Panonpoé

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    <title>Panonpoé</title>
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      <text bytes="13857" sha1="t9gd41of5jmb7r5tbqs2qp2d5u56wvr" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em&quot;
|+ '''Panonpoé''' [[file:Sun symbol (bold).svg|20px|☉]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Gambar:panonpoé.jpeg|300px|Srangéngé]]
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffffc0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |  '''Data observasi'''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jarak rata-rata ti Marcapada
| [[1 E11 m|150,000,000 km]]&lt;br /&gt;(93,000,000&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (V)
| −26.8&lt;sup&gt;m&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Absolute magnitude]]
| 4.8&lt;sup&gt;m&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffffc0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |  '''Physical characteristics'''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Diaméter
| [[1 E9 m|1,392,000]] [[meter|km]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Diaméter éelatif (d&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt;/d&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;)
|  109
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Oblateness
|  ~9×10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Lega beungeut
| [[1 E18 m&amp;sup2;|6.09]] [[Notasi ilmiah|×]] 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; km²
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Eusi
| [[1 E27 m&amp;sup3;|1.41]] × 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; [[méter kubik|m&amp;sup3;]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Massa
| [[1 E30 kg|1.9891]] × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;   [[kilogram|kg]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Massa rélatif ka Bumi
|  333,400
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Dénsitas
| 1.411 g/cm³
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Dénsitas rélatif ka Bumi
| 0.26
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Dénsitas rélatif ka [[cai]]
| 1.409
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Surface [[gravity]]
| 274 m s&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Relative surface gravity
| 27.9 [[gee|g]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Escape velocity
|  618&amp;nbsp;km/s
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Surface temperature
| 5780 [[Kelvin|K]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Temperature of [[corona]]
| 5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;6 &lt;/sup&gt;K
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Luminosity]] (L&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt;)
| 3.827 × 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; [[joule|J]] s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffffc0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |  '''[[Orbit]]al characteristics'''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Period of rotation
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | At equator:
| 27d 6h 36m
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | At 30° latitude:
| 28d 4h 48m
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | At 60° latitude:
| 30d 19h 12m
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | At 75° latitude:
|   31d 19h 12m
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Period of orbit around&lt;br /&gt;galactic centre
| 2.2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; yéars
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffffc0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |  '''[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition'''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Hidrogén]]
|  73.46 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Hélium]]
|  24.85 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Oksigén]]
|   0.77 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Karbon]]
|   0.29 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Beusi]]
|   0.16 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Néon]]
|   0.12 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Nitrogén]]
|   0.09 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Silikon]]
|   0.07 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Magnésium]]
|   0.05 %
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |  [[Walirang|Sulfur]]
|   0.04 %
|}
'''Panonpoé''' (ᮕᮔᮧᮔ᮪ᮕᮧᮆ) nyaéta [[béntang]] na [[tatasurya]] urang. [[Planét]] [[Marcapada]] jeung sakabéh dulurna, boh [[planét terestrial]] atawa [[raksasa gas]], [[orbit|ngurulingan]] Panonpoé. Nu séjénna nu ngurilingan Panonpoé kayaning [[astéroid]], [[météoroid]], [[komét]], [[objék Trans-Neptunius]], jeung, tangtu bae, [[kebul]]. Panonpoé salah sahiji barang langit anu jadi asal cahya alatan bisa ngahasilkeun sarta mancarkeun cahya sorangan. Panonpoé kaasup salah sahiji [[béntang]] ti mangmilyar-milyar [[béntang]] anu aya di [[angkasa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://tebe.wapgem.com/3.MATAHARI]
(diakses tanggal 22 oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Sacara kimiawi, kira-kira tilu parapat massa panonpoé diwangun tina [[hidrogén]], sedengkeun sésana lolobana mah diwangun ku [[Hélium]].Sésa massana (1,69%, sarua jeung 5.629 kali massa [[Marcapada]]) diwangun ku élemén-élemén beurat siga [[oksigén]], [[karbon]], [[néon]], jeung [[beusi]].

[[Panonpoé]] kawangun kira-kira 4,6 miliar taun ka tukang balukar tina runtuhna [[gravitasi]] dina hiji wewengkon di jero [[méga molekul]] anu kacida badagna. Sabagian badag matéri ngumpul di tengah, samentara sésana ngaipisan janten piringan (cakram) anu muter, anu satuluyna janten [[Surya Mandala]]. Massa di puseurna beuki panas sarta padet, anu ahirna micu lumangsungna fusi térmonuklir dina jero intina. Diperkirakeun yén ampir sakabéh béntang séjénna ogé kawangun ku prosés anu sarupa. Dumasar kana kelas spéktrumna, Panonpoé téh digolongkeun salaku béntang dérét utama G (G2V), sarta mindeng disebut salaku ''katai konéng'' jalaran [[radiasi]] anu kaciri ku mata téh leuwih dominan dina porsi [[spéktrum]] konéng-beureum. Sanajan warna aslina mah [[bodas]], upami ditingal ti beungeut Marcapada, Panonpoé téh katémbong konéng balukar tina panyebaran (''scattering'') cahaya biru di [[atmosfir]]. Dumasar kana label kelas spéktrum, ''G2'' nandakeun suhu beungeutna (permukaan) kira-kira 5.778 K (5.505 °C), sarta ''V'' nandakeun yén Panonpoé mangrupa béntang dérét utama anu énergina dihasilkeun tina [[fusi nuklir]] [[nukleus]] [[hidrogén]] janten [[hélium]]. Dina jero intina, Panonpoé ngafusikeun kira-kira 620 juta ton métrik hidrogén unggal detikna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Woolfson |first=M. |title=The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System |publisher=University of York, UK |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |title=Sun Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ciri fisik jeung nu séjénna ==
Panonpoé mangrupa [[béntang]] nu kaasup [[kelas spéktral]] G2, nu hartina béntang ieu téh leuwih badag sarta leuwih panas batan rata-rata, tapi ukuranana leuwih leutik batan béntang raksasa biru. Béntang G2 mibanda umur runtuyan utama kira 10 milyar taun; Panonpoé téh umurna kira geus 5 milyar taun, dumasar [[nukléokosmokronologi]].&lt;!--

Panonpoé bentukna méh buleud, nu ''oblateness''-na kira sapersalapan, nu ngandung harti béda diaméter kutub jeung katulistiwana paling gedé 10 km. This is in good part because the centrifugal effect of the Sun's rather sedate rotation is 18 million times weaker than its surface gravity (at the equator).

At the center of the Sun, where its density is 1.5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; kg m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, thermonuclear reactions ([[nuclear fusion]]) convert hydrogen into helium. 3.8 × 10&lt;sup&gt;38&lt;/sup&gt; [[proton|protons]] (hydrogen nuclei) are converted to helium every second. This releases energy which escapes from the surface of the Sun in the form of [[electromagnetic radiation]] and [[neutrino]]s (and to a smaller extent as the kinetic and thermal energy of solar wind plasma and as the energy in the Sun's magnetic field). [[Physics|Physicists]] are able to replicate thermonuclear reactions with [[hydrogen bomb]]s.  Sustained nuclear fusion on Earth for electricity generation may be possible in the future, with nuclear fusion reactors.

All [[matter]] in the Sun is in the form of [[plasma]] due to its extreme temperature. This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator than it does at higher latitudes, since the Sun is not a solid body. The differential rotation of the Sun's latitudes causes its [[magnetic field]] lines to become twisted together over time, causing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun's surface and trigger the formation of the Sun's dramatic [[sunspot]]s and [[solar prominence]]s.  The solar activity cycle includes old magnetic fields being stripped off the Sun's surface starting from one pole and ending at the other.

The [[corona]] has 10&lt;sup&gt;11 &lt;/sup&gt;atoms/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and the [[photosphere]] has 10&lt;sup&gt;23 &lt;/sup&gt;atoms/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.

For some time it was thought that the number of [[neutrino]]s produced by the nuclear reaction in the Sun was only one third of the number predicted by theory, a result that was termed the [[solar neutrino problem]]. When it was recently found that neutrinos had mass, and could therefore transform into harder-to-detect varieties of neutrinos while en route from the Sun to Earth, measurement and theory were reconciled.

To obtain an uninterrupted view of the Sun, the [[European Space Agency]] and [[NASA]] cooperatively launched the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO) on [[December 2]], [[1995]].

Observation of the Sun can reveal such phenomena as:

* [[Sunspot]]s
* [[Facula]]e
* [[Granule]]s
* [[Solar flare]]s
* [[Solar prominence]]s
** [[quiescent prominence]]s
** [[eruptive prominence]]s
*[[Coronal mass ejection]]

'''Caution: looking directly at the Sun can damage the [[retina]] and one's [[eyesight]].'''

The [[Astronomical symbols|astronomical symbol]] for the Sun is a [[circle with a point at its centre]].

[[Image:panonpoé_SOHO.gif|thumb|300px|Ngontabna panonpoé nu karékam ku alat [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]]]].
--&gt;

==Mangpaat panonpoé==
Panonpoé parantos dimangpaatkeun di sababaraha bagian dunya, sarta upami diéksploitasi kalayan merenah, ieu énergi miboga poténsi anu kacida gedéna pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan konsumsi énergi dunya dina jangka waktu anu lami. Énergi panonpoé tiasa dianggo sacara langsung pikeun ngahasilkeun [[listrik]], pamanas, atanapi malah pikeun niiskeun (''cooling system''). Poténsi énergi surya di mangsa ka hareup ngan diwatesanan ku kahayang urang pikeun ngamangpaatkeun éta kasempetan. Aya seueur cara pikeun ngamangpaatkeun énergi ti panonpoé. Tutuwuhan ngarobah sinar panonpoé janten [[énergi]] [[kimia]] ngaliwatan prosés fotosintésis. Manusa ngamangpaatkeun ieu énergi ku cara ngadahar hasil tutuwuhan atanapi ngaduruk [[kai]]. Nanging, istilah “tanaga surya” biasana miboga harti ngarobah cahya panonpoé sacara langsung janten panas atanapi énergi [[listrik]] pikeun kaperluan manusa. Dua tipe dasar tanaga panonpoé nyaéta pamanas surya sarta “photovoltaic” (''photo'' = cahya, ''voltaic'' = tegangan).

Tanaga panonpoé photovoltaic: ngalibetkeun pembangkit listrik tina cahya. Rusiah tina ieu prosés nyaéta pamakéan bahan [[semi konduktor]] anu tiasa diatur pikeun ngaleupaskeun éléktron, nyaéta partikel miboga muatan négatif anu janten dadasar tina arus listrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065444/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/campaigns/perubahan-iklim-global/Energi-Bersih/Energi_Matahari/ |title=Energi Matahari |publisher=Greenpeace SE Asia |access-date=2026-05-05 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahan semi konduktor anu pangumumna dianggo dina [[sél photovoltaic]] nyaéta [[silikon]], hiji unsur anu seueur kapanggih dina keusik. Sakabéh sél photovoltaic miboga sahenteuna dua lapisan semi konduktor, nyaéta lapisan miboga muatan positif sarta lapisan miboga muatan négatif. Nalika cahya nyorot kana semi konduktor, médan listrik meuntas sambungan di antara dua lapisan kasebat anu ngabalukarkeun listrik ngalir sarta ngahasilkeun arus DC (''Direct Current''). Beuki kuat cahya anu nyorot, beuki kuat ogé aliran listrikna.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;.&lt;ref ndffrfrfvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvPanonpoé parantos dimangpaatkeun di sababaraha bagian dunya, sarta upami diéksploitasi kalayan merenah, ieu énergi miboga poténsi anu kacida gedéna pikeun nyumponan kabutuhan konsumsi énergi dunya dina jangka waktu anu lami. Énergi panonpoé tiasa dianggo sacara langsung pikeun ngahasilkeun [[listrik]], pamanas, atanapi malah pikeun niiskeun (''cooling system''). Poténsi énergi surya di mangsa ka hareup ngan diwatesanan ku kahayang urang pikeun ngamangpaatkeun éta kasempetan. Aya seueur cara pikeun ngamangpaatkeun énergi ti panonpoé. Tutuwuhan ngarobah sinar panonpoé janten [[énergi]] [[kimia]] ngaliwatan prosés fotosintésis. Manusa ngamangpaatkeun ieu énergi ku cara ngadahar hasil tutuwuhan atanapi ngaduruk [[kai]]. Nanging, istilah “tanaga surya” biasana miboga harti ngarobah cahya panonpoé sacara langsung janten panas atanapi énergi [[listrik]] pikeun kaperluan manusa. Dua tipe dasar tanaga panonpoé nyaéta pamanas surya sarta “photovoltaic” (''photo'' = cahya, ''voltaic'' = tegangan).

Tanaga panonpoé photovoltaic: ngalibetkeun pembangkit listrik tina cahya. Rusiah tina ieu prosés nyaéta pamakéan bahan [[semi konduktor]] anu tiasa diatur pikeun ngaleupaskeun éléktron, nyaéta partikel miboga muatan négatif anu janten dadasar tina arus listrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Bahan semi konduktor anu pangumumna dianggo dina [[sél photovoltaic]] nyaéta [[silikon]], hiji unsur anu seueur kapanggih dina keusik. Sakabéh sél photovoltaic miboga sahenteuna dua lapisan semi konduktor, nyaéta lapisan miboga muatan positif sarta lapisan miboga muatan négatif. Nalika cahya nyorot kana semi konduktor, médan listrik meuntas sambungan di antara dua lapisan kasebat anu ngabalukarkeun listrik ngalir sarta ngahasilkeun arus DC (''Direct Current''). Beuki kuat cahya anu nyorot, beuki kuat ≈== Tempo ogé ===
* [[Radiasi surya]]
* [[Radius surya]]
* [[Énergi surya]]
* [[Angin surya]]
** [[Aurora borealis]]
** [[Aurora australis]]
* [[Fotosfir]]
* [[Kromosfir]]
* [[Korona]]
* [[Samagaha]]

=== Tumbu kaluar ===
* [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html Current SOHO snapshots]
* [http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html Far-Side Helioseismic Holography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416165919/http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside/index.html |date=2009-04-16 }} from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311101543/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html NASA Eclipse homepage]
* [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Nasa SOHO (Solar &amp; Heliospheric Observatory) satellite]
* [http://soi.stanford.edu/results/sounds.html Solar Sounds] from [http://www.stanford.edu Stanford] 
* [http://www.spaceweather.com Spaceweather.com]
{{clear}}

{{Tatasurya}}

[[Kategori:Béntang| ]]
[[Kategori:Panonpoé| ]]
[[Kategori:Surya Mandala]]</text>
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    <title>Éntropi informasi</title>
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      <text bytes="21636" sha1="5fkfa2m9kj02ppq4zxi8vo0tdyns802" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Binary entropy plot.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Entropi [[Bernoulli trial|pamariksaan Bernouli]] salaku fungsi probabilitas suksés, ilahar disebut '''[[binary entropy function|fungsi éntropi binér]]'''.]]

'''Entropi''' nyaéta konsép dina [[térmodinamika]] (tempo [[éntropi termodinamika]]), [[mekanika statistika]] jeung [[tiori information]]. Konsép éntropi jeung informasi kacida pakait raket, sanajan perlu sababaraha waktu keur ngawangun tiori [[mekanika statistika]] jeung [[tiori informasi]] sangkan jadi nyata. Artikel ieu ngeunaan '''éntropi informasi''', formulasi tiori-informasi [[éntropi]]. Éntropi informasi leuwih ilahar disebut '''Éntropi Shannon''' keur ngahargaan ka [[Claude E. Shannon]].

== Bubuka ==

Konsép éntropi dina [[tiori informasi]] ngajelaskeun sabaraha loba [[tingkat acak]] (atawa, 'kateupastian') anu aya dina [[sinyal]] atawa kajadian acak. Cara lian pikeun nénjo ngeunaan ieu nyaéta ku ngabahas ngeunaan sabaraha loba informasi anu dibawa ku hiji sinyal.

Contona, aya sababaraha téks dina [[basa Inggris]], dikodekeun mangrupa runtuyan [[hurup]], spasi, jeung [[tanda baca]]. Lantaran frékuénsi atawa lobana kajadian pikeun sababaraha hurup ngan saeutik (conto, 'z'), sedengkeun hurup-hurup lianna mah murudul (conto 'e'), runtuyan hurup téh henteu acak-acak teuing. Sanajan kitu, lantaran hurup nu nuturkeunana henteu bisa dikira-kira, bisa ogé disebut 'acak' (nepikeun ka tingkatan nu tangtu). Éntropi téh minangka nu jadi ukuran tingkat acak ieu, saperti anu diusulkeun ku Shannon dina makalah &quot;[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html A Mathematical Theory of Communication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131083455/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html |date=1998-01-31 }}&quot; nu medar dina taun [[1948]]

Shannon nawarkeun hiji définisi éntropi anu nyumponan asumsi-asumsi, yén:

* Ukuran ieu kudu proporsional (kontinu atawa silisambung) - contona, lamun probabilitasna ngaganti saeutik, éntropina ogé ngan kaganti saeutik.
* Upama sakabéh kamungkinan (contona hurup-hurup di luhur) siga-siga rék sarua, mangka nambahan hurup anu kaluar ogé bakal naékkeun harga éntropi.
* Lamun aya dua tahapan kajadian, harga éntropi ahir ogé kudu dihasilkeun tina pangjumlahan éntropi tina dua tahapan kajadian éta.

(Catetan: Buku nu ditulis ku Shannon/Wéaver ngarujuk ka tulisan [[Tolman]] ([[1938]]) anu ngarujuk ogé ka [[Pauli]] ([[1933]]) anu nuliskeun définisi éntropi nu dipaké ku Shannon. Salian ti éta, mekanika statistika ngarujuk ogé ka [[von Neumann]] sanggeus manéhna nurunkeun éntropi dina taun [[1927]], anu bisa ngajelaskeun naha von Neumann resep pisan ngagunakeun istilah 'entropi' anu geus aya.)

&lt;!--
==Formal definitions==

[[Claude E. Shannon]] defines entropy in terms of a discrete random event ''x'', with possible states (or outcomes) 1...''n'' as:

:&lt;math&gt;H(x)=\sum_{i=1}^np(i)\log_2 \left(\frac{1}{p(i)}\right)=-\sum_{i=1}^np(i)\log_2 p(i).\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

That is, the entropy of the event ''x'' is the sum, over all possible outcomes ''i'' of ''x'', of the product of the probability of outcome ''i'' times the log of the inverse of the probability of ''i'' (which is also called ''i'''s ''[[surprisal]]'' - the entropy of ''x'' is the expected value of its outcome's surprisal). We can also apply this to a general [[probability distribution]], rather than a discrete-valued event.

Shannon shows that any definition of entropy satisfying his assumptions will be of the form:

::&lt;math&gt;-K\sum_{i=1}^np(i)\log p(i).\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

where ''K'' is a constant (and is really just a choice of measurement units).

Shannon defined a measure of entropy (''H'' = − ''p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'' log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ''p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'' − … − ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' log&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'') that, when applied to an information source, could determine the minimum channel capacity required to reliably transmit the source as encoded binary digits. The formula can be derived by calculating the mathematical expectation of the ''amount of information'' contained in a digit from the information source. Shannon's entropy measure came to be taken as a measure of the uncertainty about the realization of a random variable. It thus served as a proxy capturing the concept of information contained in a message as opposed to the portion of the message that is strictly determined (hence predictable) by inherent structures. For example, redundancy in language structure or statistical properties relating to the occurrence frequencies of letter or word pairs, triplets etc. See [[Markov chain]].

Shannon's definition of entropy is closely related to [[thermodynamic entropy]] as defined by physicists and many chemists. [[Ludwig Boltzmann|Boltzmann]] and [[Willard Gibbs|Gibbs]] did considerable work on statistical thermodynamics, which became the inspiration for adopting the word ''entropy'' in information theory. There are relationships between thermodynamic and informational entropy. In fact, in the view of [[Edwin Thompson Jaynes|Jaynes]] ([[1957]]), thermodynamics should be seen as an ''application'' of Shannon's information theory: the thermodynamic entropy is interpreted as being an estimate of the amount of further Shannon information (needed to define the detailed microscopic state of the system) that remains uncommunicated by a description solely in terms of the macroscopic variables of classical thermodynamics. (See article: ''[[MaxEnt thermodynamics]]'').  Similarly, [[Maxwell's demon]] reverses thermodynamic entropy with information; but if it is itself bound by the laws of thermodynamics, getting rid of that information exactly balances out the thermodynamic gain the demon would otherwise achieve.

It is important to remember that entropy is a quantity defined in the context of a probabilistic model for a data source. Independent fair coin flips have an entropy of 1 bit per flip. A source that always generates a long string of A's has an entropy of 0, since the next character will always be an 'A'.

The entropy rate of a data source means the average number of [[bit]]s per symbol needed to encode it. Empirically, it seems that entropy of English text is between 1.1 and 1.6 bits per character, though clearly that will vary from text source to text source. Experiments with human predictors show an information rate of 1.1 or 1.6 bits per character, depending on the experimental setup; the [[PPM compression algorithm]] can achieve a compression ratio of 1.5 bits per character.

From the preceding example, note the following points:

# The amount of entropy is not always an integer number of bits.
# Many data bits may not convey information. For example, data structures often store information redundantly, or have identical sections regardless of the information in the data structure.

Entropy effectively bounds the performance of the strongest lossless (or nearly lossless) compression possible, which can be realized in theory by using the [[typical set]] or in practice using [[Huffman coding| Huffman]], [[LZW|Lempel-Ziv]] or [[arithmetic coding]]. The performance of existing data compression algorithms is often used as a rough estimate of the entropy of a block of data.

A common way to define entropy for text is based on the [[Markov model]] of text. For an order-0 source (each character is selected independent of the last characters), the binary entropy is:

:&lt;math&gt;H(\mathcal{S}) = - \sum p_i \log_2 p_i, \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

where ''p''&lt;sub&gt;''i''&lt;/sub&gt; is the probability of ''i''. For a first-order [[Markov chain|Markov source]] (one in which the probability of selecting a character is dependent only on the immediately preceding character), the '''entropy rate''' is:

:&lt;math&gt;H(\mathcal{S}) = - \sum_i p_i \sum_j  \  p_i (j) \log_2 p_i (j), \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

where ''i'' is a '''state''' (certain preceding characters) and &lt;math&gt;p_i(j)&lt;/math&gt; is the probability of &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt; given &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; as the previous character (s).

For a second order Markov source, the entropy rate is

:&lt;math&gt; H(\mathcal{S}) = -\sum_i p_i \sum_j p_i(j) \sum_k p_{i,j}(k)\ \log \  p_{i,j}(k). \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

In general the '''''b''-ary entropy''' of a source &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{S}&lt;/math&gt; = (''S'',''P'') with [[source alphabet]] ''S'' = {''a''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, …, ''a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''} and [[discrete probability distribution]] ''P'' = {''p''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, …, ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''} where ''p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' is the probability of ''a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' (say ''p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' = ''p''(''a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'')) is defined by:

:&lt;math&gt; H_b(\mathcal{S}) = - \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \log_b p_i \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Note: the ''b'' in &quot;''b''-ary entropy&quot; is the number of different symbols of the &quot;ideal alphabet&quot; which is being used as the standard yardstick to measure source alphabets.  In information theory, two symbols are [[necessary and sufficient]] for an alphabet to be able to encode information, therefore the default is to let ''b'' = 2 (&quot;binary entropy&quot;).  Thus, the entropy of the source alphabet, with its given empiric probability distribution, is a number equal to the number (possibly fractional) of symbols of the &quot;ideal alphabet&quot;, with an optimal probability distribution, necessary to encode for each symbol of the source alphabet.  Also note that &quot;optimal probability distribution&quot; here means a [[uniform distribution]]: a source alphabet with ''n'' symbols has the highest possible entropy (for an alphabet with ''n'' symbols) when the probability distribution of the alphabet is uniform.  This optimal entropy turns out to be &lt;math&gt; \log_b \, n &lt;/math&gt;.

Another way to define the entropy function ''H'' (not using the [[Markov model]]) is by proving that ''H'' is uniquely defined (as earlier mentioned) [[iff]] ''H'' satisfies 1) - 3):

1) ''H''(''p''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, …, ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'') is [[defined]] and [[continuous function|continuous]] [[for all]] ''p''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, …, ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' where ''p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' &lt;math&gt;\in&lt;/math&gt;[0,1] [[for all]] ''i'' = 1, …, ''n'' and ''p''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + … + ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 1. (Remark that the function solely depends on the probability distribution, not the alphabet.)

2)  [[For all]] [[positive integers]] ''n'', ''H'' satisfies

:&lt;math&gt;
H\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{n}, \ldots, \frac{1}{n}\right)}_{n\ \mathrm{arguments}} &lt; H\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{n+1}, \ldots, \frac{1}{n+1}\right).}_{n+1\ \mathrm{arguments}}
&lt;/math&gt;

3) For [[positive integers]] ''b&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' where ''b''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; + … + ''b&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;'' = ''n'', ''H'' satisfies

:&lt;math&gt;
H\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{n}, \ldots, \frac{1}{n}\right)}_n = H\underbrace{\left(\frac{b_1}{n}, \ldots, \frac{b_k}{n}\right)}_k + \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{b_i}{n} H\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{b_i}, \ldots, \frac{1}{b_i}\right)}_{b_i}.
&lt;/math&gt;

==Efficiency==
A source alphabet encountered in practice should be found to have a probability distribution which is less than optimal.  If the source alphabet has ''n'' symbols, then it can be compared to an &quot;optimized alphabet&quot; with ''n'' symbols, whose probability distribution is uniform.  The ratio of the entropy of the source alphabet with the entropy of its optimized version is the efficiency of the source alphabet, which can be expressed as a [[percentage]].

This implies that the efficiency of a source alphabet with ''n'' symbols can be defined simply as being equal to its ''n''-ary entropy.  See also [[Redundancy (information theory)]].

==Derivation of Shannon's entropy==
Since the entropy was given as a definition, it does not need to be derived.  On the other hand, a &quot;derivation&quot; can be given which gives a sense of the motivation for the definition as well as the link to thermodynamic entropy.

'''Q.''' Given a [[roulette]] with ''n'' pockets which are all equally likely to be landed on by the ball, what is the probability of obtaining a distribution (''A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'', ''A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;'', …, ''A&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'') where ''A&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' is the number of times pocket ''i'' was landed on and

:&lt;math&gt; P = \sum_{i=1}^n A_i \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

is the total number of ball-landing events?

'''A.''' The probability is a [[multinomial distribution]], viz.

:&lt;math&gt; p = {\Omega \over \Tau} = {P! \over A_1! \ A_2! \ A_3! \ \cdots \ A_n!} \left(\frac1n\right)^P \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

where

:&lt;math&gt; \Omega = {P! \over A_1! \ A_2! \ A_3! \ \cdots \ A_n!} \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

is the number of possible combinations of outcomes (for the events) which fit the given distribution, and

:&lt;math&gt; \Tau = n^P \ &lt;/math&gt;

is the number of all possible combinations of outcomes for the set of ''P'' events.

'''Q.''' And what is the entropy?

'''A.''' The entropy of the distribution is obtained from the [[logarithm]] of Ω:
:&lt;math&gt; H = \log \Omega = \log \frac{P!}{A_1! \ A_2! \ A_3! \cdots \ A_n!} \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

::&lt;math&gt; = \log P! - \log A_1! - \log A_2! - \log A_3! - \cdots - \log A_n! \ &lt;/math&gt;

::&lt;math&gt; = \sum_i^P \log i - \sum_i^{A_1} \log i - \sum_i^{A_2} \log i - \cdots - \sum_i^{A_n} \log i \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

The summations can be approximated closely by being replaced with integrals:

:&lt;math&gt; H = \int_1^P \log x \, dx - \int_1^{A_1} \log x \, dx - \int_1^{A_2} \log x \, dx - \cdots - \int_1^{A_n} \log x \, dx. \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

The integral of the logarithm is

:&lt;math&gt; \int \log x \, dx = x \log x - \int x \, {dx \over x} = x \log x - x. \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

So the entropy is

:&lt;math&gt; H = (P \log P - P + 1) - (A_1 \log A_1 - A_1 + 1) - (A_2 \log A_2 - A_2 + 1) - \cdots - (A_n \log A_n - A_n + 1) &lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt; = (P \log P + 1) - (A_1 \log A_1 + 1) - (A_2 \log A_2 + 1) - \cdots - (A_n  \log A_n + 1) &lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt; = P \log P - \sum_{x=1}^n A_x \log A_x + (1 - n) \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Change ''A&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;'' to ''p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; = A&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;/P'' and change ''P'' to 1 (in order to measure the &quot;bias&quot; or &quot;unevenness&quot;, in the probability distribution of the pockets for a single event), then

:&lt;math&gt; H = (1 - n) - \sum_{x=1}^n p_x \log p_x \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

and the term (1 − ''n'') can be dropped since it is a constant, independent of the ''p&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;'' distribution.  The result is

:&lt;math&gt; H = - \sum_{x=1}^n p_x \log p_x \,\!&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, the Shannon entropy is a consequence of the equation

:&lt;math&gt; H = \log \Omega \ &lt;/math&gt;

which relates to Boltzmann's definition,

:&lt;math&gt; \mathcal{S} = k \ln \Omega &lt;/math&gt;,

of thermodynamic entropy, where ''k'' is the [[Boltzmann constant]].

==Properties of Shannon's information entropy==

We write ''H''(''X'') as ''H&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''(''p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'',...,''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''). The Shannon entropy satisfies the following properties:

* For any ''n'', ''H&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''(''p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'',...,''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'') is a continuous and symmetric function on variables ''p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'', ''p&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;'',...,''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''.
* Event of probability zero does not contribute to the entropy, i.e. for any ''n'',
:&lt;math&gt;H_{n+1}(p_1,\ldots,p_n,0) = H_n(p_1,\ldots,p_n)&lt;/math&gt;.
* Entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform. For all ''n'',
:&lt;math&gt;H_n(p_1,\ldots,p_n) \leq H_n\Big(\frac{1}{n},\ldots,\frac{1}{n} \Big)&lt;/math&gt;.
Following from the [[Jensen inequality]],
:&lt;math&gt;H(X) = E\Big[\log_b \Big( \frac{1}{p(X)}\Big) \Big] \leq \log_b \Big( E\Big[ \frac{1}{p(X)} \Big] \Big) = \log_b(n)&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;p_{ij}, 1\leq i \leq m,  1\leq j \leq n&lt;/math&gt; are non-negative real numbers summing up to one, and &lt;math&gt;q_i = \sum_{j=1}^n p_{ij}&lt;/math&gt;, then
:&lt;math&gt;H_{mn}(p_{11},\ldots, p_{mn}) = H_m(q_1,\ldots,q_m) + \sum_{i=1}^m q_i H_n\Big(\frac{p_{i1}}{q_i},\ldots, \frac{p_{in}}{q_i} \Big)&lt;/math&gt;.
If we partition the ''mn'' outcomes of the random experiment into ''m'' groups with each group containing ''n'' elements, we can do the experiment in two steps: first, determine the group to which the actual outcome belongs to; then, find the outcome in that group. The probability that you will observe group ''i'' is ''q&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;''. The conditional probability distribution function for group ''i'' is ''p&lt;sub&gt;i1&lt;/sub&gt;''/''q&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'',...,''p&lt;sub&gt;in&lt;/sub&gt;''/''q&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;''). The entropy
:&lt;math&gt;H_n\Big(\frac{p_{i1}}{q_i},\ldots, \frac{p_{in}}{q_i} \Big)&lt;/math&gt;
is the entropy of the probability distribution conditioned on group ''i''. This property means that the total information is the sum of the information gained in the first step, ''H&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;''(''q&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;'',..., ''q&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''), and a weighted sum of the entropies conditioned on each group.

Khinchin in 1957 showed that the only function satisfying the above assumptions is of the form
:&lt;math&gt;H_n(p_1,\ldots,p_n) = -k \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \log p_i&lt;/math&gt;,
where ''k'' is a positive constant representing the desired unit of measurement.

==Extending discrete entropy to the continuous case: differential entropy==

The Shannon entropy is restricted to finite sets. It seems that the formula

:&lt;math&gt;h[f] = -\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) \log f(x)\, dx,\quad (*)&lt;/math&gt;

where ''f'' denotes a [[probability density function]] on the real line, is analogous to the Shannon entropy and could thus be viewed as an extension of the Shannon entropy to the domain of real numbers. Formula (*) is usually referred to as the '''continuous entropy''', or [[differential entropy]]. Although the analogy between both functions is suggestive, the following question must be set: is the Boltzmann entropy a valid extension of the Shannon entropy? To answer this question, we must establish a connection between the two functions:

We wish to obtain a generally finite measure as the [[bin size]] goes to zero. In the discrete case, the bin size is the (implicit) width of each of the ''n'' (finite or infinite) bins whose probabilities are denoted by ''p&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;''. As we generalize to the continuous domain, we must make this width explicit.

To do this, start with a continuous function ''f'' discretized as shown in the figure.
&lt;!-- Figure: Discretizing the function $ f$ into bins of width $ \Delta$
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{function-with-bins.eps} --&gt;
&lt;!--
As the figure indicates, by the mean-value theorem there exists a value ''x&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;'' in each bin such that

:&lt;math&gt;f(x_i) \Delta = \int_{i\Delta}^{(i+1)\Delta} f(x)\, dx&lt;/math&gt;

and thus the integral of the function ''f'' can be approximated (in the Riemannian sense) by

:&lt;math&gt;\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\, dx = \lim_{\Delta \to 0} \sum_{i = -\infty}^{\infty} f(x_i) \Delta&lt;/math&gt;

where this limit and ''bin size goes to zero'' are equivalent.

We will denote

:&lt;math&gt;H^{\Delta} :=- \sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} \Delta f(x_i) \log \Delta f(x_i)&lt;/math&gt;

and expanding the logarithm, we have

:&lt;math&gt;H^{\Delta} = - \sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} \Delta f(x_i) \log \Delta f(x_i)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt; = - \sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} \Delta f(x_i) \log f(x_i) -\sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} f(x_i) \Delta \log \Delta.&lt;/math&gt;

As &lt;math&gt;\Delta \to 0&lt;/math&gt;, we have

:&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} f(x_i) \Delta \to \int f(x)\, dx = 1&lt;/math&gt;

and so

:&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=-\infty}^{\infty} \Delta f(x_i) \log f(x_i) \to \int f(x) \log f(x)\, dx.&lt;/math&gt;

But note that &lt;math&gt;\log \Delta \to -\infty&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;\Delta \to 0&lt;/math&gt;, therefore we need a special definition of the differential or continuous entropy:

:&lt;math&gt;h[f] = \lim_{\Delta \to 0} \left[H^{\Delta} + \log \Delta\right] = -\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) \log f(x)\,dx,&lt;/math&gt;

which is, as said before,  referred to as the '''differential entropy'''. This means that the differential entropy ''is not'' a limit of the Shannon entropy for ''n'' → ∞

It turns out as a result that, unlike the Shannon entropy, the differential entropy is ''not'' in general a good measure of uncertainty or information.  For example, the differential entropy can be negative; also it is not invariant under continuous co-ordinate transformations.

More useful for the continuous case is the '''relative entropy''' of a distribution, defined as the [[Kullback-Leibler divergence]] from the distribution to a reference measure ''m''(''x''),
:&lt;math&gt;D_{\mathrm{KL}}(f(x)\|m(x)) = \int f(x)\log\frac{f(x)}{m(x)}\,dx&lt;/math&gt;
The relative entropy carries over directly from discrete to continuous distributions, and is invariant under co-ordinate reparametrisations.

{{planetmath|id=968|title=Shannon's entropy}}

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Entropy encoding]]
* [[Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy]] in [[dynamical system]]s
* [[Rényi entropy]]
* [[Perplexity]]
* [[Theil index]]
--&gt;

== Tumbu luar ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100418185437/http://www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/information.is.not.uncertainty.html Information is not entropy, information is not uncertainty !] - a discussion of the use of the terms &quot;information&quot; and &quot;entropy&quot;.
* [http://www.ccrnp.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/bionet.info-theory.faq.html#Information.Equal.Entropy I'm Confused: How Could Information Equal Entropy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717025040/http://www.ccrnp.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/bionet.info-theory.faq.html#Information.Equal.Entropy |date=2011-07-17 }} - a similar discussion on the bionet.info-théory FAQ.
* [http://random.hd.org/ Java &quot;entropy pool&quot; for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers]
* [http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/6.html Description of information entropy from &quot;Tools for Thought&quot; by Howard Rheingold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515195708/http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/6.html |date=2011-05-15 }}
* [http://math.ucsd.edu/~crypto/java/ENTROPY/ A cool little java applet representing Shannon's Experiment to Calculate the Entropy of English]
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Éntropi]]
[[Kategori:Téori informasi]]
[[Kategori:Statistika]]
[[Kategori:Acak]]</text>
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    <title>Uji Kuiper</title>
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Dina [[statistik]], '''uji Kuiper''' raket jeung [[uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov]] nu geus leuwih ilahar dipaké (atawa leuwih ilahar disebut uji K-S). Sakumaha uji K-S, kuantitas D&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; jeung D&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; diitung nu nunjukkeun simpangan maksimum saluhureun jeung sahandapeun dua sebaran kumulatif nu keur dibandingkeun. Trik dina tes Kuiper dipaké keur ngitung D&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + D&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; minangka tes statistik. Parobahan nu leutik ieu maké tes Kuiper minangka sensitip dina buntut minangka [[median]] sarta maké invarian ieu dina transformasi nu méter tina variable mandiri. [[Uji Anderson-Darling]] mangrupa uji séjén nu nyadiakeun sénsitivitas nu sawanda na buntut (Ing. ''tail'') minangka médian, tapi teu nyadiakeun invarians siklik.

This invariance makes Kuiper's test invaluable when testing for variations by time of yéar or day of the week or time of day.  One example would be to test the hypothesis that computers fail more in some parts of the yéar than others.  To test this, we would collect the dates on which the test set of computers had failed and build a cumulative distribution.  The [[null hypothesis]] is that the failures are uniformly distributed.  Kuiper's statistic does not change if we change the beginning of the yéar and doesn't require that we bin failures into months or anything like that.

A test like this would, however, tend to miss the fact that failures occur only on weekends since weekends are spréad throughtout the yéar.  This inability to distinguish distributions with a comb-like shape from continuous distributions is a key problem with all statistics based on a variant of the K-S test.

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      <text bytes="12158" sha1="gvo4oju03hbkmmi62dknaiykz5n9pew" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = {{taxobox colour|[[animalia]]}}
| name = Kéwan
| fossil_range = [[Kriogenium]] – [[Holosen]], {{Long fossil range|670|0}}
| image = Animal diversity.png
| image_width = 350px
| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
| regnum = '''Animalia'''
| regnum_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Filum]]
| subdivision =
* '''Subkarajaan [[Parazoa]]'''
** [[Porifera]]
** [[Placozoa]]
* '''Subkarajaan [[Eumetazoa]]'''
** '''[[Radiata]] (unranked)'''
*** [[Ctenophora]]
*** [[Cnidaria]]
*** [[Trilobozoa]] [[punah|†]]
** '''[[Bilateria]] (unranked)'''
*** [[Proarticulata]] [[punah|†]]
*** '''[[Mesozoa]] (unranked)'''
**** [[Orthonectida]]
**** [[Rhombozoa]]
**** [[Monoblastozoa]]
*** '''[[Nephrozoa]] (unranked)'''
**** [[Chaetognatha]]{{citation needed|date=Agustus 2015}}
**** '''Superfilum [[Deuterostomia]]'''
***** [[Chordata]]
***** [[Hemichordata]]
***** [[Echinodermata]]
***** [[Xenacoelomorpha]]
***** [[Vetulicolia]] [[punah|†]]
**** '''[[Protostomia]] (unranked)'''
***** '''Superfilum [[Ecdysozoa]]'''
****** [[Kinorhyncha]]
****** [[Loricifera]]
****** [[Priapulida]]
****** [[Nematoda]]
****** [[Nematomorpha]]
****** [[Onychophora]]
****** [[Tardigrada]]
****** [[Arthropoda]]
***** '''Superfilum [[Platyzoa]]'''
****** [[Platyhelminthes]]
****** [[Gastrotricha]]
****** [[Rotifera]]
****** [[Acanthocephala]]
****** [[Gnathostomulida]]
****** [[Micrognathozoa]]
****** [[Cycliophora]]
***** '''Superfilum [[Lophotrochozoa]]'''
****** [[Sipuncula]]
****** [[Hyolitha]] [[punah|†]]
****** [[Nemertea]]
****** [[Phoronida]]
****** [[Bryozoa]]
****** [[Entoprocta]]
****** [[Brachiopoda]]
****** [[Mollusca]]
****** [[Annelida]]
| synonyms = * Metazoa &lt;small&gt;[[Haeckel]], 1874&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''Sato''' hartina golongan [[organismeu]] dina [[karajaan (biologi)|karajaan]] '''Animalia''' atawa '''Metazoa''', sacara umum [[multisélular]], bisa pipindahan sarta résponsif ka sabudeureunana, sarta [[dahar]] organismeu séjén salaku asupanana. Dedegan awakna beuki jejeg nalika sawawa, biasana [[ontogeni|tumuwuh]] tina [[émbrio]], najan aya ogé nu ngalaman [[métamorfosis]]. [[Manusa]] ogé kaasup kana karajaan Animalia.&lt;ref name=”Ris”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Segala_Sesuatu_Tentang_Makhluk_Hidup.html?hl=id&amp;id=8cphDwAAQBAJ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false| title =Riski| last =Riski| first =Azzurrino | publisher =Elex Media Komputindo| location =Indonesia| year =2018|ISBN=9786020454429|pages =1}} Disungsi16 Januari 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Karajaan Animalia mibanda sababaraha ciri nu ngabédakeun ti mahluk hirup lianna. Nu kahiji, sasatoan téh [[eukariot]], antukna misah ti [[Monera|Karajaan Monera]]. Kadua, sato téh [[multisélular]], antukna misah ti [[Karajaan Protista]]. Katilu, [[heterotrof]], antukna misah ti [[Karajaan Plantae]] katut sababaraha [[protist]] nu mirip tutuwuhan. Panungtung, Karajaan Animalia ngawengku organisme-organisme nu teu boga pinding sél (''dinding sel'', ''cell walls''), antukna misah ti [[Karajaan Plantae]], [[algae]], jeung [[Fungi|Karajaan Fungi]].

