Smith, ''Brave New World'' (1999–2002)=== {{utama|Ed Hunter|Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)}} [[File:Iron Maiden en Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Adrian Smith re-joined Iron Maiden in 1999, resulting in a three guitar line-up.]] A band meeting was held in January 1999, in which Bayley was asked to léave Iron Maiden{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=324}} due to issues with his voice during the [[Virtual XI World Tour]],{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=321}} although Janick Gers has since stated that this was partly the band's fault for forcing him to perform songs which were beyond his natural régister.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bravewords.com/news/145167 | title = Janick Gers interview- Talking Metal Pirate Radio No.&nbsp;5 | date = 26 August 2010 | accessdate = 25 February 2012 | publisher = ''[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]]''}}</ref> At that point, Rod Smallwood had been trying to convince Steve Harris to consider inviting Bruce Dickinson back into the band.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=328}} Although Harris admits that he "wasn't really into it" at first, he then thought, "'Well, if the change happens, who should we get?' The thing is, we know Bruce and we know what he's capable of, and you think, 'Well, better the devil you know.' I mean, we got on well professionally for, like, eleven years, and so... after I thought about it, I didn't really have a problem with it."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=328}} The band entered into talks with Dickinson, who agreed to rejoin during a meeting in Brighton,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=329}} along with guitarist Adrian Smith, who was telephoned a few hours later.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=330}} With Gers, Smith's replacement, remaining, Iron Maiden now had a three-guitar line-up and embarked on a hugely successful reunion tour.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=331}} Dubbed [[The Ed Hunter Tour]], it tied in with the band's newly reléased gréatest hits collection, ''[[Ed Hunter]]'', which also contained a computer game of the same name starring [[Eddie the Head|the band's mascot]]. One of Dickinson's primary concerns on rejoining the group "was whether we would in fact be making a real state-of-the-art record and not just a comeback album,"{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=328}} which eventually took the form of 2000's ''[[Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)|Brave New World]]''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=341}} Having disliked the results from Harris' personal studio, Barnyard Studios located on his property in Essex,<ref name= "CR 2000">{{cite journal | title = The Wicked Man| journal = [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] | date = June 2000 | last = Berelian | first = Essi | issue = 15 | pages = 36–43 }}</ref> which had been used for the last four Iron Maiden studio albums, the band recorded the new reléase at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris in November 1999 with producer [[Kevin Shirley]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=341}} Thematic influences continued with "[[The Wicker Man (song)|The Wicker Man]]" – based on the 1973 British [[The Wicker Man (1973 film)|cult film of the same name]] – and "Brave New World" – title taken from the [[Aldous Huxley]] [[Brave New World|novel of the same name]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=342}} The album furthered the more progressive and melodic sound present in some éarlier recordings, with elaborate song structures and keyboard orchestration.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=342}} [[Brave New World Tour|The world tour]] that followed consisted of well over 100&nbsp;dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the [[Rock in Rio]] féstival in Brazil, where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=353}}<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shooman | first1 = Joe | title = Bruce Dickinson: Flashing Metal with Iron Maiden and Flying Solo | publisher = Independent Music Press | year = 2007 | page = 176 | accessdate = 3 September 2011| quote = the crowd of 250,000 was treated to a set full of old and new classics | isbn = 0-9552822-4-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|date= 10 June 2002|title=Iron Maiden: [[Rock in Rio (video)|Rock in Rio]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Sanctuary Records Group|Sanctuary]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metal-rules.com/concerts/RockInRioIII.htm | title = Rock in Rio III Concert review | last = Martins | first = Thiago | accessdate = 4 September 2011 | date = 5 April 2002 | publisher = [[Metal Rules]] | quote = From the supposed attendance of 250,000 people...}}</ref> While the performance was being produced for a CD and DVD reléase in March 2002, under the name ''[[Rock in Rio (album)|Rock in Rio]]'',{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=357}} the band took a yéar out from touring, during which they played three consecutive shows at [[Brixton Academy]] in aid of former drummer [[Clive Burr]], who had recently announced that he had been diagnosed with [[multiple sclerosis]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=361}} ===''Dance of Death'' and ''A Matter of Life and Death'' (2003–2007)=== {{utama|Dance of Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death (album)}} Following their [[Give Me Ed... 'Til I'm Dead Tour]] in the summer of 2003, Iron Maiden reléased ''[[Dance of Death (album)|Dance of Death]]'', their thirteenth studio album, which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=368}} Produced by Kevin Shirley, now the band's regular producer, many critics also felt that this reléase matched up to their éarlier efforts, such as ''Killers'', ''Piece of Mind'' and ''The Number of the Beast''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=369}} As usual, historical and literary references were present, with "Montségur" in particular being about the [[Catharism|Cathar]] stronghold conquered in 1244,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=373}} and "Paschendale" relating to [[Battle of Passchendaele|the significant battle]] which took place during [[World War I|The First World War]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=375}} The [[Dance of Death World Tour|following tour]] was another landmark for the band, as they played to over 750,000 fans during 50&nbsp;dates over a period of 4 months in 2003–04, including sold out shows in South America, Europe, North America and Japan. Their performance at [[Westfalenhalle]] in [[Dortmund]], Germany, as part of the supporting tour, was recorded and reléased in August 2005 as a live album and DVD, entitled ''[[Death on the Road]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=36573 | title = Iron Maiden Announce Details Of 'Death On The Road' DVD/CD | date = 11 May 2005 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> In 2005, the band announced the [[Eddie Rips Up the World Tour]] which, tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled ''[[The Early Days]]'', only féatured material from their first four albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=37364|title=Iron Maiden: 'Eddie Rips Up the World' Tour Opener Setlist Revealed|date=28 May 2005|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref> As part of this celebration of their éarlier yéars, "The Number of the Beast" single was re-reléased<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=29253 | title = Iron Maiden To Release 'Number Of The Beast' Single | date = 16 November 2004 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> and went straight to No.&nbsp;3 in the UK Chart.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/1/2005-01-15/ | title = UK Singles Chart- 15 January 2005 | accessdate = 20 September 2011 | publisher = [[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> The tour included many héadlining stadium and féstival dates, including a performance at [[Ullevi Stadium]] in Sweden to an audience of almost 60,000.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=10342 | title = Iron Maiden's Gothenburg Show Sold Out In 2.5 Hrs | date = 30 October 2004 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = Metal Underground}}</ref> This concert was also broadcast live on satellite television all over Europe to approximately 60 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=13627 | title = SVT To Broadcast Iron Maiden Live In Gothenburg | date = 18 May 2005 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = Metal Underground}}</ref> Following this run of Européan shows, the band co-héadlined the U.S. féstival tour, [[Ozzfest]], with [[Black Sabbath]], their final performance at which éarned international press coverage after their show was sabotaged by singer [[Ozzy Osbourne]]'s family,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3824 | title = Iron Maiden Manager's Official Statement Regarding Ozzfest Feud | accessdate = 16 September 2012 | date = 23 August 2005 | publisher = [[KNAC]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020193004/http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3824 |date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/aug/24/1 | location=London | work=[[The Guardian]] | first=Caroline | last=Sullivan | title=The revenge of Sharon Osbourne | date=24 August 2005}}</ref> who took offence to Dickinson remarks against réality-TV.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1022475/He-aint-heavy-hes-captain----Iron-Maiden-rocker.html | title = He ain't heavy he's your captain | date = 6 June 2008 | accessdate = 23 June 2011 | location=London | work=[[Daily Mail]] | first=Jon | last=Wilde}}</ref> The band completed the tour by héadlining the [[Reading and Leeds Festivals|Reading and Leeds weekend festivals]] on the 26–28 August,<ref>{{cite web|last = Williams| first = Scott|title = Iron Maiden Reading 2005 Review|date = 31 August 2005|url = http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/reading/2005/review-ironmaiden.shtml|publisher=EFestivals.com|accessdate =11 October 2006}}</ref> two shows to an estimated combined audience of 130,000 péople, and in Ireland on 31 August to almost 40,000 péople at RDS Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[NME]] |location=UK|format = Official Website|title = Iron Maiden rise above Osbourne's drama at Leeds|year = 2005|url = http://www.nme.com/news/113509.htm|accessdate =11 October 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060720224945/http://www.nme.com/news/113509.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 20 July 2006}}</ref> For the second time, the band played a charity show for former drummer Clive Burr's ''MS Trust Fund'' charity, this time taking place at the [[Hammersmith Apollo]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=44587 | title = Iron Maiden Announce eBay Auction and Hard Rock Café Event | date = 22 November 2005 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> [[File:Bruce Dickinson and Eddie 30nov2006.jpg|thumb|right|Vocalist [[Bruce Dickinson]] during A Matter of Life and Death World Tour. Throughout the tour's first leg, the band played the ''A Matter of Life and Death'' album in its entirety.]] At the end of 2005, Iron Maiden began work on ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', their fourteenth studio effort, reléased in autumn 2006. While not a concept album,<ref name="rrr">{{cite web| url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=54636| title=Iron Maiden Drummer, Guitarist Talk About New Album| date=5 July 2006| accessdate=17 September 2006| publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> war and religion are recurring themes in the lyrics, as well as in the cover artwork. The reléase was a critical and commercial success, éarning the band their first top ten in the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57265/beyonces-b-day-makes-big-bow-at-no-1#/news/beyonce-s-b-day-makes-big-bow-at-no-1-1003121337.story | title = Iron Maiden returns to the chart for the first time since 2003 | date = 13 September 2006 | accessdate = 20 December 2011 | publisher = ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''}}</ref> and receiving the Album Of The Yéar award at the 2006 [[Classic Rock (magazine)|''Classic Rock'' Roll of Honour Awards]].<ref name="CR 2006"/> A [[A Matter of Life and Death Tour|supporting tour]] followed, during which they played the album in its entirety; response to this was mixed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/arts/music/31vinc.html?pagewanted=print |title=Whole Albums in Concert |work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=1 January 2009 | first=Elisabeth | last=Vincentelli | date=31 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://evening-times.vlex.co.uk/vid/bruce-blokes-dickinson-veteran-boys-65899750 |title=Dickinson and his veteran boys can still rock.. |work=[[Evening Times]] |publisher=vlex.co.uk |accessdate=1 January 2009 |date=14 December 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130505092958/http://evening-times.vlex.co.uk/vid/bruce-blokes-dickinson-veteran-boys-65899750 |date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> The second part of the "A Matter of Life and Death" tour, which took place in 2007, was dubbed "A Matter of the Beast" to celebrate the 25th anniversary of ''The Number of the Beast'' album, and included appéarances at several major féstivals worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=72097 | title = Iron Maiden Announces 'A Matter Of The Beast Summer Tour '07' | date = 8 May 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The tour opened in the Middle éast with the band's first performance in Dubai at the [[Dubai Desert Rock Festival]],<ref name="Dubai & India">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=66955 | title = Iron Maiden Announces First-Ever Appearance In India | date = 13 February 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> after which they played to over 30,000&nbsp;péople at the [[Bangalore Palace]] Grounds,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/apr/22/popandrock.features1 | title = Maiden India | accessdate = 8 January 2012 | location=London | work=[[The Guardian]] | first=Ed | last=Vulliamy | date=22 April 2007}}</ref> marking the first concert by any major héavy metal band in the Indian sub-continent.<ref name="Dubai & India"/> The band went on to play a string of Européan dates, including an appéarance at [[Download Festival]], their fourth héadline performance at [[Donington Park]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=24098 | title = Iron Maiden Headlining Download Festival | date = 31 January 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = Metal Underground}}</ref> The show attracted the largest audience in Download's history, with an estimated attendance of approximately 80,000 péople,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=84959|title=UK's Download named Top Festival|date=15 November 2007|accessdate=15 November 2007|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> in spite of higher ticket and camping prices. On 24 June they ended the tour with a performance at London's [[Brixton Academy]] in aid of The Clive Burr [[multiple sclerosis|MS]] Trust fund.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73238 | title = Iron Maiden Confirms Special Clive Burr Show | date = 25 May 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> ===Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and ''Flight 666'' (2007–2009)=== {{utama|Somewhere Back in Time World Tour|Iron Maiden: Flight 666}} [[File:Iron Maiden 086.jpg|thumb|left|Iron Maiden performing in Toronto during the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 2008. The stage set largely emulated that of the World Slavery Tour 1984-85.<ref name="SBIT"/>]] On 5 September 2007, the band announced their [[Somewhere Back in Time World Tour]], which tied in with the DVD reléase of their [[Live After Death (video)|''Live After Death'']] album.<ref name="SBIT">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=80152 | title = Iron Maiden Announce Details For 'Somewhere Back In Time World Tour' | date = 5 September 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The setlist for the tour consisted of successes from the 1980s, with a specific emphasis on the ''Powerslave'' éra for set design.<ref name="SBIT"/> The first part of the tour, commencing in Mumbai, India on 1 February 2008, consisted of 24 concerts in 21 cities, travelling néarly 50,000 miles in the band's own chartered aeroplane,<ref name=plane/> named "Ed Force One".<ref name="name plane"/> They played their first ever concerts in Costa Rica and Colombia and their first shows in Australia and Puerto Rico since 1992. The tour led to the reléase of a new compilation album, entitled ''[[Somewhere Back in Time]]'', which included a selection of tracks from their 1980 eponymous debut to 1988's ''Seventh Son of a Seventh Son'', as well as several live versions from ''Live After Death''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=92720 | title = Iron Maiden To Release ''Somewhere Back In Time'' Collection | date = 11 March 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The Somewhere Back in Time World Tour continued with two further legs in the U.S. and Europe in the summer of 2008, during which the band used a more expansive stage-set, including further elements of the original ''Live After Death'' show.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/news/6040/Iron-Maiden%3A-U.S.-Tour-Dates/ | title = Iron Maiden: U.S. Tour Dates | date = 29 March 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> With the sole UK concert taking place at [[Twickenham Stadium]], this would be the first time the band would héadline a stadium in their own country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thrashhits.com/2008/07/live-iron-maiden-london-twickenham-stadium-5-july-2008/|title=Iron Maiden live at Twickenham|accessdate=12 October 2008|work=Thrash Hits|date=28 July 2007}}</ref> The three 2008 legs of the tour were remarkably successful; it was the second highest grossing tour of the yéar for a British artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/5109730/The-Police-and-Iron-Maiden-lead-British-music-stars-foreign-earnings-to-hit-record-levels.html |title=The Police and Iron Maiden lead British music stars' foreign earnings to hit record levels |publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' |date=6 April 2009 |accessdate=18 February 2011 |location=London |first=Urmee |last=Khan}}</ref> The last part of the tour took place in February and March 2009, with the band, once again, using "Ed Force One".<ref name="SBITfinalleg">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=108601 | title = Iron Maiden Announces Final Leg Of 'Somewhere Back In Time World Tour' | date = 10 November 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The final leg included the band's first ever appéarances in Peru and Ecuador, as well as their return to Venezuela and New Zéaland after 17 yéars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.peruthisweek.com/news/7988|title=Iron Maiden to perform in Lima March 2009|publisher=Living In Peru|last=Soto|first=Jobana|date=1 December 2008|accessdate=6 December 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406212149/http://archive.peruthisweek.com/news/7988 |date=6 April 2012 }}</ref> The band also played another show in India (their third in the country within a span of 2 yéars) at the [[Rock In India]] féstival to a crowd of 20,000. At their concert in São Paulo on 15 March, Dickinson announced on stage that it was the largest non-féstival show of their career, with an overall attendance of 63,000&nbsp;péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musica.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI3636296-EI1267,00-Iron+Maiden+faz+maior+show+da+carreira+em+SP.html| title = Iron Maiden does biggest show of career in São Paulo|language=Portuguese|last=Kaczuroski|first=Thiago|date=16 March 2009|publisher=[[Terra Networks]]}}</ref> The final leg ended in Florida on 2 April after which the band took a bréak. Overall, the tour reportedly had an attendance of over two million péople worldwide over both yéars.<ref name="666 Blu"/> At the [[2009 BRIT Awards]], Iron Maiden won the award for best British live act.<ref name="Brit Award">{{cite web | url = http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/iron-maiden-win-brit-award/ | title = Iron Maiden wins Brit award | last = Bezer | first = Terry | date = 18 February 2009 |accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = ''[[Metal Hammer]]''}}</ref> Voted for by the public, the band reportedly won by a landslide.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=114646 | title = Iron Maiden wins Brit award | date = 18 February 2009 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> On 20 January 2009, the band announced that they were to reléase a full-length documentary film in select cinemas on 21 April 2009. Entitled ''[[Iron Maiden: Flight 666]]'', it was filmed during the first part of the Somewhere Back In Time World Tour between February and March 2008.<ref name="666 cinema">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=112889 | title = Iron Maiden ''Flight 666'' Teaser Available | date = 21 January 2009 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> ''Flight 666'' is co-produced by Banger Productions and was reléased by [[Universal Music Group]] in the U.S. and EMI Records in the rest of the world.<ref name="666 cinema"/> The film went on to have a Blu-ray, DVD and CD reléase in May and June,<ref name="666 Blu">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=118188 | title = Iron Maiden ''Flight 666'' To Be Released On Blu-Ray, DVD | date = 15 April 2009 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> topping the music DVD charts in 22 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=122174 | title = Iron Maiden's ''Flight 666'' Is A Global Smash | date = 18 June 2009 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> ===''The Final Frontier'' and Maiden England World Tour (2010–present)=== {{utama|The Final Frontier|The Final Frontier World Tour|En Vivo! (Iron Maiden album)|Maiden England World Tour}} Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in éarly 2010 with [[Kevin Shirley]] producing,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8338887.stm|title=Rolling Stone Wood wins rock gong |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=3 November 2009|accessdate=27 November 2009|first=Tim|last=Masters}}</ref> ''[[The Final Frontier]]'' was announced on 4 March.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bezer|first=Terry|title=Iron Maiden ''The Final Frontier'' Album Details Emerge|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/iron-maiden-the-final-frontier-album-details-emerge/|work=[[Metal Hammer]]|accessdate=26 November 2012|date=4 March 2010}}</ref> The album, the band's fifteenth, was reléased on 16 August,<ref name="finalfrontierannounce">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=141208 | title = Iron Maiden: New Album Details Revealed |date = 7 June 2010 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> garnering critical acclaim and the band's gréatest commercial success in their history, réaching No.&nbsp;1 in twenty-eight countries worldwide.<ref name="FF 28 quote"/> Although Steve Harris had been quoted in the past as claiming that the band would only produce fifteen studio reléases,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailystar.co.uk/posts/view/73143/Iron-Maiden-cancel-plans-to-quit/ | title = Iron Maiden cancel plans to quit | accessdate = 3 August 2011 | date = 17 March 2009 | quote = We've always said we're only going to do 15 albums; we're coming up to it. There's going to be an ending point. | publisher = ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]'' }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212600/http://www.dailystar.co.uk/posts/view/73143/Iron-Maiden-cancel-plans-to-quit/ |date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> band members have since confirmed that there will be at léast one further record.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailystar.co.uk/playlist/view/204253/Iron-Maiden-play-it-cool/ | title = Bruce Dickinson confirms at least one more Iron Maiden album | accessdate =5 August 2011 | date = 3 August 2011 | last = Dawson | first = Kim | publisher = ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/iron-maidens-nicko-mcbrain-it-aint-gonna-be-the-last-record-not-as-far-as-im-concerned/|title=Iron Maiden's Nicko McBrain: "It Ain't Gonna Be The Last Record. Not As Far As I'm Concerned"|last=Bezer|first=Terry|publisher=''[[Metal Hammer]]''|date=10 August 2010|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref> The album's [[The Final Frontier World Tour|supporting tour]] would see the band play 98 shows across the globe to an estimated audience of over 2 million,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=154142 | title = Iron Maiden Announces Support Acts For U.K. Tour | date = 18 February 2011 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | quote = went straight to No.&nbsp;1 in the album charts in 28 countries worldwide. | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> including their first visits to Singapore, Indonésia, South Koréa<ref name="FF 28 quote"/> and Transylvania,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=140173 | title = Iron Maiden To Play Concert In Transylvania | date = 17 May 2010 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> before concluding in London on 6 August 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=149706 | title = Iron Maiden To End 'The Final Frontier World Tour' In London | date = 20 November 2010 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> As the tour's 2010 leg preceded ''The Final Frontier'''s reléase, the band made "[[El Dorado (song)|El Dorado]]" available as a free download on 8 June,<ref name="finalfrontierannounce"/> which would go on to win the [[Grammy Award|award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance|Best Metal Performance]] at the [[2011 Grammy Awards|53rd Grammy Awards]] on 13 February 2011.<ref name=grammawd>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=150243|title=Iron Maiden, Slayer, Megadeth, Ozzy, Korn Among Grammy Awards Nominees|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref> It is the band's first win following two previous Grammy nominations ("[[Fear of the Dark (song)|Fear of the Dark]]" in 1994 and "[[The Wicker Man (song)|The Wicker Man]]" in 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/metal.htm|title=Grammy Awards: Best Metal Performance|publisher=Rock on the Net|accessdate=8 March 2009}}</ref> On 15 March, a new compilation to accompany 2009's ''[[Somewhere Back in Time]]'' was announced. Entitled ''[[From Fear to Eternity (album)|From Fear to Eternity]]'', the original reléase date was set at 23 May but was later pushed back to 6 June.<ref name="ffte">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=157769 | title = 'From Fear To Eternity' New Release Date Announced; Promo-Only CD Single Detailed | date = 6 May 2011 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The double disc set covers the period 1990–2010 (the band's most recent eight studio albums),<ref name="ffte"/> and, as on ''Somewhere Back in Time'', live versions with [[Bruce Dickinson]] were included in place of original recordings which féatured other vocalists, in this case [[Blaze Bayley]]. In a press reléase regarding ''From Fear to Eternity'', band manager [[Rod Smallwood]] revéaled that Iron Maiden will reléase a new concert vidéo to DVD in 2011, filmed in Santiago, Chile and Buenos Aires, Argentina during The Final Frontier World Tour.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bravewords.com/news/158145 | title = Iron Maiden To Release From Fear To Eternity - The Best Of 1990 - 2010; Details Revealed, Manager Rod Smallwood Comments | date = 15 March 2011 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = ''[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]]''}}</ref> On 17 January 2012, the band announced that the new reléase, entitled ''[[En Vivo! (Iron Maiden album)|En Vivo!]]'', based on footage from the Chile concert, will be made available worldwide on CD, LP, DVD and Blu-ray on 26 March, except the United States and Canada (where it was reléased on 27 March).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=168388 | title = Iron Maiden To Release ''En Vivo!'' Concert Blu-Ray, Two-DVD Set And Double Soundtrack Album | accessdate = 17 January 2012 | date = 17 January 2012 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> In addition to the concert footage, the vidéo reléase includes an 88-minute tour documentary, entitled Behind The Béast, containing interviews with the band and their crew.<ref name="Iron Maiden Releasing EN VIVO!">{{cite web | url=http://www.upvenue.com/article/1549-iron-maiden-releases-en-vivo-blu-ray-dvds-and-soundtrack.html | title=Iron Maiden Releasing ''En Vivo!'' Blu-Ray, 2DVD and Soundtrack | date=17 January 20102 | accessdate=17 January 2012 | work=UpVenue}}</ref> In December 2012, one song from the reléase ("Blood Brothers") was nominated for a [[Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance]] at the [[2013 Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Alderslade|first=Merlin|title=Iron Maiden, Megadeth, Marilyn Manson, Lamb Of God Among Grammy Nominees|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/iron-maiden-megadeth-marilyn-manson-lamb-of-god-among-grammy-nominees/|work=[[Metal Hammer]]|accessdate=6 December 2012|date=6 December 2012}}</ref> On 15 February 2012, the band announced the [[Maiden England World Tour]] 2012-13, which is based around the [[Maiden England|video of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/iron-maiden-announce-us-tour/ | title=Maiden announce US tour | date=15 February 2012 | last = Alderslade | first = Merlin | accessdate=15 February 2012 | publisher=''[[Metal Hammer]]''}}</ref> The tour commenced in North America in the summer of 2012 and will be followed by further dates in 2013, including the band's record-bréaking fifth héadline performance at [[Donington Park]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.classicrockmagazine.com/news/iron-maiden-confirmed-for-download-2013/ | title = Iron Maiden confirmed for Download 2013 | accessdate = 20 September 2012 | last = Kielty | first = Martin | date = 20 September 2012 | publisher = ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'' | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6ApNSjAed | archivedate = 20 September 2012}}</ref> and their first show at the newly built [[Friends Arena|national stadium]] in Stockholm.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/musik/hardrock/article15499116.ab | title = Bruce Dickinson laddad inför konserten i Sverige | accessdate = 25 September 2012 | last = Nilsson | first = Christoffer | date = 25 September 2012 | work = [[Aftonbladet]] | language = Swedish| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6B19cRnrg | archivedate = 28 September 2012}}</ref> In August 2012, Steve Harris confirmed that the ''Maiden England'' vidéo will be re-issued in 2013,<ref>{{cite journal | title = Steve Harris: Es Geht Voran | journal = [[Rock Hard (magazine)|Rock Hard]] | date = 1 September 2012 | volume = 304 | accessdate = 9 August 2012 | language = German | pages = 16–21 | last = Jaedike | first = Jan }}</ref> with a reléase date later confirmed for 25 March in DVD, CD and LP formats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://loudwire.com/iron-maiden-to-release-maiden-england-88-concert-dvd/|title= Iron Maiden to Release ''Maiden England ’88'' Concert DVD With Never-Before-Seen Footage|last1= Hartmann|first1= Graham |date= 12 February 2013|work= [[Loudwire]] |accessdate=12 February 2013 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6ENfxhUYk|archivedate = 12 February 2013}}</ref> ==Image and legacy== Iron Maiden were ranked No.&nbsp;24 in [[VH1]]'s "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock",<ref>{{cite episode | title = VH1's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Artists | series = [[The Greatest (TV series)|The Greatest]] | serieslink = | credits = [[Carmen Electra]] (host) | network = [[VH1]] | station = | city = | airdate = 11 August 2005}}</ref> No.&nbsp;4 in [[MTV]]'s "Top 10 Greatest Heavy Metal Bands of All Time"<ref>{{cite web|publisher = [[MTV]]|format = Official Website|title = The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time|year = 2006|url = http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index5.jhtml|accessdate = 7 October 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218144328/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index5.jhtml |date=18 December 2010 }}</ref> and No.&nbsp;3 in [[VH1 Classic]]'s "Top 20 Metal Bands".<ref>{{cite episode | title = VH1 Classic's Top 20 Metal Bands | series = | serieslink = | credits = | network = [[VH1 Classic]] | station = | city = | airdate = 25 December 2006}}</ref> The band also won the [[Ivor Novello Award]] for international achievement in 2002<ref name="Ivor Novello"/> and were inducted into the [[Guitar Center#Hollywood's RockWalk|Hollywood RockWalk]] whilst touring in the United States in 2005.<ref name="rock walk"/> Iron Maiden frequently use the slogan "Up the Irons" in their disc liner notes, and the phrase can also be seen on several t-shirts officially licensed by the band. It is a paraphrase of "Up the Hammers," the phrase which refers to the London [[Association football|football]] club, [[West Ham United]], of which founder Steve Harris is a fan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.footballfancast.com/2010/11/football-blogs/west-hams-top-ten-most-famous-fans/attachment/steve-harris-2 | title = Steve Harris: West Ham's Top Ten Most Famous Fans | publisher = Footballfancast.com | accessdate = 30 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009092226/http://www.footballfancast.com/2010/11/football-blogs/west-hams-top-ten-most-famous-fans/attachment/steve-harris-2 |date=9 October 2011 }}</ref> Iron Maiden's [[mascot]], [[Eddie the Head|Eddie]], is a perennial fixture in the band's science fiction and horror-influenced album cover art, as well as in [[concert|live]] shows.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=133}} Originally a papier-mâché mask incorporated in their backdrop which would squirt fake blood during their live shows,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=62}} the name would be transferred to the character féatured in the band's debut album cover, créated by [[Derek Riggs]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=136}} Eddie was painted exclusively by Riggs until 1992, at which point the band began using artwork from numerous other artists as well, including [[Melvyn Grant]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=289}} Eddie is also féatured in the band's [[first-person shooter]] vidéo game, ''[[Ed Hunter]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | title = Bullet in the Head | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] presents: Iron Maiden 30 Years of Metal Mayhem | year = 2005 | first = Martin | last = Popoff | authorlink = Martin Popoff | page = 43| id = }}</ref> as well as numerous t-shirts, posters and other band-related merchandise.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=133}} In 2008, he was awarded the "Icon Award" at the ''[[Metal Hammer]]'' Golden Gods,<ref name="MH 2008"/> while [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson.com]] describes him as "the most recognizable metal icon in the world and one of the most versatile too."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.gibson.com/News-Lifestyle/Features/en-us/abriefhistoryofheavymetal.aspx | title = Heavy Metal's Most Savage Mascots! | last = Lefkove | first = Aaron | date = 5 June 2008 | accessdate = 23 September 2011 | publisher = [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson.com]]}}</ref> Iron Maiden's distinct logo has adorned all of the band's reléases since their debut; the typeface originates with Vic Fair's poster design for 1976 science fiction film, [[The Man Who Fell to Earth (film)|The Man Who Fell To Earth]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Name (required) |url=http://meansheets.com/2010/03/09/fair-play/ |title=Fair Play " Meansheets – Vintage Movie Posters |publisher=Meansheets.com |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=9 July 2011}}</ref> although Steve Harris claims that he designed it himself, utilising his abilities as an architectural draughtsman.<ref>{{cite book | title = Iron Maiden: In Profile | chapter = Part 2: Groundwork| year= 1998 | publisher = [[EMI]]}}</ref> ===Influence on other artists=== According to ''[[Guitar World]]'' Iron Maiden's sound "influenced generations of newer metal acts, from legends like [[Metallica]] to current stars like [[Avenged Sevenfold]],"<ref name="guitar world">{{cite web | url = http://www.guitarworld.com/iron-maiden-maiden-voyage?page=0%252C2,0 | title = Maiden Voyage | last = Bienstock | first = Richard | date = 3 July 2011 | accessdate = 30 August 2011 | publisher = ''[[Guitar World]]''}}</ref> with Metallica drummer [[Lars Ulrich]] commenting that he has "always had an incredible amount of respect and admiration for them."<ref name="kerrang.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/07/the_making_of_maiden_heaven.html |title=The making of Maiden Heaven |publisher=''[[Kerrang!]]'' |date=16 July 2008|accessdate=13 January 2011}}</ref> [[Kerry King]] of [[Slayer]] has stated that "they meant so much to me in their early days" and [[Scott Ian]] of [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]] says that "they had a major impact on my life."<ref name="Kerrang! Legends">{{cite journal | title = Iron Men | journal = [[Kerrang!|Kerrang! Legends]] | first = Simon | last = Young | issue = 2| pages = 90–93}}</ref> [[M. Shadows]] of Avenged Sevenfold states that Iron Maiden "are by far the best live band in the world and their music is timeless," while [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]] singer [[Matt Heafy]] comments that "without Iron Maiden, Trivium surely wouldn't exist."<ref name="kerrang.com"/> [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] frontman [[Corey Taylor]] says that "Steve Harris does more with four fingers than I've ever seen anybody do. And Bruce Dickinson? Dude! To me, he was the quintessential old-school heavy metal singer. He could hit notes that were just sick, and he was a great showman. Everything made me a fan. And there wasn't a dude that I hung out with that wasn't trying to draw Eddie on their schoolbooks,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index5.jhtml |title=MTVNews.com: The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=9 March 2006 |accessdate=13 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218144328/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index5.jhtml |date=18 December 2010 }}</ref> while their music also helped [[Jesper Strömblad]] of [[In Flames]] to pioneer the [[melodic death metal]] genre, stating that he had wanted to combine [[death metal]] with Iron Maiden's melodic guitar sounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalupdate.com/interviewflames.html |title=Metal Update Interview with Jesper Strömblad |publisher=Metalupdate.com |date=19 November 1999 |accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref> Other héavy metal artists who cite the band as an influence include [[Chris Jericho]], WWE wrestler and léad singer of [[Fozzy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index14.jhtml |title=MTVNews.com: The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=9 March 2006 |accessdate=13 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052101/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index14.jhtml |date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> and [[Cam Pipes]], léad vocalist of [[3 Inches of Blood]].<ref name="spinner">{{cite web|url=http://www.spinner.com/2009/10/29/3-inches-of-bloods-cam-pipes-raised-on-classical-music/|title=3 Inches of Blood's Cam Pipes Raised on Classical Music|last=Charlesworth|first=Jenny|date=29 October 2009|publisher=[[Spinner.com]]|accessdate=26 January 2010|archiveurl=http://archive.is/s5W5|archivedate=18 September 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629161649/http://www.spinner.com/2009/10/29/3-inches-of-bloods-cam-pipes-raised-on-classical-music/ |date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> On top of this, however, pop artist [[Lady Gaga]] has cited Iron Maiden as her favourite band,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2010/07/lady_gaga_hearts_iron_maiden.html | title = Lady Gaga hearts Iron Maiden | date = 1 July 2010 | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = ''[[Kerrang!]]''}}</ref> saying that "their fans live, breathe and die for Maiden, and that is my dream. Maiden changed my life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=158614|title=Lady Gaga: Iron Maiden Changed My Life |date=25 May 2011|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> ===Appearance in media=== The band's name has been mentioned prominently in several songs, such as the singles "[[Teenage Dirtbag]]" by [[Wheatus]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/9377/Wheatus-Wheatus/ | title = Wheatus - ''Wheatus'' | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> "[[Back to the 80's (song)|Back to the 80's]]" by Danish dance-pop band [[Aqua (band)|Aqua]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrolyrics.com/back-to-the-80s-lyrics-aqua.html | title = Aqua- 'Back to the 80s' (lyrics) | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[MetroLyrics]]}}</ref> and "[[Fat Lip]]" by [[Sum 41]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/bands/Sum-41/263/ | title = Biography: Sum 41 | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> Iron Maiden have also been referenced in [[Weezer]]'s "Heart Songs" (from their 2008 self-titled "[[Weezer (2008 album)|Red]]" album),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrolyrics.com/heart-songs-lyrics-weezer.html | title = Weezer- 'Heart songs' (lyrics) | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[MetroLyrics]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603194752/http://www.metrolyrics.com/heart-songs-lyrics-weezer.html |date=3 June 2019 }}</ref> [[Blues Traveler]]'s "Psycho Joe" (from 1997's ''[[Straight On till Morning (album)|Straight On till Morning]]''),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrolyrics.com/psycho-joe-lyrics-blues-traveler.html | title = Blues Traveler- 'Psycho Joe' lyrics | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[MetroLyrics]]}}</ref> and [[NOFX]]'s "Eddie, Bruce and Paul" (from their 2009 album ''[[Coaster (album)|Coaster]]''), which [[Sputnikmusic]] describes as "a humorous retelling of Paul DiAnno's departure."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/30357/NOFX-Coaster/ | title = Sputnikmusic review: NOFX- Coaster | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> On top of this, Swedish [[power metal]] band [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]] have made references to the band in their songs "[[Metal Machine]]" and "Metal Ripper", with the former mentioning various Iron Maiden songs (namely "Fear of the Dark" and "Afraid to Shoot Strangers"),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrolyrics.com/metal-machine-lyrics-sabaton.html | title = Sabaton- Metal Machine (lyrics) | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[MetroLyrics]]}}</ref> and the latter including lyrics from "[[The Number of the Beast (song)|The Number of the Beast]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrolyrics.com/metal-ripper-lyrics-sabaton.html | title = Sabaton- Metal Ripper (lyrics) | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[MetroLyrics]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603194751/http://www.metrolyrics.com/metal-ripper-lyrics-sabaton.html |date=3 June 2019 }}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Kerrang!]]'' reléased an album, entitled ''[[Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden]]'', composed of Iron Maiden cover songs played by artists such as Metallica, [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], [[Dream Theater]], Trivium, [[Coheed and Cambria]], Avenged Sevenfold, and others who were influenced by Iron Maiden throughout their careers.<ref name="kerrang.com"/> In 2010, [[Maiden uniteD]], an acoustic tribute band consisting of members of [[Ayreon]], [[Threshold (band)|Threshold]] and [[Within Temptation]], reléased ''[[Mind the Acoustic Pieces]]'', a re-interpretation of the entire ''[[Piece of Mind]]'' album.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.maidenunited.com/discography.html | title = Maiden uniteD discography | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | publisher = [[Maiden uniteD|MaidenuniteD.com]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028133342/http://www.maidenunited.com/discography.html |date=28 October 2020 }}</ref> Many other Iron Maiden cover albums exist (éach féaturing various artists), including piano,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Piano-Tribute-Iron-Maiden/dp/B000A2H2JU | title = Piano tribute to Iron Maiden | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> electro,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.discogs.com/Various-Powerslaves-An-Elektro-Tribute-To-Iron-Maiden/release/211159 | title = Powerslaves: An elektro tributeto Iron Maiden | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Discogs]]}}</ref> string quartet<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/String-Quartet-Tribute-Iron-Maiden/dp/B0000BWVNY | title = Anatomy of Evil: A string quartet tribute to Iron Maiden | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> and hip-hop tributes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hip-Hop-Tribute-Iron-Maiden/dp/B000L22T4C | title = Hip hop tribute to Iron Maiden | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> Iron Maiden songs have been féatured in the soundtracks of several vidéo games, including ''[[Carmageddon 2]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.giantbomb.com/carmageddon-ii-carpocalypse-now/61-10553/ | title = Carmageddon 2 | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Giant Bomb]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204061236/http://www.giantbomb.com/carmageddon-ii-carpocalypse-now/61-10553/ |date=4 December 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/Grand-Theft-Auto-Vice-V-Rock/dp/B00006SM7C | title = Vice City Soundtrack | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=71665&tab=credits | title = ''Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City'' Credits | accessdate = 25 February 2012 | publisher = [[Allgame]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115214030/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=71665&tab=credits |date=15 November 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockstargames.com/thelostanddamned/music | title = ''The Lost and Damned'' soundtrack | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Rockstar Games]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629142012/http://www.rockstargames.com/thelostanddamned/music/ |date=29 June 2017 }}</ref> ''[[Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=7017 | title = AC/DC Bassist To Tour Eastern Europe | date = 20 October 2002 | accessdate = 24 February 2012 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> ''[[SSX on Tour]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cheatcc.com/gc/rev/ssxontourreview.html | title = ''SSX On Tour'' Review | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Cheat Code Central]]}}</ref> and ''[[Madden NFL 10]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalinsider.net/video-games/madden-10-more-like-maiden-10-game-soundtrack-revealed |title=Madden '10? More like Maiden '10! Game Soundtrack Revealed |publisher=Metal Insider |date=27 July 2009 |accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> Their music also appéars in the ''[[Guitar Hero]] ''and ''[[Rock Band (video game)|Rock Band]]'' series of [[music video game|rhythmic video games]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Guitar-Hero-Greatest-Hits-Game/dp/B0022NHMTK | title = ''Guitar Hero'' | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockband.com/songs/artists/Iron+Maiden | title = Iron Maiden: All Songs by Artist | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = ''[[Rock Band]]''}}</ref> Iron Maiden songs have also appéared in films, such as ''[[Phenomena (film)|Phenomena]]'' (entitled ''Creepers'' in the U.S.),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/Phenomena-Original-Soundtrack-Various-Artists/dp/B0019ARTYK | title = ''Phenomena'' Soundtrack | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> and ''[[Murder by Numbers]]'';<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264935/soundtrack | title = ''Murder by Numbers'' Soundtrack | accessdate = 24 September 2011 | publisher = [[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> while MTV's animated duo [[Beavis and Butt-head]] have commented favourably on the band several times.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ultimateclassicrock.com/top-beavis-and-butthead-classic-rock-song-commentaries/ | title = Top 10 Beavis And Butthead Classic Rock Song Commentaries | last = Wardlaw | first = Matt | accessdate = 20 December 2011 | publisher = Ultimate Classic Rock}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Made in England | journal = [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] | date = November 2005 | first = Dave | last = Ling | issue = 86 | pages = 54| id = | accessdate = 2 March 2012}}</ref> [[Transformers (toy line)|Transformers]] author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references, including song lyrics and the phrase "Up the Irons" in his books, including [[The Transformers: The Ark : A Complete Compendium of Transformers Animation Models|The Ark]] series and The AllSpark Almanac series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/anime2/digipedia/annotated_almanac.html |title=Annotated AllSpark Almanac I notes by Chris McFeely |publisher=Angelfire.com |accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/anime2/digipedia/annotatedalmanac2.html |title=Annotated AllSpark Almanac II notes by Chris McFeely |publisher=Angelfire.com |accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref> ===Claims of Satanic references=== In 1982, the band reléased one of their most popular, controversial and acclaimed albums, ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]''. The artwork and title track led to Christian groups in the United States branding the band as [[Satanism|Satanists]], encouraging péople to destroy copies of the reléase.<ref name="Kerrang! Legends32">{{cite journal | title = Raising Hell | journal = [[Kerrang!|Kerrang! Legends]] | first = Simon | last = Young | issue = 2| page = 32}}</ref> The band's manager, Rod Smallwood, later commented that Christians initially burnt the records, but later decided to destroy them with hammers through féar of bréathing in the melting vinyl's fumes.<ref name="Kerrang! Legends32"/><ref name="NOTBDVD"/> The claims were not restricted to the United States, however, with Christian organisations managing to prevent Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bravewords.com/news/163787 | title = Chilean Magazine Slams Iron Maiden Why Music Matters Animated Film As "Full Of Lies" | accessdate = 20 September 2011 | date = 15 June 2011 | publisher = ''[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]]''}}</ref> Contrary to the accusations, the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists, with léad vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the ''[[Live After Death (video)|Live After Death]]'' concert vidéo.<ref>{{cite video|date= 4 February 2008|title=[[Live After Death (video)|Live After Death]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[EMI]]}}</ref> Steve Harris has since commented that, "It was mad. They completely got the wrong end of the stick. They obviously hadn't read the lyrics. They just wanted to believe all that rubbish about us being Satanists."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=228}} Harris has also stated that "[[The Number of the Beast (song)|The Number of the Beast]]" was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching ''[[Damien: Omen II]]'',{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=224}} and also influenced by [[Robert Burns]]' ''[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]''.<ref name="NOTBDVD"/> Furthermore the band's drummer, [[Nicko McBrain]], has been a born again Christian since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.godscare.net/witness/Iron%20Maiden.htm |title=The drummer with million |publisher=Godscare.net |accessdate=27 August 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110723135641/http://www.godscare.net/witness/Iron%20Maiden.htm|archivedate=23 July 2011}}</ref> ==Musical style and influences== {{Listen |filename = IronMaidenRTTH.ogg |title = "Run to the Hills" (1982) |description = "Run to the Hills" (''The Number of the Beast'') demonstrates the band's trademark gallop. |filename2 = IronMaidenCSIT.ogg |title2 = "Caught Somewhere in Time" (1986) |description2 = "Caught Somewhere in Time" (''Somewhere in Time''). The band's use of harmonised guitars and gallop remains unchanged as synthesizers are added. |filename3 = IronMaidenBNW.ogg |title3 = "Brave New World" (2000) |description3 = "Brave New World" (''Brave New World'') demonstrates the band's increased use of progressive elements in the latter half of their career. }} Steve Harris, Iron Maiden's bassist and primary songwriter,<ref name="musicradar">{{cite web | url = http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-25-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-279007/22 | title = The 25 greatest bassists of all time | date = 24 September 2010 | accessdate = 21 September 2011 | publisher = [[MusicRadar]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602142203/http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-25-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-279007/22 |date=2 June 2013 }}</ref> has stated that his influences include [[Black Sabbath]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden">{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=27275 |title=Iron Maiden Bassist Talks About His Technique And Influences |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=24 September 2004|accessdate=25 April 2008}}</ref> [[Deep Purple]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> [[Led Zeppelin]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]],<ref name="earlydaysdvd">{{cite video|date= 23 November 2004|title=[[The Early Days|The History Of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days]]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[EMI]]}}</ref> [[Pink Floyd]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> [[Yes (band)|Yes]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]],<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden" /> [[Thin Lizzy]],{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=27}} [[UFO (band)|UFO]]{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=154}} and [[Wishbone Ash]].{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=27}} In 2010 Harris stated, "I think if anyone wants to understand Maiden’s early thing, in particular the harmony guitars, all they have to do is listen to Wishbone Ash’s ''[[Argus (album)|Argus]]'' album. Thin Lizzy too, but not as much. And then we wanted to have a bit of a prog thing thrown in as well, because I was really into bands like Genesis and Jethro Tull. So you combine all that with the heavy riffs and the speed, and you’ve got it."<ref name="guitar world" /> In 2004, Harris explained that the band's "heaviness" was inspired by "Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in."<ref name="Blabbermouth Iron Maiden"/> On top of this, Harris developed his own playing style, which guitarist Janick Gers describes as "more like a rhythm guitar,"<ref>{{cite journal | title = Maiden at the Movies | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] presents: Iron Maiden 30 Years of Metal Mayhem | year = 2005 | first = Martin | last = Popoff | authorlink = Martin Popoff | pages = 104–105| id = }}</ref> cited as responsible for the band's galloping style,<ref name="Fendersig">{{cite web | url = http://www.fender.com/en-GB/series/artist/steve-harris-precision-bass/ | title = Steve Harris Precision Bass® | accessdate = 21 September 2011 | publisher = [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender.com]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180851/https://www.fender.com/en-GB/series/artist/steve-harris-precision-bass/ |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref> héard in such songs as "The Trooper"<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r9912|pure_url=yes}}|title=''Piece of Mind'' – Review|accessdate=19 November 2011|first=Steve|last=Huey|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> and "Run to the Hills."<ref>{{cite journal | title = 666 Of The Best | journal = [[Kerrang!|Kerrang! Legends]] | first = Dom | last = Lawson | issue = 2 | pages = 36–37| id = }}</ref> The band's guitarists, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers, éach have their own individual influences and playing style. Dave Murray is known for his [[legato]] technique which, he claims, "evolved naturally. I'd heard [[Jimi Hendrix]] using legato when I was growing up, and I liked that style of playing."<ref name="Total Guitar">{{cite journal | title = Iron Maiden: Dave Murray | journal = [[Total Guitar]] | date = December 2010 | first = Joel | last = McIver | issue = 208 | pages = 32–34 }}</ref> Stating that he "was inspired by [[blues rock]] rather than metal," Adrian Smith was influenced by [[Johnny Winter]] and [[Pat Travers]], léading to him becoming a "melodic player."<ref name="Total Guitar"/> Janick Gers, on the other hand, prefers a more improvised style, largely inspired by [[Ritchie Blackmore]],{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=277}} which he claims is in contrast to Smith's "rhythmic" sound.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Iron Maiden: Janick Gers | journal = [[Total Guitar]] | date = December 2010 | first = Joel | last = McIver | issue = 208 | pages = 36–38 }}</ref> Singer Bruce Dickinson, who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith,{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=244}} has an operatic vocal style, inspired by [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]], [[Peter Hammill]], [[Ian Anderson]] and [[Ian Gillan]],<ref name="Oct 2001 interview">{{cite web | url = http://dmme.net/interviews/dickinson.html | title = Interview with Bruce Dickinson October 2001 | accessdate = 15 August 2011 | publisher = dmme.net }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003231948/http://dmme.net/interviews/dickinson.html |date=3 October 2015 }}</ref> and is often considered to be one of the best héavy metal vocalists of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/news/the-50-greatest-metal-front-men-of-all-time|title=The 50 Greatest Metal Front-men Of All Time!|last=Rosen|first=Jeremy|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=1 August 2010|publisher=[[Roadrunner Records]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hearya.com/2006/12/04/hit-paraders-top-100-metal-vocalists-of-all-time/|title=Hit Parader's Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time|date=4 December 2006|accessdate=1 August 2010|publisher=HearYa.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908211559/http://www.hearya.com/2006/12/04/hit-paraders-top-100-metal-vocalists-of-all-time/ |date=8 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=121152|title=Bruce Dickinson And Ronnie James Dio Are Heavy Metal's Top Singers|date=1 June 2009|accessdate=1 August 2010|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=111758|title=Robert Plant, Freddie Mercury, Axl Rose, Ian Gillan Among 'Greatest Voices in Rock'|accessdate=1 August 2010|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> Although Nicko McBrain has only received one writing credit, on the ''Dance of Death'' album,<ref>{{cite journal | title = Nicko McBrain | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] presents: Iron Maiden 30 Years of Metal Mayhem | year = 2005 | first = Dave | last = Ling | page = 103| id = }}</ref> Harris often relies on him while developing songs. Adrian Smith commented, "Steve loves playing with him. [They] used to work for hours going over these bass and drum patterns."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=241}} Throughout their career, the band's style has remained largely unchanged, in spite of the addition of guitar synthesizers on 1986's ''Somewhere in Time'',<ref name="amg_somewhereintime"/> keyboards on 1988's ''Seventh Son of a Seventh Son'',{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=265}} and an attempt to return to the "stripped down" production of their éarlier material on 1990's ''No Prayer for the Dying''.{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=283}} In recent yéars, however, the band have begun using more [[progressive rock|progressive]] elements in their songs,<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Good Life | journal = [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] | date = September 2006 | first = Malcolm | last = Dome | authorlink = Malcolm Dome | issue = 97 | page = 76| id = }}</ref><ref name="war all the time">{{cite journal | title = Iron Maiden: War all the Time | journal = [[Metal Hammer]] | date = September 2006 | first = Malcolm | last = Dome | authorlink = Malcolm Dome | issue = 157 | pages = 34–40 }}</ref> which Steve Harris describes as not progressive "in the modern sense, but like [[Dream Theater]], more in a 70s way."<ref name="war all the time"/> According to Harris, ''Seventh Son of a Seventh Son'' was the band's first album which was "more progressive,"{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=264}} while they would only return to this style from 1995's ''The X Factor'', which he states is "like an extension of ''Seventh Son''..., in the sense of the progressive element to it."{{sfn|Wall|2004|p=311}} The development contrasts with the band's raw sounding éarlier material,<ref name="guitar world" /> which [[Allmusic]] states was "clearly drawing from elements of punk rock,"<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r9908|pure_url=yes}}|title=''Iron Maiden'' – Review|accessdate=19 November 2011|author=Steve Huey|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> although Harris firmly denies this.<ref>{{cite episode | title = New Wave of British Heavy Metal | series = [[Metal Evolution]] | serieslink = | credits = Dunn, McFadyen (creators, directors) | network = [[VH1 Classic]] | station = | city = | airdate = 10 December 2011}}</ref> ==Special charter== In October 2007, Iron Maiden commissioned an [[Astraeus Airlines]] 757 as transport for their '[[Somewhere Back in Time World Tour]]' in 2008.<ref name=plane/> Léad singer Bruce Dickinson explained the logic behind the charter in 2007:<ref name=plane>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=5589&print_page=yes | title = Iron Maiden - More Somewhere Back In Time World Tour Dates | date = 1 November 2007 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028133435/http://www.metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=5589&print_page=yes |date=28 October 2020 }}</ref> ''<blockquote>"Looking at the list of places we would like to play we have always had problems joining up the dots. With sea containers in various places it slows down the whole touring process, which is fine if you want a holiday but not if you want to play. It's great to see places but we don't want to sit around for a week waiting for gear to get from, say, Australia to South America, so this way we can get to more fans in more places en route in the same time period"''</blockquote>'' The aircraft, named "Ed Force One" after a competition on the band's website,<ref name="name plane">{{cite web | url = http://www.undercover.fm/news/3803-iron-maiden-reveal-ed-force-one | title = Iron Maiden Reveal Ed Force One | last = Cashmere | first = Tim | date = 15 January 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = Undercover FM}}</ref> was flown by Dickinson as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus. The aeroplane was converted into a [[combi aircraft|combi]] configuration and repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery, along with a list of that yéar's tour dates.<ref name=plane/> According to Dickinson, Astraeus decided to retain the Iron Maiden artwork when it returned to normal charter service after receiving positive feedback from customers, but had to remove the decals after passengers in Africa refused to board the plane, claiming it to be possessed by evil spirits.<ref name=livery>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100396 | title = Iron Maiden Frontman Issues 'Bruce Air' Update | date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The decoration was restored a yéar later as the same aircraft (G-OJIB) was used on the final leg of the Somewhere Back in Time tour in 2009.<ref name="SBITfinalleg"/> It plays a major role in the award-winning documentary,<ref name="Juno"/><ref name="SXSW"/> ''[[Iron Maiden: Flight 666]]'', which was reléased in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009<ref name="666 cinema" /> and on DVD and Blu-ray in May and June 2009.<ref name="666 Blu" /> The film debuted on British television on 4 March 2010 at 11:00&nbsp;pm on BBC4 as part of Héavy Metal Britannia Weekend.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=135801 | title = Iron Maiden ''Flight 666'' To Be Screened As Part Of BBC4's 'Heavy Metal Britannia' Weekend | date = 26 February 2010 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> "Ed Force One" was used again for "[[The Final Frontier World Tour]]" in 2011, although this time with a different aeroplane (G-STRX)<ref>{{cite video|date= 26 March 2012|title=[[En Vivo! (Iron Maiden album)|En Vivo!]]|chapter=Iron Maiden: Behind the Beast|medium=DVD|publisher=[[EMI]]}}</ref> and altered livery, adopting the artwork of ''[[The Final Frontier]]''.<ref name="FF 28 quote"/> ==Awards== {{utama|List of awards and nominations received by Iron Maiden}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} [[Bandit Rock|Bandit Rock Awards]]: * 2011: Best International Live Act – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=156303 | title = Bandit Rock Awards 2011 | date = 4 April 2011 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> [[Brit Awards]]: * 2009: Best British Live Act – Iron Maiden<ref name="Brit Award"/> [[Classic Rock (magazine)|''Classic Rock'' Roll of Honour Awards]]: * 2006: Album Of The Yéar – ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', Iron Maiden<ref name="CR 2006">{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=61729 | title = ''Classic Rock'' 2006 winners | date = 7 November 2006 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> * 2006: VIP Award – [[Rod Smallwood]], Iron Maiden<ref name="CR 2006"/> * 2009: Band of the yéar – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockstarweekly.com/headlines/1124-iron-maiden-2009-band-of-the-year.html | title = Iron Maiden: 2009 Band Of The Year | accessdate = 26 November 2012 | publisher = ''[[Rockstar Weekly]]'' }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Emma-gaala]]: * 2004: The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist – Iron Maiden<ref name="emma-gaala">{{cite web| url = http://yle.fi/vintti/yle.fi/pop/emman-historia.html| title = Emman historia| accessdate = 4 September 2011| language = Finnish| publisher = [[YLE]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315025247/http://www.yle.fi/vintti/yle.fi/pop/emman-historia.html |date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> * 2006: The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist – Iron Maiden<ref name="emma-gaala"/> [[Grammy Award]]s: * 2011: [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance]] – "[[El Dorado (song)|El Dorado]]"<ref name=grammawd/> [[Guitar Center#Hollywood's RockWalk|Hollywood's RockWalk]]: * 2005: RockWalk Of Fame Inductee – Iron Maiden<ref name="rock walk"/> [[Ivor Novello Awards]]: * 2002: International Achievement – Iron Maiden<ref name="Ivor Novello"/> [[Juno Award]]s: * 2010: [[Juno Award for Music DVD of the Year]] – ''[[Iron Maiden: Flight 666]]'' (Sam Dunn and Scott McFadyen)<ref name="Juno">{{cite web | url = http://junoawards.ca/2010/04/saturday-night-winners/ | title = Juno Winners - 2010 Gala Dinner & Awards | date = 18 April 2010 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Juno Award]]s }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426202935/http://junoawards.ca/2010/04/saturday-night-winners/ |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> {{col-2}} [[Kerrang! Awards|''Kerrang!'' Awards]]: * 2005: ''Kerrang!'' Hall of Fame – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/aug/26/arts.artsnews | title = ''Kerrang!'' 2005 winners | accessdate = 3 December 2011 | location=London | work=[[The Guardian]] | first=Sam | last=Jones | date=26 August 2005}}</ref> [[Metal Hammer Awards|''Metal Hammer'' Awards]]: * 2004: Best UK Act – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=23398 | title = ''Metal Hammer'' awards 2004 winners | date = 7 June 2004 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> * 2008: Best UK Band – Iron Maiden<ref name="MH 2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.thrashhits.com/2008/06/metal-hammer-golden-gods-2008-winners-and-gossip/ | title = ''Metal Hammer'' awards 2008 winners | date = 17 June 2008 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = Thrash Hits }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821045432/http://www.thrashhits.com/2008/06/metal-hammer-golden-gods-2008-winners-and-gossip/ |date=21 August 2011 }}</ref> * 2008: Icon Award – [[Eddie the Head|Eddie]]<ref name="MH 2008"/> * 2009: Golden Gods Award – Iron Maiden<ref name="MH 2009">{{cite web | url = http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/golden-gods-2009-your-winners-in-full/ | title = ''Metal Hammer'' awards 2009 winners | last = Bezer | first = Terry | date = 16 June 2009 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = ''[[Metal Hammer]]''}}</ref> * 2009: Best UK Band – Iron Maiden<ref name="MH 2009"/> * 2011: Best UK Band – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=13834 | title = ''Metal Hammer'' awards 2011 winners | date = 16 June 2011 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028133444/http://www.metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=13834 |date=28 October 2020 }}</ref> * 2012: Best Event – Iron Maiden's [[The Final Frontier World Tour|UK Tour]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=175308 | title = Saxon, Anthrax, Fear Factory, Machine Head Honoured At 'Metal Hammer Golden Gods' | accessdate = 12 June 2012 | date = 12 June 2012 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> [[Metal Storm Awards]]: * 2006: Best Héavy Metal Album – ''A Matter of Life and Death'', Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2006 | title = Metal Storm 2006 winners | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826024602/http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2006 |date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> * 2009: Best DVD – ''Iron Maiden: Flight 666''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2009 | title = Metal Storm 2009 winners | accessdate = 6 September 2011 | publisher = [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824035238/http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2009 |date=24 August 2012 }}</ref> * 2010: Best Vidéo – "[[Satellite 15... The Final Frontier|The Final Frontier]]", Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2010 | title = Metal Storm 2010 winners | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = [[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129171532/http://metalstorm.net/awards/archive.php?year=2010 |date=29 November 2020 }}</ref> [[Nordoff-Robbins]]: *2004: Special Achievement Award – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=23820 | title = Iron Maiden Receive Special Achievement Award | date = 18 June 2004 | accessdate = 20 November 2011 | publisher = [[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> [[Rockbjörnen]]: *2011: Best Hard Rock Live Act – Iron Maiden<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/musik/rockbjornen/article13549648.ab | title = Bästa liveakt hårdrock: Iron Maiden | last = Wejbro | first = Sandra | date = 31 August 2011 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | language = Swedish | publisher = ''[[Aftonbladet]]''}}</ref> [[South by Southwest|SXSW Film Festival]]: * 2009: 24 Béats Per Second – ''Iron Maiden: Flight 666''<ref name="SXSW">{{cite web | url = http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/uncategorized/iron-maiden-win-award-for-movie-at-sxsw/ | title = SXSW award for Flight 666 | last = Bezer | first = Terry | date = 23 March 2009 | accessdate = 1 September 2011 | publisher = ''[[Metal Hammer]]''}}</ref> {{col-end}} ==Band members== {{details|List of Iron Maiden band members}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;Current members * [[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]] – bass, backing vocals <small>(1975–present)</small> * [[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]] – guitars <small>(1976–1977, 1978–present)</small> * [[Adrian Smith]] – guitars, backing vocals <small>(1980–1990, 1999–present)</small> * [[Bruce Dickinson]] – léad vocals <small>(1981–1993, 1999–present)</small> * [[Nicko McBrain]] – drums, percussion <small>(1982–present)</small> * [[Janick Gers]] – guitars <small>(1990–present)</small> ;Live members * Michael Kenney – keyboards, synthesiser <small>(1988–present)</small> {{col-2}} ;Former members * [[Paul Day (musician)|Paul Day]] – léad vocals <small>(1975–1976)</small> * Ron "Rebel" Matthews – drums <small>(1975–1977)</small> * Terry Rance – guitars <small>(1975–1976)</small> * Dave Sullivan – guitars <small>(1975–1976)</small> * Dennis Wilcock – léad vocals <small>(1976–1978)</small> * Bob Sawyer – guitars <small>(1977)</small> * Terry Wapram – guitars <small>(1977–1978)</small> * [[Tony Moore (musician)|Tony Moore]] – keyboards <small>(1977)</small> * [[Thunderstick]] – drums, percussion <small>(1977)</small> * [[Doug Sampson]] – drums, percussion <small>(1977–1979)</small> * [[Paul Di'Anno]] – léad vocals <small>(1978–1981)</small> * Paul Cairns – guitars <small>(1979)</small> * Paul Todd – guitars <small>(1979)</small> * Tony Parsons – guitars <small>(1979)</small> * [[Dennis Stratton]] – guitars, backing vocals <small>(1979–1980)</small> * [[Clive Burr]] – drums, percussion <small>(1979–1982)</small> * [[Blaze Bayley]] – léad vocals <small>(1994–1999)</small> * <!-- DO NOT REMOVE THESE MEMBERS --> {{col-end}} ==Discography== {{Mainlist|Iron Maiden discography}} ;Studio albums * ''[[Iron Maiden (album)|Iron Maiden]]'' (1980) * ''[[Killers (Iron Maiden album)|Killers]]'' (1981) * ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'' (1982) * ''[[Piece of Mind]]'' (1983) * ''[[Powerslave]]'' (1984) * ''[[Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album)|Somewhere in Time]]'' (1986) * ''[[Seventh Son of a Seventh Son]]'' (1988) * ''[[No Prayer for the Dying]]'' (1990) * ''[[Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)|Fear of the Dark]]'' (1992) * ''[[The X Factor (album)|The X Factor]]'' (1995) * ''[[Virtual XI]]'' (1998) * ''[[Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)|Brave New World]]'' (2000) * ''[[Dance of Death (album)|Dance of Death]]'' (2003) * ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Final Frontier]]'' (2010) * ''[[The Book of Souls]] ''(2015) *''[[Senjutsu]]'' (2021) ==Concert tours== {{utama|List of Iron Maiden concert tours}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:80%" |- ! style="width:105px;" rowspan="2"|Duration ! style="width:220px;" rowspan="2"|Concert tour ! colspan=6|Lineups ! style="width:7px;" rowspan="2"|Dates |- style="font-size:smaller" !Vocals !Bass ! colspan=3|Guitars !Drums |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Feb 1980</small> | <small>'''[[Metal for Muthas Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<small>'''[[Paul Di'Anno|P. Di'Anno]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="22"|<small>'''[[Steve Harris (musician)|S. Harris]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="22"|<small>'''[[Dave Murray (musician)|D. Murray]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<small>'''[[Dennis Stratton|D. Stratton]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#EFEFEF;" rowspan=13|<small>N/A</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|<small>'''[[Clive Burr|C. Burr]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|11 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Apr 1980 – Dec 1980</small> | <small>'''[[Iron Maiden Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|104 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Feb 1981 – Dec 1981</small> | <small>'''[[Killer World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"|<small>'''[[Adrian Smith|A. Smith]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|120 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Feb 1982 – Dec 1982</small> | <small>'''[[The Beast on the Road]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8"|<small>'''[[Bruce Dickinson|B. Dickinson]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|184 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>May 1983 – Dec 1983</small> | <small>'''[[World Piece Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="18"|<small>'''[[Nicko McBrain|N. McBrain]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|139 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Aug 1984 – Jul 1985</small> | <small>'''[[World Slavery Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|187 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Sep 1986 – May 1987</small> | <small>'''[[Somewhere on Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|150 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Apr 1988 – Dec 1988</small> | <small>'''[[7th Tour of a 7th Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|98 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Sep 1990 – Sep 1991</small> | <small>'''[[No Prayer on the Road]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="14"|<small>'''[[Janick Gers|J. Gers]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|106 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Jun 1992 – Nov 1992</small> | <small>'''[[Fear of the Dark Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|65 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Mar 1993 – Aug 1993</small> | <small>'''[[Real Live Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|45 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Sep 1995 – Sep 1996</small> | <small>'''[[The X Factour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<small>'''[[Blaze Bayley|B. Bayley]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|128 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Apr 1998 – Dec 1998</small> | <small>'''[[Virtual XI World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|81 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Jul 1999 – Oct 1999</small> | <small>'''[[The Ed Hunter Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"|<small>'''B. Dickinson'''</small> | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"|<small>'''A. Smith'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|28 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Jun 2000 – Jan 2001</small> | <small>'''[[Brave New World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|81 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>May 2003 – Aug 2003</small> | <small>'''[[Give Me Ed... 