[[Aristotle]] ngabagi mahluk hirup antara sasatoan jeung [[tutuwuhan]], nu salajengna dituturkeun ku [[Carolus Linnaeus]] dina klasifikasi hirarki munggaran. Ti saprak harita para ahli [[biologi]] mimiti ngaduga-duga hubungan évolusina, antukna dua kelompok ieu bener-bener misah. Pikeun conto, [[protozoa]] mikroskopik asalna mah dianggap sato ku sabab usik, tapi kiwari mah misah. Tina sawangan sababaraha ageman, [[manusa]] dianggap misah ti sato (sabab kamampuhna nu béda, nyaéta bisa nyarita jeung mikir), tapi baku [[taksonomi]] kiwari mah tetep ngahiji.

== Struktur ==
Iwal ti pikeun sababaraha organismeu, utamana [[spons]] (Filum [[Porifera]]), awak sato kabagi kana sababaraha [[jaringan biologis|jaringan]], di antarana [[otot]], nu ngamungkinkeun kontrol gerak, sarta [[sistim saraf]] nu ngirim jeung ngolah sinyal-sinyal ti anggota awak lianna.

Sakabéh sato boga sél [[eukariot]]ik, nu dikubeng ku sarupaning [[matriks ékstrasélular]] nu diwangun ku [[kolagén]] jeung [[glikoprotéin]] nu élastis. Matriks ieu bisa [[kalsium|dikalsifikasi]] antukna jadi struktur kawas cangkang, tulang, jeung spikula. Sabalikna, organisme multisélular lianna modél [[tangkal]] jeung [[suung]], sélna téh dibungkus ku [[pinding sél]] (''dinding sel'', ''cell wall'').

== Baranahan jeung tumuwuh ==
Ampir sakabéh sasatoan ngalaman sarupaning bentuk [[réproduksi séksual]]. Sato nu geus sawawa mibanda sél-sél réproduktif husus, nu ngalaman [[méiosis]] nu ngahasilkeun [[spérma]] atawa [[ovum|endog]]. Mun dua sél ieu ngahiji, lajeng bakal jadi [[zigot]], nu tumuwuh jadi individu anyar.

Loba ogé sasatoan nu bisa ngalampahkeun [[réproduksi aséksual]], nyaéta ngaliwatan prosés [[parténogenesis]] nu ngahasilkeun endog nu subur tanpa kawin, atawa - dina sababaraha kasus - ngaliwatan prosés fragméntasi.

[[Zigot]] mimitina tumuwuh jadi [[blastula]], nu disusun ulang jeung ngalaman diferensiasi. Dina spons, larva blastula ngojay ka tempat séjén nu lajeng tumuwuh jadi spons anyar. Dina lolobana kelompok lianna, blastula ngalaman panyusunan ulang nu leuwih pajeulit.

== Asal-usul jeung catetan fosil ==
Sacara umum (nurutkeun téori), sato dianggap ngalaman évolusi ti protozoa ''[[flagellate]]''. Dulur pangdeukeutna nu masih aya nyaéta ''[[choanoflagellate]]'', flagellate nu mibanda struktur nu sarua jeung sababaraha spons. Ulikan molekular nempatkeun ieu organisme dina hiji supergrup nu disebut ''[[opisthokont]]'', nu ogé ngawengku [[suung]] jeung sababaraha [[protist]] parasit leutik. Ngaran ieu asalna tina lokasi posterior [[flagellum]] dina sél motil, kawas dina lolobana spérma sasatoan, sagédéngeun eukariot lian nu boga flagel anterior.

[[Fosil]] munggaran nu meureun ngawakilan sasatoan datangna ti ahir jaman [[Precambrian]], kira 600 juta taun ka tukang, nu katelah [[biota Vendian]]. Tapi ieu téh hésé disambungkeunana jeung papanggihan fosil nu leuwih anyar, nu bisa baé dianggap salaku prékursor fila modérn, tapi bisa ogé ti kelompok anu béda. Malah mah, bisa jadi fosil nu kapanggih téh lain sato sato acan. Di sagigireun ti éta, lolobana fila sasatoan nu geus kanyahoan mah kurang leuwihna datang sacara simultan dina périodeu [[Cambrian]], kira 570 juta taun ka tukang. Nu katelah [[ledakan Cambrian]] téh matak hémeng nu puguh mah, naha ieu téh kajadian ngarancabangna kelompok-kelompok kalawan gancang atawa parobahan lingkungan nu ngabalukarkeun bisa lumangsungna fosilisasi.

== Golongan sato ==
&lt;!--
Spons ([[Porifera]]) sumebar leuwih ti heula batan sato lianna. As mentioned, they lack the complex organization found in most other phyla.  Their cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct tissues.  Sponges are sessile and typically feed by drawing in water through [[pore]]s all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules.  The extinct [[Archaeocyatha]], which have fused skeletons, may represent sponges or a separate phylum.

Among the eumetazoan phyla, two are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus.  These are the [[Cnidaria]], which include [[anemone]]s, [[coral]]s, and [[jellyfish]], and the [[Ctenophora]] or comb jellies.  Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into [[organ (anatomy)|organs]].  There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them.  As such, these animals are sometimes called [[diploblastic]].  The tiny phylum [[Placozoa]] is similar, but individuals do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the [[Bilateria]].  For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs.  The body is [[triploblastic]], i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs.  The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom.  There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however - for instance adult [[echinoderm]]s are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

Genetic studies have considerably changed our understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria.  Most appear to belong to four major lineages:
# [[Deuterostomes]]
# [[Ecdysozoa]]
# [[Platyzoa]]
# [[Lophotrochozoa]]

In addition to these, there are a few small groups of bilaterians with relatively similar structure that appear to have diverged before these major groups.  These include the [[Acoelomorpha]], [[Rhombozoa]], and [[Orthonectida]].  The [[Myxozoa]], single-celled parasites that were originally considered Protozoa, are now believed to have developed from the Bilateria as well.
--&gt;

== Sajarah klasifikasi ==
Dina skéma awal [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], sasatoan téh mangrupa salah sahiji ti tilu karajaan, nu dibagi deui kana genep kelas: [[Cacing]], [[Serangga]], [[Lauk]], [[Amfibi]], [[Manuk]], jeung [[Mamalia]]. Lajeng nu opat panungtungan digabungkeun jadi hiji filum: [[chordate|Chordata]], sedengkeun nu séjénna ngarancabang deui.

== Conto ==
Sababaraha sasatoan nu ilahar dipikawanoh, dibéréndélkeun dumasar ngaran umumna:
&lt;center&gt;[[anjing]] - [[bagong]] - [[beruk]] - [[hayam]] - [[kuda]] - [[lutung]] - [[manuk]] - [[munding]] - [[simeut]] - [[sireum]] - [[turaés]] - [[ucing]]&lt;/center&gt;

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Amfibi]]
* [[Biologi]]
* [[Biota]]
* [[Hak sato]]
* [[Islam|Istilah Islam]]
** [[Sato halal]]
** [[Sato haram]]
* [[Kacerdasan sato]]
* [[Kebon binatang]]
* [[Lauk]]
* [[Lokomosi sato]]
* [[Mamalia]]
* [[Manuk]]
* [[ngaran anak sasatoan]]
* [[Réptil]]
* [[Serangga]]
* [[Zoologi]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{wikiquote|Animal}}
{{Commons|Animalia}}
{{Wikispecies|Animalia}}
{{dichotomouskey|Animalia|Animalia}} Biologi SMA]
* [http://www.animool.com/animals/index.jsp Animals Search Engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051121215645/http://www.animool.com/animals/index.jsp |date=2005-11-21 }}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Animals&amp;contgroup=Eukaryotes Tree of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207073258/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Animals&amp;contgroup=Eukaryotes |date=2005-02-07 }}
* [http://www.arkive.org A Multimedia Database of Various UK or Endangered Species]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427162729/http://www.arkive.org/ |date=2016-04-27 }}
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wakefield/animals.html Animals and Birds Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826065447/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wakefield/animals.html |date=2005-08-26 }}
* [http://www273.pair.com/med/words/animal_adjectives.htm English Animal Adjectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017232733/http://www273.pair.com/med/words/animal_adjectives.htm |date=2005-10-17 }}
* [http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/animals/animals.html Sounds of the World's Animals]
* [http://www.findsounds.com/ FindSounds - Search the Web for Sounds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618113214/http://www.findsounds.com/ |date=2003-06-18 }}
* [http://www.animalreviews.com AnimalReviews]
* [http://animals.timduru.org/ The animal photo archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001010545/http://animals.timduru.org/ |date=2005-10-01 }}
* [http://www.wildlife-photo.org Photo gallery of animals pictures from the entire world.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809190148/http://wildlife-photo.org/ |date=2018-08-09 }}
* [http://www.wildlife-photo.org/birds_list.htm Birds Name Check List in Latin, English, Russian and Hebrew.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124000849/http://www.wildlife-photo.org/birds_list.htm |date=2005-11-24 }}
* [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LYEYkjKeaEsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=id&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Biologi SMA]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan]]


==Cutatan==
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    <title>Sajarah lisan</title>
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'''Sajarah lisan''' atawa '''sajarah oral''' hartina [[sajarah]] anu diturunkeun sacara lisan, turun-tumurun ti hiji [[generasi]] ka generasi salajengna. Ku lolobana [[ahli sajarah|ahli]] mah, sajarah lisan téh teu bisa dipercaya salaku sumber rujukan. Najan kitu, aya ogé ahli nu nganggap salaku cara pikeun miara jeung nyebarkeun sajarah, utamana nalika budaya tulisan can nyerep di hiji kaadaban. Pangalaman dina budaya [[sastra]] nunjukkeun yén manusa téh salawasna ngawangun ulang [[ingetan]]ana (mémori). Najan aya parobahan, inti caritana mah ilaharna tetep kapiara. Nuturkeun guluyurna waktu, parobahan-parobahan téh beuki euyeub nepi ka antukna teu dipikawanoh deui. Jalma nu hirup dina budaya sastra bisa baé salah ngajénan kana kasohéhan sajarah lisan nu sumebar dina budaya prasastra.

Saméméh mekarna basa tulisan dina hiji masyarakat, sajarah lisan téh mangrupa alat utama pikeun ngawariskeun émbaran ka turunanana. Nu ilahar mah nyaéta maké dongéng, utamana dina wanda sajak/tembang (misalna [[carita pantun]] &amp; [[guguritan]], sangkan leuwih gampang kaapalkeun) nu katelah tradisi lisan. Kombinasi tradisi lisan nu ngandung [[moral]] katut [[ritual]] téh katelahna [[carita rahayat]] (''folklore'').

Sajarah lisan mangrupa salah sahiji ti asal kahirupan manusa, anu bisa dipaké sah minangka penulisan sajarah. Sajarah lisan ieu dibedakeun kalawan tradisi lisan, anu miboga harti béda. Lamun talari lisan éta ngagaduhan hartos ceritera rahayat anu diungkabkeun ku jalan lisan sarta dikembangkeun beruntun ogé ku jalan lisan. Si pelisan (pengungkap ceritera) henteu kabeungkeut ku kajadian na éta sorangan. Si pelisan lain penyaksi atawa lain peserta dina kajadian sajarah ceritera, sarta henteu tanggel walon luhur parnyataan anu diceriterakannya. Sajarah lisan ngabogaan harti anu has anu tanggel walon, nyaéta asal sajarah anu dilisankeun ku jalmi pamilu atawa anu barobah kaayaan saksi rék kitu kaayaanana kajadian sajarah dina jaman na. Si pelisan bener-bener nyaho, milu dina kajadian mangsa kapungkur anu diceriterakeun, kalawan caos tanggel walon luhur leresan na. Ku kituna si pelisan kudu diseleksi sacara kritis sakumaha nyanghareupan asal sajarah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darban|first=A. Adaby|date=1997|title=Sejarah Lisan Memburu Sumber Sejarah dari Para Pelaku dan Penyaksi Sejarah|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/12222/|journal=Humaniora|language=id|issue=4|pages=12222|doi=10.22146/jh.v0i4.1908|issn=0852-0801}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaleuwihan ti panalungtikan sajarah lisan nyaéta dina panalungtikan (panalitian). Ari kaleuwihan ti panalungtikan sajarah lisan, di antarana pangumpulan data bisa dipigawé kalawan kitu kaayaanana komunikasi ti dua arah (antawis peneliti kalawan inohong) ku kituna lamun aya perkawis anu teu bisa langsung ditanyakeun ka narasumber. Penulisan sajarah robah kaayaan langkung démokratis (kabuka) margi matak bisa sejarawan kanggo pilari informasi ti sakabéh golongan balaréa (boh rahayat dawam dugi pajabat). Ngalengkepan kakurangan data atawa informasi anu tacan kacutat dina asal ditulis atawa dokumén.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2022/08/30/133000269/sejarah-lisan-pengertian-jenis-data-kelebihan-dan-kekurangannya|title=Sejarah Lisan: Pengertian, Jenis Data, Kelebihan, dan Kekurangannya Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
The information passed on has occasionally shown a surprising accuracy over long periods of time. For example, the ''[[Iliad]]'', an epic poem of [[Homer]] describing the conquest of [[Troy]], was passed down as oral history from perhaps the [[8th century BC]], until being recorded in writing by [[Pisistratus|Pisistratos]]. Nonetheless, factual elements of the ''Iliad'' were at least partially validated by the discovery of ruins discovered by [[Heinrich Schliemann]] in [[1870]], thought to be those of the city described in the poem.

A famous example of oral history comes from the works of several authors who have, over the span of many hundreds of years, collected folklore which was ultimately put together in a book known as the [[Old Testament]]. The [[New Testament]] was created by several different original authors whose slightly differing versions of many biblical events were combined. The [[Bible]] was therefore nearly entirely created using oral history.

Contemporary oral history involves recording or transcribing eyewitness accounts of historical events.  Some [[anthropologist]]s started collecting recordings (at first especially of [[American Indian folklore]]) on [[Phonograph cylinder|phonograph cylinders]] in the late [[19th century]].  In the [[1930s]] the [[United States]] [[Library of Congress]] started an oral history program to record traditional folk music, and accounts by surviving witnesses of the [[American Civil War]], [[Slavery]], and other major historical events, onto [[gramophone record|acetate discs]]. With the development of [[audio tape]] recordings the task of oral historians became easier.

Anthropologists who collect oral history avoid asking leading questions, for many people will tend to say what they think the interviewer wants them to say.

Oral historians attempt to record the memories of many different people when researching a given event. Since any given individual may misremember events or distort their account for personal reasons, the historical documentation is considered to reside in the points of agreement of many different sources, rather than the account of any one person.

Oral history is now often used when historians investigate [[history from below]].

==Notable people==

===Storytellers===
*[[Thomas King]]
*[[Harry Robinson]]
*[[Studs Terkel]]

===Theorists===
*[[Milman Parry]]
*[[Albert Lord]]
*[[Eric A. Havelock]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]]
*[[Walter J. Ong]]
*[[Wendy Wickwire]]--&gt;

==Rujukan==
*''[[:en:Oral history|Oral history]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (5 Méi 2006).
* {{cite book | first=Donald A. | last=Ritchie | year=2003 | title=Doing Oral History: A Practical Guide | chapter= | editor= | others= | pages= | publisher=Oxford University Press | id= | url= | authorlink= }}

==Tumbu kaluar==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718145057/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html American Life Histories] WPA Writers' Project 1936–1940 di Library of Congress (US)
* [http://www.oraltradition.org/ Center for Studies in Oral Tradition] The center's mission is to facilitate communication across disciplinary boundaries by créating linkages among specialists in different fields. Through our various activities we try to foster conversations and exchanges about oral tradition that would not otherwise take place.
* [http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/index.html Oral History Archives of World War II — Universitas Rutgers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616212344/http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/index.html |date=2006-06-16 }}
* [http://omega.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/ Oral History Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405090007/http://omega.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/ |date=2006-04-05 }} (US)
* [http://www.ohaa.net.au/ Oral History Association of Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201528/http://www.ohaa.net.au/ |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.nla.gov.au/ohdir/ Oral History Directory of Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603153500/http://www.nla.gov.au/ohdir/ |date=2006-06-03 }}
* [http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/ohonline/ Oral History Online —Berkeley University] (lolobana California jeung Dunya Kulon)
* [http://www.oralhistory.org.uk/ Oral History Society (GB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501012441/http://www.oralhistory.org.uk/ |date=2011-05-01 }}
* [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/oral.htm Techniques and Procedures of Oral History] US Army Center of Military History
* [http://www.tellingstories.org/index.html Telling stories — Urban School of San Francisco] (Holocaust narratives)
* [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/ World War II Submarine Veterans History Project] California Center for Military History
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Work+Projects+Administration eTexts] of oral history of former U.S. slaves collected in the 1930s by the WPA, at [[Project Gutenberg]]
*[http://www.inthefirstperson.com/ In the First Person] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516024800/http://www.inthefirstperson.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} Béréndélan leuwih ti 2.500 kumpulan sajarah lisan dina basa Inggris ti sakuliah dunya.
*[http://www.newhavenoralhistoryproject.org/ Proyék Sajarah Lisan New Haven di Universitas Yale.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626055934/http://www.newhavenoralhistoryproject.org/ |date=2006-06-26 }}
*[http://storycorps.net/ Story Corps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410042616/http://storycorps.net/ |date=2014-04-10 }} Program nu ngarékam sajarah lisan manusa kiwari; sakabéhna disimpen di Library of Congress.
*[http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/  ALPAMYSH; A study in Central Asian oral history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034048/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=2020-11-09 }}
*[http://www.sohp.org/ Southern Oral History Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516162951/http://www.sohp.org/ |date=2006-05-16 }} diadegkeun taun 1979 ku UNC-Chapel Hill kalawan prinsip &quot;''Anjeun teu kudu kawentar pikeun jadi sajarah''&quot; - Nell Sigmon
*[http://www.fleau.be/mondelingegeschiedenis/  ORAL HISTORY IN FLANDERS; Ramatloka ngeunaan sajarah lisan Flanders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122443/http://www.fleau.be/mondelingegeschiedenis/ |date=2006-04-26 }}

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    <title>Samagaha panonpoé</title>
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      <text bytes="33674" sha1="ryqpbfcmtqykpjbtqkddyhwohh771jy" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Poto nalika [[Samagaha 11 Agustus 1999|samagaha taun 1999]]]]
'''Samagaha''' atawa '''Gerhana Panonpoé''' téh kajadian katutupna cahya [[Panonpoé]] ka [[Marcapada]] alatan kahalangan [[Bulan]]. &lt;!--This configuration can only occur during a [[New Moon]], when the Sun and Moon are in [[conjunction (astronomy)|conjunction]] as seen from the Earth.
In ancient times, and in some cultures today, solar eclipses are attributed to mythical properties. Total solar eclipses can be frightening events for people unaware of their astronomical nature, as the Sun suddenly disappears in the middle of the day and the sky darkens in a matter of minutes. However, the spiritual attribution of solar eclipses is now largely disregarded.

Total solar eclipses are very rare events for any given place on Earth because totality is only seen where the Moon's [[umbra]] touches the Earth's surface. A total solar eclipse is a spectacular [[natural phenomenon]] and many people consider travel to remote locations in order to observe one.

The [[Solar eclipse of 1999 August 11|1999 total eclipse]] in [[Europe]], said by some to be the most-watched eclipse in human history, helped to increase public awareness of the phenomenon. This was illustrated by the number of people willing to make the trip to witness the [[Solar eclipse of 2005 October 3|2005 annular eclipse]] and the [[Solar eclipse of 2006 March 29|2006 total eclipse]]. The next total solar eclipse will occur on [[Solar eclipse of 2008 August 1|August 1, 2008]].

==Types of solar eclipses==
[[Image:RingfoermigeSonnenfinsternis.jpg|right|thumb|An annular eclipse.]]

There are four types of solar eclipses:

* A ''total eclipse'' occurs when the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The intensely bright disk of the Sun is replaced by the dark outline of the Moon, and the much fainter [[corona]] is visible (see image above). During any one eclipse, totality is visible only from at most a narrow track on the surface of the Earth.
* An ''annular eclipse'' occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun. Hence the Sun appears as a very bright ring, or [[annulus]], surrounding the outline of the Moon.
* A ''hybrid eclipse'' is intermediate between a total and annular eclipse. At some points on the surface of the Earth it is visible as a total eclipse, whereas at others it is annular. Hybrid eclipses are rather rare.
* A ''partial eclipse'' occurs when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in line, and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon can usually be seen from a large part of the Earth outside of the track of an annular or total eclipse. However, some eclipses can only be seen as a partial eclipse, because the umbra never intersects the Earth's surface.

The Earth's distance from the Sun is about 400 times the Earth's distance from the Moon. The Sun's [[diameter]] is about 400 times the diameter of the Moon. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the sizes of the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same: about 0.5 [[degree of arc]] in angular measure.

Because the Moon's orbit around the Earth is an [[ellipse]], the Moon's distance from the Earth varies, so the apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon likewise vary.&lt;ref&gt;[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/eclipses.html Solar Eclipses], University of Tennessee&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eclipse.za.net/html/eclipse_types.html Types of Solar Eclipse], P. Tiedt&lt;/ref&gt; The [[magnitude of an eclipse]] is the ratio of the apparent size of the Moon to the apparent size of the Sun during an eclipse. An eclipse when the Moon is near its closest distance from the Earth (i.e., near its [[perigee]]) will be a total eclipse because the Moon will appear to be large enough to cover completely the Sun's bright disk, or [[photosphere]]; a total eclipse has a magnitude greater than 1. Conversely, an eclipse when the Moon is near its farthest distance from the Earth (i.e., near its [[apogee]]), will be an annular eclipse because the Moon will appear to be slightly smaller than the Sun; the magnitude of an annular eclipse is less than 1. Slightly more solar eclipses are annular than total because, on average, the Moon lies too far away from Earth to cover the Sun completely. A hybrid eclipse occurs when the magnitude of an eclipse is very close to 1: the eclipse will appear to be total at some locations on Earth and annular at other locations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html Solar Eclipses for Beginners], O. Staiger&lt;/ref&gt;

The Earth's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical, so the Earth's distance from the Sun varies throughout the year. This also affects the apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon, but not so much as the Earth's varying distance from the Moon. When the Earth approaches its farthest distance from the Sun (the [[aphelion]]) in July, this tends to favor a total eclipse. As the Earth approaches its closest distance from the Sun (the [[perihelion]]) in January, this tends to favor an annular eclipse.
===Terminology===
''Central eclipse'' is often used as a generic term for a total, annular or hybrid eclipse. This is, however, not completely correct: the definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse during which the central line of the umbra touches the Earth's surface. It is possible, though extremely rare, that part of the umbra intersects with Earth (thus creating an annular or total eclipse), but not its central line. This is then called a non-central total or annular eclipse.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEpath/SEpath.html Central Solar Eclipses], F. Espenak&lt;/ref&gt;

The term ''solar eclipse'' itself is technically a misnomer. The phenomenon of the Moon passing in front of the Sun is not an eclipse, but an [[occultation]]. Properly speaking, an eclipse occurs when one object passes into the shadow cast by another object. For example, when the Moon disappears at [[Full Moon]] by passing into Earth's shadow, the event is properly called a ''[[lunar eclipse]]''. Therefore, the proper, but rarely used, term for what is commonly called a ''solar eclipse'' is ''eclipse of the Earth''.

==Eclipse predictions==
===Geometry of an eclipse===
[[Image:Solar_eclipse.svg|thumb|250px|right|Diagram of solar eclipse (not to scale).]]

The diagram to the right shows the alignment of the Sun, Moon and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray region below the moon is the [[umbra]], where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra touches the Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the [[penumbra]], in which only a partial eclipse can be seen.

The Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined at an angle of just over 5 degrees to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (the [[ecliptic]]). Because of this, at the time of a New Moon, the Moon will usually pass above or below the Sun. A solar eclipse can occur only when the New Moon occurs close to one of the points (known as [[Orbital node|node]]s) where the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic.

As noted above, the Moon's orbit is also [[ellipse|elliptical]]. The Moon's distance from the Earth can vary by about 6% from its average value. Therefore, the Moon's apparent size varies with its distance from the Earth, and it is this effect that leads to the difference between total and annular eclipses. The distance of the Earth from the Sun also varies during the year, but this is a smaller effect. On average, the Moon appears to be slightly smaller than the Sun, so the majority (about 60%) of central eclipses are annular. It is only when the Moon is closer to the Earth than average (near its [[perigee]]) that a total eclipse occurs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/why.html Why Eclipses Happen], R. Hipschman, The Exploratorium&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.earthview.com/tutorial/causes.htm What Causes an Eclipse?], Earth View&lt;/ref&gt;

The Moon orbits the Earth in approximately 27.3 days, relative to a fixed frame of reference. This is known as the [[sidereal month]]. However, during one sidereal month, the Earth has revolved around the Sun, making the average time between one New Moon and the next longer than the sidereal month: it is approximately 29.6 days. This is known as the [[synodic month]], and corresponds to what is commonly called the [[lunar month]].
[[image:eclipses solares.en.png|left|framed|'''A''' Total eclipse. '''B''' Annular eclipse. '''C''' Partial eclipse]]
The Moon crosses from south to north of the ecliptic at its [[ascending node]]. However, the nodes of the Moon's orbit are gradually moving in a [[Prograde and retrograde motion|retrograde]] motion, due to the action of the Sun's gravity on the Moon's motion, and they make a complete circuit every 18.5 years. This means that the time between each passage of the Moon through the ascending node is slightly shorter than the sidereal month. This period is called the [[draconitic month]].

Finally, the Moon's perigee is moving forwards in its orbit, and makes a complete circuit in about 9 years. The time between one perigee and the next is known as the [[anomalistic month]].

The Moon's orbit intersects with the ecliptic at the two nodes that are 180 degrees apart. Therefore, the New Moon occurs close to the nodes at two periods of the year approximately six months apart, and there will always be at least one solar eclipse during these periods. Sometimes the New Moon occurs close enough to a node during two consecutive months. This means that in any given year, there will always be at least two solar eclipses, and there can be as many as five. However, some are visible only as partial eclipses, because the umbra passes above Earth's north or south pole, and others are central only in remote regions of the [[Arctic]] or [[Antarctic]].&lt;ref&gt;F. Espenak, ''Fifty Year Canon of Solar Eclipses: 1986–2035'' (NASA RP-1178, Greenbelt, MD, 1987)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. Meeus, C. Grosjean, W. and Vanderleen, ''Canon of Solar Eclipses'' (Pergamon Press, New York, 1966)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Path of an eclipse===
During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or [[antumbra]], in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth. The Earth is also rotating from west to east, but the umbra always moves faster than any given point on the Earth's surface, so it almost always appears to move in a roughly west-east direction across a map of the Earth (there are some rare exceptions to this which can occur during an eclipse of the [[midnight sun]] in Arctic or Antarctic regions).

The width of the track of a central eclipse varies according to the relative apparent diameters of the Sun and Moon. In the most favourable circumstances, when a total eclipse occurs very close to perigee, the track can be over 250 km wide and the duration of totality may be over 7 minutes. Outside of the central track, a partial eclipse can usually be seen over a much larger area of the Earth. &lt;ref&gt;[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568140/Eclipse.html Eclipse], MSN Encarta&lt;/ref&gt;

===Occurrence and eclipse cycles===
[[Image:Total_Solar_Eclipse_Paths-_1001-2000.gif|200px|right|thumbnail|Total Solar Eclipse Paths: 1001–2000. This image was merged from 50 separate images from NASA.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths], F. Espenak&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Total solar eclipses are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth approximately every 18 months, it has been estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 370 years, on average. Then, after waiting so long, the total eclipse only lasts for a few minutes, as the Moon's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km/h. Totality can never last more than 7 min 40 s, and is usually much shorter: during each [[millennium]] there are typically fewer than 10 total solar eclipses exceeding 7 minutes. The last time this happened was [[June 30]] [[1973]]. Observers aboard a [[Concorde]] aircraft were able to stretch totality to about 74 minutes by flying along the path of the Moon's umbra. The next eclipse of comparable duration will not occur until [[June 25]], [[22nd century|2150]]. The longest total solar eclipse during the 8,000-year period from 3000 BC to 5000 AD will occur on [[July 16]] [[2186]], when totality will last 7 min 29 s.&lt;ref&gt;F.R. Stephenson, ''Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.54)&lt;/ref&gt;

If the date and time of any solar eclipse are known, it is possible to predict other eclipses using [[eclipse cycle]]s. Two such cycles are the [[Saros]] and the [[Inex]]. The Saros cycle is probably the best known, and one of the most accurate, eclipse cycles. The Inex cycle is itself a poor cycle, but it is very convenient in the classification of eclipse cycles. After a Saros cycle finishes, a new Saros cycle begins one Inex later, hence its name: in-ex. A Saros cycle lasts 6,585.3 days (a little over 18 years), which means that after this period a practically identical eclipse will occur. The most notable difference will be a shift of 120° in longitude (due to the 0.3 days) and a little in latitude. A Saros series always starts with a partial eclipse at a pole, then shifts over the globe through a series of annular or total eclipses, and ends on the other pole a couple of millennia later.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html Eclipses and the Saros], F. Espenak&lt;/ref&gt;

===Final totality===
Due to [[tidal acceleration]], the orbit of the Moon around the Earth is unstable, and becomes approximately 3.8 cm more distant each year. It is estimated that in 600 million years, the distance from the Earth to the Moon will have increased by 23500 km, meaning that it will no longer be able to completely cover the Sun's disk. This will be true even when the Moon is at [[perigee]], and the Earth at [[aphelion]].

A complicating factor is that the Sun will increase in size over this timescale. This makes it even more unlikely that the Moon will be able to cause a total eclipse. We can therefore say that the last total solar eclipse on Earth will occur in slightly less than 600 million years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=476 The Final Total Eclipse], A. Kendall&lt;/ref&gt;

==Historical solar eclipses==
A solar eclipse of [[15 June]] [[763 BC]] mentioned in an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] text is important for the [[Chronology of the Ancient Orient]]. This is the earliest solar eclipse mentioned in historical sources that has been identified beyond reasonable doubt. There have been other claims to date earlier eclipses, notably that of [[Mursili II]] (likely 1312 BC), in [[Babylonia]], and also in China, but these are highly disputed and rely on much supposition.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhistory/SEhistory.html Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest], F. Espenak&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;F.R. Stephenson, ''Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Herodotus]] wrote that [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]] predicted an eclipse which occurred during a war between the [[Medes|Medians]] and the [[Lydia]]ns. Soldiers on both sides put down their weapons and declared peace as a result of the eclipse. Exactly which eclipse was involved has remained uncertain, although the issue has been studied by hundreds of ancient and modern authorities. One likely candidate took place on [[May 28]], 585 BC, probably near the [[Halys]] river in the middle of modern [[Turkey]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/quotes1.html Eclipse Quotations], D. Le Conte&lt;/ref&gt;

An annular eclipse of the Sun occurred at [[Sardis]] on [[February 17]] [[478 BC]], while [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] was departing for his expedition against [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], as Herodotus recorded.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus book VII, 37&lt;/ref&gt; Hind and Chambers considered this absolute date more than a century ago.&lt;ref&gt;Hind and Chambers, 1889: 323&lt;/ref&gt; Herodotus also reports that another solar eclipse was observed in [[Sparta]] during the next year, on [[August 1]], 477 BC.&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus book IX, 10, book VIII, 131, and book IX, 1&lt;/ref&gt; The sky suddenly darkened in the middle of the day, well after the battles of [[battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]] and [[battle of Salamis|Salamis]], after the departure of [[Mardonius]] to [[Thessaly]] at the beginning of the spring of (477 BC) and his second attack on [[Athens]], after the return of [[Cleombrotus]] to [[Sparta]]. Note that the modern conventional dates are different by a year or two, and that these two eclipse records have been ignored so far.&lt;ref&gt;B. E. Schaefer, ''Solar Eclipses That Changed the World'' (Sky and Telescope, May 1994, p.36–39)&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been attempted to establish the exact date of [[Good Friday]] by means of solar eclipses, but this research has not yielded conclusive results.&lt;ref&gt;C. J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, ''Dating the Crucifixion'' (Nature, Vol. 306, No. 5945, p.743–746, 22 December 1983)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Observing a solar eclipse==
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:black&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 1.jpg|100px]]
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 2.jpg|100px]]
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 3.jpg|100px]]
[[Image:Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg|100px]]
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 5.jpg|100px]]
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 6.jpg|110px]]
[[Image:Solar eclips 1999 7.jpg|100px]]
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Image:Eclipse_Valladolid_October_3_2005_-02.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Photo taken in [[Valladolid]] ([[Spain]]) during the [[Solar eclipse of 2005 October 3|October 2005]] annular eclipse.]]

Looking directly at the [[photosphere]] of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the [[retina]] of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in permanent impairment of vision, up to and including [[blindness]]. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring. &lt;ref&gt;[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses], F. Espenak&lt;/ref&gt;

Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly, so there is no tendency to look at it in a way that might damage the eye. However, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it. Unfortunately, looking at the Sun during an eclipse is just as dangerous as looking at it outside an eclipse, except during the brief period of totality, when the Sun's disk is completely covered (totality occurs only during a total eclipse and only very briefly; it does not occur during a partial or annular eclipse). Viewing the Sun's disk through any kind of optical aid (binoculars, a telescope, or even an optical camera viewfinder) is even more hazardous.&lt;ref&gt;[http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely], A. M. MacRobert (Sky &amp; Telescope magazine)&lt;/ref&gt;

Glancing at the Sun with all or most of its disk visible is unlikely to result in permanent harm, as the pupil will close down and reduce the brightness of the whole scene. If the eclipse is near total, the low average amount of light causes the pupil to open. Unfortunately the remaining parts of the Sun are still just as bright, so they are now brighter on the retina than when looking at a full Sun. As the eye has a small [[Optic fovea|fovea]], for detailed viewing, the tendency will be to track the image on to this best part of the retina, causing damage.

===Viewing partial and annular eclipses===
[[Image:Mennekens05b.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[camera obscura]] effect during [[Solar eclipse of 2005 October 3|annularity]] in [[Madrid]].]]
[[Image:eclipse00.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Crescent marks during partial eclipse as seen in Johannesburg on 21 June 2001]]

Viewing the Sun during partial and annular eclipses (and during total eclipses outside the brief period of totality) requires special eye protection, or indirect viewing methods. The Sun's disk can be viewed using appropriate filtration to block the harmful part of the Sun's radiation. Sunglasses are not safe, since they do not block the harmful and invisible [[infrared]] radiation which causes retinal damage. Only properly designed and certified solar filters should ever be used for direct viewing of the Sun's disk. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality/TotalityCh11.html Observing Eclipses Safely], O. Staiger&lt;/ref&gt;

The safest way to view the Sun's disk is by indirect projection. This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars (with one of the lenses covered), a telescope, or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it (about 1 mm diameter), often called a [[pinhole camera]]. The projected image of the Sun can then be safely viewed; this technique can be used to observe [[sunspot]]s, as well as eclipses. However, care must be taken to ensure that no one looks through the projector (telescope, pinhole, etc.) directly. Viewing the Sun's disk on a video display screen (provided by a [[video camera]] or [[digital camera]]) is safe, although the camera itself may be damaged by direct exposure to the Sun.  The optical viewfinders provided with some video and digital cameras are not safe.

===Viewing totality during total eclipses===
Contrary to popular belief, it is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly with the unaided eye, binoculars or a telescope, when the Sun's photosphere is '''completely''' covered by the Moon; indeed, this is a very spectacular and beautiful sight, and it is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint [[corona]] will be visible, and even the [[chromosphere]], [[solar prominence]]s, and possibly even a [[solar flare]] may be seen. However, it is important to stop directly viewing the Sun promptly at the end of totality. The exact time and duration of totality for the location from which the eclipse is being observed should be determined from a reliable source.

[[Image:TheSun beads.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Baily beads.]]

Also very beautiful are the effects just before (and just after) totality. When the shrinking visible part of the photosphere becomes very small, Baily beads will occur (see picture). These are caused by the sunlight still being able to reach Earth through lunar valleys, but no longer where mountains are present. Totality then begins with the diamond ring effect, the last bright flash of sunlight. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality/TotalityCh01.html The Experience of Totality], O. Staiger&lt;/ref&gt; Note that it is not entirely safe to view Baily beads or the diamond ring without proper eye protection (because in both cases the photosphere is still visible).

==Other observations==
For [[astronomers]], a total solar eclipse forms a rare opportunity to observe the [[corona]] (the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the [[photosphere]] is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the [[solar cycle]], the corona can appear rather small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. It is very hard to predict this prior to totality.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMYK9R1VED_index_0.html The science of eclipses], ESA&lt;/ref&gt;

During a solar eclipse special (indirect) observations can also be done with the unaided eye only. Normally the spots of light which fall through the small openings between the leaves of a tree, have a circular shape. These are images of the Sun. During a partial eclipse, the light spots will show the partial shape of the Sun, as seen on the picture. Another famous phenomenon is shadow bands (also known as flying shadows), which are similar to shadows on the bottom of a swimming pool. They only occur just prior to and after totality, and are very difficult to observe. Many professional eclipse chasers have never seen them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.astro.lu.se/~dainis/HTML/FLYSHAD.html Flying Shadows], D. Dravins (Lund Observatory)&lt;/ref&gt;

During a partial eclipse, a related effect that can be seen is anisotropy in the shadows of objects.  Particularly if the partial eclipse is nearly total, the unobscured part of the sun acts as an approximate line source of light.  This means that objects cast shadows which have a very narrow penumbra in one direction, but a broad penumbra in the perpendicular direction.

===Special observation campaigns===
[[Image:1919 eclipse negative.jpg|right|150px|thumb|The original photograph of the 1919 eclipse which was claimed to confirm [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]].]]

In 1919, the observation of a total solar eclipse helped to confirm [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]]. By comparing the apparent distance between two stars, with and without the Sun between them, the [[predictive power|theoretical predictions]] about [[gravitational lens]]es were confirmed (though the data were ambiguous at the time). Of course the observation with the Sun between was only possible during totality, since the stars are visible then.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM7I9R1VED_index_1.html Relativity and the 1919 eclipse], ESA&lt;/ref&gt;

Over the years, some less important special observations took place:

* [[May 30]], [[1965]]: Launch of [[rocket]]s at [[Charlestown]], [[USA]]
* [[May 20]], [[1966]]: Launch of [[rocket]]s at [[Karystos]], [[Greece]] to watch the solar eclipse
* [[November 12]], [[1966]]: Launch of two [[Titus (rocket)|Titus]]-rockets fom Las Palmas, Argentina
* [[February 26]], [[1979]]: Launch of rockets from [[Red Lake]], [[Canada]]
* [[February 16]], [[1980]]: Launch of rockets from [[San Marco platform]]

===Solar eclipse before sunrise or after sunset===
The phenomenon of [[atmospheric diffraction]] makes it possible to observe the Sun (and hence a solar eclipse) even when it is slightly below the horizon. It is however possible for a solar eclipse to attain totality (or in the event of a partial eclipse, near totality) before (visual and actual) sunrise or after sunset from a particular location. When this occurs shortly before the former or after the latter, the sky will appear much darker than it would otherwise be immediately before sunrise or after sunset. On these occasions, an object (especially a [[planet]], often [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]) may be visible near the sunrise or sunset point of the horizon when it could not have been seen without the eclipse. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.enginova.com/twilight.htm Musings About Twilight], D. Criner&lt;/ref&gt;

===Simultaneous occurrence of eclipses and transits===
In principle, the simultaneous occurrence of a Solar eclipse and a transit of a planet is possible. But these events are extremely rare because of their short durations. The next anticipated simultaneous occurrence of a Solar eclipse and a [[transit of Mercury]] will be on [[July 5]], [[6757]], and a Solar eclipse and a [[transit of Venus]] is expected on [[April 5]], [[15232]]. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marco-peuschel.de/simtrans.pdf Simultaneous transits], J. Meeus and A. Vitagliano&lt;/ref&gt;

Only 5 hours after the transit of Venus on [[June 4]], [[1769]] there was a total solar eclipse, which was visible in Northern America, Europe and Northern Asia as partial solar eclipse. This was the lowest time difference between a transit of a planet and a solar eclipse in the historical past.

More common, but still quite rare, is a [[astronomical conjunction|conjunction]] of any planet (not confined exclusively to Mercury or Venus) at the time of a total solar eclipse, in which event the planet will be visible very near the eclipsed Sun, when without the eclipse it would have been lost in the Sun's glare. At one time, some scientists hypothesized that there may be a planet (often given the name [[Vulcan (planet)|Vulcan]]) even closer to the Sun than Mercury; the only way to confirm its existence would have been to observe it during a total solar eclipse.  However, it is now known that no such planet exists, although there remains some possibility for small [[Vulcanoid|Vulcanoid asteroids]] to exist, although none have ever been found.

===Solar eclipses by and from artificial satellites===
[[Image:ESC large ISS012 ISS012-E-21351.JPG|250px|thumb|The shadow of the moon as seen from the ISS in [[Solar eclipse on 2006 March 29|2006]].]]

Artificial satellites can also get in the line between the Earth and the Sun, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the [[International Space Station]], for example, an object would need to be about 3.35 km across to blot the Sun out entirely. This means the best you can get is a satellite ''transit'', but these events are difficult to watch, because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eclipse.astronomie.info/transit/venus/isstransit/isstransit.html ISS-Venustransit] (German)&lt;/ref&gt;

Artificial satellites do play an important role in documenting solar eclipses. Images of the umbra on the Earth's surface taken from [[Mir]] and the [[International Space Station]] are among the most spectacular eclipse images in history.&lt;ref&gt;[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990830.html Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth], Astronomy Picture of the Day. &lt;/ref&gt;  Observations of eclipses from satellites orbiting above the Earth's atmosphere are of course not subject to weather conditions.

The direct observation of a total solar eclipse from space is rather rare. The only documented case is [[Gemini 12]] in 1966. The partial phase of the [[Solar eclipse of 2006 March 29|2006 total eclipse]] was visible from the [[International Space Station]]. At first, it looked as though an orbit correction in the middle of March would bring the ISS in the path of totality, but this correction was postponed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=S66-63415 JSC Digital Image Collection]&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
[[Image:Mennekens05a.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Series of photos taken during the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Solar eclipse of 2005 October 3|2005]] annular eclipse.]]

=== Eclipses on other planets ===
* [[Solar eclipses on Jupiter]]
* [[Solar eclipses on Pluto]]
* [[Transit of Phobos from Mars]] 
* [[Transit of Deimos from Mars]]

=== Eclipse lists ===
* [[List of solar eclipses]]
* [[:Category:Solar eclipses|Dedicated solar eclipse articles]]
* [[List of solar eclipses seen from China]]
* [[List of solar eclipses visible from the United Kingdom 1000 - 2090 AD]]

=== Miscellaneous ===
* [[Allais effect]]
* [[Solar eclipses in fiction]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;--&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{wiktionary}}
=== Umum ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050605080054/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/ NASA's Eclipse Home Page], [[Fred Espenak]]
* [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/Solar_Eclipses.html Solar Eclipse Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624190251/http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/Solar_Eclipses.html |date=2006-06-24 }}
* [http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/ Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions], Hermit Eclipse
* [http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/ Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309153121/http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/ |date=2021-03-09 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080305090426/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths], F. Espenak
* [http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/ Animated maps of present and past eclipses all over the world] (ShadowandSubstance.com)
* [http://www.bibalex.org/eclipse2006/Home.aspx Total Solar Eclipse], Bibliotheca Alexandrina
* [http://eclipse.span.ch/eclipse8april.htm Pictures of the [[2005-04-08]] eclipse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614060709/http://eclipse.span.ch/eclipse8april.htm |date=2006-06-14 }}
* [http://www.scalingtheuniverse.com/eclipse March 29th 2006: Solar Eclipse Visualizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229213623/http://scalingtheuniverse.com/eclipse/ |date=2006-12-29 }}, P. Hemmingsson (Sciss AB)
* [http://solar-eclipse-2006.info Solar Eclipse March 29 2006: All you need to know!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402200655/http://solar-eclipse-2006.info/ |date=2006-04-02 }}
* [[Antalya]]: [http://www.antalya-ws.com/english Preparations made in Antalya, Turkey, for expected visits by 29 March 2006 solar eclipse observers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320190926/http://www.antalya-ws.com/english |date=20 March 2007 }}

=== Kasalametan panon ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218101633/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses], F. Espenak (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
* [http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely], A. M. MacRobert (Sky &amp; Telescope magazine)
* [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7208/469 UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse], British Medical Journal, [[21 Agustus]] [[1999]], kaca 319–469

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Samagaha]]
[[Kategori:Panonpoé]]
[[Kategori:Surya Mandala]]</text>
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    <title>Turaés</title>
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      <text bytes="2452" sha1="0hqlx9tbxq5mcr8ngn9zgsm9vkhk46q" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox 
| image = Pomponia imperatoria 2.jpg
| image_caption = Turaés, [[tonggérét]] badag.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
| familia = [[Cicada|Cicadidae]]
| genus = ''[[Megapomponia]]''
| species = '''''M. imperatoria'''''
| binomial = ''Megapomponia imperatoria''
| binomial_authority =  ([[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1842)
| synonyms = ''Pomponia imperatoria''
}}
'''Turaés''' ({{lang-en|empress cicada}}) ('''''Megapomponia imperatoria''''') mangrupa [[tonggérét]] badag nu sumebar di [[Asia Tenggara]]. Turaés hirup di wewengkon iklim sedeng jeung tropis, kawentar ku sorana anu nongtoréng. Turaés bisa disebut spésiés tonggérét pangbadagna kalawan panjang hulu jeung saawak-awakna {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} jeung rubak jangjang {{convert|18|-|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
  | last1 = Burton
  | first1 = Maurice
  | authorlink = Maurice Burton
  | last2 = Burton
  | first2 = Robert
  | title = International Wildlife Encyclopedia
  | edition = 3rd
  | volume = 4, Chickaree - crabs
  | publisher = Marshall Cavendish Corporation
  | date = 2002
  | location = Tarrytown, NY
  | page = 455
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
  | id = 
  | isbn = 0-7614-7270-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flindt, R. (2006). ''Amazing Numbers in Biology'', p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sumber rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|Cicadidae}}
* [http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_cicada_T_linnei.htm Annual Cicada ''Tibicen linnei'' - diagnostic large format photographs]
* [http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_cicada_T_canicularis.htm Annual Cicada ''Tibicen canicularis'' - large format diagnostic photos]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4046557.stm Cicada and forest mulch]
* [http://www.cicadas-pictures.com Cicadas pictures] nembrakkeun fakta &amp; gambar turaés katut paripolahna, daur hirup, jeung daharna.
* [http://cicadamania.com/cicadas/ Cicada Mania] ngabogaan warta, NLD, tumbu, gambar, jeung vidéo ngeunaan turaés.
* [http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/c700fl1.htm Audio files of the &quot;songs&quot; of some Cicadas from Florida].
* [http://www.chat11.com/Cicada_Life_Cycle Cicada Life Cycle]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708204025/http://chat11.com/Cicada_Life_Cycle |date=2006-07-08 }} loka nu ngadadarkeun daur hirup turaés kalawan lengkep.

[[Kategori:Cicadidae]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Pamundut */</comment>
      <origin>710667</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2635" sha1="gw0us42f5sx4xvzei9k6is6myldmdgx" xml:space="preserve">Kabeh pamaké aktif [[Wikipédia]] nu nyaho kawijakan jeung aturan nu aya di Wikipédia, sarta dipercaya ku komunitas bisa mundut jadi kuncén.

==Sarat==
Saratna mah kasapukan umum baé heula, najan henteu formal. Nu ngajukeun diri jadi kuncén, kedah tos kabuktian sumbanganana ka Wikipédia Sunda: didukung ku warga Wikipédia Sunda.

==Carana==
* Tulis ngaran anjeun di bagian '''Pamundut''', dihandapeun ieu.
* Kuncén saterusna baris mindahkeun ka kaca pemungutan sora.
* Mimiti pemungutan sora.
* Catetan: Pamaké anu katempona memang henteu meujeuhna jadi pangurus kawas kakara ngagabung, asal-asalan jsb moal dituluykeun ka prosés pemungutan sora sarta baris langsung ditampik.

Tinggal didieu kanggo [[Wikipedia:Kuncén/Pamundut jadi kuncén/Arsip|kaca arsip pamundut]]

==Pamundut==
===Zulf kanggo jadi Kuncén===
Wilujeung weyah kiyeu baraya, nepangkun sim kuring Zulf salaku masih kuncén di suwiki iyeu, tapi sim kuring dina tangal 16 juni 2026 masa kuncéna parantos seeup, abdi hawertos, dina suwiki masih seeur pr, ngan abdi wungkul nyalira salaku kuncén nu aktif [https://meta.toolforge.org/stewardry/suwiki ] kiyeu ge di suwiki masih sok aya campur tanggan kuncén global, ngabuktoskeun suwiki masih kakirangan, abdi ngajukeun deui waé pikieun jadi kuncén satuluyna sacara permanén tanpa aya batas waktu. Sabab suwiki iyeu masih berkembang, jadi masih seeur nu perlu diperhatoskeun, nu spam, artikeul teu layak dsb masih seeur di panggihan. Hatur nuhun
&lt;span style=&quot;border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)&quot;&gt;[[User:Zulf|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans&quot;&gt;🍃Zulf🍃&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]&lt;/sup&gt; 2 Juni 2026 23.07 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Tulis ngaran anjeun di dieu. --&gt;

#{{Satuju}} Zulf satu-satunya kuncén Wikipedia Sunda yang aktif [[Pamaké:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Badak Jawa|sawala]]) 3 Juni 2026 03.08 (UTC)
#{{Y}} -[[Pamaké:Kumincir|nandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 7 Juni 2026 13.43 (UTC)
#{{satuju}} [[Pamaké:Deepturquoise|Deepturquoise]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Deepturquoise|sawala]]) 7 Juni 2026 14.00 (UTC)
#{{satuju}}. Mugi kahareupna wiki Sunda leuwih sae. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Candara&quot;&gt;[[User:Henri_Aja|🅷🅴🅽🆁🅸]][[User_Talk:Henri_Aja|&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow: 2px 5px 2px #7A7A7A;&quot;&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''nyarios?'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; &amp;#9993;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 10 Juni 2026 14.57 (UTC)
#{{Satuju}} Sabab simkuring salaku pamaké anyar ngaraos diarahkeun ka cara nyerat anu saé tur leres ku Zulf. Sing sukses

==Pamundut ditampik==
[[Kategori:Wikipédia|Pamundut]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2731" sha1="5loijrzscvpr5b26pgqagj5ndq64rzg" xml:space="preserve">Kabeh pamaké aktif [[Wikipédia]] nu nyaho kawijakan jeung aturan nu aya di Wikipédia, sarta dipercaya ku komunitas bisa mundut jadi kuncén.

==Sarat==
Saratna mah kasapukan umum baé heula, najan henteu formal. Nu ngajukeun diri jadi kuncén, kedah tos kabuktian sumbanganana ka Wikipédia Sunda: didukung ku warga Wikipédia Sunda.

==Carana==
* Tulis ngaran anjeun di bagian '''Pamundut''', dihandapeun ieu.
* Kuncén saterusna baris mindahkeun ka kaca pemungutan sora.
* Mimiti pemungutan sora.
* Catetan: Pamaké anu katempona memang henteu meujeuhna jadi pangurus kawas kakara ngagabung, asal-asalan jsb moal dituluykeun ka prosés pemungutan sora sarta baris langsung ditampik.

Tinggal didieu kanggo [[Wikipedia:Kuncén/Pamundut jadi kuncén/Arsip|kaca arsip pamundut]]

==Pamundut==
===Zulf kanggo jadi Kuncén===
Wilujeung weyah kiyeu baraya, nepangkun sim kuring Zulf salaku masih kuncén di suwiki iyeu, tapi sim kuring dina tangal 16 juni 2026 masa kuncéna parantos seeup, abdi hawertos, dina suwiki masih seeur pr, ngan abdi wungkul nyalira salaku kuncén nu aktif [https://meta.toolforge.org/stewardry/suwiki ] kiyeu ge di suwiki masih sok aya campur tanggan kuncén global, ngabuktoskeun suwiki masih kakirangan, abdi ngajukeun deui waé pikieun jadi kuncén satuluyna sacara permanén tanpa aya batas waktu. Sabab suwiki iyeu masih berkembang, jadi masih seeur nu perlu diperhatoskeun, nu spam, artikeul teu layak dsb masih seeur di panggihan. Hatur nuhun
&lt;span style=&quot;border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)&quot;&gt;[[User:Zulf|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans&quot;&gt;🍃Zulf🍃&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]&lt;/sup&gt; 2 Juni 2026 23.07 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Tulis ngaran anjeun di dieu. --&gt;

#{{Satuju}} Zulf satu-satunya kuncén Wikipedia Sunda yang aktif [[Pamaké:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Badak Jawa|sawala]]) 3 Juni 2026 03.08 (UTC)
#{{Y}} -[[Pamaké:Kumincir|nandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 7 Juni 2026 13.43 (UTC)
#{{satuju}} [[Pamaké:Deepturquoise|Deepturquoise]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Deepturquoise|sawala]]) 7 Juni 2026 14.00 (UTC)
#{{satuju}}. Mugi kahareupna wiki Sunda leuwih sae. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Candara&quot;&gt;[[User:Henri_Aja|🅷🅴🅽🆁🅸]][[User_Talk:Henri_Aja|&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow: 2px 5px 2px #7A7A7A;&quot;&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''nyarios?'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; &amp;#9993;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 10 Juni 2026 14.57 (UTC)
#{{Satuju}} Sabab simkuring salaku pamaké anyar ngaraos diarahkeun ka cara nyerat anu saé tur leres ku Zulf. Sing sukses [[Pamaké:Oceanmuse|Oceanmuse]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Oceanmuse|sawala]]) 20 Juni 2026 11.56 (UTC)

==Pamundut ditampik==
[[Kategori:Wikipédia|Pamundut]]</text>
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    <title>Ucing</title>
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      <text bytes="75910" sha1="rr52z16f93u86tdg585u7ol8ws1h747" xml:space="preserve">{{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Ucing
| status = {{StatusDomesticated}}
| image = Cat poster 1.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = Rupa-rupa ragam ucing doméstik
| genus = Felis
| species = catus&lt;ref name=&quot;Linnaeus1758&quot;/&gt;
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| synonyms = &lt;small&gt;''Felis lybica'' invalid [[junior synonym]]&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''Ucing''' ([[Basa Indonésia]]:''Kucing'') nyaéta [[mamalia]] [[karnivora]] leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linnaeus1758&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |date=1758 |page=42 |chapter=Felis Catus |language=la |volume=1 |edition=Tenth reformed |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW3fc&quot;&gt;{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucing ilaharna jadi sato ingu pikeun [[manusa]], boh minangka sato cocoeun atawa pikeun nyingsieunan [[beurit]]. Ieu sato geus dalit jeung manusa sahenteuna salila &lt;u&gt;+&lt;/u&gt; 9.500 taun&lt;ref name=&quot;9500 years&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html |accessdate=2007-03-06 |date=2004-04-08 |publisher=National Geographic News}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Minangka [[prédator]], ucing moroan leuwih ti saréwu [[spésiés]] sasatoan pikeun kadaharanana. Ucing mah calakan tur bisa dilatih pikeun nurutan  paréntah anu gampil.&lt;!-- Individual cats have also been known to learn to manipulate simple mechanisms (see [[cat intelligence]]). Cats use a variety of vocalizations and types of [[Cat body language|body language]] for [[cat communication|communication]], including mewing (&quot;meow&quot; or &quot;miaow&quot;), [[purr]]ing, [[hissing]], [[growling]], squeaking, [[chirp]]ing, [[click consonant|clicking]], and grunting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channel3000.com/news/1472741/detail.html |title=Meows Mean More To Cat Lovers |publisher=Channel3000.com |accessdate=2006-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

== Anatomi jeung morpologi==
[[Gambar:Scheme_cat_anatomy-su.svg|thumb|350px|Gambaran anatomi ucing sacara umum]]
Gumantung kana spésiésna, awak ucing beuratna 2,5 – 7&amp;nbsp;kg. Tapi, sababaraha spésiés budidaya, misalna ''[[Maine Coon]]'', bisa nepi ka 11,3&amp;nbsp;kg. Mangkaning mun parabna keleuwihan mah beuratna bisa nepi ka 23&amp;nbsp;kg. Sabalikna, aya ogé ucing pangleutikna nu kungsi kalaporkeun beuratna kurang ti 1,8&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats.html |title=DWARF, MIDGET AND MINIATURE CATS |accessdate=2007-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sakumaha mamalia lianna, ucing miboga tujuh [[cervical vertebrae]], tilu welas [[thoracic vertebrae]] (manusa boga salosin), tujuh [[lumbar vertebrae]] (manusa boga lima), tilu [[sacral vertebrae]] (manusa boga lima sabab bipedal), sarta 22/23 [[caudal vertebrae]] (manusa boga 3-5, ngahiji jadi [[coccyx]]).

==Ras Ucing==
Dumasarkeun kana kaayaan buluna ras ucing kabagi 5 bagian nyaéta &lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;&gt;Susanty, Yuliana. Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan. Agromedia Pustaka.Jakarta Selatan 2007&lt;/ref&gt; :
# Bulu pondok
# Bulu sedeng
# Bulu campuran (pondok jeung panjang)
# Bulu panjang
# Bulu campuran

'''Bulu pendék'''
* '''''Exotik''''' mangrupa variasi tina ras bulu pondok.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Chartreux, Russian Blue''' jeung''' Korat'''''. Tilu ras ieu miboga warna bulu anu sarua nyaéta biru atawa hauk. katilu ras ieu mangrupa ras asli, tapi béda asal daérahna, saperti Chartreux anu aslna ti Prancis, Russian Blue asalna ti Rusia, jeung Korat ti Thailand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Manx''' jeung '''Japanese Bobtail'''''. Manx mangrupa ras anu teu boga buntut, sedengkeun Japanese bobtail miboga rupa buntut anu ahéng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Egyptian Mau, Ocicat, California Spangled, Bengal'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Siamese''' jeung '''Burmese'''''.Kadua ras ieu téh asalna ti Thailand &lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
*'''''British shorthair, Européan Shorthair,''' jeung '''American Shorthair'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Abyssinian''''''' dipercaya yén ras ieu ras pangkolotna mangrupa ras katurunan Mesir Kuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;

==Ucing dina kabudayaan Sunda==
Dina kabudayaan Sunda, aya babasan jeung paribasa nu ngandung kecap ucing saperti ''ngabudi ucing'', ''kawas ucing gering'', ''kawas ucing jeung anjing'', ''heunceut ucingeun''.

Dina carita Sunda ogé aya carita ngeunaan ucing saperti &quot;[[candramawat]]&quot;, nyaéta ucingna [[Nini Anteh]] anu aya di [http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(satelit) bulan].

&lt;!--The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans; the caudal vertebrae form the tail, used by the cat for counterbalance to the body during quick movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cat Skeleton| url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |accessdate=2006-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cats have highly specialized [[tooth|teeth]] and a [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] suitable to the digestion of meat. The [[premolar]] and [[Molar (tooth)|first molar]] together compose the [[carnassial]] pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently functions to shear meat like a pair of [[scissors]]. While this is present in [[Canidae|canines]], it is highly developed in felines. The cat's [[tongue]] has sharp spines, or [[papillae]], useful for retaining and ripping flesh from a carcass. These papillae are small backward-facing hooks that contain [[keratin]] and assist in their grooming.

===Ears===
Thirty-two individual muscles in the ear allow for a manner of directional hearing:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=At Home : Care / Health : Understanding Cats | url=http://www.hgtv.com/hgtv/ah_pets_care_health/article/0,1801,HGTV_3152_1380540,00.html | accessmonthday=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the cat can move each ear independently of the other. Because of this mobility, a cat can move its body in one direction and point its ears in another direction. Most cats have straight ears pointing upward. Unlike [[dog]]s, flap-eared breeds are extremely rare. ([[Scottish Fold]]s are one such exceptional [[genetic mutation]].) When angry or frightened, a cat will lay its ears back, to accompany the growling or [[hiss]]ing sounds it makes. Cats will also turn their ears back when they are playing, or occasionally to show interest in a sound coming from behind them.

===Legs===
[[Image:CatJumping.PNG|thumb|150px|A cat jumping.]]
Cats, like dogs, are [[digitigrade]]s: they walk directly on their toes, the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. Cats are capable of walking very precisely, because like all felines they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding forepaw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain.

Unlike dogs and most mammals, cats walk by moving both legs on one side and then both legs on the other. Most mammals move legs on alternate sides in sequence. Cats share this unusual [[Gait analysis|gait]] with [[camel]]s, [[giraffe]]s, some horses ('pacers'), and a select few other mammals. There is no known connection between these animals which might explain this.

Like all members of [[family (biology)|family]] ''[[Felidae]]'' except the [[cheetah]], cats have retractable [[claw]]s. In their normal, relaxed position the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the [[paw|toe pads]]. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey.  The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can extend their claws voluntarily on one or more paws at will. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, &quot;[[Kneading (cats)|kneading]]&quot;, or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws may become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which may cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself.

Most cats have 5 claws at their front paws, and 4 or 5 at their rear paws. Because of an ancient [[mutation]], however, domestic cats are prone to [[Polydactyl cat|polydactyly]], and may have 6 or 7 toes. The fifth front claw (the [[dewclaw]]) is in a more [[Anatomical terms of location|proximal]] position than those of the other claws. More proximally, there is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth &quot;finger&quot;. This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the [[carpal pad]], also found on the paws of [[big cat]]s and [[dog]]s. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an anti-skidding device used while jumping.

===Senses===

{{main|Cat senses}}
Cat senses are attuned for hunting. Cats have highly advanced hearing, eyesight, taste, and touch receptors, making the cat extremely sensitive among mammals. Cats' [[night vision]] is superior to humans although their [[Visual perception|vision]] in daylight is inferior. Humans and cats have a similar range of [[hearing]] on the low end of the scale, but cats can hear much higher-pitched sounds, up to 64 [[Hertz|kHz]], which is 1.6 [[octave]]s above the range of a human, and even one octave above the range of a dog.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html Strain, G.M., How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?]&lt;/ref&gt; A domestic cat's [[olfaction|sense of smell]] is about fourteen times as strong as a human's.&lt;ref name=&quot;senseofsmell&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cats.about.com/cs/felineanatomy/a/catsnose_scent.htm | title=The Nose Knows | publisher=About.com | accessdate=2006-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable [[vibrissae]] (whiskers) over their body, especially their face. Due to a mutation in an early cat ancestor, one of two genes necessary to taste [[sweetness]] has been lost by the cat family.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
  | last = Li
  | first = Xia
  | coauthors = Weihua Li, Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Kenji Maehashi, Liquan Huang, Alexander A. Bachmanov, Danielle R. Reed, Véronique Legrand-Defretin, Gary K. Beauchamp, Joseph G. Brand
  | title = Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar
  | journal = PLOS Genetics
  | volume = 1
  | issue = 1
  | publisher = [[Public Library of Science]]
  | date = July 2005http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003
  | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003
  | accessdate = 2006-11-08 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Physiology==
===Metabolism===
[[Image:Cat-sleeping tortoiseshell cat-20051019.jpg|frame|right|250px|A cat sleeping curled into a tight ball to conserve body heat]]
Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. Daily durations of sleep vary, usually 12–16 hours, with 13–14 being the average.  Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours in a 24-hour period.  The term ''cat nap'' refers to the cat's ability to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period and has entered the English lexicon – someone who nods off for a few minutes is said to be &quot;taking a cat nap&quot;.

Due to their [[crepuscular]] nature, cats are often known to enter a period of increased activity and playfulness during the evening and early morning, dubbed the &quot;evening crazies&quot;, &quot;night crazies&quot;, &quot;elevenses&quot; or &quot;mad half-hour&quot; by some.&lt;ref&gt;Animal Doctor (July 9 2002). &quot;Dear Dr. Fox&quot;. ''The Washington Post'', p. C10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;* Ring, Ken and Romhany, Paul (August 1 1999). ''Pawmistry: How to Read Your Cat's Paws''. Ten Speed Press (Berkeley, California), p. 10. ISBN 1-58008-111-8&lt;/ref&gt;

The temperament of a cat can vary depending on the breed and socialization. Cats with &quot;oriental&quot; body types tend to be thinner and more active, while cats that have a &quot;cobby&quot; body type tend to be heavier and less active.

The normal [[thermoregulation|body temperature]] of a cat is between 38 and 39 °[[Celsius|C]] (101 and 102.2 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Normal Values For Dog and Cat Temperature, Blood Tests, Urine and other information in ThePetCenter.com | url=http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/nv.html|accessmonthday=August 8 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cat is considered [[febrile]] ([[hyperthermia|hyperthermic]]) if it has a temperature of 39.5 °C (103 °F) or greater, or [[hypothermic]] if less than 37.5 °C (100 °F). For comparison, humans have a normal temperature of approximately 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute, and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate should be between 150 and 180 bpm, about twice that of a human.

==Ecology and life history==
===Behavior===
{{main|Cat behavior}}
====Communication====
{{main|Cat communication}}

====Social behavior====

Many people characterize cats as 'solitary' animals. However, cats are actually highly social.  A primary difference in social behavior between cats and dogs (to which they are often compared) is that cats do not have a ''social survival strategy'', or a 'pack mentality'; however this only means that cats take care of their basic needs on their own (e.g., finding food, defending themselves, etc.).  It is not the same thing as being asocial.  Perhaps the best example of how domestic cats are 'naturally' meant to behave is to observe feral domestic cats, which often live in colonies, but in which each individual basically  looks after itself.

Living with humans is a symbiotic social adaptation which has developed over thousands of years.  The sort of social relationship cats have with their human keepers is hard to map onto more generalized wild cat behavior, but it is certain that the cat thinks of the human differently than it does other cats (i.e., it does not think of itself as human, nor that the human is a cat).  This can be seen in the difference in body and vocal language it uses with the human, when compared to how it communicates with other cats in the household, for example.  Some have suggested that, psychologically, the human keeper of a cat is a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother, and that adult domestic cats live forever in a kind of suspended kittenhood.&lt;ref&gt;Meowing is one example of kittenish behavior that persists into adulthood in domesticated cats.&lt;/ref&gt;

With proper training and reinforcement of social behavior, poorly socialized cats can become more social over time.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.petfinder.com/journalindex.cgi?path=/private/behaviortraining/cat/multiplecats/2.2.524.txt&amp;template=templateprint.html&lt;/ref&gt; Older cats have also been reported to sometimes develop aggressiveness towards kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as Feline Asocial Aggression.&lt;ref&gt;http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

====Fondness for heights====
[[Image:Cat in tree03.jpg|thumb|250px|A domestic cat standing on the branch of a tree]]
Most breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching.  Animal behaviorists have posited a number of explanations, the most common being that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its &quot;territory&quot; and become aware of activities of people and other pets in the area. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats are known to strike prey by pouncing from such a perch as a tree branch, as does a leopard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Why Do Cats Like High Places?|publisher=Dr. Holly Nash, DVM, MS|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&amp;cat=1313&amp;articleid=1125|work=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Height, therefore, can also give cats a sense of security and prestige.

This fondness for high spaces, however, can dangerously test the popular notion that a cat &quot;always lands on its feet.&quot;  The [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] warns owners&lt;ref&gt;Many animal rights advocates hold the belief that a living creature should not be owned, and thus that using the word &quot;owner&quot; in conjunction with cats (or any pets) is misleading. The usage of the word &quot;owner&quot; in this article should not be construed as taking any position in this debate, but rather to acknowledge the current common usage of the term in the available literature.&lt;/ref&gt; to safeguard the more dangerous perches in their homes, to avoid &quot;high-rise syndrome,&quot; where an overconfident cat falls from an extreme height.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=2032&amp;articleid=3409|title=&quot;High-Rise Syndrome: Cats Injured Due to Falls&quot;|author=Veterinary &amp; Aquatic Services Department|publisher=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During a fall, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute [[equilibrioception|sense of balance]] and flexibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Falling Cats | url=http://www.verrueckte-experimente.de/leseproben_e.html|accessmonthday=October 24 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is known as the cat's &quot;[[cat righting reflex|righting reflex]].&quot; It always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur in most cats (safely) is around 3 feet (90cm). To achieve this, cats probably relax their ventral muscles, &quot;flattening&quot; their bodies to some extent and creating more resistance to air. Cats without a [[tail (anatomy)|tail]] also have this ability, since a cat mostly moves its hindlegs and relies on conservation of [[angular momentum]] to set up for landing, and the tail is in fact little used for this feat.&lt;ref&gt;[http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/How does a cat always land on its feet?]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Play====
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of string play. Many cats cannot resist a dangling piece of string, or a piece of rope drawn randomly and enticingly across the floor. This well known love of string is often depicted in cartoons and photographs, which show kittens or cats playing with balls of yarn. It is probably related to hunting instincts, including the common practice of kittens hunting their mother's and each other's tails. If string is ingested, however, it can become caught in the cat’s stomach or intestines, causing illness, or in extreme cases, death. Due to possible complications caused by ingesting a string, string play is sometimes replaced with a [[laser pointer]]'s dot, which some cats will chase. Some also discourage the use of laser pointers for pet play, however, because of the potential damage to sensitive eyes and/or the possible loss of satisfaction associated with the successful capture of an actual prey object, play or real.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===Ecology===
====Feeding ecology====
Cats are highly specialized for hunting, compared to other mammals such as dogs.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This is now thought to be the indirect result of cats' inability to taste sugars, thereby reducing their intake of plant foods. Since they have a greatly reduced need to digest plants, their digestive tract has evolved to be shorter, too short for effective digestion of plants but less of a weight penalty for the rapid movement required for hunting. Hunting has likewise become central to their behavior patterns, even to their predilection for short bursts of intense exercise punctuating long periods of rest.

Much like the [[big cat]]s, domestic cats are very effective predators. They ambush and immobilize vertebrate [[Predation|prey]] using tactics similar to those of [[leopard]]s and [[tiger]]s by pouncing; then they deliver a lethal neck bite with their long [[canine tooth|canine teeth]] that severs the victim's [[spinal cord]], causes fatal bleeding by puncturing the [[carotid artery]] or the [[jugular vein]], or asphyxiates it by crushing its trachea. The domestic cat can hunt and eat about one thousand [[species]], many of them [[invertebrate]]s, especially insects — many [[big cat]]s will eat fewer than a hundred different species. Although, theoretically, big cats can kill most of these species as well, they often do not due to the relatively low nutritional content that smaller animals provide for the effort. An exception is the [[leopard]], which commonly hunts rabbits and many other smaller animals.

Even well-fed domestic cats hunt and kill birds, mice, rats, scorpions, cockroaches, grasshoppers, and other small animals in the vicinity. They often present such trophies to their owner. The motivation is not entirely clear, but friendly bonding behaviors are often associated with such an action. It is probable that cats in this situation expect to be praised for their symbolic contribution to the group. Some theories suggest that cats see their owners gone for long times of the day and assume they are out hunting, as they always have plenty of food available. It is thought that a cat presenting its owner with a dead animal thinks it's 'helping out' by bringing home the kill.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}  [[Ethology|Ethologist]] [[Paul Leyhausen]], in an extensive study of social and predatory behavior in domestic cats (documented in his book ''Cat Behavior''), proposed a mechanism which explains this presenting behavior.  In simple terms, cats adopt humans into their social group, and share excess kill with others in the group according to the local pecking order, in which humans place at or near the top.  Another possibility is that presenting the kill might be a relic of a kitten feline behavior of demonstrating for its mother's approval that it has developed the necessary skill for hunting.

Due to their hunting behavior, in many countries feral cats are considered pests. Domestic cats are occasionally also required to have contained cat runs or to be kept inside entirely, as they can be hazardous to locally endangered bird species. For instance, various municipalities in Australia have enacted such legislation. In some localities, owners fit their cat with a bell in order to warn prey of its approach. On the other hand, the cat may figure out how and when the bell works and learn to move more carefully to avoid ringing it.

Domesticated cats eat fairly little vegetable matter. It is quite common, however, for cats to occasionally supplement their carnivorous diets with small amounts of grass or other plant matter to help their digestive tract. Whereas [[bear]]s and dogs commonly supplement their diet of meat with fruits, berries, roots, and honey when they can get them, cats prefer to mostly feed on meat. All felines, including the big cats, have a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=PLoS Genetics: Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar | url=http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003 | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which very likely is related to their meat-dominated eating habits, and almost certainly related to their aversion to fruits and berries. However, many domesticated cats are known to like vegetables.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Vegan Society: Cats | url=http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/care/cats/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of brand-name [[cat food]]s are primarily meat based, but often contain large amounts of corn or rice, supplemented with meat byproducts and minerals and vitamins. Cats are also known to munch on grass, leaves, shrubs and houseplants to facilitate regurgitation of whatever may be upsetting their digestion; or perhaps to introduce fibre or trace minerals to the diet.

Cats are obligate [[carnivores]], and cannot live on an unsupplemented [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet because they cannot synthesize several required nutrients which are absent or rare in plant food. This applies mainly to [[taurine]], [[vitamin A]] (cats cannot convert the pro-vitamin A that is abundant in plants to vitamin A proper) and to certain [[fatty acids]]. The absence of taurine causes the cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness, a condition called [[macular degeneration]]. Cow's milk is a poor source of taurine and adult cats are generally [[lactose intolerant]]. Lactose-free milk is perfectly safe, but still not a substitute for meat.

Some houseplants are harmful to cats. The leaves of the [[Lilium longiflorum|Easter Lily]] can cause permanent and life-threatening kidney damage to cats. [[Philodendron]] are also poisonous to cats. ''[[Cat Fancy]]'' has a full list of [http://www.cfainc.org/articles/plants.html plants harmful to cats].

Some cats have a fondness for [[catnip]]. While they generally do not consume it, they will often roll in it, paw at it, and occasionally chew on it (as catnip is sensed by the cat's [[vomeronasal organ]]). The effect is usually relatively short, lasting for only a few minutes. After two hours or less, susceptible cats gain interest again. Several other species of plants cause this effect, to a lesser degree.

Cats can be fussy eaters, possibly due to the mutation which caused their ancestor to lose the ability to taste sugars. Unlike most mammals, cats can voluntarily starve themselves indefinitely despite being presented with palatable food, even a food which they had previously readily consumed. This can happen when the [[vomeronasal organ|vomeronasal or Jacobson's organ]] becomes accustomed to a specific food, or if the cats are spoiled by their owners, in which case the cat will reject any food that does not fit the pattern it is expecting. It is also known for cats to merely become bored with their given food and decide to stop eating until they are tempted into eating again. Although it is extremely rare for a cat to deliberately starve itself to the point of injury, the sudden loss of weight can cause a fatal condition called [[hepatic lipidosis]], a liver dysfunction which causes pathological loss of appetite and reinforces the starvation, which can lead to death within as little as 48 hours.

Additionally, cats have been known to develop a fondness for prepared human foods, normally preparations which are rich in proteins or fats.  However, a diet consisting only of human food (even if high quality meat) is unlikely to contain the balanced nutrition required by the cat.  Cats normally are good self-regulators of diet; however, unlimited access to food, or excessive human-food 'treats', will often lead to the cat becoming obese, particularly if it is older or more sedentary. This may lead to several health complications, such as diabetes, especially in neutered males. Such health conditions can be prevented through diet and exercise (playing), especially for cats living exclusively indoors.

Cats can also develop [[Pica (disorder)|pica]]. Pica is a condition in which animals chew or eat unusual things such as fabric, plastic or wool. In cats, this is mostly harmless as they do not digest most of it, but can be fatal or require surgical removal if a large amount of foreign material is ingested (for example, an entire sock). It tends to occur more often in Siamese, Burmese, and breeds with these in their ancestry.

====Toxic sensitivity====
The liver of a cat is less effective at [[detoxification]] than those of other animals, including humans and dogs; therefore exposure to many common substances considered safe for households may be dangerous to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;judy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt;  In general, the cat's environment should be examined for the presence of such toxins and the problem corrected or alleviated as much as possible; in addition, where sudden or prolonged serious illness without obvious cause is observed, the possibility of toxicity must be considered, and the veterinarian informed of any such substances to which the cat may have had access.

For instance, the common painkiller [[paracetamol]] or [[acetominophen]], sold under brand names such as [[Tylenol]] and [[Panadol]], is extremely toxic to cats; because they naturally lack enzymes needed to digest it, even minute portions of doses safe for humans can be fatal&lt;ref name=&quot;CanVetJ2003-Allen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Allen AL | title=The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat | journal=Can Vet J | year=2003 | pages=509-10 | volume=44 | issue=6 | id=PMID 12839249|url= http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839249 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; and any suspected ingestion warrants immediate veterinary attention.&lt;ref name=&quot;VetHumToxicol1998-Villar&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Villar D, Buck WB, Gonzalez JM | title=Ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen toxicosis and treatment in dogs and cats | journal=Vet Hum Toxicol | year=1998 | pages=156-62 | volume=40 | issue=3 | id=PMID 9610496}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even [[aspirin]], which is sometimes used to treat [[arthritis]] in cats, is much more toxic to them than to humans and must be administered cautiously.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; 
Similarly, 
application of [[minoxidil]] ([[Rogaine]]) to the skin of cats, either accidental or by well-meaning owners attempting to counter loss of fur, has sometimes proved fatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | 
author=Camille DeClementi| 
coauthors=Keith L. Bailey, Spencer C. Goldstein, and Michael Scott Orser| 
title=Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats| 
journal=Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care| 
year=2004 | 
month=December|
pages=287-292| 
volume=14 | 
issue=4 | 
id={{doi|10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x}} |
url= http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x?journalCode=vec
|accessdate= 2007-01-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/minoxidil.htm
| title = Minoxidil Warning 
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = ShowCatsOnline.com
| quote = Very small amounts of Minoxidil can result [in] serious problems or death
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to such obvious dangers as [[insecticide]]s and [[weed killer]]s, other common household substances that should be used with caution in areas where cats may be exposed to them include [[mothball]]s and other [[naphthalene]] products,&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; as well as  
[[phenol]] based products often used for cleaning and disinfecting near cats' feeding areas or litter boxes, such as [[Pine-Sol]], [[Dettol]] (Lysol), [[hexachlorophene]], ''etc.''&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;&gt; 
{{cite web
| url = http://www.vetinfo4cats.com/ctoxin.html 
| title = Toxic to Cats
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = Vetinfo4Cats 
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; 
which, although they are widely used without problem, have been sometimes seen to be fatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Rousseaux CG, Smith RA, Nicholson S| title=Acute Pinesol toxicity in a domestic cat.| journal=Vet Hum Toxicol| year=1986| pages=316-7| volume=28 | issue=4 | id=PMID 3750813|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=3750813&amp;dopt=Abstract}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Antifreeze]] is particularly appealing to cats, and as little as a teaspoonful can be fatal.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cfainc.org/articles/antifreeze.html&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Many human foods are somewhat toxic to cats; [[theobromine]] in [[chocolate]] can cause [[theobromine poisoning]], for instance, although few cats will eat chocolate. Toxicity in cats ingesting relatively large amounts of [[onion]]s or [[garlic]] has also been reported.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; Even such seemingly safe items as [[cat food]] packaged in [[pull tab]] [[tin can]]s  have been statistically linked to [[hyperthyroidism]]; although the connection is far from proved, suspicion has fallen on the use of [[bisphenol A]],  another phenol based product as discussed above, to seal such cans.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt;

As is well known, many [[houseplant]]s are at least somewhat toxic to many species, cats included&lt;ref name=&quot;judy&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.judyshealthcafe.com/articles/substances.html 
| title = Substances That Are Poison to Pets
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = Judy's Health Cafe.com
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; and the consumption of such plants by cats is to be avoided.

===Habitat===
The [[wild cat]], ancestor of the domestic cat, is believed to have evolved in a desert climate, as evident in the behavior common to both the domestic and wild forms. Wild cats are native to all continents other than Australia and Antarctica, although feral cats have become [[apex predator]]s in the Australian Outback where they are menaces to wildlife.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Their feces are usually dry, and cats prefer to bury them in sandy places. Urine is highly concentrated, which allows the cat to retain as much fluid as possible. They are able to remain motionless for long periods, especially when observing prey and preparing to pounce. In North Africa there are still small wildcats that are probably related closely to the ancestors of today's domesticated breeds.

Cats enjoy heat and solar exposure, often sleeping in a sunny area during the heat of the day. Cats prefer warmer temperatures than humans do. People start to feel uncomfortable when their skin's temperature gets higher than about 44.5 °C (112 °F), but cats don't start to show signs of discomfort until their skin reaches about 52 °C (126 °F).

Being closely related to desert animals, cats can easily withstand the heat and cold of a [[temperate]] climate, but not for extended periods. Although certain breeds such as the [[Norwegian Forest Cat]] and [[Maine Coon]] have developed heavier coats of fur than other cats, they have little resistance against moist cold (eg, fog, rain and snow) and struggle to maintain their 39 °C (102 °F) body temperature when wet.

Most cats dislike immersion in water; one major exception is the [[Turkish Van]] breed which has an unusual fondness for water.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.swimmingcats.com/faqs.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abyssinian (cat)|Abyssinian]]s are also reported to be more tolerant of water than most cats.

===Life history===
====Reproduction====
[[Image:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg|thumb|Four kittens being [[breastfeeding|nursed]]]]
Cats are seasonally [[polyestrous]], which means they may have many periods of heat over the course of a year. A heat period lasts about 4 to 7 days if the female is bred; if she is not, the heat period lasts longer.

Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat.  The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate.  At first, the female will reject the male.  But eventually, the female will allow the male to mate.  The female will give a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her.  After mating, the female will give herself a thorough wash.  If a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him.  Once the female is done grooming, the cycle will repeat.

The male cat's [[penis]] has spines which point backwards. Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's [[vagina]], which may cause ovulation. Because this does not always occur, females are rarely impregnated by the first male with which they mate. Furthermore, cats are [[superfecundation|superfecund]]; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, meaning different [[kitten]]s in a litter may have different fathers.

The [[gestation]] period for cats is approximately 63-65 days. The size of a [[Litter (animal)|litter]] averages three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 4-10 months (females) and to 5-7 months (males).

[[Image:Youngkitten.JPG|thumb|220px|right|A kitten which has opened his [[eye]]s for the first time.]]

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks old (the recommended minimum age by Fédération Internationale Féline), or when they are ready to leave their mother. Cats can be surgically [[spay|sterilized]] (spayed or neutered) as early as 6-8 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as [[Territorial marking|territory marking]] (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. If an animal is neutered after such behavior has been learned, however, it may persist.

[[Image:WhiteCat.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Blue-eyed cats with white fur have a higher incidence of [[genetics|genetic]] [[deafness]].]]

====Genetics====
The domestic cat and its closest wild ancestor both possess 38 [[chromosome]]s, in which over 200 heritable genetic defects have been identified, many homologous to human inborn errors. Specific metabolic defects have been identified underlying many of these feline diseases.
There are several [[gene]]s responsible for the hair color identified. The combination of them gives different [[phenotype]]s.

Features like hair length, lack of tail or presence of a very short tail (bobtail cat) are also determined by single alleles and modified by polygenes.

The '''Cat Genome Project''', sponsored by the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center in [[Frederick, Maryland]], focuses on the development of the cat as an animal model for human hereditary disease, infectious disease, genome evolution, comparative research initiatives within the family Felidae, and forensic potential.

It is a common misconception that all white cats with blue eyes are [[deaf]], leading to some people rejecting blue eyed white cats as pets. This is not true, as there are many blue eyed cats with perfect hearing. However, white cats with blue eyes do have slightly higher incidences of [[genetic]] [[deafness]] than white cats of other eye colours.

==Etymology and taxonomic history==
===Scientific classification===
The domestic cat was named ''Felis catus'' by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' of 1758. [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] named the [[Wildcat]] ''Felis silvestris'' in 1775. The domestic cat was considered a subspecies of the Wildcat: by the strict rule of priority of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] the name for the species thus ought to be ''F. catus'' since Linnaeus published first, and so  almost all biologists use ''F. silvestris'' for the wild species, using ''F. catus'' only for the domesticated form.

In opinion 2027 (published in Volume 60, Part 1 of the ''Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature'', March 31 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last = ICZN|title = OPINION 2027: Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved|journal = Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume = 60|issue = 1|publisher = [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]]|date = March 31 2003|accessdate = July 13 2006|url = http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2003opinions.htm#opinion2027}}&lt;/ref&gt;) the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature &quot;conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms&quot;, thus confirming ''F. silvestris'' for the Wildcat and ''F. silvestris catus'' for its domesticated cousin. ''F. catus'' is still valid if the domestic form is considered a separate species. Recent DNA and comparative bone research shows that the separate species name ''F. catus'' is correct after all.&lt;ref name=msw3/&gt; The results show little relation to the ''F. sylvestris'' group with ''F. catus'' being derived from ''F. lybica'' 7000 years ago when the very first small felines were domesticated in Asia Minor.

[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] named the domestic cat ''Felis domesticus'' in his ''Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre and Systema regni animalis'' of 1777. This name, and its variants ''Felis catus domesticus'' and ''Felis silvestris domesticus'', are often seen, but they are not valid scientific names under the rules of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]].