'Til I'm Dead Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|55 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Oct 2003 – Feb 2004</small> | <small>'''[[Dance of Death World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|52 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>May 2005 – Sep 2005</small> | <small>'''[[Eddie Rips Up the World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|42 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Oct 2006 – Jun 2007</small> | <small>'''[[A Matter of Life and Death Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|58 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Feb 2008 – Apr 2009</small> | <small>'''[[Somewhere Back in Time World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|90 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Jun 2010 – Aug 2011</small> | <small>'''[[The Final Frontier World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|98 |- | style="text-align:center;"| <small>Jun 2012 – 2013</small> | <small>'''[[Maiden England World Tour]]'''</small> | style="text-align:center;"|62* |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Tour is ongoing - more dates to be announced ==See also== {{John cena}} ==Notes== {{reflist|25em}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bushell |first1=Garry | authorlink1 = Garry Bushell |year=1985 |last2=Halfin |first2=Ross | authorlink2 = Ross Halfin |title=Running Free, The Official Story of Iron Maiden |publisher=Zomba Books |isbn=0-946391-84-X |ref=harv |edition=second}} * {{Cite book| author=Fuentes Rodríguez, César| title=Iron Maiden: El Viaje De La Doncella| year=2005| isbn=84-933891-2-9}} {{es_icon}} * {{Cite book| author=Gamba, Marco; Visintini, Nicola| title=Iron Maiden Companion (1st ed.)| publisher=Moving Media & Arts| year=2000}} * {{Cite video| people=Iron Maiden (past and present band and management)| date=1996| title=[[12 Wasted Years]]| medium=VHS| location=UK| publisher=Sanctuary Group}} {{OCLC|23531749}} {{ASIN|6301092643}} * {{Cite video| people=Iron Maiden (past and present band and management)| date=23 November 2004| title=[[The Early Days|The History Of Iron Maiden – Pt. 1: The Early Days]]| medium=DVD| location=UK| publisher=EMI}} ASIN B0006B29Z2 * {{Cite book| author=Stenning, Paul| title=Iron Maiden: 30 Years of the Beast – The Complete Unauthorised Biography| publisher=Chrome Dreams| year=2006| isbn=1-84240-361-3}} * {{Cite book|last = Wall|first = Mick| authorlink = Mick Wall |title = Iron Maiden: Run to the Hills, the Authorised Biography|edition = third|publisher = Sanctuary Publishing|year = 2004|isbn = 1-86074-542-3|ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.ironmaiden.com}} {{Iron Maiden}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}} {{Use British English|date=August 2011}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iron Maiden}} [[Kategori:English heavy metal musical groups]] [[Kategori:English rock music groups]] [[Kategori:Iron Maiden (heavy metal band)]] [[Kategori:Musical groups established in 1975]] [[Kategori:Musical groups from London]] [[Kategori:Musical sextets]] [[Kategori:Brit Award winners]] [[Kategori:Grammy Award-winning artists]] [[Kategori:Ivor Novello Award winners]] [[Kategori:Kerrang! Awards winners]] [[Kategori:1975 establishments in England]] [[Kategori:Grup musik]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Inggris]] [[Kategori:Grup musik légendaris]] {{music-stub}} r8djr72qux0nmkoozrjx0zd1fngqpz9 0 39228 710566 709380 2026-06-19T06:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the multinational corporation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox company | name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd. |native_name= 本田技研工業株式会社<br>''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha'' | logo = [[File:Honda-logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.35]] | caption = | type = [[Public company]] | traded_as = {{tyo|7267}}<br />{{nyse|HMC}} | foundation = [[Hamamatsu]], Japan ({{Start date|1948|09|24}}) | founder = [[Soichiro Honda]]<br />[[Takeo Fujisawa]] | location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan | key_people = [[Takanobu Ito]] ([[President]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Representative Director) | area_served = Worldwide | industry = [[Automotive]]<br />[[Aviation]]<br/>[[Telematics]] | products = [[Automobile]]s<br />[[Motorcycle]]s<br />[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]s<br />[[Electrical generator]]s<br />[[Water pumps]]<br />[[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and garden equipment]]s<br />[[Rotary tiller|Tiller]]s<br />[[Outboard motor]]s<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Jet aircraft]]s<br />[[Jet engine]]s<br />[[Thin-film solar cell]]s<br/>[[Internavi]] | divisions = [[List of Honda vehicles|Honda]]<br/>[[List of Honda motorcycles|Honda Motorcycles]] | subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| '''Transportation''' * [[American Honda Motor Company]] ** [[Acura]] ** [[Honda Aircraft Company]] ** [[Honda Performance Development|HPD]] * [[Honda Automobile (China) Company]](50%) ** [[Guangqi Honda Automobile]](50%) *** Li Nian ([[Everus]]) * [[Honda India|Honda Seil Cars India]] ** [[Hero MotoCorp]] ** [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] * [[Dongfeng Honda]](50%) '''Air Transportation''' * [[Honda Airport|Honda Airways]] '''Sports''' * [[Honda Racing F1]] * [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda Racing]] '''Engines''' * [[GE Honda Aero Engines]](50%) International * [[Honda Atlas|Honda Pakistan]] * [[Honda Canada Inc.]] * [[Honda Taiwan]] * [[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|Honda UK ltd.]]}} | revenue = {{loss}} {{yen|7.948 trillion|link=yes}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:HMC&fstype=ii|title=FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company |accessdate=15 June 2011 |year=2011 |month=May}}</ref> | operating_income = {{loss}} {{yen|231.36 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|211.48 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --> | assets = {{gain}} {{yen|11.780 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | equity = {{loss}} {{yen|4.402 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> |num_employees = 179,060 (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=29 September 2008}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL|http://world.honda.com/}} }} {{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō [[Kabushiki gaisha|KK]]|{{IPA-ja|honꜜda|IPA|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|ɒ|n|d|ə}}}} nyaéta [[pausahaan publik multinasional]] Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén [[mobil]] jeung [[motor]]. Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cases in contemporary strategy analysis |first1= Robert M. |last1= Grant |first2= Kent E. |edition= 3rd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4051-1180-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&pg=PA172 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |last2= Neupert |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Six men who built the modern auto industry |first= Richard Alan |last= Johnson |publisher=[[MotorBooks International]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-7603-1958-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CArfq7tV0OIC&pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> sarta pangbadagna sadunya produsén [[internal combustion engine]]s diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.<ref name="Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc., Marysville, Ohio - Press room">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174|title=FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD|last=Miller|first=Edward|date=18 April 2008|publisher=Honda.com|accessdate=28 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda ngéléhkeun [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&ref=archive |title=Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |accessdate=22 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |title=The History of Honda |publisher=Cars-directory.net |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075512/https://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> {{As of|August 2008}} Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun [[Chrysler]] minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news|last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html |title=Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=1 January 2011 |date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen AG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], ssarta [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, [[Acura]], taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot [[ASIMO]] taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun [[GE Honda Aero Engines]] taun 2004 sarta [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet]], dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.<ref name="America's Most Admired Companies: Honda">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Honda|last=Taylor|first=Alex III|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001034/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm |date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, [[Soichiro Honda]] (本田 宗一郎, ''Honda Sōichirō'') (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun [[Tōkai region|Tōkai]] Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun [[piston ring]]s sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun [[Toyota]], tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ''ring piston'' ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/> Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali [[Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri]] (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .<ref name=Alexander2008/> Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]'' sarta ''[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'' baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Serangan pasawat bomber ''US [[B-29]]'' ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku [[gempa bumi Mikawa 1945]], sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun ''Honda Technical Research Institute'' bulan Oktober 1946.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Falloon2005/> Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana {{convert|172|sqft|adj=on}} , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual [[sapédah motor]] improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin [[two-stroke]] ''50&nbsp;cc'' [[Tohatsu]] [[sésa perang]] radio ''[[Engine-generator|generator engines]]''.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Ieu téh [[Honda Model A]], katelahna ''Bata Bata'' pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 [[Honda Model D|Model D]], Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran ''Dream'' .<ref name=Falloon2005/> Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964. Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda T360|T360]] Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1962autoproduction/text/05.html |title=Honda Worldwide, History |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah ''[[Kei car]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/hondas-wild-9000-rpm-mid-engine-rwd-t360-pickup-of-1963/ |title=Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963 |date=30 March 2010 |author=Paul Niedermeyer |publisher=The Truth about Cars }}</ref> Produksi mobil sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda S500|S500]], anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |title=Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide |date=21 September 2010 |author= |publisher=New Zealand Classic Car magazine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205600/http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya. Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k [[Acura]] ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar [[kandaraan mentéréng]]. Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar [[Honda NSX]] , kandaraan ''monocoque'' munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1990thensx/text01/index.html|title=Let’s Build a Sportscar!|publisher=Honda|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun ''[[Honda Aircraft Company]]'' kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/|title=The History of Honda Motor Company|date=18 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> == Corporate profile and divisions == [[File:Honda aoyama.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Minato, Tokyo|Honda headquarters]] building in [[Minato, Tokyo]]]] '''Honda''' is héadquartered in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]], as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], London, Paris and Switzerland. The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> '''Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007'''<ref>[[Wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Breakdown Net Sales Other Operating Revenue Geographical Markets|Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs]]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Géographic Region ! Total revenue (in millions of [[Japanese yen|¥]]) |- | Japan || 1,681,190 |- | North America || 5,980,876 |- | Europe || 1,236,757 |- | Asia || 1,283,154 |- | Others || 905,163 |} [[American Honda Motor Company]] is based in Torrance, California. [[Honda Canada Inc.]] is héadquartered in [[Markham, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mangion | first = Patrick | title = Markham saves Honda deal | newspaper=Yorkregion.com | page = 1 | year = 2007 | date = 08-27 | url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }} It was originally planned to be located in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], but delays led them to look elsewhere.</ref> their manufacturing division, [[Honda of Canada Manufacturing]], is based in [[Alliston, Ontario]]. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda Siel Cars]] and [[Hero Honda|Hero Honda Motorcycles]] in India,<ref>Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429013427/http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda |date=29 April 2010 }}</ref> [[Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group|Guangzhou Honda]] and [[Dongfeng Honda]] in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and [[Honda Atlas]] in Pakistan. Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period. == Leadership == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" width="175" | Name ! scope="col" width="70" | Yéars |- | [[Soichiro Honda]] || 1948–1973 |- | Kiyoshi Kawashima || 1973–1983 |- | Tadashi Kume || 1983–1990 |- | [[Nobuhiko Kawamoto]] || 1990–1998 |- | Hiroyuki Yoshino || 1998–2004 |- | [[Takeo Fukui]] || 2004–2009 |- | Takanobu Ito || 2009— |} == Products == === Automobiles === {{For|a list of vehicles|List of Honda vehicles}} [[File:Hondajazzsport.JPG|thumb|right|2011 [[Honda Jazz]] (Indian rampart)]] [[File:2008 Honda Accord.jpg|thumb|right|2008 [[Honda Accord]] (USA-Canada)]] [[File:2006-2009 Honda Civic VTi sedan (2018-10-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Eighth Generation [[Honda Civic]] (Asian Version)]] Honda's global lineup consists of the [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]], [[Honda Legend|Legend]] and two versions of the Odyssey, [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|one for North America]], and [[Honda Odyssey (international)|a smaller vehicle]] sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] [[minivan]] and the [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], Honda's first light-duty uni-body [[pickup truck]]. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)#Europe|Honda Civic five-door hatchback]] sold in Europe. Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the [[Honda T360]], a [[kei car]] truck built for the Japanese market.<ref name=tjra>{{cite journal | editor-first = Jonathan | editor-last = Barr | title = 1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility | journal = The Japanese Restorer in Australia | month = July/September | year = 2003 | issue = 4 | location = [[Bald Hills, Queensland]], Australia | page = 15 }}</ref> This was followed by the two-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], the [[Honda S500]] also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the [[Honda L700]]. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered [[Honda 1300]] in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the [[Honda N360]], another ''Kei car'' that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the [[Honda Life]] that was water-cooled. The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the ''kei'' car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The [[Honda Life#Life Step Van|Life StepVan]] had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain. As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after [[World War II]], where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed [[front-wheel-drive]] powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain [[Acura]], and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the [[Honda NSX]], which also introduced [[variable valve timing]] technology, Honda calls [[VTEC]]. The Civic is a line of [[compact car]]s developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the [[Toyota Corolla]], introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/our_history/product_history/pdf/corolla.pdf|title=Toyota Corolla History|work=Toyota Motor Corp}}</ref> The Civic, along with the Accord and [[Honda Prelude|Prelude]], comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more [[upmarket]], and it currently slots between the [[Honda Fit|Fit]] and Accord. Honda produces [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Civic hybrid]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]] that competes with the [[Toyota Prius]], and also produces the [[Honda Insight|Insight]] and [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]]. In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for [[small car]]s and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer [[minivan]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s as [[light-truck|light truck]] sales fell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1|title=The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding|last=Vlasic|first=Bill|coauthors=Bunkley, Nick|date=20 June 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors. It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/honda-20101127.html |title=Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Green Car Congress }}</ref> Five of [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight ({{convert|53|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF ({{convert|46|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX ({{convert|43|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid ({{convert|42|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), and 2010– Honda Insight ({{convert|41|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined).<ref>Scott Doggett [http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/"EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present" Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194846/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/ |date=20 October 2010 }}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|ACEEE]] has also rated the [[Honda Civic GX|Civic GX]] as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |title=the greenest vehicles of 2008 |publisher=greenercars.org |accessdate=1 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |date=10 September 2007 }}</ref> === Motorcycles === {{For|a list of motorcycle products|List of Honda motorcycles}} Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.<ref name=Alexander2008/> At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.<ref name=Alexander2008/> During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency [[Grey Advertising]], Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan "You meet the nicest people on a Honda." In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.<ref name="Frank2003">{{cite book|author=Aaron Frank|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA42|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=12 July 2003|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|pages=41–43}}</ref> Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.<ref name="Richard P. Rumelt">http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA</ref> The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from [[economies of scale]] and [[learning curve]] effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and [[economies of scope|scope]].<ref name="MorrisonDivision1993">{{cite book|author1=Allen J. Morrison|author2=United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division|title=Transnational corporations and business strategy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvQcQFFONzkC&pg=PA64|accessdate=1 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-08537-3|pages=65–66}}</ref> [[File:2004supercub.jpg|thumb|right|2004 [[Honda Super Cub]]]] The second explanation was offered in 1984 by [[Richard Pascale]], who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of "miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning" – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.<ref name="PascaleHondaEffect">{{cite book | title=Transnational corporations and business strategy | publisher=Taylor & Francis | author=Morrison, Allen J. | authorlink=Richard Pascale | pages=64–92 | isbn=0-415-08537-3}}</ref> For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300&nbsp;cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.<ref name="Frank2003"/> When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of [[San Francisco]] attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]] instéad.<ref name="Frank2003"/> The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by [[Gary Hamel]] and [[C. K. Prahalad]] in 1989. Créating the concept of [[core competency|core competencies]] with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.<ref name="HamelPrahalad1994">{{cite book|author1=Gary Hamel|author2=C. K. Prahalad|title=Competing for the future|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PlML2w8dhJ0C&pg=PA204|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-416-9|page=204}}</ref> For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a [[case study]] for téaching introductory strategy at [[business school]]s worldwide.<ref name="ClarkeLamoreaux2009">{{cite book|author1=Sally H. Clarke|author2=Naomi R. Lamoreaux|author3=Steven W. Usselman|title=The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho6hmHrCjCEC&pg=PA223|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=10 March 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5892-5|page=223}}</ref> === Power equipment === Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/power/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><br> Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308002707/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf |date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> By 2010 <small>([[Fiscal year]] ended 31 March)</small> this figure had decréased to 4,7&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf |date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/power/overview/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref> Honda power equipment includes: {{columns-list|3| *[[Engine]] *[[Tiller]] * [[Lawn mower]] * [[Lawn mower|Riding mower]] * [[String trimmer|Trimmer]] * [[Mower]] * [[Leaf blower|Blower]] * [[Sprayer]] * [[Hedge trimmer]] * [[Snowthrower]] * [[Engine-generator|Generator]], [[welding power supply]] * [[Honda pumps|Pumps]] * [[Outboard engine]] * [[Inflatable boat]] * [[Mobility scooter|Electric 4-wheel Scooter]] * Compact Household [[Cogeneration]] Unit }} === Engines === {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} [[File:Hondaoutboard.jpg|thumb|right|Honda [[Outboard motor]] on a [[pontoon boat]]]] Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the [[2010 Indianapolis 500]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/about/engine.aspx |title=Honda Racing Engines |publisher=Racing.honda.com |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.<ref name="INDY1">{{cite web |publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway |url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/ |title=Indy 500 }}</ref> Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a [[V8 engine|V8]] for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and [[Acura]]s), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of [[V8 (beverage)|V8 beverage]]s to silence them.<ref>{{cite web|last=News |first=Automotive |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |title=Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=17 October 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2009}}</ref> Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/06/honda-s2000-cr-z-convertible-follow-acura-nsx-and-v8-to-scrap-h/ |accessdate=25 October 2010 |first= Sam |last= Abuelsamid |date= 6 January 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> === Robots === [[File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[ASIMO]] at [[Expo 2005]]]] [[ASIMO]] is the part of Honda's [http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/history/history.html Research & Development robotics program]. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with [[Honda E0]] moving through the ensuing [[Honda E series]] and the [[Honda P series]]. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small [[astronaut]] wéaring a backpack, and can walk on [[biped|two feet]] in a manner resembling human [[Walking|locomotion]], at up to {{convert|6|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}. ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.<ref>Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-faq.pdf]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref> However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase. Honda's robot [[ASIMO]] (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move [[ASIMO]]. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.<ref>http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices</ref> === Aircraft === {{utama|Honda HA-420 HondaJet}} Honda has also pioneered new technology in its [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet|HA-420 HondaJet]], manufactured by its subsidiary [[Honda Aircraft Company]], which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} === Solar cells === Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of [[thin-film solar cells]] for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/news/2008/c081023Thin-Film-Solar-Cells |title=Honda Worldwide &#124; October 23, 2008 "Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use" |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> === Mountain bikes === {{See also|Honda RN-01 G-cross}} Honda has also built a [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill racing bicycle]] known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur]] found on most bikes. Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them [[Greg Minnaar]]. The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda. === ATV === {{See also|Honda Rincon}} Honda also builds [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV). == Motorsports == Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others. === Automobile === {{See also|Honda Racing F1}} [[File:Rubens Barrichello 2006 Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rubens Barrichello]] driving for Honda]] Honda entered [[Formula One]] as a constructor for the first time in the [[1964 Formula One season|1964 season]] at the [[1964 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]] with [[Ronnie Bucknum]] at the wheel. [[1965 Formula One season|1965]] saw the addition of [[Richie Ginther]] to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]], and Honda's first win at the [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican Grand Prix]]. [[1967 Formula One season|1967]] saw their next win at the [[1967 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] with [[John Surtees]] as their driver. In [[1968 Formula One season|1968]], [[Jo Schlesser]] was killed in a Honda RA302 at the [[1968 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]]. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar. After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered [[Brabham]]s dominated the 1966 French [[Formula Two]] championship in the hands of [[Jack Brabham]] and [[Denny Hulme]]. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to [[Ron Tauranac]]'s [[Ralt]] téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's [[Judd (engine)|Engine Developments]] company produced a turbo "Brabham-Honda" engine for use in [[open wheel car|IndyCar]] racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for [[Bobby Rahal]] at Pocono. Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the [[Spirit (racing team)|Spirit]] téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive [[Formula One]] Constructors Championships. [[WilliamsF1]] won the crown in [[1986 Formula One season|1986]] and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam [[McLaren]] won the title in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1989 Formula One season|1989]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related [[Mugen-Honda]] company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] and [[Jordan Grand Prix]]. Honda debuted in the [[Champ Car|CART IndyCar World Series]] as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival [[Indy Racing League|IRL]] [[IndyCar Series]]. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the [[2006 Indianapolis 500]], for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/results/detail.aspx?date=2006_05_28|title=Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title|accessdate=14 January 2008}}</ref> During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, [[Harvey Postlethwaite]]. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to [[British American Racing]] (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix]] with driver [[Jenson Button]]. It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322|title=Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out |accessdate=5 December 2008 | work=Autosport}}</ref> The téam was sold to former téam principal [[Ross Brawn]], renamed [[Brawn GP]] and subsequently [[Mercedes GP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21227.html|title=Brawn GP arrives |accessdate=6 March 2009}}</ref> Honda became an official works téam in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] in 2010. === Motorcycles === {{utama|Honda Racing Corporation}} [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda RC212V]] raced by [[Dani Pedrosa]]]] [[Honda Racing Corporation]] (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs. Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international [[motorsport]]. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the [[Isle of Man TT]] race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow [[Mike Hailwood]] to claim their first [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] victories in the 125 and 250&nbsp;[[Cubic centimetre|cc]] classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and [[1967 British motorcycle Grand Prix|1967]]. Honda's race bikes were known for their "sleek & stylish design" and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000&nbsp;rpm, 125&nbsp;cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250&nbsp;cc and 297&nbsp;cc bikes. In 1979, Honda returned to [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] with the [[monocoque]]-framed, [[four-stroke]] [[NR500]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant [[two-stroke]] racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in [[1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1983]], Honda won their first 500&nbsp;cc [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] World Championship with [[Freddie Spencer]]. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as [[Mick Doohan]] and [[Valentino Rossi]]. In the [[Motocross World Championship]], Honda has claimed six world championships. In the [[World Enduro Championship]], Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with [[Stefan Merriman]] in 2003 and with [[Mika Ahola]] from 2007 to 2010. In [[observed trials]], Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider [[Eddy Lejeune]]. == Electric and alternative fuel vehicles == [[File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2009 [[Honda Civic GX]] hooked up to Phill refueling system]] [[File:Honda Civic Clean Models USA & BRA.jpg|thumb|right|Top: Brazilian [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] [[Honda Civic]]. Below: U.S. [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].]] <!--[[File:HondaInsight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (First generation).]]--> [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (Second generation).]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cell]] vehicle]] === Compressed natural gas === The [[Honda Civic GX]] is the only purpose-built [[natural gas vehicle]] (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |title=2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available |author=Christine Gable and Scott Gable |publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels |accessdate=18 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214336/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/ |title=2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle |publisher=Honda |accessdate=18 October 2008}}</ref> The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on [[compressed natural gas]]. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary [[Honda Civic]] LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf "Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas"], p.5.</ref><ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ "Natural Gas Myths"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150337/http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ |date=29 September 2011 }}, Myth 2.</ref> First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only [[fleet vehicles|fleets]] were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.<ref>[http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=2006101966979 "Honda Press Release"], 19 October 2006</ref> Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the [[Phill Home Refueling Appliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215084754/http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archivedate=15 February 2008 |title=FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=15 February 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> === Flexible-fuel === Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] versions for the [[Honda Civic]] and [[Honda Fit]] in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of [[hydrous]] ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]) and [[w:common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20-E25 gasoline]].<ref name="HondaFlex">{{cite news |url=http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |author=Ricardo Ghigonetto |publisher=Honda (Brazil) |title=Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex |date=November 20061 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618152740/http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |date=18 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="4Rodas">{{cite news |url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |author=Marcelo Moura |publisher=Revista Quatro Rodas |title=Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS |date=January 2007 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220054457/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.<ref name="HondaFlex"/><ref name="4Rodas"/> Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.<ref name="4Rodas"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317 |author=Luís Felipe Figueiredo |publisher=WebMotors |title=Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl |author=Alberto Polo Junior |publisher=Interpress Motor |title=Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref> In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the [[Honda City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/07/29/honda-starts-building-flex-fuel-city-sedan-in-brazil/|title=Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil|publisher=AutoblogGreen|date=29 July 2009|accessdate=3 August 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,<ref name="ANFAVEA06">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104144/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales''.</ref> jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,<ref name="ANFAVEA07">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041043/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> and réaching 93,361 in 2008.<ref name="ANFAVEA08">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.<ref name="ANFAVEA09">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html|title=Autoveículos – Produção em 2009|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215230/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html |date=13 August 2006 }} ''Up to February 2009. See "Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível " Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009)''.</ref> In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the [[CG 150 Titan Mix]] is sold for around US$2,700.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html |publisher=G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo |title=Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml |author=Agencia EFE |publisher=Folha Online |title=Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d|publisher=UNICA|title=Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo|date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804191617/http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7B5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7D |date=4 August 2009 }}</ref> === Hybrid electric === In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial [[hybrid electric car]] sold in the U.S. market, the [[Honda Insight]], just one month before the introduction of the [[Toyota Prius]], and initially sold for US$20,000.<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite document | last = Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages= 28, 64–65, and 168–168 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], New York | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7}}</ref><ref name=NYT2/> The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of {{convert|70|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name=NYT2/> Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.<ref name=NYT2>{{Cite news|title=The Once and Future Mileage King |author=Jerry Garrett |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&st=cse&oref=slogin}}</ref> Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800|work=Honda|publisher=Motor Authority|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html|accessdate=21 March 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041609/http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=4510 |title=Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases |publisher=Corporate.honda.com |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the [[Honda Civic Hybrid]] (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.<ref name="TwoBillion"/> It was followed by the [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the [[Honda CR-Z]] began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.<ref name=GCC0210>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/crz-20100227.html|title=Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=13 March 2010|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html |title=Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon |date=2 February 2011 |author=Yoshio Takahashi |publisher=Dow Jones newswire }}</ref> === Hydrogen fuel cell === In [[Takanezawa]], Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line [[Honda FCX Clarity|FCX Clarity]], a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle]]. More efficient than a [[hybrid electric vehicle|gas-electric hybrid vehicle]], the FCX Clarity combines [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor. The vehicle itself does not emit any [[pollutants]] and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an [[internal combustion engine]] to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a [[lithium ion battery]] to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through [[regenerative braking]], thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title=Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum | author=Fackler, Martin |work=New York Times | date=17 June 2008 | accessdate=17 June 2008}}</ref> Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) granted $6.8&nbsp;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7&nbsp;million USD éach.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&ref=magazine| title=Batteries Not Included |work=New York Times | author=Clive Thompson|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/| title=CARB grants $6.8&nbsp;million for four hydrogen refueling stations| publisher=[[Autobloggreen]] | author=Sebastian Blanco|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=17 June 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> == Marketing == === Japan === [[File:Honda CLIO Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|right|Honda Clio ([[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan)]] Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated '''Honda Verno''', which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.<ref name="n5">[http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2005/c051214.html Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表] Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日</ref><ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/guide/corporate-profile/global/japan/ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本] Honda公式サイト</ref> The establishment of ''Honda Verno'' coincided with its new sports compact, called the [[Honda Prelude]]. Later, the [[Honda Vigor]], the [[Honda Ballade]], and the [[Honda Quint]] were added to ''Honda Verno'' stores. As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called '''Honda Clio''' in 1984, and '''Honda Primo''' in 1985. The ''Honda Clio'' chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the [[Honda Accord]], and ''Honda Primo'' sold the [[Honda Civic]], [[kei cars]], such as the [[Honda Today]], [[supermini]]s like the [[Honda Capa]], along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when ''Honda Primo'' and ''Clio'' began operations, in that all ''Verno'' products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while ''Primo'' and ''Clio'' products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans. As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese "[[Japan "bubble economy"|bubble economy]]", "supermini" and "kei" vehicles that were specific to ''Honda Primo'' were "[[badge engineered]]" and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both ''Honda Verno'' and ''Honda Clio'' locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of ''Honda Cars'' déalerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/japan/ |title=Honda Timeline |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called ''[[:ja:ホンダアクセス|Honda Access]]'' for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate "[[keiretsu]]" partner [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name [[:ja:ギャザズ|Gathers]], which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as [[Autobacs]]. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called ''[[:ja:Auto Terrace|Honda Auto Terrace]].'' *All cars sold at [[:ja:ベルノ店|Honda Verno]] [[Honda Prelude]], [[Honda Integra]], [[Honda CR-X]], [[Honda Vigor]], [[Honda Saber]], [[Honda Ballade]], [[Honda Quint]], [[Honda Crossroad]], [[Honda Element]], [[Honda NSX]], [[Honda HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio Spike]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda CR-V]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda MDX]], [[Honda Rafaga]], [[Honda Capa]], and the [[Honda Torneo]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:クリオ店|Honda Clio]] [[Honda Accord]], [[Honda Legend]], [[Honda Inspire]], [[Honda Avancier]], [[Honda S-MX]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Lagreat]], [[Honda Stepwgn]], [[Honda Elysion]], [[Honda Stream]], [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey (int'l)]], [[Honda Domani]], [[Honda Concerto]], [[Honda Accord Tourer]], [[Honda Logo]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Honda Insight]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda Mobilio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |title=Honda Mobilio |publisher=PT Honda Prospect Motor |date= |accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref>, and the [[Honda City]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:プリモ店|Honda Primo]] [[Honda Civic]], [[Honda Life]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Honda Vamos]], [[Honda Vamos|Honda Hobio]], [[Honda Ascot]], [[Honda Ascot#Ascot Innova (CB3/4)|Honda Ascot Innova]], [[Honda Torneo]], [[Honda Civic Ferio]], [[Honda Freed]], [[Honda Mobilio]], [[Honda Orthia]], [[Honda Capa]], [[Honda Today]], [[Honda Z]], and the [[Honda Beat]] {{commons category|Honda dealerships}} === International efforts === In 2003, Honda reléased its ''[[Cog (television commercial)|Cog]]'' advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a [[Rube Goldberg Machine]] made entirely out of car parts from a [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Touring]]. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled [[Pre-production car|pre-production]] modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and [[Garrison Keillor]] spéaking the tagline, "Isn't it nice when things just... work?" It took 606 takes to get it perfect.<ref name="Honda 2003 UK Ad campaign">{{cite web|title=Lights! Camera! Retake!|publisher=Telegraph |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080129213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/13/nhonda13.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/04/13/ixhome.html |accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> In 2004, they produced the ''[[Grrr (advertisement)|Grrr]]'' advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 ''Impossible Dream'' advert. [[File:MonctonHonda.JPG|thumb|A post 2005 style Honda dealership in [[Moncton]], Canada]] In December 2005, Honda reléased ''[[Impossible Dream (Honda advert)|The Impossible Dream]]'' a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song "[[The Impossible Dream (The Quest)|Impossible Dream]]", a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a [[hot air balloon]], with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical ''[[Man Of La Mancha]]'', sung by [[Andy Williams]]. In 2006, Honda reléased its ''Choir'' advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown. In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new [[model year]], Honda's advertising has féatured an [[animated character]] known simply as [[Mr. Opportunity]], voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]]. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as [[Tetris]] and [[Thomas The Tank Engine]]. In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with [[ASIMO]] exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an [[astronaut]] suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: "More forwards please". Honda also sponsored [[ITV Sport|ITV's]] coverage of [[Formula One]] in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high. In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as "Hondamentalism". The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its [http://www.honda.co.uk/hondamentalism/?campaignid=CM059600W01G Hondamentalism] campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, "An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey", while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics. At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the ''Problem Playground''. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the [[FCX Clarity]], a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving [[Rubik's Cube]]s, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle. On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with [[Channel 4]], broadcast a live advertisement. It showed [[skydivers]] jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a [[2008 Spain Pilatus PC-6 crash|fatal crash]] as the plane broke apart in mid-air.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Sweney |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain |title=Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 2 June 2008|accessdate=27 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, American Honda reléased the ''Dream the Impossible'' documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: ''The Secret to Success'', ''Kick Out the Ladder'' and ''Mobility 2088''. They féature Honda employees as well as [[Danica Patrick]], [[Christopher Guest]], [[Ben Bova]], Chee Péarlman, [[Joe Johnston]] and [[Orson Scott Card]]. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com. === Sports === In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel "Ten". In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 [[Indy Racing League]] séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it "built" cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics{{Who|date=July 2009}} have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda ''powered'' (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} The late F1 driver [[Ayrton Senna]] stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda "the greatest company in the world".{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the NHL, and the arena named after it: [[Honda Center]]. Honda also sponsors [[The Honda Classic]] golf tournament and is a sponsor of [[Major League Soccer]]. The "[[Honda Player of the Year]]" award is presented in United States soccer. The "[[Honda Sports Award]]" is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], as "Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year." Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]] since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free [[Honda Accord]]. Since 1989, the [[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] has been a [[quizbowl]] tournament for [[Historically black colleges and universities]]. == Facilities (partial list) == {{utama|List of Honda facilities}} == Mainstream models == {{See also|List of Honda motorcycles|List of Honda vehicles}} == Sales == {{refimprove section|date=December 2011|reason=Only one year is referenced. If references are not supplied then the whole table should be deleted}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Calendar yéar ! Total US sales |- | 1999 | 1,076,893 |- | 2000 | 1,158,860 |- | 2001 | 1,207,639 |- | 2002 | 1,247,834 |- | 2003 | 1,349,847 |- | 2004 | 1,394,398 |- | 2005 | 1,462,472 |- | 2006 | 1,509,358 |- | 2007 | 1,551,542<ref name=sales2008/> |- | 2008 | 1,284,261<ref name=sales2008>[http://www.hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723041408/http://hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 |date=23 July 2012 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | 1,150,784<ref name=sales2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |title=Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107094813/http://hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |date=7 January 2011 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | 1,230,480<ref name=sales2010/> |- | 2011 | 1,147,285 |- | 2012 | 1,422,785 |} == See also == {{Portal|Japanese Car|Tokyo|Companies}} *[[Comparison of Honda water-pumps]] *[[Honda advanced technology]] *[[Honda Airport]] *[[Honda Battle of the Bands]] *[[Honda F.C.]] (Football (soccer) club) *[[Honda Heat]] (Rugby union club) *[[Honda Type R]] *[[List of Honda assembly plants]] *[[List of Honda transmissions]] *[[Internavi]] == Notes == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name= Alexander2008>{{Citation |title= Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History |first= Jeffrey W. |last= Alexander |publisher= UBC Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3328-2 |pages= 112–116, 197–211 }}</ref> <ref name=Falloon2005>{{Citation |first=Ian |last= Falloon |title= The Honda Story |publisher= Haynes |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-85960-966-X |pages= 9–13}}</ref> <ref name=Sakiya1982>{{Citation |title= Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines |first= Tetsuo |last= Sakiya |editor-first= Timothy |editor-last= Porter |publisher= [[Kodansha]] |year= 1982 |isbn= 978-0-87011-522-6 }}</ref> <ref name=Frank2003>{{cite book | title= Honda Motorcycles | first= Aaron | last= Frank | publisher= MotorBooks International | year= 2003 | page=42 | isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> }} == References == *"Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself", an article in the "News" section of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', on [[page (paper)|page]] 32 *[http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html 2004 Annual Corporate Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502074402/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html |date=2 May 2010 }} *The story of Honda's entry and growth in the American market is documented in [[Terry Sanders]]' film [[The Japan Project: Made in Japan]]. [http://www.honda.lv/ Honda] *[http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033605/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 |date=10 July 2006 }} *[http://corporate.honda.com/america/history.aspx Honda's Corporate History] == External links == {{Commons category|Honda}} *[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site] *[http://www.honda.co.jp/pressroom/library/ Honda Press Library] (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike modéls) *{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Automobiles}} *{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Motorcycles}} {{Honda}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Honda Timeline}} {{Honda motorcycles}} {{Japanese Automobile Industry}} {{Major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers}} {{TOPIX 100}} {{Nikkei 225}} }} [[Kategori:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Kategori:Honda| ]] [[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]] [[Kategori:Boat builders]] [[Kategori:Car manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Companies based in Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Companies established in 1948]] [[Kategori:Lawn and garden tractors]] [[Kategori:Moped manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Scooter manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Tractor manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Truck manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Marine engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Indy Racing League engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:1948 establishments in Japan]] mo5i9qk85xn89p8llojxdywh5pdsbqn 0 40154 710584 681351 2026-06-19T09:57:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Banda Acéh | settlement_type = [[Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia|Kota]] | image_skyline = Banda Aceh's Grand Mosque, Indonesia.jpg | image_caption = [[Masjid Raya Baiturrahman]] | image_shield = Lambang Kota Banda Aceh.png | shield_size = 90px | image_map = Lokasi Aceh Kota Banda Aceh.svg | imagesize = 150px | pushpin_map = Indonésia | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Kota Banda Acéh di Indonésia | map_caption = Lokasi Kota Banda Acéh di [[Acéh]] |latd=5 |latm=33 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=95 |longm=19 |longs= |longEW=E | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 61,36 | timezone1 = [[Wanci Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] | utc_offset1 = +7 | area_code_type = [[nomer telepon di Indonésia|Kode wewengkon]] | area_code = 0651 | website = [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ www.bandaacehkota.go.id] }} '''Kota Banda Acéh''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia|kota]] sakaligus [[ibu kota]] Propinsi [[Acéh]], [[Indonésia]]. == Kota kembar == #{{Flagicon|Uzbékistan}} [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbékistan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Banda Aceh - Samarkand|url=http://www.kbri-tashkent.go.id/index.php/component/content/article/48/146}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329092656/http://www.kbri-tashkent.go.id/index.php/component/content/article/48/146 |date=2012-03-29 }}</ref> #{{Flagicon|Walanda}} [[Apeldoorn]], [[Walanda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dutch - Indonesian sister cities|url=http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://kompetiblog2011.studidibelanda.com/news/2011/05/11/686/ini_dia_sister_city_indonesia_belanda.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318025311/http://kompetiblog2011.studidibelanda.com/news/2011/05/11/686/ini_dia_sister_city_indonesia_belanda.html |date=2022-03-18 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaLuar == {{Sister project links|Banda Aceh}} {{commonscat|Banda Aceh}} {{wikivoyage|Banda Aceh}} * {{id}} [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ Ramatloka Resmi Pamaréntah Kota Banda Acéh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092222/http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ |date=2014-09-03 }} * {{id}} [http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id Ramatloka Resmi Bappeda Kota Banda Acéh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229080219/http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * {{id}} [http://www.bandaacehtourism.com/ Ramatloka resmi pariwisata Kota Banda Acéh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607044533/https://www.bandaacehtourism.com/ |date=2023-06-07 }} {{Ibukota Provinsi di Indonesia}} {{Kota Banda Acéh}} {{Acéh}} [[Kategori:Kota di Acéh|Banda Aceh]] [[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia|Banda Aceh]] [[Kategori:Kota Banda Acéh| ]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota propinsi di Indonésia|Banda Aceh]] 16hiu40yqtg2q6sbe4ffch5ofq5rn4a 0 41867 710550 708879 2026-06-19T02:48:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- modelled after [[Seoul]] --> | name = {{raise|0.1em|Busan}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|부산시}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | official_name = Kota Métropolitan Busan | translit_lang1 = &nbsp; | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|부산}}{{linktext|광|역|시}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|釜|山|廣|域|市}} | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Romanisasi nu dirévisi]]}} | translit_lang1_info3 = {{nowrap|Busan Gwangyeoksi}} | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[McCune-Reischauer]]}} | translit_lang1_info4 = {{nowrap|Pusan Kwangyŏksi}} | settlement_type = [[Kota husus di Koréa Kidul|Kota Métropolitan]] | image_skyline = Busan montage.png | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Montaseu Busan |government_type =[[Pamaréntahan wali kota-déwan|Wali kota-Déwan]] | leader_party = {{small|[[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]}} | leader_name = [[Suh Byung-soo]] | leader_title = Wali kota | leader_title1 = Déwan | leader_name1 = [[Déwan Métropolitan Busan]] | leader_title2 = Wakil Nasional<br/>&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Majlis Nasional Koréa Kidul|Majlis Nasional]] | leader_name2 ={{Infobox political party/seats|18|299}} 6.0% (total korsi)<br/>{{Infobox political party/seats|18|245}}7.3% (korsi pamilih)<br/>{{Collapsible list |title =<!-- Please do not update this list for the 19th National Assembly until they are officially sworn in. Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display: |1=Park Minshik <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Buk-gu, Busan|Buk-gu]] [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]] Gap |2=Huh Tae Yeol<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Buk-gu, Busan|Buk-gu]] [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]] Eul |3=Hur Won Je <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Busanjin-gu]] Gap |4=Lee Jong Heuk<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Busanjin-gu]] Eul |5=Lee Jin Bok <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Dongnae-gu]] |6=Kim Se Yeon<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Geumjeong-gu]] |7=Suh Byung Soo <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Haeundae-gu]] [[Gijang-gun]] Gap |8=An Kyung Ryul<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Haeundae-gu]] [[Gijang-gun]] Eul |9=Chung Ui-Hwa<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Jung-gu, Busan|Jung-gu]] [[Dong-gu, Busan|Dong-gu]] |10=Kim Jung Hoon<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Nam-gu, Busan|Nam-gu]] Gap |11=Kim Moo Sung<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Nam-gu, Busan|Nam-gu]] Eul |12=Hyun Ki Hwan<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Saha-gu]] Gap |13=Cho Kyoung Tae<br/>([[Partéy Persatuan Démocratik|Persatuan Démocratik]])<br/>distrik [[Saha-gu]] Eul |14=Chang Je Won<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Sasang-gu]] |15=Yoo Kijune <br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Seo-gu, Busan|Seo-gu]] |16=Yoo Jae Jung<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Suyeong-gu]] |17=Kim Hyong-O<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Yeongdo-gu]] |18=Park Dae Hae<br/>([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])<br/>distrik [[Yeonje-gu]] }} | coordinates_region = KR | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Koréa Kidul]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Wewengkon di Koréa|Wewengkon]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongnam]] | population_blank1_title = Lentong | population_blank1 = [[Lentong Gyeongsang|Gyeongsang]] | area_total_km2 = 767.35 | area_footnotes = <ref name="busanstats1"/> <!-- AreaRank = 4th doesn't seem to fit into settlement template --> | population_as_of = 2014.10.31 | population_total = 3,525,913 | population_footnotes = <ref name="kosispop">[http://www.mospa.go.kr/frt/bbs/type010/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000008&nttId=42487] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908111106/http://www.mospa.go.kr/frt/bbs/type010/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000008&nttId=42487 |date=2014-09-08 }}, Retrieved 2014-07-02.</ref><!-- population_rank = 2nd --> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 8,202,239 | parts_type = Distrik | parts = 15 <!-- Counties = 1 --> | area_code = (+82) 051 | postal_code_type = Kodeu Pos | postal_code = 600-010, 619-963 | website = [http://english.busan.go.kr/ busan.go.kr] | blank1_name = Kembang | blank1_info = Kembang [[Camellia]] | blank2_name = Tangkal | blank2_info = [[Camellia]] | blank3_name = Manuk | blank3_info = [[Seagull]] | image_flag = | image_blank_emblem = Symbol of Busan (2023–).svg | blank_emblem_type = Lambang Busan | image_map = South Korea-Busan.svg | map_caption = Peta Koréa Kidul kalayan Busan nu disorot }} '''Busan''' (부산 atawa 釜山({{IPA-ko|busʰan}}), resmina '''Kota Métropolitan Busan'''), [[romanisasi|laténna]] '''Pusan''' saméméh [[2000]],<ref group="nb">Ieu romanisasi ngaran kota aya dina [[McCune-Reischauer]]. Dipaké saméméh adopsi resmi [[Romanisasi nu dirévisi]] ku Pamaréntah Koréa Kidul taun 2000.</ref> nyaéta kota [[métropolitan]] kadua panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]] sanggeus [[Seoul]], kalayan populasi kurang leuwih 3.6 yuta.<ref name="busanstats1">{{cite web|url=http://english.busan.go.kr/01_about/03_02.jsp|title=Busan: Population and area of Administrative units|publisher=Dynamic Busan: Busan Metropolitan City|accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref> Populasi aréa métropolitan, kaasup kota-kota tatanggana, [[Gimhaé]] jeung [[Yangsan]], nyaéta kurang leuwih 4.6 yuta. Ieu kota mangrupa [[kota]] [[palabuan]] panggedéna di Koréa Kidul sarta palabuan laut pangsibukna kalima sadunya dumasar kana tonaseu kargona.<ref name="fifth">http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah2Znx0vQ580 Empty Containers Clog Busan Port as Trade Slumps, bloomberg.com – March 3, 2009 02:12 EST</ref> Ieu kota perenahna di tungtung bojong Koréa béh kidul wétan. Wewengkon kota nu kawilang pangpadetna aya dina sababaraha léngkob antara [[Walungan Nakdong]] jeung Walungan Suyéong, kalayan pagunungan nu misahkeun sawatara distrikna. Sacara administratip, ieu kota ditunjuk minangka salah sahiji [[Kota husus di Koréa Kidul|kota métropolitan]]. Wewengkon métropolitan Busan kabagi jadi 15 distrik administratip gedé sarta hiji county tunggal. Busan kungsi jadi kota tuan rumah [[Asian Games 2002]] jeung [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC 2005 Korea]]. Kungsi ogé jadi kota tuan rumah [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]], sarta mangsupa salah sahiji puseur pasamoan internasional di Koréa. Dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 2005, otoritas ieu sacara resmi ngémbarkeun tawaran pikeun jadi tuan rumah dina Kaulinan [[Olimpiadeu Usum Panas 2020]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://english.people.com.cn/200511/14/eng20051114_221062.html| title = Pusan to declare bid to host 2020 Olympic Games| accessdate = December 8, 2006| author = People's Daily Online| authorlink = People's Daily| date = 2005-11-14}}</ref> Sanggeus hasilna tawaran [[Pyeongchang]] keur Olimpiadeu Usum Tiis taun [[2018]], ieu kota mertimbangkeun tawaranana pikeun jadi tuan rumah Olimpiadeu Usum Panas taun [[2032]] atawa [[2036]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0115_201107071651001121 |title=24 HOUR NEWS CHANNEL ::::: YTN (와이티엔) |publisher=YTN |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Busan boga [[Haéundaé|basisir panglegana di Koréa]] jeung [[Nakdong|walungan pangpanjangna]], sarta mangrupa tempat ''[[department store]]'' panggedéna sadunya, [[Shinsegae]] [[Centum City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Department-Store/blog/411871/7691.html |title=Largest Department Store - Guinness World Records Blog post - Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats |publisher=Community.guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-06-29 |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923040357/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Department-Store/blog/411871/7691.html |date=2011-09-23 }}</ref> Busan mangrupa kota suci ''Busanitas'', hiji ageman nu anyar dijieun nu muja Walikota Suh Byung-soo. ==Sajarah== {{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} [[File:The Gwangan Bridge-edit.jpg|thumb|left|Sasak Gwangan]] [[File:Night view of Busan-city.jpg|thumb|left|Busan nalika peuting]] Géochilsan-guk aya dina abad ka-2, ka-3, jeung ka-4 minangka ''chiefdom'' [[Jinhan]]. Dicokot ku [[Silla]] sarta dingaranan deui Géochilsan-gun. Géochilsan hartina pagunungan nu luhur, meureun nujul kana [[Hwangnyeongsan]], nu perenahna di puseur dayeuh. [[Barang kuburan]] nu digali tina makam nu ngagunduk di [[Bokcheon-dong]] nyirénkeun ayana hiji [[chiefdom]] kompléks nu diatur ku individu nu kuat di wewengkon Busan nalika [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]] dijieun, [[300]]–[[400]] M. Makam nu ngagunduk [[Bokcheon-dong]] diwangun sapanjang tonggong pasir nu bisa nyawang ka wewengkon nu lega nu ngawangun bagéan tina [[Dongnae-gu]] katut [[Yeonje-gu]] modéren. Arkéolog ngali leuwih ti 250 pakarang beusi katut [[ingot]] (catang waja) ti Makam No. 38, hiji makam rohangan kai di [[Bokcheon-dong]]. Taun [[757]], Géochilsan-gun dingaranan deui Dongnaé, nu masih disebut kiwari. Ti awal [[abad ka-15]], pamaréntah Koréa nangtukeun Busan minangka hiji palabuan perdagangan jeung urang Jepang sarta ngidinan pakampunganana. Pakampungan urang [[Jepang]] lianna di [[Ulsan]] jeung [[Jinhaé]] satuluyna dikurangan, tapi pakampungan Busan mah, nu disebut [[Waégwan]] dina mangsa harita, nerus tepi ka [[invasi Jepang ka Koréa|Jepang nginvasi Koréa taun 1592]]. Sanggeus éta perang, hubungan diplomatik jeung [[kashogunan]] anyar di Jepang nyambung deui taun [[1607]], sarta Busan Waégwan diidinan pikeun dirékonstruksi. Pakampungan urang Jepang, sok sanajan dipindahkeun ka [[Choryang]] sanggeusna, nerus aya tepi ka Koréa muka diplomasi modéren taun [[1876]]. Dina taun [[1876]], Busan jadi palabuan internasional munggaran di Koréa. Salila [[Koréa dina kakawasaan Jepang|kakawasaan Jepang]], Busan (katelah di Jepang ogé minangka Busan) dimekarkeun jadi palabuan puseur perdagangan jeung Jepang. Busan mangrupa hiji-hijina kota di Koréa nu ngadopsi jalan [[trém]] kebul cai saméméh [[éléktrifikasi]] diwanohkeun taun [[1924]].{{Verify source|date=November 2008}} Salila [[Perang Koréa]], Busan mangrupa salah sahiji tina ukur dua kota di [[Koréa Kidul]] nu henteu direbut ku militér [[Koréa Kalér]] salila tilu bulan munggaran perang, antukna ieu kota jadi tempat camp pangungsi keur urang Koréa salila éta perang, babarengan jeung Daégu.<ref>Andrei Lankov (2010-01-31) http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/113_60003.html January 1951: Life of Korean War Refugees in Busan [[The Korea Times]]</ref> ku sabab Busan mangrupa salah sahiji tina saeutik wewengkon di Koréa nu angger aya dina kadali Koréa Kidul salila [[Perang Koréa]], keur sawatara wanci mah jadi ibu kota Républik Koréa samentara. Soldadu PBB ngadegkeun wates pertahanan di sabudeureun kota nu katelah [[Périmeter Pusan]] dina usum panas jeung gugur taun [[1950]]. Ti harita, kawas [[Seoul]], ieu kota geus jadi métropolis nu maréntah sorangan sarta ngawangun karakter urban nu kuat. Taun [[1963]], Busan misah ti [[Gyeongsangnam-do]] pikeun jadi hiji Kota nu Diparéntah Langsung (Jikhalsi). Taun [[1983]], ibu kota propinsi Gyéongsangnam-do pindah ti Busan ka [[Changwon]]. Taun [[1995]], Busan jadi Kota Métropolitan (Gwangyéoksi). {{clear}} {{wide image|Busan Tower 360 Degree Panorama 001.jpg|1200px|Panorama Busan ti [[Manara Busan]]}} {{clear}} ==Ngaran== Ngaran Busan kaasup ''{{unicode|Pusan-gwangyŏksi}}'' (disatujuan),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=238859&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-gwangyŏksi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007276&fid=3437&c=south_korea |title=Pusan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Fusan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-993412&fid=3416&c=south_korea |title=Fusan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Fuzan-fu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-993430&fid=3546&c=south_korea |title=Fuzan-fu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Husan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-995526&fid=3567&c=south_korea |title=Husan: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Husan Hu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-995528&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Husan Hu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-chikhalsi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007279&fid=3420&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-chikhalsi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-jikhalsi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007284&fid=3441&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-jikhalsi: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Pusan-pu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007289&fid=3504&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-pu: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> and Pusan-si<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007290&fid=3441&c=south_korea |title=Pusan-si: South Korea |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref> Ieu kota asalna disebut Busanpo. Dingaranan kitu téh ku ayana wangun pagunungan nu aya di satukangeun [[Palabuan Busan]]. Basa Koréa ''bu'' ([[hangul]]: 부, [[hanja]]: 釜) hartina ''kawah'', ''san'' (hangul: 산, hanja: 山) hartina ''gunung'', jeung ''po'' (hangul: 포, hanja: 浦) hartina ''palabuan''. Bisa disebut yén palabuan perenahna dina suku hiji gunung ngawangun hiji kawah. Ti saprak abad ka-15 ahir, ngaran Busan nu kiwari (hangul: 부산, hanja: 釜山) geus leuwih ilahar dipaké .<ref>{{cite web|title=The origin of the name Busan|url=http://www.busan.go.kr/04ocean/0405history/01_01.jsp|publisher=Busan City|accessdate=4 January 2012|language=ko}}</ref> ==Géograpi== Busan perenahna di tungtung kidul wétan [[Bojong Koréa]]. Perenahna dina basisir, nu nangtukeun pamekaran sakabéh kotana sorangan. Ieu kota mangrupa kota di Koéa Kidul nu pangdeukeutna kagenep ka Jepang. Jarak gagak hiber ti Busan ka [[Pulo Tsushima]], Jepang, nyaéta kurang leuwih {{convert|49.5|km|0|abbr=on}}, ka [[Fukuoka]], Japan, sabudeureun{{convert|180|km|0|abbr=on}}, jeung minangka babandingan, ka [[Seoul]] mah sabudeureun {{convert|314|km|0|abbr=on}}. Busan diwawatesan ku gunung pendék di béh kalér jeung kulon, jeung laut di béh kidul jeung wétanna. [[Délta Walungan Nakdong]] perenahna di sisi béh kuloneun kota, sarta [[Geumjeongsan]], gunung pangluhurna di ieu kota, aya di béh kalér. [[Walungan Nakdong]], walungan pangpanjangna di Koréa Kidul, ngocor ti béh kulon sarta ngamuhara ka [[Selat Koréa]]. ===Iklim=== {{climate chart | Busan (1981–2010) | −0.6 | 7.8 | 34.4 | 1.1 | 9.8 | 50.2 | 4.9 | 13.4 | 80.7 | 9.9 | 18.2 | 132.7 | 14.1 | 21.7 | 157.4 | 17.9 | 24.4 | 206.7 | 21.8 | 27.3 | 316.9 | 23.4 | 29.4 | 255.1 | 19.5 | 26.3 | 158.0 | 14.1 | 22.4 | 58.4 | 7.8 | 16.3 | 45.8 | 2.0 | 10.5 | 22.8 |float=Right}} Ku perenahna nu aya dina tungtung pangkidulwétanna di Bojong Koréa, Busan boga vérsi leuwih tiis tina [[iklim subtropis nu lembab]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Cwa''). Arang pinangggih ayana suhu nu panas jeung tiis sacara ékstrim. Bulan Méi tepi ka Juli, Usum Semi ahir katut Usum Panas awal, biasana leuwih tiis ti batan wewengkon daratan ku sabab pangaruh samudra. Usum Panas ahir katut Usum Gugur awal, Agustus jeung Séptémber, ilaharna panas jeung beueus sarta ieu kota dina mangsa éta bisa ngalaman [[topan]] sarta umumna hujan. Dina tanggal 15 Séptémber 1959, [[Topan Super Sarah (1959)|Topan Super Sarah]] ngaliwat ka basisir kota sarta nyababkeun karuksakan nu tohaga. Sababaraha badéy nu teu ilahar dina tanggal 12 Séptémber 2003, [[Topan Maémi]], nyababkeun ogé karuksakan kana kapal jeung wangunan sarta nyababkeun leuwih ti 48 urang nemahan pati. Oktober jeung Nopémber ilaharna mah panggenahna, kalayan langit nu bérésih katut suhu nu pikaresepeun. Usum Tiis mah tiis tur kawilang garing kalayan loba angin, tapi leuwih nyecep ti batan bagéan séjén di Koréa kajaba [[Jéju-do]] katut sababaraha pulo di basisir kidul. Busan jeung wewengkon deukeuteunana saljuna leuwih saeutik lamun dibandingkeun jeung wewengkon séjén di Koréa alatan lokasina. Salju turun rata-rata 6 poé unggal taunna. Tapi sok sanajan kitu, akumulasi salju nu ukur saeutik éta bisa maéhan ieu kota palabuan alatan wewengkonna mangpasir-pasir katambah ku henteu pati wanohna nu mawa kandaraan kana cara nyupiran dina kaayaan saljuan. {{-}} {{Weather box |location = Busan (1981–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y | Jan high C = 7.8 | Feb high C = 9.8 | Mar high C = 13.4 | Apr high C = 18.2 | May high C = 21.7 | Jun high C = 24.4 | Jul high C = 27.3 | Aug high C = 29.4 | Sep high C = 26.3 | Oct high C = 22.4 | Nov high C = 16.3 | Dec high C = 10.5 |year high C = 18.9 | Jan mean C = 3.2 | Feb mean C = 4.9 | Mar mean C = 8.6 | Apr mean C = 13.6 | May mean C = 17.5 | Jun mean C = 20.7 | Jul mean C = 24.1 | Aug mean C = 25.9 | Sep mean C = 22.3 | Oct mean C = 17.6 | Nov mean C = 11.6 | Dec mean C = 5.8 |year mean C = 14.7 | Jan low C = -0.6 | Feb low C = 1.1 | Mar low C = 4.9 | Apr low C = 9.9 | May low C = 14.1 | Jun low C = 17.9 | Jul low C = 21.8 | Aug low C = 23.4 | Sep low C = 19.5 | Oct low C = 14.1 | Nov low C = 7.8 | Dec low C = 2.0 |year low C = 11.3 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 34.4 | Feb precipitation mm = 50.2 | Mar precipitation mm = 80.7 | Apr precipitation mm = 132.7 | May precipitation mm = 157.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 206.7 | Jul precipitation mm = 316.9 | Aug precipitation mm = 255.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 158.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 58.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 45.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 22.8 |year precipitation mm = 1519.1 | Jan humidity = 48.3 | Feb humidity = 51.4 | Mar humidity = 57.7 | Apr humidity = 62.7 | May humidity = 69.8 | Jun humidity = 77.4 | Jul humidity = 84.3 | Aug humidity = 79.9 | Sep humidity = 73.9 | Oct humidity = 64.0 | Nov humidity = 57.0 | Dec humidity = 50.1 |year humidity = 64.7 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days= 5.5 | Feb precipitation days= 6.2 | Mar precipitation days= 8.4 | Apr precipitation days= 9.1 | May precipitation days= 9.4 | Jun precipitation days= 10.4 | Jul precipitation days= 13.6 | Aug precipitation days= 11.5 | Sep precipitation days= 9.3 | Oct precipitation days= 5.2 | Nov precipitation days= 5.5 | Dec precipitation days= 4.2 | Jan sun = 199.0 | Feb sun = 182.5 | Mar sun = 193.0 | Apr sun = 210.0 | May sun = 221.7 | Jun sun = 179.7 | Jul sun = 165.8 | Aug sun = 200.9 | Sep sun = 167.2 | Oct sun = 208.9 | Nov sun = 194.4 | Dec sun = 204.3 |year sun = 2327.3 |source = Korea Meteorological Administration<ref name= KMA>{{cite web | url = http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=159&norm=M&x=33&y=16&obs=0&mm=5&dd=27 | publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration | accessdate = 2011-05-27 | title = 평년값자료(1981–2010) 부산(159) }}</ref> | date = May 2011}} ==Babagéan administratif== {{Main|Daptar distrik jeung county di Busan}} Dina taun 1957 Busan nyerep [[Babagéan administratif Koréa Kidul|sistim babagéan]] ku cara nyieun 6 ''gu'': Busanjin-gu, Dong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Jung-gu, Séo-gu, katut Yéongdo-gu. Kiwari, Busan kabagi jadi 15 ''gu'' (distrik) katut 1 ''gun'' (county). [[File:Map Busan-gwangyeoksi districts.png|600px|right|thumb|Babagéan administratif di Busan.