===Nomenclature===
A group of cats is referred to as a '''clowder''', a male cat is called a '''tom''' (or a '''gib''', if neutered), and a female is called a '''queen'''. The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its '''sire''', and its female progenitor is its '''dam'''.  An immature cat is called a '''[[kitten]]''' (which is also an alternative name for young [[rat]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[squirrel]]s and [[skunk]]s). In [[Britain in the Middle Ages|medieval Britain]], the word ''kitten'' was interchangeable with the word ''catling''. A cat whose [[genealogy|ancestry]] is formally registered is called a  [[pedigree (cat)|pedigreed cat]], [[purebred cat]], or a [[show cat]] (although not all show cats are pedigreed or purebred). In strict terms, a purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded, but may have ancestors of different breeds (almost exclusively new breeds; cat registries are very strict about which breeds can be mated together). Cats of unrecorded mixed ancestry are referred to as [[domestic longhair cat|domestic longhairs]] and [[domestic shorthair cat|domestic shorthairs]] or commonly as random-bred, moggies, [[mongrel]]s, mutt-cats or alley cats.  The ratio of pedigree/purebred cats to random-bred cats varies from country to country. However, generally speaking, purebreds are less than ten percent of the total feline population.&lt;ref&gt;''ASPCA Complete Guide to Cats'' by James R. Richards,, DVM&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''cat'' derives from [[Old English]] ''catt'', which belongs to a group of related words in European languages, including Welsh ''cath'', Spanish ''gato'', Basque ''katu'', Byzantine Greek κάττα, Old Irish ''cat'', German ''Katze'', and Old Church Slavonic ''kotka''. The ultimate source of all these terms is unknown.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'' s.v. ''cat''&lt;/ref&gt;  However, it may be linked to the ancient [[Nobiin language|Nubian]] ''kadis'' and the [[Berber languages|Berber]] ''kadiska''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cat Etymonline.com:cat]&lt;/ref&gt;

The term ''puss'' (as in [[pussycat]] or [[Puss in boots]]) may come from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (from ''&quot;poes&quot;'', a female cat, or the diminutive ''&quot;poesje&quot;'', an endearing term for any cat) or from other Germanic languages.

==Importance to humans==
Because of their small size, domestic cats pose almost no danger to humans — the main hazard is the possibility of infection (e.g., [[cat scratch disease]], or, rarely, [[rabies]]) from a cat bite or scratch. Cats can also potentially inflict severe scratches or puncture an eye, though this is quite rare. Dogs have been known to be blinded by cats in fights in which the cat specifically targeted the eyes of the larger animal with some accuracy.

Cats can be destructive to [[ecosystem]]s in which they are not native and whose species have not had time to adapt to their [[introduced species|introduction]]. In some cases, cats have contributed to or caused [[extinction]]s -— for example, see the case of the [[Stephens Island Wren]].

===Cats as pets===
In captivity, indoor cats typically live 14 to 20 years, though the oldest-known cat lived to age 36.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Feline Statistics | url=http://www.pawsonline.info/feline_statistics.htm | accessmonthday=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Domestic cats tend to live longer if they are not permitted to go outdoors (reducing the risk of injury from fights or accidents and exposure to diseases) and if they are [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]]. Some such benefits are: neutered male cats cannot develop [[testicular cancer]], spayed female cats cannot develop [[ovarian cancer]], and both have a reduced risk of [[mammary tumor|mammary cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Spay and Neuter Your Pet Cats | url=http://cats.about.com/od/reproduction/a/spay_neuter.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Hygiene====
[[Image:Beibeigroom.JPG|A tabby cat grooming itself|170px|thumb|right]]
Cats are known for their fastidious cleanliness. They [[Personal grooming|groom]] themselves by licking their [[fur]], employing their hooked papillae and saliva. Their [[saliva]] is a powerful cleaning agent, but it can provoke [[Allergy|allergic]] reactions in humans.  Some people who are [[Cat allergy|allergic to cats]]—typically manifested by [[hay fever]], [[asthma]] or a skin [[rash]] —quickly acclimate themselves to a particular animal and live comfortably in the same house with it, while retaining an allergy to cats in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.animaltrustees.org/ATA_Web/pdfs/dealingwithcatallergies.pdf | title=Dealing with cat allergies | work=animaltrustees.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Many cats also enjoy grooming humans or other cats.  Sometimes the act of grooming another cat is initiated as an assertion of superior position in the pecking order of a group (dominance grooming). Some cats occasionally regurgitate [[hair balls]] of fur that have collected in their stomachs as a result of their grooming. Longhair cats are more prone to this than shorthairs. Hairballs can be prevented with certain cat foods and remedies that ease elimination of the hair and regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. Cats expend nearly as much fluid grooming as they do urinating.

Indoor cats are usually provided with a [[litter box]] containing [[cat litter|litter]], typically [[bentonite]], but sometimes other absorbent material such as shredded paper or wood chips, or sometimes [[sand]] or similar material. This arrangement serves the same purpose as a toilet for humans. It should be cleaned daily and changed often, depending on the number of cats in a household and the type of litter; if it is not kept clean, a cat may be fastidious enough to find other locations in the house for urination or defecation. This may also happen for other reasons; for instance, if a cat becomes [[constipation|constipated]] and defecation is uncomfortable, it may associate the discomfort with the litter box and avoid it in favor of another location. A litterbox is recommended for indoor-outdoor cats as well. 
Daily attention to the litter box also serves as a monitor of the cat's health. Numerous variations on litter and litter box design exist, including some which automatically sift the litter after each use. Bentonite or clumping litter is a variation which absorbs urine into clumps which can be sifted out along with feces, and thus stays cleaner longer with regular sifting, but has sometimes been reported to cause health problems in some cats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Suspected bentonite toxicosis in a cat from ingestion of clay cat litter | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8888544&amp;dopt=Abstract|accessmonthday=September 10 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Toilet_Trained_Cat_22_Aug_2005.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Toilet-trained cat]]
Litterboxes may pose a risk of [[toxoplasmosis]] transmission to susceptible pregnant women and immuno-compromised individuals, although this risk is greatly decreased in indoor-only cats which would not normally be exposed to the disease. Transmission risk may be reduced by daily litterbox cleaning by someone other than the susceptible individual.

Some cats can be toilet trained, eliminating the litterbox and its attendant expense and smell. Training involves two or three weeks of incremental moves, such as moving and elevating the litterbox until it is near the toilet. For a short time, an adapter, such as a bowl or small box, may be used to suspend the litter above the toilet bowl; numerous kits and other aids are marketed to help toilet-train cats.  When training is complete, the cat uses the toilet by perching over the bowl.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cat toilet-training | url=http://www.karawynn.net/mishacat/toilet.html | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasional accidental dunkings, which can traumatize the cat to the point of its avoidance of the toilet, can lead to urinating and defecating in undesirable locations around the house. This can be avoided by use of a simple insert of one or two crossbars or a widely spaced grid to prevent falling in but allow feces to pass; such safety devices have recently become commercially available. Otherwise, if a cat is not trained to use the toilet, it is wise to keep the lid shut to prevent thirsty or curious cats from falling in.

====Scratching====
[[Image:Sok 04.jpg|thumb|Cat scratching wooden post.]] Cats are naturally driven to periodically hook their front claws into suitable surfaces and pull backwards, in order to clean the claws and remove the worn outer sheath as well as exercise and stretch their muscles. This scratching behavior seems enjoyable to the cat, and even [[#Declawing|declawed]] cats will go through elaborate scratching routines with every evidence of great satisfaction, despite the total lack of results. Indoor cats benefit from being provided with a [[scratching post]] so that they are less likely to use carpet or furniture which they can easily ruin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scratching or clawing in the house | url=http://www.fabcats.org/scratching.html|accessmonthday=August 14 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Commercial scratching posts typically are covered in carpeting or upholstery, but some authorities advise against this practice, as not making it clear to the cat which surfaces are permissible and which are not; they suggest using a plain wooden surface, or reversing the carpeting on the posts so that the rougher texture of the carpet backing is a more attractive alternative to the cat than the floor covering. Some indoor cats, however, especially those that were taken as kittens from feral colonies, may not understand the concept of a scratching post, and as a result will ignore it.

[[Image:Cat claw closeup.jpg|left|thumb|Close-up of a cat's claw, with the quick clearly visible]]
Although scratching can serve cats to keep their claws from growing excessively long, their nails can be trimmed if necessary, with a small nail trimmer designed for humans, a small pair of electrician's [[diagonal pliers|diagonal cutting pliers]], or a guillotine type cutter specifically designed for animal nail trimming. Care must always be taken to avoid cutting the [[Wiktionary:quick#Noun|quick]] of the claw, analogous to cutting into the tip of a finger and equally painful and bloody. The position of the quick can be easily seen through the translucent nail of a cat with light colored claws but not in cats with dark colored nails, who therefore require carefully trimming of only small amounts from the nails.

=====Declawing=====
{{main|Onychectomy}}
Declawing is a major surgery known as ''onychectomy'', performed under [[anesthesia]], which removes the tip of each digit (from the first knuckle out) of the cat's forepaws (and rarely the hind paws). The primary reason for declawing cats is to prevent them from damaging furniture; in the United States, some [[landlord]]s may require that tenants' cats be declawed.  Rarely, vicious cats, cats that frequently fight with other pets, or cats that are too efficient at predation of songbirds etc. are declawed. The procedure is illegal in [[Onychectomy#Legal status|many countries worldwide]].

An alternative to declawing is the application of blunt, vinyl nail caps that are affixed to the claws with nontoxic glue, requiring periodic replacement when the cat sheds its claw sheaths (about every four to six weeks). However, the cat will still experience difficulties because the capped nails are not as effective as claws.

===Domestication===
In 2004, a grave was excavated in [[Cyprus]] that contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat.  The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;9500 years&quot;/&gt;
Like some other domesticated animals, cats live in a [[mutualism|mutualistic]] arrangement with humans. It is believed that the benefit of removing rats and mice from humans' food stores outweighed the trouble of extending the protection of a human settlement to a formerly wild animal, almost certainly for humans who had adopted a farming economy. Unlike the dog, which also hunts and kills rodents, the cat does not eat grains, fruits, or vegetables.  A cat that is good at hunting rodents is referred to as a mouser.

The [[simile]] &quot;like herding cats&quot; refers to the seeming intractability of the ordinary house cat to training in anything, unlike dogs. Despite cohabitation in colonies, cats are lone hunters.  It is no coincidence that cats are also &quot;clean&quot; animals; the chemistry of their saliva, expended during their frequent grooming, appears to be a natural deodorant. If so, the function of this cleanliness is to decrease the chance a prey animal will notice the cat's presence in time. In contrast, dog's odour is an advantage in hunting, for a dog is a pack hunter; part of the pack stations itself upwind, and its odour drives prey towards the rest of the pack stationed downwind.  This requires a cooperative effort, which in turn requires communications skills.  No such communications skills are required of a lone hunter.  It is likely this is part of the reason interacting with such an animal is problematic; cats in particular are labeled as opaque or inscrutable, if not obtuse, as well as aloof and self-sufficient.  However, cats can be very affectionate towards their human companions, especially if they [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprint]] on them at a very young age and are treated with consistent affection.

Human attitudes toward cats vary widely.  Some people keep cats for companionship as [[pet]]s. Others go to great lengths to pamper their cats, sometimes treating them as if they were children.  When a cat bonds with its human guardian, the cat may, at times, display behaviors similar to that of a human.  Such behavior may include a trip to the litter box before bedtime or snuggling up close to its companion in bed or on the sofa.  Other such behavior includes mimicking sounds of the owner or using certain sounds the cat picks up from the human; sounds representing specific needs of the cat, which the owner would recognize, such as a specific tone of [[meow]] along with eye contact that may represent &quot;I'm hungry.&quot;  The cat may also be capable of learning to communicate with the human using non-spoken language or [[Cat body language|body language]] such as rubbing for affection (confirmation), facial expressions and making eye contact with the owner if something needs to be addressed (e.g., finding a bug crawling on the floor for the owner to get rid of). Some owners like to train their cat to perform &quot;tricks&quot; commonly exhibited by dogs such as jumping, though this is rare.

Allergies to cat [[dander]] are one of the most common reasons people cite for disliking cats.  However, in some instances, humans find the rewards of cat companionship outweigh the discomfort and problems associated with these allergies. Many choose to cope with cat allergies by taking prescription allergy medicine and bathing their cats frequently, since weekly bathing will eliminate about 90% of the cat dander present in the environment. Recent studies have indicated that humans who are exposed to cats or dogs within the first year of their lives develop few animal allergies, while most adults who are allergic to animals did not have a cat or a dog as a pet in childhood.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In urban areas, some people find feral and free-roaming pet cats annoying and intrusive. Unaltered animals can engage in persistent nighttime calling (termed caterwauling) and defecation or &quot;marking&quot; of private property. Indoor confinement of pets and TNR (trap, neuter, return) programs for feral cats can help; some people also use [[cat deterrent]]s to discourage cats from entering their property.

In rural areas, farms often have dozens of semi-feral cats. Hunting in the barns and the fields, they kill and eat rodents that would otherwise spoil large parts of the grain crop. Many pet cats successfully hunt and kill [[rabbits]], [[rodents]], [[bird]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, [[fish]], and large [[insect]]s by [[instinct]], but might not eat their prey. They may even present their kills, dead or maimed, to their humans, perhaps expecting them to praise or reward them, or possibly even to complete the kill and eat the mouse. Others speculate that the behavior is a part of the odd relationship between human and cat, in which the cat is sometimes a 'kitten' (playing, being picked up and carried) and sometimes an adult (teaching these very large and peculiar kittens how to hunt by demonstrating what the point of it all is).

[[Image:GAto.jpg|thumb|Cat arching its back and hissing]]
The domestic cat is social enough to form [[feral cat colony|colonies]], but does not hunt in groups as [[lion]]s do. Some breeds like [[bengal (cat)|bengal]], [[ocicat]] and [[Manx (cat)|manx]] are known to be very social. While each cat holds a distinct territory (sexually active males having the largest territories, and neutered cats having the smallest), there are &quot;neutral&quot; areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually aggressively chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling, and if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. [[Catfight (animal behavior)|Fighting cats]] make themselves appear more impressive and threatening by raising their fur and arching their backs, thus increasing their visual size. Cats also behave this way while playing. Attacks usually comprise powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites, but serious damage is rare; usually the loser runs away with little more than a few scratches to the face, and perhaps the ears. Normally, serious negative effects will be limited to possible infections of the scratches and bites; though these have been known to sometimes kill cats if untreated. In addition, such fighting is believed to be the primary route of transmission of [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV). Sexually active males will usually be in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to the ears and nose. Not only males will fight; females will also fight over territory or to defend their kittens, and even neutered cats will defend their (smaller) territories aggressively.

Domestic cats have been known to protect their territories (dwellings) even to the extent of attacking [[burglary|human intruders]]{{Fact|date=March 2007}}, although less often and less reliably than dogs.

===Domesticated varieties===
The [[list of cat breeds]] is quite large: most cat registries recognize between 30 and 40 breeds of cats, and several more are in development, with one or more new breeds being recognized each year on average, having distinct features and heritage. The owners and breeders of show cats compete to see whose animal bears the closest resemblance to the &quot;ideal&quot; definition of the breed (see [[selective breeding]]). Because of common crossbreeding in populated areas, many cats are simply identified as belonging to the homogeneous breeds of [[domestic longhair cat|domestic longhair]] and [[domestic shorthair cat|domestic shorthair]], depending on their type of fur.  In the United Kingdom and Australia, non-purebred cats are referred in slang as [[moggy|moggies]] (derived from &quot;Maggie&quot;, short for Margaret, reputed to have been a common name for cows and calves in 18th-century England and latter applied to housecats during the Victorian era).&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-mog1.htm &quot;Moggie&quot; definition question and answer] ''Worldwidewords.org''. URL Accessed June 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, a non-purebred cat is sometimes referred to in slang as a barn or alley cat, even if it is not a [[feral cat|stray]].
Cats come in a variety of colors and patterns. These are physical properties and should not be confused with a breed of cat.
Some original cat breeds that have a distinct phenotype that is the main type occurring naturally as the dominant domestic cat type in their region of origin are sometimes considered as subspecies and also have received names as such in nomenclature, although this is not supported by feline biologists.&lt;ref name=msw3/&gt; Some of These cat breeds are:
*''F. catus anura'' - the Manx
*''F. catus siamensis'' - the Siamese
*''F. catus cartusenensis'' - the Chartreux
*''F. catus angorensis'' - the Turkish Angora

====Coat patterns====
[[Image:Greece-Cat.jpg|thumb|175px|Cat with a [[bicolor cat|van]] pattern.]][[Cat coat genetics]] can produce a variety of coat patterns. Some of the most common are:
; [[Bicolor cat|Bicolor, Tuxedo and Van]] :This pattern varies between the [[Bicolor cat#Tuxedo cats|tuxedo cat]] which is mostly black with a white chest, and possibly markings on the face and paws/legs, all the way to the ''Van'' pattern (so named after the [[Lake Van]] area in Turkey, which gave rise to the Turkish Van breed), where the only colored parts of the cat are the tail (usually including the base of the tail proper), and the top of the head  (often including the ears). There are several other terms for amounts of white between these two extremes, such as ''harlequin'' or ''[[jellicle]] cat''. Bicolor cats can have as their primary (non-white) color black, red, any dilution thereof and tortoiseshell (see below for definition).

[[Image:pinsk.jpg|thumb|175px|Mackerel tabby kitten, showing the characteristic &quot;M&quot; on its forehead.]]
; [[Tabby cat]] :Striped, with a variety of patterns. The classic &quot;blotched&quot; tabby (or &quot;marbled&quot;) pattern is the most common and consists of butterflies and bullseyes. The &quot;mackerel&quot; or &quot;striped&quot; tabby is a series of vertical stripes down the cat's side (resembling the fish). This pattern broken into spots is referred to as a &quot;spotted&quot; tabby.  Finally, the tabby markings may look like a series of ticks on the fur, thus the &quot;ticked&quot; tabby, which is almost exclusively associated with the Abyssinian breed of cats. The worldwide evolution of the cat means that certain types of tabby are associated with certain countries; for instance, blotched tabbies are quite rare outside NW Europe, where they are the most common type.

; [[Tortoiseshell cat|Tortoiseshell and Calico]]
: This cat is also known as a Calimanco cat or Clouded Tiger cat, and by the nickname &quot;tortie&quot;. In the cat fancy, a tortoiseshell cat is randomly patched over with red (or its dilute form, cream) and black (or its dilute blue) mottled throughout the coat. Additionally, the cat may have white spots in its fur, which make it a &quot;tortoiseshell and white&quot; cat or, if there is a significant amount of white in the fur and the red and black colors form a patchwork rather than a mottled aspect, the cat will be called a &quot;calico&quot;. All calicos are tortoiseshell (as they carry both black and red), but not all tortoiseshells are calicos (which requires a significant amount of white in the fur and patching rather than mottling of the colors). The calico is also sometimes called a &quot;tricolor cat&quot;.  The Japanese refer to this pattern as ''mi-ke'' (meaning &quot;triple fur&quot;), while the Dutch call these cats ''lapjeskat'' (meaning &quot;patches cat&quot;). A true tricolor must consist of three colors: a reddish color, dark or light; white; and one other color, typically a brown, black or blue, as described by American breeder Barbara French, writing for the Cat Fanciers community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Torties, Calicos and Tricolor Cats | url=http://www.fanciers.com/cat-faqs/tricolors.shtml| accessmonthday=October 24 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Both tortoiseshell and calico cats are typically female because the [[coat]] pattern is the result of differential [[X chromosome]] [[Lyonization|inactivation]] in [[female]]s (which, as with all normal female [[mammals]], have two X [[chromosomes]]).  Those male tortoiseshells that are created are usually sterile; conversely, cats where the overall color is ginger (orange) are commonly male (roughly in a 3:1 ratio).  In a litter sired by a ginger tom, the females will be tortoiseshell or ginger. See &quot;[http://www.messybeast.com/tricolours.htm Tortoiseshell and Tricolour Cats]&quot; for an extensive genetic explanation for tricolor cats, and detailing the possible combinations of coloring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=White Cats, Eye Colours and Deafness | url=http://www.messybeast.com/whitecat.htm | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;[[Point (coat color)|Colorpoint]]
: The colorpoint pattern is most commonly associated with [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] cats, but may also appear in any domestic cat. A colorpoint cat has dark colors on the face, ears, feet, and tail, with a lighter version of the same color on the rest of the body, and possibly some white. The exact name of the colorpoint pattern depends on the actual color, so there are seal points (dark brown), chocolate points (warm lighter brown), blue points (dark gray), lilac points (silvery gray-pink), flame points (orange), and tortie (tortoiseshell mottling) points, among others. This pattern is the result of a [[Mutation#Special classes|temperature sensitive mutation]] in one of the [[enzyme]]s in the [[metabolic pathway]] from [[tryptophan]] to pigment, such as [[melanin]]; thus, little or no pigment is produced except in the extremities or &quot;points&quot;, where the skin is slightly cooler. For this reason, colorpoint cats tend to darken with age as bodily temperature drops; also, the fur over a significant injury may sometimes darken or lighten as a result of temperature change.

:The tryptophan pathway also produces [[neurotransmitter]]s, thus mutations in the early parts of that pathway may affect not only pigment, but also neurological development. This results in a higher frequency of [[strabismus|cross-eyes]] among colorpoint cats, as well as the [[Melanin#Melanin deficiency in genetic disorders and disease states|high frequency of deafness in white cats]] and the [[White tiger#Inbreeding depression|high frequency of cross-eyes in white tigers]]. (This is not related to [[albinism]]).

====Body types====
Cats can also come in several body types, ranging between two extremes:

; [[Oriental cat|Oriental]] :Not a specific breed, but any cat with an elongated slender build, almond-shaped eyes, long nose, large ears (the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] and oriental shorthair breeds are examples of this).
; Cobby :Any cat with a short, muscular, compact build, roundish eyes, short nose, and small ears. [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Exotic (cat)|Exotics]] are two prime examples of such a body type.

===Feral cats===
{{main|Feral cat}}
[[Image:Feral cat gl3.gif|thumb|right|Feral cats are thought to be a major predator of [[Hawaii]]an coastal and forest habitats, and are one species among many responsible for the decline of endemic forest bird species as well as seabirds like the [[Wedge-tailed Shearwater]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.birdinghawaii.co.uk/XShearwaterkills2.htm&lt;/ref&gt; In one study of 56 cats' [[feces]], the remains of 44 birds were found, 40 of which were [[Endemic birds of Hawaii|endemic species]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/hawaii/mammals.htm&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[Feral cat]]s may live alone, but most are found in large groups called [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] with communal nurseries, depending on resource availability. Some lost or abandoned pet cats succeed in joining these colonies, although Animal welfare organizations note that few are able to survive long enough to become feral, most being killed by vehicles, or succumbing to [[starvation]], [[predator]]s, exposure, or [[disease]]. Most abandoned cats probably have little alternative to joining a feral colony. The average lifespan of such feral cats is much shorter than a domestic housecat, which can live sixteen years or more. Urban areas in the developed world are not friendly, nor adapted environments for cats; most domestic cats are descended from cats in desert climates and were distributed throughout the world by humans. Nevertheless, some feral cat colonies are found in large cities such as around the [[Colosseum]] and [[Forum Romanum]] in Rome.

Although cats are adaptable, feral felines are unable to thrive in extreme cold and heat, and with a very high protein requirement, few find adequate nutrition on their own in cities. They have little protection or understanding of the dangers from dogs, [[coyote]]s, and even automobiles. However, there are thousands of volunteers and organizations that trap these unadoptable feral felines, [[spaying and neutering|spay or neuter]] them, [[immunization|immunize]] the cats against rabies and [[feline leukemia]], and treat them with long-lasting [[flea]] products. Before release back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark the feral as spayed/neutered and inoculated, since these cats will more than likely find themselves trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives, and not only is their lifespan greatly increased, but behavior and nuisance problems, due to competition for food, are also greatly reduced. In time, if an entire colony is successfully spayed and neutered, no additional kittens are born and the feral colony disappears. Many hope to see an end to urban feral cat colonies through these efforts.

====Environmental interaction====
There are two divergent views about cats’ relationship with the [[natural environment]]. The first says, The environmental impact of feral cat programs and of indoor/outdoor cats is a subject of debate. Part of this stems from humane concern for the cats themselves and part arises from concerns about cat predation on endangered species. Nearly all studies agree that abandoned animals lead hard lives. Owners who can no longer keep their cats should do best to give them to friends, rescue organizations, or shelters. The amount of ecological damage done by indoor/outdoor cats depends on local conditions. The most severe effect occurs to island ecologies. Serious concerns also exist{{Fact|date=March 2007}} in places such as Florida where housecats are not native, where several small-sized endangered species live near human populations, and where the climate allows cats to breed throughout the year. Environmental concerns may be minimal in most of the UK where cats are an established species and few to none of the local prey species are endangered. Pet owners can contact veterinarians, ecological organizations, and universities for opinions about whether local conditions are suitable for outdoor cats. Additional concerns include potential dangers from larger predators and infectious diseases. Coyotes kill large numbers of housecats in the Southwestern United States, even in urban zones. FELV (feline leukemia), FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), or rabies may be present in the area. If faced with conflicting evidence, the safe choice is to keep a cat indoors. Experts recommend a gradual transition to indoor life for cats who are accustomed to going outside.

Those opposing this view stress this allegation has never been proved. They say that damaging effects do not follow necessarily from the fact that cats are predators. They point out that cats have played a useful role in vermin control for centuries, and that for many animals, especially in urban areas, cats are the only animal available to fill the vital role of predator. Without cats these species would overpopulate.

Cats themselves present a risk of overpopulation as well. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3-4 million cats and dogs are [[Animal euthanasia|euthanized]] each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are significantly more animals being born than there are homes. 
Spaying or neutering pets helps keep the overpopulation down.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spayusa.org/main_directory/02-facts_and_education/stats_surveys/javma_articles/02dogs-cats-sterilized.asp&lt;/ref&gt; Local humane societies, SPCA's and other animal protection organizations urge people to spay or neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them.
--&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{commonscat|Felis silvestris catus}}
{{wikispecies|Felis silvestris catus|Cat}}
===Isu kawarasan===
*[http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/ Cornell Feline Health Center]
*[http://www.aafponline.org/ American Association of Feline Practitioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091242/http://aafponline.org/ |date=2008-05-14 }}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A4113992 Ailurophilia Gone Bad]
*{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/06/science/06cats.html?ex=1294203600&amp;en=4b75c4da1cdc2167&amp;ei=5090|title=DNA Offers New Insight Concerning Cat Evolution|date=[[January 6]], [[2006]]|publisher=The New York Times}}
*[http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=felis-catus High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain]
*[http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=1763&amp;articleid=1108 Onions are Toxic to Cats]
*[http://www.petcat.us/questions.shtml Information about the third eyelid of cats, and the problem of Kertao, or &quot;dry eye&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111094834/http://www.petcat.us/questions.shtml |date=2007-01-11 }}
*[http://www.aafponline.org/resources/guidelines/Feline_Behavior_Guidelines.pdf Feline Behavior Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307045627/http://www.aafponline.org/resources/guidelines/Feline_Behavior_Guidelines.pdf |date=2008-03-07 }} Publikasi [[AAFP]] nu medar jihat peternakan
*[http://www.kedimveben.com Monthly Turkish Free Magazine For Teaching Cat Care, kedimveben.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006064207/http://kedimveben.com/ |date=2019-10-06 }}
*[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/cats/ National Geographic: Cats]

=== Unak-anik ===
*[http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/index_n.asp Cat Genome Project] di [http://www.cancer.gov/ The National Cancer Institute] AS
*[http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=animals_oddities&amp;id=4023842 New Potential Smallest Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224073628/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=animals_oddities&amp;id=4023842 |date=2007-02-24 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120822184948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/pets/cats.shtml BBC.CO.UK Description of the Cat]
*[http://www.boutiquekittens.com/index.php?id=236 The Origins and Domestication of the Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922002933/http://www.boutiquekittens.com/index.php?id=236 |date=2007-09-22 }}
*''Cationary: Meaningful Portraits of Cats'' by Sharon Montrose, ISBN 0-670-03059-7

[[Kategori:Felis]]
[[Kategori:Sato nyusuan]]</text>
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    <title>Tanzania</title>
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      <text bytes="16404" sha1="tmp1mfs10gh3otch8dxj5eip2r7wdkt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Country or territory
|native_name              = ''Jumhuriya Muungano wa Tanzania''
|conventional_long_name   = Uni Républik Tanzania
|common_name              = Tanzania
|image_flag               = Flag of Tanzania.svg
|image_coat               = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg
|national_motto           = &quot;Uhuru na Umoja&quot;{{nbsp|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[Swahili language|Swahili]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Merdika jeung Ngahiji&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|image_map                = Tanzania in its region.svg
|national_anthem          = ''[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Gusti ngaberkahan Afrika&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|official_languages = [[Basa Swahili|Swahili]] (de fakto) &lt;!-- Don't edit this without reading the talk page! --&gt;
|capital                  = [[Dar és Salaam]] (ibu kota tradisional)&lt;br /&gt;[[Dodoma]] (lokasi legislatur)&lt;br /&gt;
|latd=6 |latm=00 |latNS=S |longd=35 |longm=00 |longEW=E
|government_type          = [[Républik]]
|leader_title1            = [[Daptar Présidén Tanzania|Présidén]]
|leader_title2            = [[Daptar Perdana Mentri Tanzania|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1             = [[Samia Hassan Suluhu]]
|leader_name2             = [[Kassim Majaliwa]]
|largest_city             = [[Dar és Salaam]]
|area                     = 945,087
|areami²                  = 364,898 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_rank                = ka-31
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|percent_water            = 6.2
|population_estimate      = 37,849,133&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2006 (Nopémber)
|population_estimate_rank = ka-32
|population_census        = 34,443,603
|population_census_year   = 2002
|population_density       = 41
|population_densitymi²    = 106 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = ka-159
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2005
|GDP_PPP                  = $27.12 miliar &lt;!--IMF--&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             = ka-99
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $723
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = ka-178
|HDI_year                 = 2004
|HDI                      = {{increase}} 0.430
|HDI_rank                 = ka-162
|HDI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#e0584e&quot;&gt;handap&lt;/font&gt;
|Gini                     = 34.6
|Gini_year                = 2000–01
|Gini_category            = &lt;font color=&quot;#ffcc00&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/font&gt;
|sovereignty_type         = [[Merdika]]
|sovereignty_note         = ti [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1       = Tanganyika
|established_event2       = Zanzibar
|established_event3       = Ngahiji
|established_date1        = [[9 Désémber]] [[1961]]
|established_date2        = [[12 Januari]] [[1964]]
|established_date3        = [[26 April]] [[1964]]
|currency                 = [[Shilling Tanzania]]
|currency_code            = TZS
|time_zone                = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset               = +3
|time_zone_DST            = ''teu ditalungtik''
|utc_offset_DST           = +3
|cctld                    = [[.tz]]
|calling_code             = 255&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt80&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Philip Briggs | url = http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 | title = Tanzania travel guide (country guide) | edition = 5th ed | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812082400/http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 |date=2007-08-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnotes                = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 007 from [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]].
}}
'''Tanzania''' {{IPA2|tænzəˈniə}},&lt;ref&gt;Tanzania. Dictionary.com. ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Random House, Inc. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323115052/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania |date=2014-03-23 }} (accessed: March 27, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; ngaran resmina '''Uni Républik Tanzania''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}}), nyaéta nagara di [[Afrika Wétan]], diwatesan ku [[Kenya]] jeung [[Uganda]] di kaler, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] jeung [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] di kulon, jeung [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] sarta [[Mozambik]] di kidul. Di beulah wetan wawatesan jeung [[Samudra India]].

Nagara ieu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Tanganyika]], bagéan taneuh daratannana, sarta kapuloan [[Zanzibar]] nu aya di basisir wetan. Tanganyika ngahiji jeung Zanzibar taun [[1964]], ngawangun Uni Républik Tanganyika jeung Zanzibar, nu satuluyna dina taun éta kénéh robah ngaran jadi Uni Républik Tanzania.&lt;ref name=factbook&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html &quot;The World Factbook - Tanzania&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |date=2020-11-27 }}, ''[[CIA]]'', 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun [[1996]], kantor pamaréntahna pindah ti [[Dar és Salaam]] ka [[Dodoma]], nu antukna Dodoma jadi ibu kota pulitis Tanzania. Dar és Salaam tetep jadi kota perdagangan penting.&lt;ref name=factbook/&gt;&lt;ref name=official_website&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daptar ===
* [[Daptar rumah sakit di Tanzania]]
* [[Daptar pausahaan Tanzania]]
* [[Jejer nu patali jeung Tanzania]]
* [[Daptar panulis Afrika (dumasar nagara)#Tanzania|Daptar panulis ti Tanzania]]
* [[Daptar urang Tanzania nu kasohor]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072330.stm |title=Country Profile: Tanzania |publisher=BBC News}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Tanzania}}
;Pamaréntahan
* [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ The United Republic of Tanzania] official site
* [http://www.hakikazi.org/eng/ Tanzania without Poverty - A plain language guide to Tanzania's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724101840/http://www.hakikazi.org/eng/ |date=2007-07-24 }}

;MDA
* [http://www.estabs.go.tz/ Public Service Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814050220/http://www.estabs.go.tz/ |date=2007-08-14 }}

;Institusi
* [[Wipahs]] Humanitarian Services
* [http://www.ismoshi.org/ International School Moshi, Kilimanjaro &amp; Arusha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908071529/http://www.ismoshi.org/ |date=2012-09-08 }}
* [http://www.istafrica.com/ International School of Tanganyika]
* [http://www.eachq.org/ The East African] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823084835/http://www.eachq.org/ |date=2007-08-23 }}
* [http://www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/ TTB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113233655/http://www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/ |date=2010-01-13 }} Tanzania Tourist Board
* [http://www.ndctz.com/ NDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809212926/http://www.ndctz.com/ |date=2007-08-09 }}
* [http://www.tanapa.com/ TANAPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717175737/http://www.tanapa.com/ |date=2007-07-17 }} Tanzania National Parks Authority
* [http://www.nlupc.co.tz/ National Land Use Planning Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905204428/http://www.nlupc.co.tz/ |date=2007-09-05 }}
* [http://www.moct.go.tz/ict/ ICT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814152559/http://www.moct.go.tz/ict/ |date=2007-08-14 }} The National information and Communication Technologies
* [http://www.darstockexchange.com/ Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013635/http://www.darstockexchange.com/ |date=2010-01-10 }}
* [http://www.dawasa.org/ DAWASA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080744/http://www.dawasa.org/ |date=2007-09-29 }}
* [http://www.lvemp.org/ Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703112526/http://www.lvemp.org/ |date=2007-07-03 }}
* [http://www.tra.go.tz/ TRA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001105954/http://www.tra.go.tz/ |date=2021-10-01 }} Tanzania Revenue Authority
* [http://www.nhctz.com/aboutus/ NHC]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} National Housing Corporation
* [http://www.aicc.co.tz/ AICC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703112531/http://www.aicc.co.tz/ |date=2007-07-03 }} Arusha International Conference Centre
* [http://www.tsed.org/ Tanzania Socio-economic Database]
* [http://www.tfda.or.tz/ TFDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215520/http://www.tfda.or.tz/ |date=2007-06-30 }} Tanzania Food and drugs authority
* [http://www.esrftz.org/ Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF)]
* [http://www.nbs.go.tz/ NBS] National Buréau of Statistics Tanzania
* [http://www.necta.go.tz/ NECTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207233219/http://necta.go.tz/ |date=2014-02-07 }} National Examinations Council of Tanzania
* [http://www.districthealthservice.com/index.htm District Health Service and Health Sector Reform Secretariat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063823/http://www.districthealthservice.com/index.htm |date=2020-08-08 }}
* [http://www.meteo.go.tz/ Tanzania Meteorological Agency]
* [http://www.tie.go.tz/ TIE] Tanzania Institute of Education
* [http://www.nacptz.org/ NACP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314190338/http://nacptz.org/ |date=2018-03-14 }} National AIDS Control Programme
* [http://www.repoa.or.tz/ REPOA] Reséarch on Poverty Alleviation
* [http://www.hakikazi.org/ Hakikazi Catalyst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905154111/http://www.hakikazi.org/ |date=2007-09-05 }} Léading Civil Society Organisation
* [http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/ HKMU] The Hubert Kairuki Memorial University
* [http://www.tic.co.tz/ TIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812000811/http://www.tic.co.tz/ |date=2007-08-12 }} The Tanzania Investment Centre
* [http://eardci.googlepages.com/ EARD-CI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514212915/http://eardci.googlepages.com/ |date=2008-05-14 }} Enterprise and Rural Development - Community Initiatives, an Arusha region micro-finance NGO

;Warta
* [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics
* [http://www.kikweteshein.com/ President Jakaya Kikwete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130030228/http://www.kikweteshein.com/ |date=2008-01-30 }} The Top héadlines from the major Tanzanian
* [http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/ Daily News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163518/http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/ |date=2006-07-20 }} Tanzania Standard
* [http://www.busiweek.com East African Business Week] business news for Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi
* [http://www.ippmedia.com/ IPP Media]
* [http://www.thisday.co.tz/ ThisDay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809122844/http://www.thisday.co.tz/ |date=2007-08-09 }}
* [http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/ Arusha Times]
* [http://allafrica.com/tanzania/ AllAfrica.com - ''Tanzania''] news héadline links
* [http://www.theexpress.com/ The Express Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819111809/http://www.theexpress.com/ |date=2007-08-19 }} weekly newspaper
* [http://www.tanzania-news.com/ Tanzania News] The Top héadlines from the major Tanzanian newspapers

;Media
* [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics
* [http://www.tvt.go.tz/ TVT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408172404/http://tvt.go.tz/ |date=2006-04-08 }} Televisheni ya Taifa
* [http://www.tvz.co.tz/ TVZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221165652/http://www.tvz.co.tz/ |date=2006-02-21 }} Television Zanzibar
* [http://www.itv.co.tz/ ITV] Independent Television
* [http://www.startvtz.com/ StarTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803070036/http://startvtz.com/ |date=2006-08-03 }} Star Television
* [http://www.channel5.co.tz/ 5EATV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716153845/http://channel5.co.tz/ |date=2006-07-16 }} Channel 5
* Tanga Television (TATV)
* Channel 10
* [http://www.tvt.go.tz/rtd.html/ RTD]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam
* [http://www.radio1.co.tz/ Radio One]
* [http://www.eastafricafm.com East Africa Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014849/http://www.eastafricafm.com/ |date=2016-10-23 }}
* [http://www.habaritanzania.com Habari Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808124942/http://www.habaritanzania.com/ |date=2007-08-08 }} Tanzania news in Swahili

;Bisnis
* [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics
* [http://www.cti-tz.com/members2.htm Confederation of Tanzanian Industries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404104616/http://www.cti-tz.com/members2.htm |date=2006-04-04 }}
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |date=2020-11-27 }}
* [http://www.busiweek.com East African Business Week] business news for Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Tanzania Open Directory Project - ''Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616184422/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Tanzania/ |date=2006-06-16 }} directory category
* [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/tz/ US State Department - ''Tanzania''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg Detailed map of Tanzania towns, rivers &amp; lakes]: map at University of Texas (2003)
* [http://://www.tanzaniaeconomicforum.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020952/http://www.tanzaniaeconomicforum.org/ |date=2007-09-30 }} Tanzania Economic Forum]
* [http://://www.eabox.net/tanzania {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/http://www.eabox.net/tanzania |date=2007-08-18 }} Tanzania Links]
* [http://www.darstockexchange.com Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013635/http://www.darstockexchange.com/ |date=2010-01-10 }}

;Sawangan
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072330.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Tanzania'']
* [http://eabox.net/tanzania Tanzania Links- ''Tanzania Websites''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/http://www.eabox.net/tanzania |date=2007-08-18 }}
* [http://www.worldgeography.abc-clio.com/library/maps/countrydisplay.aspx?countryid=178&amp;categoryid=2&amp;fulltext=tanzania&amp;bmap=False&amp;nav=non&amp;bstart=true&amp;specialtopicid=-1 - &quot;Tanzania History&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.tanzania.eu Tanzania.eu]

;Wisata
* [http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812082400/http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 |date=2007-08-12 }} detailed and up-to-date travel guide
{{wikivoyage|Tanzania}}

;Wewengkon liar jeung singkur
* [http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ Tanzania National Parks - TANAPA]
* [http://www.judysphotos.com/Wildlife-of-Tanzania-East-Africa Wildlife of Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709162713/http://www.judysphotos.com/Wildlife-of-Tanzania-East-Africa |date=2006-07-09 }} - photos

== Geografi lokal ==
{{Regions of Tanzania}}{{Countries of East Africa}}{{Countries of Africa}}{{Former German colonies}}{{Indian Ocean}}{{Member states of the SADC}}{{Member states of the African Union}}{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}{{Commonwealth of Nations}}

[[Kategori:Tanzania| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Persemakmuran]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara miskin]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pervez Musharraf</title>
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      <id>710603</id>
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      <text bytes="8907" sha1="62dtpku5rcsujtx7iuv1fgxvkhqwch7" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox President
| name = Pervez Musharraf&lt;br /&gt;پرويز مشرف
| image = Pervez Musharraf 2004.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Gambar:Flag_of_Imperial_India.svg|20px]] [[Delhi]], [[Raj Britania|India Britania]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2023|02|5|1943|08|11|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Gambar:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg|20px]] [[:id:Dubai|Dubai]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]]
| office = [[Presiden Pakistan]] ka-12
| term_start = [[20 Juni]] [[2001]]
| term_end = [[18 Agustus]] [[2008]]
| primeminister = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]], [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] jeung [[Shaukat Aziz]]
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]
| party = [[Liga Muslim Pakistan (Q)]]
}}
'''[[Jéndral]] Pervez Musharraf''' ({{lang-ur|'''پرويز مشرف'''}}) ([[11 Agustus]] [[1943]] – [[5 Pébruari]] [[2023]]) nyaéta [[Presiden Pakistan]] tur [[Pupuhu Staf Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan|Pupuhu Staf Angkatan Bersenjata]] [[Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan]] nu naék kalungguhan ku jalan [[kudéta]].{{fact}} Anjeunna naek dina [[2 Oktober]], [[1999]], ngagulingkeun [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Perdana Mentri Pakistan|Perdana Mentri]] kapilih, nu satuluyna mangku kalungguhan Pupuhu Eksekutif.{{fact}} Satuluyna, anjeunna ogé mangku kalungguhan [[Presiden Pakistan]].{{fact}}

== Catetan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Buku ==
* Pervez Musharraf, ''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]'' (2006)

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Daptar pamingpin nagara]]
* [[Pulitik Pakistan]]
* [[Gurat Suksési Presiden Pakistan]]
* [[Nawaz Sharif]]
* [[Mirza Tahir Hussain]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{sisterlinks|Pervez Musharraf}}
;Loka resmi
* ''' [http://www.generalpervezmusharraf.com/ General Pervez Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119062047/http://www.generalpervezmusharraf.com/ |date=2007-11-19 }}'''
* ''' [http://www.musharraf.org/ Pervez Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819184207/http://www.musharraf.org/ |date=2008-08-19 }}'''
* [http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/ Official Presidential website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114608/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/PresidentialSpeeches.aspx |date=2008-07-05 }}
* [http://www.presidentmusharraf.net/ Official Biographical website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602034609/http://www.presidentmusharraf.net/ |date=2008-06-02 }}
* [http://presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/PresidentialSpeeches.aspx Official Repository of Presidential Speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114608/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/PresidentialSpeeches.aspx |date=2008-07-05 }}

;Biograpi jeung profil
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P029 Biography on storyofpakistan.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045127/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P029 |date=2011-09-04 }}
* ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine [http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/1101020722/story.html cover story on Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124012950/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/1101020722/story.html |date=2005-11-24 }} 
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1742997.stm Profile] in September 2004 by the BBC

;Bahan Vidéo ngeunaan Musharraf
* [http://www.pkpolitics.com Videos from Pakistani News channels having information related to Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324115328/http://pkpolitics.com/ |date=2008-03-24 }}

;Buku ngeunaan Musharraf
* [http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=845&amp;rel=&amp;pg=1&amp;m_link=13&amp;slink=8&amp;m_id=55&quot; The Musharraf Factor, by Abid Ullah Jan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307065641/http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=845&amp;rel=&amp;pg=1&amp;m_link=13&amp;slink=8&amp;m_id=55 |date=2008-03-07 }}

;Artikel jieunan Musharraf
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html &quot;A Plea for Enlightened Moderation&quot;, by Pervez Musharraf], ''[[Washington Post]]'' opinion piece

;Wawancara
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3443077881361947856&amp;q=musharraf An hour with Pervez Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520044750/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3443077881361947856&amp;q=musharraf |date=2011-05-20 }}, ''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' (vidéo)
* [http://www.usip.org/events/2003/0625_CIBpakistan.html Address by Pervez Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517165911/http://www.usip.org/events/2003/0625_CIBpakistan.html |date=2006-05-17 }} to [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] (text, audio &amp; vidéo available) June 2003
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/06/20/wpak120.xml&amp;sSheet=/news/2004/06/20/ixhome.html ''The Telegraph'', United Kingdom], [[20 Juni]] [[2004]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109341,00.html ''Time'' magazine, United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029123029/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109341,00.html |date=2005-10-29 }}, [[25 September]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701350.html ''Washington Post'', United States], [[29 Januari]] [[2006]]
** Musharraf: &quot;There is no milk and honey flowing after you get these two people&quot;, referring to Osama and Zawahiri and that military might alone cannot deféat terrorism.
* [http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=362 Pakistani President Musharraf speaks to students and diplomats about the future of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083904/http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=362 |date=2007-09-29 }}, ''Fora TV'', September 23, 2006 (Vidéo)

;Referendum
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2002/cover1.htm Referendum report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218125100/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2002/cover1.htm |date=2005-12-18 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2309311.stm BBC report on referendum]
* [http://www.embassyofpakistan.com/address_27_05_02.htm Speech on national TV, in which Musharraf apologizes for &quot;improper&quot; voting in the referendum] 
** &quot;...at lower level due to unnecessary enthusiasm and carelessness, inefficiency and ignorance there might have been some improper case of voting in some areas. If this is true I regret it from the core of my heart. I feel sad and sorry for it,&quot; said Musharraf.