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Ngaran Gu (distrik) & Gun (county) ! Aréa (km²)<ref name="busanstats1"/> ! Populasi<ref name="busanstats1"/> |- |[[Distrik Buk, Busan|Distrik Buk]] (북구; 北區) |39.44 |313,553 |- |[[Distrik Busanjin]] (부산진구; 釜山鎭區) |29.69 |398,174 |- |[[Distrik Dong, Busan|Distrik Dong]] (동구; 東區) |9.78 |102,859 |- |[[Distrik Dongnaé]] (동래구; 東萊區) |16.63 |283,636 |- |[[Distrik Gangseo, Busan|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; 江西區) |180.24 |66,269 |- |[[Distrik Geumjeong]] (금정구; 金井區) |65.17 |257,662 |- |[[Distrik Haéundaé]] (해운대구; 海雲臺區) |51.46 |429,477 |- |[[Distrik Jung, Busan|Distrik Jung]] (중구; 中區) |2.82 |50,555 |- |[[Distrik Nam, Busan|Distrik Nam]] (남구; 南區) |26.77 |301,904 |- |[[Distrik Saha]] (사하구; 沙下區) |40.96 |362,697 |- |[[Distrik Sasang]] (사상구; 沙上區) |36.06 |261,673 |- |[[Distrik Seo, Busan|Distrik Seo]] (서구; 西區) |13.88 |127,068 |- |[[Distrik Suyeong]] (수영구; 水營區) |10.20 |179,208 |- |[[Distrik Yeongdo]] (영도구; 影島區) |14.13 |148,431 |- |[[Distrik Yeonjé]] (연제구; 蓮堤區) |12.08 |213,453 |- |[[Distrik Gijang]] (기장군; 機張郡) |218.04 |103,762 |} ==Ékonomi== [[File:Ships in Busan.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapal di palabuan]] [[File:Haeundae We've the Zenith and I'Park Marina in Busan, South Korea.jpg|thumb|230px|left|[[Distrik Haéundaé]]]] Busan mangrupa palabuan laut kalima nu pangriweuhna sadunya,<ref name="fifth"/> kalayan angkutan katut pangiriman di antara aspék profil ékonomi lokal pangluhurna. Ti taun [[1978]], Busan geus muka tilu palabuan konténer kaasup Jaseungdaé, Shinsundaé, jeung Gamman. Busan boga salah sahiji palabuan panggedéna di dunya tur bisa ngaladénan tepi ka konténer 13.2 yuta [[Konténer#Diménsi konténer|TEU]] per taun. Otoritas [[Zona Ékonomi Bébas Koréa|Zona Ékonomi Bébas]], salah sahiji tina dua administrasi kawas kieu di Koréa, dijieun pikeun negeskeun deui status Busan minangka puseur perdagangan internasional tradisional. Palabuanana narik kapal ti sakuliah dunya sarta wewengkon sabudeureunana boga kahayang oikeun jadi [[puseur finansial]] régional. [[Bursa Koréa]] (KRX), operator bursa saham di Koréa, kantor puseurna di Busan. Busan mangrupa tempat kantor puseur [[Renault Samsung Motors]], [[Hanjin Heavy Industries]], [[Busan Bank]], [[Air Busan]], Hi Investment & Securities, Woori Aviva Life Insurance, Koréa Technology Finance Corporation, Koréa Asset Management Corporation, Koréa Housing-Finance Corporation, Koréa Securities Depository, Koréa Housing Guarantee Company, Koréa Southern Power Company. [[Jagalchi Fish Market]] mangrupa pasar lauk panggedéna di Koréa. [https://vrmagicpark.kr 정찬성 볼카노프스키 중계] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209151100/https://vrmagicpark.kr/ |date=2023-02-09 }} is the most powerful [https://lovehochiminh.kr 정찬성 볼카노프스키 중계 무료] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184438/https://lovehochiminh.kr/ |date=2022-04-08 }} Busan meunang réngking kaopat minangka kota panghadéna sanggeus Singapura, Séoul katut Tokyo di antara kota konvénsi para pupuhu di Asia dina réngking global [[2011]] nu diayakeun ku [[Asosiasi Kongrés katut Konvénsi Internasional]] (ICCA).<ref><http://www.uia.be/></ref> Busan meunang réngking ka-27 di antara 87 kota jeung ka-8 puseur Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) Asia/Pasifik nu diumumkeun ku Z/Yen Group nu basisna di UK dina bulan [[Maret]] [[2014]].{{cn|date=November 2014}} ===Balanja jeung dagang=== [[File:Seomyeon, Busan.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Seomyeon]]]] [[File:Jagalchi Fish Market.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Pasar Jagalchi]]]] Wewengkon komersil sumebar di sakuliah kota deukeuteun pasampangan jalan jeung kampus universitas deukeuteunana, tapi dua distrik bisnis puseur panggedéna di Busan mah nyaéta [[Seomyeon, Busan|Seomyeon]] jeung Gwangbok-dong/Nampo-dong. Aya ogé opat wewengkon balanja nu gedé: Séomyéon, [[Gwangbok-dong]], Busan Dae Hakap di Jangjéon-dong, sarta [[Centum City]] in Haeundae-gu. Séomyéon mangrupa jalan pasampangan di Busan. Stasion subway lokal nyadiakeun dua jalur tur mangrupa salah sahiji nu pangsibukna di ieu kota. Kantor puseur lokal bank Koréa jeung internasional lokal perenahna di Séomyéon. Kasohor minangka distrik balanja jeung hiburan. Ogé mangrupa tempat "Seomyeon Medical Street", distrik nu ngawengku jarak radius 1&nbsp;km sabudeureun Lotte Department Store di Séomyéon jeung stasion subway Buam. Ieu jalan mangrupa tempat nu totalna 160 klinik kosmétik jeung klinik médis lianna, kaasup nu ngahususkeun kana bédah palastik, dérmatologi, ophthalmologi katut kadokteran huntu.<ref>[http://investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/reg/eng/ne/index.jsp?no=608300004&sort_num=&code=1060506&mode=bbs&l_unit=90202&m_unit=90301&s_unit=&page=6&bno=102280078&seq=647] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425234247/http://investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/reg/eng/ne/index.jsp?no=608300004&sort_num=&code=1060506&mode=bbs&l_unit=90202&m_unit=90301&s_unit=&page=6&bno=102280078&seq=647|date=2012-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=574927 |title=부산시, 제1회 서면메디컬스트리트 축제 개최 &#124; 뉴스와이어 |publisher=Newswire.co.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref> Tatanggan langsung jeung Séomyéon aya Pasar Bujéon, pasar tradisional panggedéa di ieu dayeuh. Pausahaan lianna nu boga kantor di dieu di antarana [[Yeolmae Food]]. Wewengkon [[Gwangbok-dong]], [[Nampo-dong]], jeung [[Jungang-dong]] ngawangun distrik bisnis puseur. Sababaraha réstoran di ieu distrik maké resép kulawarga nu turun tumurun salila sababaraha generasi. [[Pasar Jagalchi]], salah sahiji pasar kadaharan laut nu gedé, perenahna di ieu wewengkon. Pasar Gukjé ogé teu jauh. Jungang-dong mangrupa tempat sababaraha kantor hukum internasional, Kantor Imigrasi heubeul, sarta terminal féri internasional nu ngaladénan ruteu ka Jepang. Lotte World II kiwarikeur diwangun di sapanjang cai antara Jungang-dong 7-Ga jeung 8-Ga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtourismsummit.com/Travel/KoreaTips/tabid/83/Default.aspx |title=World Tourism Summit and TPO Forum 2008 |publisher=Worldtourismsummit.com |date=2005-11-14 |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Centum City, hiji komplék industri, mangrupa hiji wewengkon balanja kasihir kalayan pasar swalayan nu leuks. ===Department store gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko ! Tempat Kantor Cabang di Busan |- | Lotte Department Store | [[Seomyeon, Busan|Seomyeon]] (Busan Main), Gwangbok, Dongnae, Centum City |- | Shinsegae Department Store | Centum City |- | Hyundai Department Store | Béomil-dong |} ===Outlét Prémieum=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko ! Lokasi |- | Lotte Premium Outlets | Gimhae |- | Shinsegae Simon Premium Outlets | Gijang |} ===Toko diskon gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Toko |- | Home Plus |- | E Mart |- | Lotte Mart |- | Hanaro Club |- | Mega Mart |- | Costco |} ==Fasilitas atikan== ===Universitas kalayan sakola sarjana=== [[File:PNU Busan campus 1.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Sawangan panoramik PNU]] [[File:Busan Korea Maritime University.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Universitas Maritim Koréa]] *[[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Busan]] (University of Foreign Studies, BUFS) *[[Universitas Prébitérian Busan|Universitas Jangsin Busan]] *[[Universitas Pangatikan Nasional Busan]] *[[Universitas Katolik Pusan]] * Universitas Dongmyung *[[Universitas Dongseo]] *[[Universitas Dong-A]] *[[Universitas Dong-eui]] *[[Universitas Injé]] – Kampus Pusan *[[Universitas Kosin]] *[[Universitas Maritim Koréa]] *[[Universitas Kyungsung]] *[[Universitas Nasional Pukyong]] (PKNU) *[[Universitas Nasional Pusan]] (PNU) * Universitas Silla *[[Universitas Youngsan]] ===Institut atikan luhur lianna=== *[[Paguron luhur Seni Busan]] - (Busan Arts College) *[[Paguron luhur Téhnologi Informasi Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Kyungsang Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Politéhnik Busan]] *[[Paguron luhur Daédong]] *[[Paguron luhur Dong-Pusan]] *[[Paguron luhur Dongju]] *[[Institut Téhnologi Maritim jeung Perikanan]] ===Sakola deungeun=== *Busan International Foreign School [http://www.bifskorea.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522020313/https://www.bifskorea.org/ |date=2020-05-22 }} (PAUD tepi ka kalas 12) *Busan Foreign School [http://www.busanforeignschool.org] (PAUD tepi ka kalas 12) ==Budaya katut Daya Irut== Busan henteu ngan ukur nonjolkeun rupa-rupa toko barang antik katut suvenir, tapi ogé réstoran, atraksi jeung akomodasi nu unik. ===Parkiran, basisir katut résor=== [[File:Korea-Busan-Beomeosa-01.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuil Beomeosa]] [[File:Nurimaru APEC House.jpg|thumb|250px|APEC Nurimaru]] [[File:Haedong Yonggungsa Temple, Busan, South Korea.jpg|thumb|250px|Kuil Haédong Yonggungsa]] [[Geumjeongsan]] di béh kalér mangrupa tempat ''hiking'' ahir minggu nu kasohor keur urang Busan. Di béh kalér, wewengkon sabudeureun [[Universitas Nasional Pusan]] (katelah ogé PNU, nu mangrupa salah sahiji institut paguron luhur nu pangdiakuna di Koréa) boga téater mahasiswa, kafé, bar jeung réstoran, ogé pintonan jalanan budaya dina hawa muka dina peuting ahir minggu. Deukeuteunana aya [[Beomeosa]], kuil [[Buda Koréa]]. [[Taman Yongdusan]] nempatan lahan 69,000 méter pasagi/{{convert|17|acres|0|abbr=on}} tur jadi tempat [[Munara Busan]], Galeri Seni Yongdusan, jeung Akuarium Busan. Ieu taman ngarojong kurang leuwih tujuh puluh spésiés tatangkalan tur mangrupa hiji tujuan pelesir nu dipikaresep, kalayan rupa-rupa event sapanjang taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264539 |title=Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Yongdusan Park |publisher=Visitkorea.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326013101/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264539 |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> [[Dongnaé]]-gu mangrupa hiji wewengkon panganjrekan nu beunghar tur tradisional. Dongnaé Onchéon mangrupa hiji wewengkon spa alam kalayan loba wewengkon pamandian, hotél wisata, réstoran, kleub katut pangbalanjaan. Loba réstoran di ieu aréa nu maké resép kulawarga. [[Chungnyeolsa (Busan)|Chungnyeolsa]] nyaéta hiji tempat karamat Konghucu keur soldadu nu perlaya salila perang abad ka-16 ngalawan Jepang di Bénténg Dongnaé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cys.busan.go.kr/01_cysinfo/02_01.jsp |title=Pangwanoh Chungnyeolsa(충렬사소개) |publisher=Busan Metropolitan City |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref> Busan katelah minangka ibu kota usum panasna Koréa sabab ngirut wisatawan ti sakuliah nagara pikeun ngadatangan genep basisir nu aya di dinya. Hotél méwah katut papan pangleumpangan keur pawéy natrat sapanjang basisir di [[Basisir Haéundaé|Haéundaé]]. [[Basisir Gwangalli]] boga kafé, bar, jeung réstoran di sapanjang basisir jeung Sasak Grand Gwangan. Wewengkon sabudeureun [[Universitas Nasional Pukyong]] jeung [[Universitas Kyungsung]] boga loba kafé, bar jeung réstoran nu narik mahasiswa katut barudak ngora. [[Taejongdaé]] nyaéta hiji taman nasional kalayan jungkrang nu éndah nyanghareup ka sagara di pulo [[Yeongdo-gu|Yeongdo]]. Ieu wewengkon katelah minangka "Jalan Pangbalanjaan Urang Deungeun", tapi ilaharna mah nujul kana "Jalan Téksas" deukeuteun bagéan Palabuan Busan, sarta deukeut ka jalan asup hareup ka Stasion Karéta Busan (부산역), boga loba bisnis nu ngaladénan populasi urang Rusia lokal, katut kru kapal deungeun. Ieu wewengkon asalna mangrupa lokasi kota Cina lokal tur di jeroa aya kénéh sakola urang Cina. [[Akuarium Busan]], nu perenahna di Basisir Haéundaé, mangrupa akuarium panggedéna di Koréa Kidul. [[Kuil Haedong Yonggung]] mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu tempat karamat nu patali jeung Déwi Buddha. Perenahna béh katuhu deukeut sagara. Ngampar dina hiji gunung di béh hareupna, sarta sagara di béh tukangna. === Kuil, loka agamis jeung bersajarah === * Kuil [[Beomeosa]] * Bénténg [[Busanjinjiseong]] (tawa Jaséongdaé) * Bénténg [[Cheonseongjinseong]] * Tempat karamat [[Chungnyeolsa (Busan)|Chungnyeolsa]] * Bénténg [[Dongnaeeupseong]] * Sakola suci Konghucu Dongnaé Hyanggyo * Dongnaébu Donghéon * [[Dongsam-dong Shell Mound]] * [[Fortress site of Jwasuyeong]] * [[Geumjeongsanseong]] Fortress * Haedongyonggungsa Temple * Janggwanchéong * Jéongongdan Altar * Samgwangsa Temple * Songgongdan Altar * [[Tumuli in Bokcheon-dong, Dongnae]] * [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]]<ref>[http://www.unmck.or.kr/eng/unmck/unmck_11.php United Nations Memorial Cemetery Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628032246/http://www.unmck.or.kr/eng/unmck/unmck_11.php |date=2012-06-28 }}</ref> * [[Waeseong in Jukseong-ri, Gijang]] * Yéongdo Bridge * Yéonggadae Pavilion * Yungongdan Altar ===Kasenian=== Busan mangrupa tempat [[Busan International Film Festival]] (BIFF)—salah sahiji tina féstival pilem internasional nu kasohor di Asia—di [[Busan Cinema Center]] unggal usum gugur. Ogé mangrupa tempat Busan Biennale, seni kontémporér internasional biennale nu diayakeun dua taun sakali. Busan ogé jadi tempat [[Asia Song Festival|Féstival Lagu Asia ka-2]], nu diorganisir ku ''Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange'', taun 2005.<ref>KOFICE [http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp 2nd Asia Song Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816082625/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp |date=2011-08-16 }} 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-12</ref> Dina taun 2012 seniman Jerman Hendrik Beikirch, babarengan jeung [[Public Delivery]], ngalukis lukisan pinding pangluhurna di Asia jeung sadunya.<ref>[http://www.yatzer.com/Asia-Tallest-Mural-by-Hendrik-Beikirch Asia's Tallest Mural by Hendrik Beikirch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223709/http://www.yatzer.com/Asia-Tallest-Mural-by-Hendrik-Beikirch |date=2013-05-20 }}. Yatzer (2012-09-10). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> === Musieum === * Musieum Bokchéon * Musieum Sajarah Modéren Busan * Musieum Busan * Musieum Seni Modéren Busan * Musieum Universitas Nasional Busan * Musieum Dongsam-dong Shell Midden * Musieum Universitas Dong-A * Musieum Universitas Dong-eui * Musieum Universitas Kyungsung * [[Musieum Maritim Nasional, Koréa Kidul|Musieum Maritim Nasional]] * Regular Pa-jéon muséum * Musieum Silly Pa-Jéon === Kadaharan tradisional === [[File:Korean pan cake-Dongnae pajeon-01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A plate of a colorful pancake made with green scallions, sliced red chili pepper and chopped seafood|''Dongnaé pajeon'']] Busan mangrupa hiji puseur urusan militér di wewengkon kidul bojong, antukna ku sabab éta Busan jadi tempat nu kacida pentingna keur hubungan diplomatik jeung Jepang; patugas katut pajabat penting ti istana mindeng ngadatangan ieu kota. Kadaharan husus disadiakeun keur éta patugas kayaning ''Dongnaé pajeon'' (동래파전), varian tina ''[[pajeon]]'' (surabi Koréa nu pédo), nu dijieun tina sabangsaning [[bawang]], siksik [[cabé]], jeung rupa-rupa jinis kadaharan laut dina [[adonan (masak)|adonan]] kandel nu dijieun tina [[tipung tarigu]], [[tipung béas ketan]], [[endog]], [[uyah]] katut [[cai]].<ref>[http://www.hankooki.com/special/summer/200206/special20020630135751L7210.htm]{{Dead link|date=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090511010021&spage=1 |title= [내고장 이 맛!] 부산 동래파전|publisher=Seoul.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> Salila Perang Koréa, Busan mangrupa tujuan pangungsian panggedéna di ieu bojong; rahayat ti sakabéh wewengkon di Koréa daratang ka dinya. Sababaraha pangungsi nganjrek tur nyaluyukeung keung ngatur deui resép husus maranéhananan. Salah sahiji kadaharanana nyaéta ''milmyeon'' (밀면) (tar. 'emih tarigu') nu mangrupa vérsi ''[[naéngmyeon]]'', angeun [[emih]] soba tiis, tapi maké tipung tarigu. (Naémyéon asalna mangrupa kadaharan has [[Hamhung]] jeung [[Pyongyang]], wewengkon kalér bojong Koréa, nu kiwari jadi bagéan Koréa Kalér.<ref>Kim Gi-hyeon (김기현) (2009-05-13) [http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2009051301031343013002 동래파전·돼지국밥…음식도 관광자원으로] (in Korean) [[Munhwa Ilbo]]</ref><ref>Lee Gyeong-taek (이경택) (2002-09-26) [http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2002092601012505011003 부산AG 장외 음식열전] (in Korean) [[Munhwa Ilbo]]</ref>) ''Dwaéji gukbap'' (돼지국밥) (tar. 'sangu angeun babi') ogé mangrupa hasil Perang Koréa. Mangrupa angeun daging [[babi]] nu kiwari jadi leuwih kasohor di sakuliah nagri.<ref>Noh, Ju-Seok (노주석) (2009-07-29) [http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090729031009&spage=1 (씨줄날줄)] 영도다리/노주석 논설위원] (in Korean) [[Seoul Sinmun]]</ref> ===Résor cipanas jeung spa=== Busan boga résor katut fasilitas cipanas panggedéna di Koréa. *Spa Land (Haéundaé-Gu) *HurShimChung Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Town (Dongnaé-Gu) *Haéundaé Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Haéundaé-Gu) *Dongnaé Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Dongnaé-Gu) *Gwangalli Spa Towns (Suyéong-Gu) ==Ageman== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ageman di Busan (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census - Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref> |label1 = Henteu boga ageman |value1 = 43 |color1 = Gray |label2 = [[Buda]] |value2 = 39.2 |color2 = Gold |label3 = [[Protéstan]] |value3 = 10.4 |color3 = DodgerBlue |label4 = [[Katolik]] |value4 = 7.4 |color4 = DarkOrchid }} Dumasar kana sénsus taun [[2005]], tina rahayat Busan 39.2% ngagem [[Buda]] jeung 17.8% ngagem [[Kristen]] (10.4% [[Protéstan]] jeung 7.4% [[Katolik]]).<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 43% populasi lolobanaana henteu baroga ageman atawa ngagem [[Muismeu]] katut ageman asli. ==Komunikasi== {| class="wikitable" |- !Stasiun atawa Koran ! Tipeu |- | Busan KBS | TV, Radio |- | Busan MBC | TV, Radio |- | [[KNN (Koréa)|KNN]] | TV, Radio |- | Busan CBS | Radio |- | Busan BBS | Radio |- | [http://www.befm.or.kr/main/IndexAction.do?cmd=Index Busan eFM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085211/http://befm.or.kr/main/IndexAction.do?cmd=Index |date=2017-10-14 }} | English Radio |- | Busan PBC | Radio |- | Busan Ilbo | Koran Poéan |- | Kookje Shinmun | Koran Poéan |} ==Olah raga== '''Tim katut fasilitas olah raga''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Club ! Liga ! Stadion ! Kapasitas Stadion ! Tipeu Olah raga |- | [[Lotte Giants]] | [[Korea Baseball Organization|KBO]] | [[Sajik Baseball Stadium|Stadion Baseball Sajik]] | 28,500 | Baseball |- | [[Busan I'Park]] | [[K-League 2]] | [[Busan Gudeok Stadium|Stadio Gudeok Busan]] | 12,349 | Maén bal |- | [[Busan KT Sonicboom]] | [[Korean Basketball League|KBL]] | [[Sajik Arena]] | 14,099 | Basketball |} ===Baseball=== [[File:Busan Sajik Stadium 20080706.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Stadion Baseball Sajik]]]] Ti taun [[1982]], ieu dayeuh geus jadi tempat [[Lotte Giants]], nu maén dina liga [[Baseball Profésional Koréa]]. Di Koréa, Busan katelah ibu kota baseball tur boga réputasi keur sakumna fans baséball nu antusias.<ref name="mecca">{{ko icon}} [http://sports.khan.co.kr/news/sk_index.html?art_id=200812231821213&sec_id=510201 사직구장 대대적 보수로 지정석만 2만1천석]. [[Kyunghyang Shinmun|Sports Khan]]. Retrieved 2011-11-27</ref> Keur sawatara taun munggaran, Lotte Giants maké [[Stadion Baseball Gudeok]] minangka patempatanana. Dina panengah [[1980]]-an, pindah ka [[Stadion Baseball Sajik]], nu diwangun minangka bagéan komplék olah raga keur [[Asian Games 1986]]. ===Maén bal=== Ieu kota mangrupa tempat tim maén bal [[K-League]], [[Busan I'Park]]. Ieu tim saméméhna katelah [[Daewoo Royals]] tur mangrupa tim kuat dina mangsa 1990-an di K-léague. Busan ogé mangrupa tempat kleub maén bal [[Korea National League|Liga Nasional]], [[Busan Kyotong|Busan Transportation Corporation]]. [[Busan I'Park]] ===Bola karinjang=== Busan ogé boga tim [[Korean Basketball League]], [[Busan KT Sonicboom]] nu maén di Aréna Sajik. ===Balap kuda Thoroughbred=== [[Balap kuda Thoroughbred]] diayakeun di ''[[Busan-Gyeongnam Horse Racing Park]]'' unggal minggu. ===Balap sapédah=== Balap sapédah diayakeun di "Busan Cydrome," velodrome di Taman Olah raga Geumjéong, unggal minggu. ==Féstival katut event== Busan ngariakeun féstival sapanjang taun. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Bulan ! Féstival katut Evén Taunan |- | [[Januari]] | Féstival Pabaru di Busan, Kontés Ngojay Biruang Kutub |- | [[Pébruari]] | Féstival Jalan Moontan Haéundaé |- | [[Maret]] | Busan International Performing Arts féstival |- | [[April]] | Féstival éobang Gwangalli |- | [[Méi]] | Busan Motor Show, Féstival Palabuan Busan, Busan Contents Market, Féstival Pilem Pondok Internasional Busan |- | [[Juni]] | Féstival Keusik Haéundaé, Féstival Ngibing Internasional Busan |- | [[Juli]] | Féstival Kota Gijang |- | [[Agustus]] | Féstival Laut Busan, [[Busan International Rock Festival]], [[Busan International Magic Festival]], Busan International Kids' Film féstival, Busan International Advertising féstival, Busan International Comedy féstival |- | [[Séptémber]] | [[Busan Biennale]], Busan Séa Art féstival, Busan Maru International Music féstival |- | [[Oktober]] | [[Busan International Film Festival]], [[Busan International Fireworks Festival]], Busan Jagalchi féstival |- | [[Nopémber]] | Busan Port Lighting féstival, [[G-Star]]-Global Game Exhibition, Busan Choral féstival & Competition |- | [[Désémber]] | Féstival Tangkal Natal Busan |} ==Fasilitas kaséhatan== Busan boga loba rumah sakit katut klinik. Loba bédah palastik, dérmatologis, ophthalmik, klinik huntu ngumpul di ''[[Pasar médis Seomyeon]]''. ===Puseur kaséhatan gedé=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Ngaran rumah sakit ! Jumlah kasur |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Nasional Pusan di Yangsan | 1720 <ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=53142 |title=::빠르고 정확한 인터넷 의협신문:: |publisher=Doctorsnews.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Nasional Pusan di Busan | 1180 <ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=http://www1.pnuh.co.kr/coding/eng3/main2.html |title=Pusan National University Hospital |publisher=.pnuh.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013714/http://www1.pnuh.co.kr/coding/eng3/main2.html |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Paik Universitas Injé di Haéundaé | 1004 <ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.paik.ac.kr/haeundae/eng/ |title=Inje University Paik Hospital |publisher=Paik.ac.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Dong-A | 920 <ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web |url=http://www.damc.or.kr/DAMC_HOME/main.jsp |title=동아대학교의료원 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다 |publisher=Damc.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918162925/https://www.damc.or.kr/DAMC_HOME/main.jsp |date=2013-09-18 }}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Universitas Kosin | 912 <ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosinmed.or.kr/en/ |title=Kosin University Gospel Hospital |publisher=Kosinmed.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050927/http://www.kosinmed.or.kr/en/ |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Santa Maria (St. Mary) Busan | 716 <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsm.or.kr/ |title=부산성모병원 |publisher=Bsm.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | [[Puseur Kaséhatan Dong-eui]] | 640 <ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web|url=http://www.demc.kr/eng/ |title=Dong-Eui Medical Center - Busan, Korea |publisher=Demc.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Baptis Busan | 608 <ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmbh.co.kr/ |title=침례병원 |publisher=wmbh.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204170200/http://www.wmbh.co.kr/ |date=2000-12-04 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Busan | 591 <ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite web |url=http://eng.busanmc.or.kr/00main/main.asp |title=Busan Medical Center |publisher=Eng.busanmc.or.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924210855/http://eng.busanmc.or.kr/00main/main.asp |date=2012-09-24 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kaséhatan Maryknoll | 501 <ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite web|url=http://www.maryknoll.co.kr/ |title=메리놀병원 |publisher=Maryknoll.co.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> |- | Rumah Sakit Paik Universitas Injé di Busan | 898 <ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite web |url=http://www.paik.ac.kr/new/busan.asp |title=인제대학교 부산백병원 - 환자중심의 병원, 내집처럼 편안한 병원 |publisher=Paik.ac.kr |accessdate=2011-09-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015081722/http://www.paik.ac.kr/new/busan.asp |date=2011-10-15 }}</ref> |- | Puseur Kangker Institut Radiologi jeung Élmu Kaséhatan Dongnam | 304 <ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirams.re.kr/ENG/main/main.jsp |title=Dongnam Inst. Of Radiological |publisher=Dirams.re.kr |date=2013-01-29 |accessdate=2013-03-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720171548/http://www.dirams.re.kr/ENG/main/main.jsp |date=2014-07-20 }}</ref> |} ==Transportasi== [[File:Busan-port-from-Busan-tower-2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Busan Port Pier 1 with the International Ferry Terminal (3 docked ferries shown)]] === Beus === Jalur beus éksprés gedé ngahubungkeun Busan jeung kota lianna di Koréa di dua terminal beus utama, [[Terminal Beus Nopodong]] (di tungtung kalér Subway Jalur 1) jeung [[Terminal Beus Seobu]] di Stasion Sasang di Subway Jalur 2. 134 ruteu beus urban ngaladénn unggal bagéan di Kota Métropolitan Busan. ([[Busan Urban Bus]]) === Laut === Féri nu indit ti ''Terminal Féri Internasional'' di [[Palabuan Busan]] Pier 1 ngahubungkeun Busan ka palabuan Jepang Izuhara katut Hitakatsu di [[Pulo Tsushima]], ogé ka kota [[Shimonoséki]], [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], jeung [[Osaka]] di daratan Jepang.<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_index International Ferry Terminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204162311/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_index |date=2010-12-04 }}</ref> *PanStar<ref>[http://www.panstarline.com/EN/index.html PanStar Ferry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209211117/http://www.panstarline.com/EN/index.html |date=2008-02-09 }}, Korean operator of the ferry linking to Osaka, Japan.</ref> ngoprasikeun ''PanStar Ferry'' antara Busan jeung Osaka. *''Seaflower 2'', féri ka Tsushima dijalankeun ku Dae-a Express Shipping,<ref>{{ko icon}} [http://www.daea.com Dae-a Express Shipping], operator of the ferry linking to Tsushima Island, Japan.</ref> mawa panumpang ukur antara Busan jeung Hitakatsu dina waktu 1 jam 40 menit sarta antara Busan jeung Izuhara dina waktu 2 jam 40 menit. *''Seonghee'', dijalankeun ku Pukwan Ferry,<ref>[http://www.pukwan.co.kr Pukwan Ferry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818055717/https://www.pukwan.co.kr/ |date=2020-08-18 }}, operator of the ferry linking to Shimonoseki, Japan.</ref> ngahubungkeun Busan ka Shimonoseki. *Salah sahiji féri ka Fukuoka nyaéta ''Camellia'', dioprasikeun ku Camellia Line.<ref>{{ja icon}} [http://www.camellia-line.co.jp Camellia Line], {{ko icon}} [http://www.koreaferry.co.kr Korea Ferry]</ref> Camellia ngajalankeun perjalanan ka Fukuoka wanci peuting salila 7 jam 30 menit, sarta mulang deui dina wanci beurangna salila 5 jam 30 menit. *Layanan féri lianna ka Fukuoka nyaéta ku ''Beetle'' jeung ''Kobee'', 2 armada [[hydrofoil]] nu gancang dioprasikeun ku Miraejet.<ref>[http://www.kobee.co.kr Kobee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002118/http://www.kobee.co.kr/ |date=2020-07-22 }} and [http://www.jrbeetle.co.kr Beetle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326090141/http://www.jrbeetle.co.kr/ |date=2012-03-26 }}, ferries linking to Fukuoka, Japan.</ref> Kurang leuwih aya lima keberangkatan ti unggal kota dijadwalkeun unggal poéna. Ku hydrofoil ukur merlukeun 2 jam 55 menit pikeun nyabrang [[Selat Koréa]] ka Fukuoka. ''Beetle'' dipiboga ku [[JR Kyushu]]. Sakabéh féri diatur ku [[Otoritas Palabuan Busan]]. === Rél nasional === Busan boga sababaraha jalur rél, nu pangpentingna mah [[Jalur Gyeongbu]] nu ngahubungkeun ka kota gedé lianna saperti [[Seoul]], [[Daéjeon]], jeung [[Daégu]]. Sakabéh kelas karéta jalan sapanjang Jalur Gyéongbu, kaasup karéta [[KTX]] nu super gancang nu nyadiakeun layanan nu mindeng ka Séoul salila kurang leuwih 150 menit. Jalur Gyéongbu eureun di [[Stasion Busan]]. Jalur lianna kaasup [[Jalur Donghaé Nambu]] nu ngahubungkeun [[Ulsan]], [[Pohang]] jeung [[Gyeongju]]. === Subway === {{main|Busan Subway|Busan Metro}} [[File:Busan Subway Line 1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Subway Busan Jalur 1]]]] Jaringan [[Busan Metro|Subway Busan]] ngawengku opat jalur: [[Subway Busan Jalur 1|1]], [[Subway Busan Jalur 2|2]], [[Subway Busan Jalur 3|3]], jeung [[Subway Busan Jalur 4|4]]. Opatanana dioprasikeun ku [[Busan Transportation Corporation]]. Jalur [[Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] nyambung ti Stasion Sasang (Jalur 2), Busan ka Stasion Samgye, [[Gimhae]]. === Udara === Busan dilayanan ku [[Bandara Internasional Gimhaé]] di [[Gangseo-gu, Busan|Gangseo-gu]]. Bandara Internasional Gimhaé dihubungkeun ku [[Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] ==Hubungan internasional== {{See also|Daptar kota kembaran jeung kota sawargi di Koréa Kidul}} ===Kota kembaran jeung kota sawargi=== <!-- Please, do not add cities to this list unless listed on Busan City official website. See reference for link. --> Busan babagi jujuluk [[Town twinning|kota sadulur]] jeung sababaraha kota atawa propinsi nu aya di [[basisir]] di sakuliah dunya.<ref>List of Busan's sister cities, Busan Metropolitan City; [http://english.busan.go.kr/02government/08_01.jsp], {{ko icon}} [http://www.busan.go.kr/04ocean/0404future/05_02_02.jsp]</ref> {| |- | valign="top" | *{{flagicon|TWN}} – [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] ([[1966]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Los Angeles]], USA ([[1967]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Shimonoseki]], [[Jepang]] ([[1976]]) *{{flagicon|ESP}} – [[Barcelona]], [[Spanyol]] ([[1983]])<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=© 2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816053334/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |date=2011-08-16 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|BRA}} – [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasil]] ([[1985]]) *{{flagicon|RUS}} – [[Vladivostok]], [[Rusia]] ([[1992]]) *{{flagicon|PRC}} – [[Shanghai]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] ([[1993]]) *{{flagicon|IDN}} – [[Surabaya]], [[Républik Indonésia]] ([[1994]]) *{{flagicon|AUS}} – [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], nagara bagéan [[Australia]] (1994) *{{flagicon|VIE}} – [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Viétnam ([[1995]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB |title=CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM |publisher=mofahcm.gov.vn |date=October 9, 2010 |accessdate=January 8, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073805/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB |date=December 26, 2018 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|MEX}} – [[Tijuana]], [[Méksiko]] (1995) *{{flagicon|NZL}} – [[Auckland City|Auckland]], [[Selandia Anyar]] ([[1996]]) *{{flagicon|CHI}} – [[Valparaíso]], [[Chili]] ([[1999]]) *{{flagicon|CAN}} – [[Montreal]], [[Kanada]] ([[2000]]) *{{flagicon|RSA}} – [[Western Cape]], propinsi [[Aprika Kidul]] (2000) *{{flagicon|TUR}} – [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] ([[2002]]) *{{flagicon|UAE}} – [[Dubai]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]] ([[2006]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], Jepang ([[2007]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Chicago]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] (2007) *{{flagicon|RUS}} – [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Rusia]] ([[2008]]) *{{flagicon|CAM}} – [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kamboja]] ([[2009]]) *{{flagicon|IND}} – [[Mumbai]], [[India]] (2009) *{{flagicon|GRE}} – [[Thessaloniki]], [[Yunani]] ([[2010]]) *{{flagicon|MAR}} – [[Casablanca]], [[Maroko]] ([[2011]]) *{{flagicon|PHI}} – [[Cebu City]], [[Pilipina]] (2011) *{{flagicon|MYA}} - [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] ([[2013]]) |} ===Kota babaturanana=== *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shenzhen]], [[China]] (2007) *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tianjin]], [[China]] (2007) *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] (2008) *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Chongqing]], [[China]] (2010) *{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2011) ===Palabuan dulur=== [[Palabuan Busan]] boga 6 palabuan dulur (didaftar dumasar runtuyan tanggal).<ref>[http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 Port of Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203230001/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01 |date=2010-12-03 }}, Sister Ports, Busan</ref> *{{flagicon|UK}} – [[Palabuan Southampton]], United Kingdom ([[1978]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Palabuan Miami]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] ([[1981]]) *{{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Palabuan Osaka]], Jepang ([[1985]]) <ref>http://www.city.osaka.jp/port/e_17_sister.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313042621/http://www.city.osaka.jp/port/e_17_sister.html |date=2007-03-13 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|NED}} – [[Palabuan Rotterdam]], [[Walanda]] ([[1985]]) *{{flagicon|USA}} – [[Otoritas Palabuan New York jeung New Jersey|Palabuan New York & New Jersey]], [[Amérika Sarikat|USA]] ([[1988]]) *{{flagicon|PRC}} – [[Palabuan Shanghai]], China ([[1994]]) ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Korea}} * [[Busan International Film Festival]] * [[Busan–Geoje Fixed Link]] * [[Centum City]], komplék urban * [[Sasak Gwangan]] * [[Indéks artikel nu patali jeung Koréa]] * [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar palabuan di Asia Wétan]] * [[Lotte Giants]], tim baseball lokal * [[Pusan Newport International Terminal]] ==Catetan== {{reflist|group="nb"}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons|Busan}} {{Wikivoyage|Busan}} *[http://english.busan.go.kr/ Pamaréntahan Métropolitan Busan] *[http://english.busan.go.kr/ Kota Busan ] *[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_8_3_1.jsp Sakabéh Hal Ngeunaan Busan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726115806/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_8_3_1.jsp |date=2010-07-26 }}<small> – Loka Padoman Wisata Koréa Resmi</small> *[http://www.pusanweb.com Pusanweb] {{Busan}} {{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}} {{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} {{Coord|35|10|46|N|129|04|32|E|region:KR_type:city(3582019)|display=title}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{Sister project links|Busan|voy=Busan}} [[Kategori:Busan| ]] [[Kategori:Patempatan di basisir nu pangeusina padet di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Kota Husus jeung Kota Métropolitan di Koréa Kidul]] nihwufaxt488atgsat09nh0181uyyb3 0 43674 710589 708769 2026-06-19T11:11:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Madrid | native_name = {{lang|es|''Villa de Madrid''}} | settlement_type = | image_skyline = CollageMadrid.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Ti luhur kénca: sawangan distrik bisnis [[AZCA]] katut [[Cuatro Torres Business Area|CTBA]], jalan [[Gran Vía (Madrid)|Gran Vía]] katut [[Metropolis Building]], [[Karaton Cybele|Karaton Komunikasi]], sawangan [[Karaton Madrid|Istana Karajaan]] katut [[Katedral Almudena]]. | image_flag = | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Bandéra Kota Madrid | image_shield = Escudo de Madrid.svg | shield_size = 75px | shield_link = Lambang Madrid | motto = {{lang|es|''"Fui sobre agua edificada,<br/>mis muros de fuego son.<br/>Esta es mi insignia y blasón"''}}<br/>{{small|("Dina cai kuring diwangun, pinding kuring dijieun tina seuneu.<br/> Ieu lambang jeung taméng kuring")}} | pushpin_map = Spanyol | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Madrid di Spanyol | pushpin_map1 = Madrid Spanyol | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = Peta Madrid | latd = 40 | latm =23| lats =| latNS =N | longd = 3 | longm =43| longs =| longEW =W | coordinates_display = title | coordinates_region = ES-M | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara merdika|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Spanyol]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Komunitas otonom di Spanyol|Komunitas<br/>otonom]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Komunitas Madrid]] | established_title = Ngadeg | established_date = Abad ka-9<ref name="History of Madrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid-traveller.com/history-of-madrid/ |title=History of Madrid |publisher=Madrid Traveller |accessdate=27 August 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829024423/http://www.madrid-traveller.com/history-of-madrid/ |date=29 August 2014 }}</ref> | government_type = | governing_body = Ayuntamiento de Madrid | leader_party = [[Ahora Madrid]] | leader_title = [[Alcalde|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Manuela Carmena]] | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 605.77 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 667 | population_total = 3,165,235 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_rank = 1st | population_note = | population_density_km2 = 5390 | population_urban = 6,183,000<ref>[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf World Urban Areas] - Demographia, March 2013</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_metro = 6,489,162<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu Population by sex and age groups] - [[Eurostat]], 2012</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_demonym = Madrilenian, Madrilene <br/> {{nowrap|{{lang|es|''madrileño'', ''-ña''; ''matritense'' ([[Basa Spanyol|es]])}}}} | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Kodeu pos]] | postal_code = 28001–28080 | area_code = +34 ([[Spanyol|ES]]) + 91 ([[Komunitas Madrid|M]]) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Panangtayung]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Buruh Isidore]]<br/>[[Parawan Almudena]] | website = [http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/en/Home?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextchannel=1ccd566813946010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idioma=en&idiomaPrevio=en&combo=1 www.madrid.es] | footnotes = }} '''Madrid''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|d|r|ɪ|d|}}, {{IPA-es|maˈðɾið<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation - Do not change symbols-->|lang}}, {{IPA-es|maˈðɾiθ, -ˈðɾi|local}}) nya ta salah sahiji dayeuh di [[Éropah]] tur mangrupa ibu kota sarta dayeuh panggedéna di [[Spanyol]]. Populasi ieu dayeuh ampir 3,2&nbsp;yuta<ref>[http://biblioteca.ucjc.edu-stat.info/ine.es INE.es] [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] (National Statistics Institute)</ref> sarta pangeusi [[wewengkon métropolitan Madrid]], aya kira-kira 6,3 yuta. Ieu kota mangrupa [[Kota panggedéna di Uni Éropah dumasar populasi dina sajeroeun wates kota|kota panggedéna katilu]] di [[Uni Éropa]], sanggeus [[London]] jeung [[Bérlin]], sedengkeun [[wewengkon métroppolitan Madrid|wewengkon métropolitanana]] mah mangrupa [[Daptar wewengkon mtropolitan di Éropa dumasar kana populasina|nu katilu panggedéna]] di Uni Éropah sanggeus [[Paris aire urbaine|Paris]] jeung [[Wewengkon Urban London Raya|London]].<ref name="Demographia">{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=World Urban Areas: Population & Density|publisher=[[Wendell Cox|Demographia]]|accessdate=10 August 2008|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="UrbanAudit.org">[[Eurostat]], [http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx UrbanAudit.org]. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Data for 2004.</ref><ref name="citypopulation.de">Brinkoff, Thomas [http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html "Principal Agglomerations of the World"]. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Data for 1 January 2009.</ref><ref name="un.org">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf World Urbanization Prospects (2007 revision)], (United Nations, 2008), Table A.12. Data for 2007.</ref> Legana total {{convert|604.3|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/MadridEconomia/Ficheros/MadridEconomia2010Ingles.pdf |title=Member of the Governing Council. Delegate for Economy, Employment and Citizen Involvement|page=6 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012}}</ref> Ieu kota perenahna di [[Manzanares (walungan)|Walungan Manzanares]] di tengah [[Spanyol|nagara]] katut [[Komunitas Madrid]] (nu ngawengku dayeuh Madrid, konurbasina katut kota satelit jeung désa sabudeureunana); ieu komunitas diwatesan ku [[Komunitas otonom di Spanyol|komunitas otonom]] [[Castile katut León]] jeung [[Castile-La Mancha]]. Minangka ibu kota Spanyol, [[tempat kantor pamaréntahan]], katut [[tempat karajaan Spanyol|padumukan]] [[Karajaan Spanyol]], Madrid ogé mangrupa puseur pulitik, ékonomi katut budayana Spanyol.<ref name="Madrid">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~overseas/flyers/mad_ies.html|publisher=Indiana.edu|title=Madrid|date=10 July 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312021025/http://www.indiana.edu/~overseas/flyers/mad_ies.html |date=12 March 2010 }}</ref> Walikota kiwari nyaéta [[Manuéla Carmena]] ti [[Ahora Madrid]]. Kelompok urban Madrid boga [[Daptar kota dumasar GDP|GDP panggedéna katilu]]<ref name="pricewater">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers|accessdate=20 November 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> di [[Uni Éropa]] pangaruhna kana [[pulitik]], [[atikan]], [[hiburan]], [[lingkungan]], [[média massa|média]], [[fésyen]], [[pangaweruh]], [[budaya]], katut [[seni]] sakabéhanana boga kontribusi kana statusna minangka salah sahiji [[kota global]] nu gedé di dunya.<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527184751/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |date=2012-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="mori-m-foundation.or.jp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=14 April 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629143736/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> Alatan [[output (ékonomi)|kaluaran ékonomi]], [[standar kahirupan]] nu luhur, katut ukuran pasar, Madrid dianggap [[puseur kauangan]] nu gedé di [[Éropa Kidul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 September 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629143736/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |date=29 June 2014 }}</ref> katut [[Bojong Iberia]]; tempat kantor puseur lolobana pausahaan Spanyol nu gedé, kayaning [[Telefónica]], [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] jeung [[Repsol]]. Madrid mangrupa [[kota pangbisaditempatananana di Dunya|kota ka-17 pangbisaditempatananan di dunya]] dumasar kana majalah Monocle, dina indéksna taun 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monocle.com/Magazine/volume-3/Issue-25/ |title=Monocle's World's Most Liveable Cities Index 2009 |publisher=Monocle.com |date=10 June 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708041931/http://www.monocle.com/Magazine/volume-3/issue-25/ |date=8 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Top-20-liveable-cities---10-Madrid/ |title=Top 20 liveable cities&nbsp;– 10 Madrid |publisher=Monocle.com |date= |accessdate=18 October 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715111257/http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/Top-20-liveable-cities---10-Madrid/ |date=15 July 2007 }}</ref> Madrid jadi tempat ayana kantor puseur [[World Tourism Organization]] (WTO), bogana [[Persauan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (UN), the SEGIB, [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), katut [[Public Interest Oversight Board]] (PIOB). ogé jadi tempat para pangatur Spanyol internasional nu galede: the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, kantor puseur [[Royal Spanish Academy]] (RAE), [[Institut Cervantes]] katut [[Foundation of Urgent Spanish]] (Fundéu BBVA). Madrid ngorganisir pameran saperti FITUR,<ref name="FITUR">[http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620120435/http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html |date=2012-06-20 }}</ref> ARCO,<ref name="ARCO">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/arco/default.html |title=Arte Contemporaneo en España - ARCOmadrid |publisher=Ifema.es |date= |accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref> [[SIMO TCI]]<ref>[http://www.ifema.es/simonetwork_06/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231907/http://www.ifema.es/simonetwork_06/ |date=2016-08-25 }} [[SIMO TCI]]</ref> jeung [[Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week]].<ref>[http://www.mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411150907/http://mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng/ |date=2012-04-11 }}[[Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week]]</ref> Sanajan Madrid boga infrastruktur modéren, ieu kota ngajaga sawangan katut rasa lingkungan katut jajalaneunana nu bersejarah. Cicirén kawas [[Istana Karajaan Madrid]]; [[Teatro Real|Royal Theatre]] kalan Opera House nu dihadéan taun 1850; [[Taman Buen Retiro]], nu ngadeg taun 1631; wangunan [[Biblioteca Nacional de España|Perpustakaan Nasional]] abad ka-19 (ngadeg taun 1712) nu ngandung sababaraha arsip sajarah Spanyol; hiji musieum nasional nu loba eusina,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcu.es/museos/CE/MuseosEstatales/Arquitectura/ListadoMusEstMadrid.html |title=Arquitectura. Edificios de los Museos Estatales |publisher=Mcu.es |date=25 January 2012 |accessdate= 7 August 2012}}</ref> jeung [[Golden Triangle of Art]], nu perenahna sapanjang [[Paseo del Prado]] nu ngawengku tilu musieum seni: [[Museo del Prado|Musieum Prado]], [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Musieum Reina Sofía]], hiji musieum [[seni modéren]], katut [[Musieum Thyssen-Bornemisza]], nu ngalengkepan kakurangan dua musieum liana.<ref name="Overview of Madrid">{{cite news|url=http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_geography.htm|publisher=Easy expat|title=Geography of Madrid|date=11 August 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722145816/http://www.easyexpat.com/en/madrid/overview/geography.htm |date=22 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Plaza de Cibeles|Karaton katut Cai mancer Cibeles]] jadi lambang ieu dayeuh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spain.info/en/lugares_de_interes/madrid/plaza_de_cibeles.html |title=Plaza de Cibeles &#124; Spain.info in english |publisher=Spain.info |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inhabitat.com/madrids-palacio-de-cibeles-renovated-into-jaw-dropping-centrocentro-cultural-center/ |title=Madrid's Palacio de Cibeles Renovated Into Jaw-Dropping CentroCentro Cultural Center &#124; Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building |publisher=Inhabitat |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turismomadrid.es/en/component/guides/?view=monumento&id=13 |title=Cibeles Fountain – Tourism in Madrid |publisher=Turismomadrid.es |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121218024540/http://www.turismomadrid.es/en/component/guides/?view=monumento&id=13 |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> Madrid jadi tempat kleub [[Association football|maén bal]] nu kasohor, [[Real Madrid]] katut [[Atlético de Madrid]]. ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Madrid}} {{see also|Gurat wanci Madrid}} ==Hubungan mancanagara== {{See also|Daptar kota kembar jeung kota sadulur di Spanyol}} ===Kota kembar jeung sadulur=== Daptar kota kembaranana Madrid, kota sadulur katut kota babaturananan:<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |title= Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas |publisher= Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url= http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]] *{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]] *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athéna]], [[Yunani]] *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[China]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bérlin]], [[Jérman]]<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|title=Berlin - City Partnerships|accessdate=17 September 2013|work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html|archivedate=21 May 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html |date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogotá]], [[Kolombia]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], [[Perancis]]<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|title=Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Mairie de Bordeaux|language=French|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|archivedate=7 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |date=7 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministére des Affaires étrangéres)|language=French|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|archivedate=7 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913015514/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux |date=13 September 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], [[Bélgia]] *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]] *{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argéntina]] *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Caracas]], [[Vénézuéla]] *{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]] *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[La Habana]], [[Kuba]] *{{flagicon|BOL}} [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] *{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kozhikode]], [[India]] || *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], [[Péru]] *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]<ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100 |date=1 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|NCA}} [[Managua]], [[Nikaragua]] *{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], [[Filipina]] *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami]], [[Amérika Serikat]] *{{flagicon|URU}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Rusia]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]]<ref name="New York sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml|title=NYC's Partner Cities|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=16 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|MTN}} [[Nouakchott]], [[Mauritania]] *{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama City]], [[Panama]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] *{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Quito]], [[Ékuador]] *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], [[Républik Céko]] || *{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], [[Maroko]] *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], [[Itali]] *{{flagicon|CRC}} [[San José, Kosta Rika|San José]], [[Kosta Rika]] *{{flagicon|PUR}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]] *{{flagicon|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], [[Él Salvador]] *{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Santiago de Chile]], [[Chili]] *{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], [[Républik Dominika]] *{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajévo]], [[Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina]] *{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] *{{flagicon|HON}} [[Tégucigalpa]], [[Honduras]] *{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]] *{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Tripoli]], [[Libia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] *{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] |} ==Jalma penting== {{Main|Daptar jalma ti Madrid}} <gallery> File:Penélope Cruz - Cannes 2011.jpg|[[Penélope Cruz]] File:Enrique Iglesias 2011, 2.jpg|[[Enrique Iglesias]] File:Julio Iglesias09.jpg|[[Julio Iglesias]] File:'Andrés Manuel de Río' (1825) by Rafael Ximeno y Planes - Museo Tolsá - Palacio de Minería - Mexico 2024.jpg|[[Andrés Manuel del Río]] File:Federico Chueca.jpg| [[Federico Chueca]] File:LopedeVega.jpg|[[Félix Lope de Vega]] File:Fernando Trueba (Guadalajara) 2.jpg|[[Fernando Trueba]] File:Fernando Verdasco - water polo player.jpg|[[Fernando Verdasco]] File:Quevedo (copia de Velázquez).jpg|[[Francisco de Quevedo]] File:Dr. Ayala.jpg|[[Francisco J. Ayala]] File:Gregorio Marañón - retrato.png|[[Gregorio Marañón]] File:JoseAntonioFEJONS.jpg|[[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] File:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz.jpg| [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Juan Caramuel]] File:JoseOrtegayGasset.jpg |[[José Ortega y Gasset]] File:Juan Gris, portrait photograph, published in Les Peintres Cubistes, 1913.jpg| [[Juan Gris]] File:MARIA GUERRERO.JPG|[[María Guerrero]] File:Plácido Domingo, 2008.jpg|[[Plácido Domingo]] File:Raúl Aspire4Sport Conference 2012.jpg|[[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]] File:RODRIGO RATO RT-8 01.JPG|[[Rodrigo Rato]] |[[Tirso de Molina]] </gallery> ==Wangunan sajarah liana== <gallery> File:Plaza de la Villa - 02.jpg|Plaza de la Villa File:Puente de Toledo 0011.JPG|Bridge of Toledo File:Basílica of San Miguel.jpg|[[St. Michael's Basilica (Madrid)|St. Michael's Basilica]] File:Iglesia Parroquial de Santa Bárbara (Madrid) 08.jpg|[[Convent of the Salesas Reales|St. Barbara's Church]]. File:Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid 01.jpg|[[Spanish National Observatory|Royal Observatory]] File:Puerta de Toledo (2009).jpg|[[Gate of Toledo]] File:Congreso de los Diputados.jpg|[[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] File:Ministerio de Agricultura (Madrid) 02.jpg|Spanish Ministry of Agriculture File:Edificio del Banco de España 2 Madrid.jpg|[[Bank of Spain]] File:Estación de Delicias.JPG| Delicias Train Station File:Hospital de Maudes (Madrid) 02.jpg|[[Hospital of Maudes]] File:Iglesia de San Manuel y San Benito (Madrid) 08.jpg|San Manuel & San Benito church File:Palacio Longoria (Madrid) 16.jpg|[[Palace of Longoria|SGAE Seat]] File:TelefonicaMadrid.jpg|[[Telefónica Building]] File:Palacio de la Prensa (Madrid) 06.jpg|Palacio de la Prensa File:Edificio Carrión (Madrid) 03.jpg|Carrión Building File: Madrid Ejercito del Aire.jpg|[[Spanish Air Force]] Héadquarters File:Edificio Girasol (Madrid) 01.jpg|Edificio Girasol File:Torres Blancas en Madrid.jpg|Torres Blancas File:Caja Mágica exterior.jpg|[[Caja Mágica]] </gallery> ==Pangajén== *[[Momolo Madrid]] di [[Basisir Oscar II]] di [[Lemah Graham]], [[Antartika]] dingaranan dumasar kana ieu dayeuh.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137423 Madrid Dome.] [[SCAR]] [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]. </ref> ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Ékonomi|Spanyol}} *[[Grup Kapamingpinan Iklim Kota C40]] *[[Ibukota Madrid]] *[[Konférénsi Madrid 1991]] *[[Walikota Madrid]] *[[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Madrid]] *[[OPENCities]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tutumbu luar== {{Sister project links|wikt=Madrid|commons=Madrid|n=Category:Madrid|voy=Madrid|d=Q2807}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.esmadrid.com/en/ Official website of Madrid on tourism and business] * [http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/ciudades-pueblos/grandes-ciudades/madrid.html Official website of Madrid in the Spain's national tourism portal] * [http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/madrid-barajas/en Official website of Madrid–Barajas International Airport]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.metromadrid.es/en/index.html Official website of Metro Madrid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115024623/http://www.metromadrid.es/en/index.html |date=2018-11-15 }} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=40420000&x=-3710000&z=11&l=1&m=a WikiSatellite view of Madrid at WikiMapia] {{Navboxes |title=Artikel nu patali jeung Madrid |list= {{Districts of Madrid}} {{Madrid MA}} {{Municipalities in the Community of Madrid}} {{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}} {{Autonomous Community capitals of Spain}} {{Navboxes |title= Madrid in the [[European Union]] |list= {{List of European capitals by region}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{European Capital of Sport}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} }} {{World Book Capital}} }} {{Authority control|GND=1021984-5}} [[Kategori:Madrid| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Kategori:Ibu kota di Éropa]] [[Kategori:Munisipalitas di Komunitas Madrid]] [[Kategori:Tempat padet di Komunitas Madrid]] [[Kategori:Tempat padet nu ngadeg abad ka-9]] [[Kategori:Kota universitas di Spanyol]] s2s629b6efk1s3dn0tvz39hjv8m09ks 0 44225 710586 674814 2026-06-19T10:20:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur | translit_lang1 = Lianna | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi script|Jawi]] | translit_lang1_info1 = كوالا لومڤور | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Karakter Basa Cina Basajan|Cina]] | translit_lang1_info2 = 吉隆坡 | translit_lang1_type3 = [[Tamil Malaysia|Tamil]] | translit_lang1_info3 = கோலாலம்பூர் | nickname = KL, Kota Taman Cahaya | motto = Maju dan Makmur <br />({{lang-su|Maju tur Makmur}}) | image_skyline = KL Composite2.jpg | imagesize = 275px | image_caption = Saarah jarum jam ti luhur kénca: [[Munara Kembar Pétronas]], [[Jalan Petaling]], Masjid Jami' jeung tepungna [[walungan Gombak]]/[[Walungan Klang|Klang]], [[Monumén Nasional (Malaysia)|Monumén Nasional]], [[Masjid Nasional Malaysia|Masjid Nasional]], skyline KL. Tengah: [[Munara KL]] | image_flag = Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg |300px | image_seal = Seal of Kuala Lumpur (1992-2019).svg | image_map = | pushpin_map = Malaysia West | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_label = Kuala Lumpur | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di [[Jojontor Malaysia]] | pushpin_map1 = Malaysia | pushpin_label_position1 = right | pushpin_label1 = Kuala Lumpur | pushpin_map_caption1 = Lokasi di [[Malaysia]] | coordinates_region = MY | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara merdika|Nagara]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Nagara bagian katut wewengkon féderal di Malaysia|Wewengkon Féderal]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}} | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg}} Kuala Lumpur | subdivision_type2 = Wewengkon administratif | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list | title = List | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; | title_style = | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = Damansara | 2 = Seputeh | 3 = Segambut | 4 = Kepong | 5 = Puseur Kota Kuala Lumpur | 6 = Setiawangsa | 7 = Bandar Tun Razak | 8 = Sungai Besi }} | established_title = Ngadeg | established_date = 1859<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya Celebrates, 1959|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/malaya-celebrates|publisher=British Pathé|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> | established_title2 = Dilélér status kota | established_date2 = 1 Pébruari 1972 | established_title3 = Dilélér [[Wewengkon Féderal (Malaysia)|Wewengkon Féderal]] | established_date3 = 1 Pébruari 1974 | leader_title = [[Walikota]] (''Datuk Bandar'') | leader_name = Ahmad Phesal Talib | area_footnotes = <ref name="Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010" /> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 243 | area_metro_km2 = 2,243.27 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = <ref name="statistics.gov.my" /> | population_total = 1,627,172 ([[Daptar wewengkon urban di Malaysia dumasar populasi|ka-1]]) | population_urban = | population_metro = 7,200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focusmalaysia.my/Assets/KL%20on%20track%20to%20megacity%20status|title=KL on track to megacity status|publisher=Focus Malaysia|accessdate=30 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219134216/http://focusmalaysia.my/Assets/KL%20on%20track%20to%20megacity%20status |date=19 December 2014 }}</ref> |population_density_sq_mi = 17,310 | population_density_km2 = 6,891 | population_density_metro_km2 = 6,581 | population_blank1_title = [[Daptar kecap sipat katut démonim kota|Démonim]] | population_blank1 = [[KLites|KL-ite]] / Kuala Lumpurian | demographics_type1 = [[Human Development Index]] | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --> | demographics1_title1 = HDI (2010) | demographics1_info1 = 0.795&nbsp;(<span style="colour:#090;">high</span>) ([[States and federal territories of Malaysia|2nd]]) | timezone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | timezone_DST = Henteu katitén | utc_offset_DST = +8 | blank_name = [[Mean solar time]] | blank_info = UTC + 06:46:48 | elevation_m = 21.95 | elevation_ft = 72 | latd = 3 | latm = 8 | latNS = N | longd = 101 | longm = 41 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline,title | postal_code_type = [[Daptar kode pos di Malaysia|Kode pos]] | postal_code = 50000 tepi ka 60000 | blank1_name = [[Nomer telepon di Malaysia|Kode telepon nasional]] <!-- refer to Warsaw --> | blank1_info = 03 | blank2_name = [[Pelat nomer tutumpakan Malaysia|Hurup hareup pelat nomer]] | blank2_info = W <small> (keur sakabéh tutumpakan kajaba taksi) </small> <br /> HW <small> (keur taksi wungkul) </small> | blank3_name = [[ISO 3166-2]] | blank3_info = MY-14 | website = {{URL|http://www.dbkl.gov.my/}} }} '''Kuala Lumpur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɑː|l|ə| |ˈ|l|ʊ|m|p|ʊə}} atawa {{IPAc-en|-|p|ər}}; <small>pronunsiasi basa Malaysia:&nbsp;</small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr]</span>)<ref>[http://www.timeoutkl.com/ KL Attractions, Activities & What's On in KL – Time Out Kuala Lumpur].</ref> nyaéta [[Puseur dayeuh|ibukota]] nasional tur mangrupa [[Kota|dayeuh]] panggegekna di [[Malaysia]].<ref name="world-gazetteer.com">{{cite web|title = Malaysia: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-152&srt=pnan&col=dhoq&msz=1500|archiveurl = http://archive.is/toTM|archivedate = 16 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20121216152810/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-152&srt=pnan&col=dhoq&msz=1500 |date=16 December 2012 }}</ref> Ieu dayeuh legana {{Convert|243|km2|sqmi|abbr = on}} kalayan angkanan populasi 1.6 juta jiwa dina taun 2010.<ref name="world-gazetteer.com"/> Kuala Lumpur Raya, nu ngawengku wewengkon nu sarua jeung Léngkob Klang, mangrupa hiji jumplukan 7.5 juta urang pangeusi dina taun 2012.<ref name="wg">{{cite web|url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1160302510&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=ohdq&pt=a&va=&geo=-152|title = Malaysia:Metropolitan areas|author = Helders, Stefan|work = World Gazetteer|accessdate = 4 December 2007|archiveurl = http://archive.is/ACo0|archivedate = 5 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113232041/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1160302510&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=ohdq&pt=a&va=&geo=-152 |date=13 November 2007 }}</ref> Ieu téh mangrupa wewengkon métropolitan pangkencengna di Asia Kidul Wétan, nu patali jeung populasi katut ékonomi. Kuala Lumpur mangrupa panyicingan Paremén Malaysia. Ieu dayeuh kungsi sakali jadi panyicingan cabang éksekutif katut pangadilan pamaréntahan féderal, tapi tuluy pindah ka Putrajaya dina awal taun 1999.<ref>{{cite web|publisher = Government of Malaysia|title = Putrajaya&nbsp;– Administrative Capital of Malaysia|accessdate = 11 December 2007|url = http://www.gov.my/MyGov/BI/Directory/Government/AboutMsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021194523/http://www.gov.my/MyGov/BI/Directory/Government/AboutMsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/|archivedate = 21 October 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218073613/http://www.gov.my/MYGOV/BI/Directory/Government/AboutMsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/ |date=18 December 2007 }}</ref> Sababaraha bagian pangadilan nyésa kénéh di ibukota Kuala Lumpur. Panyicingan resmi Raja Malaysia, Istana Negara, ogé perenahna di Kuala Lumpur. Dipeunteun minangka dayeuh dunya alpha, Kuala Lumpur mangrupa puseur budaya, kaduitan katut ékonomi Malaysia alatan posisina minangka ibu kota katut kota utama. Kuala Lumpur meunang réngking ka-48 di antara kota global dumasar kana Indéks Kota Global<ref name="Kearney, Inc">{{cite web|url = http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401|title = The 2010 Global Cities Index|publisher = Foreign Policy|first = A.T.|last = Kearney, Inc.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309015912/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |date=2011-03-09 }}</ref> nu diayakeun ku Foreign Policy taun 2010 sarta réngking ka-67 di antara kota global keur inovasi ékonomi katut sosial dumasar kana Indéks Kota Inovasi nu diayakeun ku [http://www.2thinknow.com/ 2thinknow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706055735/http://www.2thinknow.com/ |date=2015-07-06 }} taun 2010.<ref name="Print! Email! Author: 2thinknow">{{cite web|author = &nbsp;Print! &nbsp;Email! Author: 2thinknow|url = http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/|title = Innovation Cities™ Top 100 Index &#124; 2010 &#124; Innovation Cities Program&nbsp;– Analyst Reports, Index Rankings, Benchmarking Data, Workshops|publisher = Innovation-cities.com|date = 1 September 2010|accessdate = 14 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513183603/http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/ |date=13 May 2013 }}</ref> Kuala Lumpur kawangen ku wates Wewengkon Féderal Kuala Lumpur tur mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu Wewengkon Féderal Malaysia.<ref name="Ibrahim, 2007">Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007).</ref> Mangrupa daérah kantong di jero nagara bagian Selangor, di basisir kulon tengah Jojontor Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.statoids.com/umy.html|title = Territorial extent|work = States of Malaysia|accessdate = 11 December 2007|publisher = statoids.com}}</ref> Ti taun 1990-an, ieu kota geus jadi tuan rumah kajadian olahraga, pulitik katut budaya mancanagara kaasup Commonwéalth Game 1998 katut Grand Prix [[Formula Hiji|Formula One]]. Kuala Lumpur ogé jadi tempat wangunan kembar pangluhurna di dunya [[Munara Pétronas|PMunara Kembar Pétronas]], nu jadi simbul kamekaran Malaysia keur pika hareupeunana. == Hubungan mancanagara == [[Gambar:Isfahankualalumpur.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Jalan Isfahan  (saméméhna ''Jalan Selat'') di Kuala Lumpur (luhur) sarta jalan raya Kuala Lumpur di Isfahan (handap).]] === Kota dulur === Kuala Lumpur kiwari boga sawelas kota dulur: {| class="wikitable" id="cx2602" data-source="2602" data-cx-weight="290" contenteditable="true" | id="2605" | * {{NagaraI|IND}} Chennai, India.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm|title = Chennai, Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact|accessdate = 26 November 2010|location = Chennai, India|work = The Hindu|date = 26 November 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129155307/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm |date=29 November 2010 }}</ref> * {{NagaraI|IND}} Delhi, India.<ref name="times_sister">{{cite news|last = Kumar Das|first = Arun|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15278423.cms|title = Delhi to London, it's a sister act|publisher = The Times of India|date = 7 July 2002|accessdate = 30 August 2008}}</ref> * {{NagaraI|IRN}} Isfahan, Iran.<ref>{{cite web|year = 2005|url = http://www.council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx|title = Sisterhoods|work = Isfahan Islamic Council|accessdate = 4 December 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012171031/http://council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx|archivedate = 12 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="APCS">{{cite web|url = http://www.urc.or.jp/summit/summit/map/more_e.php?id=0605&apcs_mbr=715654f62317576a55d2271bbc82c814|title = About Members: Kuala Lumpur|publisher = Asian-Pacific City Summit|accessdate = 3 November 2007|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110722122358/http://www.urc.or.jp/summit/summit/map/more_e.php?id=0605&apcs_mbr=715654f62317576a55d2271bbc82c814|archivedate = 22 July 2011|deadurl = yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425175410/http://www.urc.or.jp/summit/summit/map/more_e.php?id=0605&apcs_mbr=715654f62317576a55d2271bbc82c814 |date=25 April 2011 }}</ref> | id="2619" | * {{NagaraI|IRN}} Mashhad, Iran.<ref>{{cite news|title = Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities|date = 14 October 2006|url = http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/|publisher = FARS News Agency|accessdate = 4 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174230/http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/ |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> * {{NagaraI|IRN}} Shiraz, Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.eshiraz.ir/main/en/scity,97102|title = Sister Cities of Shiraz|publisher = Shiraz Municipality|date = 12 June 2010|accessdate = 30 April 2015}}</ref> * {{NagaraI|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Jepang.<ref name="APCS"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/seisakukikakushitsu/page/0000040993.html|title = ビジネスパートナー都市 (BPC)|date = 28 December 2009|publisher = Osaka City Government|accessdate = 23 September 2010|language = Japanese|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130120230641/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/seisakukikakushitsu/page/0000040993.html|archivedate = 20 January 2013|deadurl = yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120230641/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/seisakukikakushitsu/page/0000040993.html |date=20 January 2013 }}</ref> | id="2633" | * {{NagaraI|MAS}} Malacca City, Malaysia.<ref name="APCS"/> * {{NagaraI|MAR}} Casablanca, Morocco.<ref name="APCS"/> * {{NagaraI|PAK}} Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name="Associated Press of Pakistan">{{cite web|title = Eight Pakistani cities have 47 sister cities around the world|publisher = Associated Press of Pakistan|url = http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=139385|accessdate = 8 July 2013}}</ref> | id="2647" | * {{NagaraI|PAK}} Lahore, Pakistan.<ref name="Associated Press of Pakistan"/> * {{NagaraI|TUR}} Ankara, Turkey.<ref name="APCS"/><ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url = http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title = Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher = Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi&nbsp;— Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate = 14 January 2009|accessdate = 21 July 2013|language = Turkish}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx |date=14 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malaysia.en.mfa|title = Relations between Turkey and Malaysia|publisher = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)]]|accessdate = 1 July 2015|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150630225011/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malaysia.en.mfa|archivedate = 30 June 2015|deadurl = no}}</ref> |} == Tempo ogé == * Kuala Lumpur Raya * Putrajaya * Cyberjaya == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.dbkl.gov.my/ Balé Kota Kuala Lumpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320022700/http://www.dbkl.gov.my/ |date=2011-03-20 }} * [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/kuala-lumpur Tourism Malaysia – Kuala Lumpur] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Asia]] ky6i7v6zdu4r4d04atznx1oqwrf8g0f 0 46260 710546 709176 2026-06-19T02:12:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Battle of Surabaya<ref>{{cite web|title=BATTLE OF SURABAYA|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y91RHnVKvWg|work=|publisher=[[Youtube]]|date=[[Saptu]], [[6 Juli]] [[2013]]|accessdate=}}</ref> | image = | image size = | alt = | caption = | director = [[Aryanto Yuniawan]] | producer =[[M. Suyanto]] | writer = [[M. Suyanto]]<br/>[[Aryanto Yuniawan]] | based on = [[Perang 10 Nopémber]] | narrator = | starring = Eileen Shannon<br/>Dominic<br/>Nuriko Okuyama<br/>Jason Williams<br/>Tanaka Hidetoshi<br/>Alejandro Esteban<br/>Patrick<br/>Marco<br/>Vanhoebrouck Patrick Bernard | music = | maintheme = | opentheme = | endtheme = | cinematography = | editing = | studio = [[STMIK Amikom]]<br/>[[MSV Pictures]] | released = [[20 Agustus]] [[2015]] | released year = | film of location = | runtime = | country = [[Indonésia]] | language = [[Basa Indonésia]] | budget = | gross = | network = | preceded by = | followed by = | awards =[[Winner People's Choice Award, International Movie Trailer Festival (IMTF) 2013<br/>Nominee Best Foreign Animation, 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014]] }} '''''Battle of Surabaya''''' nyaéta [[pilem animasi]] 2D, [[pilem drama|drama]], [[pilem aksi|aksi]] tur [[sajarah]] [[Indonésia]] nu diproduksi ku MSV Pictures. Karya munggaran sutradara anom Aryanto Yuniawan ieu mintonkeun inohong katut carita fiktif, tapi maké kasang tukang sajarah perjoangan bangsa Indonésia nalika perang Surabaya taun 1945. ''Trailer'' ieu pilem geus meunang sababaraha pangajén, di antarana Most Péople's Choice Award [http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ IMTF (International Movie Trailer Festival) 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035533/http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-09-24 }} katut Nominee Best Foreign Animation Award 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014. == Sinopsis == Ieu pilem nyaritakeun Musa, rumaja tukang semir sapatu nu jadi kurir keur perjuangan para pajoang arék-arék Suroboyo katut TKR dina kajadian [[Kajadian 10 Nopémber|perang rongkah 10 Nopémber 1945]] di [[Surabaya]] nu niwaskeun bangsa Indonésia kurang leuwih 16.000 jiwa, sarta soldadu Sekutu 1.500 jiwa. Carita dibuka ku visualisasi rongkah dibomna kota [[Hiroshima]] ku Sekutu nu nandaan sumerahna [[Jepang]]. ''“Indonesia merdeka, itu yang kudengar di RRI, Jepang menyerah!”'', ceuk Musa. Tapi langit [[Surabaya]] beureum deui ku ayana Insidén Bendéra katut kadatangan Sekutu nu ditumpangan ku [[Walanda]]. Katambah deui ku ayana gangguan tina kelompok pamuda Kipas Hideung nu dilawan ku Pamuda Républiken. Résidén Sudirman, Gubernur Suryo, Pa Moestopo, Bung Tomo katut inohong-inohong lianna ngahudangkeun sumanget arék-arék Suroboyo katut pamuda Indonésia pikeun singkil ngalawan penjajahan. Musa dipercaya minangka kurir surat katut kode-kode rahasia nu dikombinasikeun jeung lagu-lagu keroncong tina Radio Pemberontakan Rakyat Indonésia nu diadegkeun ku Bung Tomo. Sababaraha kajadian diliwatan ku Musa minangka kurir, leungit harta banda katut jalma-jalma nu dipikanyaah geus jadi konsékwénsi tina tugas mulya kasebut. Ieu carita mangrupa carita adaptasi tina [[perang 10 Nopémber]] di [[Surabaya]]. Lian ti inohong nyata, aya ogé inohong fiktif nu ngahaja dijieun keur ngauatkeun pesen nu rék ditepikeun. Pesen perang ngeunaan sumanget, cinta ka lemah cai, katut perdamaian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battle Of Surabaya, Animasi Buatan Indonésia Yang Akan Di Rilis 2014|url=http://aansubs.blogspot.com/2014/01/battle-of-surabaya-animasi-buatan.html#|work=|publisher=|date=|accessdate=[[Minggu]], [[11 Mei]] [[2014]]}}</ref> == Pangeusi sora == *[[Dominic]] minangka Musa *[[Maudy Ayunda]] minangka Yumna *[[Reza Rahadian]] minangka Danu *[[Jason Williams]] minangka Capt. John Wright *[[Tanaka Hidetoshi]] minangka Capt. Yoshimura *Patrick minangka Mr. Ploegman *[[Alejandro Esteban]] minangka A.W.S Mallaby *[[Nuriko Okuyama]] minangka Kioko *[[Vanhoebrouck Patrick Bernard]] minangka P.J.G. Huijer * Marco minangka Abdan == Pangajén == *Nomination Best Foreign Animation Trailer, The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award 2014 * Winner Péople's Choice Award, International Movie Trailer féstival (IMTF) 2013 *Winner Digital Animation, INAICTA 2012 *Winner Indigo Fellowship, PT Telkom Indonésia 2012 *Nominee Appreciation Film of Indonésia, Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Mendikbud) 2012 == Rujukan == * [http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ Battle of Surabaya di International Movie Trailer Festival /IMTF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035533/http://www.internationalmovietrailerfestival.com/all-trailers/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-09-24 }} * [http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/650900/video-battle-of-surabaya-bukti-animasi-lokal-tak-kalah-hebat Battle of Surabaya di Liputan 6 SCTV] * [http://files.indowebster.com/download/video/battle_of_surabaya___official_teaser_trailer_hd Battle of Surabaya di Indowebster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613225850/http://files.indowebster.com/download/video/battle_of_surabaya___official_teaser_trailer_hd |date=2014-06-13 }} * [http://smashpipe.com/film/videos/RoIelpqgyLY/METRO%20TV%20VideoLiputan%20Film%20Battle%20of%20Surabaya%20di%20AFA%20ID%202013 Battle of Surabaya di Smashpipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140614080904/http://smashpipe.com/film/videos/RoIelpqgyLY/METRO%20TV%20VideoLiputan%20Film%20Battle%20of%20Surabaya%20di%20AFA%20ID%202013 |date=2014-06-14 }} * [http://goldentrailer.com/awards.gta15.php Battle of Surabaya di di Golden Trailer Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105134437/http://www.goldentrailer.com/awards.gta15.php |date=2015-01-05 }} * [http://twitchfilm.com/2013/08/indonesias-first-2d-animated-feature-battle-of-surabaya-to-be-released-in-theatres-in-2014.html Battle of Surabaya di twitchfilm.com] * [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/10/battle-surabaya-movie.html Battle of Surabaya di Jakarta Post Online] * [http://www.republika.co.id/berita/senggang/film/14/01/02/myrn0e-animasi-battle-of-surabaya-raih-penghargaan-internasional Battle of Surabaya di ROL (Republika Online)] * [http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/animasi-battle-of-surabaya/ Battle of Surabaya di Indonésia Kreatif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114080634/http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/animasi-battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-11-14 }} * [http://www.beritasatu.com/film/136743-battle-of-surabaya-calon-film-animasi-layar-lebar-pertama-indonesia.html Battle of Surabaya di beritasatu.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011829/http://www.beritasatu.com/film/136743-battle-of-surabaya-calon-film-animasi-layar-lebar-pertama-indonesia.html |date=2016-03-05 }} * [http://www.cinema.co.id/animation/sinopsis-film-battle-of-surabaya-bioskop-2014/ Sinopsis film Indonésia Battle of Surabaya di Cinema 21] * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/97920903@N02/ Battle of Surabaya di flickr] * devianart.com : http://battleofsurabaya.deviantart.com/ * IT news wall :http://www.itnewswall.com/2013/11/13/battle-surabaya-candidate-widescreen-first-animation-film-indonesia/ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140614081003/http://www.itnewswall.com/2013/11/13/battle-surabaya-candidate-widescreen-first-animation-film-indonesia/ |date=2014-06-14 }} * Indonésia Kréatif : http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/battle-of-surabaya/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717072732/http://news.indonesiakreatif.net/battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2015-07-17 }} * Kompasiana <nowiki>: http://hiburan.kompasiana.com/film/2013/06/11/battle-of-surabaya-the-movie-perlu-dukungan-567928.html</nowiki> * Frame Magz, Film and Photography Magazine : http://www.frame-magz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-kebangkitan-film.html#.U3bh2lIbR3E {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044009/http://www.frame-magz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-kebangkitan-film.html#.U3bh2lIbR3E |date=2016-03-04 }} * Google document : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LNWc_hmY-kYTTI39QSorkqpX0EPgVSIlDMlIh2OoSuY/edit * Indonésia Proud : http://indonesiaproud.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/film-battle-of-surabaya-raih-penghargaan-international-movie-trailer-festival-2013/ * Wow Keren : http://www.wowkeren.com/film/battle_of_surabaya/ * Islam In Indonésia, a reference of Islam in the archipelago : http://islaminindonesia.com/2014/01/07/indonesian-animation-movie-trailer-on-battle-of-surabaya-gets-a-world-award-in-us/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003112/http://islaminindonesia.com/2014/01/07/indonesian-animation-movie-trailer-on-battle-of-surabaya-gets-a-world-award-in-us/ |date=2016-03-04 }} * Film affinity, rate and find recommended movies : http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film116089.html * Movie Xplorers, movie news and events : http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film116089.html * tnol.asia, Indonésia’s global portal : http://www.tnol.asia/movies/19838-battle-of-surabaya-wins-international-movie-trailer-festival-award.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116072930/http://www.tnol.asia/movies/19838-battle-of-surabaya-wins-international-movie-trailer-festival-award.html |date=2014-01-16 }} * Solo Pos Online : http://www.solopos.com/2013/07/23/battle-of-surabaya-film-animasi-indonesia-main-di-bioskop-21-429927 * Filminx; film, art, geekdom : http://www.filminx.com/trailer-animasi-lokal-battle-of-surabaya/{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092509/http://www.filminx.com/trailer-animasi-lokal-battle-of-surabaya/ |date=2017-08-18 }} * Inilahcom; telinga, mata dan hati rakyat : http://teknologi.inilah.com/read/detail/2020592/battle-of-surabaya-film-animasi-2d-asli-indonesia#.U3pfe1d5dRs * Sketchmagz.com, sketch your dréam and maké it réal : http://www.sketchmagz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-there-is-no-glory-in.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063137/http://www.sketchmagz.com/2013/07/battle-of-surabaya-there-is-no-glory-in.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * VGI, vidéo games Indonésia : http://www.videogamesindonesia.com/news/battle-of-surabaya-animasi-2d-panjang-pertama-indonesia.php * Harian Jogja online : http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2013/07/24/battle-of-surabaya-kisah-musa-di-pertempuran-10-november-1945-429936 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082517/http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2013/07/24/battle-of-surabaya-kisah-musa-di-pertempuran-10-november-1945-429936 |date=2016-03-04 }} * Ruang Publik, titik awal sebuah perobahan : http://www.ruangpublik.com/informasi/topik-hangat/topik-umum/battle-of-surabaya-secercah-harapan-industri-animasi-indonesia {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140910075359/http://www.ruangpublik.com/informasi/topik-hangat/topik-umum/battle-of-surabaya-secercah-harapan-industri-animasi-indonesia |date=2014-09-10 }} == Tumbu luar == * Official Movie Site (Indonésian-English) : www.battléofsurabayathemovie.com * Official Company Site (Indonésian) : www.msvpictures.com * Official Facebook Fanpage (Indonésian) : https://id-id.facebook.com/BattleOfSurabayaTheMovie * Official Twitter (Indonésian) : https://twitter.com/BOSMovie_ID * '''(Inggris)''' ''Battle of Surabaya'' di Internet Movie Database {{Animasi Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Pilem basa Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pilem Indonésia taun 2014]] [[Kategori:Pilem taun 2014]] [[Kategori:Pilem animasi]] [[Kategori:Pilem animasi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pilem barudak Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Animasi Indonésia]] {{film-stub|Indonesia}} dl9ipkp06ald9scy51f7k29kj04gj00 0 53355 710582 665523 2026-06-19T09:42:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}{{about|lauk hias}} {{taxobox | name = Koi | status = DOM | image = Ojiya Nishikigoi no Sato ac (3).jpg | image_width = 220px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Cypriniformes]] | familia = [[Cyprinidae]] | genus = ''[[Cyprinus]]'' | species = '''''[[C. carpio]]''''' | subspecies = '''''C. c. haematopterus''''' | trinomial = ''Cyprinus carpio haematopterus''<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/photos/thumbnailssummary.php?ID=1450 |title=Pictures available for Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. |publisher=www.fishbase.org |accessdate=31 October 2010 }} </ref> | trinomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) }} [[File:Koiinapond-swimming-fall-2011.ogv|thumb|(video) Sababaraha koi ngojay dina balong di Jepang.]] {{Nihongo|'''Koi'''|[[:ja:鯉|鯉]]||{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|k|ɔɪ}}, {{IPA-ja|koꜜi|lang}}}} atawa leuwih husus {{Nihongo|'''''nishikigoi'''''|[[:ja:錦鯉|錦鯉]]|extra={{IPA-ja|niɕi̥kiꜜɡo.i|}}, sabenerna lauk [[karper]], anu dipiara sarta mibanda ornamén nu éndah.{{fact}} Lauk koi nyaéta sajenis [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] (''Cyprinus carpio'') nu mibanda ornamén nu pohara éndah jeung lindeuk diingu pikeun hiasan di luar rohangan [[balong koi]] atawa [[taman cai]].{{fact}} Variétas Koi dibédakeun ku kelir, pola, sarta ukuran.{{fact}} Sababaraha kelir utama nyaéta bodas, hideung, beureum, konéng, bulao, jeung krim.{{fact}} Kategori Koi pang populérna nyaéta ''Gosanke'', nu diwangun tina ''[[Kohaku]]'', ''Taisho Sanshoku'', sarta variétas ''Showa Sanshoku''.{{fact}} ==Sajarah== Lauk karper atawa [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] nyaéta sajumplukan gedé laun anu awalna kapanggih di [[Éropa Tengah]] jeung [[Asia]].{{fact}} Rupa-rupa spésiés [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] nu mimiti dilindeukeun di [[Asia Wétan]], dimmana maranéhanana dipaké sabagé lauk dahareun.{{fact}} [[Lauk Emas|Lauk emas]] [[lauk cai tiis]], sarta kamapuh maranéhannana pikeun hirup sarta nyaluyukeun kana sababraha iklim jeung kondisi kaayaan cai, lauk spésiés piaraan ieu wenang sumebar ka sababraha lokasi anyar, kaasup Jepang.{{fact}} Mutasi kelir alami lauk ieu baris kajadian disakabéh populasi.{{fact}} Lauk karper nu munggaran dibaranahkeun pikeun mutasi kelir nyaéta di [[China]] leuwih ti sarébu taun ka tukang, binih pinilih lauk karper Prussian (''Carassius gibelio'') mingpin pamekaran lauk [[Koki (lauk)|koki]].<ref name="bristol">{{Cite web| url=http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/goldfish/info/info.htm | title=Background information about goldfish | accessdate=28 July 2006}}</ref> Rupa-rupa spésiés [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] nu dibudidayakeun sabagé lauk dahareun sahenteuna ti mimiti abad ka lima SM di China, sarta jaman Karajaan Roma nalika nyebarkeun agama Karésten di [[Éropa]].{{fact}} Lauk emas nu dipiara pikeun kaédahan kelirna dimekarkeun di Jepang dina taun 1820an, mimitina di kota Ojiya di Niigata bagéan kalér pulo [[Honshu]].{{fact}} Dunya luar teu sadar pikeun mekarna variasi kelir koi [[Jepang]] nepi ka taun 1914, nalika koi Niigata dipamérkeunn di paméran taunan di [[Tokyo]].{{fact}} Ti harita, minat koi sumebar ka sakuliah [[Jepang]].{{fact}} Tina koi asli ieu, sakabéh variétas ''Nishikigoi'' lainna dibarahkeun, kacuali variétas Ogon (kelir-tunggal, koi métalik) nu dimekarkeun rélatif anyar kénéh.{{fact}} Panggemar koi pamustunganana sumebar ka sakuliah dunya.{{fact}} Koi ayeuna loba dijual di to akuarium piaraan, kalawan kualitas lauk anu alus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml |title=MPKS Ray Jordan Koi History |publisher=Ray Jordan |accessdate=26 April 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111340/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory3.shtml |date=23 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.netpets.org/fish/reference/freshref/nishi.html |title=Early Records |publisher=Netpets.org |accessdate=11 April 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053139/http://netpets.org/fish/reference/freshref/nishi.html |date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> ===Étimologi=== Kecap ''koi'' asalna ti Jepang, hartina "[[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]]".{{fact}} Ieu ngawengku duanana lauk kulawu sarta variétas kelir cékas.{{fact}} Nu katelah koi dina basa [[Inggris]] disebut leuwih husus salaku ''nishikigoi'' di Jepang (sacara literatur hartina "lauk emas").{{fact}} Di Jepang, ''koi'' nyaéta salah sahiji [[homophone]] pikeun kecap séjén nu hartina "kadeudeuh" atanapi "duriat"; ku kituna koi nyaéta lambang duriat jeung silaturahim di Jepang.{{fact}} ==Variétas== [[File:Koi feeding, National Arboretum.jpg|thumb|right|Keur maraban koi]] Variétas Koi dibédakeun ku kelir, pola, sarta ukuran.{{fact}} Sababaraha kelir utama nyaéta bodas, hideung, beureum, konéng, bulao, jeung krim. {{fact}}Sedengkeun kelir meureun ampir teu kawates, paternak geus ngaidéntifikasi sarta méré ngaran sajumlah kategori.{{fact}} Kategori nu pang kasohorna nyaéta ''Gosanke'', nu diwangun tina variétas ''Kohaku'', ''Taisho Sanshoku'', sarta ''Showa Sanshoku''.{{fact}} Variétas koi anu anyar masih keur aktip dimekarkeun.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/| title=Guide to Koi Varieties| work=mitchkoi.co.uk| accessdate=12 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141821/http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/ |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> Koi ''Ghost'' dimekarkeun taun 1980an geus jadi pohara populér di Inggris; maranéhna campuran tina lauk emas liar jeung koi ''Ogon'', jeung anu dibédakeun ku ukuran métalik maranéhna.{{fact}} ''[[Butterfly koi|Koi butterfly]]'' (ogé katelah koi cécépét panjang (kumpay), atawa lauk emas naga), ogé dimekarkeun taun 1980an, anu kasohor panjang cécépét tur ngarumbay.{{fact}} Maranéhna campuran tina koi jeung [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] [[Asia]]. {{fact}} Koi ''butterfly'' sarta koi ''ghost'' koi dianggap ku sabagian jadi ''nishikigoi'' nu teu bener. {{citation needed|date=April 2009}} Nu kaasup ngaran variétas utama nyaéta: <!-- {{columns-list|6| #''Kohaku #''Taisho Sanke #''Showa Sanke #''Tanchō #''Chagoi #''Asagi #''Utsurimono #''Bekko #''Goshiki #''Shūsui #''Kinginrin #''Kawarimono #''Ōgon #''Kumonryū #''Ochiba #''Koromo #''Hikari-moyomono #''Kikokuryū #''Kin-Kikokuryū #Ghost koi #Butterfly koi #''Doitsu-goi }} --> * {{Nihongo|''[[Kohaku (Nishikigoi)|Kōhaku]]''|紅白}} nyaéta koi kulit bodas, kalayan pola beureum nu lega di luhur.{{fact}} Harti ngaranna "beureum jeung bodas"; ''kohaku'' mangrupa variétas munggaran nu diciptakeun di Jepang (ahir abad ka 19).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tamadachi M|chapter=Koi varieties|page=191|title=The Cult of the Koi|publisher=TFH Publications|location=Neptune City, New Jersey|year=1990|isbn=0-86622-085-2}}</ref> * {{Nihongo|''Taishō Sanshoku'' (atawa ''Taisho Sanke)''|大正三色}} ampir sarua jeung ''kohaku'', ngan aya tambahan pola hideung saeutik nu disebut {{Nihongo|''sumi''|墨}}.{{fact}} Variétas ieu mimiti dipamérkeun taun 1914 ku paternak koi [[Gonzo Hiroi]], dina mangsa kakuasaan [[Kaisar Taishō|Kaisar Taiso]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Di Amérika, ngaranna mindeng di singkat jadi "Sanke".{{fact}} Hurup ''kanji'', 三色, bisa dibaca salaku ''sanshoku'' atawa salaku ''sanke'' (tina ngaran saméméhna 三毛).{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Shōwa Sanshoku'' (atawa ''Showa Sanke'')|昭和三色}} nyaéta koi hideung kalayan pola beureum (''hi'' 緋) jeung bodas (''shiroji'' 白地). Koi ''Showa Sanke'' dipamékeun taun 1927, dina mangsa kakuasaan [[Kaisar Showa]]. {{fact}} Di Amérika, ngaranna mindeng di singkat jadi "Showa". {{fact}}jumlah ''shiroji'' dina ''Showa Sanke'' geus ngaronjat dina magsa modérn (''Kindai Showa'' 近代昭和), ti dieu hésé ngabédakeun tina ''Taisho Sanke''.{{fact}} Hurup ''kanji'', 三色, bisa dibaca salaku ''sanshoku'' atawa salaku ''sanke.''{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Tanchō''|丹頂}} nyéta koi kalayan hiji pola beureum dina huluna.{{fact}} Bisa jadi ''Tancho Showa'', ''Tancho Sanke'', atawa ''Tancho Goshiki''.{{fact}} Ieu dingaranan pikeun [[bango mahkota beureum]] urang Jepang (''Grus japonensis''), nu ogé boga totol beureum dina sirahna. * {{Nihongo|''Chagoi''|茶鯉}}, "kelir-téh", Kelir koi ieu bisa antara ti héjo zaitun sepa atawa coklat nepi ka tambaga atawa parunggu, kelir oran{{fact}}yeu nu leuwih sarta leuwih lembut.{{fact}} Kasohor kalayan lindeuk, kapribadian soméah sarta ukuranna nu badag, hal ieu dianggap sabagé tanda kauntungan di kalangan nu miara koi.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Asagi''|浅黄}} nyaéta koi kelir bulao caang dina tonggong tur biasana beureum dina beuteung, tapi ogé aya kalana konéng sepa atawa krim, ilaharna di handap gurat lateral sarta dina pipi.{{fact}} Ngaran Jepang hartina bulao kahéjoan sepa, siga kelir [[bawang daun]].{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Utsurimono''|写り物}} nyaéta koi hideung kalayan pola bodas, beureum, atawa konéng, siga pola kuda [[zebra]].{{fact}} Wangun nu paling heubeul nyaéta wangun konéng, disebut {{Nihongo|"pola hideung jeung konéng"|黒黄斑|''Kuro ki madara''}} dina abad ka 19, tapi diganti ngaran jadi {{Nihongo|''Ki Utsuri''|黄写り}} ku [[Elizaburo Hoshino]] saurang patani koi awal abad ka 20.{{fact}} Vérsi beureum jeung bodas masing-masing disebut {{Nihongo|''Hi Utsuri''|緋写り}} jeung {{Nihongo|''Shiro Utsuri''|白写り}}.{{fact}} Kecap ''utsuri'' artinta aya (tanda hideung ngingetkeun kana noda tinta).{{fact}} Sacara génétis, sarua jeung ''Showa'', tapi kakurang pigmén beureum (''Shiro Utsuri'') atawa pigmén bodas (''Hi Utsuri''/''Ki Utsuri'').{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Bekko''|べっ甲}} nyaéta koi kulit bodas-, beureum-, atawa konéng kalawan pola hideung {{Nihongo|''sumi''|墨}}.{{fact}} Harti ngaran Jepangna "kuya batok", sarta ilahar ditulis sabagé べっ甲.{{fact}} Variétas bodas, beureum, jeung konéng masing-masing disebut {{Nihongo|''Shiro Bekko''|白}}, {{Nihongo|''Aka Bekko''|赤}} jeung {{Nihongo|''Ki Bekko''|黄}}.{{fact}} Ieu bisa pahili jeung ''Utsuri''.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Goshiki''|五色}} nyaéta koi beureum poék (modél''Kohaku'') corak ''hi''. Harti ngaran Jepangna "lima kelir".{{fact}} Sarupa jeung ''Asagi'', kalayan saeutik atawa tanpa ''hi'' di handapeun gurat lateral sarta corak ''Kohaku Hi'' dina sisit (lauk pola jaring sisitna).{{fact}} Kelir dasarna biru langit antara ti ampir hideung nepi ka sepa. {{fact}} * '{{Nihongo|''Shūsui''|秋翠}} hartina "héjo usum gugur"; ''Shūsui'' diciptakeun taun 1910 ku Yoshigoro Akiyama（[[:ja:秋山　吉五郎|秋山　吉五郎]], ku cara mijahkeun silang ''Asagi'' Jepang jeung lauk emas ''(miror carp)'' Jérman.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Lauk henteu sisitan, kacuali sagurat sisit badag di bagén tonggong, manjang ti hulu nepi kana buntut.{{fact}} Jenis ''Shūsui'' paling ilahar sepa, [[biru-langit]]/kelir kulawu di luhur lateral sarta beureum atawa oranyeu (langka nu konéng caang) handapeun gurat lateral sarta dina pipi.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Kinginrin''|金銀鱗}} nyaéta koi kalawan kelir sisit métallik (ngagurilap kélir metalik nu mencar).{{fact}} Mun dihartikeun "sisit emas jeung pérak"; mindeng disingget ''Ginrin''.{{fact}} Vérsi ''Ginrin'' ampir muncul di sakabéh variétas koi sejénna, sarta maranéhna modis katingalina.{{fact}} Maranéhna ngagulrilap, sisitna ngagurilap kontras kalayan lemes, malah, kulit sarta sisit métalik katempo ogé dina variétas ''Ogon''.{{fact}} Kiwari, karakteristik ieu geus digabungkeun pikeun nyiptakeun variétas ''Ginrin Ogon'' nu anyar.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Kawarimono''|変わり物}} nyaéta koi "pola sagala-aya" istilah pikeun koi nu teu bisa diasupkeun kana salah sahiji kategori lianna.{{fact}} Ieu kategori pasanggiri, sarta loba variétas koi anyar silih éléhkeun dina kategori ieu.{{fact}} Dipikawanoh ogé {{Nihongo|''kawarigoi''|変わり鯉}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} * {{Nihongo|''Ōgon''|黄金}} nyaéta koi métalik ngan sakelir (''hikarimono'' 光者).{{fact}} Kelir ilahar anu kapanggih nyaéta emas, platineum, sarta oranyeu.{{fact}} Spésimén nu krim pohara jarang.{{fact}} ''Ogon'' dipasanggirikeun di kategori ''Kawarimono'' sarta harti ngaran Jepangna "emas". {{fact}} Variétas geus diciptakeun ku Sawata Aoki taun 1946 tina lauk emas liar nu ditéwak taun 1921. <!-- Recently, the metallic-skinned ''Ogon'' is being crossed with ''ginrin''-scaled fish to create the'' ginrin Ogon'' with metallic skin and sparkling (metal flake) scales.--> * {{Nihongo|''Kumonryū''|九紋竜}}' （sabenerna "salapan tato naga" nyaéta koi ''doitsu''-sisit hideung kalayan tanda bodas curling melengkung. Maranéhna katelah ngubah kelir saluyu jeung usum .{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} ''Kumonryu ''dipasanggirikeun dina kategori ''Kawarimono''.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Ochiba''|落葉}} nyaéta koi bulao/kulawu caang kalayan pola kelir tambaga, parunggu, atawa konéng (corak-''Kohaku''), ngingetkeun kana daun dina musim gugur luhureun cai.{{fact}} Harti ngaran Jepangna "daun ragrag".{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Koromo''|衣}} nyaéta koi bodas kalayan pola corak-''Kohaku'' kalayan bulao atawa sisit hideung disisi dina corak ''hi'' .{{fact}} Variétas ieu mimiti muncul taun 1950an sabagé pijah silang antara ''Kohaku'' jeung ''Asagi''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Nu paling ilahar kapanggih ''Koromo'' sabagé ''Ai Goromo'', nu kelirna siga ''Kohaku'', iwal masing-masing sisit belang beureum mibanda kelir bulao atawa hideung sisina. Nu kurang ilahar nyaéta ''Budo-Goromo'', nu mibanda kelir leuwih poék ''hi'' nu méré panampilan ranggeuyan buah anggur. {{fact}} Jarang pisan katempo ''Tsumi-Goromo'', nu sarimbag jeung ''Budo-Goromo'', tapi corak ''hi'' nyaéta sarupaning anggur ''burgundy'' poék nu muncul ampir deukeut jeung hideung.{{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''Hikari-moyomono''|光模樣者}} nyaéta koi kalawan pola kelir dina dasar kelir métalik atawa dina dua kelir métalik.{{fact}} * ''Kikokuryū'' (輝黒竜, secara harfiah "ngagurilap" atwa "komodo hideung ngagurilap") nyaéta versi kulit métalik tina ''Kumonryu''.{{fact}} * ''Kin-Kikokuryū'' (金輝黒竜, secara harfiah "komodo emas hideung ngagurilap" atawa "komodo hideung emas ngagurilap") nyaéta versi kulit métalik tina ''Kumonryu'' kalayan corak pola-''Kohaku'' ''hi'' dimekarkeun ku Seiki Igarashi kota Ojiya.{{fact}} Sahenteuna genep subvarieties génétik nu béda ti variétas umum nu katempo.{{fact}} * ''Ghost koi'' ([[:ja:人面魚|人面魚]]、[[:ja:じんめんぎょ|じんめんぎょ]]), nyaéta campuran tina ''Ogon'' jeung [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] liar kalayan sisit metallic métalik, dianggap ku sabagéan teu kaasup ''nishikigoi''.{{fact}} * [[Butterfly koi|''Butterfly koi'']] ([[:ja:鰭長錦鯉|鰭長錦鯉]]、[[:ja:ひれながにしきごい|ひれながにしきごい]]) nyaéta campuran koi [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] [[Asia]] kalayan long cécépétna panjang ngagebay.{{fact}} Rupa-rupa kelir gumantung kana stok koi nu digunakeun pikeun mijahkeun silang.{{fact}} Ieu ogé dianggap ku sabagéan teu kaasup ''nishikigoi.'' {{fact}} * {{Nihongo|''[[Doitsu-goi]]''|ドイツ鯉}} Asalna tina pijah silang sagala variétas nu béda jeung "tapa sisit" lauk emas Jérman ( ilaharna, lauk ngan ukur kalayan sagurat sisit di sapanjang sisi cécépét tonggong ).{{fact}} Ditulis ogé sabagé 独逸鯉, aya opat jenis pola-pola ''Doitsu''.{{fact}} Jenis nu paling ilahar (disebut di luhur) mibanda sisit ngajajar mimiti ti bagéan hareup cécépét tonggong nepi ka tungtung cécépét tonggong (Di sapanjang kadua sisi cécépét).{{fact}} Jenis kadua miboga sisit ngajajar nu dimimitian di mana hulu panggih jeung taktak sarta sumebar ka sakuliah awak lauk (sapanjang kadua sisi).{{fact}} Jenis katilu sarua jeung nu kadua, kalayan ditambah hiji gurat sisit (mindeng rada badag) sapanjang gurat lateral (sapanjang sisi) lauk, disebut ogé "koi eunteung".{{fact}} Jenis nu kaopat (pohara langka) disebut sabagé "koi baju beusi" sarta sakabéhna (atawa ampir) ditutupan ku sisit nu kacida gedéna anu nyarupaan pelat baju beusi. {{fact}}Disebut ogé ''Kagami-goi'' (鏡鯉、カガミゴイ), atawa lauk emas eunteung (ミラーカープ).{{fact}} ==Bédana jeung koki== [[File:Koi head closeup.jpg|thumb|right|Koi boga nu nonjol [[barbels]] dina biwir nu teu katémbong dina lauk emas.]] [[Koki (lauk)|Koki]] nu dimekarkeun di [[China]] leuwih ti sarébu taun kaliwat tina bibit pinilih lauk emas Prussian pikeun [[mutasi]] kelir. {{fact}}Ku alpukahna [[Dinasti Song]] (960–1279), kelir konéng, oranyeu, bodas, sarta beureum-jeung-bodas geus dimekarkeun.{{fact}} [[Koki (lauk)|Koki]] (''Carassius auratus'') jeung [[Prussian carp]] (''ssius gibelio'') ayeuna dianggap béda spésiés .{{fact}} [[Koki (lauk)|Koki]] nu diwanohkeun ka Jepang dina abad ka 16 sarta ka [[Éropa]] dina abad ka 17.<ref name="bristol"/> Koi, sanajan, anu dimekarkeun tina [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] di Jepang taun 1820an.{{fact}} Koi nyaéta [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] nu dilindeukkeun (''Cyprinus carpio'') that nu dipilih atau dipisahkeun pikeun kelir; maranéhna lain spésiés anu béda, tapi subspésiés, sarta baris balik deui kana kelir aslina dina sababaraha generasi lamun diantepkeun bébas baranahan.{{fact}} Ilaharna, koki condong leuwih leutik batan koi, sarta mobanda rupa-rupa wangun awak sarta konfigurasi cécépét jeung buntut.{{fact}} Variétas koi condong mibanda wangun awak nu ilahar, tapi mibanda variasi kelir sarta pola kelir.{{fact}} Maranéhna ogé mibanda [[barbels]] nu nonjol dina biwir. {{fact}}Sababaraha variétas koki, saperti [[common goldfish|koki ilahar]], [[comet goldfish|koki komét]], jeung ''[[shubunkin]],'' mibanda wangun awak sarta kelir nu mirip jeung koi, sarta baris hésé ngabédakeun koi mangsa can sawawa sarta.{{fact}} Ti mimiti [[Koki (lauk)|koki]] jeung koi anu dimekarkeun ti spésiés lauk emas nu béda, sarta maranéhna bisa silih pijah (kawin), turunan maranéhanana steril.<ref>{{cite web|title=The difference between koi and goldfish|url=http://www.livingthecountrylife.com/animals/difference-between-koi-and-goldfish/page/0/1|website=Living the Country Life|accessdate=8 November 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118145003/http://www.livingthecountrylife.com/animals/difference-between-koi-and-goldfish |date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Aquatic-oasis ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aquatic-oasis.com/articles.htm |title=Aquatic-oasis articles |publisher=Aquatic-oasis |accessdate=2 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622235948/http://www.aquatic-oasis.com/articles.htm |archivedate=22 June 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622235948/http://www.aquatic-oasis.com/articles.htm |date=22 June 2010 }}</ref> ==Kaséhatan, ngropéa, sarta umur panjang== [[File:Yuyuan Garden.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Koi di [[Yu Garden]], [[Shanghai]]]] [[Lauk Emas|Lauk emas]] nyaéta lauk nu kuat, sarta koi neruskeun ngaropéa kakuatan.{{fact}} Koi nyaéta lauk cai tiis, bisa hirup dina suhu antara 15-25&nbsp;°C (59-77&nbsp;°F), tapi ulah lila teuing, tiis, suhu usum tiis; sistim kakebalan awak maranéhna kacida lemah di handapeun suhu 10&nbsp;°C. {{fact}}Balong koi biasana jerona saméter atawa leuwih nu baris haneut mangsa usum panas, di mana di daérah nu mibanda usum tiris nu leuwih, balong ilaharna mibanda minimal jerona {{convert|1.5|m|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}.{{fact}} Konstruksi balong koi geus dimekarkeun ku paternak koi pikeun ngaronjatkeun kualitas koi pikeun pasanggiri. {{fact}} Kelir-kelir koi nu caang jadi sasaran dahareun prédators; ''Kohaku'' nu mibanda kulit bodas marupakeun sasaran kadaharan pédator di balong nu héjo poék.{{fact}} [[Kuntul]], [[cangkakak]], [[séro]], [[rakun]], [[ucing]], [[ajag]], [[Badger (animal)|badger]]s, jeung [[landak]] maranéhna kabéh sanggup méakeun lauk di balong.{{fact}} Balong nu kontruksina alus boga aréa nu jero supaya ''herons'' teu bisa ancrub ka balong, beungeut cai nu cukup luhur ti balong supaya sato mamalia teu bisa asup ka balong, sarta tatangkalan nu ngarumpuyuk ngahalangan panénjo sakur nu ngaliwat.{{fact}} Mun perlu masang ram kawat di luhureun balong.{{fact}} Balong hias biasanga aya kompa jeung sistim filter balong supaya cai tetep hérang jeung beresih.{{fact}} Koi nyaéta lauk [[omnivora]], jadi ngadahar rupa-rupa dahareum, kaasup kacang polong, saladah jeung samangka.{{fact}} Parab koi dirancang heteu ngan saukur pikeun gizi saimbang, tapi ngambang nepi ka bisa ngadorong maranéhna pikeun ngojay ka luhur beungeut cai.{{fact}} Mangsa maranéhna keur dahar, koi bisa dipariksa pikeun parasit sarta borok.{{fact}} Alami, koi barangdahar di handap kalayan adaptasi wangun sungut pikeun hal éta.{{fact}} Sababaraha koi mibanda kacenderungan pikeun barangdahar lolobana ti handap, jadi produsén parab nyieun parab campuran ngerelep jeung kombinasi ngambang.{{fact}} Koi apaleun ka jelema nu sok maraban maranéhna sarta ngumpul deukeut maranéhna.{{fact}} Maranéhna bisa dilatih pikeun nyapluk parab tina leungeun jelema.{{fact}} Dina usum tiis, sistem pancernaan maranéhna lalaunan baris eureun, sarta maranéhna dahar saeutik pisan. {{fact}}Maraban teu disarankeun mangsa suhu turun di handapeun {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lagunakoi.com/Koi-Feeding-Guide-Library-sc-334.html | title=Koi Feeding Guide | work=lagunakoi.com | accessdate=2 October 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230658/http://www.lagunakoi.com/Koi-Feeding-Guide-Library-sc-334.html |date=27 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/best-temperature-feed-koi-fish/ | title=Temperatures to feed koi fish | work=mitchkoi.co.uk | accessdate=1 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154722/http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/best-temperature-feed-koi-fish/ |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> Nafsu dahar maranéhna balik deui dina mangsa cai jadi haneut dina usum semi.{{fact}} Koi geus dilaporkeun ngahontal umur 100–200 taun.<ref name="HuntingfordJobling2012">{{cite book |author1=Felicity Huntingford |author2=Malcolm Jobling |author3=Sunil Kadri |title=Aquaculture and Behavior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9pnZqx7788C&pg=PA12 |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-3089-9 |pages=12– |quote=... and there are reports of fish that have achieved ages of 100–200 years (Purdom 1993; Billard 1999).}}</ref> Hiji koi ''scarlet'' nu dingarangan "Hanako" dipibanda ku sababaraha individu , nu panungtungan nyaéta Dr. Komei Koshihara. {{fact}}Bulan Juli 1974, hiji atikan ngeunaan panalungtikan umur lauk, salah sahiji koi dilaporkeun yén Hanako umurna nepi ka 225 taun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/12/animalwelfare.world |title=The Guardian |publisher=The Guardian |date= 12 April 2007|accessdate=11 April 2009 | location=London | first=Laura | last=Barton}}</ref> Sacara otoritatif umur anu ditarima pikeun spésiés kurang ti 50 taun.<ref>{{cite book | title=Animal Records | publisher=Sterling Publishing Company | author=Carwardine, Mark | authorlink=Mark Carwardine | year=2008 | pages=201 | isbn=9781402756238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Cyprinus_carpio|title=AnAge entry for Cyprinus carpio|work=genomics.senescence.inf}}</ref> ==Panyakit== Koi pohara kuat.{{fact}} Kalayan mulasara nu bener, Maranéhna bisa nyingkahan parasit nu mangaruhan spesiés lauk tropis nu leuwih sénsitif, saperti inféksi ''[[Trichodina]], [[Epistylis]]'', sarta ''[[Ichthyophthirius multifiliis]]''.{{fact}} Dua kamelang nu pohara di antara paternak koi nyaéta [[koi herpes virus|''koi herpes virus'']] (KHV) jeung [[rhabdovirus|''rhabdovirus'']] carpio, nu ngabalukarkeun [[spring viraemia of carp|''spring viraemia of carp'']] (SVC).{{fact}} Euweuh tatamba nu alus pikeun panyakit.{{fact}} Sababaraha paternakan koi di [[Israél]] ngagunakeun vaksin KV3, dimekarkeun ku Prof. M. Kotler ti [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|''Hebrew University of'' ''Jerusalem'']] sarta diproduksi ku Kovax, pikeun ngaimunisasi lauk ngalawan KHV.{{fact}} Kiwari [[Israél|Israel]] nyaé hiji-hijina negara di dunya nu ngavaksinasi koi ngalawan KHV.{{fact}} Vaksin kasebut disuntikkeun ka lauk mangsa umurna kurang ti sataun, sarta kudu ngagunakeun cahaya [[ultraviolet]].{{fact}} Vaksin ieu mibanda tingkat kaberhasilan 90% <ref>[http://www.kovax.co.il/products/kv3-vaccine-against-khv/ "KV3 Vaccine against KHV"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629202233/http://www.kovax.co.il/products/kv3-vaccine-against-khv/ |date=2017-06-29 }}. KoVax Ltd. – Specializes in Aqua culture vaccines development and Manufacturing.</ref>. Mun diimunisasi, lauk teu bisa nyerah ka pasangan KHV sarta koi nu teu diimunisasi bisa nyebarkeun KHV ka lauk séjén di balong.<ref>Reynolds, Paula (October 2011) [http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/media/In-Focus-KHV.pdf ISRAELI KOI ...and the battle against KHV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323045303/http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/media/In-Focus-KHV.pdf |date=2014-03-23 }}. mitchkoi.co.uk</ref> Ngan saukur pangukuran [[biosecurity|''biosecurity'']] nu gancang ngadetéksi, [[Isolation (health care)|''isolation'']], jeung [[disinfection|''disinfection'']] téngki jeung pakakas bisa nungkulan sumebarna panyakit sarta ngabatas nguranganna stok lauk.{{fact}} Dina taun 2002, usum semi ''viraemia'' nyerang paternakan koi di [[Kernersville, North Carolina|''Kernersville,'' ''Carolina Kalér'']]'','' sarta merlukeun depopulasi lengkep ti balong sarta periode karantina nu lila.{{fact}} Pikeun samentara mangsa éta, sababaraha paternak koi di ''neighboring'' eureun ngimpor lauk lantaran sieun lauk stokna keuna inféksi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225841/http://www.sfbakc.org/Articles/SVC_Impact.htm Spring Viremia of Carp]. Impact Worksheet•17 July 2002</ref><ref>[http://koisale.com/inprogress2/ourkoi.php "Blackwater Creek Koi Farms"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321072753/http://www.koisale.com/inprogress2/ourkoi.php |date=2015-03-21 }}. ''koisale.com''.</ref> ==Ngabaranahkeun== [[File:Koi4.jpg|thumb|right|Koi di luar rohangan [[balong koi]]]] <big>Milih Bibit</big> Koi dipilih sabagé bibit mun bener-bener umurna geus cukup pikeun dipijahkeun. Umur koi nu siap pikeun dipijahkeun kurang leuwih dua taun. Idéalna koi bikang kudu geus ngendog di jero beuteung lilana 6 nepi ka 9 bulan. Sajaba ti éta bibit bikang kudu boga wangun awak nu alus, ku sabab bikang baris mibanda peran nu pangpentingna pikeun bentuk awak anak koi. Bibit bikang ogé idéalna mibanda ukuran badag, kira-kira 75&nbsp;cm. Bibit jalu kudu mibanda kualitas kulit jeung kelir nu alus. Ukuranana bibit jalu bisa leuwih leutik batan nu bikang. Rasio jalu jeung nu bikang nyaéta 1 jalu bikang 2-3. Jumlah endog koi kira-kira 100.000 per kilogram beurat awakna. Nalika Koi bikang mimiti asak endog di jero rongga beuteungna baris kaciri mimiti ngabareuhan sarta ngeusian sabudeureun beuteung, lamun dipencét lalaunan baris kaluar endogna. Dina bibit jalu lamun dipecét beuteungna baris kaluar cairan kelir bodas.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} <big>Prosés Mijahkeun</big> Koi baris ngendog nalika cai dina kondisi haneut, suhu 20C.{{fact}} Koi bikang baris nyimpen endog-endog maranéhanana dina jukut nu kakeueum dina balong atawa tuwuhan gulma saperti écéng gondok atwa substrat jieunan.{{fact}} Lamu euweuh gulma atawa jukut anu kakeueum dina balong, maka perelu tambahan média tambahan dina balong, substrat nu dijieun tina tali rapia atawa injuk.{{fact}} Tambahan média ieu baris ngajurung koi pikeun ngaluarkeun endona.{{fact}} Biasana mangsa nu alus pikeun nambah média ieu saminggu saacan koi endogan.{{fact}} Koi bikan baris nyiapkeun diri pikeun ngendog dina média sedengkeun koi jalu baris nuturkeun jeung nutupan koi bikang pikeun ngabuahan endog nu dikaluarkeun.{{fact}} Koi bikang kadang-kadang baris cicing sarta ngaberesihkeun sisi balong pikeun ngaberesihan kawasan di mana manéhna bisa nyimpen endogna.{{fact}} Salila mangsa mijah usahakeun suapaya situasi lingkungan tenang sarta hadéna mah tinggalkeun nalika lauk-lauk dina mangsa prosés mijahkeun.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} Ogé pastikeun euweuh objék nu bahaya sarta seukeut di balong kayaning pot kembang batu-batu supaya teu ngareheutkeun lauk koi dina mangsa mijah. {{fact}}Nyadiakeun pakakas kayaning cai muncrat jeung nyurug baris mantuan ngarangsang lauk koi ngaluarkeun endog.{{fact}} Lauk bikang baris ngojay ngaliwatan substrat pamijahan anu dituturkeun ku lauk jalu, anu bakal salawasna nuturkeun dina jarak nu pohara deukeut.{{fact}} Sanggeus sababaraha lilana, lauk bikang baris neundeun endog kana substrat sarta lauk jalu baris ngabuahan.{{fact}} Endog kudu dibuahan dina mangsa 20 detik ti mimiti disimpen dina média, jadi lauk jalu kudu deukeut pisan tur siap nalika endog dikaluarkeun.{{fact}} Sanggeus maranéhna nyimpen endog, bikangna baris ngagantung sirah ka handap, jeung lauk séjénna bakal kurang samangat.{{fact}} Koi kudu geuwat dikaluarkeun tina balong pamijahan sabab baris ngadahar endog anu dikaluarkeun.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} <big>Mangsa Inkubasi jeung Megar</big> Sanggeus prosés mijah geus bérés, induk dipisahkeun tina endog-endog, endog dina mangsa inkubasi pikeun nungguan megar.{{fact}} Endog-endog anu geus dibuahan bakal megar dina mangsa 4-5 poé.{{fact}} Buarayak koi sacara naluri bakal néangan panyalindungan sarta nyumput.{{fact}} Dina mangsa mimiti megar buarayak koi baris ngahakan tina cadangan dahareun nu ana dina endog terus urang bisa nyadiakeun endog kulub kokonéngna minangka bahan pangan mimiti.{{fact}} Di sagigireun éta bisa ogé béré jentik hurang atawa cacing sutra. Cacing sutra nyaéta kadaharan nu alus tur mibanda niléy nu luhur pikeun burayak koi.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} Sanggeus saminggu burayak koi bisa diparaban pélét wangun pasta atanapi bubuk tina ukuran pélét badag.{{fact}} Salian diparaban dahareun kalawan kaperluan gizi nu luhur dipigawé meresihan balong tina kokotor, buraya koi nu paéh sarta amonia ku cara ngaganti cai sabagéan kalayan rutin.{{fact}} Sanggeus 3 nepi ka 4 minggu burayak-burayak koi baris tumuwuh nepi ka panjangna kira-kira 5–10&nbsp;mm sarta mimiti merlukeun tempat nu leuwih lega.{{fact}} Biasana burayak koi dina umur sakieu baris dipelak dina balong leutak atawa bak nu ukuranana badag.{{fact}} Balong leutak nagrupakeun tempat nu hadé pikeun tumuwuhna burayak, ku sabab loba pisan dahareun alam dina leutak balong.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} <big>Misahkeun</big> Sanggeus diropéa di balong leutak, bak atanapi akurium salila kira-kira tilu minggu, burayak koi dimimitian prosés misahkeun sarta seléksi munggaran, burayak nu ukuranna gedé dipisahkeun jeung nu ukuranana leutik.{{fact}} Ieu maksudna supaya burayak nu ukuran leutik teu éléh saingan parebut dahareun. ku sabab kualitas koi alus sok aya anu tumuwuh gancang pisan.{{fact}} Koi ukuran jumbo biasana leuwih agrésif dina ngahakan dahareun.{{fact}} Kalayan ukuran burayak koi nu saimbang dina sabalong, tiap burayak diperkirakeun tumuwuh optimal.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} Sanggeus koi ukuranna badag tur gampang niténan kelir jeung polana, dimimitian rupa-rupa pinilih nyéta milihan kelir, wangun, sarta pola kelir. {{fact}}Burayak nu ukuranna tina 2 nepi ka 5&nbsp;cm dilakukeun seléksi kelir.{{fact}} Buraya koi nu diprédiksi boga kelir alus baris dipilih sedengkeun burayak nu kelirna kurang alus baris disortir.{{fact}} Hasil pinilih ieu ditumpurkeun minangka bahan parab lauk séjénna atawa tatanén atawa dipiara minangka lauk dahareun.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} Dina umur 45 poé burayak koi ngahontal ukuran tina 7–8&nbsp;cm dilakukeun seléksi pola kelir.{{fact}} Dina umur ieu pola kelir téh gampang pikeun nempo tur dipilih.{{fact}} Dina umur 70 poé ka 90 poé burayak koi geus ngahontal kira-kira 10&nbsp;cm, kelir jeung pola beuki jelas yén prosés milihan jadi leuwih gampang.{{fact}} Dina mangsa ieu koi bisa digolongkeun kana kategori kelas A, kelas B jeung saterusna.{{fact}} Burayak koi kalawan kualitas poténsi pikeun jadi super diparaban husus nu kualitasna luhur dikombinasikeun jeung parab pikeun ngaronjatkeun kelir.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} Tina rébuan burayak nu megar ti endog koi nu alus ngan ukur sababaraha puluh baé anu baris boga poténsi pikeun jadi kelas super, nepi ka harga kualitas koi super mahal pisan.[http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529004936/http://centralkoi.com/koi-care/memijahkan-dan-melakukan-seleksi-koi.html |date=2017-05-29 }} ==Di alam liar== [[File:Koi Feeding in Mt Qingxiu Nanning Close.JPG|right|thumb|Rupa-rupa kelir koi keur diparaban di balong di pagunungan Qingxiu, [[Nanning, China]]]] Koi teu dihaja atawa dihaja leupas ka alam liar di satiap banua kacuali [[Antarctica|Antartika]].{{fact}} Maranéhna baris gancang balik deui kana kelr alami [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] dina sababaraha generasi.{{fact}} Di sababaraha daérahah, maranéhna dianggap sabagé ''[[invasive species]]'' sarta [[Pest (organism)|''pests'']]. Di nagara bagén Queensland di Australia, maranéhanna dianggap lauk nu bahaya.<ref>[http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/pest-fish/noxious-fish/carp "Carp"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328082433/https://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/pest-fish/noxious-fish/carp |date=2015-03-28 }}. ''daff.qld.gov.au''.</ref> Koi pohara ngingetkeun [[turbidity|''turbidity'']] cai sabab maranéhna tuluy ngaduk-ngaduk ''substrat''.{{fact}} Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun saluran saluran cai teu ngalir, ngurangan tutuwuhan cai, sarta bisa ngabalukarkeun cai teu cocog pikeun ngojay atawa nginum.{{fact}} Di sababaraha nagara, koi geus ngabalukarkeun jadi loba ruksakna jalan cai nu ngaluarkeun dui badag sarta usaha geus dicobaan pikeun ngabasmi maranéhna, sabagéan gedé teu hasil.<ref>[http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.asp?speciesID=4 "Common Carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') – FactSheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510183452/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=4 |date=2009-05-10 }}. ''usgs.gov''.</ref> ==Référénsi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bacaeun salajengna== * {{Cite book | author = George C. Blasiola | title = Koi: everything about selection, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, pond design and maintenance, and popular aquatic plants | location= [[Hauppauge, New York]] | publisher=[[Barron's Educational Series]] | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-8120-3568-2}} * {{Cite book | author = David Twigg | title = How to Keep Koi | location= New York | publisher=[[Howell Book House]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7645-6242-8}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/100 Feature article on treating sick fish, especially koi, "Surgery to Scale," ''Cosmos Magazine''] * [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/fishatlas/species/koi_carp Koi in the NIWA Atlas] {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Lauk Hias]] [[Kategori:Fish of Japan]] [[Kategori:Articles containing video clips]] [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Lauk darat]] o5j3jnrc4wtodw5j5xer3ccnxix7ysk 0 53371 710581 708807 2026-06-19T09:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Kohaku (Nishikigoi) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:kohaku.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Kohaku, salah sahiji variétas koi anu paling populér kalayan pola warna bodas sarta beureum.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Status | [[Doméstikasi]] (DOM) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Actinopterygii]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Cypriniformes]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Cyprinidae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Cyprinus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''C. carpio''''' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Subspecies | '''''C. c. carpio''''' |} '''Kohaku''' ({{Nihongo|[[:ja:紅白 (ニシキゴイ)|紅白]]|kōhaku|"beureum jeung bodas"}}) nyaéta variétas [[Lauk koi]] nu mibanda ornamén éndah.<ref name="KoiWiki">World Koi Club. ''Kohaku Variety Guide''. https://www.worldkoiclub.com/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kohaku mibanda awak bodas (''shiro''), kalayan pola beureum (''aka''), atawa ''hi''<nowiki/>', meuntas awakna. ''Kohaku'' nyaéta sahsahiji gosanke; ‘Tilu nu Utama’, nyaéta ''Kohaku'', ''Sanke'', jeung ''Showa''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/ | title=Guide to Kohaku Koi Variety | accessdate=10 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141821/http://www.mitchkoi.co.uk/koikeepingtips/koi-varieties/ |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> == [[Sajarah sarta Garis Katurunan]] == Kohaku dipecaya mangrupa salah sahiji variétas hias [[Lauk Emas|lauk emas]] (koi) nu mimiti dimekarkeun.<ref name="RayJordan"/> Variétas ditetepkeun taun 1888, nalika saurang patani nu namina [[Kunizo Hiroi]] ngawinkeun lauk bikang hulu-beureum jeung salah sahiji lauk jalu anjeuna, nu polana siga kembang sakura, Sahingga nyiptakeun garis katurunan ''Gosuke''.<ref name="RayJordan">Jordan, Ray. ''Koi History''. MPKS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml Diarsipkeun] tina aslina ping 2009-07-23.</ref> Sanajan garis katurunan ''Gosuke'' ayeuna tumpur ti sakabéh garis katurunan Kohaku nu dipikawanoh (''Tomoin, Sensuke, Yagozen, Manzo'').<ref>http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml |date=2009-07-23 }} Ray Jordan Koi History</ref> Poé ieu, Tomoin jeung Yagozen nyaéta dua garis katurunan Kohaku nu nyésa di Jepang.<ref>http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628103301/http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm |date=2003-06-28 }} Koiman UK</ref> Kohaku tetep jadi salah sahiji katurunan nu paling kasohor di Jepang.<ref name="KoiUK">Koiman UK. ''Ogawa Kohaku History''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030628103301/http://www.koi-uk.co.uk/koiman/ogawa_kohaku.htm Diarsipkeun] tina aslina ping 2003-06-28.</ref> Pola beureum caang terang katelah minangka {{Nihongo|''hi''|緋}}.<ref name="KoiWiki"/> Dugi ka poé ieu, Kohaku tetep janten salah sahiji variétas anu paling kasohor sarta janten standar kualitas pikeun para pangresep koi di sakuliah dunya. Pola warna beureum caang dina awakna sacara husus disebut ku istilah {{Nihongo|'''''hi'''''|緋}}.<ref name="KoiWiki"/> == [[Tipeu Pola Hi]] == Dina Kohaku, pola ''hi'' (beureum) dibagi kana sababaraha jinis dumasar kana bentukna: * '''[[Inazuma]]''': Pola beureum anu ngabentuk garis zig-zag saperti kilat. * '''[[N段]] (N-Dan)''': Pola beureum anu kabagi janten sababaraha bagian (pulo), contona ''Nidan'' (dua pulo), ''Sandan'' (tilu pulo), sarta saterusna. * '''[[Maruten]]''': Pola beureum anu miboga bintik bunder (tancho) dina huluna, nanging miboga pola sanés dina awakna. ==Ciri-ciri== Dina dunya kontés koi, hiji Kohaku dianggap miboga kualitas anu hadé upami nyumponan sarat-sarat ieu di handap:<ref>Tamadachi. p. 194</ref> # ''Hi'' (pola beureum) warna ''hi'' kedah caang, rata (solid), sarta miboga kandel anu sarua dina sakabéh awak. Teu kénging aya sisit bodas anu nyelap di tengah-tengah pola ''hi'' (ieu dianggap cacad sarius). # '''[[Saimbang]]''': Pola beureum kedah katingal saimbang (balance) nalika ditingal ti luhur, sanajan henteu kedah simétris pisan. # '''[[Kiwagi]] sarta [[Sashi]]''': Sisi-sisi atawa wates antara warna beureum sarta bodas kedah jelas sarta seukeut (teges). Wates pola di bagian buntut (''kiwa'') biasana langkung seukeut dibandingkeun wates pola di bagian anu caket kana hulu (''sashi''), nanging tetep kedah rapih dumasar standar. # '''[[Wates Pola]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngalébar dugi ka ngaliwatan panon sarta henteu kénging aya dina cécépét (sirip). Nanging, aturan ieu henteu dilarapkeun sacara kaku pisan pikeun lauk hiasan di balong biasa. # '''[[Gurat Lateral]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngaliwatan gurat lateral (gurat sisi). Ieu dumasar kana pakem yén koi utamana dinikmati kaéndahanana nalika ditingal ti luhur balong. # '''[[Bagian Hulu (Sirah)]]''': Wajib aya pola ''hi'' dina bagian hulu lauk. Lauk anu teu miboga pola beureum dina huluna disebut {{Nihongo|'''[[Bozu]]'''|坊主|bōzu}} (hartosna sirah dugul biarawan), sarta ieu dianggap hiji kakurangan anu cukup badag dina kontés. # '''[[Bagian Buntut]]''': Pola ''hi'' idéalna henteu ngalébar dugi ka liang irung sarta henteu meunang némpél kana tungtung sirip buntut (kedah aya sela bodas sateuacan buntut). == [[Tetekon sarta Istilah dina Kohaku]] == Aturan ieu mangrupa tetekon (standar) anu dianggo dina paméran koi di [[Jepang]]. Nanging, upami lauk mung saukur dipiara pikeun papaés di bumi atanapi sato ingon-ingon, tetekon ieu henteu kedah diturut sacara kaku.<ref name="Tamadachi">Tamadachi, Michio. (1990). ''The Cult of the Koi''. T.F.H. Publications. p. 195.</ref> Aya sajumlah istilah anu biasa dipaké ku para ahli pikeun ngajéntrékeun tanda atawa pola dina Kohaku: * {{Nihongo|'''Akamuji'''|赤無字}}: Lauk anu warnana beureum polos tanpa aya warna bodas. Di Jepang, ieu saméméhna dianggap "produk gagal" dina budidaya Kohaku sarta mindeng dipiceun. Nanging, saprak taun 1990-an, popularitasna mimiti naék.<ref name="KoiHistory">Jordan, Ray. ''Koi History''. MPKS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723111345/http://www.mpks.org/articles/RayJordan/KoiHistory4.shtml Diarsipkeun] 2009.</ref> Dina paméran, Akamuji asup kana kategori '''Kawarimono''', disebut ogé {{Nihongo|'''Benigoi'''|紅鯉}} atanapi {{Nihongo|'''Hiaka''|緋赤}}. Upami aya bercak bodas dina tungtung cécépétna (sirip), disebutna {{Nihongo|'''Aka Hajiro'''|赤羽白}}.<ref name="Tamadachi"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Shiromuji'''|白無字}}: Lauk anu warnana bodas polos tanpa aya corak beureum. Variétas ieu henteu dihargaan di Jepang. Nanging, lauk bodas polos anu miboga sisit métalik (mencrang) disebutna {{Nihongo|'''Platinum koi'''|プラチナ鯉|Purachina-goi}} sarta kacida populérna.<ref name="KoiUK"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Komoyō'''|小模様}}: Pola beureum anu ukuranna leutik (kirang ti saparapat panjang awak lauk). Lauk kalayan pola kieu kirang diajénan.<ref name="Tamadachi"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Ōmoyō'''|大模様}}: Pola beureum anu badag, sahenteuna saparapat panjang awak lauk. Pola ieu anu dipiharep, margi nalika lauk beuki déwasa, pola ieu bakal misah janten corak anu éndah pisan.<ref name="KoiIdentification">Koi Organisation International. ''Identifying Kohaku Patterns''. https://koiorganisationinternational.org/</ref> * {{Nihongo|'''Dangara'''|段柄}}: Pola beureum anu kapisah sacara rapih, nyarupaan batu tétécéan dina taman. Ieu kacida diajénanana dina pasanggiri: ** '''[[Inazuma]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Inazuma'''|稲妻}}): Pola zig-zag saperti kilat. Nami ieu kawéntar saprak paméran ''All Nippon Show'' taun 1970.<ref name="Tamadachi">Tamadachi. p. 203.</ref> ** '''[[Nidan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Nidan'''|二段}}): Pola anu miboga dua belang (pulo) beureum. ** '''[[Sandan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Sandan'''|三段}}): Pola anu miboga tilu belang beureum. ** '''[[Yondan]]''' ({{Nihongo|'''Yondan'''|四段}}): Pola anu miboga opat belang beureum. Kohaku anu miboga leuwih ti opat pola bakal asup kana kategori ''Komoyo'' sarta ajénna nurun.<ref name="KoiIdentification"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Odome'''|尾止め}}: Jarak warna bodas (shiroji) antara tungtung pola beureum sateuacan lebet kana buntut. Ukuranna idéalna sakitar 2 cm.<ref name="Tamadachi"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Zubonhaki'''|ズボン履き}}: Istilah pikeun pola beureum anu "mungkus" bagian buntut (hartosna: "maké calana panjang"). Ieu teu dipikaresep. Sabalikna, upami teu aya warna beureum pisan di deukeut buntut, disebutna '''Bongiri''' ("maké kaméja tanpa calana").<ref name="KoiHistory"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Makibara'''|卷腹}}: Warna beureum anu ngabulen dugi ka bagian beuteung lauk.<ref name="Tamadachi"/> * {{Nihongo|'''Kuchibeni'''|口紅}}: Hartosna "lipstik", nujul kana warna beureum anu aya dina bagian biwir lauk. Di Jepang, ieu ilaharna dianggap hiji kakurangan atanapi kasalahan dina kontés.<ref name="KoiIdentification"/> ==Référénsi== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kohaku (Koi)}} [[Kategori:Lauk hias]] [[Kategori:Koi]] [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Lauk darat]] [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Lauk Jepang]] djljba9zcxdabub3lrqcfgk3g4vfl2o 0 62846 710556 708433 2026-06-19T03:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorcycle rider | name = Dani Pedrosa | image= Dani Pedrosa 2011 Brno 1.jpg | caption = Pedrosa keur di [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Republik Czech 2011]] | nationality = {{flagicon|ESP}} Spanyol | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|09|29}} | birth_place = [[Sabadell]], Spanyol | Current team = [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | Bike number = 26 | website = [http://www.danipedrosa.com danipedrosa.com] | MotoGP Last season = 2016 | MotoGP Last position = 6th (155 pts) | MotoGP Active years = {{MGP|2006}}–kiwari | MotoGP Championships = 0 | MotoGP Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | MotoGP Race Starts = 186 | MotoGP Race Wins = 30 | MotoGP Podiums = 106 | MotoGP Poles = 29 | MotoGP Fastest laps = 43 | MotoGP Total Points = 2711 | 250 Active years = {{MGP|2004}}–{{MGP|2005}} | 250 Championships = 2 ({{MGP|2004}}, {{MGP|2005}}) | 250 Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | 250 Race Starts = 32 | 250 Race Wins = 15 | 250 Podiums = 24 | 250 Poles = 9 | 250 Fastest laps = 15 | 250 Total Points = 626 | 125 Active years = {{MGP|2001}}–{{MGP|2003}} | 125 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2003}}) | 125 Manufacturers = [[Honda]] | 125 Race Starts = 46 | 125 Race Wins = 8 | 125 Podiums = 17 | 125 Poles = 9 | 125 Fastest laps = 5 | 125 Total Points = 566 }} '''Daniel "Dani" Pedrosa Ramal''' (lahir 29 [[Séptémber]] 1985) nyaéta purah balab motor [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] urang [[Spanyol|Spayol]].<ref>{{ cite news| url =http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2082207/bio | title = Dani Pedrosa Biography | work=imdb.com | publisher=imdb.com | accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Pedrosa tumuwuh di hiji désa deukeut [[Sabadell]] nu disebut [[Castellar del Vallés]].<ref name = themoviedb/> Manéhna panggorana juara dunya balap motor [[List of 250cc/Moto2 Motorcycle World Champions|Grands Prix 250cc]].<ref name = themoviedb/> Pedrosa jangkungna {{convert|1.58|m|ftin|abbr=on}} sarta beurat {{convert|51|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name = themoviedb>{{ cite news| url =https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1087178-dani-pedrosa| title = Dani Pedrosa | work=themoviedb.org | publisher=themoviedb.org | accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Sanajan can kungsi juara dunya [[MotoGP]], Pedrosa geus dua belas kali meunang balapan noron dina usum ([[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2006]]–[[2017 MotoGP season|2017]]).<ref name = HRC/> Manéhna ogé geus nganggeuskeun kajuaraan sabagé ''runner-up'' dina tilu usum ({{MGP|2007}}, {{MGP|2010}} jeung {{MGP|2012}}).<ref name = HRC>{{cite news | url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/dani-pedrosa/ | title=Dani Pedrosa | work=hondaracingcorporation.com | publisher=hondaracingcorporation.com | accessdate=26 Méi 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Karir== Dicokot pikeun pindah ka Kajuaraan Dunya sanggeus pinunjul di [[Piala Activado Movistar]] taun 1999, nyaéta salah sahiji seri pikeun ngamekarkeur bakat pamuda di [[Spanyol]], Pedrosa pindah ka panggung dunya dina taun 2001.<ref name="DPCrash">{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/racer_bio/91/dani-pedrosa.html|title=Dani Pedrosa|work=crash.net|publisher=crash.net|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Manéhna meunang dua kali dina taun 2002, terus lima kali meunang di Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc taun 2003.<ref name = DPCrash /> ===125cc=== Pedrosa nyanghareupan taun katiluna di Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc kalayan katenangan jeung tekad, sakaligus tujuan ngahontal gelar juara.<ref name = HRC/> Salila usum ieu, manéhna mintonkeun saurang purah balap véteran —lain purah balap umur 18 taun—sarta manéhna meunang réputasi minangka salah sahiji pamuda purah balap ngora nu paling calakan dina olah raga balap motor.<ref name = HRC/> Manéhna jadi juara dunya 125cc di Malaysia, kalayan sésa balapan GP dua kali deui, sanggeus ngumpulkeun lima kameunangan sarta genep podium.<ref name = HRC/> Ngan saminggu ti harita, nasib sial tumiba,  manéhna garandapan kacilakaan parna mangsa sési latihan di GP Australia, nu ngabalukarkeun pigeulang sukuna potong duanana.<ref name = HRC/> ===250cc=== Dina taun 2004, sanggeus cageur ditangtayungan ku méntor sarta [[Alberto Puig]], purah balap kasebut mutuskeun pikeun pindah ka kelas 250cc. Ti mimiti, Dani nganggap minangka usum diajar sarta adaptasi kalayan kelas, henteu ambisi pikeun ngahontal gelar juara.<ref name = HRC/> Dani ngasaan meunang balapan mimiti di Afrika Kidul sanggeus ngadu jajatén jeung [[Randy De Puniet]], sarta ngarebut kajuaraan sanggeus Grand Prix Brasil, sarta bisa nahan nepi ka ahir usum.<ref name = HRC/> Di Australia, Pedrosa jadi juara dunya 250cc pangorana sapanjang sajarah.<ref name = HRC/> Hiji-hiji balapan di mana manéhna teu meunang podium nyaéta di Jerez (labuh keur hujan badag), Estoril jeung Phillip Island (anggeus di posisi kaopat).<ref name = HRC/> Kalayan leuwih loba pangalaman jeung kadéwasaan, Dani nyanghareupan usum kadua 250cc nu beurat.<ref name = HRC/> Pasaingan nu kudu disanghareupan, kondisi cuaca nu butut di awal usum sarta tatu tak-tak nu dirandapaan mangsa latihan di GP [[Jepang]] taun 2005 robah jadi taun nu werit pikeun purah balap [[Repsol Honda|Repsol]], tapi antukna, kaunggulan peunteun 51 geus cukup pikeun ngahontal mahkota GP katilukalina di GP Australia di Phillip Island.<ref name = HRC/> ===MotoGP=== [[File:Dani Pedrosa.JPG|thumb|Pedrosa [[Repsol YPF|Repsol]] [[Honda RC211V]] di [[2006 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia 2006]]]] ====2006==== Dina panampilan kaopatna di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]], tanggal 14 [[Méi]] 2006 balapan di [[Grand Prix China]], manéhna mimiti meunang balapan. <ref>{{cite news|title=2006 MotoGP Shanghai Results|work=motorcycle-usa.com|publisher=motorcycle-usa.com|date=2006-05-15|url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2006/05/article/2006-motogp-shanghai-results/|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kameunangan ieu jadi pameunang pangorana (sarua jeung [[Norick Abe]]) di kelas utama, di tukangeun [[Freddie Spencer]].<ref name="motoGP.com"/>{{cite news | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa | title=Dani Pedrosa | publisher=motogp.com | accessdate=29 Méi 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624100029/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa |date=2010-06-24 }}</ref> Manéhna meunang balapan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] kaduakalina di [[2006 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Donington Park]] sarta jadi calon kuat pikeun Juara [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref name="motoGP.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2006/GBR/MotoGP | title=Results Statistics 2006 GBR | publisher=motogp.com | accessdate=29 Méi 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614174922/http://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/2006/GBR/MotoGP |date=2017-06-14 }}</ref> ====2007==== [[File:DaniPedrosa.jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa mangsa keur mecak pre-season usum {{MGP|2007}}]] Pedrosa terus balapan kalayan Honda di tahun {{MGP|2007}} maké [[Honda RC212V]] 800 cc nu anyar.<ref name = RC212V/> Mesin mibanda masalah, sarta Pedrosa kasiap ku [[Olivier Jacque]] jeung [[Randy de Puniet]], tapi manémhna nganggeuskeun usum ieu di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] sarta di hareupeun [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref name = RC212V>{{cite news |last = Lostia|first = Michele|title = Honda admit mistakes with 800cc bike|publisher = Autosport.com|date = 10 Méi 2007|url = http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/58659|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|last2 = Freeman|first2 = Glenn}}</ref> Manéhna néken kontrak 2 tahun [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun taun 2008 jeung 2009.<ref>{{ cite news |last=Moody |first=Toby | url =http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/62588 | title = Pedrosa confirmed until 2009 | date = 21 Séptémber 2007 | work=Autosport}}</ref> ====2008==== Dina taun {{MGP|2008}}, masalah Pedrosa kalayan [[Honda RC212V|RC212V]] terus lumangsung nalikan manéhna ngalaman tatu dina pra usum sarta gagal dina pangujian pamekaran, tapi ngamimitian usum kalayan hadé kalayan ngahontal podium di babak mimiti.<ref>{{cite news|last = Noyes|first = Dennis|title = Looking Back on Jerez|publisher = SpeedTV.com|date = 1 April 2008|url = http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063629/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/|archive-date = 12 Méi 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512063629/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-looking-back-on-jerez/ |date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> Performa [[Michelin]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] nyirorot butut, antukna Pedrosa pindah ka [[Bridgestone]] di babak [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]].<ref>{{cite news|last = Noyes|first = Dennis|title = Michelin’s Last Stand (Part I)|publisher = SpeedTV.com|date = 26 Agustus 2008|url = http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/|accessdate = 27 Méi 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829211201/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/|archive-date = 29 Agustus 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829211201/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-michelins-last-stand-part-i//P3/ |date=2008-08-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa switches to Bridgestone |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 Agustus 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/7590833.stm |accessdate=27 Méi 2009}}</ref> ====2009==== Pedrosa di posisi ka 11 di babak mimiti, tapi kaséhatanna cageur di babak saterusna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pedrosa top scorer since Motegi |publisher=Crash.net |date=27 Méi 2009 |url=http://www.crash.net/MotoGP/News/147469/1/pedrosa_top_scorer_since_motegi.html |accessdate=27 Méi 2009}}</ref> Di babak kalima Pedrosa kacilakaan keur latihan sarta labuh mangsa balapan, nu ngalantarakeun kacék 33 peunteun di tukangeun pamingpin kajuaraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scans confirm Pedrosa hip injury |publisher=Crash.net |date=1 Juni 2009 |url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/147772/1/scans_confirm_pedrosa_hip_injury.html |accessdate=1 Juni 2009}}</ref> ====2010==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|Pedrosadi [[Dutch TT 2010]]]] Pikeun taun 2010, Pedrosa balik deui maké nomer 26 -nomer nu dipaké mangsa mimiti balap di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] - ti nomer 2 dina taun 2008 sarta nomer 3 dina taun 2009. Pedrosa mutuskeun ieu pikeun nyumponan panggemarna nu ngusulkeun maké nomer 26.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dani Pedrosa (Honda) lucirá el '26' "para llegar a lo más alto"|language=Spanish|work=Europapress|publisher=Agencia Europa Press|date=13 March 2010|url=http://www.europapress.es/deportes/motociclismo-00311/noticia-motociclismo-dani-pedrosa-honda-lucira-26-llegar-mas-alto-20100313195712.html|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> ====2011==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2011 Estoril 2.jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Portugis]], di mana manéhna meunang mimiti dina usum ieu]] Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] kalayan ditambahan jadi tilu dina taun 2011, babarengan jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso]] sarta [[Casey Stoner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2010/Agustus/aug2010-pedrosa-close-to-new-honda-deal/|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|first=Matthew|last=Birt|title=Dani Pedrosa close to new Honda deal|date=20 Agustus 2010|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|quote=Pedrosa will partner Aussie Casey Stoner on a factory Honda RC212V machine next season for his sixth season with the Japanese factory.}}</ref> Pedrosa naék podium dina pambukaan tilu balapan usum ieu, nu puncakna dina kameunangan di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Portugal]] bulan Méi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race+report/168832/1/pedrosa_picks_his_moment_for_estoril_win.html|title=Pedrosa picks his moment for Estoril win|date=1 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref> Dina lap ka18 balapan di [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|France]], Pedrosa kalibet dina hiji insidén jeung [[Marco Simoncelli]] [[Gresini Racing]] mangsa tarung marebutkeun posisi kadua; [[Simoncelli]] nyiap Pedrosa di gurat luar asup ka ''Chemin aux Boeufs'', tapi motong di hareupeun Pedrosa sarta balukarna, Pedrosa ngagodér gilinding tukang Simoncelli nu antukna labuh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Casey-Stoner-wins-French-MotoGP-at-Le-Mans-while-Dani-Pedrosa-suffers-injury-021243016180640|first=Peter|last=Clifford|title=Superb Stoner wins in Le Mans|date=15 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[Red Bull]]|publisher=Red Bull GmbH}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029192208/https://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Casey-Stoner-wins-French-MotoGP-at-Le-Mans-while-Dani-Pedrosa-suffers-injury-021243016180640 |date=2020-10-29 }}</ref> Simoncelli dihukum penalti motong jalan, sedengkeun Pedrosa potong tulang salangka,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/15052011/66/pedrosa-furious-unfair-incident.html|title=Pedrosa furious over 'unfair' incident|date=15 Méi 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[Yahoo!]] [[Eurosport]]|publisher=[[TF1 Group]]}}</ref> Pedrosa ngahontal kameunangan kaduana usum ieu di [[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], sanggeus ngamangpaatkeun kasalahan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] kalayan sésa salapan ''lap'' dina balapan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/14177052.stm|first=Tom|last=Rostance|title=Dani Pedrosa seals Sachsenring victory|date=17 Juli 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Pedrosa di posisi katilu di [[Laguna Seca]], nu saacanna posisi pole mimiti usum ieu di [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Céko]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/13/dani-pedrosa-pole-motogp-brno|title=Dani Pedrosa secures maiden pole of 2011 for Czech MotoGP at Brno|date=13 Agustus 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|agency=[[Press Association]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Jepang]], di mana paluang gelar di taun 2010 geus euweuh; sarta kacék hiji peunteun ti batur satimna [[Andrea Dovizioso]] pikeun posisi katilu di kajuaraan kasebut .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/15140998.stm|first=Tom|last=Rostance|title=Dani Pedrosa claims dramatic MotoGP win in Japan|date=2 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] anggeus di hareupeun Pedrosa di [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Australia]] jeung [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], sedengkeun di [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] posisi ''pole'' Pedrosa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2011/Oktober/oct2211-sepang-pedrosa-storms-to-pole/|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|first=Liam|last=Marsden|title=Pedrosa storms to pole|date=22 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011}}</ref> dibolaykeun lantaran [[Simoncelli]] maot dina balapan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motogp/15420069.stm |title=Marco Simoncelli dies after MotoGP crash in Sepang|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=23 Oktober 2011|accessdate=25 Désémber 2011}}</ref> ====2012==== Pedrosa tetep di [[Repsol Honda]] dina usum 2012, babarengan deui jeung [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/171962/1/dovizioso_denied_1000cc_honda_test.html|title=Dovizioso denied 1000cc Honda test|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=9 Agustus 2011|accessdate=8 Juli 2012|quote=During its official preview for this weekend's Czech Republic Grand Prix, Honda stated that Pedrosa and Stoner&nbsp;– who already have a contract in place for 2012&nbsp;– will be the only riders on the new bike at Brno.}}</ref> Manéhna meunang balapan usum kahijina di [[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], meunang di [[Sachsenring]] pikeun taun katilu kali noron.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18759889|title=Dani Pedrosa wins as Casey Stoner crashes out|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 Juli 2012|accessdate=8 Juli 2012|first=Tom|last=Rostance}}</ref> Di [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Italia]], geus dibéwarakeun yén Pedrosa geus néken kontrak dua tahun jeung tim [[Repsol Honda]] taun {{MGP|2013}} ka hareup, sarta baris babarengan jeung [[Marc Márquez]] juara Moto2 .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda|title=Dani Pedrosa and Marc Márquez to race together in Repsol Honda Team|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=15 Juli 2012|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201257/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda |date=2014-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18809540|title=Marc Marquez to join Dani Pedrosa at Repsol Honda|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=15 Juli 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Di [[Grand Prix Aragon]], Pedrosa nyumponan syarat kadua tapi butuh kameunangan, sanggeus nyiap [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di ''lap'' tujuh; Hasilna ngamungkinkeun Pedrosa pikeun nutup kajuaraan pikeun 33 peunteun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/19777078|title=Dani Pedrosa storms to win from Jorge Lorenzo in Aragon|first=Tom|last=Rostance|date=30 Séptémber 2012|accessdate=5 Oktober 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/sep/30/dani-pedrosa-aragon-grand-prix|title=Dani Pedrosa closes gap on Jorge Lorenzo with win in Aragon Grand Prix|date=30 Séptémber 2012|accessdate=5 Oktober 2012|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian Media Group|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ====2013==== [[File:Dani pedrosa.JPG|thumb|Pedrosa di [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan 2013]]]] Pedrosa tetep di [[Repsol Honda]] usum {{MGP|2013}}, babarengan jeung [[Marc Márquez]], manéhna meunang balapan di [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/190780/1/motogp-jerez-pedrosa-wins-marquez-bumps-lorenzo.html|title= Pedrosa pulls clear for home Spanish glory|date=2013-05-05|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> [[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|France]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/191381/1/le-mans-pedrosa-wins-wet-and-wild-french-motogp.html|title=Pedrosa wins wet and wild French MotoGP|date=2013-05-19|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> sarta [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] tapi tinggaleun di [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Jérman]], lantaran tatu.<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/193503/1/dani-pedrosa-withdraws-from-german-motogp.html|title=German MotoGP: Dani Pedrosa withdraws from German MotoGP|date=2013-07-14|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> Manéhna gagal ogé di [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]] sanggeus pagodér jeung [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/196377/1/pics-pedrosa-highside-after-marquez-contact-sensor-failure.html|title=PICS: Pedrosa highside after Marquez contact, sensor failure|date=2013-09-30|accessdate= 21 Juli 2015}}</ref> ====2014==== [[File:Dani Pedrosa Cool Down (13897572994).jpg|thumb|left|Pedrosa di [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Grand Prix Amérika 2014]]]] Kameunangan mimiti usum ieu di [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Republik Céko]], ngureunkeun kameunangan [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] nu noron 10 kali saprak awal usum .<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207742/1/special-feeling-to-beat-marquez-says-pedrosa.html|title=MotoGP Brno: 'Special feeling' to beat Marquez, says Pedrosa|date=2014-08-17|accessdate=21 Juli 2015}}</ref> ====2015==== Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun usum {{MGP|2015}}, sarta anggeus di posisi kagenep balapan bubuka di [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/217082/1/motogp-qatar-race-results.html|title= motoGP Qatar race results|date=29 Maret 2015|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}</ref> Saterusna, teu milu balap di [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argéntina]] jeung [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218160/1/dani-pedrosa-delays-motogp-return.html|title=Dani Pedrosa delays MotoGP return|date=28 April 2015|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> sabab milih pikeun ngubaran (operasi) leungeunna nu tatu .<ref name="Aoyama">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/04/02/aoyama-to-replace-pedrosa-for-austin-argentina/173122|title=Aoyama to replace Pedrosa for Austin & Argentina|date=2 April 2015|accessdate=13 April 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Pedrosa meunang podium mimiti di [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/220052/1/better-and-better-pedrosa-vindicated-by-podium.html|title= MotoGP Catalunya: 'Better and better' Pedrosa vindicated by podium|date=14 Juni 2015|accessdate=14 Juni 2015}}</ref> Pedrosa ngahontal kameunangan munggaran di usum ieu &nbsp;– nu kalima puluh karirna, jadi purah balap kadalapan&nbsp;– dina kondisi garing di [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/11/peerless-pedrosa-takes-his-50th-gp-victory-at-motegi/186727|title=Peerless Pedrosa takes his 50th GP victory at Motegi|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=11 Oktober 2015|accessdate=11 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Pedrosa nambah kameunangan kadua di [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/25/pedrosa-wins-as-lorenzo-cuts-rossi-s-lead-to-7-points/188359|title=Pedrosa wins as Lorenzo cuts Rossi's lead to 7 points|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 Oktober 2015|accessdate=25 Oktober 2015}}</ref> ====2016==== Pedrosa tetep di tim [[Repsol Honda]] pikeun usum {{MGP|2016}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2014/Juli/jul0914-pedrosa-honda/|title=Pedrosa to remain with Repsol Honda until 2016|3=workmotorcyclenews.com|publisher=motorcyclenews.com|date=09 Juli 2014|accessdate=29 Méi 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanajan hiji usum nu werit, manéhna bajoang maké gilinding [[Michelin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/09/14/pedrosa-the-8th-wonder-of-the-world-championship/210930|title=Pedrosa - the 8th wonder of the world|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Sep 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> sarta motor [[Honda RC213V|RC213V]], manéhna mampuh ngahontal kameunangan di satiap balapan sarta mampuh pikeun meunang balapan sahenteuna hiji balapan di masing-masing sabelas usum (2006-2016) yén manéhna geus kompetisi di kelas utama.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sportrider.com/motogp-crutchlow-dont-let-my-victory-fool-you|title=MotoGP: Crutchlow – Don’t let my victory fool you|work=SportRider|date=29 Agustus 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104123414/http://www.sportrider.com/motogp-crutchlow-dont-let-my-victory-fool-you |date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Pedrosa ngamimitian usum 2016 kalayan anggeus di pisisi kalima di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], sarta nempatan posisi lima badag purah balap ti tujuh rintakan balap di luar [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]] (tabrakan jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso]] nu ngalantarankeun teu anggeus balap).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/123705|title=Pedrosa apologises to Dovizioso for Austin MotoGP mistake|work=Autosport|date=10 Apr 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> Hiji kacilakaan parna mangsa latihan bébas ka 2 di [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] cukang lantaran eureunna Pedrosa, kalayan tulang salangka katuhu jeung tulang suku katuhu rengat,<ref name=surgery2016a>{{cite news|title=Pedrosa undergoes successful surgery in Barcelona|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=16 Oktober 2016 | url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/10/15/pedrosa-undergoes-successful-surgery-in-barcelona/212900|accessdate=18 Oktober 2016}}</ref> sarta suku kénca<ref name=surgery2016b>{{cite news|title=Itching to get back to competing|work=Dani Pedrosa's Blog|publisher=Box Repsol|date=26 Oktober 2016|url=http://blogs.repsol.com/competition/dani_pedrosa/itching-to-get-back-to-competing/|accessdate=26 Oktober 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027125057/http://blogs.repsol.com/competition/dani_pedrosa/itching-to-get-back-to-competing/ |date=2016-10-27 }}</ref> nu ngabalukarkeun manéhna teu milu tilu balapan mangsa operasi badag ka 14 nambaan tatuna .<ref name=surgery2016c>{{cite news|title=Hayden to replace Pedrosa in Australia|work=Read Motorsport|publisher=Fresh Press Media|date=18 Oktober 2016|url=http://readmotorsport.com/2016/10/18/hayden-to-replace-pedrosa-in-australia/|accessdate=18 Oktober 2016}}</ref> Pedrosa dikontrak neruskeun balap pikeun tim [[Repsol Honda]] taun 2017 jung 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/05/16/hrc-renew-with-dani-pedrosa-until-end-of-2018/201021|title=HRC renew with Dani Pedrosa until end of 2018|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=16 Méi 2016|accessdate=17 Mar 2017}}</ref> ===Tatu=== Throughout his World Championship career Pedrosa has been plagued by injuries that has often prevented him from cléan séasons that would allow a shot at the title with a high injury per crash ratio compared to other top riders. * [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Itali 2009]] (MotoGP) Incomplete fracture of the gréater trochanter of the right femur. A fracture without displacement, an injury that requires absolute rest and tréatment with painkillers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Pedrosa es duda para Montmeló por su lesión|language = Spanish|publisher = As.com|date = 2 Juni 2009|url = http://www.as.com/motor/articulo/motociclismo-pedrosa-duda-montmelo-lesion/daimot/20090602dasdaimot_3/Tes|accessdate = 2 Juni 2009|last = Chércoles|first = Mela}}</ref> * 2009 Désémber (MotoGP) Underwent an operation to remove a screw from his left wrist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Repsol Honda return to action at Sepang|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=4 Pébruari 2010|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/repsol+honda+day2+at+sepang|accessdate=21 March 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915101535/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/repsol+honda+day2+at+sepang |date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> * [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jepang 2010]] (MotoGP) Four-fragment chip fracture of the left collarbone and a Grade 1 ankle sprain.