;Electoral College vote
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/02/international/asia/02STAN.html?ex=1388379600&amp;en=a5ffeee2a4e1367a&amp;ei=5007&amp;partner=USERLAND &quot;Pakistan Gives Musharraf Confidence Vote as President&quot;]; ''New York Times''; [[1 Januari]], [[2004]]

;Artikel lianna
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090809005748/http://www.state.gov/www/regions/sa/991013_whstat_pkst.html President Clinton's statement regarding the 1999 coup]
* [http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2006/09/us_threatened_t.html &quot;US threatened to bomb Pakistan back to 'the Stone Age'&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011153327/http://worldproutassembly.org/archives/2006/09/us_threatened_t.html |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0702057844230302.htm Supreme Leader urges stronger Iran-Pakistan relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220809/http://irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0702057844230302.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}

;Survey
* [http://pakistaniat.com/2006/10/01/atp-poll-results-grading-gen-musharraf/ Poll Grading Gen. Musharraf]
* [http://www.gallup.com.pk/archives/oct15_2001.html Survey] by [[The Gallup Organization]]
* [http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=796 Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912012145/http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=796 |date=2005-09-12 }} by Washington-based [[Pew Research Center]]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Head of government|Chief Executive]] / Perdana Mentri Pakistan|
years=[[12 Oktober]], [[1999]] — [[20 Juni]], [[2001]]|
before=[[Nawaz Sharif]]|
after=[[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]|}}
{{incumbent succession box|
title=[[Presiden Pakistan]]|
start=[[20 Juni]], [[2001]]|
before=[[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]|
}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army]]| before=Jendral [[Jehangir Karamat]]| after=''Ngajabat''|years=1998–Kiwari}}
{{end box}}
{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{PakistaniPresidents}}

{{biografi-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Kategori:Présidén Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Pamingpin Staf Angkatan Bersenjata, Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Jéndral urang Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Pamingpin nu ngawasa ku jalan kup]]
[[Kategori:Pulitikeus Muslim Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Alumni FC College]]
[[Kategori:Muhajir]]
[[Kategori:Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Kategori:Tamgha-e-Basalat]]
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1943]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gelombang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>まる子2026</username>
        <id>36953</id>
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      <text bytes="13890" sha1="jlwq9fiu7b3ruigxpjeseddx2bbydhd" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:2006-01-14 Surface waves.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Gelombang beungeut]] [[cai]]]]
'''Gelombang''' mangrupa hiji gangguan anu ngarambat ngaliwatan rohangan jeung waktu, sarta biasana dibarengan ku pamindahan [[énergi]]. Gelombang mékanik hadir dina hiji médium (mangsa lumangsung parobahan bentuk médium, mampuh ngahasilkeun gaya-gaya élastis nu ngabalikkeun deui bentuk ka asalna). Gelombang tina [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] (sarta mungkin radiasi gravitasional) bisa ngarambat dina [[rohangan hapa]], nyaéta tanpa médium. Gelombang ngaliwat sarta mindahkeun énergi ti hiji titik ka titik lianna, malah mindeng dibarengan ku saeutik pamindahan partikel médium atawa henteu permanén (nyaéta saeutik atawa tanpa pangangkutan massa); tapi aya osilasi di sabudeureun lokasi-lokasi tinangtu.

== Gambaran sacara matematik ==
[[Image:wave.png|center|400px]]
Ditingali tina matematika, gelombang anu paling primitif (atawa dasar) nyaéta gelombang [[harmonik]] (sinusoidal) anu digambarkeun ku rumus f(x,t) = Asin(wt-kx)), di mana A mangrupa '''[[amplitudo]]''' gelombang - sahiji ukuran gangguan maksimum dina jero médium salila hiji siklus gelombang (jarak maksimum titik pangluhurna ti titk kasaimbangan). Dina ilustrasi di sabeulah katuhu, amplitudo mangrupa jarak vértikal maksimum antara garis dasar jeung gelombang. Unit (hijian) amplitudo gumantung kana jinis gelombang&amp;mdash; gelombang senar miboga amplitudo anu dinyatakeun dina jarak (meter), gelombang sora dinyatakeun dina tekanan (pascals) sarta gelombang éléktromagnétik dinyatakeun dina (volts/meter). Amplitudo bisa waé tetep (dina hal ieu gelombang mangrupa sahiji gelombang sinambung''c.w.'' atawa ''[[continuous wave]]''), atawa bisa ogé robah-robah (variasi) nurutkeun waktu jeung / atawa posisi. Wangunan variasi amplitudo disebut ''amplop'' gelombang.

[[Image:Simple harmonic oscillator.gif|frame|right|Osilasi sistem per-massa di sabudeureun titik imbangna mangrupa sahiji gelombang sinus.]]
[[Image:Simple harmonic motion animation.gif|thumb|right|Gelombang bisa digambarkeun ku [[gerak harmonik saderhana]].]]

===Panjang gelombang===

'''Panjang gelombang''' (dilambangkeun ku &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt;) mangrupa jarak antara dua puncak (atawa jurang) anu ngaréndéng. Panjang gelombang umumna boga hijian méter; gelombang cahaya dina [[spéktrum éléktromagnétik]] umumna diukur maké hijian ukuran panjang nanométer.

'''[[Nomergelombang]]''' &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; bisa dikaitkeun jeung panjang gelombang ku rumus:

:&lt;math&gt;
k = \frac{2 \pi}{\lambda}. \,
&lt;/math&gt;

===Périoda jeung frékuénsi===
{{utama|Frékuénsi}}
'''Périoda''' &lt;math&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; nyaéta waktu anu diperlukeun pikeun gelombang ngayun bulak-balik dina sahiji siklus. '''[[Frékuénsi]]''' &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; (ogé mindeng dilambangkeun ku&lt;math&gt;\nu&lt;/math&gt;) nyaéta sabaraha loba périoda per hijian waktu (contona dina sadetik) sarta dikur maké hijian [[hertz]]. Ieu dirumuskeun ku:

:&lt;math&gt;
f=\frac{1}{T}. \,
&lt;/math&gt;

Dina kalimah lain bisa ogé dinyatakeun yén frékuénsi jeung périoda gelombang silih balik.

===Frékuénsi sudut===
'''Frékuénsi sudut''' &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; ngagambarkeun frékuénsi dina terminologi radian per detik. Frékuénsi sudut dihubungkeun jeung frékuénsi ku rumus:

:&lt;math&gt;
\omega = 2 \pi f = \frac{2 \pi}{T}. \,
&lt;/math&gt;

Aya dua rupa laju dina gelombang téh. Anu kahiji nyaéta '''[[laju fase]]''', anu ngagambarkeun sabaraha loba gelombang anu ngarambat tiap detik, anu dirumuskeun ku:

:&lt;math&gt;v_p = \frac{\omega}{k} = {\lambda}f.&lt;/math&gt;

Anu kadua nyaéta '''[[laju grup]]''', anu ngagambarkeun laju informasi anu bisa dikirim ku gelombang. Ieu dirumuskeun ku:

:&lt;math&gt;
v_g = \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k}. \,
&lt;/math&gt;

==Gelombang éléktromagnétik==
'''Gelombang éléktromagnétik (ÉM)''' nyaéta kabéh gelombang anu dihasilkeun tina interaksi antara [[médan listrik]] jeung [[médan magnét]]. Kumpulan gelombang ÉM ti mimiti nu panjangna rébuan [[kilométer]] tepi ka nu sapondok ukuran [[atom]] ngawangun spéktrum anu disebut spéktrum gelombang éléktromagnétik. Umumna disebutkeun yén gelombang ÉM anu panjangna di luar wates-wates kasebut henteu lumrah, sanajan anggapan ieu henteu sakabéhna bener. Wates gelombang pondok kamungkinan mangrupa [[gelombang Planck]], ari wates paling panjang saukuran jeung jagat raya (tingali [[kosmologi fisika]]), sanajan dina dasarna spéktrum téh [[taya hinggana]].

[[Energi]] éléktromagnétik dina hiji [[panjang gelombang]] [[lambda|λ]] (dina [[rohangan bébas]]) miboga sahiji [[frékuénsi]] ''f'' jeung [[energi]] [[foton]] ''E''.  Jadi, spéktrum gelombang éléktromagnétik bisa dinyatakeun dina tilu kuantitas ieu. Katilu kuantitas ieu dihubungkeun ku rumus:

:''laju gelombang'' (''c'') = ''frékuénsi'' x ''panjang gelombang''

atawa

:&lt;math&gt;\lambda = \frac{c}{f}  \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

jeung

:&lt;math&gt;E=hf \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

atawa

:&lt;math&gt;E=\frac{hc}{\lambda} \,\!&lt;/math&gt;

di mana:
* ''c'' nyaéta [[laju cahaya]], 299,792,458&amp;nbsp;m/s (pasti).
* ''h'' nyaéta [[konstanta Planck]]

Jadi, dumasar kana éta rumus, gelombang éléktromagnétik dina frékuénsi gancang (atawa luhur) miboga panjang gelombang nu pondok jeun énérgi anu gedé; sedengkeun gelombang éléktromagnétik dina frékuénsi laun (handap) miboga panjang gelombang anu panjang sarta énérgi anu saeutik.

Mangsa gelombang cahaya (jeung gelombang éléktromagnétik lianna) asup kana sahiji médiyeum, [[panjang gelombang]]na ngurangan. Panjang gelombang éléktromagnétik, teu paduli médiyeum naon anu diliwatanna, biasana dirumuskeun dikaitkeun jeung panjang gelombang dina [[rohangan bébas]], sanajan hal ieu teu salawasna dinyatakeun sacara jelas.

[[Image:EM spectrum.svg|thumb|490px|right|Spéktrum ÉM di mana cahaya mangrupa bagian tina gelombang ÉM]]

Umumna, dumasar panjang gelombangna, gelombang ÉM digolongkeun kana gelombang-gelombang [[energi listrik]], [[radio]], [[gelombang mikro]], [[infrabeureum]], [[cahaya katémbong]] anu karasa ku urang sabagé cahaya, [[ultraviolét]], [[sinar-X]] jeung [[sinar gamma]].

=== Cahaya ===
{{utama|cahaya}}

Gelombang ÉM dina panjang gelombang antara kira-kira 400 [[nanométer|nm]] jeung 700&amp;nbsp;nm katangkep ku [[mata]] [[manusa]] sarta karasa  sabagé [[cahaya]] nu katénjo.  Panjang gelombang lianna, husuna anu deukeut ka gelombang beureum infra (nu leuwih panjang ti 700&amp;nbsp;nm) jeung ultraviolét (nu leuwih pondok to 400&amp;nbsp;nm) ogé kadang-kadang disebut sabagé cahaya.

[[Serat optik]] ngarambatkeun cahaya anu bisa ditumpangan data sora atawa gambar. Prosésna sarupa jeung anu digunakeun dina ngarambatkeun gelombang radio.

=== Gelombang radio ===
{{utama|frékuénsi radio}}

Gelombang radio bisa dimangfaatkeun pikeun mawa informasi ku cara ngarobah-robah [[amplitudo]], [[frékuénsi]] jeung [[fase]] dina sahiji [[pita frékuénsi]].

Mangsa rambatan gelombang ÉM asup kana [[Konduktor listrik|konduktor]], rambatan ÉM ngaraksuk kana konduktor, ngaliwatan, jeung [[ngabangkitkeun frékuénsi radio|ngabangkitkeun]] [[arus listrik]] dina beungeut konduktor ku cara ngagerakkeun éléktron-éléktron material konduktor. Éfék ieu (éfék kulit atawa [[skin effect]]) digunakeun dina anteneu. Pancaran gelombang ÉM ogé bisa ngabalukarkeun molékul-molékul nyerep énérgi jeung saterusna jadi panas; cara ieu digunakeun dina [[oven microwave]].

==Rumus-rumus Gelombang Éléktromagnétik==
Gelombang éléktromagnétik salaku hiji fénomena umum ditorah ku hukum-hukum klasik ngeunaan [[listrik]] jeung ''magnétisme'', anu katelah sabagé [[rumus-rumus Maxwell]]. Lamun urang mariksa rumus-rumus Maxwell tanpa sumber  ([[muatan listrik]] atawa arus listrik) mangka urang bakal meunangkeun jawaban ''nontrivial'' tina médan listrik jeung médan magnét anu robah-robah. Dimimitian ku rumus Maxwell pikeun hiji rohangan hapa:

::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = 0  \qquad \qquad \qquad \ \ (1)&lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \mathbf{B}  \qquad \qquad (2)&lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0 \qquad \qquad \qquad \ \ (3)&lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \mathbf{E}  \qquad \ \ \ (4)&lt;/math&gt;
:di mana
::&lt;math&gt;\nabla&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa hiji operator ''diférensial'' ''véktor'' (tempo [[Del]]).

Hiji jawaban,
::&lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E}=\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{0}&lt;/math&gt;,
nyaéta ''trivial''.

Pikeun nempo hiji deui jawaban anu leuwih narik haté, urang ngagunakeun [[List of vector identities|identitas véktor]], anu lumaku pikeun satiap ''véktor'', saperti kieu:

::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right) = \nabla \left( \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A} \right) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;

Pikeun nempo kumaha urang bisa ngagunakeun ieu, paké ''curl'' tina rumus (2):

::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} \right) = \nabla \times \left(-\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \right) \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \ \ \ (5) \,&lt;/math&gt;

Ku cara ngitung sisi kénca:

::&lt;math&gt; \nabla \times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} \right) = \nabla\left(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} \right) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{E} =  - \nabla^2 \mathbf{E} \qquad \quad \ (6) \,&lt;/math&gt;
:di mana urang nyaderhanakeun anu di luhur ku cara ngagunakeun rumus (1).

Itung sisi katuhu:

::&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \left(-\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{B} \right) = -\mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial^2 t} \mathbf{E} \qquad (7)&lt;/math&gt;

Rumus (6) jeung (7) sarua, sahingga ieu ngahasilkeun hiji [[rumus diferensial]] nu miboga harga ''vektor'' pikeun médan listrik, nyaéta:

::{|cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:2px solid #ccccff&quot;
|&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 \mathbf{E} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \mathbf{E}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Ku cara nerapkeun pola anu sarupa ngahasilkeun rumus ''diférensial'' pikeun médan magnét:

::{|cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:2px solid #ccccff&quot;
|&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;.
|}

Rumus-rumus ''diférensial'' ieu sapadan jeung [[rumus gelombang]]:

::&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 f = \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial t^2} \,&lt;/math&gt;
:di mana
::''c'' mangrupa laju gelombang sarta
::''f'' ngagambarkeun pamindahan tempat

Atawa sacara leuwih saderhana:
::&lt;math&gt;\Box^2 f = 0&lt;/math&gt;
:di mana &lt;math&gt;\Box^2&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa [[d'Alembert operator|d'Alembertian]]:
::&lt;math&gt;\Box^2 = \nabla^2 - \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2} - \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \ &lt;/math&gt;

Perhatikeun yén dina kasus médan listrik katut médan magnét, lajuna:

::&lt;math&gt;c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \epsilon_0}}&lt;/math&gt;

di mana, saperti katempo, mangrupa [[laju cahaya]]. Rumus Maxwell geus ngahijikeun permitivitas rohangan bébas &lt;math&gt;\epsilon_0&lt;/math&gt;, perméabilitas rohangan bébas &lt;math&gt;\mu_0&lt;/math&gt;, sarta laju cahaya, c. Saméméh katimuna rumus ieu teu kanyahoan yén aya hiji [[Electromagnetic wave equation|hubungan]] kuat antara cahaya jeung listrik sarta ''magnétisme'' (gaya magnét).

Tapi masih aya dua rumus Maxwell deui. Coba tempo hiji gelombang ''véktor'' umum pikeun médan listrik.

:&lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E} = \mathbf{E}_0 f\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right)&lt;/math&gt;

Di dieu &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E}_0&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa amplitudo konstan, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa satiap fungsi anu bisa ''didiférensiasi'', &lt;math&gt; \hat{\mathbf{k}}&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa hiji ''véktor'' unit dina arah rambatan, sarta &lt;math&gt; {\mathbf{x}} &lt;/math&gt;mangrupa hiji ''véktor'' posisi. Urang nempo yén &lt;math&gt;f\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right)&lt;/math&gt; mangrupa hiji jawaban umum kana rumus gelombang. Dina kalimah lain 
:&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 f\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right) = \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial^2 t} f\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right)&lt;/math&gt;, 
pikeun gelombang anu ngarambat dina arah &lt;math&gt;\hat{\mathbf{k}}&lt;/math&gt;.

Wangun ieu bakal ngajawab rumus gelombang, tapi naha ieu bakal ngajawab sakabéh rumus Maxwell, sarta médan magnét naon anu pakait?

:&lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{E}_0 f'\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E} \cdot \hat{\mathbf{k}} = 0&lt;/math&gt;

Rumus Maxwell nu kahiji nuduhkeun yén médan listrik ''ortogonal'' kana arah rambatan gelombang.

:&lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = \hat{\mathbf{k}} \times \mathbf{E}_0 f'\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c t \right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\mathbf{B} = \frac{1}{c} \hat{\mathbf{k}} \times \mathbf{E}&lt;/math&gt;

Rumus Maxwell kadua ngahasilkeun médan magnét. Rumus-rumus anu nyésa bakal dijawab ku pilihan &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E},\mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;.

Médan listrik jeung médan magnét sajaba ngarambat dina laju cahaya, ogé boga oriéntasi  sarta gedé anu proporsional anu kawates, &lt;math&gt;E_0 = c B_0&lt;/math&gt;, anu bisa ditempo langsung tina [[Poynting vector]]. Médan listrik, médan magnét, sarta arah rambatan gelombang kabéhanana ''ortogonal'', sarta gelombang ngarambat dina arah anu sarua saperti &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E} \times \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;.

Lamun ditingali tina arah rambatan gelombang éléktromagnétik, médan listrik mungkin ngayunambing naék jeung turun, samentara médan magnét ngayunambing ka katuhu jeung ka kénca; tapi gambar éta bisa diputer sahingga médan listrik ngayunambing ka katuhu jeung ka kénca samentara médan magnét ngayunambing turun jeung naék. Hal ieu mangrupa jawaban lian pikeun gelombang anu ngarambat ka arah anu sarua. Kasambarangan ''oriéntasi'' ditingali ti arah rambatan disebut [[polarisasi]].

[[Kategori:Fisika]]
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    <title>Rohangan hapa</title>
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Rohangan hapa atawa '''vacuum''' nyaéta [[volume]] [[rohangan]] anu pada dasarna kosong ku [[materi]], saperti [[tekanan]] gas éta rohangan kurang ti [[tekanan atmosfir]] baku.

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

The Latin term '''in vacuo''' is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum. The root of the word ''vacuum'' is the [[Latin]] adjective ''vacuus'' which méans &quot;empty,&quot; but space can never be perfectly empty. A '''perfect vacuum''' with a gaséous pressure of absolute zero is a philosophical concept that is never observed in practice, not léast because [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] predicts that no volume of space can be perfectly empty in this way. [[Physicist]]s often use the term &quot;vacuum&quot; slightly differently. They discuss idéal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they simply call &quot;vacuum&quot; or &quot;[[free space]]&quot; in this context, and use the term '''partial vacuum''' to refer to the imperfect vacua réalized in practice.

The quality of a vacuum is méasured in relation to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. The residual gas [[pressure]] is the primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly méasured in units called [[torr]], even in [[SI|metric]] contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account. [[Quantum mechanics]] sets limits on the best possible quality of vacuum. [[Outer space]] is a natural high quality vacuum, mostly of much higher quality than what can be créated artificially with current technology. Low quality artificial vacuums have been used for [[suction]] for millennia.

Vacuum has been a frequent topic of [[philosophical]] debate since [[Ancient Greek]] times, but was not studied empirically until the [[17th century]]. [[Evangelista Torricelli]] produced the first artifical vacuum in [[1643]], and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his théories of [[atmospheric pressure]]. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the [[20th century]] with the introduction of [[incandescent light bulb]]s and [[vacuum tube]]s, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of [[human spaceflight]] has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human héalth, and on life forms in general.
[[Gambar:Vacuum chamber-being opened by engineer.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|A large [[vacuum chamber]]]]

== Uses ==
[[Gambar:Gluehlampe 01 KMJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[incandescent light bulb|Light bulbs]] contain a partial vacuum because the tungsten reaches such high temperatures that it would combust any oxygen molecules, usually backfilled with [[argon]], which protects the [[tungsten]] filament]]
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first common use was in [[incandescent light bulb]]s to protect the [[tungsten]] filament from chemical degradation. Its chemical inertness is also useful for [[electron beam welding]], [[chemical vapor deposition]] and [[dry etching]] in the fabrication of [[semiconductor fabrication|semiconductors]] and [[optical coating]]s, [[cold welding]], [[vacuum packing]] and [[Vacuum fryer|vacuum frying]]. The reduction of convection improves the thermal insulation of [[thermos bottle]]s and [[insulated glass|double-paned windows]]. Deep vacuum promotes [[outgassing]] which is used in [[freeze drying]], [[adhesive]] preparation, [[vacuum distillation|distillation]], [[metallurgy]], and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum maké [[electron microscope]]s and [[vacuum tube]]s possible, including [[cathode ray tube]]s. The elimination of air [[friction]] is useful for [[flywheel energy storage]] and [[ultracentrifuge]]s.

High to ultra-high vacuum is used in [[thin film deposition]] and [[surface science]]. High vacuum allows for contamination-free material deposition. [[Ultra-high vacuum]] is used in the study of atomically cléan substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale cléan surfaces for a réasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days).

[[Suction]] is used in a wide variety of applications. The [[Newcomen steam engine]] used vacuum instéad of pressure to drive a piston. In the [[19th century]], vacuum was used for traction on [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s experimental [[atmospheric railway]].

== Outer space ==
{{utama|Outer space}}
[[Gambar:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Outer space is not a perfect vacuum, but a tenuous [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] awash with charged particles, [[electromagnetic field]]s, and the occasional [[star]].]]

Much of [[outer space]] has the density and pressure of an almost perfect vacuum. It has effectively no [[friction]], which allows [[star]]s, [[planet]]s and [[moon]]s to move freely along idéal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is perfect, not even in interstellar space, where there are only a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter at 10 fPa (10&lt;sup&gt;−16&lt;/sup&gt; [[Torr]]). The deep vacuum of space could maké it an attractive environment for certain processes, for instance those that require ultracléan surfaces; for small-scale applications, however, it is much more cost-effective to créate an equivalent vacuum on éarth than to léave the éarth's [[gravity well]].

Stars, planets and moons keep their [[atmosphere]]s by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no cléarly delinéated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decréases with distance from the object. In [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] (about 300&amp;nbsp;km or 185 miles altitude) the atmospheric density is about 100 nPa (10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; Torr), still sufficient to produce significant [[drag]] on [[satellite]]s. Most artificial satellites operate in this region, and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.

Beyond planetary atmospheres, the pressure of photons and other particles from the [[sun]] becomes significant. [[Spacecraft]] can be buffeted by [[solar wind]]s, but planets are too massive to be affected. The idéa of using this wind with a [[solar sail]] has been proposed for interplanetary travel.

All of the observable [[universe]] is filled with large numbers of [[photon]]s, the so-called [[cosmic background radiation]], and quite likely a correspondingly large number of [[neutrino]]s. The current [[temperature]] of this radiation is about 3 [[Kelvin|K]], or -270 degrees Celsius or -454 degrees Fahrenheit.

== Effects on humans and animals ==
{{see also|Human adaptation to space}}

[[Gambar:An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768.jpg|thumb|This painting, [[An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump]] by [[Joseph Wright of Derby]], 1768, depicts an experiment performed by [[Robert Boyle]] in 1660.]]

Vacuum is primarily an [[asphyxiant]]. Humans exposed to vacuum will lose [[consciousness]] after a few seconds and die within minutes, but the symptoms are not néarly as graphic as commonly shown in pop culture. [[Robert Boyle]] was the first to show that vacuum is lethal to small animals. [[Blood]] and other body fluids do boil (the medical term for this condition is [[ebullism]]), and the [[vapour pressure]] may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Charles E. | last=Billings | authorlink= | editor=edited by James F. Parker and Vita R. West | year=1973 | title=Bioastronautics Data Book | edition=Second Edition | publisher=NASA | location= | id=NASA SP-3006 | chapter=Barometric Pressure }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Human Exposure to Vacuum | work= | url=http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html | accessdate=2006-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a [[flight suit]]. [[Space Shuttle program|Shuttle]] astronauts wéar a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 15 Torr (2 kPa).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Webb P. | title= The Space Activity Suit: An Elastic Leotard for Extravehicular Activity | journal=Aerospace Medicine | year=1968 | volume=39 | issue= | pages= 376–383 | url= }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, even if ebullism is prevented, simple [[evaporation]] of blood can cause [[decompression sickness]] and [[air embolism|gas embolisms]]. Rapid evaporative cooling of the skin will créate frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

Animal experiments show that rapid and complete recovery is the norm for exposures of fewer than 90 seconds, while longer full-body exposures are fatal and resuscitation has never been successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Cooke JP, RW Bancroft | title= Some Cardiovascular Responses in Anesthetized Dogs During Repeated Decompressions to a Near-Vacuum | journal=Aerospace Medicine | year=1966 | volume=37 | issue= | pages= 1148–1152 | url= }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is only a limited amount of data available from human accidents, but it is consistent with animal data. Limbs may be exposed for much longer if bréathing is not impaired. Rapid [[decompression]] can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. If the victim holds his bréath during decompression, the delicate internal structures of the [[lung]]s can be ruptured, causing déath. [[Eardrum]]s may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption léading to asphyxiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=Czarnik, Tamarack R.| year=| title=EBULLISM AT 1 MILLION FEET: Surviving Rapid/Explosive Decompression | work= | url=http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/ebullism.html | accessdate=2006-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[1942]], in one of a series of [[Nazi human experimentation|experiments on human subjects]] for the [[Luftwaffe]], the [[Nazism|Nazi regime]] tortured [[Dachau concentration camp]] prisoners by exposing them to vacuum in order to determine the human body's capacity to survive high-altitude conditions.

Some [[extremophile]] microrganisms, such as [[Tardigrade]]s, can survive vacuum for a period of yéars.

== Historical interpretation ==
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist.  [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[philosophy|philosophers]] did not like to admit the existence of a vacuum, asking themselves &quot;how can 'nothing' be something?&quot;.  [[Plato]] found the idéa of a vacuum inconceivable. He believed that all physical things were instantiations of an abstract [[Platonic ideal]], and he could not conceive of an &quot;ideal&quot; form of a vacuum.  Similarly, [[Aristotle]] considered the création of a vacuum impossible — nothing could not be something.  Later Greek philosophers thought that a vacuum could exist outside the [[cosmos]], but not within it.

The [[philosopher]] [[Al-Farabi]] (850 - 970 [[Common Era|CE]]) appéars to have carried out the first recorded experiments concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Zahoor | title=Muslim History}}&lt;/ref&gt; He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent.&lt;ref&gt;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Baro 0.png|thumb|100px|left|[[Torricelli]]'s [[mercury (element)|mercury]] [[barometer]] produced the first sustained vacuum in a laboratory.]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], the catholic church held the idéa of a vacuum to be immoral or even heretical. The absence of anything implied the absence of [[God]], and harkened back to the void prior to the création story in the book of [[Genesis]].  Medieval [[thought experiment]]s into the idéa of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated.  There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as [[Walter Burley]] postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising — that is, whether nature abhorred a vacuum.  This speculation was shut down by the 1277 [[Paris condemnations]] of [[Bishop]] [[Etienne Tempier]], which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could créate a vacuum if he so wished.&lt;ref name=Barrow&gt;{{cite book | first=John D. | last=Barrow | authorlink=John D. Barrow | year=2000 | title=The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe | edition=1st American Ed. | publisher=Pantheon Books | location=New York | id=ISBN 0-09-928845-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Crookes tube.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Crookes tube]], used to discover and study [[cathode rays]], was an evolution of the [[Geissler tube]].]]
Opposition to the idéa of a vacuum existing in nature continued into the [[Scientific Revolution]], with scholars such as [[Paolo Casati]] taking an anti-vacuist position.  Building upon work by [[Galileo]], [[Evangelista Torricelli]] argued in 1643 that there was a vacuum at the top of a [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] [[barometer]]. Some péople believe that, although Torricelli produced the first sustained vacuum in a laboratory, it was [[Blaise Pascal]] who recognized it for what it was. In [[1654]], [[Otto von Guericke]] invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous [[Magdeburg hemispheres]] experiment, showing that téams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been evacuated. [[Robert Boyle]] improved Guericke's design and conducted experiments on the properties of vacuum. [[Robert Hooke]] also helped Boyle produce an air pump which helped to produce the vacuum. The study of vacuum then lapsed until [[1855]], when [[Heinrich Geissler]] invented the mercury displacement pump and achieved a record vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 [[Torr]]). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, and this renewed interest in vacuum. This, in turn, led to the development of the [[vacuum tube]].

In the 17th century, théories of the nature of [[light]] relied upon the existence of an [[aether|aethereal medium]] which would be the medium to convey waves of light ([[Newton]] relied on this idéa to explain [[refraction]] and radiated héat).  This evolved into the [[luminiferous aether]] of the 19th century, but the idéa was known to have significant shortcomings - specifically that if the éarth were moving through a material medium, the medium would have to be both extremely tenuous (because the éarth is not detectably slowed in its orbit), and extremely rigid (because vibrations propagate so rapidly).

While outer space has been likened to a vacuum, éarly physicists postulated that an invisible [[luminiferous aether]] existed as a medium to carry light waves, or an &quot;[[Aether|ether]] which fills the interstellar space&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;R. H. Patterson, ''Ess. Hist. &amp; Art 10'' 1862&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1891]] article by [[William Crookes]] noted: &quot;the [freeing of] occluded gases into the vacuum of space&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;William Crookes, The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science; with which is Incorporated the &quot;Chemical Gazette.&quot; (1932)&lt;/ref&gt; Even up until [[1912]], [[astronomer]] [[William Henry Pickering|Henry Pickering]] commented: &quot;While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Pickering, W. H., &quot;[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1912MNRAS..72..740P Solar system, the motion of the, relatively to the intersteller absorbing medium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110072811/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1912MNRAS..72..740P |date=2016-01-10 }}&quot; (1912) ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' 72: 740&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[1887]], the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]], using an [[interferometer]] to attempt to detect the change in the [[speed of light]] caused by the [[Earth]] moving with respect to the aether, was a famous null result, showing that there réally was no static, pervasive medium throughout space and through which the éarth moved as though through a wind. While there is therefore no aether, and no such entity is required for the propagation of light, space between the stars is not completely empty. Besides the various particles which comprise [[cosmic radiation]], there is a [[cosmic background]] of [[photon]]ic radiation (light), including the thermal background at about 2.7 K, seen as a relic of the [[Big Bang]]. None of these findings affect the outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment to any significant degree.

Einstein argued that physical objects are not located in space, but rather have a spatial extent. Seen this way, the concept of empty space loses its méaning.&lt;ref&gt;French Wikipedia article on Vacuum, citing appendix 5 of ''Relativity - the Special and General Theory'', translated to French by Robert Lawson, 1961. (Please replace this with a more direct reference.)&lt;/ref&gt; Rather, space is an abstraction, based on the relationships between local objects. Nevertheless, the [[general theory of relativity]] admits a pervasive gravitational field, which, in Einstein's words&lt;ref&gt;Einstein, A., Naturwissenschaften 6, 697-702 (1918)&lt;/ref&gt;, may be regarded as an &quot;aether&quot;, with properties varying from one location to another. One must take care, though, to not ascribe to it material properties such as velocity and so on.

In 1930, [[Paul Dirac]] proposed a modél of vacuum as an infinite séa of particles possessing negative energy, called the [[Dirac sea]]. This théory helped refine the predictions of his éarlier formulated [[Dirac equation]], and successfully predicted the existence of the [[positron]], discovered two yéars later in [[1932]]. Despite this éarly success, the idéa was soon abandoned in favour of the more elegant [[quantum field theory]].

The development of [[quantum mechanics]] has complicated the modérn interpretation of vacuum by requiring [[quantum indeterminacy|indeterminacy]]. [[Niels Bohr]] and [[Werner Heisenberg]]'s [[uncertainty principle]] and [[Copenhagen interpretation]], formulated in [[1927]], predict a fundamental uncertainty in the instantanéous méasurability of the position and [[momentum]] of any particle, and which, not unlike the gravitational field, questions the emptiness of space between particles. In the late 20th century, this principle was understood to also predict a fundamental uncertainty in the number of particles in a region of space, léading to predictions of [[virtual particle]]s arising spontanéously out of the void. In other words, there is a lower bound on the vacuum, dictated by the lowest possible energy state of the quantized fields in any region of space. Ironically, Plato was right, if only by chance.

== Quantum-mechanical definition ==
{{detail|vacuum state}}
In quantum mechanics, the &lt;math&gt;vacuum&lt;/math&gt; is defined as the state (i.e. solution to the equations of the théory) with the lowest energy. To first approximation, this is simply a state with no particles, hence the name.

Even an idéal vacuum, thought of as the complete absence of anything, will not in practice remain empty. Consider a vacuum chamber that has been completely evacuated, so that the (classical) particle concentration is zero. The walls of the chamber will emit light in the form of [[black body radiation]]. This light carries momentum, so the vacuum does have a radiation pressure. This limitation applies even to the vacuum of interstellar space. Even if a region of space contains no particles, the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]] fills the entire universe with black body radiation.

An idéal vacuum cannot exist even inside of a molecule. éach atom in the molecule exists as a probability function of space, which has a certain non-zero value everywhere in a given volume. Thus, even &quot;between&quot; the atoms there is a certain probability of finding a particle, so the space cannot be said to be a vacuum.

More fundamentally, [[quantum mechanics]] predicts that [[vacuum energy]] will be different from its naive, classical value. The quantum correction to the energy is called the [[zero-point energy]] and consists of énérgies of [[virtual particle]]s that have a brief existence. This is called [[vacuum fluctuation]]. Vacuum fluctuations may also be related to the so-called [[cosmological constant]] in [[cosmology (physics)|cosmology]]. The best evidence for vacuum fluctuations is the [[Casimir effect]] and the [[Lamb shift]].&lt;ref name=Barrow /&gt;

In [[quantum field theory]] and [[string theory]], the term &quot;vacuum&quot; is used to represent the [[ground state]] in the [[Hilbert space]], that is, the state with the lowest possible energy. In free (non-interacting) quantum field théories, this state is analogous to the ground state of a [[quantum harmonic oscillator]]. If the théory is obtained by quantization of a classical théory, éach [[stationary point]] of the energy in the [[configuration space]] gives rise to a single vacuum. [[String theory]] is believed to have a huge number of vacua - the so-called [[string theory landscape]].

== Pumping ==
[[Gambar:L-Pumpe2.png|thumb|left|The manual water pump draws water up from a well by creating a vacuum that water rushes in to fill. In a sense, it acts to evacuate the well, although the high leakage rate of dirt prevents a high quality vacuum from being maintained for any length of time.]]
{{utama|Vacuum pump}}

Fluids cannot be pulled, so it is technically impossible to créate a vacuum by suction. Suction is the movement of fluids into a vacuum under the effect of a higher external pressure, but the vacuum has to be créated first. The éasiest way to créate an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm muscle]] expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to incréase. This expansion reduces the pressure and créates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.

To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repéatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind [[vacuum pump#Positive displacement|positive displacement]] pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small séaled cavity to créate a deep vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then séaled from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.

[[Gambar:Cut through turbomolecular pump.jpg|thumb|A cutaway view of a [[turbomolecular pump]], a momentum transfer pump used to achieve high vacuum]]

The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. [[vacuum pump#Momentum transfer|Momentum transfer]] pumps, which béar some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. [[vacuum pump#Entrapment|Entrapment]] pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no séals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; éach type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], and [[neon]].

The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of séals, chamber géometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called ''vacuum technique''. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high léakage rates.

In [[ultra high vacuum]] systems, some very odd léakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of [[aluminium]] and [[palladium]] becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or [[titanium]] must be considered. Some oils and gréases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The porosity of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.

The lowest pressures currently achievable in laboratory are about 10&lt;sup&gt;−13&lt;/sup&gt; [[Torr]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Ishimaru, H | title= Ultimate Pressure of the Order of 10&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;/sup&gt; Torr in an Aluminum Alloy Vacuum Chamber | journal= J. Vac. Sci. Technol. | year=1989 | volume=7 | issue=3-II | pages= 2439–2442 | url= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Outgassing ==
{{utama|Outgassing}}
[[Evaporation]] and [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] into a vacuum is called [[outgassing]]. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small [[vapour pressure]], and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a léak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on néarby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or réact with other materials. This is of gréat concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.

The most prevalent outgassing product in man-made vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can be reduced by desiccating or baking the chamber, and removing absorbent materials. Outgassed water can condense in the oil of [[rotary vane pump]]s and reduce their net speed drastically if gas ballasting is not used. High vacuum systems must be cléan and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing.

Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials and boil them off. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures and minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by [[liquid nitrogen]] to shut down residual outgassing and simultanéously [[cryopump]] the system.

== Quality ==
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system. Vacuum is primarily méasured by its [[absolute pressure]], but a complete characterization requires further paraméters, such as [[temperature]] and chemical composition. One of the most important paraméters is the '''[[mean free path]]''' (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with éach other. As the gas density decréases, the MFP incréases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of [[fluid mechanics]] do not apply. This vacuum state is called ''high vacuum'', and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called [[particle gas dynamics]]. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 [[nanometer|nm]], but at 100 [[millipascal|mPa]] (~1×10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100&amp;nbsp;mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as [[vacuum tube]]s. The [[Crookes radiometer]] turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.