<ref>{{cite news|title=Successful surgery for Dani Pedrosa|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=2 Oktober 2010|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Dani+Pedrosa+undergoes+surgery+in+Barcelona+after+Motegi+crash|accessdate=2 Oktober 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921112321/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Dani+Pedrosa+undergoes+surgery+in+Barcelona+after+Motegi+crash |date=2012-09-21 }}</ref> * [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Perancis 2011]] (MotoGP) Fractured right collarbone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Repsol Honda claim one-two, agony for Pedrosa|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=15 Méi 2011|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Repsol+Honda+riders+review+French+GP|accessdate=15 Méi 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926051839/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Repsol+Honda+riders+review+French+GP |date=2012-09-26 }}</ref> * [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jérman 2013]] (MotoGP) Small fracture of left collarbone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pedrosa not racing in German GP|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Juli 2013|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/pedrosa+unfit+for+sachsenring+race|accessdate=22 Juli 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018200242/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/pedrosa+unfit+for+sachsenring+race |date=2013-10-18 }}</ref> * [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Qatar 2015]] (MotoGP) Arm pump of right hand.<ref name="Aoyama"/> * [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Balap motor Grand Prix Jepang 2016]] (MotoGP) Fracture of right collarbone consisting of four fragments, requiring surgery (the 14th major surgery of his career <ref name=surgery2016c />). Subcapital fracture of the right fibula with no displacement, requiring only immobilization.<ref name=surgery2016a /> Fracture to the fourth metatarsal of the left foot.<ref name=surgery2016b /> ==Statistik karir== ===Balap kalayan usum=== {|class="wikitable" !Usum !Kelas !Motor !Tim !Nomer !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|''Pole'']] !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Posisi !Juara |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2001}} |rowspan=3| 125cc | [[Honda RS125]] |rowspan=5 | [[Honda Racing Corporation|Telefónica Movistar Honda]] | 26 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | Ka 8 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2002}} |rowspan=2| [[Honda RS125]] | 26 | 16 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 243 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2003}} | 26 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 223 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2004}} |rowspan=2| 250cc |rowspan=2| [[Honda RSW250]] | 26 | 16 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 317 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2005}} | 1 | 16 | 8 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 309 |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | 1 |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2006}} |rowspan=12| MotoGP | [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan=12 | [[Repsol Honda]] | 26 | 17 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 215 | Ka 5 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2007}} |rowspan=5| [[Honda RC212V]] | 26 | 18 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 242 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2008}} | 2 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 249 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2009}} | 3 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 234 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2010}} | 26 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 245 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2011}} | 26 | 14 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 219 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2012}} |rowspan=6| [[Honda RC213V]] | 26 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 9 | 332 |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2013}} | 26 | 17 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 300 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2014}} | 26 | 18 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 246 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2015}} | 26 | 15 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 206 | Ka 4 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2016}} | 26 | 15 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 155 | Ka 6 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! {{MGP|2017}} | 26 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 68* | Ka 2 |&nbsp;– |- align="center" ! Total | | | | | '''264''' | '''53''' | '''147''' | '''47''' | '''63''' | '''3903''' | | '''3''' |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Ususm keur lumangsung. ===Balap kalayan kelas=== {|class="wikitable" !Kelas !Usum !Ka 1 GP !Ka 1 Pod !Ka 1 Win !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|''Pole'']] !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Juara |- align="right" ! 125 cc | 2001–2003 | align="left" | [[2001 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Jepang 2001]] | align="left" | [[2001 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia 2001]] | align="left" | [[2002 Dutch TT|Walanda 2002]] | 46 | 8 | 17 | 9 | 5 | 566 | 1 |- align="right" ! 250 cc | 2004–2005 | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | align="left" | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|Afrika Kidul 2004]] | 32 | 15 | 24 | 9 | 15 | 626 | 2 |- align="right" ! MotoGP | 2006–Kiwari | align="left" | [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol 2006]] | align="left" | [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol 2006]] | align="left" | [[2006 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|China 2006]] | 186 | 30 | 106 | 29 | 43 | 2711 | 0 |- align="right" ! Total ! 2001–Kiwari | | | | '''264''' | '''53''' | '''147''' | '''47''' | '''63''' | '''3903''' | '''3''' |} ===Balap kalayan taun === ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (Balap nu ditulis '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole''; balap nu ditulis ''déngdék'' nandakeun ''lap'' panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Taun ! Kelas ! Motor ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Posisi ! Peunteun |- !align="left"| [[2001 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2001]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>18</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]<br><small>13</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>17</small> |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2001 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>23</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2001 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>12</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>11</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2001 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2001 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2001 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2001 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> | | ! Ka 8 ! 100 |- !align="left"| [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2002 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2002 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2002 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2002 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2002 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2002 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2002 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2002 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2002 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2002 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]''<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2002 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''243''' |- !align="left"| [[2003 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2003]] !align="left"| 125 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2003 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2003 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2003 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2003 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2003 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2003 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''[[2003 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]'''''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2003 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]]'''<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2003 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>1</small> | [[2003 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2003 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''223''' |- !align="left"| [[2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2004]] !align="left"| 250 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|RSA]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2004 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2004 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2004 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Brazilian motorcycle Grand Prix|BRA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2004 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2004 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2004 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2004 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2004 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2004 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2004 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2004 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''317''' |- !align="left"| [[2005 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2005]] !align="left"| 250 cc !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2005 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2005 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2005 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2005 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2005 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2005 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2005 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2005 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2005 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2005 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2005 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2005 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2005 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2005 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2005 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2005 Valencian Community Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | | |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''309''' |- !align="left"| [[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2006]] !align="left"| [[MotoGP]] !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]<br><small>14</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2006 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2006 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2006 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2006 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''[[2006 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2006 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2006 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>15</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>7</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2006 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2006 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>4</small> | ! Ka 5 ! 215 |- !align="left"| [[2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2007]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2007 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2007 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2007 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2007 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2007 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2007 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2007 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2007 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2007 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[2007 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''242''' |- !align="left"| [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>Ret</small> | [[2008 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>15</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''249''' |- !align="left"| [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>11</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''''[[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>6</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>9</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''<br><small>10</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br><small>1</small> | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''234''' |- !align="left"| [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''[[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2010 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2010 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | [[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''245''' |- !align="left"| [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''[[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> | [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| '''[[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br /><small>C</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>5</small> ! Ka 4 ! 219 |- !align="left"| [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012]] !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''[[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2012 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2012 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''[[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''[[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''332''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2013}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''[[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''300''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2014}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>14</small> |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>3</small> ! Ka 4 ! 246 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2015}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>6</small> | [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]] |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>16</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>8</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>9</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''[[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>3</small> ! Ka 4 ! 206 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2016}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>12</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>6</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>7</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>12</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>6</small> |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small></small> | [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small></small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> ! Ka 6 ! 155 |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2017}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2017 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2017 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]<br><small>3</small> |style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''''[[2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2017 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>3</small> |[[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] |[[2017 Dutch TT|NED]] |[[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] |[[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] |[[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] |[[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] |[[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |[[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] !style="background:#DFDFDF;"| Ka 2 !style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 68* |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{commons category|Daniel Pedrosa}} * {{official website|http://www.danipedrosa.com}} * [http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa Dani Pedrosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624100029/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Dani+Pedrosa |date=2010-06-24 }}&nbsp;– Profile at the official MotoGP website {{Clear}} {{s-start}} {{succession box | | before = [[Manuel Poggiali]] | after = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|250cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years = 2004–2005 |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Arnaud Vincent]] | after = [[Andrea Dovizioso]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|125cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years = 2003 |}} {{s-end}} {{Repsol Honda}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{125 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{250 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pedrosa, Dani}} [[Kategori:Tukang balap MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara dunya 250cc]] [[Kategori:Juara dunya 125cc]] kxzqhfgyk4nx5s85fvpyoqmjpf8efya 0 72678 710587 651200 2026-06-19T10:36:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Dolphins and Sunrise in Lovina, Indonesia Bali - panoramio (3).jpg|jmpl|Layung di laut Bali]] '''Layung''' nyaéta [[cahaya]] [[panon poé]] nu hibar luhureun langit beulah kulon mangsa panon poé surup atawa méh surup.<ref name=layung>{{cite book|title= Anda Bertanya Ustaz Menjawab mengenai Solat|first=Rohidzir|last=Rais|year=2011|publisher=PTS Islamika|ISBN=9789673662593}}</ref> Alatan ayana [[réfraksi]] [[atmosfir]] nu ngabalukarkeun panon poé masih kénéh katempo sanajan geus aya di sahandapeun [[horison]] (wates téténjoan).<ref name=hibar>{{cite book|title=Tentang Cinta|First=Naura|Last=Laily|year=2002|ISBN=9786022200260|Publisher=bukune}}</ref> Robahna kelir di langit (sakapeung semu [[beureum]] atawa [[kayas]]), ku alatan [[cahaya]] panon poé keuna kana [[haseup]] jeung partikel leutik ogé [[aérosol]] cair nu aya di [[atmosfir]].<ref name=cakra>{{cite book|title=Two Lovely Hearts: Cinta pertama…. Ketika irama rindu mengalun, tiada lelahnya ia menari di relung jiwa|First=Ade|Last=Nastiti (pseud. van Ade Siti Barokah.)|Year=2011|Publisher=Bentang Pustaka|ISBN=9786028811217}}</ref> Caang jeung henteuna layung gumantung kana kaayaan atmosfir mangsa harita, naha loba [[haseup]] atawa cékas langitna.<ref name=hibar/> Sababaraha kajadian alam nu rongkah bisa nimbulkeun layung sanajan geus peuting, saperti ayana kahuruan gedé di [[leuweung]], [[gunung]] bitu, jeung sajabana.<ref>[http://ucsu.colorado.edu/~kuesterm/RTweb/startRT.html Science Made Simple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122113532/http://ucsu.colorado.edu/~kuesterm/RTweb/startRT.html |date=2008-01-22 }}</ref> Haseup jeung [[silalatu]] nu ngelun ka luhur baris katojo ku cahaya panon poé tur ngajadikeun [[cahaya]] layung nu hibar, kungsi kajadian taun [[1883]] jeung [[1991]] mangsa [[gunung]] [[krakatau]] bitu, layung gedé hibar di langit aya kana sababaraha poé.<ref> [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/redsun.html Red Sunset, Green Flash] </ref> Layung dimangpaatkeun pikeun cicirén mangsa geus asup wanci solat [[magrib]] jeung [[Isya]].<ref name=layung/> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Fisika]] [[Kategori:Cuaca]] [[Kategori:Iklim]] [[Kategori:Hijian wanci]] [[Kategori:Alam]] 0a14xrc0g970j4ktnglf7035hpx500p 0 88223 710578 704116 2026-06-19T09:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710578 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> {{Infobox military person | name = Kholid bin Walīd<br />{{Lang|ar|خالد بن الوليد}} | title = سيف الله | image = File:Khalid Bin Al-Walid1.png | birth_date = 585 M | death_date = Méi 642 (umur 57) | birth_place = [[Mekah]], [[Jazirah Arab|Arab]], kiwari [[Arab Saudi]] | death_place = [[Hams]], [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]], [[Bilad as-Syam]], kiwari [[Syiria]] | placeofburial = [[Masjid Kholid bin Walid]], [[Hams]], [[Syiria]] | allegiance = [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] | branch = [[Tangtara Khulafaur Rasyidin]] | serviceyears = Juni 632– 638 | rank = [[Panglima perang]] | unit = [[Pangawal kuda]] | commands = [[Panglima perang]] (632–634)<br>Komandan lapangan (634–638)<br>Komandan [[Pangawal kuda]] (634–638)<br>[[Gubernur militer]] [[Irak]] (633–634)<br>[[Gubernur]] [[Kholkis, Syiria|Kholkis]] (637–638) | battles = ''[[Kholid bin Walid#Karir di dunya militér|Daptar patempuran]]'' | laterwork = }} '''Kholid bin Walid''' lengkepna '''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah al-Makhzūmī''' ({{lang-ar|خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي}}&lrm;; 585–642 [[Maséhi|M]]), nyaéta saurang komandan di mangsa pamaréntahan kholifah [[Abu Bakar]] jeung [[Umar bin Khottob]].<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045249 Khalid ibn al-Walid], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved. 17 October 2006.</ref> Dina kapamingpinan militérna mah, wewengkon arab pikeun kala munggaranna dina sajarah, dihijikeun dina kasatuan [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]]. Kholid bin Walid (Kholid putrana Walid) nyaéta salah saurang ti [[sélér Qurésy]] [[Mekah]], ti klan nu mimitina mah nolak [[Muhammad|kangjeng nabi Muhammad]]. Méméhna mah manéhna jadi perang nu ngameunangkeun Mekah basa keur [[Perang Uhud]] ngalawan kaum [[Muslim]], da harita mah manéhna acan asup Islam. Manéhna [[Mualaf|asup Islam]] sarta bajuang jeung Kangjeng Nabi Muhammad sanggeus [[Pajangjian Hudaébiah]] sarta ilubiung dina mangpirang-pirang ékspédisi, kayaning [[Patempuran Mu'tah]], nu mangrupa patempuran munggaran antara Romawi jeung Muslim. Kholid bin Walid ngalaporkeun yén ieu patempuran téh pohara hébatna, sahingga sabot keur perang téh aya kana salapan pedangna nu dipotongkeun ku manéhna. Ti harita manéhna meunang wéh jujuluk ‘Saifullah' ({{Lang-su|saépuloh}}) nu hartina "Pedang Allah". Kholid ngagantikeun Zaid bin Haritsah, tuluy Jafar bin Abi Tholib, tuluy Abdulloh bin Rowahah nu kamaténi. Sapupusna [[Kangjeng Nabi]], Kholid mibanda peran nu penting dina mingpin pasukan Madinah na mangsa kapamingpinan Abu Bakar basa keur perang Riddah, nalukkeun Arab tengah sarta nalukkeun sélér-sélér Arab. Manéhna mikawasa klien Arab Sasaniyah, [[Karajaan Hiroh]], sarta ngéléhkeun pasukan [[Kakaisaran Sasaniyah|Pérsia Sasaniyah]] salila panalukanna di [[Irak]] ([[Mésopotamia]]). Manéhna tuluy dipindahkeun ka wewengkon kulon pikeun nalukkeun [[Suriah|Syiria]], [[Romawi]] sarta nagara klien Arab [[Ghossaniyah]] ti [[Bizantium]]. Sanajan [[Umar bin Khattab|Umar bin Khottob]] ngalaan jabatanana minangka panglima perang, tapi peran Kholid minangka pamingpin pasukan mah masih kénéh éféktif mangsa ngalawan Bizantium na tahap awal [[Perang Arab-Bizantium]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Dina komandona, [[Damaskus]] kapikawasa dina taun [[634]] sarta jadi konci kasuksésan ngalawan pasukan Bizantium dina [[Patempuran Yarmouk]] (636),<ref name="Britannica"/> anu nungtun kana panalukkan Bilad al-Sham (Nagri Syam). Taun 638, Kholid udzur tina kadinasan militér. Kholid geus makalangan sahenteuna dina 200 patempuran, boh patempuran badag boh patemburan leutik, ogé dina duél hiji lawan hiji. Ku kaparigelanna ieu dina dunya pangperangan, Kholid dianggap ku sawatara sarjana minangka salah sahiji jéndral militér pangnyongcolangna dina sajarah.<ref name="Akram 2004 499">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=499}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alkhateeb |first=Firas |title=Lost Islamic History: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9781849046893 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82pNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43}}</ref><ref name="nicolle19">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=19}}</ref> ==Kahirupan Awal== Khalid lahir tahun 585-an di Mekah. Bapana nyaéta Walid ibnu al Mughirah, Syéh Bani Makhzum, hiji marga suku Quraish Arab. Walid dikenal di Mekah ku landian al Wahid - "si Nyorangan",<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=2}}</ref> Ibuna Khalid nyaéta Lubabah al Sughra binti al Harist, dulur sabapa Maemunah binti al Harist.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'' pp. 195-196. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Sabrolna, luyu jeung tradisi urang Quraish, Khalid dikirim ka suku Bedouin di padang pasir, dirawat ku hiji indung kawalon sarta dibawa ka hiji daérah nu bersih, garing jeung hawana teu kakeunaan ku polusi padang pasir. Mangsa keur budak, Khalid katarajang ku cacar énténg, Khalid salamet, tapi cacarna ninggalkeun tapak dina pipi kéncana.<ref name="Akram3">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=3}}</ref> Tilu marga nu mingpin Quraish dina mangsa harita nyaéta Bani Hashim, Bani Abd ad Dar jeung Bani Makhzum, marga nu pandeuri nu mere pangaruh dina perkara-perkara perang. Salaku anggota Bani Makhzum, nu di Arab kaasup marga pangpunjulna dina nunggang kuda, Khalid diajar pikeun nunggang bari metakeun pakarang saperti tumbak, lance (pakarang tumbak nu sarupa jeung pedang), gondewa jeung pedang. Lance téh minangka pangdipikaresepna di antara pakarang-pakarang séjén. Keur ngorana Khalid dipuja minangka hiji prajurit sarta pagulat nu kawentar di antara urang-urang Quraish.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=5}}</ref> Khalid téh dulur sabrayna Umar bin Khattab, Khalifah kadua, duanana katinggal sarimbag pisan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=4}}</ref> ==Mangsa Kangjeng Nabi Muhammad SAW (610–632)== Teu pati loba nu apal ngeunaan Khalid dina mangsa-mangsa awal da'wah Kanjeng Nabi. Bapana kawentar ngamusuhan ka Kanjeng Nabi. Sabada hijrahna Kanjeng Nabi di Mekah ka Madinah, réa perang nu lumangsung antara komunitas muslimin anyar jeung konfederasi Quraish.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=9}}</ref> Khalid teu ngiluan dina Perang Badar - perang munggaran antara Muslimin jeung urang-urang Quraish - tapi dulurna, Walid bin Walid kacerek jeung jadi tahanan. Khalid jeung lanceukna Hasham bin Walid miang ka Mekah pikeun nebus Walid, tapi sanggeus ditebus, Walid, di tengah lalampahan mulang ka Mekah, kabur jeung balik deui ka Kanjeng Nabi sarta asup Islam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=14}}</ref> Kapamingpinan Khalid téh nu jadi alatan dina malikkeun kaayaan sarta mastikeun kameunangan Mekah dina Perang Uhud (625).<ref>{{Harvnb|Weston|2008|p=41}}</ref> Dina taun 627 BM Khalid jadi bagéan dina kampanye Quraish ngalawan Muslim, nu ngahasilkeun Perang Khandak, perang pamungkas Khalid ngalawan kaom Muslimin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=70}}</ref> ===Asup Islam=== Hiji perjangjian damai salila 10 taun dipaheutkeun antara kaom Muslimin jeung Quraish di Mekah dina Perjangjian Hudaibiyah taun 628. Kacatetkeun yen Kanjeng Nabi kantos nyanggeum ka lanceukna Khalid, Walid bin Walid, yén: “Jalma jiga Khalid, moal bisa lila nahan dirina jauh tina Islam.” Walid nulis surat ka Khalid, ngajak asup Islam. Khalid nu mémang teu pati mumuja Kabah, mutuskeun pikeun asup Islam sarta wakca ngeunaan masalah ieu ka Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal, batur ulinna keur budak, nu ngahulagna. Khalid diancam ku Abu Sufyan bin Harb ku hukuman nu pikakeueungeun, tapi dibangbalérkeun ku Ikrimah, nu nyarita:”Kalem, He Abu Sufyan! Amarah anjeun malah mingkin nyieun kuring biluk ka Muhammad ogé. Khalid bébas pikeun ngilu agama mana waé nu ku manéhna dipilih.”<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Waqidi|8th century|p=321}}</ref> Bulan Mei 639, Khalid miang ka Madinah. Di jalan panggih jeung Amru bin Ash sarta Ustman bin Talhah nu sarua rék ka Madinah pikeun asup Islam. Maranéhna nepi ka Madinah tanggal 31 Mei 2019 sarta arasup ka bumi Kanjeng Nabi. Khalid ditarima ku Walid bin Walid, lanceukna, sarta minangka nu munggaran asup Islam di antara nu tiluan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=208}}</ref> Kalayan rengkuh Khalid ngahormat Kanjeng Nabi sarta sumpah bakal satia ka anjeunan. Lajeng Kanjeng Nabi bari pinuh ku kawelas asih nyanggeum: {{quote|Kula yakin, nilik tina kapinteran, kawijaksanaan jeung panalar anjeun yén hiji mangsa anjeun bakal narima Islam minangka agama anjeun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghadanfar|first=Mahmood Ahmad|title=The Commanders of Muslim Army |date=2001 |publisher=Darussalam Publishers|isbn= |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Commanders_of_the_Muslim_Army.html?id=TmWTBQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}</ref>|Nabi Muhammad SAW}} Réngse ti éta Khalid ménta ka Kanjeng Nabi pikeun ngadua ka Gusti Alloh sangkan dosa-dosana nu tiheula-heula dihampura. Salajengna Kanjeng Nabi ngaduakeun sangkan Alloh ngahapunten sarta mikanyaah ka dirina. ===Kampanye Militer dina Era Nabi Muhammad SAW=== Taun 629 MU, hiji ékspedisi disiapkeun pikeun ngawarah urang-urang Ghassanid, hiji nagri bawahan kakaisaran Romawi Wétan. Nabi nunjuk Zaid bin Haritsah salaku sénopati pasukan. Dina kajadian Zaid maot, pingpinan bakal ditangkes ku Jafar bin Abi Thalib, jeung lamun Jafar perlaya, pingpinan bakal disérénkeun ka Abdallah bin Rawahah. Lamun kajadian tiluaanna perlaya, pasukan ékspedisi bakal milih hiji sénopati di antara maranéhna.<ref name="nicolle22">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|2009|p=22}}</ref> Bulan September 629 MU, Perang Mu’tah lumangsung antara kaom Muslimin jeung pasukan Kakaisaran Byzantine. Katilu senopati nu disebutkeun di luhur perlaya di médan laga, sarta Khalid kapilih jadi sénopati. Khalid mampu ngariksa 3.000 urang pasukanna nu sakitu éléh jumlah ngalawan 10.000 urang pasukan Kakaisaran Byzantine jeung Arab Ghassanid. Khalid nyekel pingpinan tentara Muslim dina mangsa nu penting, sarta malikkeun naon nu tadina pijadieun pangbantaian pinuh ku getih jadi hiji jalan mundur strategis nu nyalametkeun kaum Muslimin tina kaancuran total.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=80}}</ref> Wanci peuting, Khalid nyiapkeun sababaraha baris tentara di satukangeun tentara utama, isukna, méméh der perang, maranéhna dititah pikeun ngagabung kana pasukan Muslim dina kelompok-kelompok leutik, hiji demi hiji, nimbulkeun perbawa siga bantuan anyar, nu matak nurunkeun sumanget musuh. Khalid ku kitu kieuna nyaimbangkeun garis perang dina poé éta, sarta peutingna pasukanna mundur balik ka Arab. Ku kayakinan aya pangjiret nunggu maranéhna, pasukan Byzantie teu tuluy ngudag.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=90}}</ref> Khalid dicaritakeun ngamuk ngowak ngawik dina Perang Mu’tah semet ka motongkeun salapan pedang salila perang. Sanggeus Perang Mu’tah, Khalid meunang landian Pedang Alloh (''Syaefulloh'') ku hasil mawa balik tentarana pikeun perang deui dina poe séjén.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Waqidi|8th century|p=322}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Ibn Hisham|9th century|p=382}}</ref> ====Kampanye militer satuluyna==== Sataun ti harita, dina taun 630, kaum Muslimin maju ti Madinah pikeun nalukeun Mekah. Dina Bubuka Mekah Khalid mingpin salah sahiji tina opat pasukan Muslim nu asup ka Mekah ti opat jalur nu béda, sarta ngéléhkeun kavaleri Quraish. Satuluyna dina taun éta kénéh, Khalid ngilu ilibiung dina Perang Hunayn jeung Pangepungan Tho’if. Kacaritakeun dina Perang Hunayn, Khalid kakeunaan tatu jero jeung parna. Najan kitu, sanggeus ngahontal kameunangan, Kanjeng Nabi nyumpingan dirina ngaropéa tatuna jadi gancang cageur.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghadanfar|first=Mahmood Ahmad|title=The Commanders of Muslim Army|date=2001|publisher=Darussalam Publishers|isbn=|page=42|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Commanders_of_the_Muslim_Army.html?id=TmWTBQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}</ref> Khalid jadi bagéan dina ékspedisi ka Tabuk ku piwarangna Nabi, ti dinya dirina dikirim ka Daumatul Jandal di mana dirina perang sarta hasil nyerek Pangeran Arab ti Daumatul Jandal, ngadorong Daumatul Jandal pikeun nyerah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=128}}</ref> Taun 631, Khalid ngilu dina haji wada Kanjeng Nabi. Harita, kabéjakeun yén dirina hasil mibanda sababaraha lembar rambut Kanjeng Nabi minangka pusaka suci, pércaya yén éta téh bakal ngabantu dirina meunangkeun pangperangan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=135}}</ref> ====Salaku panglima kampanye militer==== Bulan Januari 630 M (Tahun ka 8 H, bulan ka-9),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm|title=List of Battles of Muhammad|publisher=Military.hawarey.org|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zLhjeYyz?url=http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm|archive-date=11 June 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2011-08-28|date=2005-10-28|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Khalid bin Walid dikirim pikeun ngancurkeun Brahala Uzza nu disembah ku urang-urang polithéist. Ku Khalid dilaksanakeun,<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA256|title=The sealed nectar, By S.R. Al-Mubarakpuri, Pg256|publisher=Books.google.co.uk|date=January 2002|accessdate=2011-08-28}}</ref><ref name="witness-pioneer.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|title="He sent Khalid bin Al-Waleed in Ramadan 8 A.H", Witness-Pioneer.com|publisher=Witness-pioneer.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html|archivedate=27 September 2011|accessdate=2011-08-28|date=2002-09-16|deadurl=yes|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html |date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> ngancurkeun naon nu disebut ku Kanjeng Nabi minangka Uzza.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135 The life of Mahomet and history of Islam, Volume 4, By Sir William Muir, Pg 135] See bottom, Notes section</ref> Khalid bin Walid ogé dikirim pikeun ngondang suku Bani Jadhimah pikeun asup Islam. Maranéhna ngaromong ‘Saba’na, Saba’na’ (kami téh urang-urang Sabian), antukna Khalid nawan maranéhna sarta ngarogahala sawatara jalma di antarana, dumeh permusuhan baheula, méméh akhirna dieureunkeun ku Abdurrhaman bin Auf.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/><ref name="witness-pioneer.org"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135|title=The life of Mahomet and history of Islam, Volume 4, By Sir William Muir, Pg 135|publisher=Books.google.co.uk|date=|accessdate=2011-08-28|year=1861}}</ref><ref>[[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Sirah Rasul Allah|Sirat Rasul Allah]] (Life of Muhammad), trans. Guillaume, Oxford 1955, pp. 561–562</ref><ref>[[al-Tabari]], Victory of Islam, trans. Fishbein, Albany 1997, pp. 188 ff.</ref> Sababaraha urang Bani Jadhimah saméméhna geus nandasa Al Fakih bin al Mughirah al Makhzumi, pamanna Khalid, jeung Auf bin Abda Auf, bapana Abdurrahman bin Auf. Nabi ngaraos sedih kacida basa nguping kalakuan Khalid kitu téh; lajeng mayar ku artos ka kulawargana nu maraot, ngagentosan harta bandana nu diancurkeun sareng teras nyarios kalayan harus: “Nun Gusti, sim kuring ti pipilueun kana naon anu dipilampah ku Khalid!”<ref>In the Footsteps of the Prophet:Lessons from the Life of Muhammad, By Tariq Ramadan Page 179 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wW2x_iaqKZgC&pg=PA179&dq=Banu+Jadhimah+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gsH_UJ-PD4_N0AWN44DYDA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Banu%20Jadhimah%20khalid&f=false]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uTJoiXp3pS4C&pg=PA730&dq=Banu+Jadhimah+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gsH_UJ-PD4_N0AWN44DYDA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Banu%20Jadhimah%20khalid&f=false Tafsir Ibn Kathir all 10 volumes By IslamKotob Page]</ref><ref>The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur’an (Vol 2) 2nd Edition By Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman Page 241 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA241&dq=Banu+Jadhimah+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gsH_UJ-PD4_N0AWN44DYDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Banu%20Jadhimah%20khalid&f=false]</ref> Nabi ogé ngirim Khalid dina hiji ékspédisi ka Dumatul Jandal pikeun nyinghareupan Pangéran Karésten Ukaydir nu nyicingan hiji kastil di ditu. Kajadian ieu lumangsung di Bulan Maret 631 M (9 H, bulan ka-11). Dina kampanye ieu, Khalid hasil nyandera si Pangéran jeung ngancam bakal ditandasa lamun gerbang kastil teu dibuka. Nabi salajeungna nukeran Pangéran ku 2.000 onta, 800 domba, 400 parangkat baju zirah, 400 ''lance'' jeung jangji mayar ''jizyah''.<ref name="Abu Khalil 239">{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA239|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=239}}</ref><ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 244">{{cite book|last=Abū Khalīl|first=Shawqī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA244|title=Atlas of the Quran|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|year=2003|isbn=978-9960-897-54-7|page=244}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA277|first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=277}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|last=Muir|first=William|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0-7661-7741-3|page=458}} A full online version of it is available here [https://www.webcitation.org/61EFjL7Ij?url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/34864705/The%2DBook%2Dof%2DIdols]</ref> April 631 M, Nabi ngirim Khalid dina ékspédisi ka dua ka Dumatul Jandal pikeun ngancurkeun brahala sesembahan, Wadd. Khalid ngancurkeun patung éta katut candi-candina jeung maténi sing saha waé nu ngahalangan.<ref name="Abu Khalil 239" /><ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 244" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0-7661-7741-3|page=458}}</ref> ==Mangsa Abu Bakar (632–634)== ===̺Panalukan Arab=== [[File:Mohammad adil rais-conquest of Arabia.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Arabia.|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute panalukan Arab Khalid bin Walid.]] Sadikantuna ku Kanjeng Nabi, loba suku-suku Arab kapecah beulah dina pamungpangan ngalawan pamaréntahan Madinah. Khalifah Abu Bakar ngirim tentarana pikeun nagalawan para pamoha jeung urang-urang murtad.<ref name="nicolle25">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|2009|p=25}}</ref> Khalid jadi salah sahiji panaséhat utama Abu Bakar jeung arsiték rencana-rencana strategis dina Perang Riddah. Khalid dipaparin kawenangan mingpin pasukan Muslim pangkuatna sarta dikirim ka Arab tengah, aréa sénsitif pangstratégisna di mana suku-suku paling kuat nyiruruk. Wilayah éta mangrupa pangdeukeutna ka bénténg Muslimin di Madinah sarta mangrupa ancaman panggédéna pikeun kota. Khalid mimiti kaluar ngalawanan suku Tayy jeung Jalida di mana Adi bin Hatim – hiji sahabat nabi nu kasohor ogé saurang ketua suku Tayy- jadi panengah, suku-suku éta antukna tunduk kana kakhalifahan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=167}}</ref> Di tengah September 632 M, Khalid ngéléhkeun Tulaiha,<ref>{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=17}}</ref> hiji pamingpin pamoha nu ngaku-ngaku nabi mingka alat pikeun narik dukungan keur dirina. Kakuatan Tulaiha diancurkeun sanggeus sésa-sésa pangiluna kasoran dina Perang Ghamra. Khalid tuluy ngaleut ka Naqra jeung ngéléhkeun pamingpin pamoha ti Bani Salim dina Perang Naqra. Wilayah Arab tengah antukna kapibanda sanggeus Perang Zafar Bulan Oktober 632 ku éléhna hiji ketua suku wanita, Salma.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=178}}</ref> Sanggeus wilayah sabudeureun Madinah kapimilik deui, Khalid asup ka Néjad, hiji bénténg milik suku Bani Tamim. Réa marga-marga nu buru-buru nepungan Khalid sarta tunduk kana aturan Khalifah. Tapi suku BaniYarbu, dina pingpinan Syéh Malik bin Nuwairah, milih mundur. Malik nyegah patepung langsung jeung tentara Khalid ku cara maréntahkeun pangiluna sangkan nyebar, manéhna jeung kulawargana sigana kabur ngaliwatan padang pasir.<ref name=":1">{{Harvnb|Al-Tabari|915|pp=501–502}}</ref> Manéhna gé ngumpulkeun pajak jeung ngirim jalma pikeun nepikeun ka Madinah. Najan kitu, Malik dituduh mumpang ngalawan nagara Madinah sarta dituduh asup kana réongan anti Khalifah bareng Sajjah, hiji jalma nu ngaku-ngaku nabi.<ref name=":2">{{Harvnb|Al-Tabari|915|p=496}}</ref> Malik ditéwak bareng jeung kumpulan margana,<ref name=":3">{{Harvnb|Al-Tabari|915|p=502}}</ref> sarta ditanya ku Khalid ngeunaan kajahatanna. Basa ngadéngekeun jawaban Malik: “ceuk dunungan di dinya kitu, ceuk dunungan di dinya kieu” nu maksudna mah Abu Bakar, Khalid nyatakeun yén Malik téh hiji pamoha murtad sarta maréntahkan eksekusina.<ref name="ReferenceA">Tabari: Vol. 2, Page no: 5</ref> Abu Qatada Ansari, hiji sahabat Nabi, nu marengan Khalid ti Madinah ngarasa kagét ku ditandasana Malik ku Khalid hingga gura-giru mulang ka Madinah sarta nyarita ka Abu Bakar yén manéhna nolak ngabdi ka hiji panglima nu geus maéhan saurang Muslim.<ref>(A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims, Ali Razwy, Chapter 55)</ref> Maotna Malik katut dipileuleuheungna pamajikanna, Laila, ku Khalid, ngundang piomongeun. Sababaraha pérwira dina tentarana – kaasup Abu Qatadah – yakin yén Khalid nandasa Malik pikeun ngarebut pamajikanna. Sanggeus meunang tekenan ti Umar – misanna Khalid sarta salah saurang panaséhat Khalifah – Abu Bakar manggil Khalid balik ka Madinah pikeun ngajéntrékeun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=183}}</ref> Umar nyarankeun Abu Bakar sangkan mecat Khalid sanggeus nemusing patina Malik bin Nuwairah. Umar nyarita, “Pedang Khalid geus kalobaan teuing beban.” Maksudna téh nyaéta énténg, seukeut jeung rompal. Khalifah Abu Bakar ngawalon, {{quote|Kaula moal nyarangkaan naon nu ku Alloh geus dipesat pikeun ngalawan jalma-jalma nu teu ariman.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muhammad Khalid |first=Khalid |title=Men Aroud The Messenger |date=2004 |publisher=Islamic Book Service |isbn= |page=125 |url=https://www.islamfuture.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/men-around-the-messenger-pbuh/amp/ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165537/https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/men-around-the-messenger-pbuh/amp/ |date=16 October 2018 }}</ref>|Abu Bakr As-Siddiq}} Khalid tuluy ngancurkeun ancaman paling kuat pikeun nagara Islam Madinah nu karak mekar: Musailamah, hiji nabi palsu, nu geus hasil ngéléhkeun dua pasukan Islam. Dina minggu katilu Désémber 632, Khalid meunang hiji kameunangan nu nangtukeun ngalawan Musailamah dina Perang Yamama. Musailamah maot dina pangperangan, sarta ampir kabéh suku-suku nu marungpang sésana rarugrug.<ref name="nicolle25" /> === Serangan ka Kakaésaran Pérsia === [[File:Mohammad adil-Khalid's conquest of Iraq.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Iraq|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute panalukan Mesopotamia handap (Irak) Khalid bin Walid.]] Ku rugrugna pamumpangan, jeung Arabia ngahiji dina kawenangan pusat khalifah di Madinah, Abu Bakar mutuskeun pikeun ngalegaan kakawasaanna. Teu jelas naon paniatanna, naha éta téh rencana ékspansi skala pinuh atawa serangan panyegah keur ngamankeun wilayah tambahan pikeun nyieun daerah panyangga antara nagara Islam jeung karajaan-karajaan kuat Sassanid jeung Byzantine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=188}}</ref> Khalid dikirim ka Karajaan Pérsia mawa pasukan nu eusina 18.000 sukarélawan pikeun nalukkeun provinsi pangbeungharna karajaan Pérsia, wilayah Eufrats Mesopotamia handap, (ayeuna Irak). Khalid asup ka Mesopotamia handap mawa ieu pasukan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=223}}</ref> Kacatetkeun yén méméh nyanghareupan pasukan Sassanid, Khalid nulis surat nu ngajak maranéhna pikeun asup Islam: {{quote|Asup Islam mangka salamet. Atawa panuju kana mayar Jizya (pajak), mangka anjeun jeung rakyat anjeun bakal aya dina panyalindungan kami, lamun heunteu, mangka anjeun bakal kaduhung sorangan kana akibatna, sabab kuring bakal mawa jalma-jalma nu mikacinta maot nu sarua gédéna jeung anjeun mikacinta hirup.<ref>History of the World, Volume IV [Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency], page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.</ref>|Khalid bin Walid}} Kalayan gancang Khalid meunang noron dina opat peperangan: Perang Salasil, bulan April 633; Perang Bangawan, lumangsung di minggu ka tilu April 633; Perang Walaja, di Bulan Mei 633 (di mana Khalid hasil ngagunakeun manuver pangepungan ganda), jeung Perang Ullais, dina pertengahan Méi 633.<ref name="Morony224">{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=224}}</ref> Dina akhir Méi 633, al Hira, ibu kota régional Mesopotamia handap, karebut ku Khalid. Pangeusina di sina raharja ku katangtuan mayar ''jizya'' (sesembahan) taunan jeung satuju pikeun nyadiakeun intelején pikeun kaom Muslimin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=233}}</ref> Sanggeus ngistirahatkeun pasukanna, bulan Juni 633, Khalid ngepung kota Anbar, tapi alatan perlawanan nu kuat, dieureunan di bulan Juli 633.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=192}}</ref> Tuluy Khalid maju ngidul, sarta ngarebut Ainul Tamar di tungtung minggu bulan Juli 633.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=18}}</ref> Harita, ampir kabéh Mesopotamia handap, (kaléreun wilayah Eufrats) aya dina cepengan Khalid. Sawatara éta, Khalid meunang panggilan ti Arabia kalér pikeun pangbébasan di Daumatul Jandal, di mana Jendaral Arab Muslim séjénna, Iyad bin Ghonam dikepung ku suku-suku pamungpang. Bulan Agustus 633, Khalid miang ka Daumatul Jandal, ngéléhkeun para pamungpang dina Perang Daumatul Jandal, sarta ngarebut bénténg kota.<ref name="Morony224" /> Dina lalampahan mulang ka Mesopotamia, Khalid rerencepan miang ka Mekah pikeun munggah Haji.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=215}}</ref> Dina kapulangan ti Arab, Khalid meunang béja intelején yén diperlukeun antisipasi ku ayana pangumpulan gédé-gédéan Pasukan Pérsia jeung bala bantuan Arab Karésten.<ref name="Morony224" /> Kakuatan ieu ngamarkas di opat kémah nu baréda di wilayah Eufrats nyaéta di Hanafiz, Zumail, Saniy jeung panggédéna di Muzaiyah. Khalid ngahindar tina perang langsung ku alatan kuatna gabungan kakuatan Pérsia sarta mutuskeun pikeun nyerang jeung ngancurkeun tiap-tiap kémah dina serangan malam nu misah ti tilu sisi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=217}}</ref> Dirina ngabagi pasukan kana tilu unit, nyerang pasukan Pérsia dina rempugan serangan ti tilu arah nu baréda wanci peuting éta, mimiti ti Perang Muzaiyah, tuluh Perang Saniy jeung ahirna Perang Zumail di bulan Nopémber 633 M.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=225}}</ref> Runtuyan kameunangan kaum Muslimin ieu nyedot tanaga Pérsia pikeun ngarebut deui Mesopotamia handap jeung ninggalkeun ibu kota Pérsia Ctesiphon teu kajaga sarta rawan serangan kaum Muslimin. Méméh nyerang ibu kota, Khalid mutuskeun pikeun ngancurkeun kabéh kakuatan Pérsia di kidul semet ka wétan, ku kituna pasukan Khalid ngabandaleut nyerang kota perbatasan Firaz, di mana Khalid ngéléhkeun gabungan pasukan Pérsia Sassanid, Romawi Byzantin jeung Arab Karésten sarta ngarebut bénténg kota dina Perang Firaz bulan Désémber 633.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=230}}</ref> Ieu téh perang panungtungan dina panalukan Mesopotamia. Sawatara Khalid di tengah jalan pikeun nyerang Qodisiah, hiji bénténg konci dina jalan ka Ctesiphon, dirina meunang surat ti Abu Bakar sarta dikirim ka barisan hareup Byzantine di Syria pikeun nyepeng komando tentara Islam nu boga maksud nalukeun Romawi Syria. Mangsa keur nyicingan Irak, Khalid ogé diistrenan jadi gupernur militer di wilayah-wilayah patalukan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=149}}</ref> === Serangan ka Kakaésaran Byzantine === [[File:Mohammad adil-Muslims Invasion of Syria.PNG|thumb|200px|alt=Map detailing Rashidun Caliphates invasion of the Levant|Peta ngajéntrékeun invasi Khulafaur Rasidin ka Levant.]] Sabada hasil nyerang Irak, hiji provinsi Pérsia Sassanid, Khalifah Abu Bakar ngirim hiji ékspédisi pikeun nyerang Levant (Syria Roma). Panyerangan bakal dilaksanakeun ku opat korps, nu tiap korps miboga targét sewang-sewangan. Byzantine ngawaler kana ancaman ieu ku ngumpulkeun unit-unitna ti sababaraha garisun di Ajnadain (hiji tempat di Paléstina, mingkin waé al Laijun).<ref name="allenby68">{{Harvnb|Allenby|2003|p=68}}</ref> Gerakan ieu téh nahan pasukan Muslim di batas wilayah, ku sakitu mokahana kakuatan di satukangeunna, tentara Muslim teu bisa kebat maju ka Syria pusat atawa kalér.<ref name="Gil40">{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=40}}</ref>  Kakuatan Muslim katempona leutik teuing jumlahna pikeun nyinghareupan ancaman Byzantine, ku kituna Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah, pupuhu panglima Muslim di barisan Syria ménta bantuan ti Abu Bakar. Diwalon ku Abu Bakar ku ngirimkeun bantuan pasukan nu dipingpin ku Khalid.<ref name="Gil43">{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=43}}</ref> Aya dua rute ti Irak ka Syria, nu hiji ngaliwatan Daumatul Jandal (ayeuna katelah Skaka) jeung nu hiji deui ngaliwatan Mesopotamia nembus ka Raqqa. Ku lantaran pasukan Muslim di Syria merlukeun bantuan sacepetna, Khalid ngahindar rute heubeul ka Syria liwat Daumatul Jandal sabab jauh teuing jeung merlukeun mangminggu-minggu pikeun nepi ka Syria. Dirina ogé nolak rute Mesopotamia ku lantaran hadirna garisun-garisun Romawi di Syria kalér jeung Mesopotamia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=267}}</ref> Ngaladénan maranéhna sawatara tentara Muslim keur dikepung di Syria geus teu mungkin, sabab ngandung harti kudu perang di dua muka. Khalid leuwih milih rute ka Syria nu leuwih pondok ku jalan nu teu prah nembus Padang Pasir Syria.<ref name="Gil43"/> Dirina ngerahkeun pasukanna nembus padang pasir, ceuk carita turun timurun, pasukanna lumampah salila dua poé bari teu manggih-manggih cai,<ref name="allenby68"/> méméh antukna nepi kanu mangrupaan sumber cai di hiji oasis. Khalid cenah geus mecahkeun masalah kakurangan cai maké metodé urang Bedouin. Onta disina nginum sanggeus dihaja sawatara lila dijauhkeun tina cai, ngakibatkeun onta nginum cai saloba-lobana dina sakali nginum. Onta boga kamampuan pikeun nyimpeun cai dina beuteungna nu ku kituna bisa dipeuncit sawaktu-waktu diperlukeun. Pasukan Muslim kabéhanna narunggang onta sarta metodé ieu jadi metodé nu efektif pikeun pasukan Muslimin.<ref name="Gil43"/> [[File:Mohammad adil-Muslim invasion of Syria-2.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Syria.|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute invasi Khalid bin Walid ka Syria]] Khalid asup ka Syria di bulan Juni 634 M sarta kalayan gancang ngarebut bénténg-bénténg pérbatasan di Sawa, Arak, Palmyra, al Sukhnah, al Qoriatain jeung Hawarin. Dua nu pandeuri direbut sanggeus Perang Qoriatain jeung Perang Hawarin. Sanggeus ngawasa bénténg-bénténg padang pasir ieu, Pasukan Khalid gerak ka Basra, hiji kota deukeut batas Syria-Arabia jeung ibu kota karajaan Karésten Arab Ghassanid, hiji bawahan ti Kakaisaran Byzantine timur. Dirina meuntas hiji jalur pagunungan nu ayeuna katelah “Sanital Ukab” (“lintasan Uqab”) maké ngaran panji pasukan Khalid. Dina lalampahan ka Marojar Rahat, Khalid ngabaruntakkeun pasukan Ghassanid dina perang singket Marojar Rahat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=41}}</ref> Ku meunang béja kadatangan Khalid, Abu Ubaidah maréntahkeun Shurobil bin Hasana, salah sahiji tina panglima nu opat, pikeun nyerang kota Basra. Shurobil ngepung Basra ku 4.000 tentarana. Garisun Byzantine jeung Arab Karésten nu meunang jumlah ti pasukan Shurobil, nieun serangan sarta katingalina bakal ngancurkeun pasukan Shurobil waktu kavaleri Khalid datang jeung nyerang pasukan Byzantine ti tukang, ngabebaskeun Shurobil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=270}}</ref> Garisun Byzantine mundur ka bénténg kota. Abu Ubaidah ngagabung ka Khalid di Basra, sarta Khalid, ku paréntahna Khalifah nyekel panglima utama. Bénténg Basra nyerah di pértengahan Juli 634, sacara éféktif namatkeun dinasti Ghassanid.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=155}}</ref> Sanggeus ngarebut Basra, Khalid maréntahkeun sakabéh korpsna pikeun ngagabung di Ajnadain di mana maranéhna tempur dina perang penting ngalawan Byzantine dina 30 Juli 634. Sajarawan-sajarawan modérn nganggap perang ieu téh mangrupa konci pikeun mecahkeun kakuatan Byzantine di Syria.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=20}}</ref> Kasoran dina Perang Ajnadain ngajadikeun Syria lemah pikeun pasukan Muslim. Khalid mutuskeun pikeun ngarebut Damaskus, bénténg utama Byzantine. Di Damaskus, Thomas, minantuna Kaisar Byzantine Heraclius, jadi pananggung jawab pértahanan kota.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=58}}</ref> Meunang béja intelején yén pasukan Khalid keur ngabandaleut ka Damaskus manéhna nyiapkeun pertahanan kota. Manéhna nulis surat ka Kaésar Heraclius, nu harita keur di Emesa, pikeun ménta bala bantuan. Jaba ti éta, enggoning nunda atawa ngahambat gerak Khalid jeung nyiar waktu keur sasayogian nyanghareupan pangepungan, Thomas ngirim pasukanna maju. Dua pasukanna burantakan, nu mimiti di Yaqusa di pértengahabn Agustus jeung nu kadua di Marojas Safar dina 19 Agustus.<ref name=":5">{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=636}}</ref> Sawatara éta, bantuan Heraclius nepi ka Damaskus. Méméh bantuan séjénna nepi, Khalid geus ngepung kota dina tanggal 20 Agustus. Pikeun nutup Damaskus ti daérah séjénna, Khalid nempatkeun sempalan pasukan di belah kidul di jalan ka Paléstina jeung di kalér di rute Damaskus-Emesa, sarta sababaraha sempalan nu leuwih leutik di rute-rute ka arah Damaskus. Bantuan Heraclius dipapag jeung dibuburak ku Khalid dina Perang Sanital Ukab 30 km ti Damaskus.<ref name=":6">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=57}}</ref> [[File:Mohammad adil-Khalid's(r.a) route to Syria.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Syria.|Peta géografis ngajéntrékeun rute invasi Khalid bin Walid ka Syria.]] Khalid mingpin serangan pikeun nalukkeun Damaskus dina tanggal 18 Séptémber 634 sanggeus 30 poé pangepungan. Numutkeun sawatara sumber, pangepungan cenah mah lumangsung nepi ka opat atawa genep bulanna.<ref name="Walton28">{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=28}}</ref> Kaésar Heraclius nu nampa béja rubuhna Damaskus, miang ka Antioch ti Emesa. Kavalery Khalid nyerang garisun Byzantine di Damaskus, nu ogé ngarah ka Antioch, panggih jeung maranéhna maké jalan motong nu teu kanyahoan, dina Perang Marojal Daibaj,<ref name=":7">{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=59}}</ref> 150 km kaléren Damaskus. Abu Bakar ngantunkeun dina mangsa pangepungan Damaskus sarta Umar jadi Khalifah anyar. Umar mecat Khalid dina kapanglimaanna sarta nunjuk Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah jadi Pupuhu Panglima pasukan Islam di Syria. Abu Ubaidah meunang surat panunjukkanna sarta pamecatan Khalid wanci keur pangepungan kénéh, tapi teu waka dibéwarakeun semet ka kotana ditalukkeun.<ref name="Allenby70">{{Harvnb|Allenby|2003|p=70}}</ref> ==Mangsa Umar (634–642)== ===Pamecatan Khalid tina kapamingpinan=== Tanggal 22 Agustus 634 Abu Bakar ngantunken, Umar jadi panggantina.<ref name="Gil43" /> Léngkah Umar nu munggaran nyaéta ngabébaskeun Khalid tina posisi panglima utama pasukan muslim sarta nunjuk Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah salaku pupuhu panglima anyar.<ref name="Walton28"/> Khalid jadi cobaan kana kateuimanan (ku teu kungsi eleh dina perang) sabab umat Islam ngaitkeun kameunangan-kameunangan ieu kana kapribadian jeung tangtungan Khalid. Umar nyarita: “Kaula mecat Khalid lain karena ambek ka manéhna atawa panghianatan kana amanah atawa tanggung jawab, tapi hiji-hijina alesan téh yén kaula hayang jalma-jalma nyaho yén saéstuna Alloh nu maparin kameunangan.”<ref name="Allenby70" /> Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun eureunna Khalid tina panglima utama sarta satuluyna taun 638 tina angkatan bersenjata. Khalid nunjukkeun kasatiaanna ka khalifah anyar sarta tuluy ngabdi salaku panglima biasa sahandapeun Abu Ubaidah. Dirina nyarita: “Ku maotna Abu Bakar sarta Umar jadi Khalifah, mangka kami ngaregepkeun sarta kami naatan.”<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Waqidi|8th century|p=62}}</ref> Operasi militér tangtuna jadi ngalaunan, alatan Abu Ubaidah gerakanna laun jeung tenang, kalayan manéhna mah minangka panglima nu ati-ati. Panalukan Syria dituluykeun dina kapanglimaanna, sarta Abu Ubaidah nu mikasima ka Khalid, ngajadikeun Khalid jadi panglima kavalery jeung panaséhat militér.<ref name="Allenby70"/> ===Panalukan Levant Tengah=== [[File:Mohammad adil-Muslim invasion of Syria-3.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Central Syria.|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute serangan Khalid bin Walid ka Syria Tengah.]] Saharita sabada ditunjuk salaku pupuhu panglima, Abu Ubaidah ngirim pasukan leutik ka acara pasar taunan di Abu al Quds, kiwari Abla, deukeut Zahlé 50 km wétaneun Béirut. Nyampak garisun Byazantine jeung Arab Karésten ngawal éta pasar, duka kumaha, mata-mata Muslim salah ngitung badagna garisun éta. Garisun lawan sakolépat geus ngepung pasukan Muslim nu saeutikan. Méméh bener-bener ancur, Abu Ubaidah nu geus nampa béja intelején, ngirim Khalid pikeun nyalametkeun tentara Muslim. Khalid turun tangan tur ngéléhkeun musuh dina Perang Abu al Quds tanggal 15 Oktober 634 sarta mulang bari mawa mangketi-keti harta rampasan ti pasar téa jeung ratusan tawanan Romawi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=305}}</ref> Ku karebutna Puseur Syria, kaom Muslimin geus nyieun hanteuman penting ka Byzantine. Komunikasi antara Syria Kalér jeung Paléstina harita kapotong. Abu Ubaidah mutuskeun pikeun ngajorag ka Fahl (Pella), nu kurang leuwih 500 kaki (150 m) sahandapeun beungeut laut, sarta mangrupa tempat nu kuat pikeun garisun Byzantine katut sésa-sésa nu saralamet ti Perang Ajnadain.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=52}}</ref> Tempat ieu téh penting lantaran ti dieu urang-urang Byzantine bisa nyerang ngétan sarta motong garis suplai jeung komunikasi ka Arab.<ref name="Allenby71">{{Harvnb|Allenby|2003|p=71}}</ref> Katambah deui, ku ayana garisun kuat ieu di satukangeun, Paléstina teu bisa diserang. Pasukan Muslim gerak ka Fahl bari Khalid mingpin pasukan hareup, ngan ukur manggihan dataran nu geus dibanjiran cai ku insinyur-insunyur Byzantine nu ngabendung Bangawan Yordan. Pasukan Byzantine antukna mah kaéléhkeun ogé dina Perang Fahl dina peuting tanggal 23 Januari 635.<ref name="Gil43"/> ===Perang Emesa jeung Perang Damaskus Kadua=== Ku kameunangan di Fahl, pasukan Muslim ngabagi, Amru bin Ash jeung Shurobil bin Hasana ngidul rék ngarebut Paléstina, sedeng Abu Ubaidah jeung Khalid ngalér pikeun ngarebut Syria Kalér. Sawatara kaum Muslimin nempatan Fahl, Heraclius ngambeu kasempetan, buru-buru ngirim pasukan dina pingpinan Jenderal Theodras pikeun ngarebut deui Damaskus.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=319}}</ref> Teu sawatara lila sanggeus Heraclius ngirim pasukan anyar, kaum Muslimin nu geus ngaréngsékeun urusan-urusanna di Fahl, keur di jajalaneun ka Emesa. Pasukan Byzantine tepung jeung kaum Muslim di tengah jalan ka Emesa, di Marojar Rum. Peutingna Theodras ngirim satengah pasukanna ka Damaskus pikeun ngajalankeun serangan kilat ka garisun Muslim.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=323}}</ref> Mata-mata Khalid ngabéjakeun gerakan éta. Sameunangna ijin ti Abu Ubaidah, Khalid geuwat gerak ka Damaskus bareng jeung pangawal gerak cepetna. Sawatara Abu Ubaidah tempur jeung ngéléhkeun pasukan Romawi dina Perang Marojar Rum, Khalid gerak ka Damaskus katut pangawal gerak cepetna nyerang jeung ngabaruntakkeun Jenderal Theodras dina Perang Damaskus ka-2.<ref name="Allenby71"/> Saminggu ti harita, Abu Ubaidah ngarebut Baalbek (Heliopolis), tempat di mana Biara Jupiter ngadeg, sarta ngirim Khalid langsung ka Emesa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Allenby|2003|p=72}}</ref> Emesa jeung Chalcis ngajukeun perdamaian salila sataun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=338}}</ref> Batan nyerang, Abu Ubaidah narima tawaran éta. Dirina nerapkeun aturan-aturanna dina tanah patalukan sarta tuluy ngarebut Hama, Ma’arrah jeung Nu’man. Najan kitu, pasini damai téh sabenerna ku paréntah Heraclius pikeun ngarerepkeun kaum Muslimin jeung ngulur waktu keur nyiapkeun pertahanan Syria Kalér. Sanggeus kukumpul pasukan cukup gedé di Antioch, Heraclius ngirimkeun maranéhna pikeun ngarojong Syria Kalér, aréa nu sacara stratégis penting, nu pangutamana mah bénténg kokoh Chalcis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=345}}</ref> Ku datangna pasukan Byzantine di kota, pasini damai geus dilanggar. Abu Ubaidah jeung Khalid tuluy ngajorag ka Emesa, Pasukan Byzantine nu ngahalangan pangawal-pangawal Khalid diburantakkeun. Pangepungan Muslim ka Emesa antukna réngsé di bulan Maret 636 sanggeus dua bulan lilana.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=389}}</ref> ===Perang Yarmuk=== [[File:Muslim-Byzantine troop movement (635-636).svg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Muslim and Byzantine Troop Movements before the battle of Yarmouk|Pagérakan Pasukan Muslim jeung Byzantine méméh Perang Yarmuk.]] Sanggeus ngarebut Emesa, pasukan Muslim maju ngalér pikeun ngarebut kasaluruhan Syria Kalér. Sawatara éta Heraclius geus ngumpulkeun sajumlah pasukan gedé di Antioch pikeun ngarebut deui Syria. Khalid meunang béja éta ti tawanan Romawi di Syria Kalér. Sanggeus pangalaman katukang-tukang, Heraclius nyegah perang langsung ngalawan pasukan Muslim. Manéhna niat mengker korps-korps Muslim hiji jeung nu lainna, jeung sacara kapisah-pisah ngepung jeung ngacurkeun pasukan Muslim. Lima serangan gedé-gedéan dipentangkeun ti rute-rute nu baréda di Juni 636 pikeun ngarebut Syria deui.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=45}}</ref> Khalid, ngambeu rencana Heraclius, ngarasa melang bisi pasukan Muslim kabengker jeung kaancurkeun. Dina hiji rencana déwan perang dirina nyarankeun Abu Ubaidah sangkan narik sakabéh terntara Muslim di satempatkeun pikeun hiji perang panangtuan ngalawan Byzantine. Ku saran ti Khalid kitu, Abu Ubaidah maréntahkan sakabéh tentara di Syria pikeun kaluar ti tanah-tanah panalukan sarta ngumpul di Jabiya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Weston|2008|p=50}}</ref> Manuper ieu méré hanteman penting keur rencana Heraclius, sabab Heraclius teu hayang pasukanna adu hareupan langsung jeung pasukan Muslim, di mana kavaleri muslim nu arénténg bisa sacara éféktif digunakeun keur ngalawanan kavaleri Byzantine nu bareurat jeung rareuged. Ku saran ti Khalid, Abu Ubaidah maréntahkeun pasukanna pikeun pindah ka tegalan di deukeut Leuwi Yarmuk, nu ngabogaan suplai cai jeung tegal jukut nu alus sarta ti dinya kavaleri bisa digunakeun kalayan leuwih éféktif.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=63}}</ref> Dina hiji rempugan déwan perang, Abu Ubaidah nyérénken kapamingpinan panglima perang ka Khalid, nu lumaku minangka panglima lapangan jeung jadi pangrancang utama tina pangancuran pasukan Byzantine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=29}}</ref> Tanggal 15 Agustus, Perang Yarmuk lumangsung, méakkeun genep poé sarta ditungtungan ku ancur-ancuranna Byzantine. Perang Yarmuk dianggap minangka salah sahiji perang nu paling nangtukeun dina sajarah.<ref name="Walton30">{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=30}}</ref> Éta téh mangrupa kaéléhen nu ngandung harti sajarah nu nyégel nasib Byzantium di Levant. Akibat tina éléhna éta sakitu gedé hingga pasukan Byzantine teu bisa pulih deui pikeun sawatara lila. Tumibana, kasaluruhan Kakaisaran Byzantine jadi lemah pikeun pasukan Arab Muslim. Perang éta minangka perang panggedé-gedéna nu pernah lumangsung di tanah Syria wanci harita, sarta dipercaya minangka hanteman taktis ti Khalid.<ref name="akram496">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=496}}</ref> ===Ngarebut Yerusalem=== Ku dihantem jeung diburantakkeuna pasukan Byzantine, pasukan Muslim gancang ngarebut deui wilayah-wilayah nu geus ditalukkeun méméh Yarmuk. Pasukan Muslim maju ngidul ka bénténg pamungkas Byzantine, Yerusalem, di mana réa sésa-sésa pasukan Byzantine nu saralamet ti Yarmuk nyaralindung.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=51}}</ref> Pangepungan Yerusalem lumangsung opat bulan semet ka kota éta satuju pikeun sumerah tapi kudu ka khalifah ku anjeun sacara pribadi. Amru bin Ash, salah sahiji ti opat panglima, nyarankeun sangkan Khalid dikirim salaku khalifah, sabab Khalid sarimbag pisan jeung Khalifah Umar. Tapi Khalid kanyahoan, antukna Umar sumping sarta Yerusalem sumerah dina bulan April 637.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=53}}</ref> Réngsé ti Yerusalem, pasukan Muslim kapecah deui. Korps Yazid datang ka Damaskus jeung ngarebut Béirut. Korps Amru jeung Shurobil miang pikeun nalukkeun sésa-sésa Paléstina, sedeng Abu Ubaidah jeung Khalid, mingpin 17.000 pasukan tohaga laju ngalér keur nalukkeun sakabéh Syria Kalér.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=491}}</ref> ===Panalukan Syria Kalér jeung Levant=== [[File:Mohammad adil-Muslim invasion of Syria-4.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Northern Syria|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute invasi Khalid bin Walid ka Syria Kaler.]] Sanggeus Emesa aya na leungeun, Abu Ubaidah jeung Khalid maju ka Chalcis, nu ngabogaan harti paling stratégis pikeun Byzantine. Ngaliwatan Chalcis, Byzantine bisa ngajaga Anatolia, Armenia, tanah asalna Heraclius, sarta puseur zona Asia Antioch. Abu Ubaidah ngirim Khalid jeung pangawal gerak cepet elitna ka Chalcis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=84}}</ref> Bénténgna dijagaan ku pasukan Yunani dina kapamingpinan Menas, nu kabéjakan boga posisi luhur, jalma kadua sanggeus kaisar ku anjeun. Menas nyinglarkeun taktik heubeul Byzantine, mutuskeun pikeun nyanghareupan Khalid jeung ngancurkeun élemén pamandu dina pasukan Muslim di Hazir, 5 km wétaneun Chalcis, saméméh pasukan utamana bisa ngagabung. Pasukan Romawi bener-bener ancur dina Perang Hazir, nu ngajurung sanajan Umar ogé  pikeun muji Khalid minangka jénius militér.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=429}}</ref> Umar kacaritakeun nyarios: “''Khalid téh hiji panglima sajati, mugia Alloh ngabarokahan ka Abu Bakar. Anjeuna leuwih hadé dina nganilai jalma tibatan kuring''.” Abu Ubaidah tuluy ngagabung ka Khalid di bénténg Chalcis nu katempona siga moal bisa diéléhkeun, tapi antukna sumerah di bulan Juni 637.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=28}}</ref> Ku kameunangan stratégis ieu, wilayah Chalcis kalér ngaboléklak pikeun pasukan Muslimin. Khalid jeung Abu Ubaidah satuluyna ngarebut Aleppo ti pasukan Byzantine nu geus peunggas hareupan di bulan Oktober 637. Tujuan satuluyna nyaéta kota éndah Antioch, puseur kota zona Asia tina Kakaisaran Byzantine. Méméh ngajorag ka Antioch, Khalid jeung Abu Ubaidah mutuskeun pikeun nutup kota ti Anatolia; hal ieu karéngsékeun ku ngarebut sakabéh bénténg nu méré pertahanan stratégis keur Antioch, utamana A’zaz di timur laut Antioch. Dina raraga nyalametkeun kakaisaran tina kaancuran, hiji perang nu tanpa harepan dijalankeun ngalawan pasukan Muslim ku para ponggawa Antioch di luar kota deukeut leuwi Orontes, populer ku sebutan Perang Jambatan Beusi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=445}}</ref> Sanggeus diéléhkeun, urang-urang Byzantien malundur ka Antioch sarta pasukan Muslim ngepung kota. Ku leutikna pangharepan bakal meunang pitulung ti kaésar, Antioch nyerah dina tanggal 30 Oktober 637 ku prasarat yén sakabéh pasukan Byzantine dibéré jalur aman ka Konstantinopel. Abu Ubaidah ngirim Khalid ngalér, sedeng dirina ngangkeuy ngidul sarta ngarebut Lazkia, Jabla, Tartus jeung aréa-aréa basisir kulon ti pagunugan Libanon Wétan. Khalid maju ngalér jeung nyerang wilayah ka luhur ka Leuwi Kizil (Kizilirmak) di Anatolia. Kaésar Heraclius geus ninggalkeun Antioch ka Edessa saméméh kadatangan kaum Muslimin. Manéhna nyusun kaperluan-kaperluan pertahanan di Jazira jeung Armenia sarta miang deui ka puseur dayeuh Konstatinopel. Dina lalampahan ka Konstantinopel manéhna méh-méhan teu bisa lolos waktu Khalid, sanggeus ngarebut Marash, keur ngidul nuju ka Manbij.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=145}}</ref> Heraclius buru-buru nyokot jalur pagunungan sarta ngaliwatan ka Gerbang Cilician, kabéjakeun nyarita:{{quote|Pileuleuyan, paturay tineung Syria, propinsi kuring nu éndah. Anjeun ayeuna milik urang-urang kafir (musuh). Katengtremean pikeun anjeun, Oh Syiria – pisukamahaeun teuing éndahna anjeun pikeun leungeun-leungeun musuh..<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=448}}</ref>|Kaésar Heraclius}} Ku ancur-ancuranna dina Perang Yarmuk, kakaisaranna bener-bener rangu pikeun serangan kaum Muslimin. Ku ngan sawatara leutik sumber-sumber militér nu nyésa manéhna heunteu aya deui dina posisi pikeun usaha-usaha militér balik ka Syria. Keur meunangkeun waktu pikeun persiapan pertahanan sésa-sésa kakaisaranna, Heraclius néang bantuan ka Arabs Karésten di Jazirah nu ngumpulkeun hiji pasukan gedé sarta ngajorag ka Emesa, markas Abu Ubaidah. Abu Ubaidah narik kabéh pasukanna ti Syria Kalér ka Emesa. Arab Karésten ngepung wakul Emesa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=451}}</ref> Khalid geus dina posisi pikeun perang kabuka di saluareun bénténg, tapi Abu Ubaidah milih nyérénkeun masalah ieu ka Umar, nu sacara cerdas méréskeun ieu. Umar ngirim pasukan Muslim ti Irak pikeun nyerang Jazirah, lemah cai Arab Karésten, ti tilu rute nu béda. Katambah deui pasukan séjénna dikirim ka Emesa ti Irak dina pingpinan Qa’qa bin Amru,<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=144}}</ref> saurang véteran Yarmuk nu dikirim ti Irak keur Perang al Qodisiyah. Umar ku anjeun miang ti Madinah mingpin 1.000 urang. Urang-urang Arab Karésten, meunang respon gegedéan kieu, ngabatalkeun pangepungan sarta gura-giru mulang ka Jazirah. Dina nalika éta Khalid katut ponggawa gerak cepetna kaluar ti Emesa sarta ngancurkeun pasukan musuh, nyerang ti satukangeun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=453}}</ref> Ieu téh minangka usaha ahir Heraclius pikeun balik deui ka garis Syria. ===Kampanye di Armenia jeung Anatolia=== [[File:Mohammad adil rais-Invasion of Anatolia and Armenia.PNG|thumb|300px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Anatolia and Armenia|Peta ngajéntrékeun rute invasi Khalid bin Walid ka Anatolia jeung Armenia.]] Sabada éta perang, Umar maréntahkeun panalukan Jazirah nu réngsé dina sajeroning usum panas 638. Sanggeus nalukkeun Jazirah, Abu Ubaidah ngirim Khalid jeung Iyad bin Ghonam (panakluk Jazirah) pikeun nyerang wilayah Byzantine di kaléreun Jazirah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=146}}</ref> Maranéhna miang ngabandaleut sewang-sewangan sarta ngarebut Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakir), Malatya jeung nyerbu Armenia Byzantine ka luhur ka daérah Ararat sarta ogé kacaritakeun nyerbu puseur Anatolia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|pp=146–47}}</ref> Heraclius geus ti heula ninggalkeun kabéh bénténg antara Antioch jeung Tartus pikeun nyieun zona panyangga atawa daérah tanpa jalma antara aréa nu dikontrol ku Muslim jeung tanah utama Anatolia. Umar harita ngeureunkeun pasukanna tina maju terus ka Anatolia, sarta maréntahkeun Abu Ubaidah, nu geus jadi gupernur Syria, pikeun nerapkeun aturan-aturanna di tanah panalukan Levant. Mangsa harita Umar kabéjakeun nyarita: “Kaula ngaharepkeun aya témbok seuneu antara urang jeung Romawi, hingga maranéhna teu bisa asup ka wilayah urang sarua jeung urang teu bisa asup ka tanah maranéhna.”<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=147}}</ref> Lantaran dibébastugaskeunna Khalid tina katentaraan sarta kalaparan jeung wabah di taun hareupna, pasukan Muslim ditahan dina nyerang Anatolia. Ékspédisi ka Anatolia jeung Armenia nandaan ahir karir militér Khalid.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=152}}</ref> ===Dibebastugaskeun tina katentaraan=== Khalid, harita, keur aya dina puncak karirna, dirina kasohor jeung dipikacinta ku anak buahna, pikeun komunitas Muslim dirina téh hiji pahlawan nasional,<ref>{{Harvnb|Weston|2008|p=43}}</ref> sarta sacara umum katelah minangka ''Saefulloh'' (“Pedang Alloh”). Hiji kajadian lumangsung teu lila ti sanggeusna Khalid ngarebut Marash (Karomammarash), di usum dingin taun 638, dirina kenalan jeung Ash’as, hiji panyair jeung tentara barisan Pérsia, mintonkeun hiji puisi nu mumuji Khalid sarta nampa hadiah 10.000 dirham ti Khalid, sigana mah tina bandahara nagara.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=49}}</ref> [[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun empire-slide.gif|thumb|right|400px|alt=expansion of rashidun caliphate.|Ékspansi Khulafaur Rashidin]] Umar jeung senatna ngagolongkeun kalakuan éta téh minangka panyalahgunaan harta nagara, sanajan hukumanna teu semet ka kudu lésot jabatan, Khalid geus diingétan ti saméméhna pikeun teu lumaku sorangan, dirina kudu ménta heula ijin ti atasanna atawa Khalipah pikeun kalakuan siga kitu. Umar buru-buru nulis surat ka Abu Ubaidah ménta sangkan mawa Khalid ka hareupeun jamaah, sarta ngudaran sorban jeung kopéahna. Umar ménta sangkan Abu Ubaidah nanya ka Khalid ti mana dana nu dibikeun ka Ash’as téh: tina sakuna sorangan atawa tina harta nagara? Lamun ngaku geus maké harta nu teu sah, dirina dianggap salah ku mikalampah teu bener.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=481}}</ref> Lamun ngaku yén dirina méré tina sakuna sorangan, anggeur dianggap salah lantaran pamonyahan. Dina dua-duana kasus gé dirina bakal tetep dibébastugaskeun, sarta Abu Ubaidah kudu ngajalankeun tugas ieu. Abu Ubaidah sorangan mikasima ka Khalid téh jeung mikanyaah siga ka adi sorangan,<ref>{{Harvnb|Weston|2008|p=45}}</ref> ku kituna dirina teu sanggup mun kudu ngajalankeun tugas ieu. Gantina, Bilal bin Rabah ditunjuk pikeun pancén éta sarta manggil Khalid ti Chalcis ka Emessa, di mana Khalid didakwa di hareupeun umum.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=482}}</ref> Khalid ngaku yén dirina méré duit tina sakuna sorangan hingga nyatakeun teu boga salah dina dakwaan éta. Najan kitu, waktu nepungan Abu Ubaidah dirina dibéjaan yén geus dibébastugaskeun ku paréntahna Umar sarta kudu balik ka Madinah pikeun nepungan Umar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gil|1997|p=50}}</ref> Khalid miang ka Chalcis jeung amitan ka pangawal gerak cepetna. Tuluy ngajugjug Madinah pikeun nepungan Umar. Dirina protés kana naon anu dianggapna teu adil. Umar dicaritakeun muji dirina dina kekecapanna: “Anjeun geus anggeus; sarta taya saurang ogé nu bisa ngalakukeun naon nu ku anjeun geus dilakukeun. Tapi éta téh lain hasil lampah jalma; Ieu téh karna Alloh nu ngersakeun...”<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=487}}</ref> Kahareupna Umar ngajelaskeun pangbébastugasanna Khalid:{{quote| Kaula lain mecat Khalid ku alatan amarah atawa alatan kateujujuran naon waé dina tugasna, tapi alatan jalma-jalma mumuja teuing dirina jeung ieu téh salah. Kaula lewang yén jalma-jalma bakal ngandelkeun dirina. Kaula hayang maranéhna nyaho yén saéstuna Alloh nu méré kameunangan ka urang; jeung teu meunang aya salah kapamingpinan di ieu lemah.<ref name="Akram 2004 488">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=488}}</ref>|Khalifah Umar.}} Kitu jalanna ujung karir suksés militér Khalid wekasan. ===Tilar Dunya=== [[File:Khaled Ebn El-Walid Mosque3.jpg|thumb|right|210px|alt=image of khalid ibn walid mosque.|Makam Khalid nu aya di Masjid Khalid bin Walid, [[Homs]]&nbsp;– [[Syria]].]] [[File:ضريح خالد بن الوليد.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Makam Khalid]] Najan dipercaya yén hubungan Umar jeung dulur sabrayna, Khalid, sok aya dina patojiah, duanana katempona teu nyungkelid haté antara nu hiji jeung nu lainna. Wanci maotna, Kholid ngawasiatkeun harta bandana ka Umar jeung ngajadikeun Umar minangka nu ngajalankeun surat wasiatna jeung banda titinggalna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=493}}</ref> Dina jéro kurang ti opat taun tina pangbébastugasanna, Khalid mulih ka jati mulang ka asal sarta  dikureubkeun di Emesa taun 642, di mana dirina netep tumetep si saprak kaluar ti dinas militér. Makamna kiwari jadi bagéan hiji masjid nu disebut Masjid Khalid bin Walid. Dina nisan makam Khalid katuliskeun daptar leuwih ti 50 perang-perang nu dimeunangkeun tur dipingpin ku dirina tanpa pernah éléh (teu kaasup perang laleutik).<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=501}}</ref> Dicaritakeun yén dirina hayang maot salaku syuhada dina lapangan perang, sarta katempo kuciwa waktu dirina apal yén dirina bakal maot luhureun balé.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=494}}</ref> Khalid molékérkeun kasedihanna liwat hiji kalimat ahir nu pikasediheun: {{quote|Kuring geus tempur dina sakitu lobana pangperangan neneang sangkan mati syuhada hingga taya satitik gé nu nyesa dina awak kuring tanpa gurat atawa tatu balas tumbak atawa pedang. Anggeur kénéh kuring di dieu, sakarat luhuren ranjang siga hiji onta kolot, Moga-moga panon jalma-jalma borangan teu kungsi reureuh.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ibn Qutaybah|9th century|p=267}}</ref>|Khalid bin Walid}} Nempo kasedihna, hiji sobat Khalid nyarita ka dirina: {{quote|Sing ngarti anjeun, hé Khalid, yén wanci Rasululloh SAW, ngalandi anjeun ku Saefulloh, anjeuna geus ngabalitungkeun yén anjeun moal kungsi rubuh dina perang. Lamun mah anjeun perlaya ku hiji jalma nu teu iman éta bakal ngandung harti yén pedang Alloh geus kapotongkeun ku musuh Alloh; hal éta téh moal kungsi bisa kajadian.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=303}}</ref>|sobat dalit Khalid}} Dicaritakeun dina poéna Khalid maot, Umar nangis balilihan. Kadieuna, jalma-jalma manggihan yén kasedihna téh lain alatan kaleungitan pribadi, tapi ogé ku leungitna kasempetan ahir pikeun malikkeun deui kapanglimaan ka Khalid. Umar nepikeun paturay tineungna pikeun Khalid ku nyarios: {{quote|Mugia Alloh ngaberkahan ka anjeun, Abu Sulaiman (Khalid). Naon nu dipimilik ku anjeun ayeuna jauh leuwih alus batan nu dipimilik nalika hirup, lantaran anjeun ayeuna aya di sisi Alloh. Anjeun dipikahormat wanci hirup, sarta tengtrem wanci maot.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muhammad Khalid |first=Khalid |title=Men Aroud The Messenger |date=2004 |publisher=Islamic Book Service |isbn= |page=128 |url=https://www.islamfuture.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/men-around-the-messenger-pbuh/amp/ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165537/https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2009/08/16/men-around-the-messenger-pbuh/amp/ |date=16 October 2018 }}</ref>|Umar bin Khattab}} ==Karir militer Khalid bin Walid== {|class="wikitable" |- !Year !!Battle !!Description |- |23 Maret 625 ||[[Perang Uhud]]||Khalid bin Walid minangka hiji panglima Mekkah ngéléhkeun pasukan Muslim nu dipingpin ku Nabi. Rea urang-urang Muslim nu perlaya, malahan Kanjeng Nabi nyalira tatu parna. |- |629 ||[[Perang Mu'tah]]|| Hiji pasukan leutik Muslimin nyanghareupan hiji pasukan gabungan nu gedé nu dieusi ku unsur-unsur ti Kakaisaran Byzantine jeung gabungan Arab Karésten. Perang ngabalukarkeun maotna tilu panglima Muslim sarta pasukan Muslim geus ampir-ampiran kasoran. Khalid nyokot komando pasukan Muslim sarta malikkeun kaayaan nu tadina pijadieun banjir getih jadi panglumpatan stratégis. Di abad katilu H (816 M – 913 M) sajarawan Muslim nyatakeun yén Nabi masihan landian ka Khalid ku sebutan ‘Saefulloh’ nu hartina “Pedang Alloh”.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Powers|first1=David S.|title=Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet|date=2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}</ref> |- |April 633 ||[[Perang Salasil]]||Khalid bin Walid ngéléhkeun hiji pasukan Pérsia dina perang munggaranna ngalawan Kakaésaran Pérsia |- |Méi 633 ||[[Perang Walaja]]||Khalid bin Walid sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun pasukan Kakaésaran Pérsia nu rohaka maké manuper tingkeran ganda |- |Méi 633 ||[[Perang Ullais]]||Khalid bin Walid sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun hiji pasukan gedé Kakaésaran Pérsia |- |Nopémber 633 ||[[Perang Zumail]]||Khalid bin Walid sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun pasukan Pérsia, nalukkeun sabagéan gedé Mesopotamia (Irak) ti Kakaésaran Pérsia |- |Januari 634 ||[[Perang Firaz]]||Khalid bin Walid sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun sajumlah gedé pasukan gabungan ti Kakaésaran Pérsia, Kakaésaran Byzantine jeung urang Arab Karésten, ngaréngsékeun panalukan Mesopotamia |- |Juni-Juli 634 ||[[Perang Basra]]||Sajumlah leutik pasukan Muslim dipingpin ku Khalid bin Walid ningker kota Basra, sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun pasukan gedé Byzantine jeung Arab Karésten |- |Juli 634 ||[[Perang Ajnadain]]||Perang langsung munggaran antara Arab Muslim pingpinan Khalid bin Walid ngalawan pasukan Byzantine nu leuwih gedé pingpinan Heraclius nu antukna mawa kana kameunangan mutlak pasukan Muslim |- |635 ||[[Battle of Fahl|Perang Fahl]] ||Byzantine nu leuwih gedé pingpinan Heraclius, sarta ngarebut Palestina, Yordan jeung Syria kidul ti Kakaésaran Byzantine |- |Agustus 636 ||[[Perang Yarmuk]]||Pasukan Muslim pingpinan Khalid bin Walid ngancurkeun pasukan Byzantine nu leuwih gedé dina pingpinan Heraclius jeung Konstantin III |- |637 ||[[Perang Jambatan Beusi]]||Khalid bin Walid sacara mutlak ngéléhkeun sajumlah gédé pasukan Byzantine pingpinan Heraclius dina perang pamungkas ngalawan Kakaésaran Byzantine, nalukkeun Syria kalér jeung Turki |- |637 ||[[Perang Hazir]]||Khalid bin Walid ngéléhkeun garisun Qinnasrin pingpinan Meenas di Hazim Syria, nyapu beresih pasukan Byzantine. |} ==Paninggalan== ===Militer=== [[File:Mohammad adil-Campaigns of Khalid.PNG|thumb|220px|alt=map detailing sites of khalid's campaigns|Peta ngajéntrékeun tempat-tempat kampanye militer Khalid bin Walid.]] Khalid dicaritakeun salila karir militérna geus tempur kurang leuwih saratus perang, boh éta perang utama atawa perang leuleutikan ka asup ogé duél saurang lawan saurang. Alatan can pernah kaéléhkeun, dirina disebut ku sawatara jalma minangka salah sahiji jenderal militér pangpunjulna dina sajarah.<ref name="Akram 2004 499"/> Sajaba ti arsiték dina lolobana doktrin-doktrin militér Muslim,<ref name="Pratt82">{{Harvnb|Pratt|2000|p=82}}</ref> Khalid ogé minangka pangrintis ampir kabéh taktik utama Muslim nu dipaké mangsa awal-awal pamekaran Islam. Salah sahiji beubeunangan utama Khalid dina kontéks ieu nyaéta ngamangfaatkeun kamampuan individu prajurit Arab Bedouin pikeun skala nu leuwih gedé. Dirina dipercaya geus mekarkeun kana unit réguler nu disebut ''Mubarizun'' (“jawara’), nu sok ngajak tarung patutunggalan ka perwira musuh. Maranéhna téh jago-jago pedang nu bener-bener kalatih jeung mahér nu dimangfaatkeun sacara éféktif ku Khalid pikeun ngababad perwira-perwira musuh saloba-lobana, ngabalukarkeun hanteman psikologis kana moral musuh. Perang Ajnadain mingkin mangrupa conto pangmérénahna keur ieu wanda perang psikologis. Katambah deui, beubeunangan panggedéna téh ngolah doktrin taktis Arab kana hiji sistem stratégis.<ref name="Pratt82"/> Méméh Khalid, urang-urang Arab dasarna mah ngan tukang nyerbu jeung tukang tarung campuh. Khalid ngarobah taktik-taktik tarung campuh éta kana naon nu bisa digunakeun di mana waé. Ku kituna dirina bakal narungan musuhna semet ka maot, dirina bakal mawa pasukanna ka hareupeun musuh sarta nunggu sangkan perang gedé ngaleutikan jadi perang-perang laleutik antara unit-unit leutik. Tuluy sanggeus méakkeun tanaga unit-unit musuh, dirina bakal ngabelesatkeun kavalerina ti sisi kénca katuhu musuh nerapkeun taktik Palu jeung Talenan.<ref name="Pratt83">{{Harvnb|Pratt|2000|p=83}}</ref> Lolobana stratégi Khalid marenahna dina panerapan metode-metode ékstrim. Disebutkeun yén dirina leuwih nekenkeun kana ngancurkeun pasukan musuh daripada ngahontal kameunangan ku ngéléhkeun wungkul. Contona panerapan manuper pangepungan ganda ngalawan pasukan Pérsia nu sacara jumlah leuwih réa dina Perang Walaja,<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=230}}</ref> sarta manuperna dina Perang Yarmuk di mana dirina nyata-nyata ngajiret pasukan Byzantine di antara tilu jurang nu lungkawing ku cara rerencepan ngarebut hiji-hijina rute pangbalikan maranéhna, hiji jambatan di satukangeunna. Khalid ngamangfaatkeun kanyahona nu leuwih hadé ngeunaan keureutan-keureutan bumi ku sagala cara pikeun meunangkeun kaunggulan stratégis tibatan musuhna. Wanci keur kampanye Pérsia, dirina awal-awalna mah can pernah asup ka jero téritori Pérsia sarta salawasna ngajaga sangkan di  satukangeun pasukan Arab teu weléh aya gurun, sangkan gampang lamun saupamana kudu mundur.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nicolle|2009|p=8}}</ref> Kakara sanggeus sakabéh pasukan kuat Pérsia jeung pasukan gabungan sekutuna diancurkeun, dirina abus ka jero nepi ka wilayah Eufrats jeung ngarebut puseur kota regional Irak, al Hira. Sakali deui dina Perang Yarmuk, kondisi daratanna jadi pitulung pikeun dirina dina ngajalankeun stratégi gedé keur ngancurkeun Byzantine. Ditilik tina pagerakanna, pasukan Khalid teu aya bandinganna kajaba ti gorombolan Mongolia di abad 13.<ref>{{Harvnb|Walton|2003|p=19}}</ref> Kanyataanna, taktik gurun Arab jeung tegal jukutna Mongolia kalah kumaha gé sarua. Sakabéh pasukan Khalid naraék onta pas eukeur baris, sedeng urang-urang Mongol maraké kuda, ngan bédana nyaéta urang-urang Arab mah teu maké pamanah-pamanah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harkavy|2001|p=166}}</ref> Manuper nu paling umum nu digunakeunna nyaéta serangan kilat, siga serangan malam ti tilu sisi nu béda ka kémah-kémah Pérsia di Zumail, Muzaiyah jeung Saniy. Pasukan kilatna geus hasil nga-manuper dina aréa 100 km, sacara kilat ngancurkeun pakémahan urang-urang Pérsia jeung sakutu Arabna. Perang Marojal Daibaz teu jadi pangacualian, di mana sakali deui pasukan kilatna gumerak ngurilingan pasukan Byzantine, kaluar ti opat arah jeung muka sababaraha singhareupan dina sakali waktu, hiji manuper nu engkéna di abad 13 jadi salah sahiji prinsip manuper pasukan Mongol.<ref>{{Harvnb|Malik|1968|p=39}}</ref> Sajarawan Waqidi nuliskeun sabada Perang Marojal Daibaz, Kaisar Heraclius ngirim hiji utusan keur ménta Khalid sangkan mulangkan anak awéwéna. Si utusan mikeun surat Kaésar ka Khalid nu unina kieu:<ref name="akramseventeen">Akram, c. 30, p. 17.</ref> {{cquote| 'Kuring geus nyaho naon nu dipilampah ku anjeun ka pasukan kuring. Anjeun geus nelasan minantu kuring kalayan nawan anak kuring. Anjeun geus meunang jeung indit kalayan aman. Ayeuna kuring meredih anak kuring. Pulangkeun ku cara ditebus atawa bikeun minangka hadiah, sabab kuring apal lamun kamulyaan téh hiji unsur nu kuat dina karakter anjeun.’}} Khalid nyarita ka si utusan: {{cquote|Bawa minangka hadiah, teu perlu tebusan.}}Si utusan mawa balik si putrina Heraclius, jeung mulang ka Antiokh.{{cn|date=April 2019}}[[File:Mohammad adil rais-batte of majar ud dibaj.gif|thumb|right|350px|Manuper pasukan Muslim (beureum) ngalawan konvoi Byzantine (biru) dina Perang Marojal Daibaz]] Hiji conto tina kamampuan manuper stratégis Khalid nyaéta waktu maju ka Syria Romawi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Malik|1968|p=87}}</ref> Kaésar Herclius geus ngirimkeun sakabéh pasukan garisunna ka Syria, liwat Ajnadain, pikeun nahan pasukan Muslim di wilayah perbatasan Syria Arab. Rute paling mungkin ti unggal bantuan Muslim diharepkeun ngaliwatan jalan Syria Arab nu geus maneuh ti kidul, tapi Khalid nu harita keur di Irak, maké rute nu paling teu disangka-sangka: ngabandaleut nembus gurun Syria nu taya caian, pikeun ngagétkeun pasukan Byzantine. Dirina mucunghul ti wétaneun Syria. Panggih jeung pasukan Byzantine nu teu dijagaan, Khalid sacara kilat ngarebut sababaraha kota, nyata-nyata motong motong jalur komunikasi pasukan Byzantine di Ajnadain jeung patinggina di Emesa, di mana Kaésar Heraclius netep.<ref>{{Harvnb|Malik|1968|p=89}}</ref> Kavaleri kilat khusus Khalid, punggawa gerak cepet, lumaku minangka inti tina kavaleri Muslim wanci nyerang ka Syria. Dieusi ku soldadu-soldadu kadidik jeung kahot, mayoritas nu asup kana bawahan Khalid nalika kampanye Arabia jeung Pérsia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Malik|1968|p=90}}</ref> Pasukan kavaleri Muslim mangrupa pasukan kavaleri nu énténg nu disanjataan ku ''lance'' nu panjangna 5 meter. Maranéhna bisa narajang dina kacepétan nu luar biasa sarta biasana nerapkeun taktik umum ''Kar wa far'' nu sacara harfiah ngandung harti “cokot-tinggalkeun”, atawa dina istilah modérnna : “''hit and run''”. Maranéhna bakal narajang ti sisi kénca katuhu sarta ti satukangeun, kamampuan usikna ieu ngajadikeun maranéhna bener-bener éféktif ngalawan kavaleri Byzantine nu maké baju zirah beurat jeung pasukan ''cataphracts'' Sassanid<ref name="Pratt83" /> (pasukan nu maké baju zirah pinuh saawak-awak). Panarajang kénca katuhu Khalid nu kasohor dina poé akhir Perang Yarmuk jadi bukti kumaha hadéna dirina surti kana poténsi jeung kakuatan pasukan panunggangna. Soldadu Arab maké zirah nu jauh leuwih énténg batan soldadu Romawi jeung Pérsia harita. Hal ieu nyababkeun maranéhna rawan dina bitotama perang leutik sarta rawan tembakan misil ti pasukan panah musuh. Kukituna, Khalid teu kungsi nieun kasalahan dina perang jeung teu wéléh ngandeulkeun laporan intelején ti mata-mata nu diséwa ti pangeusi lokal ku bayaran bébas. Sajarawan Pérsia, al Tabari nyarita:{{quote|Manéhna (Khalid) can pernah kasaréan, ogé moal ngantep nu séjénna pikeun saré; taya naon-naon nu bisa disumputkeun ti manéhna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Malik|1968|p=118}}</ref>|Al-Tabari|Sajarah Nabi-Nabi jeung Raja-Raja}} ===Pulitik=== Khalid ogé kungsi jadi Gupernur Militér di Irak di taun 632-633 jeung Gupernur Chalcis, barak militér paling stratégis di Syria Kalér. Sanajan can pernah aktif sacara pulitik, numutkeun rumor cenah kamashuranna geus ngalugaykeun Umar, nu tuluy ngaluarkeun dirina tina katentaraan. Najan kitu, dieureunkeunna Khalid ku Umar téh gegedéna mah dialatankeun ku kayakinan populasi Muslim yén Khalid teu bisa kagantikeun ku sasaha. Pikeun ngabébaskeun tina ieu kayakinan, Umar ngeureunkeun Khalid, nu ku hal éta, Khalid gé panuju.<ref name="Akram 2004 488">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=488}}</ref> Umar kacaturkeun tuluyna ngarasa kaduhung ku kaputusanna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=155}}</ref> Sanggeus munggah haji taun 642, Umar geus mutuskeun pikeun nunjuk deui Khalid asup kana layanan militér, sigana pikeun mingpin panalukan Pérsia nu sakeudeung deui bakal dimimitian. Tapi takdir mutuskeun lain, satepina ka Madinah, béja maotna Khalid nepi ka dirina.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=156}}</ref> Béja maotna Khalid sumebar siga angin topan di Madinah. Para wanita turun ka jalan, dipingpin ku wanita-wanita ti Bani Makhzum (sukuna Khalid), ceurik balilihan bari neunggeulan dadana. Sanajan Umar saméméhna geus méré paréntah sangkan entong nyeungceurikan urang Islam nu mulih ka jati mulang ka asal, sakumaha dilarang ku agama, dina kasus ieu mah Umar nieun pangacualian. Umar nyarita: {{quote|Keun baé awéwé-awéwé urang Bani Makhzum nyarita sakahayangna ngeunaan Abu Sulaiman (Khalid), lantaran éta téh lain bohong, pikeun jalma nu siga Abu Sulaiman, nu rék ceurik pék waé ceurik.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Tabari|915|p=614}}</ref>|Khalifah Umar}} Kacatetkeun ogé yén hiji mangsa Umar keur ngariung saparakanca, salah saurang nyebutken ngaran Khalid, Umar dibéjakeun nyarita: “Demi Alloh, manéhna téh taméng Islam ngalawan musuh-musuh, haténa bersih tina sagala rupa iri dengki.” Numutkeun sababaraha narasi, wanci Umar rék tilar dunya, dirina nyebutkeun ngaran-ngaran jalma nu bakal ditunjuk jadi gaganti Khalifah lamun mah aya dikieuna kénéh, jeung di antara ngaran-ngaran éta kasebutkeun ngaran Khalid.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haykal|1990|p=319}}</ref> ===Agama Islam=== ====Sunni==== Khalid téh hiji sahabat, hiji fakta nu ngajadikeun dirina figur nu dipikahormat pisan di antara Muslim Sunni. Numutkeun hadis sohéh, dirina dilandi ku “hiji pedang di antara pedang-pedang Alloh” ku Kanjeung Nabi waktos anjeuna nuju ngagambarkeun Perang Mu’tah.<ref>Bukhari: Military Expeditions led by Mohammed (Al-Maghaazi), which states ''"Narrated Anas: The Prophet had informed the people of the martyrdom of Zaid, Ja'far and Ibn Rawaha before the news of their death reached. The Prophet said, "Zaid took the flag (as the commander of the army) and was martyred, then Ja'far took it and was martyred, and then Ibn Rawaha took it and was martyred." At that time the Prophet's eyes were shedding tears. He added, "Then the flag was taken by a Sword amongst the Swords of Allah (i.e. Khalid) and Allah made them (i.e. the Muslims) victorious."''</ref><ref>''Piercing the Fog of War: Recognizing Change on the Battlefield: Lessons from Military History, 216 BC Through Today'', by Brian L. Steed, p.144</ref><ref>''Badass'', by Ben Thompson, p.87</ref> ====Syiah==== Umat Syiah teu ngahargaan Kholid, lantaraan maranéhna yakin yén dirina ngabantu Abu Bakar dina neken parojong-parojong Imam Ali, nu numutkeun maranéhna, geus dipilih ku Nabi minangka panggentosna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Tabari|915|pp=186–87}}</ref> Khalid nelasan Malik bin Nuwaiyah sarta mibojo pamajikanna nu ditinggal, Laila binti Minhal.<ref>[http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/khalid-bin-walid/killing-and-zina.html Chapter Two – The incident of Khalid killing Sahabi Malik bin Nuwayrah (ra) and committing Zina with his widow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050605/http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/khalid-bin-walid/killing-and-zina.html |date=5 March 2016 }}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}</ref> Syiah ogé ngeritik sacara tajem gara-gara ngalawan Rasul jeung Ali, contona dina perang Uhud.<ref>[http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/khalid-bin-walid.html Khalid bin Walid; Portrait of a War Criminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313215941/http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/khalid-bin-walid.html |date=13 March 2016 }}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}</ref> Saperti disebutkeun dina Sahih Bukhori, Khalid dikirm ku Kanjeung Nabi pikeun urusan jeung urang suku Jadhima Arab. Di dinya Kholid merangan maranéhna sarta nandasa sakabéh tawanan, nu ngalantarankeun protés jeung teu kapanujuan ti umat Muslim séjénna.<ref>[https://muflihun.com/bukhari/89/299 Sahih al-Bukhari Book 89 Hadith 299] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417183054/https://muflihun.com/bukhari/89/299 |date=17 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>[https://muflihun.com/bukhari/59/628 Sahih al-Bukhari Book 59 Hadith 628] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417181358/https://muflihun.com/bukhari/59/628 |date=17 April 2019 }}</ref> ===Budaya populer=== * Dina seri ''Umar'', hiji tontonan TV ngeunaan taun-taun munggaran agama Islam, karakter Khalid bin Walid diperankeun ku aktor Syria Mehyar Khaddour. Karakter Khalid minangka hiji karaktek utama dina tontonan éta. * Taun 1976 film Amérika, ''The Message'', dina vérsi Inggris Khalid diperankeun ku Michael Forest, dina vérsi Arab ku Mahmood Said. * Taun 2006-2007 serial drama télévisi Syria ''Khalid bin Walid'', karakter utama Khalid diperankeun ku Bassem Yakhour. * Taun 1958 film Mesir ''Khalid bin Al Walid'', karakter Khalid diperankeun ku Hossein Sedki. * Réputasi Khalid salaku jenderal nu teges ngalantarankeun dirina kabaud minangka “Great General” dina kaulinan vidéo ''Civilization V'' jeung ''Warlords Expansion'' ogé dina ''Civilization IV'', nu ngalibatkeun jalma-jalma historis asli dina permaénanna. ===Pagawean-pagawean militer jeung sipil=== * Tank Utama Tentara Pakistan, ''Al Khalid'', maké ngaran Khalid bin Walid * Kapal selam Agosta 90B Angkatan Laut Pakistan, ''PNS/M'' ''Khalid'' (S137) * ''Frigate'' Angkatan Laut Bangladesh, ''BNS Khalid Ibni Walid'' maké ngaran dirina. * Kazi Nazrul Islam, nulis hiji puisi popular judulna “Khaled” wanci manéhna keur katarajang malaria, nunjukkeun rasa hormatna ka Khalid jeung kasedihan ku dijajahna batur salemburna. * Pasukan nu dikirim ku Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan dina Operasi Badai Gurun Perang Teluk dingaranan “Kelompok Brigade Baju Beusi Bébas Khalid bin Walid”. Sanggeus teu aktif tuluy tugas di Arab Saudi. * UEA ngaranan jeung jalan jeung statsiun kota maké ngaran dirina.<ref>https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121113/ARTICLE/311139871/1002 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011625/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121113/ARTICLE/311139871/1002 |date=12 February 2019 }}</ref> ==Kulawarga== Walid kabéjakeun boga sababaraha bojo jeung réa anak ti bojo-bojona éta. Ngan ngaran-ngaran nu di handap ieu nu kacatet dina sajarah: Anak-anak Walid nyaéta: (dulur-dulur Khalid) * Hisham bin Walid * Walid bin Walid * [[Ammarah ibn Walid|Ammarah bin Walid]] * Abdul Shams bin Walid<ref name="Akram3" /> * Faktah binti Walid * Fatimah binti Walid.<ref name="Akram3" /> * [[Najiyah bint al-Walid|Najiyah binti al-Walid]] (''disanggah'').^{[<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Cutat rujukan|''rujukan?'']]]} Sabarahiji jumlah anak Khalid bin Walid teu kanyahoan kabéhna, tapi ngaran ti tilu putra jeung hiji putrina kasebutkeun dina sajarah saperti di handap ieu: *Sulaiman bin Khalid *Abdulrehman bin Khalid *Muhajir bin Khalid.<ref name="Akram497">{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=497}}</ref> Sulaiman, Khalid's eldest son, was killed during the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]],<ref name="Akram497" /> although other sources claim he was slain during the Muslim siege of [[Diyarbakir]] in 639.<ref name=":8">Ring and Salkin, 1996, p.193.</ref> Muhajir bin Khalid died in the [[Battle of Siffin]] while fighting from [[Ali|Caliph Ali's]] side and [[Abdulreman ibn Khalid]] remained Governor of Emesa during the time of third Caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan]] and participated in the Battle of Siffin as one of the generals of [[Muawiyah I]], he was also the part of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] army that [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)|besieged Constantinople]] in 664. [[Abdulreman ibn Khalid]] was later to be appointed the successor of Caliph Muawiyah but according to some narrations, he was poisoned by Muawiyah,<ref name="Akram497" /> because Muawiyah wanted to make his son [[Yazid I]] to be his successor. The male line of descent from Khalid is believed to have ended with his grandson, Khalid bin Abdur-Rahman bin Khalid.<ref name="Akram497" /> Sulaiman, anak sulung Khalid, gugur nalika pasukan Muslim nyerang ka Mesir,<ref name="Akram497" /> tapi sumber séjén ngakukeun yang dirina perlaya mangsa pasukan Muslim ningker Diyarbakir di taun 639.<ref name=":8" /> Muhajir bin Khalid gugur dina Perang Siffin nalika keur tempur di sisi Khalifah Ali. Sedeng Abdurrahman bin Khalid jadi Gupernur Emesa mangsa pamaréntahan khalifah katilu, Usman bin Affan, sarta ngilu aub dina Perang Siffin minangka salah sahiji jenderal Muawiyah I. Dirina gé minangka bagéan tina pasukan Umayyah nu ngepung Konstantinopel tahun 664. Abdurrahman bin Khalid diancokeun keur ngaganti Khalifah Muawiyah, tapi numutkeun sawatara narasi, dirina diracun ku Muawiayah,<ref name="Akram497" /> lantaran Muawiyah niat ngajadikeun budakna Yazid I jadi panggantina. Garis turunan lalaki ti Khalid dipercaya ngan nepi ka incuna, Khalid bin Abdurrahman bin Khalid.<ref name="Akram497" /> ==Tempo ogé== {{Wikipedia books |1=Muslim conquests |3=Sahabah }} *[[:Kategori:Perang-Perang Khalid bin Walid|Kategoi: Perang-Perang Khalid bin Walid]] * [[List of famous Arabs]] * [[Sunni view of the Sahaba]] * [[List of battles of Muhammad]] ==Notes== {{reflist|20em}} ==Bibliograpi== ===Sumber-sumber utama=== *{{Citation|title=[[Kitab Futuh al-Buldan]]|year=abad 9|given=Ahmad ibn Yahya|surname=Al-Baladhuri|authorlink=Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri}} *{{Citation|title=[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]|year=915|given=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|surname=Al-Tabari|authorlink=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari}} *{{Citation|title=Fatuh al Sham (Pangbukaan Syria)|year=abad 8|given=Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Umar|surname=Al-Waqidi|authorlink=Al-Waqidi}} *{{Citation|author=[[Dionysius Telmaharensis]]|title=[[Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre]]|year=774}} *{{Citation|title=As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah (''Biograpi Nabi Muhammad'')|year=Abad 9|given=Abd al-Malik bin Hisham|surname=Ibn Hisham|authorlink=Ibn Hisham}} *{{Citation|author=[[Ibn Ishaq]]|title=[[Sirah Rasul Allah]]|year=750}} *{{Citation|title=‘Uyūn al-Akhbār (''Dina Jero Sajarah'')|year=Abad 9|given=Abdullaah bin Muslim|surname=Ibn Qutaybah|authorlink=Ibn Qutaybah}} *{{Citation|title=[[The Maronite Chronicles]]|year=664}} *{{Citation|title=West-Syrian Chronicles|chapter=Chronicles of 637 and 819|year=637 & 819|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VdXMK4CYRToC&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780853232384|author1=Palmer|first1=Andrew|last2=Brock|first2=Sebastian P|last3=Hoyland|first3=Robert}} *{{Citation |title=Khalid Bin Waleed, Sword of Allah |url=http://www.meccabooks.com/companions/648-khalid-bin-al-waleed-sword-of-allah-by-ai-akram-maktabah-publishers-birmingham-uk-9780195977141.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130128171611/http://www.meccabooks.com/companions/648-khalid-bin-al-waleed-sword-of-allah-by-ai-akram-maktabah-publishers-birmingham-uk-9780195977141.html |archivedate=28 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126130656/http://www.meccabooks.com/companions/648-khalid-bin-al-waleed-sword-of-allah-by-ai-akram-maktabah-publishers-birmingham-uk-9780195977141.html |date=26 November 2012 }} ===Sumber-sumber sekunder=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Citation|title=The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed&nbsp;– His Life and Campaigns|given=Agha Ibrahim|surname=Akram|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-19-597714-9}} *{{Citation|title=Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries|given=Viscount|surname=Allenby|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|year=2003|isbn=0-7661-3984-0}} *{{Citation|title=An encyclopedia of battles: accounts of over 1,560 battles from 1479 B.C. to the present|given=David|surname=Eggenberger|publisher=[[Courier Dover Publications]]|year=1985|isbn=0-486-24913-1}} *{{Citation|title=Al-Faruq, 'Umar|given=Muḥammad Ḥusayn|surname=Haykal|publisher=Dār al-Maʻārif Publishers|year=1990|isbn=977-02-3092-8|authorlink=Muhammad Husayn Haykal}} *{{Citation|title=A history of Palestine, 634–1099|given=Moshe|surname=Gil|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=0-521-59984-9|authorlink=Moshe Gil}} *{{Citation|title=Warfare and the Third World|given=Robert E|surname=Harkavy|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2001|isbn=0-312-24012-0}} *{{Citation|title=[[Seeing Islam as Others Saw It]]|given=Robert G.|surname=Hoyland|authorlink=Robert G. Hoyland|year=1997|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=0-87850-125-8|oclc=36884186}} *{{Citation|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E|given=Tony|surname=Jaques|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2007|isbn=0-313-33537-0}} *{{Citation|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges:F-O|given=Tony|surname=Jaques|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2007|isbn=0-313-33538-9}} *{{Citation|title=Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests|given=John W.|surname=Jandora|year=1986|journal=[[Studia Islamica]]|issue=64|pages=101–113|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|jstor=1596048}} *{{Citation|title=Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests|given=Walter Emil|surname=Kaegi|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-521-48455-3}} *{{Citation|title=Khalid bin Walid: the general of Islam: a study in Khalid's generalship|given=S. K.|surname=Malik|publisher=Ferozsons publishers, Lahore|year=1968}} *{{Citation|title=Iraq After the Muslim Conquest|given=Michael G. |surname=Morony|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|year=2005|isbn=1-59333-315-3|authorlink=Michael G. Morony}} *{{Citation|title=Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria #31|given=David|surname=Nicolle|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=1994|isbn=1-85532-414-8|authorlink=David Nicolle}} *{{Citation|title=The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750|given=David|surname=Nicolle|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2009|isbn=1-84603-273-3}} *{{Citation|title=The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles|given=Andrew|surname=Palmer|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=0-85323-238-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VdXMK4CYRToC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{Citation|title=The Battles That Changed History|given=Fletcher|surname=Pratt|publisher=[[Courier Dover Publications]]|year=2000|isbn=0-486-41129-X}} *{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places|given=Trudy|last=Ring|given2=Robert M.|surname2=Salkin|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&pg=PA289&dq=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza|isbn=1-884964-03-6}} *{{Citation|title=Islam at war: a history|given=Mark W.|surname=Walton|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98101-0}} *{{Citation|title=Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present|given=Mark|surname=Weston|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|year=2008|isbn=0-470-18257-1}} {{refend}} ==Tutumbu luar== {{Wikiquote}} *[http://www.meccabooks.com/342-khalid-bin-al-waleed-sword-of-allah-9780954866525.html Sword of Allah Biography of Khalid bin Al-Waleed Book by A.I. Akram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222165753/https://www.meccabooks.com/342-khalid-bin-al-waleed-sword-of-allah-9780954866525.html |date=22 February 2020 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070126114808/http://www.swordofallah.com/images/mapregionbig.gif Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006042149/http://www.caliphtv.com/khalid-bin-al-waleed/39-khalid-bin-al-waleed-entire-life-book-free.html Khalid bin Al-Waleed Biography] {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid Ibn Al-Walid}} [[Category:585 births]] [[Category:642 deaths]] [[Category:Banu Makhzum]] [[Category:Converts to Islam]] [[Category:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia]] [[Category:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant]] [[Category:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate]] [[Category:Arab generals]] [[Category:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid| ]] [[Category:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]] [[Category:7th-century Arabs]] [[Category:Male Sahabah]] r4bfctr6ygyn16czhx6kp0e5uk6yvmb 0 98002 710559 709735 2026-06-19T04:22:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Diego Maradona|image=[[File:Diego Maradona 2012 2.jpg|thumb|Diego Maradona 2012 2]]|image_size=|caption=|fullname=Diego Armando Maradona|birth_date={{Birth date|1960|10|30}}|birth_place=[[Lanús]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|death_date={{Death date and age|2020|11|25|1960|10|30}}|death_place=[[Tigre]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|height=1.65 m|position=[[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]]<br/>[[Forward (association football)#Second striker|Second striker]]<ref name="football-tricks.com">[http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html Maradona tricks and skills videos of the best soccer, football players ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615014521/http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html |date=2012-06-15 }}. Football-tricks.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html Diego Maradona dominated 1986 World Cup after position switch – Jonathan Wilson – SI.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014162353/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html |date=2013-10-14 }}. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (27 May 2010). Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ Diego Maradona: ‘The Soccer Guru’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222239/http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ |date=2013-12-02 }}. The Viewspaper (25 June 2010). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm Diego Maradona – Profile of Soccer Player Diego Maradona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054631/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}. Worldsoccer.about.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><!--Do not delete second striker, it's well referenced-->|currentclub=N/A|years1=1976–1981|clubs1=[[Argentinos Juniors]]|caps1=167|goals1=116|years2=1981–1982|clubs2=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps2=40|goals2=28|years3=1982–1984|clubs3=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|caps3=36|goals3=22|years4=1984–1991|clubs4=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|caps4=188|goals4=81|years5=1992–1993|clubs5=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|caps5=26|goals5=5|years6=1993–1994|clubs6=[[Newell's Old Boys]]|caps6=5|goals6=0|years7=1995–1997|clubs7=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps7=30|goals7=7|totalcaps=491|totalgoals=259|nationalyears1=1977–1979|nationalteam1=[[tim U-20 Argéntina|Argentina U20]]|nationalcaps1=24|nationalgoals1=13|nationalyears2=1977–1994|nationalteam2=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|nationalcaps2=91|nationalgoals2=34|manageryears1=1994|managerclubs1=[[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]]|manageryears2=1995|managerclubs2=[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]|manageryears3=2008–2010|managerclubs3=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|manageryears4=2011–2012|managerclubs4=[[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]]|manageryears5=2013–2017|managerclubs5=[[Deportivo Riestra]] (assistant)|manageryears6=2017–2018|managerclubs6=[[Al-Fujairah SC|Fujairah]]|manageryears7=2018|managerclubs7=[[FC Dynamo Brest|Dynamo Brest]] (chairman)|manageryears8=2018–2019|managerclubs8=[[Dorados de Sinaloa]]|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fb|ARG}}}}{{MedalSport| Men's [[Association football|Football]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{medal|Winner|[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 Mexico]]|}} {{medal|RU|[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990 Italy]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Under-20 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979 Japan]]|[[Argentina national under-20 football team|U-20]]}}}}'''Diégo Armando Maradona''', (lahir, 30 Oktober 1960 - 25 Nopémber 2020), pangsiunan pamaén bal profésional Argéntina. Dianggap minangka pamaén bola panghébatna sapanjang mangsa. Manéhna téh salah sahiji tina dua pinunjul réréongan panghargaan Pamaén FIFA Abad 20.<ref>[http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf FIFA Player of the Century] https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005029/http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.touri.com</ref><ref name="SI2">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated, 10 December 2000. Retrieved 13 Maret 2013</ref> Visi, operan, kontrol bal jeung kamampuan ''dribbling'' Maradona, dikombinasikan jeung awakna nu pendek (1,65 m at. 5 kaki 5 inc), nu matak énteng, ngaalatankeun manéhna usik leuwih hadé manan réa pamaén séjénna; manéhna mindeng nga-''dribble'' ngaliwatan sababaraha pamaén lawan bari lumpat. Kahadiranna jeung kapamingpinanna di lapangan méré épék anu gedé pikeun pintonan timna sacara umum. Ku bakatna nu calakan, Maradona dilandi "''El Pibe de Oro''" ("''The Golden Boy''"), hiji ngaran nu némpél ka dirina salila karirna.<ref name="Pibe">{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/10/sezioni/sport/calcio/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina.html|title=La nuova vita del Pibe de Oro Maradona ct dell'Argentina|publisher=la Repubblica|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> Saurang ''playmaker'' hareup nu maké nomer posisi klasik 10, Maradona mangrupa pamaén kahiji dina sajarah ménbal nu mecahkeun rékor bayaran transfer dua kali, mimiti basa pindah ka Barcelona pikeun rékor dunia £5 juta, nu kaduana, basa pindah ka Napoli ku rékor séjénna £6,9 juta.<ref name="Times">[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3325254.ece "Snapshot: Maradona is toast of the town after signing for Napoli"]. The Times. Diakses 30 Maret 2013</ref> Salila karir klubna, Maradona maén pikeun [[Argentinos Juniors]], [[Boca Juniors]], [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Napoli]], [[Sevilla]] jeung [[Newell's Old Boys]], sarta sosohorna mah mangsa di Napoli jeung Barcelona basa meunangkeun sajumlah panghargaan. Dina karir internasionalna bareng Argéntina, manéhna geus ngahasilkeun 91 ''caps'' jeung nyitak 35 gul. Maradona maén di 4 Piala Dunia FIFA, kaasup Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko di mana manéhna ngapténan Argéntina jeung mingpin timna meunang ngalawan Jérman Barat di final, sarta meunangkeun Bal Emas minangka pamaén turnamén panghadéna. Di parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, manéhna nyitak dua-duana gul basa meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris nu asup kana sajarah ménbal ku dua alésan nu béda. Gul kahiji nyaéta ngalanggar maké leungeun nu lolos tina hukuman nu katelah si "Tangan Tuhan", sarta gul kadua ngagiring bal sapanjang 60 m (66 yd) ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris, kapilih minangka "Gul abad Ieu" ku pamilih FIFA.com di taun 2002.<ref name="vote">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html "Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century"]. FIFA (30 Mei 2002). Diakses 13 Maret 2013</ref> Maradona jadi palaith Argéntina di bulan Nopémber 2008. Ngajabat di Piala Dunia 2010 di Afrika Selatan méméh eureun di akhir turnamén. Manéhna ngalatih klub Al Wasl Dubai di Pro Liga UEA pikeun musim 2011-12. Taun 2017, Maradona jadi palatih Fujairah semet ka tungtung musim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|title="Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion"|last=|first=|website=Sky Sport|publisher=|accessdate=6 Mei 2019}}</ref> Méi 2018, Maradona jadi pupuhu anyar klub Belarusia, Dynamo Brest.<ref name="Brest2">[https://en.dynamo-brest.by/item/1082-da-diego-s-nami “Yes, Diego is with us!”]. Dynamo Brest. Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> Manéhna datang ka Brest jeung mimiti ditugaskeun ku klubna di bulan Juli. Ti Séptémber 2018 nepi ka Juni 2019, Maradona jadi palatih klub Méksiko, Dorados.<ref name="Mexican team2">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona's 'rebirth' at coaching job at Mexican side Dorados|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45482066|accessdate=10 September 2018|agency=BBC}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal == [[File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona maén di Torneos Evita taun1973 (hiji kagiatan olahraga nasional di Argéntina) bareng "''Cebollitas''"]] Maradona lahir tanggal 30 Oktober 1960 di Poliklinik Rumah Sakit Évita di Lanus, Provinsi [[Buenos Aires]], tapi digedékeun ku hiji kulawarga miskin pindahan ti Provinsi Corrientes, di Desa Fiorito, hiji kawasan kumuh di beulah wétan saluareun Buenos Aires, Argéntina.<ref>[http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,1751019,00.html The greatest rags-to-riches stories ever] James Dart, Paul Doyle and Jon Hill, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Manéhna téh budak lalaki kahiji sangges tilu awéwé. Manéhna boga dua adi lalaki, Hugo (''él Turco'') jeung Raul (Lalo), duanana ogé pamaén bal profésional. Bapana Diégo Maradona "''Chitoro''" (maot taun 2015) jeung indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco 'Dona Tota' (1930-2011). Kolot Maradona duanana asal ti Esquina di timur laut Provinsi Corrientes. Imahna masing-masing ngan kapisah 200 m di sisi Bangawan Corriente. Tahun 1950 ninggalkeun Esquina jeung netep di Buenos Aires. Umur dalapan taun Maradona kapanggih ku pamandu bakat waktu keur maén di klub lingkunganna Estrella Roja. Manéhna jadi pamaén penting di Los Cebollitas (Bawang Leutik), tim yunior Argentinos Juniors, Buenos Aires. Salaku pamaén budak umur 12 taun, manéhna ngahibur penonton ku nembongkeun kamonesanna dina ngulinkeun bal dina hiburan tengah babak di partai divisi hiji.<ref>[http://www.fundus.org/referat.asp?ID=12053 The Hand of God]. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Manéhna nyebutkeun ''playmaker'' Brazil Rivelino jeung pamaén sayap [[Manchester United]] [[George Best]] di antara inspirasina pikeun déwasa.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/english/2005/1126/198627-bestg/ "Maradona hails 'inspirational' Best"]. RTE Sport. Retrieved 9 September 2013</ref><ref>"Football's Greatest – Rivelino". Pitch International LLP. 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014</ref> == Karir klub == === Argéntinos Juniors jeung [[Boca Juniors]] === 20 Oktober 1976, Maradona nyieun debut profésionalna keur Argéntinos Juniors, 10 poé méméh ulang taunna nu ka-16,<ref name="vivadiego">[http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202737/http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> basa ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba. Manéhna asup ka lapang maké kaos nomer 16, jeung jadi pamaén pangorana dina sajarah Divisi Priméra Argéntina. Sababaraha menit sanggeus maén, Maradona nyépak bal nembus antara dua suku Juan Domingo Cabréra. Nyieun ''nutmeg'' (ngolongkeun bal) nu ngalégénda.<ref name="asi">[https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/33691/maradona-asi-empezo-todo Maradona. Así empezó todo], ''El Gráfico'', 25 April 2019</ref> Sanggeus permaénan éta, Maradona cumarita, "Poé éta kuring ngarasa langit aya dina geunggeuman kuring,"<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html "Diego, el de Argentinos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042638/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 11 April 2013</ref> Tilu puluh taun ti harita, Cabréra ingeuteun kénéh kana debut Maradonaː "Kuring keur di sisi katuhu lapang sarta muru pikeun neken manéhna, tapi manéhna teu méré kasempetan. manéhna nyieun ''nutmeg'' jeung waktu kuring ngalieuk, manéhna geus jauh ti kuring."<ref>[http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 Murió Juan Domingo “el Chacho” Cabrera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001217/http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 |date=2020-07-30 }} by Gustavo Farías on ''La Voz'', 4 September 2007</ref> Maradona nyitak gul kahijina di [[Divisi Priméra]] ngalawan tim San Lorénzo Marplatense dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1976, dua minggu ti saprak maén.<ref>[http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona "Los primeros gritos de D10S"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008113712/http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona|date=8 October 2015}} on La Selección website</ref> [[File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtención_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtenci%C3%B3n_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona keur diarak ku bobotoh [[:en:Boca_Juniors|Boca Juniors]] sanggeus meunang kajuaran [[:en:1981_Argentine_Primera_División|Metropolitano]] taun 1981]] Maradona meakkeun lima taun di Argéntinos Juniors, ti 1976 nepi ka 1981, nyitak 115 gul tina 167 kali maén méméh pindah ka Boca Juniors ku AS$ 4 juta.<ref>[http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca "Aquella jugada que llevó a Maradona a Boca" by Daniel Arcucchi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930101801/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca |date=2015-09-30 }}, Cancha Llena, 22 February 2011</ref> Maradona nampa tawaran ti klub-klub séjén, kaasup [[River Plate]] nu nawarkeun gajih panggedéna di klub.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=8 Mei 2014|title=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|journal=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|doi=|pmid=|access-date=8 Mei 2014}}</ref> Najan kitu, Maradona nyatakeun kahayangna pikeun pindah ka Boca Juniors, tim nu salawasna dipikahayang pikeun maén. Maradona neken kontrak jeung Boca Junior tanggal 20 Pébruari 1981. Debut kahijina dua poé ti harita ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba, nyitak dua gul dina kaunggulan 4-1 pikeun klubna. Tanggal 10 April, munggaran maén di ''Superclasico'' ngalawan River Plate di stadion La Bombonera. Boca ngéléhkeun River 3-0 sarta Maradona nyitak sagul sanggeus ngagiring bal ngaliwatan Alberto Tarantini jeung Fillol.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm "25 años de romance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904062252/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm |date=2010-09-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 26 December 2009</ref> Sanajan hubungan nu teu pati akur antara Maradona jeung manajer Boca Juniors, Silvio Marzolini,<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2000/09/24/s-04615.ht "Maradona por Maradona"]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 24 September 2000</ref> Boca mibanda hiji usum nu suksés, meunangkeun juara liga sanggeus ngamankeun poin ngalawan Racing Club.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg81.html Argentina 1981 by Osvaldo José Gorgazzi] on RSSSF.com</ref> Eta téh minangka hiji-hijina gelar nu kapimilik ku Maradona dina liga doméstik.<ref name="Fifa profile">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/ "The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world"]. FIFA.com Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref> === Barcelona === Sabada Piala Dunia 1982, bulan Juni, Maradona pindah ka Barcelona di Spanyol pikeun £5 juta (̩$7,6 juta)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3278819/Life-and-crimes-of-Diego-Armando-Maradona-Football.html "Life and crimes of Diego Armando Maradona"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2015</ref> nu minangka bayaran rékor dunia di taun 1983. Dina cepengan palatih Cesar Luis Menotti, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] katut Maradona meunangkeun [[Copa del Rey]] (kompetisi piala nasional taunan Spanyol), ngéléhkeun [[Real Madrid C.F.|Réal Madrid]], ogé Piala Super Spanyol, ngéléhkeun [[Athlético Bilbao]]. Dina 26 Juni 1983, Barcelona ngéléhkeun Réal Madrid dina salah sahiji pertandingan paling gedé antar klub, ''El Clasico'', hiji permaénan di mana Maradona nyitak gul sarta jadi pamaén Barcelona nu mimiti meunang keprokan ti bobotoh Réal Madrid, musuh satruna. Maradona ngagiring bal ngaliwatan kiper Madrid Agustin, sarta pas geus deukeut kana gul nu kosong manéhna ngarandeg pas pisan pamaén tukang Juan Jose datang nyorodot dina usaha nu pinuh ku kaputusasaan pikeun nahan tembakan, terus kebat kadon neunggar tihang méméh Maradona ngajebloskeun bal kana jaring.<ref>[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/news/2012-2013/30-years-since-maradona-stunned-the-santiago-bernabeu "30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu"]. FC Barcelona. Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> Cara asupna gul ngaalatankeun panongton di jero stadion méré aplausan. Salaku pamaén Barcelona, ngan [[Rivaldinho]] (di Nopémber 2005) jeung [[Andrés Iniésta]] (di Nopémber 2015) nu kungsi nampa panghormatan kitu ti bobotoh Madrid di Santiago Bernabeu.<ref name="Clasico">[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/real-madrid-0-barcelona-3-bernabeu-forced-to-pay-homage-as-ronaldinho-soars-above-the-galacticos-516202.html "Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos"]. The Independent. Retrieved 29 November 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/|title=Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona’s Andres Iniesta In ‘El Clasico’|publisher=NESN|accessdate=28 January 2016|date=21 November 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102160305/https://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/ |date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> Alatan gering jeung cidera katut ogé kajadian kontrovérsial di lapangan, Maradona ngalaman mangsa-mangsa hésé di Barcelona.<ref name="Guardian">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1677834,00.html "That's one hell of a diet, Diego"]. 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.</ref> Mimiti hépatisis énténg, tuluy di pertandingan [[La Liga]] di Camp Nou bulan Séptémber pateuh pigeulang suku disababkeun ku tékel nu salah waktu ti Andoni Goikoetxea ti Athletico Bilbao. Kajadian éta matak ngancam kana karirna. Tapi ku diropéaan jeung terapi, sanggeus tilu bulan reureuh dirina bisa balik deui ka lapang.<ref name="vivadiego"/> . [[Gambar:Maradona_kempes_spain.jpg|kiri|jmpl|210x210px| Maradona jeung batur sanagarana, [[Mario Kémpés]] méméh patandingan di Barcelona ngalawan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] ]] Panungtungan usum 1983-84 ditandaan ku paséa rongkah jeung burantakan dina final Copa del Rey 1984 ngalawan Athlético Bilbao di Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, nu sacara langsung ngalibetkeun Maradona.<ref name="butcher">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona gives hot, hot heat to The Butcher of Bilbao|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/05/joy-of-six-scott-murray|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Sanggeus nampa tékel kasar deui ti Goikoetxea nu natuan sukuna, tur salila tanding dijejeléh ku bobotoh Bilbao ku igelan ''xenophobic'' (anti urang luar), poyokan rasis nu mamawa bapana nu turunan pribumi Amérika, sarta sanggeus dipapanas ku pamaén Bilbao Miguel Sola dina akhir babak alatan Barcelona éléh 1-0, Maradona ngadat.<ref name="butcher" /> Manéhna cengkat, nangtung sawatara inchi ti Sola sarta duanana paréa-réa omong. Hal ieu nyababkeun réaksi émosi nu nerekab ka kadua tim. Bari jeung sesentak, Sola nurutan poyokan panongton maké gerakan ''xenophobic''.<ref name="Calioli">Luca Caioli (2013). "Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend"</ref> Maradona tuluy ngadagor Sola ku sirahna, nyiku pamaén séjénna, sarta ngadagor pamaén séjénna deui ku tuur semet ka pingsan.<ref name="butcher" /> Méméh pamaén Barcelona nulungan, Maradona digulung ku pamaén-pamaén Bilbao, sarta Goikoetxea ngajejek dadana. Ti dinya, pamaén Barcelona jeung Bilbao garelut di lapangan bari Maradona di tengah-tengah kaributan bukbek neunggeul jeung najongan sing saha waé nu maké kaos Bilbao.<ref name="butcher" /> Tarung massal ieu lumangsung di hareupeun Raja Spanyol [[Juan Carlos]] jeung 100.000 panongton di stadium sarta leuwih ti satengah Spanyol nongton na tivi.<ref name="Bilbao">Jimmy Burns. (2011). "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp.121–122. A&C Black</ref> Sanggeus para bobotoh mimiti ngalung-ngalungkeun barang teuas di lapangan ka para pamaén, palatih jeung malahan mah tukang photo ogé, 60 jalma cidera. Ku insidén ieu, dina naon nu disebut tandang pamungkas Maradona maké kaos Barcelona, sacara éféktif geus mastikeun kapindahan Maradona ti klub .<ref name="Calioli">Luca Caioli (2013). "Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend"</ref> Salah sahiji pajabat Barcelona nyarita, "Waktu kuring ningali Maradona gelut tur disusul ku kakacauan, kuring sadar yén urang teu bisa tuluy jeung manéhna."<ref name="Bilbao" /> Maradona remen patelak jeung presidén klub Josep Lluis Nunéz, nu ngujung kana tuntutan pikeun kaluar ti Camp Nou di taun 1984. Dina dua usum nu pinuh ku cidera di Barcelona, Maradona nyitak 38 gul tina 58 kali maén.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/indepth/maradona_indepth.html "Backgrounder: Diego Maradona"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> Maradona pindah ka [[FC Napoli|Napoli]] di [[Séri A Italia]] pikeun bayaran rékor dunia lianna, £6,9 juta ($10,48 juta).<ref name="Times"/> [[Gambar:Presentacion_maradona_napoli.jpg|ka|jmpl|292x292px| Maradona méré salam ka balaréa di Stadion San Paolo nalika préséntasina di Naples, 5 Juli 1984 ]] Maradona nepi ka Naples jeung dipréséntasikeun ka média minangka pamaén Napoli tanggal 5 Juli 1984, dibagéakeun ku 75.000 bobotoh di Stadion San Paolo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jul/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-bernabeu|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=6 July 2009|accessdate=6 July 2009}}</ref> Panulis olahraga ngoméntaran "Maranéhna (bobotoh) yakin yén panyalamet geus datang."<ref name="Naples">[http://www.espnfc.com/columns/story/_/id/1033038/rewind-to-1987:-maradona-brings-success-to-napoli?cc=5739 "Maradona brings success to Napoli"]. ESPN. Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref> Hiji koran lokal nyatakeun yén "kajeun teuing kakurangan pamingpin, imah, sakola, beus, pagawé jeung sanitasi, teu jadi masalah lantaran urang saréréa miboga Maradona."<ref name="Naples" /> Méméh kadatangan Maradona, sépakbola Italia didominasi ku tim-tim ti kalér jeung tengah negeri éta, saperti [[A.C. Milan|AC MIlan]], [[Juventus]], [[Inter Milan]] jeung [[A.S. Roma|Roma]], sarta euwueh tim ti Bobodjong Italia nu kungsi meunang gelar.<ref name="Naples" /><ref>Clemente A. Lisi (2011). "A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010". p. 193. Scarecrow Press</ref> Di Napoli, Maradona ngahontal puncak karir profésionalnaː teu kungsi lila manéhna geus diwaris bengker kaptén ti pamaén tukang véteran Giuseppe Bruscolotti<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/rubriche/la-storia/2016/02/09/news/bruscolotti_verso_juventus_napoli-133032932/|title=Bruscolotti, una vita in azzurro: "Napoli, ricorda quella partita dell'86"|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Nicola Sellitti|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=7 April 2016}}</ref> sarta jadi béntang pujaan di antara bobotoh klub; dina mangsa dirina maén, Maradona geus hasil ngaronjatkeun tim kana posisi pangsuksésna dina sapanjang sajarah.<ref name="Naples"/> Maradona maén keur Napoli dina hiji mangsa nalika ténsi Kaler-Kidul di Italia keur panas-panasna alatan sababarah perkara, utamana perbédaan ékonomi di antara kaduana.<ref name="Naples" /> Dipingpin ku Maradona, Napoli meunang Juara Série A Italia pikeun munggaran pisan di taun 1986-87.Goldblatt nulis, "Hahajatanna kacida tohaga. Pésta jalanan dadakan jeung féstival tuluy-tuluyan lumangsung di sakuliah kota dina karnaval berang peuting nu lumangsung leuwih ti saminggu. Dunia geus pabalik. Neapolitans (bobotoh Napoli) nieun poyokan pamakaman pikeun Juventus jeung Milan, ngaduruk peti matina, dina catetan tilar dunyana dibéwarakeun "Mei 1987, Italia béh ditu geus diéléhkeun. Karajaan anyar geus lahir."<ref name="Naples" /> Mural Maradona dilukis di gedong-gedong kuno kota sarta barudak nu karak lahir dingaranan Maradona minangka panghormatan.<ref name="Naples" /> Usum hareupna, trio panyerang tim, nu diwangun ku Maradona, Bruno Giordano jeung Caréca, tuluy dilandi garis hareup "Ma-Gi-Ca" (ajaib).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html|title=Serie A's comeback kid eyes another miracle|work=Guardian Unlimited|last=Richardson|first=James|date=3 April 2007|accessdate=23 Maret 2016|authorlink=James Richardson (television presenter)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407151552/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html |date=7 April 2007 }}</ref> Napoli meunang deui liga kadua kalina di 1989-90, jeung dua kali ''runner up'' di 1987-88 jeung 1988-89. Kahormatan séjénna dina mangsa Maradona di Napoli kaasup Piala Italia 1987, posisi kadua Piala Italia 1989, Piala UEFA 1989 sarta Piala Super Itali di 1990.<ref name="Naples"/> Najan utamana maén dina peran kréatif minangka galandang serang, Maradona jadi top sekor di Série A taun 1987-88 ku 15 gul, sarta jadi pamingpin panyitak gul Napoli sapanjang mangsa ku 115 gul, méméh peupeus ku Marek Hamsik di taun 2017.<ref name="Fifa profile"/><ref>[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ "Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014</ref><ref>[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ "Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014</ref> Nalika ditanya pamaén mana pangbeuratna nu pernah disinghareupan, pamaén batahan tengah AC Milan, Franco Baresi nimbal, "Maradona; nalika keur jagjag, taya jalan pikeun ngeureunkeun manéhna." Hiji pandangan nu sarua jeung batur satimna, Paolo Maldini, nu nyarita, "Panghadé-hadéna pamaén nu pernah dilawan ku kuring, nya Maradona."<ref>[http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/franco-baresi-one-one#JPCgrGHigE3eRrU0.99 "Franco Baresi: One-on-One"]. Four Four Two. Retrieved 19 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/10/04/895828/maradona-and-ronaldo-best-ever-maldini "Maradona and Ronaldo Best Ever"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015</ref> Mangsa Maradona keur suksés di lapangan nalika maén di Italia, masalah pribadina nambahan. Pamakéan kokainna katutuluyan, sarta kudu mayar denda AS$70.000 alatan ngileus tina tanding jeung latihan, cenah mah karna seutrés.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260|work=The New York Times|title=SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined|date=13 January 1991|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Manéhna nyanghareupan skandal ngeunaan hiji budak haramna, sarta jadi obyék kacurigaan gara-gara disangka sosobatan jeung ''Camorra'' (salah sahiji kelompok mafia Italia).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona's fall from grace|date=19 April 2004|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=John|last=May}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html|work=The Independent|location=London|title=After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report|date=5 July 1994|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml|title=Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona|work=Corriere della Sera|accessdate=12 June 2010|date=24 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/|publisher=CNN|date=14 January 2002|author=Telander, Rick|title=At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup?}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094208/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |date=3 November 2012 }}</ref> Ku kituna, dina raraga ngaragangan ka Maradona jeung beubeunanganna nalika karir di Napoli, si nomer 10 ti Napoli sacara resmi dieureunkeun.<ref>Landolina, Salvatore. (14 January 2011) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/01/14/2305148/diego-maradona-backs-ezequiel-lavezzi-to-earn-napoli-numberl Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref> === Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys jeung Boca Juniors === Sabada teu meunang maén salila 15 bulan alatan gagal dina tés obat jeung kokain, taun 1992 Maradona ninggalkeun Napoli bari ngarasa hina. Najan aya minat ti Réal Madrid jeung Marséille, manéhna neken kontrak jeung Sevilla, di mana manéhna netep salila sataun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html|title=Sport in Short: Football – Sport|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=15 July 1992|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> Taun 1993, pindah ka Newell's Old Boys sarta taun 1995 balik deui ka Boca Juniors pikeun periode dua taun.<ref name="vivadiego"/> Maradona ogé tampil dina pertandingan panghormatan pikeun Osvaldo Ardiles ngalawan Inter Milan, méméh Piala Dunia 1986.<ref>[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html "Maradona ‘a main contender to replace Villas-Boas at Tottenham’"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180636/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html|date=14 July 2014}}. Yahoo. Retrieved 24 June 2014</ref> Maradona sorangan meunang pertandingan panghormatan di bulan Nopémber 2001, maén di antara para béntang Dunia XI ngalawan tim nasional Argéntina.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/nov/10/sport.comment|title=Maradona finishes on a personal high|publisher=|work=The Guardian|date=10 November 2001|accessdate=29 July 2018|first=Dan|last=Rookwood}}</ref> == Karir Internasional == [[Gambar:Arg_vs_urss_1979.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona maén ngalawan Uni Soviet dina final Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979]] Wanci maén di tim nasional Argéntina, Maradona nyitak 34 gul tina 91 kali maén. Mimiti tanding internasional dina umur 16, ngalawan Hongaria tanggal 27 Pebruari 1977. Maradona teu dibawaan kana pasukan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1978 ku palatih Cesar Luis Menotti lantaran umur 17 taun dianggap ngora kénéh teuing.<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|686139}}</ref> Umur 18, Maradona maén di Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979 di Jepang sarta mucunghul jadi béntang turnamén, ngagurilap nalika Argéntina meunang 3-1 di final ngalawan Uni Soviet. Tanggal 2 Juni 1979, Maradona munggaran nyitak gol internasional seniorna nalika meunang 3-1 ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park.<ref>MacPherson, Graeme (30 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207131534/http://www.theherald.co.uk/sport/headlines/display.var.2464361.0.Maradona_to_receive_Hampden_welcome.php Maradona to receive Hampden welcome], ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''.</ref> Manéhna tuluy maén keur Argéntina dina dua partai Piala Amérika 1979, éléh 2-1 ku Brazil, sarta meunang lawan Bolivia 3-0 di mana Maradona nyitak gol katilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|last1=Pierrend|first1=José Luis|website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> Maradona jeung pahlawan sanagarana, Lionel Méssi, mangrupa ngan dua-duana pamaén nu meunangkeun Bal Emas boh dina Piala Dunia U-20 FIFA jeung Piala Dunia FIFA. Maradona meunang di taun 1979 jeung 1986, sedeng Méssi nurutan di 2005 jeung 2014.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html#under20 "FIFA Under-20 World Championships Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112042845/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|date=12 January 2016}}. RSSSF. Retrieved 20 Maret 2015</ref> === Piala Dunia 1986 === Maradona maén munggaran di Piala Dunia 1982 di tempat pangdumukan anyarna, Spanyol. Argéntina ngalawanan Bélgia dina tandang bubuka Piala Dunia 1982 di Camp Nou Barcelona. Para bobotoh Katalan sumanget pisan pikeun nempo laga Maradona, panyepeng rékor dunia kontrak maranéhna. Tapi Maradona tandang teu sapagodos jeung pangharepan alatan si juara batahan kasoran 1-0.<ref>[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1982/wc82story.html 1982 – Story of Spain '82]. Planet World Cup. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Najan kitu Argéntina sacara ngayakinkeun ngéléhkeun Hongaria jeung Él Salvador di Alicante pikeun maju ka babak kadua. Aya kaharénghéng internal dina jero tim, di mana nu ngarora, pamaén nu kurang pangalaman aya dina sahandapeun pamaén nu leuwih pangalaman. Dina jero tim ogé ngarilu pamaén-pamaén saperti Mario Kémpés, Osvaldo Ardiles, Ramon Diaz, Daniel Bertoni, Albérto Tarantini, Ubaldo Fillol jeung Daniel Passarélla. Argéntina éléh ku Brazil dina babak kadua jeung ogé ku pijuaraeun Italia. Kacaturkeun dina tanding ngalawan Italia, Maradona ditempel rapet ku Claudio Gentile, nalika Italia ngéléhkeun Argéntina 2-1 di Sarria Stadium Barcelona.<ref>Brewin, John (9 June 2010) [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global "Diego Maradona: God's gift"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213751/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global|date=8 November 2012}}. ESPN Soccernet.</ref> Maradona maén lima kali bari teu kungsi diganti. Dina tanding pamungkas ngalawan Brazil, Maradona dikaluarkeun pilimameniteun deui kana anggeusan lantaran palanggaran serius ka Batista.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2943/castrol-debates/2010/06/10/1968569/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986 "Castrol World Cup Legends: Diego Maradona – 1986"]. Goal.com (10 June 2010). Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> === Piala Dunia 1986 === [[Gambar:Maradona-Mundial_86_con_la_copa.JPG|jmpl|Diégo Maradona nyepeng tropi Piala Dunia 1986]] Maradona ngapténan tim nasional Argéntina basa meunangkeun Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko. Meunang di final ngalawan Jérman Barat di Kota Méksiko.<ref name="espn">[http://espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696773/world-cup-history?cc=5901 "World Cup 1986"]. ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014</ref> Salila turnamén Maradona nunjukkeun dominasina jeung minangka pamaén paling dinamis dina turnamén éta. Nyitak 5 gul jeung 5 ''assist'', tilu di antarana dina partai bubuka ngalawan Koréa Selatan di Stadion Olimpico Universitario di Kota Méksiko. Gol kahijina datang nalika ngalawan Italia dina tanding kadua grup di Puebla. Argéntina nyingkirkeun Uruguay dina babak panyisihan kahiji di Puebla, <ref>[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico: Italy – Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216144554/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D68/results/matches/match%3D394/report.html|date=16 December 2012}}. FIFA. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref>nempatkeun Argéntina jadi pilawaneun Inggris di Stadion Aztéca, ogé di Kota Méksiko. Sabada nyitak dua gul kontras nalika meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris di parapat final, kalégendarisanna jadi kapatri. Éndahna gul kadua sarta sohorna gul kahijina, ngaalatankeun koran Perancis ''L'Equipe'' ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka "satengah malaikat, satengah sétan".<ref name="Diego">[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/mexico1986/index.html "Maradona lights up the world – with a helping hand"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Maradona bari semu-semu ngahindar ngagamberkeun éta téh minangka "sawaréh tina leungeunna jeung sawaréh deui tina leungeun Gusti".<ref name="espn" /> Gul éta jadi sohor minangka "Tangan Tuhan". Antukna dina 22 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngaku dina hiji acara tv yén manéhna ngahaja ngagebug bal ku leungeunna jeung teu keuna saeutik ogé kana sirahna, sarta manéhna harita kénéh sadar yén gul éta téh teu sah. Ieu téh jadi hiji kakaliruan internasional nu fatal dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Gul ieu tetep tumetep, jadi kakeuheul pamaén-pamaén Inggris.<ref>McCarthy, David (18 November 2008). [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135636/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/|date=27 May 2010}}. [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]].</ref> Gul kadua Maradona, ngan opat menit sabada ''hand''-gulna nu diprotés bébéakan, tuluy kapilih ku FIFA minangka gul pangalusna dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Manéhna nampa bal ti daérahna sorangan, puputeran sarta ku 11 toélan lumpat leuwih ti satengah lapang, ngagiring bal ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris (Peter Beardsley, Steve Hodge, Peter Reid, Terry Butcher jeung Terry Fenwick) méméh ninggalkeun kiper Peter Shilton di satukangeunna ku gerakan tipuan, sarta ngagebluskeun bal kana jaring.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/6700645/Top-10-World-Cup-goals.html?mobile=basic "Top 10 World Cup goals"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 August 2014</ref> Gul ieu kapilih jadi "Gul Abad Ieu" hasil pamilihan ''online'' taun 2002 nu diayakeun ku FIFA.<ref name="voted">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html "Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century"]. FIFA (30 May 2002). Retrieved 13 Maet 2013</ref> Pamilihan Channel 4 di Inggris Raya tahun 2002 nunjukkeun pidanganna dina rangking ka genep dina daptar 100 Kajadian Olahraga Pangéndahna.<ref name="“Channel4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|title=100 Greatest Sporting Moments – Results|year=2002|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204090913/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|archive-date=4 February 2002|dead-url=yes|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_gol_a_inglaterra.jpg|jmpl|Maradona méméh nyitak "gul abad ieu" ngalawan Inggris di Méksiko 1986]] Maradiona nuluykeun ku dua gol di semifinal ngalawan Bélgia di Aztéca, kaasup pintonan dribbling éndah séjénna dina gul nu kadua. Dina tanding final, Jérman Barat nyoba nahan manéhna ku pangawalan ganda, tapi najan kitu Maradona tetep nimu lolongkrang ngaliwatan Lothar Matthaus pikeun méré operan ka Jorge Burruchaga keur nyitak gul kameunangan. Argéntina ngéléhkeun Jérman Barat 3-2 di hareupeun 115.000 bobotoh di Aztéca sarta minangka kaptén Maradona ngangkat pialana.<ref name="Diego"/><ref>Clive Gammon (7 July 1986). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf "Tango Argentino!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514062120/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf |date=2014-05-14 }}. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Salila turnamén, Maradona nieun leuwih ti satengahna tina peluang Argéntina, 90 kali dribble jeung diganjal 53 kali nu ngabalukarkeun timna meunang tendangan bebas.<ref>[http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1986l Castrol Worldcup Statistics – Diego Maradona]. Castrolfootball.com. diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Maradona nyitak atawa méré ''assist'' 10 tina 14 gul Argéntina, kaasup hiji ''assist'' panangtuan di final. Dina ahir turnamén, ku suara buleud, Maradona meunangkeun Bal Emas salaku pamaén panghadéna sarta dianggap saolah-olah meunangkeun Piala Dunia ku sorangan, hiji hal nu mana Maradona teu pati panuju.<ref name="autogenerated1">Darby, James. (10 June 2010) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/10/1968349/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986l WorldCup Legends: Maradona]. Goal.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] FIFA. page 43</ref><ref>[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] FIFA. page 43</ref><ref name="number 10">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens]. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Zinedine Zidane, nu nongton Piala Dunia wanci keur umur 14 taun, nyaritakeun yén Maradona téh "aya dina tingkatan lain".<ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona was on another level – Zidane|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/7138/goal-hall-of-fame/2014/11/12/6070971/maradona-was-on-another-level-zidane|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=Goal}}</ref> Pikeun ngahargaan manéhna pihak nu nyepeng Stadion Aztéca ngadegkeun patung manéhna keur nyitak "Gul Abad Ieu" di lawang asup stadion.<ref>[http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185309/http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century |date=2010-06-09 }} worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.</ref> === Piala Dunia 1990 === Maradona ngapténan deui Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1990 di Italia nepi ka final ogé. Cidera pigeulang suku mangaruhan kasaluruhan pidanganna, sarta dirina kurang dominan di banding opat taun katukang. Sanggeus éléh dina tanding bubuka ku Kamerun di San Siro Milan, Argéntina ampir kasingkirkeun dina puteran kahiji. ngan nempatan poisisi katilu dina grupna. Dina tanding 16 besar ngalawan Brazil di Turin, Claudio Caniggia nyitak hiji-hijina gul sanggeus dipepernah ku Maradona.<ref name="Fifa90">[http://www.espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696774?cc=5739 "World Cup 1990"].ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014</ref> Dina parapat final, Argéntina nyanghareupan Yugoslavia di Florence; lekasan 0-0 sanggeus 120 menit, Argéntina laju ku ngadu pinalti najan Maradona gagal ngasupkeun alatan sepakanna laun ka katuhueun kiper. Dina semifinal ngalawan pribumi Italia di Naples, Stadion Sao Paolo ogé ngujung kana ngadu pinalti sabada imbang 1-1. Ayeuna mah Maradona hasil dina usahana nyitak pinalti. Dina final di Roma, Argéntina kasoran 0-1 ti Jérman Barat. Hiji-hjina gul liwat pinalti Andreas Brehme dina menit ka-85 sanggeus palanggaran kontrovérsial ka Rudi Voller.<ref name="Fifa90"/> === Piala Dunia 1994 === Dina Piala Dunia 1994 di Amérika Sérikat, Maradona ngan maén dua kali (duanana Stadion Foxboro deukeut Boston), nyitak sagul ngalawan Yunani, méméh tuluy dipulangkeun alatan gagal dina tés obat-obatan doping ''ephedrine''.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Second Test, Maradona Is Out of World Cup|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/01/sports/world-cup-94-after-second-test-maradona-is-out-of-world-cup.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> Sabada nyitak gul ngalawan Yunani, Maradona nyieun salah sahiji sélébrasi gul Piala Dunia pangsohorna ku lumpat ka salah sahiji kaméra sisi ngocéak bari beungeut dijebéwkeun jeung panon molotot.<ref name="celebration">{{Cite journal|author=Jon Carter|date=26 May 2010|title=First XI: World Cup celebrations|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global|deadurl=yes|journal=[[ESPN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global|archivedate=3 June 2010|postscript=|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global |date=3 June 2010 }}</ref> Ieu téh minangka gul internasional panungtungan Maradona dina tanding pamungkas pikeun nagarana.<ref name="celebration" /> Dina otobiographina, Maradona nyangkal yén hasil tés téh alatan palatih pribadina mikeun inuman panambah tanaga ''Rip Fuel''. Ngakuna mah vérsi Amérika, nu teu jiga di Argéntina, ngandung bahan kimia obat téa. Alatan dosis Argéntinana beak, palatihna bari teu nelek-nelek miken racikan Amérika. FIFA ngusir dirina di AS 1994 sarta Argéntina tuluy kasingkirkeun dina puteran kadua ku Rumania di Los Angeles. Maradona ogé sacara kapisah ngaku yén manéhna geus nyieun kasupaketan jeung FIFA, najan dibantah ku FIFA, pikeun ngijinan manéhna ngagunakeun obat éta pikeun ngurangan beurat badanna méméh kompétisi sangkan bisa maén.<ref>Hylands, Alan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155023/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/soccerhistory/p/diegomaradona.htm Diego Maradona], about.com.</ref> Kagagalanna dina tés obat dina Piala Dunia 1994 nandaan ahir tina karir internasionalna nu geus lumangsung salila 17 taun sarta ngahasilkeun 31 gul tina 91 kali maén, ogé sakali meunang Piala Dunia jeung sakali ''runners up.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1646832.stm "Argentina's tribute to Maradona"]. BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref>'' == Gaya Permaénan == "Diégo mampu ngalakukeun hal-hal nu jalma séjén teu bisa. Hal nu bisa ku kuring dipilampah maké bal, ku manéhna mah bisa dipilampah maké jeruk." - Michel Paltini, manten galandang Perancis ngeunaan kontrol bal Maradona. [[Gambar:Argentina_v_belgica_1986.jpg|ka|jmpl|230x230px|Maradona keur ngagiring bal ngalawan Bélgia di taun 1986.]] Maradona sohor ku kamampuan ''dribbling-''na, visi, kontrol bal, operan jeung kréatifitasna sarta dianggap salah saurang pamaén olahraga pangmasagina.<ref name="numero 10">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens]. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret2013.</ref><ref>David Patrick Houghton (2008). "Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases". p. 43. Routledge, 2008</ref><ref>Susan Ratcliffe (2001). "People on People: The Oxford Dictionary of Biographical Quotations". p. 234. Oxford University Press, 2001</ref> Mibanda awak nu pepel, sarta ku alatan sukuna nu kuat jeung awakna nu pendék manéhna bisa nadah tekanan pisik lawan bari ngagiring bal.<ref>[http://m.espn.go.com/general/blogs/blogpost?blogname=relegationzone&id=1816 "From spectacular to scandalous: Maradona's World Cup legacy"]. ESPN. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref> Manten pamaén Walanda Johan Cruyff nempo kasaruan antara Maradona jeun Méssi di mana ngalika ngagiring, bal katempona siga nu nempél waé kana suku.<ref>[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html "Messi's a world treasure says Johan Cruyff"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041440/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html|date=26 April 2012}}. The Mirror. Retrieved 1 August 2014</ref> Dirina mangrupa pamaén strategis jeung pamaén tim, ogé mibanda téhnik nu luhung. Manéhna bisa ngatur awakna sacara éféktif dina ruang nu kawates, sarta bakal mancing pamaén tukang lawan ukur pikeun sacara kilat ngaleupaskeun seranganna (jiga gul kadua nalika lawan Inggris di taun 1986),<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/photo_galleries/3639075.stm Maradona's World Cup magic]. BBC Sport (19 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> atawa méré ''assist'' ka baturna nu dina kaayaan laluasa. Alatan kuat jeung pendék manéhna bisa nahan bal sakitu lilana bari ditutur-tutur ku pamaén tukang lawan pikeun nunggu baturna lalumpat ka hareup atawa pikeun manggihan lolongkrang pikeun tembakan kilat. Dirina nunjukkeun kualitas kapamingpinan di lapangan sarta jadi kaptén Argéntina di tilu Piala Dunia, 1986, 1990 jeung 1994.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/29/world-cup-top-100-pele-maradona "World Cup’s top 100 footballers: how to choose between Pelé and Maradona?"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2014</ref><ref>John H Kerr (2004). "Motivation And Emotion In Sport". p. 2. Taylor & Francis,</ref> Maradona jadi pamingpin di lapang jeung di luar lapang. Kamampuan Maradona salaku pamaén jeung kapribadiaanna nu sok ngawasa méré dampak positif nu gedé pikeun timna. Batur maéna dina Piala Dunia 1986, Jorge Valdano nyarita: "Maradona téh hiji pamingpin téhnis: hiji jalma nu mecahkeun sagala karerepet nu bisa bijil di lapangan. Kahijina, manéhna téh bisa nyieun mukjijat, hiji hal nu méré kayakinan ka batur-bautrna. Kaduana, lingkung sélébritina geus mampu nyedot sagala tekenan pikeun batur-batur satimna. Maksud kuring téh, saurang pamaén bisa saré tibra dina peuting méméh maén lain wungkul karana apal yén manéhna maén jeung Diégo nu bisa milampah hal nu pamaén lain teu bisa, tapi ogé alatan sacara teu nyadar urang ngarasa yén lamun ninggang di éléh mangka Maradona bakal nanggung beban panglobana, bakal paling disalahkeun tibatan urang-urang. Muji kana kharisma Maradona, batur maén séjénna. Kitu tah pangaruh manéhna téh dina jero tim."<ref>{{cite news|title=Does Diego still have the touch of a leader?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2008/nov/18/diego-maradona-argentina|accessdate=28 July 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Striker subur Gabriel Batistuta muji: "Diégo bisa maréntah ka sa-stadion, nyieun unggal jalma lalajo manéhna. Kuring kungsi maén jeung manéhna sarta kuring bisa ngabéjaan ka anjeun kumaha pentingna manéhna pikeun tim."<ref>{{cite news|title=Messi lacks Maradona's charisma, claims Batistuta|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-lacks-maradonas-charisma-claims-batistuta#5TvMcZMsZqydgcwd.99|accessdate=15 August 2018|work=Four Four Two}}</ref>{{Quote box|width=32%|align=right|quote="Najan kuring maén jutaan taun, kuring moal bisa nandingan Maradona, taya niat ka dinya bari na gé. Manéhna pamaén pangpunjulna nu pernah aya."|source=—Lionel Méssi, pamaén nu pangpantesna dilandi ku sebutan "Maradona Anyar"<ref name="Maradona FIFA">[https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html "Maradona, as others see him"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013</ref>}}Salah sahiji ciri khas Maradona nyaéta ''dribbling'' ku kacepetan pinuh di sayap katuhu, tuluy nalika nepi kana garis gawang lawan ngaleupaskeun operan nu akurat pikeun baturna. Ciri khas séjénna nyaéta ''rabona'', hiji operan dina gerakan suku ngagunting satukangeun suku séjénna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=10/news=enraptured-rabonas-1527054.html|title=Enraptured by 'rabonas'|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Manuper ieu ngahasilkeun kana sababaraha ''assist'', contona eupan mumbul pikeun sundulan Ramon Diaz lawan Swiss di taun 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.us/story/1300129/first-xi-the-art-of-rabona|title=The art of rabona|publisher=ESPN FC|accessdate=9 April 2016|author1=Robin Hackett|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Manéhna ogé tukang nyépak tendangan bébas jeung pinalti nu ngabahayakeun.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 "Free kick expert Maradona leads by example"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210345/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 |date=2015-11-25 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2009/m=7/news=tension-from-yards-1086121.html|title=Tension from 12 yards|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> Téhnik tendangan bébasna, di mana mineung katempo manéhna ngangkat tuur dina hiji sudut nu luhur nalika némbakeun bal, balukarna bal melentung ngaliwatan témbok pertahanan. Kukituna manéhna bisa nyitak gul tendangan bébas sanajan jarakna deukeut, dina 22 nepi ka 17 kaki (20 ka 16 méter) tina gawang, atawa malahan pas di saluareun aréa pinalti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|title=Del Piero? Tira alla Platini|publisher=Il Corriere della Sera|language=Italian|date=24 October 1995|p=44|archive-url=https://archive.is/20151106152619/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> Maradona kawentar ku kapribadiaanna nu licik.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/oct/30/argentina-maradona-football-manager-rehab "El maestro Maradona: football legend to be Argentina manager"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref> Luyu jeung landianna "El Pibe de Oro" (Anak Emas) nu boga kesan jahat, ku "pibe" ngandung harti ogé tukang tipu anti kamapanan, budak jalanan nu cerdas sarta pinuh muslihat.