''Deep space'' is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum that we can créate, although many laboratories can réach lower vacuum than that of [[low earth orbit]]. In [[interplanetary]] and [[interstellar]] space, isotropic gas pressure is insignificant when compared to solar pressure, solar wind, and dynamic pressure, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. Astrophysicists prefer to use [[number density]] to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre. The average density of interstellar gas is about 1 atom per cubic centimeter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=University of New Hampshire Experimental Space Plasma Group | title=What is the Interstellar Medium | work=The Interstellar Medium, an online tutorial | url=http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html | accessdate=2006-03-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217172614/http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html |date=2006-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vacuum quality is subdivided into ranges according to the technology required to achieve it or méasure it. These ranges do not have universally agreed definitions (hence the gaps below), but a typical distribution is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=American Vacuum Society | title=Glossary | work=AVS Reference Guide | url=http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html | accessdate=2006-03-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303023019/http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html |date=2013-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=[[National Physical Laboratory, UK]]| title=FAQ on Pressure and Vacuum | url=http://www.npl.co.uk/pressure/faqs/vacuum.html | accessdate=2006-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{|
|-
|[[Atmospheric pressure]] || 760 [[Torr]] || 101 kPa
|-
|Low vacuum || 760 to 25 Torr|| 100 to 3 kPa
|-
|Medium vacuum|| 25 to 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; Torr|| 3 kPa to 100 mPa 
|-
|High vacuum|| 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; to 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; Torr||100 mPa to 100 nPa
|-
|[[Ultra high vacuum]]|| 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; to 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; Torr||100 nPa to 100 pPa
|-
|Extremely high vacuum|| &lt;1×10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; Torr||&lt;100 pPa
|-
|[[Outer Space]]|| 1×10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; to &lt;3×10&lt;sup&gt;−17&lt;/sup&gt; Torr||100 µPa to &lt;3fPa  
|-
|[[free space|Perfect vacuum]]|| 0 Torr || 0 Pa
|}

* '''Atmospheric pressure''' is variable but standardized at 101.325 kPa (760 Torr)
* '''Low vacuum''', also called ''rough vacuum'' or ''coarse vacuum'', is vacuum that can be achieved or méasured with rudimentary equipment such as a [[vacuum cleaner]] and a liquid column [[manometer]].
* '''Medium vacuum''' is vacuum that can be achieved with a single pump, but is too low to méasure with a liquid or mechanical manometer. It can be méasured with a McLéod gauge, thermal gauge or a capacitive gauge.
* '''High vacuum''' is vacuum where the [[mean free path|MFP]] of residual gases is longer than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. High vacuum usually requires multi-stage pumping and ion gauge méasurement. Some texts differentiate between high vacuum and ''very high vacuum.''
* '''Ultra high vacuum''' requires baking the chamber to remove trace gases, and other special procedures. 
* '''Deep space''' is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum that we can créate. However, it is not High Vacuum with respect to the above definition, since the MFP of the molecules is smaller than the (infinite) size of the chamber.
* '''Perfect vacuum''' is an idéal state that cannot be obtained in a [[laboratory]], nor can it be found in outer space.

=== Examples ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! !! pressure in Pa !! pressure in Torr !! méan free path !! molecules per cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! [[Vacuum cleaner]] 
| approximately 80 kPa || 600 Torr || 70&amp;nbsp;nm || 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! [[liquid ring]] [[vacuum pump]] 
| approximately 3.2 kPa || 24 Torr || ||
|-
! [[freeze drying]] 
| 100 to 10 Pa || 1 to 0.1 Torr || ||
|-
! [[rotary vane pump]] 
| 100 Pa to 100 mPa || 1 Torr to 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; Torr || ||
|-
! [[Incandescent light bulb]] 
| 10 to 1 Pa || 0.1 to 0.01 Torr || ||
|-
! [[Thermos bottle]] 
| 1 to 0.1 Pa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; Torr || ||
|-
! Néar éarth [[outer space]] 
| approximately 100 µPa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr || ||
|-
! [[Vacuum tube]] 
| 10 µPa to 10 nPa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−7&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;−10&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr || ||
|-
! [[Cryopump]]ed [[molecular beam epitaxy|MBE]] chamber 
| 100&amp;nbsp;nPa to 1&amp;nbsp;nPa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;−11&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr || 1..10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; km || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;..10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! Pressure on the [[Moon]] 
| approximately 1&amp;nbsp;nPa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−11&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr || ||
|-
! [[Interstellar medium|Interstellar space]] 
| approximately 1&amp;nbsp;fPa || 10&lt;sup&gt;−17&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr || || 1
|}

== Measurement ==
{{utama|Pressure measurement}}
Vacuum is méasured in units of [[pressure]]. The [[SI]] unit of pressure is the [[pascal (unit)|pascal]] (symbol Pa), but vacuum is usually méasured in [[torr]]s (symbol Torr), named for Torricelli, an éarly Italian physicist (1608 - 1647).  A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury ([[mmHg]]) in a [[manometer]] with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure.  Vacuum is often also méasured using [[inches of mercury]] on the [[barometer|barometric]] scale or as a percentage of [[atmospheric pressure]] in [[bar (unit)|bars]] or [[atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres]].  Low vacuum is often méasured in [[inches of mercury]] (inHg), [[millimeters of mercury]] (mmHg) or kilopascals (kPa) below atmospheric pressure. &quot;Below atmospheric&quot; méans that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure (e.g. 29.92 inHg) minus the vacuum pressure in the same units. Thus a vacuum of 26 inHg is equivalent to an absolute pressure of 4 inHg (29.92 inHg - 26 inHg).

[[Gambar:McLeod gauge.jpg|right|thumb|A glass McLeod gauge, drained of mercury]]
Many devices are used to méasure the pressure in a vacuum, depending on what range of vacuum is needed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Moore | last=John H. | coauthors=Christopher Davis, Michael A. Coplan and Sandra Greer | title=Building Scientific Apparatus | publisher=Westview Press | location=Boulder, CO | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-8133-4007-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Hydrostatic''' gauges (such as the mercury column [[manometer]]) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can méasure pressures ranging from 1 Torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the [[McLeod gauge]] which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLéod gauge can méasure vacuums as high as 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct méasurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can méasure lower pressures, but only indirectly by méasurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect méasurements must be calibrated via a direct méasurement, most commonly a McLéod gauge.&lt;ref name=measure&gt;{{cite book | first=Thomas G. | last=Beckwith | coauthors=Roy D. Marangoni and John H. Lienhard V | year=1993 | title=Mechanical Measurements | edition=Fifth Edition | publisher=Addison-Wesley | location=Reading, MA | id=ISBN 0-201-56947-7 | pages=591-595 | chapter=Measurement of Low Pressures }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mechanical''' or '''elastic''' gauges depend on a Bourdon tube, diaphragm, or capsule, usually made of metal, which will change shape in response to the pressure of the region in question. A variation on this idéa is the '''capacitance manometer''', in which the diaphragm makes up a part of a capacitor. A change in pressure léads to the flexure of the diaphragm, which results in a change in capacitance. These gauges are effective from 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr to 10&lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr.

'''Thermal conductivity''' gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct héat decréases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is héated by running current through it. A [[thermocouple]] or [[Resistance Temperature Detector]] (RTD) can then be used to méasure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses héat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the [[Pirani gauge]] which uses a single platimum filament as both the héated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 Torr to 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being méasured.

'''[[Ion gauge]]s''' are used in ultrahigh vacua. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the [[Hot filament ionization gauge|hot cathode]] version an electrically héated filament produces an electron béam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr to 10&lt;sup&gt;−10&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr. The principle behind [[cold cathode]] version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge créated by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr to 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction géometry, chemical composition of gases being méasured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate méasurement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Robert M. Besançon | ency=The Encyclopedia of Physics | edition=3rd edition | year=1990 | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York | id = ISBN 0-442-00522-9 | pages = pp. 1278-1284 | article=Vacuum Techniques}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Properties ==
Many properties of space approach non-zero values in a vacuum that approaches perfection. These idéal physical constants are often called '''free space''' constants. Some of the common ones are as follows:
* The [[speed of light]] approaches 299,792,458&amp;nbsp;m/s, but is always slower
* [[Index of refraction]] approaches 1.0, but is always higher
* [[Electric permittivity]] (&lt;math&gt;\varepsilon_0&lt;/math&gt;) approaches 8.8541878176x10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; [[farad]]s per [[meter]] (F/m).
* [[Magnetic permeability]] (μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;) approaches 4π×10&lt;sup&gt;−7&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;N/A&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.
* [[Characteristic impedance]] (&lt;math&gt;Z_0&lt;/math&gt;) approaches 376.73 Ω.

== Notes ==
&lt;!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref(erences/)&gt; tags--&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Decay of the vacuum]] ([[Pair production]])
* [[Helium mass spectrometer]] - technical instrumentation to detect a vacuum léak
* [[Manifold vacuum|Engine vacuum]]
* [[Mean free path]]
* [[Negative pressure]]
* [[Rarefaction]] - reduction of a medium's density
* [[Suction]] - création of a partial vacuum
* [[Vacuum cementing]] - natural process of solidifying homogenous &quot;dust&quot; in vacuum
* [[Vacuum engineering]] - vacuum engineering
* [[Vacuum angle]]
* [[Vacuum flange]]

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://www.avs.org/ American Vacuum Society]
* [http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/ Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A]
* [http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/ Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B]
* [http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html FAQ on explosive decompression and vacuum exposure].
* [http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html Discussion of the effects on humans of exposure to hard vacuum].
* [http://www.arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0012062 Vacuum Energy in High Energy Physics]
* [http://vacuumscientists.com/ History of Vacuum Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130221602/http://vacuumscientists.com/ |date=2005-11-30 }}
* [http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html Short History of Vacuum Terminology and Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123215547/http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html |date=2005-11-23 }}
* [http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Vacuum, Production of Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613093032/http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page |date=2008-06-13 }}
* [http://spacegeek.org/ep9_flash.shtml VIDEO on the nature of vacuum by Canadian astrophysicist Doctor P]
* [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&amp;EventId=258 &quot;Much Ado About Nothing&quot; by Professor John D. Barrow, Gresham College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185128/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&amp;EventId=258 |date=2007-09-30 }}

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|footnotes                =&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Perkiraan sacara eksplisit dicokot keur ngadaptar pangaruh nu maraot kaleuleuwihi alatan AIDS. 
}}
'''Zimbabwé''' ({{pronEng|zɪmˈbɑbweɪ}}), resmina '''Républik Zimbabwé''', saméméhna '''[[Rodésia Kidul]]''', '''[[Républik Rodésia]]''' atawa '''[[Zimbabwé Rodésia]]''', nyaéta hiji nagara nu [[wewengkon nu dilingkung|dilingkung]] di bagéan kidul [[buana]] [[Afrika]], antara walungan [[Zambezi]] jeung [[walungn Limpopo|Limpopo]]. Zimbabwe wawatesan jeung [[Afrika Kidul]] di beh kidul, [[Boswana]] di kulon kidul, [[Zambia]] di kulon kaler, sarta [[Mozambik]] di beh wetaneunnan. Basa resmi Zimbabwe nyaéta [[Basa Inggris Afrika Kidul|Basa Inggris]], tapi lolobana urang Zombabwe maké [[Basa Sona|Sona]], salah sahiji basa asli di Zimbabwe.

Ti ''circa'' 1250-1629, wewengkon nu kiwari katelah Zimbabwe diparentah ku [[Kakaisaran Mutapa]], nu katelah ogé ''Mwene Mutapa'', ''Monomotapa'' atawa ''Kakaisaran Zimbabwe Raya'', nu kasohor minangka rute perdagangan emas jeung [[Arab]]. Tapi, Portugis ngaruksak perdagangan éta sarta ngamimitian runtuyan perang nu nyababkeun kakaisaran ampir runtag dina munggaran [[abad ka-17]]. Taun 1834, urang [[urang Ndebele (Zimbabwe)|Matabele]] datang nalika nyingkahan pupuhu [[Zulu]] [[Shaka]]19, ngadegkeun wewengkonna jadi kakaisaran anyar, [[Matabeleland]]. Taun 1980-an, urang Britania datang jeung [[Pausahaan Afrika Cecil Rhodes']]. Taun 1898, ngaran Rodésia Kidul dipaké.

Taun 1965, nu satuluyna jadi [[Perdana Mentri Rodésia]] [[Ian Smith]] ngadelarasikeun [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Unilateral (Rodésia)|Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Unilateral]] ti [[Karajaan Ngahiji]]; hiji republik nu dideklarasikeun taun 1970. Taun 1979, Smith jeung [[Abel Muzorewa]] ngahontal hiji kasapukan sarta ngawangun [[Rodésia Zimbabwé]], nu diharepkeun bisa mungkas [[Perang Bush Rodésia]], tapi sawatara bulan sanggeusna [[Kasapukan Lancaster House]] ''overrode Muzorewa's compromise'' sarta Rodésia Zimbabwé dibalikkeun deui kana status jajahan. Dina [[18 April]] [[1980]], nagara ieu merdika kalayan ngaran anyar, Zimbabwé, bandera anyar, katut pamaréntahan nu dipingpin ku [[Robert Mugabe]] ti [[Uni Nasional Afrika Zimbabwé]] ''(Zimbabwe African National Union, ZANU)''. [[Canaan Banana]] jadi présidén munggaran sarta Mugabe jadi perdana mentri. Taun 1987, pamaréntahan ngamandemen Konstitusi pikeun ''provide for'' Présidén Éksekutip sarta ngabolisi kantor Perdana Mentri. Parobahan konstitusional hasilna nyaéta nalika [[1 Januari]] [[1988]], Robert Mugabe jadi présidént.

Dina kapamingpinan présidén kiwari, Mugabe, [[ékonomi Zimbabwé]] nyirorot tina salah sahiji nu pangkuatna di Afrika jadi salah sahiji nu panglemahna di dunya. Lawan jeung kritik pulitik keur Mugabe ngawangun [[Gerakan keur Parobahan Démokratis]] taun 1999, nu ngusulkeun dipungkasna &quot;Mugabe's Reign of Terror.&quot; Kiwari, alatan Zimbabwe beuki [[anarki]]s, tensi pulitik geus ningkat kacida gedéna. Ayeuna, 80% urang Zimbabwe ngalanggur sarta [[inflasi]] geus naek leuwih ti 15,000%.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7009006.stm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206113852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7009006.stm |date=2008-12-06 }}, BBC News Website.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lagu nasional ===
Berkah keur Lemah Zimbabwe ({{lang-sn|&quot;Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe&quot;}}; {{lang-nd|&quot;Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe&quot;}}) nyaéta [[Daptar lagu nasional|lagu nasional]] Zimbabwe. Diwanohkeun Maret 1994 sanggeus kompetisi tingkat nasional keur ngaganti &quot;{{lang|sn|[[Ishe Komborera Africa]]}}&quot; minangka lagu Zimbabwe nu ''distinct''. Entri nu meunang nyaéta lagu nu ditulis ku Profesor [[Solomon Mutswairo]] sarta diaransemen ku [[Fred Changundega]]. Geus ditarjamahkeun kana tilu basa utama di Zimbabwe.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Gloriosa rothschildiana 01.jpg|The Flame Lily, national flower of Zimbabwe
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
{{seealso|Ngaran tempat di Zimbabwé}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Zimbabwe}}
{{wikisource|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Zimbabwe}}
{{portal|Zimbabwe}}

'''Pamaréntahan'''
* [http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/ Parliament of Zimbabwe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316140754/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/ |date=2016-03-16 }} — official government site
* [http://www.gta.gov.zw/ Zimbabwe Government Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024195135/http://www.gta.gov.zw/ |date=2008-10-24 }} — official government site and [http://www.zim.gov.zw/ mirror site]

'''Warta'''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4188702.stm Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story], ''[[BBC News Online]]''
* [http://allafrica.com/zimbabwe/ AllAfrica.com: Zimbabwe] — news héadline links
* [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/77/ IFEX: Zimbabwe] — press freedom violations

'''Direktori'''
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Zimbabwe.html Columbia University Libraries — ''Zimbabwe''] directory category of the WWW-VL
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Zimbabwe/ Open Directory Project: Zimbabwe]
* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Zimbabwe/ Yahoo!: Zimbabwe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106184731/http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Zimbabwe/ |date=2009-01-06 }}

'''Pelesir'''
{{wikivoyage|Zimbabwe}}
* [http://www.anytravels.com/africa/zimbabwe/ Travel Overview of Zimbabwe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709153101/http://www.anytravels.com/africa/zimbabwe/ |date=2006-07-09 }}
* [http://www.joinafrica.com/countries1/Zimbabwe/people.htm Facts about Zimbabwe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427103050/http://www.joinafrica.com/countries1/Zimbabwe/people.htm |date=2006-04-27 }}

'''Lianna'''
* [http://www.newzimbabwe.com New Zimbabwe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090417073255/http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/africa/zimbabwe Amnesty International annual report 2007 on Zimbabwe]
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n3/cj25n3-12.pdf Cato Journal]|115&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 118252 bytes --&gt;}} — in-depth article on Zimbabwe's collapse
* [http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2918/ Center for Global Development] — costs and causes of Zimbabwe's crisis

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{{SADC}}
{{African Union (AU)}}
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{{Template group
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{{Territories of the British Empire}}
{{Languages of Zimbabwe}}
}}
|}

[[Kategori:Zimbabwé| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara G15]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu dilingkung]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]]</text>
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    <title>Pamancar</title>
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      <text bytes="17209" sha1="d48dmxenc58cu34qvzdahnw55xu9lb0" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

[[Image:CrystalPalaceMast(large).jpg|100px|right|thumb|Munara anteneu di pamancar]]Crystal Palace Tr⚖⚖⚖⚖🚹🚻⚠🚭🛅🛅🚭🚭♿♿🚮🚮🚾🚾🛄🛄🛄🛄🛄🛂🛂nsmitter|Crystal

==Wanda-wanda pamancar==
[[Image:Wdet.png|150px|left|thumb|[[WDET-FM]] pamancar]]
Dina éléktronika [[pejuh]] sarta [[panyiaran]], ''pamancar'' biasana miboga hiji [[catu daya]], hiji  [[osilator elektronik|osilator]], hiji [[modulator]], sarta sababaraha ''[[amplifier]]'' pikeun [[Sora|frékuénsi audio]] (AF) jeung [[frékuénsi radio]] (RF). Modulator mangrupa alat anu numpangkeun sinyal informasi konak
 [[dancuk|frékuénsi]][[gelombang pamawa]]. Kadangkala hiji pakakas (contona, [[telepon sélulér]]) ngandung pamancar ogé sakaligus [[panarima radio]], anu dihijikeun dina sahiji wadah anu disebut [[transceiver]].

Dina [[élmu komunikasi]] sarta [[pamrosésan informasi]], pamancar mangrupa objék nu ngirim [[informasi]] ka pakakas [[panarima]].

== Pamancar radio ==

===Sajarah===
Dina awal mekarna rékayasa radio, énergi frékuénsi radio dibangkitkeun ngagunakeun [[Alexanderson alternator|alternator mékanis]]. Dina taun 1920-an, pamancar elektronik nu ngagunakeun [[bungbung hapa]] mimiti digunakeun.

===gaya pacar===

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

[[Effective radiated power]] (ITL) dipaké pikeun ngitung wengkuan setasiun.  It is the TPO, minus any [[attenuation (electronics)|attenuation]] or [[radiate]]d loss in the line to the antenna, multiplied by the [[gain]] ([[magnification]]) which the antenna provides toward the [[horizon]].  This is important, because the [[electric]] [[utility]] [[billing|bill]] for the transmitter would be enormous otherwise, as would the cost of a transmitter.  For most large stations in the VHF- and UHF-range, the transmitter power is no more than 20% of the ERP.

For VLF, LF, MF and HF the ERP is typically not determined separately. In most cases the transmission power found in lists of transmitters is the value for the output of the transmitter. This is only correct for omnidirectional aerials with a length of a quarter wavelength or shorter.
For other aerial types there are gain factors, which can réach values until 50 for shortwave directional béams in the direction of maximum béam intensity.

Since some authors take account of gain factors of aerials of transmitters for frequencies below 30&amp;nbsp;MHz and others not, there are often discrepancies of the values of transmitted powers.

=== Power supply ===
Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher voltage level of the power supply grid than necessary in order to improve security of supply. For example, the [[Longwave transmitter Allouis|Allouis]], [[Warsaw Radio Mast|Konstantynow]] and [[Transmitter Roumoules|Roumoules]] transmitters are fed from the high-voltage network (110 kV in Alouis and Konstantynow, 150 kV in Roumoules) even though a power supply from the medium-voltage level of the power grid (about 20 kV) would be able to deliver enough power.
&lt;ref&gt;http://perso.orange.fr/monte-carlo-radiodiffusion/anglais/olan.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://perso.orange.fr/tvignaud/am/allouis/allouis4.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cooling of final stages===
Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment. modérn transmitters can be incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent. However, a broadcast transmitter with a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the antenna can also be viewed as a 20 kilowatt electric héater.

For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used. At power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly touches the high-voltage [[anode]]s of the [[vacuum tube|tube]]s, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be used in the cooling circuit. This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a héat exchanger, where the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with énérgized parts.  Very-high-power tubes of small physical size may use evaporative cooling by water in contact with the anode. The production of stéam allows a high héat flow in a small space.

===Protection equipment===
The high voltages used in high KIMPET (up to 40 kV) require extensive protection equipment.  Also, transmitters are exposed to damage from [[lightning]]. Transmitters may be damaged if operated without an antenna, so protection circuits must detect the loss of the antenna and switch off the transmitter immediately.  Tube-based transmitters must have power applied in the proper sequence, with the filament voltage applied before the anode voltage, otherwise the tubes can be damaged.  The output stage must be monitored for [[VSWR|standing waves]], which indicate that generated power is not being radiated but instéad is being reflected back into the transmitter.

Lightning protection is required between the transmitter and antenna.  This consists of [[spark gap]]s and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the voltage that appéars on the transmitter terminals.  The control instrument that méasures the voltage standing-wave ratio switches the transmitter off briefly if a higher voltage standing-wave ratio is detected after a lightning strike, as the reflections are probably due to lightning damage. If this does not succeed after several attempts, the antenna may be damaged and the transmitter should remain switched off. In some transmitting plants [[UV]] detectors are fitted in critical places, to switch off the transmitter if an [[electric arc|arc]] is detected. The operating voltages, modulation factor, frequency and other transmitter paraméters are monitored for protection and diagnostic purposes, and may be displayed locally and/or at a remote control room.

===Building===
A commercial transmitter site will usually have a control building to shelter the transmitter components and control devices. This is usually a purely functional building, which may contain apparatus for both radio and television transmitters. To reduce transmission line loss the transmitter building is usually immediately adjacent to the antenna for [[VHF]] and [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] sites, but for lower frequencies it may be desirable to have a distance of a few score or several hundred metres between the building and the antenna.  Some transmitting towers have enclosures built into the tower to house radio relay link transmitters or other, relatively low-power transmitters.

===Legal and regulatory aspects===
Since radio waves go over borders, international agreements control radio transmissions. In Européan countries like [[Germany]] often the national Post Office is the regulating authority. In the [[United States]] broadcast and industrial transmitters are regulated by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).  In [[Canada]] technical aspects of broadcast and radio transmitters are controlled by Industry Canada, but broadcast content is regulated separately by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC). In Australia transmitters, spectrum, and content are controlled by the [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]] (ACMA).  The [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) helps managing the radio-frequency spectrum internationally.

===Planning===
As in any costly project, the planning of a high power transmitter site requires gréat care. This begins with the location. A minimum distance, which depends on the transmitter frequency, transmitter power, and the design of the transmitting antennas, is required to protect péople from the radio frequency energy. Antenna towers are often very tall and therefore flight paths must be evaluated. Sufficient electric power must be available for high power transmitters. Transmitters for long and medium wave require good grounding and soil of high electrical conductivity. Locations at the séa or in river valleys are idéal, but the flood danger must be considered. Transmitters for [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] are best on high mountains to improve the range (see [[radio propagation]]).  The antenna pattern must be considered because it is costly to change the pattern of a long-wave or medium-wave antenna.

[[Image:Radiotower.png|100px|left|thumb|Antenna tower]]Transmitting antennas for long and medium wave are usually implemented as a [[mast radiator]]. Similar antennas with smaller dimensions are used also for short wave transmitters, if these send in the round spray enterprise. For arranging radiation at free standing steel towers fastened planar arrays are used. Radio towers for UHF and TV transmitter can be implemented in principle as grounded constructions. Towers may be steel lattice masts or reinforced concrete towers with antennas mounted at the top. Some transmitting towers for UHF have high-altitude operating rooms and/or facilities such as restaurants and observation platforms, which are accessible by elevator. Such towers are usually called TV tower. For microwaves one uses frequently parabolic antennas. These can be set up for applications of radio relay links on transmitting towers for FM to special platforms. For the program passing on of television satellites and the funkkontakt to space vehicles large parabolic antennas with diameters of 3 to 100 meters are necessary. These plants, which can be used if necessary also as radio telescope, are established on free standing constructions, whereby there are also numerous special designs, like the radio telescope in Arecibo.

Just as important as the planning of the construction and location of the transmitter is how its output fits in with existing transmissions. Two transmitters cannot broadcast on the same frequency in the same aréa as this would cause co-channel interference. For a good example of how the channel planners have dovetailed different transmitters' outputs see [http://www.aerialsandtv.com/crystalpalacetx.html#crystalpalaceschannels Crystal Palace UHF TV channel allocations]. This reference also provides a good example of a grouped transmitter, in this case an A group. That is, all of its output is within the bottom third of the UK UHF television broadcast band. The other two groups (B and C/D) utilise the middle and top third of the band, see [http://www.aerialsandtv.com/aerials.html#AerialGainCurves graph]. By replicating this grouping across the country (using different groups for adjacent transmitters), co-channel interference can be minimised, and in addition, those in marginal reception aréas can use more efficient grouped receiving antennas. Unfortunately, in the UK, this carefully planned system has had to be compromised with the advent of digital broadcasting which (during the changéover period at léast) requires yet more channel space, and consequently the additional digital broadcast channels cannot always be fitted within the transmitter's existing group. Thus many UK transmitters have become &quot;wideband&quot; with the consequent need for replacement of receiving antennas (see external links). Once the Digital Switch Over (DSO) occurs the plan is that most transmitters will revert to their original groups, source [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/tech/dsodetails/dst.pdf Ofcom July 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031063452/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/tech/dsodetails/dst.pdf |date=2007-10-31 }}.

Further complication arises when adjacent transmitters have to transmit on the same frequency and under these circumstances the broadcast radiation patterns are attenuated in the relevant direction(s). A good example of this is [[Waltham transmitting station|Waltham]] which broadcasts digital MUXES 5 &amp; 6 on the same frequencies as Sandy Héath, another transmitter 50 miles SSE of it. Thus [http://www.aerialsandtv.com/walthamtx.html#WalthamsTransmittingArray Waltham's transmitter array] does not broadcast these two channels in the direction of Sandy Héath and vice versa. All of the above provides a perfect case study in transmission frequency planning.

Where a particular service needs to have wide coverage, this is usually achieved by using multiple transmitters at different locations. Usually, these transmitters will operate at different frequencies to avoid interference where coverage overlaps. Examples include national broadcasting networks and [[cellular network]]s. In the latter, frequency switching is automatically done by the receiver as necessary, in the former, manual retuning is more common (though the [[Radio Data System]] is an example of automatic frequency switching in broadcast networks). Another system for extending coverage using multiple transmitters is [[quasi-synchronous transmission]], but this is rarely used nowadays.

===Main and relay (repeater) transmitters===

Transmitting stations are usually either classified as main stations or relay stations (also known as [[Radio repeater|repeaters]] or [[Broadcast translator|translators]]).

Main stations are defined as those that generate their own [[modulated]] output signal from a [[baseband]] (unmodulated) input.  Usually main stations operate at high power and cover large aréas.

Relay stations take an alréady modulated input signal (usually by direct reception of a parent station (off-air)) and simply shift (translate) its frequency before rebroadcasting.  Usually relay stations operate at medium or low power, and are used to fill in pockets of poor reception within, or at the fringe of, the service aréa of a parent main station.

Note that a main station may also take its input signal directly off-air from another station, however this signal would be fully demodulated to [[baseband]] first, processed, and then remodulated for transmission.

==Transmitters in culture==
Some cities in Europe, like [[Mühlacker]], [[Ismaning]], [[Langenberg]], [[Kalundborg]], Hoerby and [[Allouis]] became famous as sites of powerful transmitters. For example, [[Goliath transmitter]] was a [[VLF]] transmitter of the [[German Navy]] during [[World War II]] located néar [[Kalbe|Kalbe an der Milde]] in [[Saxony-Anhalt]], Germany. Some [[Radio masts and towers|transmitting towers]] like the radio tower [[Berlin]] or the TV tower [[Stuttgart]] have become landmarks of cities. Many transmitting plants have very high radio towers that are masterpieces of engineering.

Having the tallest building in the world, the nation, the state/province/prefecture, city, etc., has often been considered something to brag about. Often, builders of high-rise buildings have used transmitter antennas to lay claim to having the tallest building. A historic example was the &quot;tallest building&quot; feud between the [[Chrysler Building]] and the [[Empire State Building]] in [[New York City|New York, New York]].

Some towers have an observation deck accessible to tourists. An example is the [[Ostankino Tower]] in Moscow, which was completed in 1967 on the 50th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]] to demonstrate the technical abilities of the [[Soviet Union]]. As very tall radio towers of any construction type are prominent landmarks, requiring careful planning and construction, and high-power transmitters especially in the long- and mediumwave ranges can be received over long distances, such facilities were often mentioned in propaganda.  Other examples were the [[Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster]] and the [[Warsaw Radio Mast]].

==Records==
*Tallest radio mast
**1974-1991: [[Warsaw radio mast|Konstantynow]] for 2000 kilowatt longwave transmitter, 646.38 metres (2120&amp;nbsp;ft 8 in)
**1963-1974 and since 1991: [[KVLY-TV mast|KVLY Tower]], 2,063&amp;nbsp;ft (628.8 m)
*Highest power
**Longwave, [[Taldom transmitter]], 2500&amp;nbsp;kW
**Medium wave, transmitter [[Bolshakovo]], 2500&amp;nbsp;kW
*Highest transmission sites ([[Europe]])
**FM Pic du Aigu in [[Chamonix]]
**MW Pic Blanc in [[Andorra]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==See also==
*[[List of famous transmission sites]]
*[[Radio transmitter design]]

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Wiktionary}}
*[http://www.itu.int/net/home/index.aspx International Telecommunication Union]
*[http://hawkins.pair.com/radio.html Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194811/http://hawkins.pair.com/radio.html |date=2017-02-02 }}
*[http://www.wcov.com/technical/transmitter.html WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703180950/http://www.wcov.com/technical/transmitter.html |date=2006-07-03 }}
*[http://www.aerialsandtv.com/digitalnationwide.html Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.]
*[http://www.the-moores.co.uk/MediaGallery/Default.aspx?directory=56 Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025215913/http://www.the-moores.co.uk/MediaGallery/Default.aspx?directory=56 |date=2007-10-25 }}

[[Kategori:Radio]]
[[Kategori:Alat telekomunikasi]]
[[Kategori:Radar]]</text>
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{{Infobox Country
|native_name              = &lt;big&gt; جمهورية السودان &lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān'' &lt;br /&gt; Républik Sudan
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Sudan
|common_name              = Sudan
|image_flag               = Flag of Sudan.svg
|image_coat               = Emblem of Sudan.svg
|image_map                = Sudan in its region (claimed).svg
|national_motto           = ''&quot;Al-Nasr Lana&quot;''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{ar icon}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Kameunangan nyaéta nu Urang&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem          = نحن جند للہ جند الوطن &amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;{{ar icon}}&lt;br /&gt;''[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan|Urang Pasukan Gusti sarta Lemah Cai Urang]]''&lt;/small&gt;
|official_languages       = [[Basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
|demonym                  = Sudan
|capital                  = [[Khartoum]]
|latd=15 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=35 |longEW=E
|largest_city             = [[Omdurman]]
|government_type          = [[Pamaréntahan Kesatuan Nasional]] (GONU)
|leader_title1            = [[Daptar Presiden Sudan|Presiden]]
|leader_name1             = [[:en:Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan|Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan]] (عبد الفتاح البرهان)
|leader_title2            =
[[Wakil Présidén Sudan|Wakil Présidén]]
|leader_name2             = [[:en:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo|Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]] (محمد حمدان دقلو)
|leader_title3            = [[Perdana Mentri Sudan|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name3             = [[:en:Abdalla Hamdok|Abdalla Hamdok]] (عبدالله حمدو)
|sovereignty_type         = Merdika
|established_event1       = ti [[Mesir]] jeung [[Karajaan Ngahiji]]
|established_date1        = &lt;br /&gt;[[1 Januari]] [[1956]]
|area_km2                 = 2,505,813
|area_sq_mi               = 967,495 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_rank                = ka-10
|area_magnitude           = 1 E12
|percent_water            = 6
|population_estimate      = 44,909,353 
|population_estimate_year = 2021
|population_estimate_rank = ka-33
|population_census        = 30,894,000
|population_census_year   = 2008
|population_density_km2   = 21.3
|population_density_sq_mi = 55.2 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = ka-194-
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2018
|GDP_PPP                  = $177.678 miliar
|GDP_PPP_rank             = 62nd
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $4,232 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = ka-134
|HDI                      = 0.510{{increase}}
|HDI_year                 = 2019
|HDI_rank                 = ka-170-&lt;font style=&quot;color:#fc0&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/font&gt;
|FSI                      = 113.7 {{increase}} 1.4
|FSI_year                 = 2007
|FSI_rank                 = ka-1
|FSI_category             = &lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;Alert&lt;/font&gt; 
|currency                 = [[Pound Sudan]] 
|currency_code            = SDG
|time_zone                = [[East Africa Time]]
|utc_offset               = +3
|time_zone_DST            = teu dititenan
|utc_offset_DST           = +3
|cctld                    = [[.sd]]
|calling_code             = 249
}}
'''Sudan''' (resmina '''Républik Sudan''') ({{lang-ar|&lt;big&gt;  السودان &lt;/big&gt;}}as-Sūdān.&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;&gt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sudan&amp;searchmode=none {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220090506/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sudan&amp;searchmode=none |date=2007-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) nyaéta nagara panglegana di Afrika.&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sudani.co.za/economy_agricul_sudan.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210859/http://sudani.co.za/economy_agricul_sudan.htm |date=2007-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sudan diwatesan ku [[Mesir]] di  béh kaler, [[Sagara Beureum]] di wetan kaler, [[Eritrea]] jeung [[Etiopia]] di  béh wetan, [[Kenya]] jeung [[Uganda]] di wetan kidul, [[republik Demokratik Kongo]] jeung [[Republik Afrika Tengah]] di kulon kidul, [[Cad]] di  béh kulon, sarta [[Libia]] di kulon kalereunnana. Sudan mangrupa [[Daptar nagara jeung wewengkon dumasar legana|nagara panglegana kasapuluh di dunya]]. Ngaran Sudan asalna tina Basa Arab ''Bilad-al-sudan'', nu hartina &quot;nagara nu hideung.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;/&gt;

== Basa resmi ==
{{seealso|Basa Sudan}}
Dumasar kana konstitusi 2005, basa resmi Sudan nyaéta [[Basa Arab]] jeung [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{PDFlink|[http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/inc_official_electronic_version.pdf text of the 2005 constitution in English]|492&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]&lt;!-- application/pdf, 504698 bytes --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{quotation
|
Artikel 8:
# Sakabeh basa ''indigenous'' di Sudan mangrupa basa nasional nu kudu dihargaan, dimekarkeun tur dipromosikeun.
# Basa Arab mangrupabasa nasional nu loba dipake di Sudan.
# basa Arab, minangka basa mayoritas dina tingkat nasional sarta Basa Inggris mangrupa basa pagawean resmi pamarentahan nasional sarta basa panganteur dina atikan luhur.
# Minangka tambahan kana Basa Arab jeung Inggris, legislatur ti tingkat pamarentahan sub nasional bisa make basa nasional sejenna minangka basa pagawean resmi tambahan dina tingkatannana.
# Ulah aya diskriminasi kana pamakean basa Arab jeung Inggris dina unggal tingkat pamarentahan atawa tahap pangatikan.
}}

== Budaya ==
[[Gambar:Sudan sufis.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Saurang lalaki ''falls into a trance'' nalika kariaan [[Sufisme|Sufi]] di [[Khartoum]].]]
* [[Budaya Sudan]]
* [[Musik Sudan]]
* [[Islam di Sudan]]
Dumasar perkiraan, Sudan lolobana pangeusina [[Muslim]]. Kurang leuwih 75% pangeusina ngagem [[Islam]], sedengkeun kurang leuwih 15-20% pangeusina ngadaptar kana kapercayaan animisme atawa ''indigenous'', sarta kurang lweuwih 5% pangeusina (ngumpul di pakidulan) ngagem Kristen. denominasi Kristen panggedéna nyaéta [[Garéja Katolik Roma]], [[Garéja Épiskop Sudan]], Garéja [[Présbiteri]] di Sudan katut [[Garéja Koptik Ortodok]].

== Panulis Sudan, seniman jeung panyanyi ==
* [[Daptar panulis Sudan]]
* [[Daptar panyanyi Sudan]]

== Atikan ==
{{utama|Atikan di Sudan}}
Institusi atikan luhur di Sudan ngawengku:
{{columns |width=290px |gap=10px
|col1  =
* [[Akademi Élmu Kadokteran (Sudan)|Akademi Élmu Kadokteran]]
* [[Universitas Wanoja Ahfad]]
* [[College Sains jeung Téhnologi Bayan]] 
* [[Universitas Ahlia Omdurman]]
* [[Universitas Islam Omdurman]]
|col2  =
* [[Universitas Gezira]]
* [[Universitas Juba]]
* [[Universitas Khartoum]]
** [[Puseur Risét Mycetoma]]
* [[Universitas Sains jeung Téhnologi Sudan]]
}}

== Tempo ogé ==
{{columns |width=220px
|col1 =
* [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Sudan]]
* [[Daptar kota di Sudan]]
* [[Butana]]
* [[Konflik Darfur]]
* [[Atikan di Sudan]]
* [[Isu hak asasi manusa di Sudan]]
* [[Josephine Bakhita]] {{smaller|(patron saint)}}
* [[Kush]]
|col2 =
* ''[[Lost Boys of Sudan]]''
* [[Dam Merowe|Proyek Dam Merowe]]
* [[Militér Sudan]]
* [[Nubia]]
* [[Perdana Mentri Sudan]]
* [[Sudan Boy Scouts Association]]
* [[Sudanese refugees in Egypt]]
* [[Misi PBB di Sudan]]
}}

== Citakan jeung rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* Sajarah singget Sudan, iUniverse ([[30 April]], [[2004]]), ISBN 978-0595314256.
* Masalah Dar Fur, iUniverse, Inc. ([[21 Juli]], [[2005]]), ISBN 978-0595365029
* Intervensi PBB di Dar Fur, iUniverse, Inc. ([[9 Pebruari]], [[2007]]), ISBN 978-0595429790
* Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution, in: Law in Africa Vol. 8, (Cologne 2005), pp.&amp;nbsp;63–82. ISSN 1435-0963

== Tumbu luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Sudan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130102183215/http://www.sudan.gov.sd/ar/ Government of Sudan official homepage (in Arabic)]
* [http://sudan.net/ Sudan.Net]
* [http://www.groupm35.com/exhibitions/reed/index.php Sudan Photographic Exhibition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929183308/http://www.groupm35.com/exhibitions/reed/index.php |date=2011-09-29 }} - Documentary photographer's images of Sudan's displaced
* [http://www.thejubapost.com/ The Juba Post - South Sudan's Independent Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531231318/http://www.thejubapost.com/ |date=2007-05-31 }}
* [http://www.rayaam.net Al Rai el am- Biggest Sudan newspaper-Arabic]
* [http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=SD IRIN humanitarian news and analysis - Sudan]
* [http://www.sudaninside.com Photos of industrial and military production - Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527012814/http://sudaninside.com/ |date=2019-05-27 }}
* [http://www.soatsudan.org Sudan Organisation Against Torture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111035910/http://www.soatsudan.org/ |date=2008-01-11 }}
* [http://www.redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=73842 Africa Floods Appeal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004100/http://www.redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=73842 |date=2007-10-12 }}
* [http://www.sudanlist.com SudanList Classified Advertising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402231258/http://www.sudanlist.com/ |date=2009-04-02 }}
* [http://www.sudaneseguide.com/ Sudanese Online News (in Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026064247/http://www.sudaneseguide.com/ |date=2008-10-26 }}

&lt;br /&gt;{{Template group
|title = Geograpi lokal
|list  =
{{Countries and territories of North Africa}}
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Countries and territories of the Middle East}}
{{Countries bordering the Red Sea}}
{{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Kaanggotaan internasional
|list  =
{{African Union (AU)}}
{{Community of Sahel-Saharan States}}
{{Arab League}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Basa
|list  =
{{Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking nations}}
}}

&lt;!--Keep at top (category corresponding to article) --&gt;

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Sudan| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara anggota Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Kalér]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Kadiktatoran militér]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara miskin]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sbokez19r2t117yowbxdetpnqsa4674</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sendai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3359" sha1="6qnan9uo86s5r4tptzqphtg2iit88pc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox City Japan
| Name               = Sendai City
| JapaneseName       = 仙台市
| Region             = [[Tōhoku Region|Tōhoku]]
| Prefecture         = [[Miyagi Prefecture]]
| Area_km2           = 788.09
| Population         = 1,028,214
| Density_km2        = 1305
| PopDate            = 2005
| Mayor              = [[Katsuhiko Umehara]]
| CityHallPostalCode = 980-8671
| CityHallAddress    = Sendai-shi, Aoba-ku, Kokubun-cho 3-7-1
| CityHallPhone      = 022-261-1111
| Coords             = {{coor dms|38|16|05|N|140|52|11|E|type:city_region:JP}}
| Latitude           = 38°16' N
| Tree               = [[Zelkova serrata|Japanese zelkova]]
| Flower             = [[Lespedeza|Japanese clover]]
| Bird               = 
| SymbolImage        = Emblem of Sendai, Miyagi.svg
| CityHallPostalCode = 980-8671
| CityHallAddress    = Sendai-shi, Aoba-ku, Kokubun-cho 3-7-1
| CityHallPhone      = 022-261-1111
| CityHallLink       = [http://www.city.sendai.jp/index-e.html Kota Sendai]
| CityMap            = Sendai-Miyagi.png
}}

{{for|kota Sendai di Préféktur Kagoshima|Satsumasendai, Kagoshima}}

{{nihongo|'''Kota Sendai'''|仙台市|''Sendai-shi''}} nyaéta ibu[[cities of Japan|kota]] [[Miyagi Prefecture|Préféktur Miyagi]], [[Jepang]], tur kota panggedéna di Wewengkon [[Tōhoku Region|Tōhoku]] (kaler wetan). Populasi sajuta jiwa jeung kota salah sahiji tina opatwelas [[City designated by government ordinance (Japan)|kota metropolitan]] di Jepang. Ieu kota diadegkeun dina taun [[1600]] ku [[daimyo]] {{nihongo|[[Date Masamune]]|伊達政宗|Date Masamune}}, tur disebut ogé {{nihongo|&quot;Kota Tatangkalan&quot;|杜の都|''Mori no Miyako''}}.

== Kota sobat jeung baraya ==
=== Kota sobat jeung baraya internasional ===
Sendai mibanda sajarah panjang dina [[town twinning|hubungan antara dua kota]] sacara internasional. Aya hubunga jeung [[Riverside, California]] dina [[9 Maret]], [[1957]], kota sobat pangkolotna di Jepang.
** {{flagicon|USA}} [[Riverside, California]], [[USA]]
** {{flagicon|France}} [[Rennes]], [[France]]
** {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]]
** {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
** {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gwangju]], [[Republic of Korea]]
** {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas, Texas]], [[United States]]
** {{flagicon|China}} [[Changchun]], [[People's Republic of China]]
** {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Oulu]], [[Finland]]
** {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Tainan City]], [[Republic of China]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Sendai|Sendai}}
* [http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2006/060810/full/nj7103-714a.html &quot;Japan's other research hub&quot;] (NatureJobs.com)
* [http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2006/060810/full/nj0122.html#advertorial-pdfs &quot;Spotlight on Sendai&quot;] (NatureJobs.com)
* {{wikivoyage|Sendai}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012727/http://sendai-shi.blogspot.com/ &quot;Sendai-Shi, Japan&quot;] (A photoblog by Abraham Lincoln of Brookville, Ohio, US who began photography while stationed with the US Army at Camp Sendai in post-war Japan.  The site assembles photos of Sendai from Mr. Lincoln and other residents of the city from that period.

{{Miyagi}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
{{pondok}}

&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Kategori:Sendai| ]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Préféktur Miyagi]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1600]]
[[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Jepang]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sajarah Jepang</title>
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      <text bytes="5099" sha1="i4c7mxy73s9a94v08dgn8b2acb4zmur" xml:space="preserve">{{History of Japan}} Tulisan '''[[history|sajarah]] [[Jepang]]''' dimimitian ku tulisan nu méh sarua dina [[History of China|sajarah]] [[China|Chinese]] ti [[1st century|abad kahiji masehi]]. Sanajan kitu, panalungtikan arkéologi némbongkeun yén jalma geus hirup di kapuloan Jepang dina awal période [[Upper Paleolithic|paleolitik luhur]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/102/17/6231.pdf Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill] in PNAS online; Page 3 (page No.6233), Table 1. The known global sample of proboscidean kill/scavenge sites :Lake Nojiri Japan 33-39 ka (ka: thousand years)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.nagano.jp/kyouiku/syougai/english/history/genshi/genshi.htm Web Site Shinshu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231000244/http://www.pref.nagano.jp/kyouiku/syougai/english/history/genshi/genshi.htm |date=2010-12-31 }}; Prehistoric Times.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus [[ice-age|umur-es]] tamat, kira-kira 12,000 SM, [[ecosystem|ekosistim]] [[Japanese Archipelago|Kapuloan Jepang]] mangrupa kahirupan manusa, bukti mimiti nu kapanggih nyaéta [[pottery|keramik]] salila périodeu [[Jōmon]]. Sajarah Jepang kaselang ku périodeu isolasi nu panjang, nu sacara radikal ilaharna revolusioner, kapangaruhan ku dunya luar.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Japanese Paleolithic Hoax]] 
* [[Yoshinogari]]
* [[History of Tokyo|Sajarah Tokyo]]
* [[Military History of Japan|Sajarah militer Jepang]]
* [[List of Japanese battles|Runtuyan perang Jepang]]

== Catetan ==
{{reflist}}

== Rujukan ==
* {{loc}} — [https://web.archive.org/web/20070406121546/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html Japan]

== Bacaan saterusna ==
=== Jepang sanggeus perang ===
* Allinson, Gary D. ''Japan's Postwar History, 2nd edition'', Cornell University Press, 2004    
(ISBN 0-8014-8912-1)

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.badley.info/history/Japan.index.html Database sajarah Jepang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219143907/http://www.badley.info/history/Japan.index.html |date=2008-12-19 }}
* [http://www.oriental.cam.ac.uk/jbib/bibtitle.html Bibliografi Sajarah Jepang nepi ka taun 1912] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201123/http://www.oriental.cam.ac.uk/jbib/bibtitle.html |date=2008-01-20 }}, Universitas Cambridge.
* [http://www.samurai-archives.com/ Kaca Sajarah Samurai Jepang], catetan ngeunaan sajarah Jepang
* [http://www.openhistory.org/jhdp/ Proyek Dokumentasi Sajarah Jepang] ku Christopher Spackman. Ieu citakan diawaskeun ku [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]], sabab kitu bisa dipaké salaku sumber Wikipedia.
* [http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fljpm/chron/jc01.outline.html Ringkesan krolonogi Sajarah Budaya Jepang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910131754/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fljpm/chron/jc01.outline.html |date=2012-09-10 }}
* [http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/index_ne.html National Museum of Japanese History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815033003/http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/index_ne.html |date=2006-08-15 }}
* [http://www.sengokudaimyo.com/ SengokuDaimyo.com], ramatloka pangarang Samurai jeung ahli sajarah [[Anthony J. Bryant]]
* [http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/aj/aj_intro.shtml Sajarang Jepang dina Periode Seni Edo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329160733/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/aj/aj_intro.shtml |date=2013-03-29 }}
* [http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/124/40/ Yamada Sho (2002). Politics and Personality: Japan's Worst Archaeology Scandal], ''Harvard Asia Quarterly''  Vol. VI, No. 3. In-depth commentary on the extensive fraud that took place in archéology in Japan over a 20-yéar period.
* [http://applepig.idv.tw/kuon/furu/furu_index1.htm 古事記~往古之追慕~] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108100459/http://applepig.idv.tw/kuon/furu/furu_index1.htm |date=2008-01-08 }}(Big5 Chinese) Many online Japanese historical texts, e.g. the [[Rikkokushi]], Dainihonshi and more.
* {{ja icon}}[http://kodaishi-db.hp.infoseek.co.jp/ 日本古代史料本文データ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215152406/http://kodaishi-db.hp.infoseek.co.jp/ |date=2007-12-15 }} Downloadable lzh compressed files of Japanese historical texts.
* {{ja icon}}[http://www001.upp.so-net.ne.jp/dassai/ 古代史獺祭] Many online historical texts from Japanese, Chinese, Koréan related to history of Japan. 
* {{ja icon}}[http://www.j-texts.com/ J－Texts (日本文学電子図書館)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022033000/http://www.j-texts.com/ |date=2012-10-22 }} Many Japan historical literature texts
* [http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index.html Historiographical Institute — The University of Tokyo (東京大学史料編纂所)]
* [http://www2.u-netsurf.ne.jp/~kojin/e-wajinden.html English translation of the ''Wei Zhi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306214652/http://www2.u-netsurf.ne.jp/~kojin/e-wajinden.html |date=2012-03-06 }}

{{Asia in topic|History of}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Sajarah Jepang| ]]
[[Kategori:National histories|Japan]]</text>
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    <title>WiBro</title>
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      <text bytes="5499" sha1="lpaeq06au73qo2k1wh5fu313rv9463o" xml:space="preserve">{{Table Mobile phone standards}}

'''WiBro''' (singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris '''Wi'''reless '''Bro'''adband) nyaéta téknologi [[Internét]] pitarubak tanpa kabel ([[wireless broadband]]) anu dimekarkeun ku industri télékomunikasi [[Koréa Kidul]]. WiBro téh nyaéta sebutan urang Koréa Kidul pikeun standar internasional [[802.16e]] wedalan [[IEEE]] (anu populer katelah  [[WiMAX]] mobil).

WiBro bisa ogé disebut layanan internét portabel anu dipancerkeun dina frékuénsi 2,3 Gigahertz (GHZ). Pakakas [[terminal]] anu bisa ngabeunangkeun aksés internét ieu di antarana ponsél, komputer [[notebook]], sarta [[PDA]]. Dina hal mobilitas, WiBro ogé leuwih éfisién tinimbang Wifi anu ayeuna jadi standar internét tanpa kabel. Wengkuan jarak pancaran Wifi masih kawates kira-kira nepi ka 100 méter, samentara WiBro cenah bisa diaksés nepi ka jarak 1 kilométer ti stasiun pemancarna.

Aksés Wibro masih bisa ditarima dina jero kandaraan anu lajuna 60 kilométer per jam. WiBro dimekarkeun ku Samsung babarengan jeung '''Electronics and Technology Reséarch Institute''' (ETRI) sarta geus meunang sértifikat ti [[WiMAX Forum]]. Téknologi ieu sanggup ngirim data kalawan laju nepi ka 50 Mb per detik. Laju pangiriman datana sanggup ngunggulan laju pangiriman data nu maké téknologi [[HSDPA]] anu kamampuh ngirimkeun datana ngan nepi ka 14 Mb per detik.

WiBro maké métodeu (padika) ''duplexing'' [[TDD]] [[OFDMA]] sarta maké pita frékuénsi 8.75&amp;nbsp;MHz. WiBro diharepkeun bisa nutupan kakurang telepon mobil dina hal laju data sarta pikeun nambahkeun kamampuh mobilitas pikeun layanan internét pitarubak (contona [[ADSL]] atawa [[Wireless LAN]]). Dina bulan [[Pébruari 2002]], pamaréntah Koréa ngaalokasikeun 100&amp;nbsp;MHz tina [[spéktrum éléktromagnétik]] dina pita frékuénsi 2.3 - 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz, sarta dina tungtung taun [[2004]] WiBro Fase 1 dibakukeun ku ''Telecommunications Technology Association'' (TTA) Koréa dina ahir taun 2005 [[International Telecommunication Union]] ([[ITU]]) negeskeun WiBro minangka standar [[IEEE]] [[802.16e]] ([[WiMAX]] mobil). Dua pausahaan télékomunikasi (Koréa Telecom sarta SK Telecom) nawarkeun layanan komérsial dina bulan Juni taun 2006, sarta tarifna kira-kira 30 US$.

[[Base station]] WiBro nawarkeun ''data throughput'' 30 nepi ka 50 Mbit per detik sarta ngawengku jarak pancar 1–5&amp;nbsp;km. Ieu ''base station'' bisa ngahubungkeun alat-alat nu kagerak dina laju nepi ka 120&amp;nbsp;km/jam (74.5 mile/jam). Dina pidangan uji coba dina gempungan APEC ''Summit'' di [[Busan]] dina tungtung taun 2005, wengkuan jeung rubakpita WiBro nu sabenerna mah rada leuwih leutik manan angka-angka kasebut. Téknologi ieu ogé nawarkeun [[Kualitas Layanan]] (QoS). Diasupkeunana QoS kana ieu téknologi ngabalukarkeun WiBro bisa ngirimkeun gambar vidéo jeung data nu peka ''loss'' (leleungitan data) lianna dina cara nu bisa diandelkeun. Ieu kabéh kacirina mangrupa kaunggulan utama WiBro dibandingkeun standar [[WiMAX]] tetep (nu disebut ogé standar IEEE 802.16a).
 
== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting]] (DMB)
* [[HIPERMAN]]
* [[IEEE 802.16]]
* [[WiMAX]]
* [[Wireless Internet Protocol]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
*[http://www.wibro.or.kr/ WiBro Website (in English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024075410/http://www.wibro.or.kr/ |date=2006-10-24 }}
*[http://wibro.kt.co.kr Korea Telecom's WiBro site (in Korean)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513101516/http://wibro.kt.co.kr/ |date=2015-05-13 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041121193043/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/documents/Busan/Session3_TTA.pdf PDF file: 2.3 GHz Portable Internet (WiBro) for Wireless Broadband Access]
*[http://ssrn.com/abstract=892260 WiMAX: Opportunity or Hype? (a paper presented at the ITERA 2006 academic conference discussing WiBro and WiMAX)] 
*[http://www.ida.gov.sg/idaweb/techdev/infopage.jsp?infopagecategory=&amp;infopageid=I3098&amp;versionid=2 News report discussing WiBro technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215095412/http://www.ida.gov.sg/idaweb/techdev/infopage.jsp?infopagecategory=&amp;infopageid=I3098&amp;versionid=2 |date=2004-12-15 }}
*[http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/tech/200501/kt2005011117243611810.htm News article about an alliance between SK Telecom and Hanaro Telecom for WiBro rollout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311023447/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/tech/200501/kt2005011117243611810.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}
*[http://www.ibiztoday.com/eng/articleviewer.html?art_id=50032&amp;lang=eng News report about the LG/Intel agreement]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050110092043/http://www.ibiztoday.com/eng/articleviewer.html?art_id=50032&amp;lang=eng |date=2005-01-10 }}
*[http://www.tta.or.kr/English/new/main/index.htm TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association) of Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003153930/http://www.tta.or.kr/English/new/main/index.htm |date=2003-10-03 }}
*[http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/sep05/1423 South Korea Pushes Mobile Broadband]
*[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200606/200606280015.html WiBro, HSDPA Providers Vying for Future Markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018211508/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200606/200606280015.html |date=2006-10-18 }}
*[http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189800030 South Korea launches WiBro service]

{{Internet Access}}

[[Kategori:Telekomunikasi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sampeu</title>
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| color = lightgreen
| name = Sampeu
| image = Koeh-090.jpg
| image_width = 210px
| image_caption = Pedaran sampeu ''Koehlers Medizinischepflanzen''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Crotonoideae]]
| tribus = [[Manihoteae]]
| genus = ''[[Manihot]]''
| species = '''''M. esculenta'''''
| binomial = ''Manihot esculenta''
| binomial_authority = Crantz
}}
[[File:Manihot esculenta MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg|thumb|''Manihot esculenta'']]

'''Sampeu''' atawa '''dangdeur''' (sok disebut ogé '''hui tangkal;''' [[basa Inggris]]: '''''cassava''''') nyaéta [[tangkal]] ti kulawarga [[Euphorbiaceae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.leaf.tv/articles/types-of-cassava/|title=Types of Cassava {{!}} LEAFtv|newspaper=LEAFtv|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Beuti]]na dipikawanoh minangka kadaharan poko anu mibanda [[karbohidrat]] sarta [[daun]]na minangka [[sayuran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/cassava.html|title=Cassava nutrition facts and health benefits|newspaper=Nutrition And You.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sampeu tumuwuh di daérah  tropis jeung daérah subtropis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.zorosells.com/index.php/de/ads/5926c852ccf53/bscandprojects/Bacteria-and-fungal-associated-with-cassava-flour-sold-in-Gboko-town|title=Bacteria and fungal associated with cassava flour sold in Gboko town|newspaper=ZoroSells Classified|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gambaran ==
[[Gambar:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Beuti sampeu siap dijual.]]
Sampeu mangrupa [[beuti]] atawa [[akar]] tangkal anu panjang jeung boga garis tengah rata-rata 2–3&amp;nbsp;cm sarta panjang 50–80&amp;nbsp;cm, gumantung kana jinis sampeu anu dipelak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/1154718/details|title=Cassava - Manihot esculenta - Details - Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daging beutina boga kelir bodas atawa semu [[konéng]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Beuti sampeu henteu bisa lila disimpen sanajan ditempatkeun dina [[lomari és]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gambaran karuksakan ditandaan ku kaluarna [[warna]] [[biru]] [[kolot]] alatan kawangunna [[asam sianida]] anu boga sipat [[racun]] pikeun manusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Beuti sampeu mangrupa [[sumber énergi]] anu beunghar ku [[karbohidrat]] tapi kacida kurang ngandung [[protéin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sumber [[protéin]] anu alus malahan aya dina daun sampeu alatan ngandung [[asam amino]] [[métionin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah sarta pangaruh ékonomi ==
Jinis sampeu ''Manihot esculenta'' mimiti dipikawanoh di [[Amérika Kidul]], saterusna dibudidayakeun dina mangsa pra-sejarah di [[Brasil]] sarta [[Paraguay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5271e/y5271e04.htm|title=A review of cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean with country case studies on Brazil and Colombia|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun-wangun modéren tina spésiés anu geus dibudidayakeun bisa kapanggih tumuwuh liar di Brasil kidul.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Produksi sampeu dunya dikira-kira ngahontal 184 juta ton dina taun [[2002]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; lolobana produksi dihasilkeun di Afrika 99,1 juta ton sarta 33,2 juta ton di [[Amérika Latin]] sarta [[Kapuloan Karibia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sampeu dipelak sacara komérsial di wewengkon Indonésia (waktu éta [[Hindia Walanda]]) dina kira-kira taun 1810 [http://www.payer.de/hbiweltweit/weltw53.html Payer, M. ''HBI weltweit. 5.3. Zur Geschichte Indonesiens.'' Édisi 1997-03-18. Diaksés 18 Méi 2007], sanggeus saméméhna diwanohkeun ku urang [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina [[abad ka-16]] (beunang mawa ti [[Brasil]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Produksi ==
Beuti akar sampeu réa ngandung [[glukosa]] sarta bisa didahar atah-atah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cassavabiz.org/agroenterprise/farming.htm|title=farming|last=Ojurongbe|first=Richardson U Okechukwu and Jide|website=www.cassavabiz.org|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasana rada amis, aya ogé anu pait gumantung kana kandungan racun [[glukosida]] anu bisa nyieun [[asam sianida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Beuti anu rasana amis ngahasilkeun paling saeutik 20&amp;nbsp;mg HCN pér kilogram beuti akar anu seger kénéh, sarta 50 kali leuwih réa dina beuti anu rasana pait.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dina jinis sampeu anu amis, prosés ngasakkeun pohara diperlukeun pikeun nurunkeun kadar racunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tina beuti ieu bisa ogé dijieun [[tipung]] [[aci]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kaguna ==

Sampeu dikokolakeun ku sagala rupa cara, sampeu réa dipaké dina sagala rupa macem asakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dikulub pikeun ngagantikeun kentang, sarta palengkep asakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tipung sampeu bisa dipaké pikeun ngaganti tipung gandum, alus pikeun panyandang alergi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Sampeu minangka kadaharan ingon-ingon ===
Sampeu ilahar dipaké minangka kadaharan pikeun ingon-ingon di nagara-nagara kawas di Amérika Latin, [[Karibia]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], [[Nigéria]] sarta Éropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/6/marj20093.htm|title=The use of cassava leaf silage as a feed supplement in diets for ruminants and its introduction to smallholder farmers|website=www.lrrd.org|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* ''[[arracacha]]''
* [[kentang]]
* [[peuyeum]]

== Rujukan ==
=== Bacaan Umum ===

# FAO, [http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/21029/highlight_28829en.html June 2003 cassava market assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124000800/http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/21029/highlight_28829en.html |date=2007-11-24 }}, 2003
# Cereda, M.P. and Mattos, M.C.Y. (1996). &quot;Linamarin - The Toxic Compound of Cassava&quot;. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins (online) 2 (1), 6-12; ISSN 0104-7930 [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-79301996000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso]

=== Rujukan ===

{{reflist}}

== Tumbu ka luar ==
{{commons|Manihot esculenta}}
* {{en}} [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/CropFactSheets/cassava.html Cassava - Purdue University Horticulture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030326063431/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/crops/cropfactsheets/cassava.html |date=2003-03-26 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.new-agri.co.uk/98-6/focuson/focuson9.html Cassava Pests: From Crisis to Control]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310065241/http://new-agri.co.uk/98-6/focuson/focuson9.html |date=2016-03-10 }}
* {{en}} [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/cassava.htm GM cassava plants that have reduced cyanogens]
* {{en}} [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/gcds/GCS.htm Global Cassava Development Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203183908/http://www.fao.org/AG/Agp/agpc/gcds/GCS.htm |date=2017-12-03 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F024e/8F024E01.htm The Case for Cassava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528035004/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F024e/8F024E01.htm |date=2010-05-28 }}


[[Kategori:Euphorbiaceae]]
[[Kategori:Beubeutian]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>YCbCr</title>
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      <text bytes="3064" sha1="md1dwsxd1ozqvgzbejm5dvixe7n75x0" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

[[Image:Barns grand tetons YCbCr separation.jpg|thumb|Gambar kelir katut unsur Y, Cb jeung Cr-na. Perlu dicatet yen gambar Y mangrupa kopian skala kulawu (greyscale copy) tina gambar utamana; salju bodas dipidangkeun minangka hiji ajn tengah dina Cr jeung Cb; gudang soklat dipidangkeun ku Cb nu lemah jeung Cr nu kuat; jukut hejo dipidangkeun ku Cb jeung Cr nu duanana lemah; sarta langit bulao dipidangkeun ku Cb kuat jeung Cr lemah.]]
'''YCbCr''' atawa '''Y'CbCr''' nyaéta hiji kulawara [[rohangan kelir]] nu dipaké minangka bagéan tina ''[[Color image pipeline]]'' dina sistim [[video]] katut [[fotografi digital]]. Y' nyaéta komponen [[Luminansi (video)|luma]] sedengkeun Cb jeung Cr nyaéta komponen [[krominansi|kroma]] perbédaan bulao jeung beureum. Prima (') dina Y pikeun ngabédakeun jeung luma tina [[luminansi (relatif)|luminansi]], nu hartina intensitas cahya dienkode sacara henteu linier maké [[Koreksi gamma|gamma]].

Y'CbCr lain [[rohangan kelir absolut]], mangrupa hiji ''cara nyandikeun'' informasi [[RGB]]. Kelir din akanyataannana dipidangkeun gumantung kana ''[[pangelir]]'' RGB aktual nu dipaké keur midangkeun sinyal. Ku kituna hiji ajen nu ditunjukkeun minangka Y'CbCr nyaéta ukur bisa diperkirakeun lamun colorant RGB standar atawa [[profil ICC]] dipaké.

==Ngaran==
YCbCr sakapeung mah disingget '''YCC'''. Y'CbCr mindeng disebut [[YPbPr]] lamun dipaké dina vidéo komponén [[viéo analog|analog]], sok sanajan istilah Y'CbCr ilahar ogé dipaké keur duanana, katut atawa tanpa ''prime''.

Y'CbCr mindeng kaliru jeung rohangan kelir [[YUV]], tur hususon istilah YCbCr jeung YUV téh bisa dipaké piligenti, nu matak ngabingungkeun; nalika nujul kana sinyal-sinyal dina wangun vidéo atawa digital, istilah &quot;YUV&quot; leuwih ngandung harti &quot;Y'CbCr&quot;.

==Rujukan==
&lt;!--&lt;nowiki&gt;
  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how
  to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref&gt; and &lt;/ref&gt; tags, and the template below 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;--&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;

==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html Charles Poynton - Color FAQ]
* [http://www.poynton.com/Poynton-video-eng.html Charles Poynton - Video engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707001443/http://www.poynton.com/Poynton-video-eng.html |date=2017-07-07 }}
* [http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/colorrgb2.php YCrCb to RGB converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111035713/http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/colorrgb2.php |date=2009-01-11 }}
* [http://www.couleur.org/index.php?page=transformations#YCbCr Color Space Visualization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207014820/http://www.couleur.org/index.php?page=transformations#YCbCr |date=2008-12-07 }}
* [http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=YCbCr&amp;i=55147,00.asp PC Magazine Encyclopedia: YCbCr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308143046/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3DYCbCr%26i%3D55147%2C00.asp |date=2013-03-08 }}

{{Color space}}

[[Kategori:Rohangan kelir]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karét (tuwuhan)</title>
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| color = lightgreen
| name = Tuwuhan karét
| image =Hevea_brasiliensis_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-071.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Hevea brasiliensis''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Crotonoideae]]
| tribus = [[Micrandreae]]
| subtribus = [[Heveinae]]
| genus = ''[[Hevea]]''
| species = '''''H. brasiliensis'''''
| binomial = ''Hevea brasiliensis''
| binomial_authority = [[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müll.Arg.]]
}}

Minangka penghasil latéks, tuwuhan karét bisa disebut mangrupa hiji-hijina tuwuhan anu dipelak sacara gegedéan (nazarudin dkk1992).

Tuwuhan karét mangrupa tuwuhan anu tumuwuh luhur sarta boga tangkal anu cukup badag.

Luhur tangkal dewasa ngahontal 15-25 méter. Tangkal tuwuhan biasana tumuwuh lempeng sarta mibanda dahan di luhur. Di sawatara kebon karét aya kacondongan pepelakan ieu tumuwuh rada doyong ka arah kalér. Tangkal pepelakan ieu ngandung geutah anu dipikawanoh kalawan ngaran latéks.

Daun karét diwangun ku gagang daun utama sarta gagang anak daun. Panjang gagang daun utama 3–20&amp;nbsp;cm. Panjang gagang anak daun kira-kira 3–10&amp;nbsp;cm sarta dina tungtungna aya ''kelenjar''. Biasana aya tilu anak daun anu aya dina saheulay daun karét. Anak daun ngawangun bentuk éliptis, manjang kalawan tungtung nu seukeut. Sisina rata sarta dugul.

Siki karét aya dina saban rohang buah. Jadi jumlah [[siki]] biasana aya tilu, sakapeung genep, luyu jeung jumlah rohang. Ukuran siki badag kalawan kulit nu teuas. Warnana cokelat semu hideung kalawan titik-titik kalayan pola anu mandiri.

Luyu kalawan sipat dikotilnya, akar tanagaman karét mangrupa akar tunggang. Akar ieu sanggup menopang batang pepelakan anu tumuwuh luhur sarta badag.
[[Gambar:The_face_of_rubber_tree's_trunk.jpg|thumb|right|150px|tangkal karet]]

== Jarak Pelak ==
Produktivitas karét dipangaruhan ku jarak pelak sarta kerepna pepelakan, sagigireun faktor-faktor anu lianna. Jarak anu leuwih heureut boga akibat negatif katut sawatara kalemahna.

Sawatara karuksakan anu baris lumangsung alatan jarak anu leuwih heureut nyaéta:
* Karuksakan makuta pucuk ku angin;
* Umur tangkal ngurangan alatan panyakit;
* Hasil geutahna baris ngurangan;
* Ku sabab éta, dina melak, henteu meunang rapet teuing antara jarak hiji tangkal ka tangkal séjénna.

Ngilo perkara-perkara kasebut di handap, mangka kiwari kakerepan tangkal saban héktarna henteu ngaleuwihan ti jumlah 400 nepi ka 500 tangkal. Hal éta hartina jarak pelakna perhéktar nyaéta 7x3 m, 7, 14x 3, 33 m atawa 8x2,5 m.

== Bibit ==
Usaha ngaronjatkeun produktivitas pepelakan karét boh dina tingkat pausahaan swasta boh sacara nasional, kudu dilaksanakeun kalawan melak ''klon-klon'' unggulan panganyarna dina waktu melak anyar atawa dina waktu ngarumajakeun.

Klon nyaéta turunan anu ditampa meké budidaya vegetatif. Ku kituna, cirri-ciri pepelakan kasebut sarua persis jeung pepelakan indungna.

Klon anu diajurkeun nyaéta:
# Klon GT1,
# Klon PR 107,
# Klon PR 228,
# Klon PR 261,
# Klon PR 300,
# Klon PR 255,
# Klon PR 303,
# Klon AVROS 2037,
# Klon BPMI.

== Panyadapan ==
[[Gambar:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Latex dikumpulkeun tina tuwuhan karet nu disadap]]Panyadapan mangrupa salah sahiji kagiatan poko usaha budidaya karét.
Tujuan tina panyadapan karét ieu nyaéta muka kamalir latéks dina kulit tangkal sangkan latéks gancang nyérélék. Laju ngocorna latéks baris ngurangan lamun takeran cacai latéks dina kulit ngurangan.

Kulit karét kalawan jangkungna 260&amp;nbsp;cm ti beungeut [[taneuh]] mangrupa widang sadap patani karét pikeun nampa panghasilan salila 30 taun. Ku sabab éta panyadapan kudu dipigawé kalawan ati-ati sangkan henteu ngaruksak kulit kasebut. Lamun lumangsung kasalahan dina panyadapan, mangka produksi karét baris ngurangan (Santosa, 1986)

Pikeun meunangkeun hasil sadap anu alus, panyadapan kudu nurutkeun aturan nu tangtu sangkan dibeunangkeun hasil anu luhur, nguntungkeun, sarta sinambung kalawan tetep merhatikeun faktor kaséhatan pepelakan.

== Tempo ogé ==
* ''[[Castilla elastica]]'' - sumber utama panghasil latéks di masarakat [[Mesoamerica|MesoAmerican]] pra-Kolumbia

{{Commons|Hevea brasiliensis}}

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Rubber_tree_plantation.JPG|Kebon tuwuhan karét di [[Phuket]], [[Thailand]]
image:Rubber_tree_leaves.JPG|Daun tuwuhan karét
Image:Rubber_tree.jpg|Mindanao, Filipina, pagawe kebon karét
Image:Hevea semillas2.jpg|Siki tuwuhan karét
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan satuluyna ==
* Zhang, J., Huss, V.A.R., Sun, X., Chang, K. and Pan, D. 2008. Morphology and phylogenetic position of a trebouxiophycéan green algae (Chlorophyta) growing on the rubber tree, ''Hevea brasiliensis'', with the description of a new genus and species. ''Eur. J. Phycol.'' '''43(2)''': 185 - 193.

[[Kategori:Tuwuhan produksi]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Industri]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]]
[[Kategori:Euphorbiaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>q5sg8a9t2zeesutv3sxpvhting850mo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Suharto</title>
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      <text bytes="15589" sha1="kc3fgf77f9zpilbk6dc2e4wpzrt2h1g" xml:space="preserve">{{Unreferenced}}
{{Infobox President
| honorific-prefix=
| name=Soeharto
| nationality=
| image=President Suharto, 1993.jpg
| order=Presiden Indonesia
| office=
| term_start= 12 Maret 1967
| term_end=21 Mei 1998
| predecessor=[[Soekarno]]
| successor=[[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]]
| order2=Sekretaris Jendral Gerakan Non Blok
| term_start2= 7 September 1992
| term_end2=20 Oktober 1995
| predecessor2=[[Dobrica Ćosić]]
| successor2=[[Ernesto Samper Pizano]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1921|6|8}}
| birth_place=[[Kemusuk]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| death_date= {{death date and age|2008|1|27|1921|6|8}}
| death_place= [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| religion=[[Islam]]
| spouse=[[Siti Hartinah]] (d. 1996)
| children=[[Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana|Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti]]&lt;br /&gt;Sigit Harjojudanto&lt;br /&gt;Bambang Trihatmodjo&lt;br /&gt;Siti Hediyati Hariyadi&lt;br /&gt;[[Tommy Suharto|Hutomo Mandala Putra]]&lt;br /&gt;Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih
| party=[[Partey Golkar]]
| vicepresident= [[Hamengkubuwono IX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Adam Malik]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sudharmono]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Try Sutrisno]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]]
| occupation=[[Militer]], [[Politikus]]
| signature= Suharto signature.svg
}}
'''Soeharto''' ({{lahirmati|Dusun [[Kemusuk]], Desa [[Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul|Argomulyo]], Kecamatan [[Sedayu, Bantul|Sedayu]], [[Kabupaten Bantul|Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]]|8|6|1921|[[Jakarta]]|27|1|2008}}) nyaéta présidén Indonesia kadua nu ngajabat ti taun 1967 dugi ka 1998.

==Daftar pustaka==
* {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }}
* {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&amp;pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }}
* {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |date=5 May 2005 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}}
* {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}}
* {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}}
* ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997)
* {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}}
* {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html |date=8 February 2001 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }}
* Robert Cribb, &quot;Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966&quot;. Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001.
* {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }}
* {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: |date=13 January 2016 }}
* {{cite book| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild| publisher=Archipelago Press|date=2002 | orig-year=1976| isbn=981-4068-65-9}}
* {{cite news |title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&amp;start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }}
* {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005 | archive-date=24 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182929/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | url-status=live }}
* {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge|work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}}
* {{cite news| title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=15 October 1965}}
* {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge| work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}}
* {{cite news| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul  |last2=Oliver |first2=James| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power| work=The Independent |location=UK| date=16 April 2000}}
* {{cite book| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul  |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd|date=1999| isbn=0-7509-1668-0}}
* {{cite book|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] AU|publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608032221/https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}}
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }}
* John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement &amp; Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}.
* {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by &quot;Free Choice&quot;| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |date=25 June 2018 }}
* {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}}
* {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}}
* {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view |date=5 March 2012 }}
* {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}}
* {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }}
* {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924
}}
* {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}}
* {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}}
* {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}}

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=Presiden Indonesia | before=[[Sukarno]] | after=[[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]] | years=1945 - 1967 }}
{{succession box | title=Sekretaris Jendral&lt;br&gt; Gerakan Non Blok | before=[[Dobrica Ćosić]] | after=[[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] | years=1992 - 1995 }}
{{end box}}

{{Presiden Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Présidén Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Timothy Dalton</title>
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[[File:Timothy Dalton 1987.jpg|thumb|Timothy Dalton, Amsterdam 1987]]
'''Timothy Peter Dalton''' (alias '''Timothy Dalton''', akrab ku sebatan '''Timmy''', babar di [[Colwyn Bay]], [[Wales]], [[Britania Raya|UK]] kaping [[21 Maret]] [[1946]]) mangrupa saorang aktor film asal Wales. Anjeunna dikenal sabagai salah sahiji aktor resmi film James Bond dina ''[[The Living Daylights]]'' (1987) jeung ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' (1989). Anjeunna ogé terkenal ku peranna dia sababaraha hiji seri film sareng seri drama téater [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]].

== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
* [http://www.pelicanpromotions.com.au/dalton/biog.html Biografi Timmy Dalton dalam The Timothy Dalton Chat Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228205857/http://pelicanpromotions.com.au/dalton/biog.html |date=2023-02-28 }}
* [http://obr.lh.pl/timothydalton/index.html Timothy Dalton - Shakespearean James Bond]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102035311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/showbiz/timothy_dalton.shtml Timothy Dalton dalam BBC North East Wales Showbiz]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/famous_derby/timothy_dalton.shtml Timothy Dalton dalam BBC]
* [http://www.timothydalton.org Timothy Dalton - Fan Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211444/http://www.timothydalton.org/ |date=2017-10-06 }}
* [http://www.hmss.com/films/memory/ Timothy Dalton dan Ian Fleming – James Bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128101831/http://www.hmss.com/films/memory/ |date=2012-01-28 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalton, Timothy}}
[[Kategori:Babar 1946]]
[[Kategori:James Bond]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Parigi Sunda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Gambar:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|400px|Peta [[Survéy Géologi Amérika Serikat|USGS]] nu némbongkeun zona lini di Parigi Sunda taun [[1833]], [[1861]], [[26 Désémber 2004|2004]], jeung [[28 Maret 2005|2005]].]]
'''Parigi Sunda''' atawa katelah ogé '''Parigi Jawa''', perenahna di wétan kaléreun [[Samudra Indonésia]], panjangna 2600&amp;nbsp;km kalawan titik pangjerona 7725 m (dina 10°19' Ki, 109°58' Wé, kira 320&amp;nbsp;km kiduleun [[Jogjakarta]]), manteng ti [[Kapuloan Sunda Alit]], mapay kiduleun [[pulo Jawa]], terus ka kuloneun Sumatra, nepi ka [[kapuloan Andaman]], sakaligus mangrupa water antara [[Lémpéng Indo-Australia]] jeung [[Lémpéng Eurasia]] (tegesna [[Lémpéng Sunda]]), salaku bagian tina [[Cingcin Seuneu Pasipik]] jeung cingcin [[palung samudra]] sabudeureun tungtung kalér [[Lémpéng Australia]].

Aya [[bukti ilmiah]] nu nunjukkeun yén kagiatan lini di sabudeureun Parigi Sunda bisa ngabalukarkeun bencana alam dina mangsa anu teu pati lila, bisa kurang ti sapuluh taun&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg18524914.500.html Asia primed for next big quake - earth - 19 March 2005 - New Scientist Environment]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku kituna perlu masang [[sistem tangara sunami]] di sapanjang basisir [[Samudra Indonésia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://ioc3.unesco.org/indotsunami/IOC23/ioc23.htm IOC: Towards a Tsunami Warning System in the Indian Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807164156/http://ioc3.unesco.org/indotsunami/IOC23/ioc23.htm |date=2008-08-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ciri ==
Kira-kira satengah panjangna, nu deukeut ka [[Sumatra]], ieu parigi kabagi jadi dua palung paralél ku ayana totonggong handapeun cai, sarta ampir sakabéh parigina dieusi ku sédimén.

== Éksplorasi ==
Sababaraha éksplorasi munggaran dipilampah taun 1950-an nalika [[Robert L. Fisher|Robert Fisher]], panalungtik ti [[Lembaga Oséanografi Scripps]], nalungtik ieu parigi salaku bagian tina éksplorasi ilmiah lapangan ngeunaan dasar samudra sajagat katut wangun-kulit sub-samudrana. Téhnik nu dipaké pikeun ngukur jero ieu parigi di antarana ''bomb-sounding'', analisis ''echo-train'', jeung manométer. Ieu panalungtikan geus nyumbangkeun pangaweruh kana ciri-ciri subduksi margin Pasipik&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20060430125347/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/gebco/news/rlfnews.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sanggeus lini 2004, sababaraha lembaga nu kungsi nyaksrak ieu parigi nyebutkeun yén dasar ieu samudra téh geus loba robahna&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/sumatra/natsushima/topics/0502/ &quot;The underwater survey of the SUMATRA earthquake source area&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Gondéwa Sunda]]
* [[Parigi samudra]]
* [[Lini Samudra Indonésia 2004]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bacaeun salajengna ==
* Špičák, A., V. Hanuš, and J. Vaněk (2007). éarthquake occurrence along the Java trench in front of the onset of the Wadati-Benioff zone: Beginning of a new subduction cycle? ''Tectonics'': 26 TC1005
{{coord|10|19|S|109|58|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}

{{Lémpéng Asia Tenggara}}

[[Kategori:Parigi samudra di Samudra Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Géologi Indonésia]]</text>
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[[Gambar:YUI - CHYCL.jpg|thumb|350 px|right|YUI - Cruising How Crazy Your Love Tur kalima]]
'''Yui Yoshioka''' ditulis ('''YUI''') (gumelar di [[Fukuoka]], [[26 Maret]] [[1987]], umur 24 taun) nyaéta penyanyi [[awéwé]] jeung musisi ti [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;YUI&quot;&gt;[http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui#cite_ref-futon_0-0 YUI]&lt;/ref&gt; YUI nyanyi sabari nga[[gitar]], dua laguna &quot;LIFE&quot; jeung &quot;Rolling Star&quot; jadi lagu séri ka-5 dina animé [[''Bleach'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;YUI&quot;/&gt;

==Profil==
* Zodiak : Ariés&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;[http://www.yui-net.com/html/profile/index.html Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102013442/http://www.yui-net.com/html/profile/index.html |date=2011-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Shio : Kelenci&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;/&gt;
* Kalangenan : Nonton film, Maca buku, [[badminton]], ngagitar&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;/&gt;
* Jangkung : 155&amp;nbsp;cm&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;/&gt;
* Golongan getih : AB&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;/&gt;
* Tempat favorit : pantai Shingū di Fukuoka&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;/&gt;

==Biografi==
YUI lahir di Fukuoka, Jepang.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/1732876/?p=5|title=Interview of YUI (page 5)|publisher=Livedoor|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna diurus jeung digedékeun ku indungna, ku sabab bapana ninggalkeun YUI nalika umur 3 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld5&quot;/&gt; YUI miboga cita-cita hayang jadi penyanyi nalika SD.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld5&quot;/&gt; YUI leutik digambarkeun jelma nu éraan, anjeunna osok ulin sorangan di gunung, di walungan, di laut, jeung di sawah.&lt;ref name=&quot;first Oricon interview&quot;&gt;Oricon Style, February 2 2006 {{ja icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; YUI ngamimitian nulis lagu basa sakola di SMA, anjeuna nulis lagu pikeun ngaéksprésikeun kaayaan dirina sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/1732876/?p=3|title=Interview of YUI (page 3)|publisher=Livedoor|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika SMA, YUI sakola sabari gawé di restoran [[Cina]] pikeun mantuan mayar sakola, ku sabab éta anjeuna teu boga waktu pikeun ngudag cita-citana dina widang musik.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;&gt;ROCKIN' ON JAPAN, May 2007 {{ja icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conto, antara musik, sakola, jeung gawé, anjeuna ngan boga waktu hiji atawa dua jam pikeun saré, nu ahirna anjeuna gering.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot; /&gt; Di rumah sakit, anjeunna mikir yén sakola jeung musik teu bisa hirup babarengan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt;

Sabada kaluar ti rumah sakit, anjeuna meunang kasempetan pikeun tampil nyanyi di jalan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; YUI ngungkapkeun kahayangna pikeun ngudag cita-citana di widang musik, anu ahirna milu gabung jeung band Bianco nero dina konsér pamungkasna.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Bianco nero nitah YUI sangkan nuluy keun sakola ka sakola musik, ahirna YUI kaluar ti SMA, tuluy ngawitan diajar ngulinkeun gitar jeung nulis lagu di ''[[Juku]]'' (sakola musik) di daérah Fukuoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Sabada éta, anjeuna ngamimitian nyanyi sorangan di jalan di daérah [[Stasion Ténjin]], Fukuoka, pikeun ngaleungitkeun rasa érana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt;

===Awal Karir===
Sasih Maret 2004, YUI milu audisi &quot;SD Audition&quot; anu baris diayakeun ku [[Sony Music Japan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Tina 20,000 pamilon, ngan ukur 10 urang anu nyésa kaasup YUI.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Yui diuk sila tuluy nyanyi sabari ngagitar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Lagu nu dinyanyikeun basa éta saloba 3 lagu, &quot;[[Why me]]&quot;, &quot;[[It's Happy Line]]&quot;, jeung &quot;[[I know]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Dina aturan audisi, pamilon ukur bisa nyanyikeun 2 lagu, tapi juri masihan nilai leuwih ka YUI.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; Sabada audisi, seueur parusahaan rékaman anu ngarebutkeun YUI pikeun di kontrak.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt;

===''From Me to You'' (2005-2006)===
Nalika YUI pindah ka [[Tokyo]], YUI nulis hiji lagu pikeun penghargaan ka Fukuoka anu judulna &quot;[[Feel My Soul (song)|Feel My Soul]]&quot; anu awalna direncanakeun rék dikaluarkeun dina labél indi, tapi produser [[Fuji TV]] Mr. Yamaguchi meunang inspirasi tina sorana YUI, nu ahirna éta lagu di paké dina drama ''[[Fukigen na Gene]]'' sa acan ngaluarkeun singel kahiji na.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ameblo.jp/hisashikondo/entry-10355548756.html|title=映画「カイジ 人生逆転ゲーム」での再会|language=Japanese|accessdate=2011-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaping [[23 Februari]] [[2006]] YUI ngaluarkeun single kahijina &quot;Feel My Soul&quot; anu laku 100,000 éksemplar jeung asup kana peringkat ka-8 dina nominasi [[Oricon]] dina minggu kahiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt; 3 single salajengna &quot;[[Tomorrow's way]]&quot; (tema lagu film ''[[Hinokio]]''), &quot;[[Life (Yui song)|Life]]' (lagu panutup anime ''[[Bleach]]''), jeung &quot;[[TOKYO]]&quot; henteu sasuksés &quot;Feel My Soul&quot;, ukur cukup suksés dina perbandingan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt;