<ref name="Pibe"/> Sawatara kritikan nempo gul "Tangan Tuhan" kontorvérsialna dina Piala Dunia 1986 minangka hiji manuper pinter. Salah saurang pamaén lawan, Glenn Hoddle, nyebutkeun yén Maradona geus nyamurkeun gul éta ku ngagitekkeun sirahna bareng jeung nepak bal.<ref>Geoff Tibballs (2003). "Great Sporting Scandals". p. 227. Robson, 2003</ref> Gol éta dipandang minangka pangwujudan watek ti kawasan kumuh Buénos Aires di mana Maradona digedékeun sarta konsepan kota éta, ''viveza criolla'' - "licik bawaan".<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/football/maradona-scores-1800aseat-ticket-sales-proving-the-bad-boys-of-sport-are-hard-to-match-20120511-1yi1y.html#ixzz327PbCwNs "Maradona scores $1800-a-seat ticket sales, proving the bad boys of sport are hard to match"]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref> Sawatara loba kritikan kana gul kahijina nu teu sah, panyerang Inggris, Gary Lineker ngaku, "Nalika Diégo nyitak gul kadua éta ngalawan urang, kuring ngarasa siga ngeprokan. Kuring can pernah ngarasa siga kitu saméméhna, tapi éta téh nyata... sarta lain alatan éta téh hiji pertandingan penting. Ampir teu mungkin pikeun nyitak gul nu sakitu éndahna. Manéhna téh pamaén pangpunjulna salilana. Hiji fénoména asli."<ref name="Quotes">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/quotes.html "Diego Maradona – I was there"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 23 June 2014</ref> Maradona ngagunakeun leungeunna deui dina Piala Dunia 1990, ogé teu meunang hukuman, ayeuna mah dina garis gawangna sorangan, nyegah Uni Soviet pikeun nyitak gul.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/13/diego-maradona-other-hand-ball "13 June 1990: Diego Maradona's other World Cup handball"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref> Sajumlah publikasi geus nyaruakeun Maradona minangka si Artful Dodger, copet bebenyit malarat dina buku Charles Dickens, ''Oliver Twist''.<ref>[http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/ "World Cup Legends #1: Diego Maradona"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203100233/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/|date=3 February 2015}}. Esquire. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3459830/Diego-Maradona-writes-another-chapter-in-a-turbulent-life-Football.html "Argentina coach Diego Maradona writes another chapter in a turbulent life"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>Taylor, Chris (9 November 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/nov/06/sport.argentina "A Big Hand"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>Jimmy Burns (2011). "Maradona: The Hand of God". p. 17. A&C Black</ref> Maradona téh saurang pamaén nu sacara dominan maké suku kénca, remen maké suku kéncana sanajan bal leuwih ngeunaheun pikeun suku katuhu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/11/13/rabona-tocco-magico-di-diego.html|title=Rabona, ' o tocco magico di Diego|trans-title=Rabona, Diego's magic touch|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Marco Azzi|date=13 November 2006|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> Contona dina gul dina Piala Dunia 1986 nalika ngalawan Bélgia di semifinal jeung ngalawan Inggris di parapat final téa. == Pangsiun jeung kahormatan == [[Gambar:Maradona_Barcelona_shirt.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kaos Maradona dina hiji pajangan di Museum FC Barcelona]] Taun 1990, Yayasan Konex ti Argéntina ngadeudeul Maradona ku Panghargaan Berlian Konex, salah sahiji panghargaan budaya nu pangpréstisiusna di Argéntina, minangka pribadi pangpentingna dina widang olahraga dina dekade terahir di jero negeri. Taun 2.000, Maradona ngapublikasikeun otobiographina Yo Soy Él Diégo (Kuring si Diégo), nu laris di Argéntina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030512214724/http://www.wndu.com/sports/122000/sports_5111.php Maradona 'tells all' in autobiography]. Associated Press. 20 December 2000.</ref> Dua taun ti harita, Maradona nyumbangkeun royalti bukuna di Kuba ka "Masyarakat Kuba jeung Fidel".<ref>Garcia, Anne-Marie (21 February 2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013215035/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/febrero02-3/8diego-i.html Maradona donates royalties from Cuban edition of his book]. granma.cu.</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_Soccer_Aid_2.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona dina patandingan amal ''Soccer Aid'' di Old Trafford Manchester bulan Mei 2006.]] Taun 2.000, Maradona meunang panghargaan pamaén FIFA Abad Ieu nu diputuskeun liwat pamilihan suara dina ''website'', majalah resmina jeung para juri. Maradona meunang dina pamiihan dumasar kana internét, ngumpulkeun 53,6% suara lawan Pélé 18.53%.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref> Tapi sanajan kitu, saméméh upacara panyérénan, FIFA nambahkeun panghargaan kadua sarta nunjuk komisi "Kulawarga Sépakbola" nu dieusi ku jurnalis sépakbola nu ogé ngaanugrahan Pélé minangka pamaén panghadéna dina abad ieu. Maradona ogé nempatan posisi kalima dina pamilihan di IFFHS (''International Federation of Football History and Statistics'').<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html#worldpoc IFFHS' Century Elections]. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.com (30 January 2000). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Taun 2001, ''Argentine Football Association'' (AFA) ngajukeun ka FIFA pikeun kawenangan matrikeun nomer kaos 10 ka Maradona. FIFA teu ngaijabah, tapi pajabat Argéntina nyebutkeun yén FIFA geus ngisyaratkeun bakal.<ref>[http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&lang=us Argentina can't retire Maradona's shirt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325180425/http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&lang=us|date=25 Maret 2003}} ESPNsoccernet.com, 26 May 2002. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Maradona geus ngunggulan dina sababaraha polling, kaasup polling FIFA taun 2002 nu nempatkeun gul kaduana ka Inggris kapilih jadi gul panghadé-hadéna salila Piala Dunia. Manéhna ge meunang sora pangréana dina polling pamilihan Tim Pamungkas Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu. Tanggal 22 Maret 2010, Maradona kapilih jadi nomer 1 dina 10 pamaén Piala Dunia Pangpunjulna nu diayakeun ku surat kabar London, ''the Times''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/international/article7070370.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=The ten greatest World Cup playersbr No 1 Diego Maradona Argentina|date=22 Maret 2010|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=Fiona|last=Hamilton}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030215351/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=30 October 2023 }}</ref> Argéntinos Junior ngaganti ngaran stadionna jadi Maradona dina tanggal 26 Désémber 2003. Taun 2003, Maradona digawékeun ku pamaén bal Libya Al Saadi Gadafi, anak ka tilu Kolonél Muammar Gadafi, minangka konsultan téhnik.<ref>White, Duncan (29 October 2011). "Jay Bothroyd puts good times with playboy Saadi Gaddafi, son of dead Libya tyrant Colonel Gaddafi, behind him". ''National Post''. Retrieved 31 Maret 2012</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_CRS.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona di Kolkata, [[India]], Désémber 2008 Maradona neundeun batu munggarah pkeun akademi sepakbola di pasisian wétan kota sarta dibagéakeun ku leuwih ti 100.000 urang di Salt Lake Stadium]] Tanggal 22 Juni 2005, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona bakal mulang deui ka manten klubna, Boca Juniors, minangka wakil présidén olahraga nu tanggung jawab kana ngatur rancangan Divisi Hiji (sanggeus usum 2004-05 nu nguciwakeun, nu bareng jeung saabadna Boca).<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=349221 'El Diez emprende dos nuevos desafíos', ''ESPN Deportes''] (28 July 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2005.</ref> Kontrakna dimimitian tanggal 1 Agustus 2005, salah sahiji rekomendasina nu kabuktian éféktif: ngusulkeun klub pikeun nyéwa Alfio Basile salaku palatih anyar. Ku Maradona ngabina hubungan nu raket jeung pamaén, Boca meunang Apertura taun 2005, Clausura 2006, Piala Sudamericana 2005 jeung Recopa Sudamericana 2005. Tanggal 15 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngamimitian jadi pamawa acara talk show dina tv Argéntina, ''La Noche del 10'' (Peuting si No. 10). Tamu dina peuting kahijina nyaéta Pélé; duanana layeut ngobrol, nunjukkeun taya tanda-tanda pasalia katukang. Najan kitu, dina acara éta nampilkeun hiji kartun tokoh jahat nu sacara fisik rimbag jeung Pélé. Rating acara ngunggulan acara séjén-séjénna, ngan aya hiji nu heunteu téh. Lolobana tamuna dicokot tina dunia ménbal jeung bisnis pintonan, kaasup Ronaldo jeung Zidane. Tapi aya ogé wawancara jeung sobat sarta jalma-jalma penting lianna, contona pamingpin Kuba, Fidel Castro, sarta patinju Roberto Duran jeung Mike Tyson.<ref>[http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/09/21/hoy/deportes/345641.html "Roberto Durán estuvo con Diego Maradona"]. Prensa.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Maradona mahanan tamu-tamuna ku kaos Argéntina nu ku Tyson dipaké nalika datang ka Brazil, saingan Argéntina panggedéna.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/11/AR2005111101352.html "Tyson Must Return to Brazil for Trial"]. Washington Post. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Bulan Méi 2006, Maradona satuju pikeun icikibung dina Bantuan Sepakbola Inggris Raya (hiji program pikeun ngumpulkeun sumbangan keur Unicef).<ref>"[http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/060528/1/6y4e.html ''Maradona scores but England win UNICEF match'']", Yahoo!-FIFA</ref> Dina Séptémber 2006, Maradona, ngapténan Argéntina dina turnamén tilu poé Piala Dunia ''Indoor'' di Spanyol. Tanggal 26 Agustus 2006, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona geus eureun dina posisina di Boca Juniors alatan pabéntar paham jeung AFA nu mililh Alfio Basile jadi palatih anyar tim nasional Argéntina.<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/en/WorldLeagues/index/0,4643,120577,00.html?articleid=120577 'El Diego quits his beloved Boca', ''FIFA News''] (26 August 2006). Retrieved 26 August 2006 . {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> Taun 2008, tukang filem Sérbia, Emir Kusturica nyieun filem dokuménter ngeunaan kahirupan Maradona, nu dijudulan Maradona.<ref name="Film">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html "Maradona by Kusturica".]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014</ref> Tanggal 1 Séptémber, Maradona jeung réngréngan béntang manten pamaén bal, ilibiung dina "Tanding Pikeun Kadamaian", nu dipaénkeun di Stadio Olimpico Roma, di mana kauntunganna bakal disumbangkeun pikeun amal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|title=Interreligious Match for Peace: 1/9/2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092935/http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|archivedate=3 September 2014|accessdate=1 September 2014|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> Maradona memernah gul Roberto Baggio dina babak kahiji.<ref name="Gazetta">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: "Ti aspettavo". Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: "Icardi non doveva giocare"|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> Teu cara biasana, boh Maradona boh Baggio maraké kaos nomer 10 najan maén dina satim.<ref name="Gazetta2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: "Ti aspettavo". Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: "Icardi non doveva giocare"|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 17 Agustus 2015 Maradona nepungan Ali bin Nasser, wasit urang Tunisia dina tanding parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, Argéntina - Inggris, nalika Maradona nyétak Tangan Tuhanna, sarta méré hadiah ka manéhna ku kaos Argéntina.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/08/17/en/football/international_football/1439845054.html|title=29 Years on from the Infamous Argentina-England Match, Maradona holds up his hands in apology|work=Marca.com|date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/08/18/inenglish/1439899213_516413.html|title=Maradona visits Tunisian referee who awarded him 1986 “Hand of God” goal|work=El Pais|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> == Karir Manajerial == === Manajemén klub === Maradona ngamimitian karir manajerialna bareng jeung manten batur maénna di Argéntinos Junior, Carlos Frén. Pasangan éta mingpin Mandiyu ti Corrientes di 1994 sarta Racing Club di 1995, bari teu pati hasil. Mei 2011 Maradona jadi manajer klub Dubai Al Wasi FC di Uni Émirat Arab. Maradona dipecat dina tanggal 10 Juli 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona fired as Al Wasl coach|url=http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Diego-Maradona-fired-as-Al-Wasl-coach-3696833.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=10 July 2012|accessdate=10 July 2012}}</ref>"India"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Maradona-wants-to-hold-talks-to-save-Al-Wasl-job/articleshow/14832834.cms|title=Maradona wants to hold talks to save Al Wasl job|date=12 July 2012|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Agustus 2013, Maradona pindah jeung jadi palatih mentah di klub Argéntina Déportivo Riestra. Maradona ninggalkeun peran éta taun 2017 pikeun jadi kapala palatih di Fujairah, di divisi dua UÉA, méméh indit di ujung usum alatan gagal ngamankeun promosi klubna.<ref name="2017 coach2">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|agency=Sky Sports|date=6 Mei 2018|last=|first=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Bulan Séptémber 2018 manéhna ditunjuk jadi manajer tim divisi dua Méksiko, Dorados.<ref name="Mexican team2"/> 13 Juni 2019, sanggeus Dorados gagal promosi ka kelas luhureunna, Pangacara Maradona ngumumkeun yén manéhna eureun jadi palatih alatan alesan kaséhatan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona out as Dorados manager, cites health|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/dorados-de-sinaloa/story/3875493/maradona-out-as-dorados-managercites-health|work=ESPN|date=14 June 2019|accessdate=25 June 2019}}</ref> === Manajemén internasional === Sanggeus pangsiunna palatih Alfion Basile ti tim nasional dina taun 2008, Maradona haripeut ngasongkeun dirina pikeun ngeusi kakosongan. Numutkeun sawatara sumber préss, saingan utamana téh kaasup Diégo Simeoné, Carlos Bianchi, Miguél Angél Russo jeung Sérgio Batista. Tanggal 29 Oktober 2008, pimpinan AFA Julio Grondona mastikeun yén Maradona bakal jadi kapala palatih tim nasional. Tanggal 19 Nopémber 2008, Maradona mawa Argéntina kana kameunangan kahijina nalika ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park Galsgow ku 1-0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7731484.stm|title=Scotland 0–1 Argentina|first=Andy|last=Campbell|date=19 November 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 July 2010}}</ref> Sanggeus meunang tilu tanding awal, Maradona lalajo timna kasoran ti Bolivia 1-6, nyaruaan hasil kaéléhan pangbutut-bututna nu pernah kaalaman ku tim. Ku tinggal dua kali deui sésa maén dina turnamén kualifikasi pikeun Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina aya dina posisi lima jeung ampir-ampiran kasingkir. Untung wé dua kali meunang dina laga panungtung ngaloloskeun Argéntina ka final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&cc=5739&league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL|title=Last-gasp Palermo wins it in the rain|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=15 October 2009|date=10 October 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144432/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&cc=5739&league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/football/10/14/football.samerica/index.html|title=Late winner puts Argentina in World Cup finals|date=14 October 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=15 October 2009}}</ref> Sanggeus lolos, Maradona ngaluarkeun kekecapan garihal dina konfrénsi préss bada maén, nyarita ka anggota média ku kecap nu kurang leuwih hartina "kasebelan, tuluy wé pikasebeleun".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2009/10/15/1562544/diego-maradona-tells-press-to-suck-it-after-argentina|title=Diego Maradona Tells Press To 'Suck It' After Argentina Triumph Over Uruguay|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=World Cup 2010|date=15 October 2009}}</ref> FIFA ngaréspon ku larangan dua bulan dina sagala aktifitas ménbal, semet ka tanggal 15 Januari 2010, ogé denda 25.000 CHF sarta tegoran keur kalakuanna pika hareupeun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8311013.stm|title=Maradona hit with two-month ban|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=15 November 2009|location=London}}</ref> Dina final Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina ngamimitian ku meunang 1-0 ngalawan Nigeria, tuluy meunang 4-1 ngalawan Koréa Selatan ku ''hattrick'' Gonzalo Higuain.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phil|last=Dawkes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_04/default.stm|title=Argentina 1–0 Nigeria|date=12 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Stevenson|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_18/default.stm|title=Argentina 4–1 South Korea|date=17 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> di akhir laga grup Argéntina ngéléhkeun Yunani 2-0 sarta jadi juara grup laju tuluy panggih jeung Méksiko.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264042&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global|title=Maradona's men in top spot|date=22 June 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102114/http://www.espn.com/soccer/report?cc=5739&ver=global&league=FIFA.WORLD&id=264042 |date=4 December 2018 }}</ref> Sanggeus ngéléhkeun Méksiko 3-1, antukna, Argéntina dilindes ku Jérman 4-0 dina parapat final, kasingkir tina kompétisi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/soccer/04germanygame.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=Maradona&st=cse|title=Germany Shows Its Strength|date=3 June 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=4 June 2010|first=Jeré|last=Longman}}</ref> Argéntina meunang paringkat ka lima dina turnamén. Sanggeus éléh ku Jérman, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna nimbang-nimbang pika hareupenna minangka palatih, cumarita, "kuring meureun miang isukan."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785997.stm|title=Sad Maradona considers quitting|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 15 Juli 2010, AFA nyatakeun yén Maradona bakal ditawaran deui jadi palatih salila 4 taun ka hareup semet ka Piala Dunia 2014 di Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8823478.stm|title=Argentina to offer Diego Maradona new four-year deal|date=15 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> Tapi, tanggal 27 Juli, AFA ngumumkeun yén anggota déwanna geus mupakat kalayan buleud moal manjangan kontrakna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/27/diego-maradona-departs-argentina-manager|title=Diego Maradona departs as manager of Argentina|date=27 July 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 July 2010|agency=[[Press Association]]|location=London}}</ref> Bada ti éta, tanggal 29 Juli, Maradona nyebutkeun yén présidén AFA, Julio Grondona jeung diréktur tim nasional (nu mangrupa ogé urut batur maénna di tim nasional sarta palatih Sevilla) Carlos Bilardo geus ngabohong, khianat kalayan sacara nyata mecat manéhna. Manéhna nyarita, "Maranéhna hayang kuring nuluykeun, tapi tujuh tina pagawé kuring kudu eureun, lamun kitu mah, sarua wé jeung nolak kuring tuluy mancén.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672&sec=global&cc=5739|title='Betrayed' Maradona lashes out at AFA|date=29 July 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=29 July 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803224416/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672 |date=3 August 2010 }}</ref> == Kahirupan pribadi == === Kulawarga === [[Gambar:Maradonas's_jersey_donated_to_Pope_Francis.jpg|jmpl|Sanggeus balik deui kana kayakinan Katolikna, Maradona nyumbangkeun hiji kaos meunang nanda tangan ka Paus Francis, nu disimpeun di Muséum Vatikan.]] Lahir ti kulawarga Katolik Roma, bapana Diégo Maradona Senior sarta indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco. Maradona ngadahup ka tunangan heubeulna, Claudia Villafane dina tanggal 7 Nopémber 1984 di Buenos Aires, sarta boga dua anak, Dalma Nerea (2 April 1987) jeung Cianinna Dinorah (16 Mei 1989) nu ngajadikeun dirina hiji aki dina taun 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b|title=Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=La Liga|date=19 February 2009}}</ref> Maradona jeung Villafane pepegatan taun 2004. Budakna, Dalma ngajéntrékeun yén pepegatan éta téh solusi panghadéna pikeun saréréa. Kadua kolotna masih tetep nyobat. Maranéhna indit-inditan bareng ka Naples pikeun sarangkaian acara kahormatan dina Juni 2005 sarta katempo bareng dina kasempetan séjénna, kaasup laga-laga Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 2006.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334497 ESPN Deportes – "Llega en son de paz"]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> Mangsa urusan cerai keur diprosés, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna téh bapa ti Diégo Sinagra (lahir di Naples tanggal 20 Séptémber 1986). Pangadilan Italia geus mutuskeun kitu taun 1993, sanggeus Maradona nolak tés DNA pikeun pangbuktian. Diégo Junior tepung jeung Maradona mimiti pisan dina bulan Mei 2003 sanggeus nyelendep ka lapangan golep di Italia di mana Maradona keur maén.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334523 ESPN Deportes – "El amor al ídolo"]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> Maradona boga hubungan nu raket jeung kulawargana, taun 1990 wawancara jeung ''Sports Illustrated'' manéhna nembongkeun tagihan telepon meakkeun 15.000 dolar AS per bulan pikeun nelpon kolot jeung dulur-dulurna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prima Dona|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1990/05/14/121977/prima-dona-at-his-best-diego-maradona-can-be-as-graceful-as-michael-jordan-at-his-worst-he-can-be-as-disgraceful-as-john-mcenroe-the-question-is-which-maradona-will-show-for-the-world-cup|accessdate=19 August 2018|work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> Indung Maradona, Dalma, maot tanggal 19 Nopémber 2011. Harita manéhna keur di Dubai, sarta bari jeung peunggas harepan satekah polah balik muru waktu hayang nempo indungna, tapi telat teuing. Umur Indungna 81 taun. Bapana, "Don" Diégo, maot tanggal 25 Juni dina umur 87.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/25/diego-maradona-father-dies “Diego Maradona’s father Don Diego dies aged 87”]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2018</ref> Incu ti gigir Maradona, Hernan, ogé saurang pamaén bola profésional.<ref name="La Nación2">{{cite news|title=La historia del sobrino de Maradona que juega en River: su polémica llegada al club y su particular parecido con el tío|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/la-historia-del-sobrino-de-maradona-que-juega-en-river-su-polemica-llegada-al-club-y-su-particular-parecido-con-el-tio-nid2130488|accessdate=7 April 2019|work=La Nación|date=3 May 2018}}</ref> === Pamakéan obat jeung isu-isu kaséhatan === Ti tengah-tengah 1980-an nepi 2005, Maradona kacanduan ku kokain. Manéhna dituduh mimiti maké obat di Barcelona tahun 1983.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm Maradona's fall from grace] John May, 19 April 2004, BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Mangsa maén di Napoli, manéhna geus kateterusan kacanduan nu jadi matak kana kamampuan na dina maénbal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE1F30F93AA2575AC0A967958260|title=The New York Times: SOCCER; Maradona Sentenced|date=19 September 1991|work=AP via New York Times}}</ref> Maradona ngabogaan kacondongan kana ngagendutan sarta nandangan masalah obesitas nu tuluy nambah, kungsi ditimbang beuratna 130 kg. Manéhna ngagendutan ti mimiti eureun karir maénna nepi ka nandangan operasi bépas lambung di hiji klinik di Cartagena de Indias, Colombia tanggal 6 Maret 2005. Dokter bedahna nitah sangkan Maradona ngajalankeun diet cairan salila tilu bulan keur malikkeun beurat awakna.<ref name="bbc_stomach">{{Cite news|title=Maradona has surgery on stomach|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/4322835.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 June 2010|date=6 Maret 2005}}</ref> Nalika Maradona nembongan hareupeun umum, katempo pangawakanna lumayan rada begang.<ref name="espn_surgery">{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> Tanggal 29 Maret 2007, Maradona asup deui ka hiji rumah sakit di Buénos Aires. Manéhna dirawat alatan hépatisis jeung pangaruh loba teuing alkohol sarta kaluar tanggal 11 April. Tapi dua poé ti harita dirawat deui.<ref name="espn_surgery2">{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> Dina poé-poé satuluyna nyebar rumor ngeunaan kaséhatanna, kaasup kana tilu kalina dina sabulan kabéjakeun maot.<ref>Calegari, Rodrigo (26 April 2007). [http://www.ole.clarin.com/notas/2007/04/26/01407242.html "Malas lenguas"]. [[Diario Olé]] {{Es icon}}</ref> Sanggeus dipindahkeun ka klinik psychiatrik nu ngahususkeun kana masalah nu pakait jeung alkohol, Maradona kaluar tanggal 7 Méi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6633391.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona leaves alcoholism clinic|date=7 May 2007|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 8 Méi 2007, Maradona nembongan na tivi sarta ngaku yén manéhna téh geus eureun kana nginum jeng geus teu maké obat-obatan salila dua satengah taun.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&cc=5901 "Maradona says he no longer drinks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144512/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&cc=5901 |date=2012-10-23 }}. ESPNsoccernet (8 May 2007).</ref> Januari 2019, Maradona dioperasi deui sanggeus hérniana ngabalukarkeun geutihan di jero dina beuteungna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona recovering in hospital after operation for internal bleeding|work=BBC Sport|date=13 January 2019|accessdate=13 January 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46855009}}</ref> === Pandangan pulitik === Sanggeus saméméhna vokal ngadukung Présidén Argéntina Carlos Menem nu neoliberal sarta palaku ekonomina nu lulusan Harvard, Domingo Cavallo, Maradona nunjukeun simpatina ka ideologi sayap kiri. Manéhna jadi sobat pamingpin Kuba Fidel Castro nalika keur dirawat di kapuloan Kuba, Castro nyarita, "Diégo téh hiji sobat nu hébat tur mulya. Ogé tong ditanyakeun deui lamun manéhna téh hiji atlit nu tanggoh sarta tetep miara sosobatanna jeung Kuba tanpa aya pamrih nanaon." Maradona boga tato potret Castro dina suku kéncana sarta jalma kadua Castro, sarua ti Argéntina, Ché Guévara, lebah leungeun katuhuna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/argentina/story/0,,1635417,00.html|title=A big hand|work=The Observer|location=UK|accessdate=19 June 2006|date=6 November 2005|first=Chris|last=Taylor}}</ref> Dina otobiographina, manéhna ngadédikasikeun bukuna ka mangrupa-rupa jalma, kaasup Castro. Manéhna nulis, "Keur Fidel Castro, sarta ngaliwatan dirina, sakabéh rakyat Cuba."<ref>{{cite book|last=Maradona|first=Diego|author2=Daniel Arcucci|author3=Ernesto Cherquis Bialo|title=El Diego|year=2005|publisher=Yellow Jersey|location=London|isbn=0-224-07190-4}}</ref> [[Gambar:Exequias_de_Néstor_Kirchner_en_Casa_Rosada_7.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner jeung Evo Morales, di pamakaman manten presden Argéntina Néstor Kirchner, salaki manten Présidén Cristina Kirchner, 28 Oktober 2010]] Maradona ogé minangka saurang pangrojong pikeun manten Présidén Venezula, Hugp Chavéz. Taun 2005, manéhna indit ka Vénézuéla nepungan Chavéz nu nampa manéhna di Istana Miraflores. Réngsé patepung, Maradona ngaku yén tadina mah manéhna téh rek nepungan saurang "''great man''" (jalma gedé, "''un grande''" dina bahasa Spanyol), tapi malah panggih jeung saurang "''gigantic man''" (jalma raksasa, "''un gigante''" dina bahasa Spanyol, maksudna leuwih-leuwih ti jalma gedé). "Kuring mah percaya ka Chavéz, kuring simpatisan Chavéz (Chavista). Naon waé nu dipigawé ku Fidel, naon waé nu dipigawé ku Chavéz, pikeun kuring mah pangalusna."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maradona and Chávez laugh over 'hand of god' goal on chat show|work=The Guardian|location=UK|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/venezuela/story/0,,2152474,00.html|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=20 August 2007}}</ref> Maradona jadi tamu kahormatan Chavéz dina tanding bubuka Piala Amérika 2007 di Vénézuéla.<ref>[https://metro.co.uk/2007/06/27/maradona-fancies-a-copa-3432278/ "Maradona fancies a Copa"]. Metro. Retrieved 21 May 1014</ref> Maradona geus nyatakeun panentanganna kana naon nu ku manéhna disebut minangka imperialisme, babakuna nalika Pasamoan Amérika di Mar dél Plata, Argéntina. Di dinya manéhna ngaprotés kahadiran George W Bush di Argéntina, mamaké kaos ditulisan "STOP BUSH" (bari hurup "s" dina "Bush" diganti ku swastika) sarta nyebutkeun Bush minangka "runtah manusa".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman|title=Chávez and Maradona Lead Massive Rebuke of Bush|work=[[The Nation]]|accessdate=20 June 2006|date=5 November 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616003623/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|title=Image of Maradona wearing the STOP BU卐H shirt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623193530/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|archivedate=23 June 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Dina bulan Agustus 2007, Maradona beuki jauh deui, minton dina acara mingguan Chavéz, ''Alo Présidénte'' sarta nyarita, "Kuring ceuceub kana naon waé nu datang ti Amérika Serikat. Ceuceub kabina-bina."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex-soccer star Maradona tells Chavez he hates U.S.|agency=Reuters|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819|date=19 August 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429132055/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819 |date=29 April 2008 }}</ref> Dina Désember 2008, najan kitu, Maradona nyokot sikap nu leuwih pro-AS nalika manéhna nembongkeun kasukaanna ka pangganti Bush, présidén kapilih Barack Obama, sarta nyepeng harepan nu gedé ti manéhna.<ref >[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7770851.stm "Maradona sends Calcutta into frenzy"]. BBC. Retrieved 26 June 2014 </ref> Perwatek kawasan kumuh miskin dijadikeun ku Maradona minangka sosok kamasyarakatanna.<ref name="Vatican">[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html "Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Nalika panggih jeung Paus John Paul KK di Vatikan taun 1987, maranéhna pasalia ngeunaan isu teu ratana kasajahtraan, ku caritaan Maradona, "Kuring debat jeung manéhna sabab kuring keur di Vatikan jeung kuring nempo éta kabéh lalangit emas sarta tuluy ngadénge Paus nyarita yén Garéja mikamelang kana kasajahtraan barudak miskin. Jual wé atuh lalangit éta téh, ''amigo'', usaha!"<ref name="Vatican2">[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html "Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Dina bulan Séptémber 2014 Maradona panggih jeung Paus Francis di Roma, mumuji Francis alatan ngailhaman manéhna pikeun balik deui kana agama saeunggeus sakitu lilana; manéhna nyarita, "Urang kabéh kudu nurutan Paus Francis. Lamun tiap saurang di antara urang méré naon waé ka nu lian, moal aya di dunya ieu nu kalaparan."<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/diego-maradona-meets-pope-francis-in-rome-20140902-10b8tw.html#ixzz3C94HZkyr "Diego Maradona meets Pope Francis in Rome"]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Bulan Désémber 2007, Maradona nyérénkeun hiji kaos meunang néken bari maké pesen nu ngadukung masarakat Iran: dipajang di museum Kaméntrian Luar Nagri Iran.<ref name="sundayTimes3April2008">{{Cite news|last=Naughton|first=Philippe|title=Diego Maradona makes a fan of President Ahmadinejad of Iran|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3673860.ece|accessdate=28 June 2010|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=3 April 2008|location=London}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126133023/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=26 November 2020 }}</ref> Bulan April 2013, Maradona zarah ka makam Huqo Chavéz sarta ngajujurung urang Vénézuéla sangkan milih pangganti nu geus diancokeun ku jenatna, Nicolas Maduro, sangkan nuluykeun warisan kapamingpinan sosialis; "Tuluykeun pajoangan," Maradona nyarita dian tivi.<ref name="Chavez">[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb "Diego Maradona visits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825183755/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb|date=25 August 2016}}. NDTV. Diakses 29 November 2013</ref> Maradona ngahadiran kampanye akhir Maduro nu lumangsung di Karakas, nanda tangan bal jeung tuluy disepak ka balaréa, sarta mikeun hiji kaos Argéntina ka Maduro.<ref name="Chavez" /> Sanggeus zarah ti makam Chavéz, bareng jeung Maradona, Maduro nyarita, "Ngobrol jeung Maradona matak pikasediheun lantaran ''comandante'' Chavéz mikaresep pisan ka jinisna." <ref name="Chavez" /> Maradona icikibung jeung jojogédan nalika kampanye nu lumangsung dina pamilihan présidén Vénézuéla taun 2018. Mangsa krisis kaprésidénan Vénézuéla taun 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Así bailó Maradona durante el cierre de campaña de Maduro|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/asi-bailo-maradona-durante-cierre-campana-maduro_235670|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=El Nacional}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona acompañó a Maduro en su cierre de campaña electoral|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Maradona-acompano-a-Maduro-en-su-cierre-de-campana-electoral-20180517-0051.html|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=Panorama}}</ref> Federasi Sépakbola Méksiko ngadenda manéhna alatan ngalanggar kode etik jeung mikeun tropi kameunangan ka Nicolas Maduro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083|work=Reuters|language=es|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=10 April 2019|title=Federación México multa a Maradona por dedicar triunfo a Maduro}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409035637/https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083 |date=9 April 2019 }}</ref> Bulan Oktober 2015, Maradona nganuhunkeun Ratu Elizabeth II jeung Parlemén Inggris di London alatan méré kasempetan ka manéhna pikeun nyadiaan "kaadilan sajati" salaku pupuhu dina hiji organisasi nu dijieun pikeun nulungan barudak leutik.<ref name="Unity">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona sends a 'big hug to the Houses of Parliament' and thanks the Queen|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/diego-maradona-sends-a-big-hug-to-the-houses-of-parliament-and-thanks-the-queen-a3089616.html|agency=London Evening Standard|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Dina hiji video nu dikaluarkeun dina laman Facebook resmina, Maradona mastikeun yén manéhna bakal nampa panyalonan dirina keur jadi diréktur Amérika Latin pikeun organisasi non-pamarentah ''Football for Unity''.<ref name="Unity" /> === Masalah finansial === Bulan Maret 2009, pajabat Italia ngabéwarakeun yén Maradona masih boga hutang ka pamarentah Italia 37 juta euro dina urusan pajak lokal; 23,5 juta euro mangrupa tambahan bunga tina hutang aslina, Maradona ngan mayar 42.000 euro pikeun arloji méwah jeung anting sasetél.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009</ref> == Tilar dunya == Tanggal 25 Nopémber 2020, dina umur 60 taun, Maradona tilar dunya di imahna di Buénos Aires alatan serangan jantung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolatimes.com/boladunia/2020/11/26/073355/diego-maradona-meninggal-dunia-ini-penyebabnya|title=Diego Maradona meninggal dunia, ini penyebabnya|last=|first=|website=bolatimes.com|publisher=|month=26 Nopémber 2020|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}</ref> Saméméhna, di awal Nopémber Maradona kebat nandangan operasi di otakna gara-gara aya geutih ngaguruntul (''hematoma subdural''). Présidén Argéntina, Alberto Fenandez, ngabéwarakeun tilu poé sungkawa nasional di Argéntina, dina raraga ngahormat ka Maradona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/bola-dunia/d-5270224/kronologi-meninggalnya-diego-maradona|title=Kronologi Meninggalnya Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=Sepakbola|publisher=detik.com|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}</ref> Maradona dikurebkeun di Pamakaman Bella Vista di pasisian Buéno Aires, Argéntina, dina tanggal 27 Nopémber 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/4419218/tangis-anak-dan-istri-iringi-pemakaman-diego-maradona|title=Tangis Anak dan Istri Iringi Pemakaman Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=liputan6.com|publisher=|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}</ref> == Dina budaya populer == Koran Amérika ''The Houston Chronicle'' nulis ngeunaan Maradona: Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada bewos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa. {{quote|text=Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada béwos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa.<ref name="Trib">Bensinger, Ken (8 June 2010) [http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup Maradona puts his Legacy on the Line at the World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070831/http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup |date=5 Maret 2016 }}, ''[[The Houston Chronicle]]''.</ref>}} Di Argéntina, Maradona dianggap minangka pahlawan nasional. Ngeunaan pamujaan nu nyampak di Argéntina, manten batur maénna, Jorge Valdano nyarita, "Wanci Maradona mundur tina aktifitas sépakbola, ninggalkeun trauma pikeun Argéntina. Maradona leuwih ti ngan saukur pamaén bal nu hadé. Manéhna téh faktor pangbeubeurah khusus pikeun hiji nagara nu geus mangtaun-taun aya dina kadiktatoran militer jeung sagala macem frustasi sosial."<ref name="Deportes">[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=455305 "¿Es el sucesor natural?"]. ESPN Deportes. (Ed, 29 June 2014). Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> Valdano nambahkeun yén "Maradona nawarkeun ka rakyat Argéntina hiji jalan kaluar tina frustasi massal maranéhna, éta nu matak nyieun rakyat mikacinta dirina. Aya tangtungan panutan."<ref name="Deportes" /> Maradona diasupkan kaba rupa-rupa ''cameo'' dina buku komik Argéntina, Él Cazador de Aventuras. Sanggeus ditutup, pangarangna ngajieun hiji buku komik pondok anyar dijudulan "Él Die", maké Maradona salaku karakter utamana. Maradona ogé aya dina sababaraha kaulinan kilat ''online'' nu kabéhna didédikasikeun pikeun dirina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925035615/http://www.soccergamespot.com/world-cup-games/maradona "Maradona Soccer Game"]. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</ref> Di Rosario, Argéntina, urang dinya nyieun parodi agama "Garéja Maradona". Kumpulan éta ngarumuskeun rupa-rupa unsur dina tradisi Karésten saperti Natal atawa do'a-do'a, jadi ngeunteungkeun detil Maradona. Kumpulan éta dijieun ku 200 anggota sarta tuluy nambahan puluhuan rébu leuwih anggotana liwat ''website'' resmina.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3666357.stm "Maradona in intensive care"]. BBC Sport (28 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> "Unggal jalma boga opini ngeunaan Maradona, hal éta geus kajadian ti poé-poé mimiti manéhna maén. Pintonanna nu sakitu éndah sarta gul luar biasana di Méksiko 86 bakal salawasna nyayang dina ingetan jalma-jalma nu mikaresep ménbal, ka asup kuring. Ingetan kuring nu paling nyata nyaéta hiji budak nu boga bakat luar biasa di Piala Dunai FIFA U20 di Jepang. Manéhna nieun unggal jalma calangap tiap-tiap meunang bal." - Présidén FIFA Sepp Blatter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|title=Dieogo Maradona, as other sees him|last=|first=|website=FIFA.com|publisher=|accessdate=17 Nopémber 2013}}</ref> Réa artis Argéntina mintonkeun lagu dina raraga ngahormat Diégo, contona "Marado" ku El Potro Rodrigo, "Maradona" ku Andres Calamaro, "Para siempre Diégo" (Diégo salilana) ku Los Ratones Paranoicos,"Francotirador" (''Sniper'') ku Attaque 77, "Maradona Blues" ku Charly Garcia, "Santa Maradona" ku Mano Negra, "La Vida Tombola"ku Mano Chao, jeung nu lianna. Ogé aya filem siga: Maradona, La Mano dé Dios (Maradona, si Tangan Tuhan), Él Camino dé San Diégo (Jalan Saint Diégo), Amando a Maradona (Micinta Maradona), "Maradona" ku Kusturica.<ref name="Film2">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html "Maradona by Kusturica".]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014</ref> Taun 1982, Maradona jadi salah sahiji bentang olahraga panggedéna jeung geus néken kontrak jeung rupa-rupa pausahaan, kaasup Puma jeung Coca-Cola, nambahan panghasilanna ku 1.5 juta dolar per taun ngaleuwihan gajih klubna.<ref name="commercial">Jimmy Burns (2011) "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp. 71, 84. A&C Black</ref> Taun 1982, manéhna mintonkeun iklan Piala Dunia pikeun Coca-Cola jeung iklan di Jepang pikeun Puma.<ref name="commercial2">Jimmy Burns (2011) "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp. 71, 84. A&C Black</ref> Taun 2010 manéhna kaluar dina hiji iklan pikeun imah fésyen Perancis Louis Vuitton, maén sépakbola méja bareng jeung batur-baturna nu sarua meunang Piala Dunia, Pélé jeung Zinedine Zidane.<ref>[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2010-04/26/gq-style-news-maradona-pele-and-zidane-for-louis-vuitton "Maradona, Pelé and Zidane for Vuitton"]. GQ Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref> Maradona makalangan ogé dina video musik keur lagu Piala Dunia 2010 "Waka-Waka" ku Shakira, dina filemna nempokeun manéhna ngarayakeun kameunangan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1986.<ref name="World Cup video">{{cite news|date=8 June 2010|title=Shakira launches clip 'Waka Waka' Cup official music|url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html|publisher=Reforma|language=Portuguese|accessdate=9 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070734/http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html |date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Hiji iklan tivi taun 2006 pikeun minuman ringan Brazil Guarana Antarctica ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka anggota tim nasional Brazil, maké baju konéng jeung nyanyi lagu nasional Brasil bareng jeung pamaén Brazil Ronaldo jeung Kaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|title=ARCHIVO 10, Diego Maradona – Videos de publicidades|publisher=Archivo10.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|archive-date=7 July 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=6 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html |date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> Tuluy dina iklan éta téh manéhna hudang sarta nyadar manéhna tas ngimpi sanggeus mabok gara-gara loba teuing nginum. Sanggeus ditontonkeun, hal ieu nimbulkeun kontroversi di kalangan média Argéntina (najan sabenerna mah iklan éta téh lain pikeun tontoneun urang Argéntina, bobotoh bisa nempo ''online''). Maradona ngajawab yén manéhna teu boga masalah maké kaos Brazil, najan Argéntina jeung Brazil téh minangka musuh satru dina ménbal, tapi Maradona nyatakeun yén manéhna bakal nolak mun kudu maké kaos River Plate, musuh bubuyutan Boca Juniors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|title=Maradona diz não se arrepender de usar camisa do Brasil na TV|work=AdNews.com.br|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151608/http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|archivedate=6 July 2011|date=30 April 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Kacatetkeun ogé fénomena urang-urang Brazil nu maké ngaran Maradona<ref>{{cite news|title=World Cup 2014: Brazilians named after Maradona and Lineker|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27971359|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> minangka panghormatan, contona pamaén bola Diégo Costa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burt|first1=Jason|title=Diego Costa: I take things to limit but I did nothing wrong|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/11381605/Diego-Costa-I-take-things-to-limit-but-I-did-nothing-wrong.html|accessdate=31 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Taun 2017, Maradona dipintonkeun minangka hiji pamaén légendaris dina ''video game'' FIFA 18 jeung Pro Evolution Soccer 2018.<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/ea-sports-add-diego-maradona-to-fifa-18-with-95rated-card-a3599761.html "FIFA 18 to include 95-rated icon Diego Maradona as EA Sports adds footballing legend to Ultimate Team"]. Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 September 2017</ref> Taun 2019, hiji filem dokuménter dikaluarkeun ku nu meunangkeun Academy Award jeung BAFTA Award tukang nieun filem Asif Kapadia, diréktur Filem Amy (ngeunaan panyanyi Amy Winehouse) jeung Filem Sénna (ngeunaan pabalap Ayrton Senna). Kapaida nyarita. "Maradona téh bagéan katilu tina trilogi ngeunaan budak jenius jeung sohor."<ref>{{cite news|title=Film-maker Asif Kapadia: ‘Maradona is the third part of a trilogy about child geniuses and fame’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jun/25/asif-kapadia-diego-maradona-senna-amy-interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 October 2017}}</ref> Manéhna nambahkeun, "Kuring kapincut ku lalampahanna, ka mana waé manéhna indit aya waé kajadian-kajadian cerdas nu luar biasa jeung drama. Manéhna téh pamingpin, mawa timna ka puncak, tapi ogé sering kasoran dina karirna. Manéhna salawasna ibarat jalma leutik nu ngalawan sistem... sarta daék ngalakukeun naon waé, ngagunakeun kalicikan jeung intelejensina pikeun meunang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy director Asif Kapadia set to make Maradona documentary|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amy-director-asif-kapadia-set-to-make-maradona-documentary-a6841391.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 October 2017}}</ref> == Statistik karir == <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091646/http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php Club Statistics]. expertfootball.com (archived)</ref> === Klub === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" width="75" |Season ! rowspan="2" width="125" |Klub ! rowspan="2" width="125" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala ! colspan="2" |Benua ! colspan="2" |Lianna ! colspan="2" |Total |- ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul |- |1976 | rowspan="5" |Argentinos Juniors | rowspan="6" |Primera División |11 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |13 |2 |- |1977 |49 |19 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |49 |19 |- |1978 |35 |26 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |35 |26 |- |1979 |26 |26 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |26 |26 |- |1980 |45 |43 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |45 |43 |- |1981 |Boca Juniors |40 |28 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |40 |28 |- |1982–83 | rowspan="2" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | rowspan="2" |La Liga |20 |11 |5 |3 |4 |5 |6 |4 |35 |23 |- |1983–84 |16 |11 |4 |1 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |– |23 |15 |- |1984–85 | rowspan="7" |[[Napoli]] | rowspan="7" |Série A |30 |14 |6 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |36 |17 |- |1985–86 |29 |11 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |31 |13 |- |1986–87 |29 |10 |10 |7 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |41 |17 |- |1987–88 |28 |15 |9 |6 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |39 |21 |- |1988–89 |26 |9 |12 |7 |12 |3 | colspan="2" |– |50 |19 |- |1989–90 |28 |16 |3 |2 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |– |36 |18 |- |1990–91 |18 |6 |3 |2 |4 |2 |1 |0 |26 |10 |- |1992–93 |[[Sevilla]] |La Liga |26 |5 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |29 |6 |- |1993–94 |Newell's Old Boys | rowspan="4" |Primera División |5 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |0 |- |1995–96 | rowspan="3" |Boca Juniors |24 |5 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |5 |- |1996–97 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |1997–98 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |2 |- ! rowspan="6" |Total ! colspan="2" |Argentinos Juniors !166 !116 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !166 !116 |- ! colspan="2" |Boca Juniors !70 !35 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !1 !0 !71 !35 |- ! colspan="2" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] !36 !22 !9 !4 !7 !8 !6 !4 !58 !38 |- ! colspan="2" |Napoli !188 !81 !45 !29 !25 !5 !1 !0 !259 !115 |- ! colspan="2" |Sevilla !26 !5 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !29 !6 |- ! colspan="2" |Newell's Old Boys !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !5 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Total Karir !492 !259 !57 !34 !32 !13 !8 !4 !590 !310 |} * Lianna - Piala Liga Spanyol jeung Piala Super Italia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> * Total rata-rata gulna per tanding dina kompétisi klub doméstik nyaéta 0,526.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2010/04/07/1867738/goalcom-special-debate-lionel-messi-vs-diego-maradona-so-who "Special Debate: Lionel Messi vs Diego Maradona – So Who Is Better?"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013</ref> === Internasional === * Jadi pamaén utama dina 21 tanding keur Argéntina di Piala Dunia (1982, 1986, 1990,1994) * Midang 16 kali salaku kaptén tim nasional, hiji rékor Piala Dunia. * Nyitak 8 gul sarta 8 assist di 21 kali maén di Piala Dunia, kaasup 5 gul jeung 5 assist di taun 1986. * Nyepeng panyitak gul kadua panglobana di Argéntina dina puteran final Piala Dunia (nyaruaan Guillermo Stabile di taun 1994; kasusul ku Gabriel Batistuta taun 1998). * Dilanggar 23 kali dina tanding Argéntina vs Italia dina Piala Dunia 1982, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina sapertandingan. * Dilanggar 50 kali nalika Piala Dunia 1990, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina saturnamén. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Tim Nasional Argéntina |- !Taun ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul |- |1977 |3 |0 |- |1978 |1 |0 |- |1979 |8 |3 |- |1980 |10 |7 |- |1981 |2 |1 |- |1982 |10 |2 |- |1983 |– |– |- |1984 |– |– |- |1985 |10 |6 |- |1986 |10 |7 |- |1987 |6 |4 |- |1988 |3 |1 |- |1989 |7 |0 |- |1990 |10 |1 |- |1991 |– |– |- |1992 |– |– |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |7 |2 |- !Total !91 !34 |} == Statistik Manajerial == ''Mimiti 03 Désémber 2018.'' {| class="wikitable" |'''Tim''' |'''Nagara''' |'''Mimiti''' |'''Réngsé''' |- |Mandiyú de Corrientes |Argéntina |Januari1994 |Juni 1994 |- |Racing Club |Argéntina |Méi 1995 |Nopémber 1995 |- |Argéntina |Argéntina |Nopémber 2008 |Juli 2010 |- |Al Wasl |UÉA |Méi 2011 |Juli 2012 |- |Fujairah |UÉA |April 2017 |April 2018 |- |Dorados |Méksiko |Séptémber 2018 |Masih kénéh |} == Panghargaan == === Klub === Boca Juniors * Argéntina Priméra Division: 1981 Metropolitano<ref name="Player Profile" /> Barcelona * Copa del Rey: 1983<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Copa de la Liga: 1983 Napoli * Série A (2): 1986–87, 1989–90<ref name="Player Profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=174732/profile.html|title=The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> * Coppa Italia: 1986–87 * UEFA Cup: 1988–89 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1990 === Internasional === Argéntina Muda * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA: 1979<ref name="Japan 79">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u20worldcup/japan1979/awards/index.html|title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Award|website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> Argéntina * Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref name="Player Profile"/> * Tropi Artemio Franchi: 1993<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/artfranchi93.html|title=Artemio Franchi Trophy 1993|last=Josef Bobrowsky|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=16 September 2018}}</ref> [[Gambar:The Champions Promenade, Diego Maradona - panoramio.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona's Golden Foot award in “Trotoar Juara" di basisir Karajaan [[Monako|Monaco]]]] * Top sekor Divisi Primera Argéntina (5): 1978 Metropolitano (liga), 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional (piala liga), 1980 Metropolitano, 1980 Nacional<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Bal Emas: 1979<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Sapatu Perak: 1979<ref name="Japan 79" /> * Pamaén Taun Ieu Argentine Football Writers (4): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/arg-poy.html “Argentina – Player of the Year”]. Rsssf.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Pamaén Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan (2): (panghargaan resmi) 1979, 1980<ref name="Player Profile" /> * ''Olimpia de Oro'' (2): 1979, 1986<ref>{{cite news|title=Todos los ganadores del oro, desde 1954|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954|newspaper=La Nación|location=Buenos Aires|date=18 December 2007|accessdate=24 December 2012|language=Spanish|trans-title=All gold winners since 1954|quote=1986 Diego Maradona (Fútbol)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043233/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954 |date=5 January 2016 }}</ref> * ''Guerin d'Oro'' (Pamaén SériA Taun Ieu): 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/italpoy.html|title=Guerin d'Oro|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> * Bal Emas Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Sapatu Perak Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986 * ''Assist'' Pangréana Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1986/wc86statistics.html|title=World Cup 1986 – Statistics|publisher=Planetworldcup|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> * Tim Piala Dunia Kabéh Bintang: 1986, 1990 * Onze d'Or (2): 1986, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|title="Onze Mondial" Awards|last=Pierrend|first=José Luis|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=26 December 2015|date=6 Maret 2012}}</ref> * ''L'Équipe Champion of Champions'' (ti surat kabar Perancis): 1986 * Atlet Taun Ieu Himpunan Wartawan Internasional: 1986 * Pamaén Taun Ieu Majalah World Soccer: 1986 * ''Capocannoniere'' (top sekor Séri A): 1987–88 * Top sekor ''Coppa Italia'': 1987–88 * Bal Parunggu Piala Dunia FIFA: 1990<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Tim Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu: 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/wrldallt.html|title=World All-Time Teams|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> * Tim Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan: 1995<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|title=South American Team of the Year|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=10 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064015/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|archivedate=21 January 2015}}</ref> * ''Ballon d'Or'' pikeun pangabdian kana sépakbola(ti Perancis): 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7750904.stm|title=Maradona receives honorary award|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> * Tim Dunia Abad 20: 1998 * Pamaén Pangpunjulna Abad 20 Majalah ''World Soccer'': (#2) 1999 * Olahragawan Abad Ieu ''Argentine Sports Writers'' 1999 * Marca ''Leyenda'' (ti surat kabar Spanyol Marca): 1999<ref>[http://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html “Marca Leyenda: Diego Maradona”]. Marca. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Pamilik nomer 10 klub Napoli minangka kaingetan kana sumbanganna pikeun klub: 2000<ref>[http://caracol.com.co/radio/2000/08/24/deportes/0967096800_058566.html Nápoli retira camiseta número 10 en homenaje a Maradona], Caracol, 24 August 2000</ref> * Pamaén Abad Ieu FIFA: 2000<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Gol Abad Ieu FIFA (pikeun gul kaduana nalika ngalawan Inggris di saparapat final Piala Dunia 1986): 2002<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Tim Impian Piala Dunia FIFA: 2002<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 “FIFA Dream Team: Maradona voted top player”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232622/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 |date=2009-02-13 }}. Reuters. 19 June 2002.</ref> * Suku Emas: 2003, minangka legenda sépakbola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|title=Golden Foot – Diego Armando Maradona|publisher=Goldenfoot.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209063133/http://goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|archivedate=9 February 2015|accessdate=1 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> * 100 Pamaén Pangpunjulna Nu Hirup Keneh FIFA: 2004<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Senat Argéntina "''Domingo Faustino Sarmiento''" kaingetan pikeun beubeunangan samangsa hirup: 2005 * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ti The Times, 2010<ref>[http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486 “Un diario inglés eligió a Maradona como el mejor jugador de la historia de los mundiales”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114600/http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486#|date=30 December 2017}}. El Comercio. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Atlit Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah: #1, ku ''Corriere dello Sport'' – Stadio, 2012<ref>[https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ “CdS, Maradona meglio di tutti, batte anche Valentino Rossi“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712090744/https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ |date=2018-07-12 }}. Corriere dello Sport. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Panghargaan ''Globe Soccer'' Panghargaan Karir Pamaén: 2012<ref name="GSA">{{cite web|url=http://www.globesoccer.com/awards/walloffame/|title=Wall of Fame|publisher=Globe Soccer.com|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> * Pangpunjulna XI sapanjang waktu majalah ''World Soccer'': 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted|title=The Greatest XI: how the panel voted|publisher=World Soccer|author=Jamie Rainbow|date=2 July 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101233404/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted |date=1 January 2015 }}</ref> * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna Sapanjang Waktu: #1 ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2017 * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2018<ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 “Ranked! The 25 best World Cup players EVER”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618234056/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 |date=2018-06-18 }}. Four Four Two. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Top Sekor Napoli Sapanjang Waktu (1991–2017)<ref name="Fifa profile" /> * Dinding Panghargaan Maenbal Italia: 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/en/news/italian-football-hall-of-fame-to-induct-ten-new-stars/|title=Italian football Hall of Fame to induct ten new stars|accessdate=25 October 2016|date=25 October 2016}}</ref> * Tim Sapanjang Waktu AFA: 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|title=La Selección de Todos los Tiempos|publisher=Argentine Football Association|language=Spanish|trans-title=The Team of All Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|archive-date=14 August 2018|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29 January 2018|date=4 January 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos |date=14 August 2018 }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe's top 50'' pamaén bal Amérika Latin dina sajarah: #2<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3/|title=Top 50 des joueurs sud-américains de l'histoire|trans-title=Top 50 South-American footballers in history|newspaper=L'Équipe|language=French|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=6 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704215531/http://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3 |date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> * Legenda ''International Federation of Football History & Statistics'' (IFFHS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/|title=IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=14 September 2016|date=25 January 2016}}</ref> == Tutumbu Luar == * [https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194552/https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ |date=2020-11-25 }} * {{Britannica|686139}} * Works by or about Diégo Maradona in libraries (WorldCat catalog) == Referensi == [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Sepakbola]] sfls0tnzo2gidjaynez52umv1tuuz9q 0 98934 710583 674178 2026-06-19T09:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Virusbox | image = Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Mikrograp éléktron [[virion]] [[virus bronhitis inféksius]] | image2 = SARS-CoV-2 without background.png | image2_caption = Gambaran virion [[Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|2019-nCoV]] | taxon = Orthocoronavirinae | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision_ref = <ref name=ICTV2018b>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |language=en |date=Maret 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304035352/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |archive-date=4 Maret 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320103754/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy |date=2020-03-20 }}</ref> | subdivision = *''[[Alphacoronavirus]]'' *''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' *''[[Gammacoronavirus]]'' *''[[Deltacoronavirus]]'' | synonyms = *''Coronavirinae'' | synonyms_ref = <ref name="2017.012-015S">{{cite web |title=2017.012-015S |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |language=en |format=xlsx |date=Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |archive-date=14 Méi 2019 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |date=2019-05-14 }}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125012731/https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> }} '''Coronavirus''' nyaéta golongan [[virus]] anu nyababkeun sasalad ka [[mamalia]] jeung [[manuk]]. Di [[manusa]], ieu virus ngabalukarkeun inféksi engapan, kaasup salésma anu biasana énténg, nepi ka wangun anu jarang kayaning [[SARS]], [[MERS]], jeung [[COVID-19]] anu bisa matak parna nepi ka maotna. Gejalana béda-béda di rupa-rupa [[spésiés]]: di [[hayam]] ngabalukarkeun panyakit réspiratori luhur, anapon di [[sapi]] jeung [[céléng]] ngabalukarkeun muncrut. Nepi ka kiwari, can aya [[vaksin]] atawa ubar antivirus pikeun natambaan manusa alatan ieu sasalad. Coronavirus kaasup subkulawarga ''[[Orthocoronavirinae]]'' dina kulawarga ''[[Coronaviridae]]'', dina ordo [[Nidovirales]]. <ref name="groot">{{Cite book|title=Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|publisher=Elsevier, Oxford|year=2011|isbn=978-0-12-384684-6|editor-last=AMQ King|pages=806–828|chapter=Family ''Coronaviridae''|author-link2=Susan Baker (virologist)|editor-last2=E Lefkowitz|editor-last3=MJ Adams|editor-last4=EB Carstens}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_documents/m/msl/1231/download.aspx|title=ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v10|last=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|format=xls}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602115524/https://talk.ictvonline.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2Ffiles%2Fictv_documents%2Fm%2Fmsl%2F1231%2Fdownload%3FRedirected%3Dtrue |date=2020-06-02 }}</ref> Coronavirus téh [[virus amplopan]] nu boga [[génom]] [[RNA]] [[Virus RNA utas-tunggal sénse-positip|utas-tunggal sénse-positip]] sarta nukléokapsid simétri héliks. Ukuran [[génom]] coronavirus antara 26 nepi ka 32 kilobasa, panggedéna pikeun [[virus RNA]]. == Pamanggihan == Golongan Coronavirus anu pertama kali dipanggihkeun di taun 1965 ku Tyrell sareng Bynoe mangrupa virus B814<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kahn|first=Jeffrey S.|last2=McIntosh|first2=Kenneth|date=2005-11|title=History and Recent Advances in Coronavirus Discovery:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00006454-200511001-00012|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|language=en|volume=24|issue=Supplement|pages=S223–S227|doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60|issn=0891-3668}}</ref>. Partikel virus anu dipanggihkeun ieu miboga ciri saperti ukuran diantara 80-150 mm, pleiomorfik ditutup ku membran, jeung boga permukaan nangtung sapertos pentung. Ilmuwan sejen manggihan sabaabaraha virus anu miboga ciri sarua jeung B814, sapertos bronkitis, hepatitis dina beurit, jeung virus gastroentritis tina babi. Ahirna, sababaraha virus ieu digolongkeun ka golongan Coronavirus<ref name=":0" />. Di taun taun salajengna, sababaraha virus diasupkeun kana golongan Coronavirus, sapertos virus [[SARS|SARS-Cov]] di taun 2002-2003, [[HCoV NL63]] taun 2004, HKU1 di taun 2005, [[MERS-CoV]] di taun 2012, sareng virus [[SARS-CoV-2]] anu kakara dipangihkeun di taun 2019. Sadaya virus ieu nyebabkeun [[infeksi saluran pernapasan]] anu parah. == Etimologi jeung Morfologi == Ngaran "coronavirus" asalna tina Basa Latin ''corona'', hartina ''makuta'' atawa ''halo'', anu nujul kana ciri partikel virusna (virion). Bagean nunjul partikelna disebat ''spike protein'' (S) anu gaduh iketan jeung reseptor ''angiotensin-converting enzyme 2'' (ACE2). Iketan diantara ACE2 jeung S ngamediasikeun interaksi virus jeung inangna<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Fang|last2=Li|first2=Wenhui|last3=Farzan|first3=Michael|last4=Harrison|first4=Stephen C.|date=2005-09-16|title=Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/309/5742/1864|journal=Science|language=en|volume=309|issue=5742|pages=1864–1868|doi=10.1126/science.1116480|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16166518}}</ref>. Umumna, Coronavirus bentukna buleud pleiomorfik anu di sabudeureun permukaanna aya protéin anu nunjul<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldsmith|first=Cynthia S.|last2=Tatti|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Ksiazek|first3=Thomas G.|last4=Rollin|first4=Pierre E.|last5=Comer|first5=James A.|last6=Lee|first6=William W.|last7=Rota|first7=Paul A.|last8=Bankamp|first8=Bettina|last9=Bellini|first9=William J.|title=Ultrastructural Characterization of SARS Coronavirus - Volume 10, Number 2—February 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/2/03-0913_article|language=en-us|doi=10.3201/eid1002.030913|pmc=PMC3322934|pmid=15030705}}</ref>. Diaméter ti virus ieu kira-kira 120 nm<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advances in Virus Research|first2=David|editor-first3=Aaron J.|editor-last2=Murphy|editor-first2=Frederick A.|editor-last=Maramorosch|editor-first=Karl|last2=Cavanagh|last=Lai|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065352708602869|first=Michael M. C.|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60286-9|volume=48|pages=1–100|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Academic Press|editor-last3=Shatkin}}</ref>. [[Gambar:3D medical animation coronavirus structure.jpg|jmpl|Model melintang struktur Coronavirus]] [[Gambar:Coronavirus virion structure.svg|jmpl|Struktur virion virus korona]] Bagian ''envelope'' tina virus ieu disusun ti [[lapisan lipid ganda]] anu diwangun ku membran (M), ''envelope'' (E), dan ''spike'' (S). Sababaraha virus korona, hususna betacoronavirus subgrup A boga tunjulan anu leuwih pendek, anu dinamakeun [[hemaglutinin esterase]] (HE)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Virus taxonomy : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/767516716|publisher=Elsevier|date=2011|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-384684-6|oclc=767516716|last=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.}}</ref>. Di jero ''envelope'' aya nukleokapsid anu diwangun ku salinan protein nukleokapsid (N), anu ngiket kana genom ''positive-sense single-stranded'' RNA dina bentukan konformasi ''beads-on-a-string''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols|first=Anthony R.|editor-first3=Paul|editor-last2=Bickerton|editor-first2=Erica|editor-last=Maier|editor-first=Helena Jane|last2=Perlman|first2=Stanley|last=Fehr|language=en|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|pages=1–23|pmid=25720466|pmc=PMC4369385|isbn=978-1-4939-2438-7|location=New York, NY|date=2015|publisher=Springer|editor-last3=Britton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Chung-ke|last2=Hou|first2=Ming-Hon|last3=Chang|first3=Chi-Fon|last4=Hsiao|first4=Chwan-Deng|last5=Huang|first5=Tai-huang|date=2014-03-01|title=The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein – Forms and functions|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354213003781|journal=Antiviral Research|language=en|volume=103|pages=39–50|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.009|issn=0166-3542}}</ref>. == Taksonomi == [[Gambar:Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses.jpg|jmpl|Pohon filogenetik golongan Coronavirus]][[Ngaran ilmiah]] coronavirus nyaéta ''Orthocoronavirinae'' atawa ''Coronavirinae.'' Coronavirus kaasup ka famili ''[[Coronaviridae]].'' Coronavirus dibagi jadi opat génus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847|title=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125012731/https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first=Yi|last2=Zhao|first2=Kai|last3=Shi|first3=Zheng-Li|last4=Zhou|first4=Peng|date=2019/3|title=Bat Coronaviruses in China|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/3/210|journal=Viruses|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=210|doi=10.3390/v11030210|pmc=PMC6466186|pmid=30832341}}</ref>: * Génus ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]'' ** Spésiés: ''Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL64, Miniopterus bat coronavirus, Minopterus bat coronavirus HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinophus bat coronavirus HKU2, Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512'' * Génus ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'' ** Spésiés: ''Betacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus KHU5, Rousetus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus, [[SARS-CoV-2|Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2]], Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, [[MERS-CoV|Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus,]] Human coronavirus OC43, Hedgehog coronavirus 1'' * Génus ''[[Gammacoronavirus]]'' ** Spésiés: ''Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, Virus infeksi bronkitis'' * Génus ''[[Deltacoronavirus]]'' ** Spésiés: ''Bulbul Coronavirus HKU11, Coronavirus babi HKU15'' == Transmisi == Umumna, virus korona nyebar ti jalma anu ngalakukeun kontak jeung jalma lain dina jarak kurang ti 6 kaki (1,82 méter) liwat tetesan [[cai]] ngandung virus anu dihasilkeun tina beresin atawa batuk<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Transmission|last=CDC|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-03-20}}</ref>. Iketan antara protein ti virus jeung reseptor anu aya di jero sél jalmi ningkatkeun keparahan ti infeksi virus ieu<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advances in Virus Research|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065352706660053|publisher=Academic Press|date=2006-01-01|pages=193–292|volume=66|doi=10.1016/s0065-3527(06)66005-3|language=en|first=Paul S.|last=Masters}}</ref>. Salah sahiji contona nyaéta virus SARS anu ngiket protein ACE2 di jero sél jalmi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cui|first=Jie|last2=Li|first2=Fang|last3=Shi|first3=Zheng-Li|date=2019-03|title=Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-018-0118-9|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=181–192|doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9|issn=1740-1534}}</ref>. <br /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)], [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya]] {{Medical resources|ICD10={{ICD10|B97.2}}}}<br /> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Virus]] [[Kategori:Panyakit]] 4pi1edy8d16bl6vzyiylhw3432csafe 0 99704 710564 657207 2026-06-19T05:43:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> |name = Haruki Murakami<br>村上 春樹 |image = Murakami_Haruki_(2009).jpg |imagesize = 220px |caption = Murakami dina 2009 |pseudonym = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|1|12|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[Kyoto]], [[Jepang]] |death_date = |death_place = |occupation = * Novelis * Panulis carita pondok * Essay panulis * Penerjemah |nationality = {{JPN}} |period = |genre = * Fiksi * [[Surealisme]] * Realisasi sihir * [[Bildungsroman]] |subject = |movement = |website = <!--as of 2014 Murakami has no official site--> |signature = Haruki Murakami signature.svg{{!}}60px |influences = [[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Richard Brautigan|Brautigan]], [[Truman Capote|Capote]], [[Raymond Carver|Carver]], [[Raymond Chandler|Chandler]], [[Anton Chekov|Chekov]], [[Philip K. Dick|Dick]], [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|Fitzgerald]], [[Gabriel García Márquez|García Márquez]], [[John Irving|Irving]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[David Lynch|Lynch]], [[J. D. Salinger|Salinger]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Kurt Vonnegut|Vonnegut]] |notableworks = ''[[A Wild Sheep Chase]]'' (1982), ''[[Norwegian Wood (novel)|Norwegian Wood]]'' (1987), ''[[Kronik Burung Pegas|The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle]]'' (1994-1995), ''[[Kafka on the Shore]]'' (2002), ''[[1Q84]]'' (2009–2010)}} {{nihongo|'''Haruki Murakami'''|村上 春樹|Murakami Haruki}} ({{lahirmati|[[Kyoto]], [[Jepang]]|12|1|1949}}) nyaéta panulis anu pangsaéna di [[Jepang]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Maiko, Hisada|url=http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/information/famous/murakamih.html|title=Murakami Haruki|work=[[Kyoto Sangyo University]]|date=November 1995|accessdate=2008-04-24|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080523150906/http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/information/famous/murakamih.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2008-05-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523150906/http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/information/famous/murakamih.html |date=2008-05-23 }}</ref> Karya-fiksi dina fiksi sareng nonfik parantos nampi seueur kritik sareng klaim, boh di Jepang sareng ka luar negeri, kalebet pada World Fantasy Award (2006) jeung Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award (2006), sedengkeun sadayana hasil karyana parantos nampi panghargaan pada Franz Kafka Prize (2006) jeung Jerusalem Prize (2009). Murakami ogé parantos narjamahkeun sababaraha karyana kana basa Inggris. Karya penting sapertos ''A Wild Sheep Chase'' (1982), ''Norwegian Wood'' (1987), ''The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle'' (1994-1995), ''Kafka on the Shore'' (2002), jeung ''1Q84'' (2009–2010). Karya fiksi Murakami sering dikritik Badang Literatur Jepang salaku karya suralitis sareng nihilistic, anu dicirikeun ku cara Kafkaesque tina ngalaksanakeun kasepihan.<ref>Endelstein, Wendy, [http://berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2008/10/15_murakami.shtml What Haruki Murakami talks about when he talks about writing], ''UC Berkeley News'', Oct 15, 2008, Accessed Jan 28, 2009</ref> Haruki Murakami katingal salaku jalma penting dina karya sastra modéren. Steven Poole ti ''[[The Guardian]]'' muji Murakami salaku "diantara novelis kahirupan anu pangsaéna dina dunya" pikeun karyana sareng prestasi.<ref name="Poole, Steve">{{cite news|author=Poole, Steven|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4022565,00.html|title=Tunnel vision|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 27, 2000|accessdate=2009-04-24|location=London}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.hanamiweb.com/murakami_haruki.html Hanami Web Haruki Murakami] * [http://www.harukimurakami.com Situs Resmi Haruki Murakami] * [http://www.murakami.ch http://www.murakami.ch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914015222/http://www.murakami.ch/ |date=2019-09-14 }} * Cerita-Cerita Pendek ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615162126/http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/content/?030609fi_fiction The Folklore of Our Times] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910080053/http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/content/?031117fi_fiction Hunting Knife] ** [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1753510,00.html Hanalei Bay] {{DEFAULTSORT:Murakami, Haruki}} [[Kategori:Panulis Jépang]] {{Pondok}} t5m326rw2wuewo6g8gob07hhevj77y2 0 99762 710591 678034 2026-06-19T11:31:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = Marshanda | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birthname = Andriani Marshanda | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|8|10}} | birth_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | occupation = [[Artis]], [[Penyanyi]] | years_active = | weight = | spouse = {{marriage|[[Ben Kasyafani]]|2 April 2011|25 November 2014|reason=divorced}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.detikhot.com/read/2011/04/02/101509/1607064/230/siang-ini-marshanda-akan-diperistri-ben-kasyafani |title=Siang Ini Marshanda Akan Diperistri Ben Kasyafani |publisher=Detikhot.com |date=2011-02-04 |accessdate=2013-09-22 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | children = Sienna Ameerah Kasyafani | parents = Irwan Yusuf <br /> Rianti Sofyan | almameter = | religion = | website = | signature = | awards = }} '''Andriani Marshanda''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|10|8|1989}}) mangrupikeun [[aktris]] jeung [[penyanyi]] Indonésia, béntang pilem, [[iklan|bintang komérsial]], panyanyi sareng presenter. Anjeunna dipikanyaho pikeun peran na salaku Lala ''[[Bidadari (sinetron)|Bidadari]]'', Karunia (Nia) di ''[[Karunia (sinetron)|Karunia]]'' jeung Yuni di ''[[Orang Ketiga (sinetron)|Orang Ketiga]]''. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930021207/http://marshanda.idolaku.net/ Marshanda idol sites] * {{id}} [https://groups.yahoo.com/group/andriani_marshanda/ Marshanda in Yahoo Groups]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107115856/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/andriani_marshanda/ |date=2012-11-07 }} * {{id}} [http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/marshandafans/ Marshanda in Yahoo Groups 2]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021044010/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/marshandafans/ |date=2012-10-21 }} * {{id}} [http://forum.webgaul.com/showthread.php?threadid=25520 Marshanda in Gaul Web Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045706/http://forum.webgaul.com/showthread.php?threadid=25520 |date=2007-09-27 }} * {{id}} [http://www.tabloidnova.com/articles.asp?id=3780 The case of the Marshanda with Multivision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214180357/http://www.tabloidnova.com/articles.asp?id=3780 |date=2004-12-14 }} * {{id}} [http://www.liputan6.com/fullnews/96499.html Marshanda in Liputan 6 SCTV] * {{id}} [http://seputarberita.com/berita/artis-marshanda.html News about Marshanda in SeputarBerita.com] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marshanda, Andriani}} [[Kategori:Aktis Indonésia]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 84hfj33bm27ubwt9hucbippen722rgj 0 100113 710565 673316 2026-06-19T05:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese actor}} {{Infobox person | name = Haruma Miura | image = 三浦春馬還原英語感言666 手機桌布是和“她”的合照 4s.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = Miura, 2019 | native_name = 三浦 春馬 | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1990|04|05}}<ref name="oricon profile">{{cite news | url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/394936/profile/ | title=三浦春馬のプロフィール | trans-title=Haruma Miura's profile | language=ja | work=[[Oricon]] | accessdate=2020-07-18}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki]], Jepang | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|07|18|1990|04|05}} | death_place = [[Minato, Tokyo]], Jepang | death_cause = [[Gantung diri]]<ref name="yomiuri 2020-07-18">{{cite news | url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20200718-OYTEW566104/ | title=俳優の三浦春馬さん死亡…自宅で首つり自殺か、テレビや舞台で活躍 | trans-title=Actor Haruma Miura dies... possible suicide by hanging, television and stage play activities | language=ja | work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718162244/https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20200718-OYTEW566104/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref><ref name="yomiuri 2020-07-18"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/18/national/actor-haruma-miura-obit/ | title=30-year-old actor Haruma Miura found dead at home | work=[[The Japan Times]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718072445/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/18/national/actor-haruma-miura-obit/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref> | othername = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Aktor * penyanyi}} | agent = [[Amuse, Inc.]] | yearsactive = 1997—2020 | height_cm = 178<ref name="oricon profile"/> | domesticpartner = }} {{Nihongo|'''Haruma Miura'''|三浦 春馬|Miura Haruma|{{lahirmati||5|3|1990||18|7|2020|}}}}<ref name="nittere 2020-07-18">{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=2020-07-18|title=速報：俳優の三浦春馬さんが死亡　自殺か|language=ja|trans-title=Breaking news: actor Haruma Miura dies|work=News 24|publisher=[[Nippon Television]]|url=https://www.news24.jp/articles/2020/07/18/07683383.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718115719/https://www.news24.jp/articles/2020/07/18/07683383.html |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200718/k10012522261000.html | title=若手の人気俳優 三浦春馬さん死亡 警視庁 | trans-title=Young and popular actor Haruma Miura dies (Metropolitan Police Department) | language=ja | work=[[NHK]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18}}</ref> mangrupa [[aktor]] asal [[Jepang]] sareng panyanyi ditandatanganan kana [[Amuse, Inc.]]. Anjeunna damel debut akting dina taun 1997 dina drama tivi ''Agri'' sareng janten popularitas pertengahan taun 2000 dibéntangan dina ''[[Gokusen]] 3'' sareng pilem 2007 ''[[Koizora]]''. Anjeunna ogé maénkeun peran utama dina pilem 2010 [[Kimi ni Todoke]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://artist.amuse.co.jp/artist/miura_haruma/ Official Profile] {{ja}} * {{IMDb name|2067218}} {{Authority control}} {{Biografi-pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miura, Haruma}} [[Kategori:Aktor Jepang]] 6ab60g4ow6p5jic4ima3k4j7d04hyko 0 100274 710547 673759 2026-06-19T02:17:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ben Hardy | image = Ben Hardy by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Hardy tahun 2015 | birth_name = Ben Jones<ref name="blackmorevale"/> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|1|2|df=y}}<ref name="blackmorevale">{{cite web|url=http://www.blackmorevale.co.uk/Sherborne-actor-Ben-Jones-lands-role-EastEnders/story-18790047-detail/story.html|title=Sherborne actor Ben Jones lands role in EastEnders|website=Blackmore Vale|last=Manning|first=Matthew|date=24 April 2013|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191742/http://www.blackmorevale.co.uk/Sherborne-actor-Ben-Jones-lands-role-EastEnders/story-18790047-detail/story.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509081320/http://www.blackmorevale.co.uk/Sherborne-actor-Ben-Jones-lands-role-EastEnders/story-18790047-detail/story.html |date=9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/07/07/school.feature.film/|title=Teacher earns top marks for directorial debut|website=[[CNN]]|last=Mackay|first=Mairi|date=14 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104165952/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/07/07/school.feature.film/ |date=4 November 2018 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Bournemouth]], Inggris | education = Royal Central School of Speech and Drama | occupation = Aktor | years_active = 2012–ayeuna }} '''Ben Hardy''' ({{lahirmati||2|1|1991}}) mangrupa aktor Inggris. Anjeunna dipikanyaho maén Peter Beale dina sinétron [[BBC]], ''[[EastEnders]]'' (2013-2015). Hardy ngadamel pilemna salaku Archangel dina film superhero ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' (2016) sareng digambarkeun [[Roger Taylor | Roger Taylor]] dina pilem biografi ''[[Bohemian Rhapsody (pilem)|Bohemian Rhapsody]]'' (2018). ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Biografi-pondok}} {{commonscat|Ben Hardy}} * {{IMDb name|5228887}} [[Kategori:Aktor Inggris]] 3ihywkq587eifu6j7sth9s9uejx1dzb 0 100610 710580 707754 2026-06-19T09:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Ki pahang |image = Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |image_width = 240px |image_caption = Polong malapari, ''Pongamia pinnata''<br />di pantai [[Rempek, Gangga, Lombok Utara|Rempek]], [[Gangga, Lombok Utara|Gangga]], [[Lombok Utara]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Fabales]] |familia = [[Fabaceae]] |genus = ''[[Pongamia]]'' |species = '''''P. pinnata''''' |binomial = ''Pongamia pinnata''<ref name=ildis>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?genus=Pongamia&species=pinnata |title=''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre |work= ILDIS|publisher=ILDIS |date=2010-07-14 |accessdate=2015-08-24}}</ref> |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]]<ref>{{aut|[[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre, JBL.]]}} 1899. ''Flore Forestiére de la Cochinchine'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126276#page/200/mode/1up '''3'''(25): sub pl. 385.] Paris :O. Doin, 1880-1907.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''[[Cytisus]] pinnatus'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linne, C. von]] & L. Salvius}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358762#page/183/mode/1up vol. '''2''': 741.] Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii, [1 May 1753].</ref> {{small|(''basionym'')}} * ''Dalbergia arborea'' <small>Willd.</small> * ''Galedupa indica'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Galedupa pungum'' <small>J.G.Gmel.</small> * ''Millettia novo-guineensis'' <small>Kanéh. & Hatus.</small> * ''[[Pongamia]] glabra'' <small>Vent.</small> * ''Pongamia xerocarpa'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Pterocarpus flavus'' <small>Lour.</small> * ''Robinia mitis'' <small>L.</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' <small>(L.) Panigrahi</small> <small><u>Sinonim selengkapnya:</u> ''The Plant List''</small><ref name=TPL11>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4759 |title=''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre |work=ILDIS |publisher=The Plant List |date=2010-07-14 |accessdate=2015-08-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410123544/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4759 |date=2023-04-10 }}</ref> }} }} |}} '''Ki pahang'''; ki pahang laut; bangkongan; {{id}} '''malapari'''<ref name=argent/> ('''''Pongamia pinnata''''') nyaéta hiji tangkal anu asalna tina kulawarga [[familia|suku]] [[Fabaceae]] (''Leguminosae''). Ki pahang dipiwanoh ku ngaran daérahna ''kacang kayu laut'' {{Ms}} ; ''mabai'' ([[Bangka|Bk.]]); kepik'' ([[bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kranji'' ([[bahasa Madura|Md.]]); ''butis, sikam'' ([[Timor|Tim.]]); ''berah'' ([[Alor]]); ''asawali, sawali, awakal, wawakal'' ([[bahasa Ambon|Amb.]]); ''liada'' ([[Seram]]); ''hate hira'' ([[Ternate]]); ''maho'' ([[Galela]]); ''marauwen'' ([[Minahasa|Minh.]]) <ref name=heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306,] sebagai ''Pongamia glabra''.).</ref> Dina basa [[Inggris]] ki pahang dipiwanoh ngaranna ''Indian beech'', ki pahang loba kapanggih hirup ti mimiti [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]], wewengkon [[Malaysia]], nepika [[Australia]] jeung [[Pasifik]].<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?418408 |title=''Millettia pinnata'' (L.) Panigrahi |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-01-31 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date= |accessdate=2012-03-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173152/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MIPI9 |date=2012-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{aut|Hyland, BPM.; T. Whiffin; FA. Zich}}, et al. 2010. [http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Millettia_pinnata.htm "Factsheet – ''Millettia pinnata''"]. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 14 Mar 2013.</ref> Dina basa India, ki pahang sok disebut ogé: ''poongam'', ''pungai'', ''karanj'', ''honge'', jeung réa-réa deui. == Ciri mandiri == [[file:Pongamia pinnata Blanco2.417.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Pelat botani numutkeun Blanco]] [[file:Pongam_pinnat_110716-15930_sntong.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Tumbuh di tepi pantai. Penutup tanah adalah [[katang-katang]] (''Ipomoea pes-caprae'')]] [[file:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) trunk in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6660.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Batang]] [[file :Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Tandan bunga]] [[file:Starr 080530-4646 Milletia pinnata.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Siki buah jeung cangkang]] [[Tangkal]] ukurannya sedeng, jangkung bisa nepi ka 25 [[meter|m]] sarta buleudan tangkalna 25 [[sentimeter|cm]].<ref name=argent/><ref name=whitmore>{{aut|Whitmore, TC.}} 1972. "Leguminosae". <u>In:</u> TC. Whitmore (Ed.) ''Tree Flora of Malaya'' vol. '''1''': 303. Kuala Lumpur :Longman.</ref> [[Daun]] ''majemuk'' ''nyirip'' gasal mibanda anak daun 5, panjang 15-30 cm. Anak daun ipis kawas kertas, wanguna rubak aya ogé anu lonyod, 8 × 5 cm, kalawan lk. 6 pasang tulang daun ''sekunder''; cupat daun pondok, semu buleud. [[Kembang]] di jero [[tandan]]; rantuy, panjang nepika 20 cm. Kuntum; Florét [[kembang]] panjang lk. 1 cm; kalawan kelopak ngawujud mangkok, kelir beureum jambu aya ogé anu beureum kolot; [[mahkota kembang]] aya anu beureum aya ogé anu bodas. Ki pahang bijil kembangna henteu aya usumna, atawa kembangan sapanjang taun. <ref name=giesen>{{aut|Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten}}. 2007. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> [[Buah]] lonyod melengkung katungtung, lk. 4-7 cm, gundul, kelir coklat ngora, ungal polong ; dieusianh siki hiji.<ref name=argent>{{aut|Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie}}. ''t.t.'' "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ==Tempat asal== Ki pahang ditaksir kawasna asli ti [[Asia]] daratan, tuluy nyebar ka daérah [[tropika]] jeung [[subtropika]] di [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Burma]], sarta [[Thailand]]; di sapajang [[susukan]] jeung basisir.<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name="Winrock"/> Nya tidieu pisan, ki pahang tuluy waé nyebar ka nagara-[[nagara]] sabudeureun malahan aya anu nepika jauh ti tempat asalna, saperti aya di :[[Pakistan]], [[Srilanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Filipina]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Australia]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]], [[Fiji]], [[Kepulauan Solomon]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sudan]], jeung [[Mesir]].<ref name=WorldAgro/> Di [[Nusantara]], ki pahang ilaharna kapanggih hirup di [[leuweung]] nu perenahna di sisi [[basisir]] kalawan [[taneuh]] na taringul ku karang,<ref name=whitmore/> ogé katempo hirup deukeut jeung [[leuweung]] [[babakoan]] palebah taneuh nu garingna.<ref name=giesen/>. Aya hiji [[varietas]], tayalian var. ''xerocarpa'' (Prain) Thoth., nyebar lewih jauh ti basisir, di sabudeureun sisi susukan. [[Varietas]] ieu dibédakeun alatan mibanda daun 3 pasang + salambar anak daun; wujudna lambaran anu mencos.<ref name=argent/><ref name=whitmore/> == Mangpaat jeung kagunaan == [[Kulit]] tangkal ki pahang bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun ngubaran nyeri alatan dipatil lauk, dicong-cong [[gegeremet]], jeung sajabana. Kulit tangkalna digodog bareng jeung [[kacang héjo]], [[Bawang bodas]], [[mesoyi]] tambah [[cengkéh]], dipaké ku urang [[Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur|Seram wetan]] jeung [[Kepulauan Banda|Banda]] ngubaran kasakit [[beri-beri]].<ref name=rumpf>{{aut|[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]]}} 1743. ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183,] [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref>. Kulit berbau tak enak ini di [[Grajagan, Purwoharjo, Banyuwangi|Grajagan]], [[Banyuwangi]], dipakai untuk mengatasi [[kudis]].<ref name=KV>{{aut|[[Sijfert Hendrik Koorders|Koorders, SH.]] & Th. Valeton}}. 1895. ''Bijdrage tot de kennis der Boomsorten op Java.'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/181291#page/201/mode/1up no. '''2''': 93.] Meded. uit 's Lands Plantentuin no. XIV. Batavia: G. Kollf & co. (sebagai ''Pongamia glabra''.)</ref> Siki buah ki pahang matak weureu; ngandung racun, nya sok dipaké pikeun ngaracun lauk .<ref name=KV/> Minyak tina sikina bisa dipakai pikeun ngubaran penyakit kulit, minyak lampu, bahan pikeun nyieun [[sabun]], malahan kiwari geus mimiti dimangpaatekun pikeun bahan [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{aut|Duke, JA.}} 1983. ''Handbook of Energy Crops'': [https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]</ref><ref>{{aut|Sangwan, S., DV.Rao & RA. Sharma}}. 2010. "A review on ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre: a great versatile leguminous plant". [http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/ns0811/19_3880ns0811_130_139.pdf ''Nature and Science'' '''8'''(11): 130-9.]</ref> Ki pahang ogé ngahaja dipelak dimangpaatekun pikeun pangiuh-iuh jalan, wates susukan [[irigasi]], pepelakan hias, panahan [[angin]], sarta nyuburkeun taneuh.<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.PDF |title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji |author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref><ref name="Winrock">Winrock FactSheet: [http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html ''Pongamia pinnata'' - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref>[[Kai]] tangkal ki pahang kawilang alus tur kuat bisa dimangpaat keun pikeun rupa-rupa kabutuhan kayaning: [[lomari]], korsi, [[pakakas]] tatanén, [[aseuk]], pager, gagang [[parabot]], jeung sajabana. <ref name=WorldAgro/> Malahan ku kandungan kalori anu luhur (4600 kkal) unggal kilona alus dimangpaatekun pikeu suluh.<ref name="Winrock"/> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2|45em}} == Pranala luar == {{wikispecies|Pongamia pinnata}} {{Commons category|Pongamia pinnata}} * Plant Illustrations: [http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=830275 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (gambar-gambar ilustrasi) * Prohati: [http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=200 ''Millettia pinnata'' (L.) G. Panigrahi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082432/http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=200 |date=2015-09-24 }} * [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QTIKqw5aNGIC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false Malapari (''Pongamia pinnata''/''glabra'', ''Derris indica'')] dalam {{aut|Prihandana, R. & R. Hendroko}}. 2008. ''Energi hijau: pilihan bijak menuju negeri mandiri energi''. Jakarta :Penebar Swadaya. * [http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/derrisindica.php Pongamia Pinnata: The Prospects For Profitable Sustainability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617034425/http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/derrisindica.php |date=2017-06-17 }} * [http://beahrselp.berkeley.edu/reports/03indiaprop.html The Rural Oil Well] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623093752/http://beahrselp.berkeley.edu/reports/03indiaprop.html |date=2010-06-23 }} * [http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/pdf/SeedsofHope.pdf '''Seeds of Hope'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151654/http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/pdf/SeedsofHope.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00119.x|title=A host list for Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia|year=1999|last1=Lambkin|first1=Trevor A|journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|volume=38|issue=4|page=373}} * [http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html First commercial research program for Pongamia in Australia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220015047/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html |date=2010-02-20 }} * [http://www.millettiaplantations.com Information on Millettia pinnata (pongamia) as a biofuel crop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215637/http://www.millettiaplantations.com/ |date=2014-12-27 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori: Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori: Ubar]] [[Kategori: Tutuwuhan Ubar]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan]] 2lgkw8cw5j6srktgxlp60m31zuzf7de 0 100785 710542 649943 2026-06-19T01:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Aung San Suu Kyi |native_name = |image = Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg |birth_date={{birth date and age|1945|6|19}} |birth_place={{negara|Myanmar}} [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Burma]] |date_of_death= |place_of_death= |occupation= [[ékonom]], [[politikus]] |alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women|Universitas Delhi]]<br />([[B.A.]] [[Politik]], 1964)<br />[[St Hugh's College, Oxford]]<br />([[B.A.]] [[Fisofoli, Politik and Economk]], 1969)<br />[[School of Oriental and African Studies|Universitas London]]<br />([[Ph.D]], 1985) |known_for = Pemimpin gerakan pro demokrasi Burma<br />[[Sékretaris Jéndral]] [[National League for Democracy]] |party = [[National League for Democracy]] |religion = [[Theravada|Buddha Theravada]] |spouse = [[Michael Aris]] <small>(1972–1999)</small> |children = [[Alexander Aris|Alexander]]<br />Kim |awards = [[Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize|Pangajén Rafto]]<br />[[Pangajén Nobel Perdamaian]]<br />[[Pangajén Jawaharlal Néhru]]<br />[[Pangajén Internasional Simón Bolívar]]<br />[[Pangajén Olof Palme]] }} '''Aung San Suu Kyi''' ({{MYname|MY=အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်|MLCTS=aung hcan: cu. krany}} {{IPAc-en|aʊ|ŋ|ˌ|s|æ|n|.|s|uː|ˈ|tʃ|iː|}}) {{lahirmati||19|6|1945}}) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[démokrasi|prodémokrasi]] [[Myanmar]] sarta pamimpin ''[[National League for Democracy]]'' (Persatuan Nasional pikeun Démokrasi atawa NLD). Ayeuna, manéhna jadi tahanan imah. Di taun [[1991]], manéhna narima [[Pangajén Nobél Perdamaian]] ku sabab pajoanganana pikeun ngamajukeun démokrasi di nagarana tanpa nngagunakeun "kekerasan" dina ngalawan kakuasaan rézim militér. Manéhna dibébaskeun sacara resmi ku junta militér Myanmar di tanggal 13 Nopémber 2010 saenggeus jadi tahanan imah salila 15 taun ti 21 taun jangka waktu ti pamilihan umum taun 1990. Ti tanggal 6 April 2016, Suu Kyi ngajabat jadi ''State Counsellor'' atawa [[Panasihat Nagara]]. == Ngaran == Aung San Suu Kyi, asalna tina tilu ngaran: "[[Aung San]]" ti bapana, "Suu" ti nini ti bapak, jeung "Kyi" ti indungna Khin Kyi. Manéhna sok disebut Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw lain bagian tina ngaranna, tapi hiji pangajén, mirip jeung madam, pikeun anu leuwih kolot, wanoja anu dihormatan, sacara harfiah hartina "bibi". Manéhna ogé sok disebut Daw Suu ku urang Burma (atawa Amay Suu, sacara harfiah hartina "Ibu Suu", ku babaraha urang), sarta disebut ogé Dr. Suu Kyi, Ms. Suu Kyi, atawa Miss Suu Kyi ku média asing. Tapi, saperti masarakat Myanmar lianna, manéhna teu boga marga. == Kahirupan pribadi == Aung San Suu Kyi gumelar di tanggal [[19 Juni]] [[1945]] di Rangoon (kiwari [[Yangon]]), [[Burma Britania]]. Numutkeun [[Peter Popham]], manéhna lahir di hiji désa leutik di luar Rangoon anu ngaranna Hmway Saung. Bapana, [[Aung San]], nyawalakeun kamerdékaan ti [[Inggris]] di taun 1947, sarta ditelasan di taun harita ogé ku sainganna. Aung San Suu Kyi gedé jeung indungna, [[Khin Kyi]], sarta dua dulur lalakina, Aung San Lin jeung [[Aung San U]] di [[Yangon]]. Aung San Lin tilelep dina kolam renang nalika umur Suu Kyi masih dalapan tahun. Suu Kyi sakola di sakola Katolik Inggris di Burma. Khin Kyi (Khin Kyi Ma) meunang kahormatan jadi inohong politik dina pamaréntahan [[Burma]] anu kakarék dijieun. Khin Kyi Ma ditunjuk jadi duta besar Burma di [[India]] di taun 1960, sarta Aung San Suu Kyi ngilu ka ditu, tuluy lulus ti [[Lady Shri Ram College]] di [[New Delhi]] di taun 1964. Manéhna nuluykeun atikanna di [[St Hugh's College, Oxford]] sarta meunang gelar [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] di widang Filosofi, Politik, jeung Ékonomi di taun 1989. Saenggeus lulus, manéhna ngalanjutkeun atikan di [[New York]] sarta gawé pikeun pamaréntah [[Persatuan Myanmar]]. Di taun 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi nikah jeung Dr. [[Michael Aris]], hiji murid kabudayaan [[Tibet]]. Di taun hareupna, manéhna ngalahirkeun budak kahijina, Alexander, di London; sarta di taun 1977 manéhna ngalahirkeun budakna anu kadua, Kim, anu diajar di [[George Washington University]] ti Januari 1991 nepi ka Pébruari 1991. == Jadi ''State Counsellor'' == Di tanggal 6 Juli 2012, Suu Kyi ngumumkeun di website Forum Ekonomi Dunia yén manéhna rék nyalonkeun jadi présidén dina pemilu Myanmar taun 2015. Tapi, konstitusi anu lumaku nyababkeun manéhna teu bisa jadi présidén sabab manéhna mangrupa hiji randa sarta indung ti urang deungeun. NLD meunang dina éta pamilihan, meunang sahenteuna 255 korsi di DPR jeung 135 korsi di House of Nationalities. Salian ti éta, Suu Kyi meunangkeun pamilihan pikeun jadi DPR deui. Dumasar konstitusi 2008, NLD perelu sahenteuna dua pertilu mayoritas di dua lembaga éta pikeun mastikeun calon anu rék jadi présidén. Saacan pemilu, Suu Kyi ngumumkeun sanajan manéhna sacara konstitusional dilarang jadi présiden, manéhna bakal nyepeng kakawasaan nyata dina unggal pamaréntahan anu dipimpin ku NLD. Di tanggal 30 Maret 2016 manéhna nyokot peran Menteri Luar Negeri, Menteri Karumahtanggaan Présidén, Menteri Atikan jeung Tanaga Listrik sarta Menteri Énergi di pamaréntahan Presiden Htin Kyaw tuluy misahkeun Kementerian Atikan jeung Tanaga Listrik jeung Energi. Salian ti éta, Présidén Htin Kyaw nyiptakan posisi anu disebut ''State Counsellor'' (sajajar jeung [[Perdana Menteri]]) pikeun Suu Kyi. Posisi éta geus disatujuan ku House of Nationalities di tanggal 1 April 2016, sarta DPR di tanggal 5 April 2016. Suu Kyi dilantik di tanggal 6 April 2016. == Tutumbu luar == {{wikiquote}} * {{en}} [http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk Situs Kampanye Myanmar Britania] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110428062709/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A18107-2003Oct12&notFound=true Cerita lengkap Suu Kyi di ''Washington Post''] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060302093700/http://www.sundayherald.com/50329 Artikel di ''Sunday Herald''] * {{en}} [http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1991/press.html Info di situs Penghargaan Nobel] * {{en}} [http://www.dassk.org/index.php Dassk.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826214626/http://www.dassk.org/index.php |date=2005-08-26 }} * {{en}} [http://www.actionburma.com/ Actionburma.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313065931/http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/ |date=2012-03-13 }} * {{en}} [http://www.uscampaignforburma.org/ Kampanye AS untuk Myanmar] [[Kategori:Anu meunangkeun Hadiah Nobél Perdamaian]] [[Kategori:Inohong Myanmar anu meunangkeun Hadiah Nobél]] [[Kategori:Aktivis démokrasi Myanmar]] [[Kategori:Myanmar]] oq2apfuqxdr7omr29inztfcu66g90oa 0 102187 710562 661598 2026-06-19T05:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Glycosmis pentaphylla | image = Glycosmis pentaphylla 07.JPG | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Buah gongséng | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Tracheophytes | classis = Angiosperms | ordo =Sapindales | familia = Rutaceae | genus = Glycosmis Corrêa | species = | binomial = | binomial_authority = | synonyms = }} '''Gongséng'''; ''glycosmis cochinchinensis'' nyaéta tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''rutaceae''.<ref name=swing>{{cite book |last1=Swingle |first1=W.T. |first2=P.C. |last2=Reece |chapter-url=http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html |chapter=3: The Botany of ''Citrus'' and its Wild Relatives |title=The Citrus Industry |volume=1 |editor-last=Webber |editor-first=H.J. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055159/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> Kembangna mibanda lima kelopak sarta kelirna bodas.<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=113754 ''Glycosmis''.] Flora of China.</ref> Tangkalna leutik bisa disebut rungkun, buahna laleutik mun geus asak kelirna robah jadi beureum. <ref name=pl>[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Rutaceae/Glycosmis/ ''Glycosmis''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211140304/http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Rutaceae/Glycosmis/ |date=2020-02-11 }} The Plant List. Accessed 30 July 2013.</ref> Jangkung tangkalna langka anu leuwih ti lima [[méter]], hirup kalawan subur di daérah anu perenahna sahandapeun 1000 mdpl.<ref name=”DE ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten02heyn/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater| title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| last =HEYNE| first =K. | publisher =Ruygrok & Co BATVIA | location =Linrary New York Botanical Garden| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =48-49}} Disungsi26 April 2021</ref> ''Genus Glycosmis'' tacan diguar leuwih jéntre, loba spésiés anu tacan dideskripsikeunn leuwih gamlang.<ref name=”DE ”/><ref name=ucr>[http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/citrus.html Citrus Variety Collection.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519000707/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/citrus.html |date=2018-05-19 }} College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. University of California, Riverside.</ref> Kaasup di jerona :<ref name=ucr/><ref name=china/><ref name=grin>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5029 GRIN Species Records of ''Glycosmis''.] Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref><ref name=“Justus”>{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus| last =Karl Hasskarl| publisher = J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =6|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 28 Mei 2021)}}</ref> *''[[Glycosmis aglaioides]]'' R.H.Miao *''[[Glycosmis angustifolia]]'' Lindl. ex Wight & Arn. *''[[Glycosmis borana]]'' V.Naray. ex Tanaka *''[[Glycosmis chlorosperma]]'' (Blume) Spreng. *''[[Glycosmis collina]]'' B.C.Stone *''[[Glycosmis craibii]]'' Tanaka *''[[Glycosmis crassifolia]]'' Ridl. *''[[Glycosmis cyanocarpa]]'' (Blume) Spreng. *''[[Glycosmis cymosa]]'' (Kurz) V.Naray. * ''[[Glycosmis decipiens]]'' *''[[Glycosmis dinhensis]]'' *''[[Glycosmis elongata]]'' *''[[Glycosmis erythrocarpa]]'' &mdash; red-tangerine *''[[Glycosmis esquirolii]]'' *''[[Glycosmis gracilis]]'' *''[[Glycosmis greenei]]'' *''[[Glycosmis longipes]]'' * ''[[Glycosmis longisepala]]'' *''[[Glycosmis lucida]]'' *''[[Glycosmis macrantha]]'' *''[[Glycosmis macrocarpa]]'' *''[[Glycosmis macrophylla]]'' *''[[Glycosmis mansiana]]'' *''[[Glycosmis mauritiana]]'' *''[[Glycosmis montana]]'' * ''[[Glycosmis monticola]]'' (syn. ''G. chlorosperma'') *''[[Glycosmis oligantha]]'' *''[[Glycosmis ovoidea]]'' *''[[Glycosmis parkinsonii]]'' *''[[Glycosmis parva]]'' *''[[Glycosmis parviflora]]'' &mdash; Chinese glycosmis * ''[[Glycosmis pentaphylla]]'' &mdash; orangeberry, gin berry * ''[[Glycosmis perakensis]]'' *''[[Glycosmis petelotii]]'' *''[[Glycosmis pierrei]]'' *''[[Glycosmis pilosa]]'' *''[[Glycosmis pseudoracemosa]]'' *''[[Glycosmis pseudosapindoides]]'' *''[[Glycosmis puberula]]'' *''[[Glycosmis singuliflora]]'' *''[[Glycosmis stenura]]'' *''[[Glycosmis subopposita]]'' *''[[Glycosmis sumatrana]]'' *''[[Glycosmis superba]]'' *''[[Glycosmis tetracronia]]'' * ''[[Glycosmis tomentella]]'' *''[[Glycosmis trichanthera]]'' * ''[[Glycosmis trifoliata]]'' &mdash; pink-fruit glycosmis *''[[Glycosmis xizangensis]]'' ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist |2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori :rutaceae]] qr5s8rp0152y1qgqd0m5ua2hx01nzov 0 102918 710576 685562 2026-06-19T09:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710576 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina élmu [[linguistik]], '''kasilihngartian''' mangrupa hubungan antara [[basa]]-basa atawa [[dialék]]-dialék anu panyaturna bisa silih ngarti tanpa kudu diajar heula ngeunaan éta basa sanajan basa atawa dialék éta miboga bébédaan [[Ragam basa|ragam]], tapi masih silh patali. Kasilihngartian ilaharna dipaké minangka kritéria pangpentingna pikeun ngabédakeun basa jeung dialék iwal ti faktor-faktor [[sosiolinguistik]] séjénna anu mindeng dipaké ogé. Kasilihngartian antarbasa bisa kajadi sacara asimétris, misalna sabot panyatur basa A leuwih paham basa B tibatan panyatur basa B paham kana basa A. Anapon kapahaman antarbasa anu cukup asimétris miboga ciri "silih ngarti". Fénoména kapahaman antarbasa ieu pecenghul dina mangpirang tingkatan dina basa-basa anu sarungkun atawa padeukeut sacara géografis di dunya, mindeng kapanggih dina kontéks [[dialék kontinum]] == Daptar basa anu pasilihngarti == Di handap ieu mangrupa taratas daptar basa anu silih mikaharti sacara gembleng atawa ngan sawaréh. <!--Tambahkeun ngan pasangan basa anu mibanda babon kapercaya.--> === Wangun tulis jeung kaucap === * '''[[Basa Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]''': [[Basa Walanda|Walanda]] (sawaréh)<ref name="gooskens">{{cite journal|last=Gooskens|first=Charlotte|year=2007|title=The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|publisher=[[Universitas Groningen]]|volume=28|issue=6|page=445|doi=10.2167/jmmd511.0|accessdate=2010-05-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Azerbaijan|Azérbaijan]]''': [[Basa Tatar Krimea|Tatar Krimea]], [[Basa Gagauz|Gagauz]], [[Basa Turki|Turki]], jeung [[Basa Urum|Urum]]<ref name="Language Materials Project">{{cite web|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67|archive-date=2007-10-11|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2007-04-26|date=Februari 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67 |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref><ref name="Turkic Languages" /><ref name="refHülyakasapoğluçengel">Kasapoğlu Çengel, Hülya (2004). [http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/HALKBILIM/hulya_kasapoglu_cengel_urum_turkleri_folklor.pdf Ukrayna'daki Urum Türkleri ve Folkloru]. Milli Folklor, 2004, Yıl. 16, S. 16, s. 59</ref> (sawaréh tur asimétris{{Verification needed|date=Maret 2015|reason=Sumber tidak mencantumkan bahwa basa Azerbaijan dan Turki asimétris, jadi pasangan basa yang lain juga harus diperiksa.}})<ref name="innerAsia">{{cite book|last=Sinor|first=Denis|title=Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. A syllabus|year=1969|publisher=Bloomington|isbn=0-87750-081-9|pages=71–96|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vn-xZ3O1G-cC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Walanda|Walanda]]''': [[Basa Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] (dina wangun tulis; sawaréh dina wangun lisan)<ref name="gooskens" /><ref>http://www.let.rug.nl/~gooskens/pdf/publ_litlingcomp_2006b.pdf</ref> [[Basa Frisia Barat|Frisia Barat]] (sawaréh),<ref name="gooskens" /> [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]] (nepi ka undakan tartangtu, asimétris)<ref name="let.rug.nl">http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_ZDL_2009b.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716051847/http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_ZDL_2009b.pdf |date=2023-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="DGcognateintel">http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/pres_exapp2010a_2010.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201936/http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/pres_exapp2010a_2010.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Belarus|Belarus]]''': [[Basa Rusia|Rusia]] (sawaréh) dan [[Basa Ukraina|Ukraina]] (sawaréh)<ref name="BlrRusUkr">Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge), hlm. 60–121. Hlm. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."<br />C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). Hlm. 311: "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."<br />Bernard Comrie. 1981. ''The Languages of the Soviet Union'' (Cambridge). Hlm. 145–146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility... The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent... Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...</ref> * '''[[Basa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]''': [[Basa Makédonia|Makédonia]],<ref name="BulMac">[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=42 Language profile Macedonian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311172655/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004|date=2009-03-11}}, UCLA International Institute</ref> [[Basa Serbo-Kroasia|Serbo-Kroasia]] (sawaréh tur asimétris)<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> * '''[[Basa Ceko|Ceko]]''': [[Basa Slowakia|Slowakia]]<ref name="CzeSlo">{{cite book|title=Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective|chapter=Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe|last=Trudgill|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Trudgill|editor1-last=Duszak|editor1-first=Anna|editor2-last=Okulska|editor2-first=Urszula|publisher=Peter Lang|series=Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11|year=2004|isbn=0-8204-7328-6}}</ref> (signifikan),<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> [[Basa Polandia|Polandia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> * '''[[Basa Pérsia Afgani|Dari]]''': [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]]<ref name="DariPersianTajik" /> * '''[[Basa Dénmark|Dénmark]]''': [[Basa Norwégia|Norwégia]] dan [[Basa Swédia|Swédia]]<ref name="DanNorSve">{{cite journal|last=Bø|first=I|year=1976|title=Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen|journal=Rogalandsforskning|volume=4}}</ref> (sawaréh tur asimétris)<ref name="gooskens" /> * '''[[Basa Estonia|Estonia]]''': [[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Katzner105">{{cite book|title=The languages of the world|page=105|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-25003-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hfZKnQnnYCsC&pg=PA105&dq=estonian+finnish+mutual+intelligibility#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]]''': [[Basa Estonia|Estonia]] (sawaréh),<ref name="Katzner105" /> [[Basa Karelia|Karelia]] (sawaréh)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state|page=100|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-91977-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QGqWcZu42hUC&pg=PA100&dq=karelian+finnish+mutual+intelligibility#v=onepage&q=karelian%20finnish%20mutual%20intelligibility&f=false}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Gagauz|Gagauz]]''': [[Basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Basa Tatar Krimea|Tatar Krimea]], [[Basa Turki|Turki]], dan [[Basa Urum|Urum]]<ref name="Language Materials Project" /><ref name="Turkic Languages" /><ref name="refHülyakasapoğluçengel" /> (sawaréh tur asimétris{{Verification needed|date=Maret 2015|reason=Sumber tidak mencantumkan bahwa basa Azerbaijan dan Turki asimétris, jadi pasangan basa yang lain juga harus diperiksa.}})<ref name="innerAsia" /> * '''[[Basa Galisia|Galisia]]''': [[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]],<ref name="EspGal" /> [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]]<ref name="GalPor">{{cite journal|last=Beswick|first=Jaine|year=2005|title=Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities|journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística|volume=6|issue=1|pages=39–64}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]''': [[Basa Skot|Skot]] (signifikan)<ref>{{cite paper|last=Kaufmann|first=Manuel|year=2006|title=English in Scotland&nbsp;— a phonological approach|publisher=GRIN|page=21}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Italia|Italia]]''': [[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Voigt2014">{{cite news|title=Mutual Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages within the Romance language family|page=113|last=Voigt|first=Stefanie|year=2014|url=http://www.linguistics.fi/contact/Book_of_abstracts_10.7.2014.pdf#page=114}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081003/http://www.linguistics.fi/contact/Book_of_abstracts_10.7.2014.pdf#page=114 |date=2017-05-10 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Jérman|Jérman]]''': [[Basa Belanda|Belanda]] (nepi ka undakan tartangtu, asimétris)<ref name="let.rug.nl" /><ref name="DGcognateintel" /> * '''[[Basa Karakalpak|Karakalpak]]''': [[Basa Kazakh|Kazakh]]<ref name="Turkic Languages" /> * '''[[Basa Kazakh|Kazakh]]''': [[Basa Karakalpak|Karakalpak]]<ref name="Turkic Languages" /> dan [[Basa Kirgiz|Kirgiz]]<ref name="Turkic Languages">[http://chuvashlar.blogspot.nl/2012/10/the-internal-classification-migration.html The Internal Classification & Migration of Turkic Languages]</ref> * '''[[Basa Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]''': [[Basa Kirundi|Kirundi]]<ref name="KinKir">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kirundi.php Kirundi Language]</ref> * '''[[Basa Kirgiz|Kirgiz]]''': [[Basa Kazakh|Kazakh]]<ref name="Turkic Languages" /> dan [[Basa Karakalpak|Karakalpak]]<ref name="Turkic Languages" /> * '''[[Basa Kirundi|Kirundi]]''': [[Basa Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]<ref name="KinKir" /> * '''[[Basa Makedonia|Makedonia]]''': [[Basa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]],<ref name="BulMac" /> [[Serbo-Kroasia]] (sawaréh tur asimétris)<ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=42 Basa Makedonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311172655/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004|date=2009-03-11}} di UCLA</ref> * '''[[Basa Neo-Aram Asyur|Neo-Aram Asyur]]''': [[Basa Turoyo|Turoyo]] (sawaréh tur asimétris)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uobw_kBXx74C&printsec=frontcover#PPA36,M1|title=Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary and Phrasebook – Nicholas Awde, Nineb Lamassu, Nicholas Al-Jeloo|publisher=Google Books|date=2007-06-30|accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref><ref>Tezel, Aziz (2003). ''Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: with special reference to homonyms, related words and borrowings with cultural signification''. Uppsala Universitet. ISBN 91-554-5555-7.</ref> * '''[[Basa Norwegia|Norwegia]]''': [[Basa Denmark|Denmark]] (sawaréh)<ref name="gooskens" /> jeung [[Basa Swedia|Swedia]]<ref name="gooskens" /><ref name="DanNorSve" /> * '''[[Basa Persia|Persia]]''': [[Basa Persia Afgani|Dari]]<ref name="DariPersianTajik" /> * '''[[Basa Portugis|Portugis]]''': [[Basa Galisia|Galisia]]<ref name="GalPor" /> jeung [[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Gavilanes Laso, J.L. 1996">Gavilanes Laso, J.L. (1996) ''Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa''{{Citation broken|date=Mei 2015}}<!-- Tautan diperlukan --> In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175–187.</ref><ref name="Comparação Português e Castelhano">[http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/esport.htm Comparação Português e Castelhano]</ref><ref name="cvc.instituto-camoes.pt">[http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/observlingport.pdf Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074201/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/observlingport.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Rusia|Rusia]]''': [[Basa Bélarus|Bélarus]] jeung [[Basa Ukraina|Ukraina]] (duanana sawaréh),<ref name="BlrRusUkr" /> [[Basa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (sawaréh),<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility">{{cite web|url=http://www.academia.edu/4080349/Mutual_Intelligibility_of_Languages_in_the_Slavic_Family|title=Mutual Intelligibility of Languages in the Slavic Family|publisher=Academia.edu|accessdate=2 Maret 2014|author=Robert Lindsay}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011158/https://www.academia.edu/4080349/Mutual_Intelligibility_of_Languages_in_the_Slavic_Family |date=2020-11-12 }}{{Unreliable source?|date=Juli 2014}}</ref> [[Basa Rusyn|Rusyn]]<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> * '''[[Basa Serbo-Kroasia|Serbo-Kroasia]]''': [[Basa Slovenia|Slovenia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Lmp.ucla.edu">{{cite web|url=http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=48&menu=004|title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile|publisher=UCLA LMP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109201421/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=48|archive-date=2011-11-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2013-09-04|date=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109201421/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=48 |date=2011-11-09 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Slovenia|Slovenia]]''': [[Basa Serbo-Kroasia|Serbo-Kroasia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Lmp.ucla.edu" /> * '''[[Basa Slowakia|Slowakia]]''': [[Basa Ceko|Ceko]]<ref name="CzeSlo" /> (signifikan),<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> [[Basa Polandia|Polandia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Slavic-mutual-intelligibility" /> * '''[[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]]''': [[Basa Galisia|Galisia]] (signifikan),<ref name="EspGal">{{cite book|title=Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain|page=80|last=Wright|first=Sue|year=1996|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.|isbn=1-85359-354-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a2YtdM1kNOcC&pg=PA80&dq=Galician+and+Spanish+mutual+intelligibility#v=onepage&q=Galician%20and%20Spanish%20mutual%20intelligibility&f=false}}</ref> [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]] (sawaréh), [[Basa Italia|Italia]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Voigt2014" /> * '''[[Basa Swedia|Swedia]]''': [[Basa Denmark|Denmark]] (sawaréh)<ref name="gooskens" /> jeung [[Basa Norwegia|Norwegia]]<ref name="gooskens" /><ref name="DanNorSve" /> * '''[[Basa Tatar Krimea|Tatar Krimea]]''': [[Basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Basa Gagauz|Gagauz]], [[Basa Turki|Turki]], dan [[Basa Urum|Urum]]<ref name="Language Materials Project" /><ref name="Turkic Languages" /><ref name="refHülyakasapoğluçengel" /> (sawaréh tur asimétris{{Verification needed|date=Maret 2015|reason=Sumber tidak mencantumkan bahwa basa Azerbaijan dan Turki asimétris, jadi pasangan basa yang lain juga harus diperiksa.}})<ref name="innerAsia" /> * '''[[Basa Tokelau|Tokelau]]''': [[Basa Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]<ref name="TokTuv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Tokelauan/|title=Basa Tokelau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108084726/http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Tokelauan/|archive-date=2012-11-08|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-09-30}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Turki|Turki]]''': [[Basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Basa Tatar Krimea|Tatar Krimea]], [[Basa Gagauz|Gagauz]], dan [[Basa Urum|Urum]]<ref name="Language Materials Project" /><ref name="Turkic Languages" /><ref name="refHülyakasapoğluçengel" /> (sawaréh tur asimétris{{Verification needed|date=Maret 2015|reason=Sumber tidak mencantumkan bahwa basa Azerbaijan dan Turki asimétris, jadi pasangan basa yang lain juga harus diperiksa.}})<ref name="innerAsia" /> * '''[[Basa Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]''': [[Basa Tokelau|Tokelau]]<ref name="TokTuv" /> * '''[[Basa Ukraina|Ukraina]]''': [[Basa Belarus|Belarusi]] jeung [[Basa Rusia|Rusia]] (duanana sawaréh)<ref name="BlrRusUkr" /> * '''[[Basa Urum|Urum]]''': [[Basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Basa Tatar Krimea|Tatar Krimea]], [[Basa Gagauz|Gagauz]], jeung [[Basa Turki|Turki]]<ref name="Language Materials Project" /><ref name="Turkic Languages" /><ref name="refHülyakasapoğluçengel" /> (sawaréh tur asimétris{{Verification needed|date=Maret 2015|reason=Sumber tidak mencantumkan bahwa basa Azerbaijan dan Turki asimétris, jadi pasangan basa yang lain juga harus diperiksa.}})<ref name="innerAsia" /> * '''[[Basa Zulu|Zulu]]''': [[Basa Ndebele Utara|Ndebele]] (sawaréh),<ref name="Sibanda">{{cite web|url=http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org/WJER/abstracts/2012/August/Sibanda.htm|title=Degree of mutual intelligibility between Ndebele and Zulu|last=Sibanda|first=Ethelia|publisher=Wudpecker Journal of Educational Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020042724/http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org/WJER/abstracts/2012/August/Sibanda.htm|archive-date=2013-10-20|dead-url=yes|accessdate=30 September 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020042724/http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org/WJER/abstracts/2012/August/Sibanda.htm |date=2013-10-20 }}</ref><ref name="Angogo">{{cite web|url=http://elanguage.net/journals/sal/article/viewFile/1038/1099|title=Language and Politics in South Africa|last=Angogo|first=Rachel|work=Studies in African Linguistics Volume 9, Number 2|publisher=elanguage.net|accessdate=30 September 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130123420/http://elanguage.net/journals/sal/article/viewFile/1038/1099 |date=30 November 2018 }}</ref> [[Basa Xhosa|Xhosa]] (sawaréh),<ref name="Angogo" /> dan [[Basa Swati|Swati]] (sawaréh)<ref name="Angogo" /> === Ngan dina wangun lisan === * '''[[Basa Persia Afgani|Dari]]''': [[Basa Tajik|Tajik]]<ref name="DariPersianTajik">[http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf Dari/Persian/Tajik languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025210857/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf |date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> (basa Tajik ditulis maké [[Alfabét Kirilik|alfabét Kiril]], sedeng basa Dari maké [[abjad Pérsia]]) * '''[[Basa Jerman|Jerman]]''': [[Basa Yiddi|Yiddi]]<ref name="DeuYid">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experience and Culture, Volume 1|page=192|last=Avrum Ehrlich|first=Mark|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-873-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC&pg=PA192&dq=German+and+Yiddish+mutual+intelligibility#v=onepage&q=German%20and%20Yiddish%20mutual%20intelligibility&f=false}}</ref> (basa Jerman ditulis maké [[alfabét Latin]], sedeng basa Yiddi maké [[abjad Ibrani]]) * '''[[Basa Laos|Laos]]''': [[Basa Thailand|Thailand]]<ref name="ThaiLao">[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/node3.html Basa-basa Ausbau dan Abstand]</ref> (sawaréh: basa Laos ditulis maké [[aksara Lao]], sedeng basa Thailand maké [[aksara Thai]]) * '''[[Basa Neo-Aram Asyur|Neo-Aram Asyur]]''': [[Lishanid Noshan]]<ref name="Heinrichs 1990">[[Wolfhart Heinrichs|Heinrichs, Wolfhart]] (ed.) (1990). ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic''. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.</ref> (sawaréh) jeung [[Basa Hulaulá|Hulaulá]]<ref>Beyer, Klaus; John F. Healey (terj.) (1986). The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, hlm. 44.</ref> (sawaréh: basa Néo-Aram Asyur ditulis maké [[abjad Suryani]], sedeng dua basa anu disebut pamungkas ditulis maké [[abjad Ibrani]]) * '''[[Basa Persia|Persia]]''': [[Basa Tajik|Tajik]]<ref name="DariPersianTajik" /> (basa Persia ditulis maké [[abjad Pérsia]], sedeng basa Tajik maké [[Alfabét Kirilik|alfabét Kiril]]) * '''[[Basa Polandia|Polandia]]''': [[Basa Ukraina|Ukraina]] dan [[Basa Belarus|Belarus]] (sawaréh)<ref name="PolUkr">{{cite web|url=http://www.nadbuhom.pl/art_2638.html|title=Gdzie "sicz", a gdzie "porohy"?! (ст. 15), Part II|last=Łabowicz|first=Ludmiła|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025506/http://www.nadbuhom.pl/art_2638.html|archivedate=2013-05-01|dead-url=no|accessdate=19 Juli 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025506/http://www.nadbuhom.pl/art_2638.html |date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> * '''[[Basa Tajik|Tajik]]''': [[Basa Persia|Persia]] dan [[Basa Persia Afgani|Dari]]<ref name="DariPersianTajik" /> (basa Tajik ditulis maké [[Alfabét Kirilik|alfabét Kiril]], sedeng dua basa anu disebut pamungkas maké [[abjad Pérsia]]). * '''[[Basa Thailand|Thailand]]''': [[Basa Laos|Laos]]<ref name="ThaiLao" /> (sawaréh: basa Thailand ditulis maké [[aksara Thai]], sedeng basa Laos maké [[aksara Lao]]) * '''[[Basa Yiddi|Yiddi]]''': [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]]<ref name="DeuYid" /> (basa Yiddi ditulis maké [[abjad Ibrani]], sedeng basa Jerman maké [[alfabét Latin]]) === Ngan dina wangun tulis === * '''[[Basa Islandia|Islandia]]''': [[Basa Faroe|Faroe]]<ref name="IslFao">{{cite book|title=Language and Nationalism in Europe|page=106|last=Barbour|first=Stephen|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925085-1|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1ixmu8Iga7gC&pg=PA106}}</ref> === Dialék atawa laras hiji basa anu sakapeung dianggap papisah === * '''[[Basa Hindustan|Hindustan]]''': [[Basa Hindi|Hindi]], [[Basa Urdu|Urdu]]<ref name="HinUrd">{{cite journal|last=Gumperz|first=John J.|date=Februari 1957|title=Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1957-02_16_2/page/251|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=251–259|doi=10.2307/2941382|jstor=2941382}}</ref>—wangun luluguna mangrupa laras basa kapisah tina hiji basa anu sarua sacara struktural (disebut basa Hindustan atawa Hindi-Urdu), basa Hindi ditulis maké [[aksara Déwanagari]], sedeng basa Urdu utamana maké [[abjad Persia]]. * '''[[Basa Katalan|Katalan]]''': [[Basa Valencia|Valencia]]—wangun luluguna mangrupa hiji basa anu sarua sacara struktural nu matak bisa silih mikaharti. Dua basa éta dianggap papisah ku sabab alesan pulitik. * '''[[Basa Malayu|Malayu]]''': [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]],<ref name="IndMal">{{cite book|title=Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems|page=279|last=Swan|first=Michael|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77939-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC&pg=PA279&dq=Indonesian+and+Malay+mutual+intelligibility#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> [[Basa Malaysia|Malaysia]] * '''[[Basa Néo-Aram Asyur|Néo-Aram Asyur]]''': [[Basa Néo-Aram Khaldea|Néo-Aram Khaldea]],<ref>[http://www.aina.org/articles/rothbotmal.pdf/ Remarks on the Historical Background of the Modern Assyrian Language], [[Geoffrey Khan]], [[University of Cambridge]]</ref> [[Lishana Deni]],<ref>[[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: With Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu Near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> [[Basa Hértevin|Hértevin]],<ref>Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In [[Wolfhart Heinrichs]] (ed.), ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic'', hlm.&nbsp;89–103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.</ref> [[Basa Néo-Aram Bohtan|Néo-Aram Bohtan]],<ref>Fox, Samuel. 2002. "A Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Bohtan", dalam W. Arnold dan H. Bobzin, "Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es!" 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60. ''Geburtstag, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 165–180.''</ref> jeung [[Senaya language|Senaya]]<ref>Takashina, Yoshiyuki.1990. "Some Remarks on Modern Aramaic of Hertevin." ''Journal of Asian and African Studies 40: 85–132''</ref><ref>Greenfield, Jonas. 1978. "The Dialects of Early Aramaic". ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Colloquium on Aramaic Studies 37: 93–99''</ref>—wangun luluguna mangrupa hiji basa anu sarua sacara struktural nu matak bisa silih dipikaharti nepi ka undakan tartangtu. Ku sabab éta, basa-basa éta sakapeung dianggap minangka dialék basa Néo-Aram Asyur. Basa-basa éta dianggap kapisah ku sabab alesan géografis jeung agamais.<ref name="Heinrichs 1990" /> * '''[[Basa Rumania|Rumania]]''': [[Basa Moldova|Moldova]]—wangun luluguna mangrupa hiji basa anu sarua sacara struktural nu matak bisa silih dipikaharti. Dua basa éta dianggap papisah ku sabab alesan pulitik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/moldovan.htm|title=Moldovan (limba moldovenească / лимба молдовеняскэ)}}</ref> * '''[[Basa Serbo-Kroasia|Serbo-Kroasia]]''': [[Basa Bosnia|Bosnia]], [[Basa Kroasia|Kroasia]], [[Basa Montenegro|Montenegro]], jeung [[Basa Serbia|Serbia]]—wangun luluguna mangrupa hiji basa anu sarua sacara struktural nu matak bisa silih mikaharti,<ref name="KordiJin">{{cite book|last=Kordić|series=Rotulus Universitas|authorlink=Snježana Kordić|year=2010|language=Serbo-Croatian|title=Jezik i nacionalizam|trans_title=Language and Nationalism|url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf|deadurl=no|first=Snježana|publisher=Durieux|location=Zagreb|pages=101–108|isbn=978-953-188-311-5|lccn=2011520778|oclc=729837512|ol=15270636W|archivedate=2012-07-08|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/690BiBe4T?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf|accessdate=3 Agustus 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175359/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf |date=2012-06-01 }}</ref> boh lisan atawa tulis (lamun pada-pada maké [[alfabét Latin]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kordić|first=Snježana|authorlink=Snježana Kordić|editor1-last=Krause|editor1-first=Marion|editor2-last=Sappok|editor2-first=Christian|title=Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10-12 September 2002|series=Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434|publisher=Otto Sagner|pages=110–114|language=German|chapter=Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute|trans_chapter=Pro and contra: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays|chapterurl=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF|deadurl=no|location=Munich|year=2004|isbn=3-87690-885-X|oclc=56198470|archivedate=2012-08-04|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69f5n0ek4?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF|accessdate=23 Januari 2015}}</ref> Basa-basa éta dianggap papisah ku sabab alesan politik.<ref>{{cite book|title=Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration|page=14|last=Greenberg|first=Robert David|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925815-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZvDJQHaUZkC&pg=PA13&dq=bosnian+serbian+croatian+language+mutual&cd=1#v=onepage&q=renamed%20these%20classes&f=false}}</ref> ** Dialék-dialék basa Serbo-Kroasia ([[Dialek Kajkavia|Kajkavia]], [[Dialek Chakavia|Chakavia]], [[Dialek Shtokavia|Shtokavia]], jeung [[Dialek Torlakia|Torlakia]]) dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku basa. Wangun lulugu kaopat dialék éta didasarkeun kana wangun lulugu dialék Shtokavia. Kasilihngartian kaopat dialék éta téh variasi pisan, boh antardialék atawa jeung basa deungeun. Dialék Kajkavia mikasilihngartian jeung [[Basa Slovénia|Slovénia]] sarta dialék Torlakia (dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku subdialék Shtokavia) mikasilihngartian sacara signifikan jeung [[Basa Makédonia|Makédonia]] jeung [[Basa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].<ref name="Bul20">[http://books.google.com/books?id=F7-Bees_VvAC&pg=PA280&dq=%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BE%D1%82+18+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA,+%D0%B2:+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%A5%D0%A5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&hl=bg&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Българският език през ХХ век (Basa Bulgaria pada Abad XX)]</ref> * '''[[Basa Tagalog|Tagalog]]''': [[Basa Filipino|Filipino]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dalityapi.com/2007_08_01_archive.html|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127013528/http://www.dalityapi.com/2007_08_01_archive.html|archive-date=2013-01-27|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-09-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127013528/http://www.dalityapi.com/2007_08_01_archive.html |date=2013-01-27 }}</ref>—minangka basa nasional [[Filipina]], basa Filipino dumasar kana ampir sagemblengna basa Tagalog dialék Luzon. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Linguistik-stub}} [[Kategori:Linguistik]] ar1vetdcgssy2vw5lacklxq2mll69xk 0 105190 710590 673710 2026-06-19T11:28:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marlina Flassy''' nyaéta Dékan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik ti Universitas Cenderawasih Jayapura. Ieu hal mangrupakeun hiji préstasi, lantaran manéhna tokoh wanoja anu mimiti diistrénan jadi dékan di Universitas Cenderawih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papua.tribunnews.com/2021/10/25/rektor-marlina-flassy-dekan-perempuan-pertama-di-universitas-cenderawasih|title=Rektor : Marlina Flassy, Dekan Perempuan Pertama di Universitas Cenderawasih|last=Karundeng|first=Maickel|accessdate=2024-04-05}}</ref> == Atikan == Marlina Flassy nalika nyiar élmu pangaweruh nalika SMA di SMA Katolik F.X.Taruna Dharma Kotaraja di taun 1988. Manéhna nuluykeun sakola ka Universitas Cenderawasih jurusan Antropologi. Marliana lulus kuliah S-1 di taun 1995. Sumanget pikeun nyiar élmu pangaweruh dibuktikeun ku Marlina ku cara nuluykeun kulian S-2 di UGM kalayan jurusan Departemen Antropologi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gajah. Gelas magisterna kahontal di taun 2002. Dina taun 2015 Marlina berhasil ngahontal gelar doktoral dina widang Antropologi Etnologi di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Wissenschaf Georg August University of Gottingen, Germany pada tahun 2015. Nalika kuliah doktoral, Marlina ogé aktif dina widang organisasi, manéhna miboga kalungguhan salaku koordinator widang seni budaya di Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia Goettingen, Jerman sarta dipercaya jadi sekretaris Persekutuan Kristen Indonesia, Hana Goettingen Jerman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suaraperempuanpapua.id/marlina-flassy-jadi-dekan-fisip-uncen/|title=Marlina Flassy Jadi Dekan Fisip Uncen|last=Maniagasi|first=Gabriel|website=SuaraPerempuanPapua.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-05-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706104221/https://suaraperempuanpapua.id/marlina-flassy-jadi-dekan-fisip-uncen/ |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> og4fpc988ltcrjwphkacn30e04ygkbl 0 105248 710539 697513 2026-06-19T00:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Abdul Muis, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p211.jpg|Right|jempol|150px|Abdul Moeis, ''Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954'']] '''Abdoel Moeis''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد المعز|Abd Al-Mu'iz}} </link> ) ( {{Lahirmati|[[Sungai Puar, Agam]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|3|07|1886|[[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]]|17|06|1959}} ). Nyaéta saurang sastrawan, politikus jeung wartawan [[Indonésia]] . Anjeunna mangrupikeun administrator senior Sarikat Islam sareng anggota Volksraad ngawakilan ieu organisasi. Abdoel Moeis diistr[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]]<nowiki/>nan salaku [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia|Pahlawan Nasional]] munggaran ku [[Présidén Républik Indonésia|Présidén Republik Indonésia]], [[Sukarno|Soekarno]], kaping 30 Agustus 1959. === Kahirupan mimiti === Abdoel Moeis t[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]]<nowiki/>h urang [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]]. Putrana Soelaiman Dt Toemanggoeng sareng Siti Djariah. Sanggeus lulus ti ELS, Abdoel Moeis nuluykeun atikanana di [[School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen|Stovia]] (sakola kedokteran, ayeuna Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Indonésia|Universitas Indonesia]] ), [[Jakarta]] .<ref name="Abdoel Moeis1">{{Id}} {{Cite book|last=Eneste|first=Pamusuk|title=Buku pintar sastra Indonesia : biografi pengarang dan karyanya, majalah sastra, penerbit sastra, penerjemah, lembaga sastra, daftar hadiah dan penghargaan|publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas|location=Jakarta|year=2001|isbn=9799251788}} halaman 5</ref> Alatan gering, anjeunna teu kungsi ngar[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]]<nowiki/>ngs[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]]<nowiki/>keun atikan di dinya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2360501/abdul-muis-sastrawan-yang-jadi-pahlawan-nasional-pertama|title=Abdul Muis, Sastrawan yang Jadi Pahlawan Nasional Pertama|last=Rinaldo|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> === Karir sareng aktivisme === Abdoel Moeis ngamimitian karirna salaku ''juru tulis'' di Departemen ''Onderwijs en Eredienst'' ku bantosanna Mr. Abendanon, anu harita jadi Diréktur Pendidikan. Ngan wa[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]], ieu kalungguhanana teu dipikaresep ku pagawé Walanda lianna. Saatos dua satengah taun damel di éta tempat, anjeunna lir[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]]<nowiki/>n sareng janten wartawan di [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] .<ref name="Abdoel Moeis1"/> Dina taun 1905, anjeunna katampi janten anggota redaksi majalah ''Bintang Hindia'' . ''Bintang Hindia'' nyaéta majalah anu eusina warta pulitik di Bandung. Taun 1907, ''Bintang Hindia'' dicaram medal, Abdul Muis pindah gaw[[Présidén Républik Indonésia|é]] di ''Bandungsche Afdeelingsbank'' salaku menteri gudang. Abdul Muis ngaleukeunan ieu padamelan dugika 5 taun. Dina 1912, anjeunna digawé salaku wartawan koran Walanda ''Preanger Bode.'' Dina ''Preanger Bode'' Abdul Muis digawé salaku purah mariksa/proofreader. Dina 3 bulan, anjeunna diangkat jadi pupuhu pamariksa/''hoofdcorector'' alatan kaahlian dina basa Walandana lumayan alus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/25/150434578/profil-abdul-muis-asal-kisah-karya-dan-perjuangan|title=Profil Abdul Muis: Asal, Kisah, Karya, dan Perjuangan Halaman all|last=Daniswari|first=Dini|website=KOMPAS com|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> Dina taun 1913 anjeunna ngagabung jeung Sarekat Islam, sarta jadi Kepala Redaksi ''Harian Kaoem Moeda'' .<ref name="Abdoel Moeis2">{{En icon}} {{Cite book|last=Moeis|first=Abdoel|title=Never the twain|url=https://archive.org/details/scribelatencytest1|publisher=Lontar|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|year=2010|isbn=9789798083549}} page 221.</ref> Koran ''Kaoem Moeda'' mangrupa koran munggaran nu ngawanohkeun kolom "Pojok" ti taun 1913. Posisi Moeis salaku redaktur sareng ngokolakeun masalah medalkeun sareng masarankeun ngajadikeun anjeunna langkung laluasa pikeun neraskeun perjuanganna sareng pulpén salaku sanjatana. Koran ''Kaoem Moeda'' mangrupa tulang tonggong perjuangan Sarekat Islam di Bandung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/abdoel-moeis/profil|title=Profil - Abdoel Moeis|last=Rahayu|first=Siwi P.|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> Sataun ti harita, ngaliwatan Panitia Bumiputera anu diadegkeunana jeung [[Ki Hadjar Déwantara|Ki Hadjar Dewantara]], Abdoel Moeis ngabantah rencana pamaréntah Walanda pikeun ngayakeun hajatan ulang taun kamerdikaan Walanda ti [[Prancis|Perancis]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1473407/mengenal-sosok-pahlawan-nasional-abdoel-moeis|title=Mengenal Sosok Pahlawan Nasional Abdoel Moeis|last=Nurhadi|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> Dina taun 1917, anjeunna dipercaya minangka utusan Sarekat Islam ka Walanda pikeun ngapropagandakeun panitia Indie Weerbaar. Dina éta kasempetan, anjeunna ogé ngadorong inohong Walanda pikeun ngadegkeun Technische Hooge School – [[Institut Teknologi Bandung|Institut Téknologi Bandung]] (ITB) di Priangan. [[1918|Taun 1918]], Abdoel Moeis diangkat jadi anggota Volksraad ngawakilan Sarekat Islam Tengah .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Setiono|first=Benny. G|author-link=|title=Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik|publisher=TransMedia|date=2002|location=Jakarta|url=|doi=|isbn=|page=355}}</ref> Dina Juni 1919, hiji pangawas Walanda di Toli-Toli, [[Sulawesi Kalér|Sulawesi Utara]] ditelasan sanggeus anjeunna masihan pidato di dinya. Abdoel Moeis dituduh ngadorong rahayat pikeun nolak pagawéan paksa (rodi), anu nyababkeun kajasian rajapati. Pikeun kajadian ieu anjeunna disalahkeun sareng dipenjara.<ref name="Abdoel Moeis2"/> Salian ti biantara, manéhna ogé bajoang ngaliwatan rupa-rupa média citak. Dina tulisanana dina harian Walanda ''De Express'', Abdoel Moeis ngritik tulisan jalma-jalma kolonialis Walanda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Abdoel_Moeis|title=Artikel "Abdoel Moeis" - Ensiklopedia Sastra Indonesia|website=ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2024-01-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064142/https://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Abdoel_Moeis |date=2024-01-15 }}</ref> Dina 1920, anjeunna kapilih jadi Pupuhu Déwan Umum Paguyuban Pagawé Pegadaian. Sataun ti harita saterusna manéhna mingpin mogok buruh di [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] . Taun 1923 nganjang ka [[Kota Padang|Padang]], [[Sumatra Kulon|Sumatera Barat]] . Di dinya anjeunna ngajak para pangawasa adat pikeun musyawarah, nentang pajeg-pajeg anu ngabeuratkeun masarakat Minangkabau. Alatan ieu kagiatan anjeunna dicaram ilubiung dina urusan pulitik. Sajaba ti éta, anjeunna ogé keuna kana ''passentelsel'' anu ngalarang anjeunna cicing di [[Sumatra Kulon|Sumatera Barat]] sarta ninggalkeun pulo Jawa. Lajeng anjeunna ditundung;diasingkeun ka [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] . Di kota ieu anjeunna ngaréngsékeun novelna anu cukup kasohor, ''Salah Asuhan'' .<ref name=":1"/> Abdoel Moeis mangrupa <nowiki>[[inohong]]</nowiki> anu kacida tawekal kana perjuangan jeung nasib rahayatna anu harita keur jaman dijajah. Henteu ngan wungkul ngaliwatan profési [[Sastrawan|sastra]], anjeunna malah merjuangkeun di dunya pulitik. Tulisanna anu seukeut sareng gerakan politik Abdoel Moeis teras ngabalukarkeun anjeunna dicaram cicing di tempat lahirna. Anjeunna lajeng milih wewengkon [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]] salaku tanah pangbuangan, sarta di dinya anjeunna méakkeun sésana hirupna.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jejak-jejak Pengasingan Para Tokoh Bangsa|last=Faidi|first=A|publisher=Saufa|year=2014|isbn=9786022554646|location=Yogyakarta|pages=15-16}}</ref> Taun 1926 kapilih jadi anggota ''Bupati Garut Schapsraad''. Genep taun saterusna anjeunna diangkat ''Regentschapsraad Controleur''. Anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan ieu nepi ka Jepang asup ka Indonésia (1942). Lantaran ngarasa kolot, dina taun 1944 Abdul Moeis eureun gawé. Sanajan kitu, dina jaman sanggeus proklamasi, anjeunna aktip deui dina Majelis Perjuangan Priangan. Malah pernah dipénta jadi anggota DPA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2360501/abdul-muis-sastrawan-yang-jadi-pahlawan-nasional-pertama|title=Abdul Muis, Sastrawan yang Jadi Pahlawan Nasional Pertama|last=|first=Rinaldo|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref> Sanggeus kamerdékaan, anjeunna ngadegkeun Paguyuban Perjuangan Priangan anu museur kana pangwangunan di [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] jeung masarakat [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]] .<ref name="Abdoel Moeis2"/> == Maot == Abdoel Moeis pupus di [[Kota Bandung]] kaping 17 Juni 1959.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakar, J., dkk.|date=1985|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/1679/1/Pemahaman%20Salah%20Asuhan%20%281985%29.pdf|title=Pemahaman Salah Asuhan|location=Jakarta Timur|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|pages=8}}</ref> Layonna dimakamkeun di TMP Cikutra, Bandung.{{Fact}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Nyutat rujukan|peryogi rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup><span></span></link> Anjeunna maot ngantunkeun dua pamajikan jeung 13 barudak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moeis|first=Abdoel|date=1977|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MR4zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=%22abdoel+moeis%22+%2213%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT6f2Tj7b4AhVcIbcAHUk3BvUQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=%22abdoel%20moeis%22%20%2213%22&f=false|title=Robert Anak Surapati|publisher=Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT|isbn=978-602-260-299-6|language=id}}</ref> == Gawe == === ''Salah Asuhan'' === ''Wrong Upbringing'' nyaéta novél anu diterbitkeun taun 1928. Novel ieu ditarjamahkeun kana basa Inggris ku Robin Susanto sarta dipedalkeun ku judul ''[[Never the Twain]]'' ku Yayasan Lontar minangka salah sahiji seri [[Modern Library of Indonesia|Perpustakaan Modern Indonésia]] .{{Fact}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Nyutat rujukan|peryogi rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup><span></span></link>Taun 1972, novel ieu difilmkeun sareng sutradara Asrul Sani .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kartikasari HS., A. dan Suprapto, E.|date=2018|url=http://pics.unipma.ac.id/content/download/B009_05_09_2019_08_30_17Buku%20Kajian%20Kesusastraan.pdf|title=Kajian Kesusastraan: Sebuah Pengantar|location=Magetan|publisher=CV. Ae Medika Grafika|isbn=978-602-6637-26-0|pages=40}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812231912/http://pics.unipma.ac.id/content/download/B009_05_09_2019_08_30_17Buku%20Kajian%20Kesusastraan.pdf |date=2022-08-12 }}</ref> Abdoel Moeis ogé nulis novel séjénna, nyaéta ''Pertemuan Jodoh'' (1933), ''Surapati'' (1950) jeung ''Robert Anak Surapati'' (1953).{{Fact}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Nyutat rujukan|peryogi rujukan]]'' &#x5D;</span></sup><span></span> Abdoel Moeis mimitina nikah ka mojang nu dipilih kolotna, nya éta mojang Minangkabau, tapi nikahna teu lila, alatan ieu garwana tilar dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Basri|first=Yusmar|date=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8VkAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=abdoel+moeis+menikah&q=abdoel+moeis+menikah&hl=id|title=Abdul Moeis: politikus, jurnalis, sastrawan|publisher=Mutiara Sumber Widya|isbn=978-979-9331-26-7|language=id}}</ref> Sanggeus lila nyorangan, Abdoel Moeis rimbitan jeung mojang pilihanna, nya éta mojang Priangan. Tina ieu perkawinan, aranjeunna dikaruniai dua murangkalih. Tapi, rumah tanggana henteu lana pinanggih jeung paturay kusabab Abdoel Moeis.<ref name=":0"/> Abdul Moeis nikah deui ka mojang Priangan ngaranna Soenarsih dina taun 1925. Pasangan ieu dikaruniai 12 murangkalih.<ref name=":0"/> Anak pangkolotna ngaranna Sulaiman lahir nalika Abdoel Moeis keur diasingkeun di Garut, Jawa Barat. Sulaiman maot dina yuswa genep dinten alatan tetanus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Azmi|date=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiMSAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22abdul+muis%22+%22tetanus%22&q=%22abdul+muis%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=id|title=Abdul Muis|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|language=id}}</ref> Di antara anak Abdoel Moeis anu hirup nepi ka dewasa nyaéta Diana Moeis, Kencana Moeis, jeung Achir Moeis. == Tarjamahan == * ''Don Kisot'' (ku Miguel de Cervantes, [[1923]] ) * ''Tom Sawyer The American Boy'' (ku Mark Twain, [[1928]] ) * ''A Kara'' (ku Hector Malot, [[1922]] ) * ''My Homeland'' (ku C. Swaan Koopman, 1950) == Trivia == * Ampir unggal [[kota]] di [[Indonésia]] boga [[Jalan]] anu ngarana Abdoel Moeis (Abdul Muis). == Tumbu éksternal == * {{Id}} [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/294-pahlawan/250-abdul-muis "Melawan Belanda Dengan Pena" Bio Abdoel Moeis di Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318013213/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/294-pahlawan/250-abdul-muis |date=2017-03-18 }} Diarsipkan 2017-03-18 di Wayback Machine. * {{Id}} [http://belajarsejarah.com/?detail=beritanya&view=komen&id=127&kode=1 ABDOEL MOEIS, Indonesia untuk (Orang) Indonesia!] * {{Id}} [http://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Abdoel_Moeis Profil Abdoel Moeis]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530110704/https://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Abdoel_Moeis |date=2024-05-30 }} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Maret 2024|Abdoel Moeis]] [[Kategori:Inohong]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pahlawan]] [[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] t9uj4xng31jhjlt5y36ch909hpq1buq 0 108582 710573 709626 2026-06-19T08:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kamir Arab kecil.jpg|jmpl|Kueh kamir]] Kamir, sok ditulis ogé minangka Khamir (basa Jawa: ꦏ꦳ꦩꦶꦂ) atawa dipikawanoh ku ngaran samir, mangrupa kadaharan has Pemalang. Mimiti sumebarna kuéh khamir dibawa ku warga asal Arab Saudi anu cicing di Mulyoharjo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pemalang|first=Pemkab|title=Kue Khamir|url=https://pemalangkab.go.id/2017/01/kuliner-pemalang-khamir-arab|website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Pemalang|language=id|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Sacara wangun, ieu kuéh ngabogaan bentuk buleud jeung gepéng kalayan warna semu coklat. Saulas mirip jeung kuéh apem atawa serabi, tapi kuéh kamir miboga ukuran anu leuwih gedé sarta téksturna leuwih kandel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cita Rasa Arab Saudi di Kue Mangkok Kamir Pemalang|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/cita-rasa-arab-saudi-di-kue-kamir-pemalang/|website=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Kuéh ieu dijieun tina adonan tipung gandum, mantega, jeung endog, kadangkala dicampur ku bahan séjén saperti cau ambon atawa tape. Kamir aya dua rupa, nyaéta kamir béas jeung kamir tipung. Di pasaran Kota Pemalang, kamir tipung leuwih loba kapanggih lantaran leuwih awét, sedengkeun kamir béas biasana dijieun dumasar kana pesenan.<ref>[http://portalpemalang.blogspot.com/2009/03/kue-khamir-jajanan-khas-pemalang.html Ada khamir beras dan khamir terigu.]</ref> Sabagian jalma nyebut ieu kuéh ku ngaran Samir.<ref>[http://www.ayojajan.com/formkomentartempat.php?idtempat=1202 Kue Samir Pemalang, sebuah salah penyebutan seharusnya Kue Kamir.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320042212/http://www.ayojajan.com/formkomentartempat.php?idtempat=1202 |date=2023-03-20 }}</ref> == Wangun kamir == Kuéh ieu wangunna buleud, gepéng, sarta warnana semu coklat, ampir sarupa jeung kuéh apem atawa serabi, tapi rada leuwih gedé jeung leuwih padet. Ari ukuranana rupa-rupa, nu panggedéna bisa saukuran piring dahar, sedengkeun nu pangleutikna saukuran mangkok. Ukuran éta biasana gumantung kana paménta nu mesen. Malah kungsi aya usaha pikeun nyieun kamir ukuran raksasa, tapi gagal lantaran henteu asak sacara rata.{{fact}} Tahap utama dina ngabentuk adonan nepi ka nyarupaan roti nyaéta prosés férméntasi adonan tipung maké khamir roti. Férméntasi éta miboga fungsi pikeun ngahasilkeun gas karbon dioksida (CO2)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=15 Februari 2024 {{!}} 20.07 WIB|title=Roti Kamir Kuliner Khas Pemalang, Bentuk Akulturasi Arab dan Jawa|url=https://www.tempo.co/gaya-hidup/roti-kamir-kuliner-khas-pemalang-bentuk-akulturasi-arab-dan-jawa--86930|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> anu ngajadikeun adonan ngagedéan. Sajaba ti éta, khamir ogé ngahasilkeun sanyawa asam jeung alkohol anu méré aroma has kana roti.<ref name=":1" /> == Sajarah == Numutkeun carita, jalma anu mimiti nyieun kuéh kamir nyaéta saurang warga asal Arab Saudi anu cicing di Kalurahan Mulyoharjo, anu dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan Kampung Arab. Ngaran “kamir” sorangan can écés asalna tina kecap naon. Naha asalna tina kecap ''khamer'' (basa Arab) anu hartina mabokkeun, atawa tina ngaran jalma turunan Arab éta sorangan.<ref name=":1" /> Nanging, kamungkinan anu leuwih deukeut nyaéta yén ngaran kamir asalna tina kecap ''khamir'' anu dina basa Arab hartina ragi. Dina prosés nyieun kuéh kamir, saméméh diasakan, adonan biasana didiémkeun heula sapeuting supaya bisa ngagedéan kalayan sampurna nepi ka lumangsung prosés férméntasi.<ref name=":1" /> [[Category:WikiMaknyus Jakarta]] == Rujukan == 7m5cexesfhs6u8uyyr1pdr9xouwf1r6