Sabada ngaluarkeun 4 single, YUI ahirna ngaluarkeun album kahiji anu judulna ''[[From Me to You (Yui album)|From Me to You]]'', anu suksés kajual leuwih ti 200,000 éksemplar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ld1&quot;/&gt;

===''Can't Buy My Love'' (2006-2007)===

Taun 2006 YUI ngamimitian maén film anu judulna ''[[Midnight Sun (film)|A Song to the Sun]]'' (Taiyou no uta, タイヨウのうた),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shochikufilms.com/film/detail.php?product_code=509|title=Midnight Sun|accessdate=2007-03-11|publisher=Shochiku}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205190614/http://www.shochikufilms.com/film/detail.php?product_code=509 |date=2007-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu ditontonkeun kaping 17 Juni 2006 di [[Festifal Film Cannes 2006]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cannes Fes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shochikufilms.com/festival/cannes2006.html|title=Complete Cannes 2006 Line-up|accessdate=2007-03-11|publisher=Shochiku}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216213026/http://www.shochikufilms.com/festival/cannes2006.html |date=2007-02-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; YUI datang ka [[Japan Academy Prize (film)|Japan Academy Prize]] jeung meunangkeun penghargaan artis pendatang terbaik pikeun film ''Song of the Sun''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cannes Fes&quot;/&gt; Sa acan ngaluarkeun film éta, YUI ngaluarkeun single ka-5 &quot;[[Good-bye Days]]&quot; anu husus ditulis pikeun film éta, anu laku leuwih ti 200,000 éksemplar.&lt;ref name=&quot;single Anyar&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_(singer) Single Anyar]&lt;/ref&gt;

Single nu salajengna, &quot;[[I Remember Yui]]&quot; sukses ku sabab popularitasna tina lagu &quot;Good-bye Days&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;single Anyar&quot;/&gt; Single ka-7 YUI &quot;[[Rolling Star]]&quot; kapilih jadi bubuka séri ka-5 animé ''[[Bleach]]'', single ka-8 &quot;[[Cherry]]&quot; ditampilkeun dina ngapromosikeun ''KDDI Listen  Mobile Service''.&lt;ref name=&quot;single Anyar&quot;/&gt;

YUI ngaluarkeun Album ka-2 ''[[Can't Buy My Love]]'' kaping 4 April 2007, album ieu cicing di peringkat ka-1 salila 2 minggu dina nominasi Oricon.&lt;ref name=&quot;single Anyar&quot;/&gt; Album ieu laku leuwih ti 680,000 éksemplar.&lt;ref name=&quot;single Anyar&quot;/&gt;

===''I Loved Yesterday'' (2007-2008)===
YUI ngaluarkeun single ka-9 na &quot;[[My Generation/Understand]]&quot; kaping 13 Juni 2007, &quot;My Generation&quot; kapilih jadi lagu pamungkas drama ''Seito Shokun!'', sedengkeun &quot;Understand&quot; kapilih jadi téma lagu film ''Dog in a Sidecar''(サイドカーに犬).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/yui-net/discography/index.html|title=YUI-net Discography|accessdate=2011-10-12|publisher=YUI-net}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517161639/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/yui-net/discography/index.html |date=2007-05-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Single ieu ngadiukan peringkat kahiji dina nominasi mingguan Oricon.&lt;ref name=&quot;singel&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_%28singer%29#Can.27t_Buy_My_Love_.282006.E2.80.932007.29]&lt;/ref&gt;

Single ka-10 na, &quot;[[Love &amp; Truth]]&quot; kaluar kaping 26 Séptémber 2007, ieu lagu dijadikeun téma dina film ''Closed Note''(クローズド・ノート).&lt;ref name=&quot;singel&quot;/&gt; DVD konsér mimiti anjeuna ''[[Thank You My Teens]]'' di rilis kaping 14 November 2007, anu eusina cuplikan tina konsér kaduana.&lt;ref name=&quot;singel&quot;/&gt; Kaping 19 November 2007, YUI ngayakeun konsér kahijina di [[Nippon Budokan]], anu langsung séép kajual.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=YAnaFR0RHMo|title=Nippon Budokan News Cover}}&lt;/ref&gt;

YUI ngawitan taun 2008 ku single ka-11, &quot;[[Namidairo]]&quot; anu di rilis kaping 27 Februari 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Single&quot;&gt;[http://world-of-yui.blogspot.com/2007/12/new-yui-single.html World of YUI | YUI News, Community, Fansite, Gallery: New YUI Single!]&lt;/ref&gt; Saminggu sabada di rilisna single ka-11, YUI ngapromosikeun lagu anyarna &quot;[[Laugh Away]]&quot;, anu ahirna di rilis kaping 10 Maret 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Single&quot;/&gt;

Album ka-3 na di rilis kaping 9 April 2008, anu judulna ''[[I Loved Yesterday]]'', album ieu cicing dina peringkat kahiji nominasi Oricon jeung kajual 400,000 éksemplar.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Single&quot;/&gt;

===''My Short Stories/Holiday in the Sun'' (2008-2010)===
Kaping 2 Juli 2008, YUI ngarilis &quot;[[Summer Song]]&quot;, sakali deui laguna cicing di peringkat kahiji dina nominasi mingguan Oricon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_%28singer%29#My_Short_Stories.2FHolidays_in_the_Sun_.282008.E2.80.932010.29 Album ka-4]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Summer Song&quot; kajual 83,440 éksemplar dina saminggu, anu ngajadikeun &quot;Summer Song&quot; peringkat ka-2 dina panjualan minggu kahiji sabada &quot;Love &amp; Truth&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt;

YUI ngariis album kompilasi anu judulna, ''[[My Short Stories]]'' kaping 12 Novémber 2008 anu cicing di peringkat kahiji dina Oricon.&lt;ref name=&quot;My Short Story&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/yui-net/diary/index.html|title=Confirmation of new album title &quot;[[My Short Stories]]&quot;|accessdate=2011-10-12|publisher=YUI-net|language=Japanese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112044440/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/Info/yui-net/diary/index.html |date=2005-01-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina &quot;YUI Diary&quot; nu aya di website na, kaping 29 Agustus 2008, YUI nulis yén anjeunna rék istirahat sabada ngaluarkeun album kompilasina, ku kituna YUI bisa konséntrasi pikeun nyieun rencana taun hareup.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt; Salila istirahat, YUI nulis lagu &quot;I Do It&quot; jeung grup band awéwé ti [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] ([[Stereopony]]), anu dirilis kaping 22 April 2009 jadi single ka-3 na Steréopony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://contents.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/63699/|title=News about Yui x Stereopony Collaboration of &quot;I Do It&quot;|accessdate=2009-03-03|publisher=Oricon News|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

YUI ngabéwarakeun yén anjeunna aktif deui, sabada istirahat salila 5 sasih dina situs resmina, ku kituna YUI ngarayakeun aktifna deui dina widang musik ku cara ngrilis single anyar anu judulna&quot;[[Again (Yui song)|Again]]&quot; anu dirilis kaping 3 Juni 2009, ieu lagu langsung dipilih pikeun lagu séri mimiti animé'' [[Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4078905/|title=Confirmation of Yui's new single, &quot;Again&quot;|accessdate=2009-03-26|publisher=Livedoor|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina situsna YUI-net.com ngabéwarakeun rilisna single &quot;[[It's All Too Much/Never Say Die]]&quot; kaping 27 Juli 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yui-net.com/index.html|title=Confirmation of new single &quot;It's all too much/Never say die&quot;|accessdate=2011-10-13|publisher=YUI-net|language=Japanese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623121018/http://www.yui-net.com/index.html |date=2009-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Single éta dirilis kaping 7 Oktober 2009, ieu single kajual 75,000 éksemplar dina waktu saminggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt; YUI ngarilis single &quot;[[Gloria]]&quot; kaping 20 Januari 2010 anu laku 80,000 éksemplar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt; Single salajengna &quot;[[To Mother]]&quot; dirilis kaping 2 Juni 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt;

Kaping 14 Juli 2010 YUI ngarilis album ka-4 na anu judulna ''[[Holiday in the Sun]]'' anu eusina lima single, ti single &quot;Summer Song&quot; nepi ka &quot;To Mother&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Album ka-4&quot;/&gt; Ieu jadi album anu ka-4 anu langsung ka puncak tangga lagu Oricon, anu ahirna kajual leuwih ti 300,000 éksemplar, ogé meunang sértifikat Platinum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」 | url=http://ranking.oricon.co.jp | work=[[Oricon]] | accessdate=December 20, 2010}} (subscription only)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/201007.html|title=ゴールド等認定作品一覧　2010年07月|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan|RIAJ]]|accessdate=2010-08-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121425/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/201007.html |date=2015-09-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''How Crazy Your Love'' (2010-ayeuna)===
Single &quot;[[Rain]]&quot; di rilis kaping 24 Novémber 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0044R87AK|title=Rain|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=October 26, 2010|date=October 26, 2010|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Terus, YUI ngarilis single &quot;[[It's My Life/Your Heaven]]&quot; 26 Januari 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yui-net.com/index.html|title=Confirmation of new single &quot;It's My Life/Your Heaven&quot;|accessdate=2011-10-13|publisher=YUI-net|language=Japanese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623121018/http://www.yui-net.com/index.html |date=2009-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Single salajengna nyaéta &quot;[[Hello (Paradise Kiss)]]&quot;, anu di rilis kaping 1 Juni 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yui-net.com/index.html|title=Confirmation of new single &quot;Hello (Paradise Kiss)&quot;|accessdate=2011-10-13|publisher=YUI-net|language=Japanese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623121018/http://www.yui-net.com/index.html |date=2009-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dua lagu dina single ieu dijadikeun lagu bubuka jeung pamungkas film &quot;[[Paradise Kiss]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_%28singer%29#How_Crazy_Your_Love_.282010-present.29]&lt;/ref&gt; Kaping 16 Juni 2011, YUI ngayakeun konsér mimitina di luar Jepang, nyaéta di [[Hong Kong]] anu dilalajoan ku 14,000 jelma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=13935743|title=Japanese Singer YUI Stages First Foreign Show|language=English|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2011-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Single anu pang anyarna nyaéta &quot;[[Green a.Live]]&quot; anu dirilis kaping 5 Oktober 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yui-net.com/html/information/index.html|title=新曲『Green a.live』リリース決定!!!　(2011.8.22)|trans_title=New title &quot;Green Alive&quot; to be released|date=2011-08-22|language=Japanese|publisher=Sony Music Records (Japan) Inc.|accessdate=2011-08-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829085034/http://www.yui-net.com/html/information/index.html |date=2011-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kaping 20 Séptémber 2011, YUI ngabéwarakeun dina situsna, yén YUI baris ngayakeun tur anu ka-5 anu judulna &quot;How Crazy Your Love&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Yui5tour&quot; /&gt; Salian baris ngayakeun tur ka-5, YUI ogé rék ngaluarkeun album anyar anu judulna &quot;How Crazy Your Love&quot; kaping 2 November 2011.&lt;ref name = &quot;Yui5tour&quot; /&gt;

==Diskografi==

=== Album ===
* ''[[From Me to You]]'' ([[2006]])&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_%28singer%29#Discography]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Can't Buy My Love]]'' ([[2007]])&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[I Loved Yesterday]]'' ([[2008]])&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[My Short Stories]]'' ([[2008]]) (Album Kompilasi)&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Holiday in the Sun]]'' ([[2010]])&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[How Crazy Your Love]]'' ([[2011]])&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[She Loves You]]'' ([[2012]]) (Album Tribut)&lt;ref name=&quot;discography&quot;/&gt;

==Konsér==

===Tur===
* Yui Tur kahiji 2006 &quot;7 Street&quot;: Live Life Love (21 Maret - 18 April 2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_%28singer%29#Live_performances]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yui Tur ka-2 2007 &quot;Spring &amp; Jump&quot;: Can't Buy My Love (13 April - 1 Juni 2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;/&gt;
* Yui Tur ka-3 2008 &quot;Oui&quot;: I Loved Yesterday (5 Méi - 19 Juli 2008)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;/&gt;
* Yui Tur ka-4 2010: Hotel Holidays in the Sun (12 Séptémber - 2 Novémber 2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;/&gt;
* Yui Tur ka-5 2011: &quot;Cruising&quot;: How Crazy Your Love (11 Novémber 2011 - 25 Januari 2012)&lt;ref name = &quot;Yui5tour&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yui-net.com/5thtour2011/|title=YUI 5th Tour 2011 開催決定!!|date=2011-09-10|language=Japanese|publisher=Sony Music Records (Japan) Inc.|accessdate=2011-09-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924034135/http://www.yui-net.com/5thtour2011/ |date=2011-09-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Konsér Single===
* Yui Live 2007 di [[Nippon Budokan]] (19 Novémber 2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;/&gt;
* Yui Live 2011: Hong Kong Hotel Holidays in the Sun (26 Juni 2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Live Konsér&quot;/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1987]]
[[Kategori:Panyanyi Jepang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sapatu</title>
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      <text bytes="6106" sha1="nt8ys9ulr33lcdeyqa8v0ux8ayaqh7l" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Boots 1 by wax115.jpg|thumb|150px|right]]
'''Sapatu''' nyaéta alat pikeun ngabungkus suku anu biasana dijieunna tina [[kulit]] atawa bahan séjén , biasanya aya bagian sol,hak, kap, tur [[tali]]. Sapatu biasana dikelompokeun dumasar fungsina, saperti sapatu résmi(pesta), sapatu santai (kasual),sapatu dansa, sapatu olahraga, tur sapatu pikeun gawe&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;[http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=sepatu&amp;varbidang=all&amp;vardialek=all&amp;varragam=all&amp;varkelas=all&amp;submit=tabel/ngeunaan sapatu(16 oktober 2011)]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.Sapatu berfungsi teu pikeun alas kaki wungkul, tapi ogé geus jadi bagéan tina penampilan seséorang.
== Sajarah sapatu ==
Sapatu anu maké sol karet mimiti dijieun tur dibéré ngaran ''Plimsolls''

[[1892]]
''Goodyear'' sarta perusahaan sapatu karet divisi ti ''US Rubber Company'', mulai ngaproduksi sapatu karet jeung dina bahan kanvas maké ngaran anu béda-béda tur anu ahirna ditantukeun yén Keds nyaéta ngaran anu paling alus.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/09/sejarah-lengkap-asal-muasal-sepatucek.html/ngeunaan sapatu(16 oktober 2011)]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1908]]
''Marquis M. Converse'' ngadegkeun ''Converse shoe company'', anu ngarevolusi olahraga bola basket leuwih ti saabad tur jadi ikon Amérika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1917]]
Sapatu keds nyaéta sapatu atletik munggaran anu diproduksi sacara massal. terus sapatu ieu engkena bakal disebut snéakers ku Henry Nelson McKinney, saurang agen periklanan pikeun ''N.W. Ayer &amp; Son'', sabab solna leuwih halus tur teu ngaluarkeun sora decitan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1917]]
Converse ngaluarkeun sapatu basket anu munggaran ''the Converse All Star''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1920]]
''Adi Dassler'', anu ngadegkeun Adidas, mimiti ngaproduksi sapatu olahraga buatan sorangan di kamar mandi indungna tur teu ngagunakeun alat-alat listrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1923]]
''The All Star'' méré  kasempatan ka ''Chuck Taylor All Star'', pikeun nyieun sapatu anu merkna ''Chucks'', ''Cons'', ''Connies''. Sapatu ieu kajual leuwih ti 744 juta di 144 negara.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1924]]
''Adi'' jeung ''Rudolph Dassler'', sarta bantuan 50 anggota kulawargana, ngadaftarkeun bisnisna kalayan maké ngaran ''Gebr der Dassler Schuhfabrik'' di ''Herzogenaurach'', [[Jerman]]. ieu jadi munggaran ngaadegna [[Adidas]] saperti kiwari ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1931]]
Adidas munggaran ngapruduksi sapatu [[tenis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1935]]
''Converse'' ngarilis ''the Jack Purcell'' maké logo [[Smile]] di bagian hareupna. Sapatu éta jadi makin dikenal di Hollywood tur di kalangan barudak baong, nanging dina taun [[1930]], nalika badminton sarta tenis jadi terkenal, ''Jack Purcell'' ngan tinggal sajarah.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1948]]
Puma ''Schuhfabrik Rudolf Dassler'' ngadeug di dunia tur ngawanohkeun puma Atom, sapatu maen bola munggarn puma digunakeun ku ''tim sepakbola Jerman Barat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1950]]
• Snéakers jadi sapatu pilihan di mamana tur jadi simbol ti pemberontakan. Murah sarta gampang dipibenang ku barudak ngora di seluruh dunia. Di ''U.S. cheerleaders'' ngagunakeun swéaters, rok mini tur kaos kaki pendek kalayan sapatu tur atasan canvas (atau keds). ''The fashion'' sacara resmi dikenalkeun nalika ''James Dean'' difoto ngagunakeun calana jinsna tur snéakers bodas.

[[1962]]
''Phil Knight'' jeung ''Bill Bowerman'' ngaluarkeun sapatu atletik berteknologi tinggi (dina taunna) ''Blue Ribbon Sports'' sarta dina taun 1968 sajalan jeung design tur teknologina anu anayr, nganti ngaranna jadi ''Nike''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1970]]
• ''Platform shoes'' kalayan tuur saluhur 2-5 inci jadi inceran lalaki sarta awewe.
• éra [[70-an]] ogé mangrupa awal pikeun sapatu modél bakiak jadi populer.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1972]]
Logo Adidas ngalaman parobahan kalayan maké konsép ''Trefoil Logo'' nyaéta logo visual tilu [[daun]] kerangkai.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1979]]
''Nike'' nyiptakeun seri ''Nike Air'' anu munggaran. Terus dina taun [[1982]] dirilis ''Air Force One'', tur ngaluncurkeun ''si legendaris'' ''Nike Air Jordan'' [[1985]] anu mangrupa hiji ''achievement'' pikeun ''the rookie of Chicago Bulls'', [[Michael Jordan]] nepika ''Nike Air Max'' dina taun [[1987]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1990]]
Awal éra ieu diramekeun ku jenis sapatu anu solna rata, warna-warni tur persegi. Nanging platform shoes berjaya deui .&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1995]]
muséum sapatu Bata di Toronto, Kanada resmi dibuka dina bulan [[Mei]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1996]]
Adidas ngalakukeun modérnisasi kalayan konsép ''We knew then-we know now'' anu ngagambarkeun kasuksesan masa kamari tur kajayaan masa kiwari &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[1998-2001]]
Sapatu lars jadi salah sahiji simbol paling populer ti Orde Baru anu militeristik.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

[[2006-2008]]
Modél wedges shoes cocok jeung loba jenis jenis outfit, warp tur strappy shoes jadi inceran awewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;.

= Referensi =
{{reflist}}

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
{{wikiquote|Sapatu}}
{{commons|Shoes}}
{{wiktionarypar|sapatu}}
* [http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/ Kabéh ngeunaan sapatu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164952/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/ |date=2022-10-05 }}—[[Musium Sapatu Bata]] paméran onlén ngeunaan sajarah tur rupa-rupa sarampah
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085112/http://www.footwearhistory.com/ Sajarah sarampah]
* [http://www.i18nguy.com/l10n/shoes.html Grapik Konvérsi Ukuran Sapatu Internasional], ti ramatloka i18nguy, nawarkeun inpormasi leuwih jero.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301225541/http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-care.html Parawatan sapatu]
* [https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083936/https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/ |date=2022-03-19 }} - glosarium gumambar bagéan tur gaya sapatu
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Sarampah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roko</title>
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      <text bytes="9467" sha1="71gjlhn6ma6j589yi7jorgalbiwlt36" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Cigarette.jpg|right|thumb|Dua batang rokok.]]
'''Roko''' nyaéta campuran sanyawa kompleks anu dihasilkeun ku pembakaran [[bako]] sarta [[adiktif]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://bahayamerokok.net/kandungan-rokok.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102101833/http://bahayamerokok.net/kandungan-rokok.html |date=2011-11-02 }} (diaksés tanggal 25 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Leupas tina [[stimulan nikotin dawam]], haseup roko ogé ngandung tar anu diwangun leuwih ti 4000 bahan kimia kaasup kira-kira 60 bahan kimia [[karsinogenik]] anu picilakaeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Hampir kabéh jenis [[zat]] tadi mikapaéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Zat-zat ieu pisan anu ngabalukarkeun panyakit [[paru-paru]], jantung, [[emphysema]] sarta panyakit picilakaeun séjénna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;

==Kandungan Roko==
Sawatara zat kandungan roko séjénna dipikawanoh miboga éfék anu ngarugikeun [[tulang]] sarta [[kulit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Anjeun manawa reuwas ku manggihan ngaran sawatara bahan kimia dina haseup roko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Sawatara di antarana nyaéta kieu:

#[[Sianida]] nyaéta sanyawa kimia anu ngandung jumplukan [[cyano]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Benzene]] ogé dipikawanoh minangka [[bensol]] mangrupa sanyawa kimia organik anu gampang kabeuleum tur cairan teu warnaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Cadmium]] hiji [[logam]] anu pohara racunan sarta [[radioaktif]] anu kapanggih [[baterai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Metanol]] (alkohol kai) nyaéta [[alkohol]] anu pangbasajanna anu ogé dipikawanoh minangka metil alkohol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Asetilena]] (bahan beuleum anu dipaké dina obor las) mangrupa sanyawa kimia teu jenuh anu ogé mangrupa [[hidrokarbon alkuna]] anu pangbasajanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Amonia]] kapanggih di mana-mana di lingkungan tapi kacida racunan dina kombinasi kalayan unsur-unsur nu tangtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Formaldehida]] cairan anu pohara racunan anu dipaké pikeun ngawetkeun [[layon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Hidrogen sianida]] nyaéta racun anu dipaké minangka [[fumigan]] pikeun maéhan [[sireum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Zat ieu ogé dipaké minangka zat pikeun nyieun [[plastik]] sarta [[pestisida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;
#[[Arsenik]] nyaéta bahan anu aya dina racun [[beurit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;

Sedengkeun haseup anu dihasilkeun roko ngandung tar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Tar sorangan téh ngandung loba bahan racunan dina awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Ieu téh substansi, kandel lengket, sarta sabot ngiseup téh némpél dina [[buuk-buuk]] leutik di paru-paru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Organ ieu nayungan paru-paru ti kokotor sarta infeksi, tapi sabot katutup tar organ ieu henteu bisa ngalakonan fungsinya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Tar ogé ngalapisan dinding sistem réspirasi sakabéhna, nyempitan tabung anu transportasi hawa (anu bronchioles) sarta ngurangan elastisitas paru-paru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Anu dina antukna malukarkeun kanker paru-paru sarta panyakit pernapasan kronis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta haseup ieu ogé ngandung karbon monoksida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Karbon monoksida nyaéta bahan kimia racunan nu kapanggih dina haseup buangan [[mobil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Hal ieu pisan anu saterusna bisa nurunkeun jumlah oksigén dina getih tur ngahalangan kabéh kinerja organ panyuply oksigén di jero awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Alatan awak kurang oksigén nyieun jantung ngalaman pangandelan tur digawé leuwih gancang ngompa getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt; Ieu téh kacida cukang lantaran utamana hiji pangroko bisa ngalaman serangan jantung sangadadak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandungan roko&quot;/&gt;

==Alatan Roko==
Alatan [[négatif]] ti roko, éstuning geus karasa pas mimiti si jelma karak ngarasaan ngenyot roko.&lt;ref name=&quot;akibat roko&quot;&gt;{{id}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20130105083229/http://nusaindah.tripod.com/akibatmerokok.htm] (diaksés tanggal 25 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Dina [[haseup]] roko anu burahay alatan diiseup, [[bako]] kabeuleum kurang sampurna ku kituna ngahasilkeun [[CO]] (karbon mono oksida), anu gigireun / beulah haseupna sorangan, [[tar]] sarta [[nikotine]] (anu lumangsung ogé ti pameuleuman bako tadi) diiseup asup ka ngaliwatan ambekan.&lt;ref name=&quot;akibat roko&quot; /&gt;

CO, Tar, sarta Nikotin tadi mangaruhana kana syaraf anu ngabalukarkeun:
#Marudah, leungeun gameter (tremor) 
#Cita rasa / seléra dahar suda 
#Ibu-ibu hamil anu resep ngudud meunang kamungkinan kaguguran kandunganna

===Tar===
Tar sarta Haseup Roko ngarangsang jalan ambekan, sarta tar tadi katuruban disaluran éta anu ngabalukarkeun: 
#Ngohkoh atawa sesek ambekan 
#Tar anu adek di jalan ambekan bisa ngabalukarkeun kanker jalan [[ambekan]], 
[[létah]] atawa [[biwir]]

===Nikotin===
Nikotin ngarangsang ngoréjatna [[adrenalin]] [[hormon]] ti anak [[ginjal]] anu ngabalukarkeun: 
#Jantung ngadég-dég 
#Ngaronjatkeun tekanan [[getih]] sarta kadar [[kholesterol]] dina getih, 
tang pageuh kalayan lumangsungna serangan jantung

===Gas CO (Karbon Mono Oksida)=== 
Gas CO (Karbon Mono Oksida) ogé mangaruhan négatif ka jalan ambekan ti pangbuluh getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;akibat roko&quot; /&gt; 
Karbon mono oksida leuwih gampang kaiket dina [[hemoglobin]] batan [[oksigén]] 
Ku sababna, getih jelema anu kaasupan CO loba, baris ngurangan daya angkutna pikeun oksigén sarta jelema bisa maot alatan karacunan karbon mono oksida.&lt;ref name=&quot;akibat roko&quot; /&gt; Dina hiji pangroko moal nepi ka langsung karacunan CO, tapi pangaruh CO anu dihiseup ku pangroko jeung saeutik demi saeutik, kalayan laun tapi pasti baris mangaruhan négatif dina jalan ambekan sarta dina pangbuluh getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;akibat roko&quot; /&gt;

==Bahaya Roko==
Roko ngandung leuwih ti opat rébu zat-zat sarta dua rébu di antarana geus dinyatakeun ngadampak goréng pikeun kaséhatan urang, di antarana nyaéta bahan [[radioaktif]] (polonium-201) sarta bahan-bahan anu dipaké di jero [[cat]] (acetone), panyuci lantéy ([[ammonia]]), ubat gegat ([[naphthalene]]), racun gegremet (DDT), racun anai-anai ([[arsenic]]), gas racun ([[hydrogen cyanide]]) anu dipaké di “kamar gas maut” pikeun pangsalah anu ngajalanan hukuman mati, sarta loba kénéh deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://ridwanaz.com/kesehatan/ingin-tahu-lebih-detail-bahaya-rokok-bagi-kesehatan-kita/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030033259/http://ridwanaz.com/kesehatan/ingin-tahu-lebih-detail-bahaya-rokok-bagi-kesehatan-kita/ |date=2011-10-30 }} (diaksés tanggal 25 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Sarta zat dina roko anu pangpicilakaeunna nyaéta Tar, Nikotin sarta Karbon Monoksida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt; Tar ngandung kurang leuwih opat puluh tilu bahan anu jadi cukang lantaran [[kanker]] atawa anu disebut kalayan [[karsinogen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt; Nikotin miboga zat dina roko anu bisa ngabalukarkeun katagihan, ieu anu ngabalukarkeun para pangmaké roko hésé kacida pikeun ngandeg ngudud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt; Nikotin mangrupa zat dina roko anu marésiko ngabalukarkeun panyakit jantung, 25 persén ti para pangsawat panyakit jantung disababkeun ku kagiatan ngudud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt; Di handap ieu nyaéta bahaya roko ka kaséhatan urang : 
#Roko bisa ngabalukarkeun Kanker pundi kiih,
#Kanker [[beuteung]],
#Kanker [[peujit]] sarta pianakan ,
#Kanker [[sungut]] ,
#Kanker [[Esofagus]],
#Kanker [[tekak]],
#Kanker [[pankrias]],
#Kanker [[pinareup]],
#Kanker [[paru-paru]],
#Panyakit saluran pernapasan [[kronik]],
#[[Strok]],
#Pengkroposan [[tulang]] atawa anu dipikawanoh kalayan [[osteoporosis]]
#Panyakit jantung,
#Kemandulan,
#Pegat haid mimiti,
#Ngababarkeun [[orok]] anu cacad
#Kaguguran orok,
#[[Bronkitis]],
#[[Batuk]],
#Panyakit ulser peptik,
#[[Emfisima]],
#[[Otot]] lemah,
#Panyakit [[gusi]],
#Karusakan [[panon]],
Anu kasebut di luhur nyaéta bahaya roko pikeun pangroko aktif, naon pangroko aktif téh? pangroko aktif nyaéta jelema anu ngudud sacara langsung ngenyotna roko, sedengkeun pangroko pasif nyaéta jelema anu henteu sacara langsung ngenyot roko, tapi ngenyot haseup roko anu dikaluarkeun ti sungut jelema anu keur ngudud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt; 
*Di handap ieu mangrupa bahaya haseup roko pikeun pangroko pasif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahaya roko&quot; /&gt;
#Ngaronjatkeun mamala kanker paru-paru sarta panyakit jantung
#Masalah pernapasan kaasup radang paru-paru sarta bronkitis
#Gering atawa peurih panon
#Bersin sarta ngohkoh
#Gering genggerong
#Nyeri sirah

*zat anu kaeusi dina haseup roko nyaéta:
2 kali leuwih loba nikotin&lt;br /&gt;
5 kali leuwih loba karbon monoksida&lt;br /&gt;
3 kali leuwih loba tar&lt;br /&gt;
50 kali leuwih zat kimia anu picilakaeun pikeun kaséhatan

*Bahaya haseup roko ka ibu hamil sarta janin anu dikandungnya
#Kaguguran janin
#Tumbesaran janin terencat – 30% leuwih luhur
#Pati janin dina kandungan
#Pendarahan ti uri (abruption placenta)
#Beurat awak ngurangan – 20 nepi ka 30%

*Bahaya haseup roko ka orok
#Masalah sarta panyakit pernapasan
#Ngaréwong ka perkembangan kacerdasan
#Jangkitan ceuli
#Leukéamia
#Kanker otak 22%
#Gancang capé
#Sindrom pati sacara ngadadak
#Flek paru-paru &lt;ref name=&quot;Obat flek paru paru&quot;&gt;[http://obatflekparuparu1.blogspot.com/ Obat flek paru paru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208005641/http://obatflekparuparu1.blogspot.com/ |date=2016-02-08 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 27 January 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Referensi==
{{Reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Roko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polandia</title>
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      <text bytes="6411" sha1="sgr8rwjyofjhashj4p8lhna79ctm6m2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Country
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Polandia
|native_name              = {{lang|pl|Rzeczpospolita Polska}}
|common_name              = Polandia
|image_flag               = Flag of Poland.svg
|flag_border              = Flag of Poland (normative).svg
|image_coat               = Herb Polski.svg
|image_map                = LocationPoland.svg
|national_motto           = 
|national_anthem          = [[Gambar:Ignacy dygas - mazurek dąbrowskiego.ogg|center]]{{br}}''[[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]]''{{br}}
(Mazurka Dąbrowski)
|official_languages       = [[Basa Polski|Polski]] (basa Polandia)&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|capital                  = [[Warsawa]]
|capitals_coordinates     = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=52_13_N_21_02_E_type:city 52°13′ U 21°02′ T]
|latd                     = 52
|latm                     = 13
|latNS                    = N
|longd                    = 21
|longm                    = 02
|longEW                   = E
|largest_city             = [[Warsawa]]
|government_type          = [[Républik]]
|leader_title1            = [[Daptar Présidén Polandia|Présidén Polandia]]
|leader_title2            = [[Daptar Perdana Menteri Polandia|Perdana Menteri]]
|leader_name1 = [[Andrzej Duda]]
|leader_name2             = [[Donald Tusk]]
|area_rank                = 70
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|area                     = 312.679
|areami²                  = 120.696,41
|percent_water            = 2,6%
|population_estimate      = 38.483.957
|population_estimate_year = 2014
|population_estimate_rank = 32
|population_census        =
|population_census_year   = 2002
|population_density       = 123,5
|population_density_rank  = 64
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2005
|GDP_PPP                  = US$512,9 miliar
|GDP_PPP_rank             = 23
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = US$13.275
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 51
|sovereignty_type         = Pawangunan
|established_event1       = [[Baptisme Poladia|Kristenisasi]]&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
|established_event2       = [[Pasamakmuran Polandia-Lithuania|Républik Kahiji]]
|established_event3       = [[Républik Polandia Kadua|Républik Kadua]]
|established_event4       = [[Républik Rahayat Polandia|Républk Rahayat]]
|established_event5       = Républik Katilu
|established_date1        = 14 April 966
|established_date2        = 1 Juli 1569
|established_date3        = 11 Novémber 1918
|established_date4        = 31 Désémber 1944
|established_date5        = 30 Januari 1990
|currency                 = [[Zloty|Złoty]]
|currency_code            = PLN
|time_zone                = [[CET]]
|utc_offset               = +1
|time_zone_DST            = [[CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST           = +2
|cctld= [[.pl]]
|calling_code             = 48
|footnotes                = &lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; [[Basa Bélarus]], [[Basa Kasubia|Kasubia]], [[Basa Jérman|Jérman]], jeung [[basa Ukraina|Ukraina]] dipaké di lima ''gmina''. Sanajan kitu, basa-basa éta teu dianggap salaku [[basa resmi]] nagara.{{br}}&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; Teu ningal afiliasi kaagamaan atawa kakiranganna aranjeunna, panyandakan Kristen di Polandia katempo ku raloba urang Polandia salaku salah sahiji kajadian sajarah nasional nu pangsignifikanna; agama nu anyar digunakeun pikeun ngahijikeun raloba séké di wewengkon ieu.
}}
'''Polandia''' (dina [[basa Polski]]: '''''Polska''''') mangrupa hiji [[négara]] [[républik]] di [[Éropa]] Tengah nu tepung wates jeung [[Jérman]] di kulon, [[Céko]] jeung [[Slovakia]] di kidul, [[Rusia]] ([[Kaliningrad]]), [[Lithuania]] di wétan-kalér, jeung [[Bélarus]] sareng [[Ukraina]] di wétan ([[Garis Curzon]]).

== Babagian administratif ==
Polandia sacara administratif dibagi kana 16 [[propinsi]] ([[basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''voivodship''; [[basa Polski|Polandia]]: ''Województwo''). Saban propinsi dibagi kana sababaraha ''Powiat'' (sarupa [[kabupatén]], jeung saban ''Powiat'' dibagi kana sababaraha ''Gmina'' (sarupa [[kacamatan]]).

=== Daptar provinsi Polandia ===
[[Gambar:EC_map_of_poland.png|thumb|250px|Peta Polandia nu nunjukkeun babagian propinsi Polandia]]
* [[Propinsi Dolnoslaskie]]
* [[Propinsi Kujawsko-Pomorskie]]
* [[Propinsi Lubelskie]]
* [[Propinsi Lubuskie]]
* [[Propinsi Lodzkie]]
* [[Propinsi Malopolskie]]
* [[Propinsi Mazowieckie]]
* [[Propinsi Opolskie]]
* [[Propinsi Podkarpackie]]
* [[Propinsi Podlaskie]]
* [[Propinsi Pomorskie]]
* [[Propinsi Slaskie]]
* [[Propinsi Swietokrzyskie]]
* [[Propinsi Warminsko-Mazurskie]]
* [[Propinsi Wielkopolskie]]
* [[Propinsi Zachodniopomorskie]]

=== Dayeuh-dayeuh gedé Polandia ===
* [[Warsawa]]
* [[Łódź]]
* [[Krakow]] 
* [[Wroclaw]] 
* [[Poznan]]
* [[Gdansk]]
* [[Szczecin]] 
* [[Bydgoszcz]] 
* [[Lublin]]
* [[Katowice]]
* [[Bielsko-Biała]]
* [[Bialystok]]
* [[Rzeszów]]

== Basa ==
Méh sadaya wargi Polandia maké basa Polandia salaku basa asli aranjeunna.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Daptar kota di Polandia]]
* [[Daptar nagara]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{wikivoyage|Poland}}
{{commons|Category:Poland|Polandia}}

=== Loka pamaréntah ===
* [http://www.polska.pl polska.pl]
* [http://www.poland-tourism.pl poland-tourism.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822111029/http://www.poland-tourism.pl/ |date=2005-08-22 }}
* [http://www.polishworld.com/index.php polisgworld.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622164740/http://www.polishworld.com/index.php |date=2004-06-22 }}
* [http://www.kprm.gov.pl kprm.gov.pl]
* [http://www.sejm.gov.pl sejm.gov.pl]
* [http://www.sn.pl sn.pl]
* [http://www.trybunal.gov.pl trybunal.gov.pl]
* [http://www.europolityka.pl europolityka.pl]

=== Loka pariwisata ===
* [http://www.pot.gov.pl/ Tourist information portal]
* [http://www.poland-tourism.pl/ Tourist information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822111029/http://www.poland-tourism.pl/ |date=2005-08-22 }}

== Galeri poto ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Warszawa, ul. Nowy Świat 72-74 20170517 004.jpg|[[Warszawa]]
Image:Piazza_del_Mercato_di_Cracovia.JPG|[[Kraków]]
Image:Bielsko-Biała Town Hall.jpg|[[Bielsko-Biała]]
Muzeum Slaskie w Katowicach.jpg|[[Katowice]]
Image:Stare_Miasto_w_Lublinie_-_kaplica_św._Trójcy_i_donżon_na_zamku.jpg|[[Lublin]]
Image:Pałac Izraela Poznańskiego Łódź front.JPG|Łódź
Image:Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_(152991773).jpeg|[[Wrocław]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Polandia| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Éropa Tengah]]

{{nagara-geo-stub|Polandia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sendal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34443</id>
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      <text bytes="2712" sha1="2ym38jo4aihlti4irqy9edlo05nwdxe" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Setta,japanese-leather-soled-sandals,japan.JPG|thumb|250px| Sendal]]

'''Sendal''' mangrupa salah sahiji jinis [[sarampah]], nyaéta kabéh nu sok dipaké dina [[dampal suku]] jelema jero leumpang.&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus1&quot;&gt;[[Danadibrata,R.A]].2006.Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung:Kiblat Buku Utama&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis séjénna ti sarampah nu sarupa fungsina jeung sendal téh nyaéta [[tarumpah]], [[teplék]], [[selop]], [[bakiak]], jeung [[sapatu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kamus1&quot;/&gt;

Sandal nyaéta mangrupa matras ti rumput-rumputan, bilah tina [[kulit]], atawa potongan-potongan kai anu rata.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}} Leokum, Arkady(1997) '''Aku Ingin Tahu Jilid 1''' Jakarta:Quality Press&lt;/ref&gt; Bahan-bahan ieu ditalikeun dina tapak suku ku tali kulit anu saterusna diikat kira-kira dina suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt; Di wewengkon-wewengkon pegunungan anu leuwih tiis, sandal-sandal ieu henteu méré panangtayungan anu cukup kana suku, jadi leuwih loba bahan ditambahkeun jeung sacara bertahap sandal dijieun pikeun modél dasar sapatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

Sendal jepit geus aya salila sahenteuna genep rébu taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;[http://www.pecheblu.com/history.php Sejarah Sendal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115172300/http://www.pecheblu.com/history.php |date=2011-11-15 }} (di aksés ping 12 Nopémber 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka titik perbandingan, [[sapatu]] primitif dipidangkeun dina lukisan [[batu]] anu asalna ti période (Batu Jaman) ahir Paléolitik kira-kira 15.000 taun katukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt; Aya penggambaran ti sandal jepit di mural [[Mesir]] kuna dina astana sarta kuil-kuil ti kira-kira 4.000 SM.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;

Tumuwuhna sandal jepit geus jadi bagian ti sakabéh parobahan umum dina mode salila dua puluh taun pamungkas, alatan geus jadi leuwih antaré sakabéh pikeun acara sapopoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;
Casual Friday ngalonggarkeun dina naon anu dianggap pakéan kantor anu pas geus nyieun konsumén leuwih fleksibel ngeunaan pakéan kasual.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt; Kiwari, geus aya perhatian média nu jembar di [[Amérika Sarikat]] ngeunaan naha flip-flop atawa sendal mangrupa pakéan anu luyu pikeun dipaké ka White House pikeun papanggih présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt; Dua puluh taun katukang mah sawala nu kasebut tadi moal kungsi dianggap.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;

Busana geus jadi pendorong pasar konci pikeun alas suku, kaasup sendal.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt; Salila sawatara taunpamungkas, alas suku geus jadi fashion item utama - lain ngan saukur jadi produk pelengkap pikeun pakéan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt; Kelir, pola, lawon sarta gaya geus jadi laér leuwih wani sarta gaya parobahan leuwih mindeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Sarampah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pulo Clipperton</title>
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      <text bytes="5378" sha1="6elbk7curvoyhb6tey7esl1bq5d9drq" xml:space="preserve">{{Location map
 |Pacific Ocean
 |label=Clipperton
 |lon_dir=W
 |lat_dir=N
 |lat_deg=10|lat_min=18
 |lon_deg=109|lon_min=13
 |position=left
 |width=300
 |float=right
 |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg
 |marksize=20
 |caption=Lokasi Pulo Clipperton di Samudra Pasifik
}}
{{Infobox islands
| name          = Clipperton
| native name   = Île de la Passion
| image name    = Carteactuelle.jpg
| image caption = Clipperton Island with lagoon, showing depths in metres.
| image alt     = Clipperton Island With enclosed lagoon, showing depths in metres.
| area_km2      = 6
| elevation_m   = 29
| highest mount = Clipperton Rock
| location      = Samudra Pasifik
| coordinates   = {{Coord|10|18|N|109|13|W|region:ID_type:isle}}
| archipelago   = None
| country       = Wewengkon Piboga Perancis
| country admin divisions title = Peuntas Laut
| population    = Teu Didumukan
}}
'''Pulo Clipperton''' ({{lang-fr|Île de Clipperton'' atanapi ''Île de la Passion}}, {{lang-es|Isla de la Pasión}}) mangrupa hiji [[atol]] karang nu teu didumukan di Samudra Pasifik wétan, kidul-kuloneun [[Méksiko]] jeung kuloneun [[Amérika Tengah]], dina {{Coord|10|18|N|109|13|W|name=Clipperton Island|type:isle_region:FR-CP|display=inline,title}}. Daérah ieu piboga [[Prancis]] dina otoritas langsung ti [[Mentri Peuntas Laut Perancis]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=2E14855B772D504D6D56073B3A3BFDAD.tpdjo13v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000879815&amp;categorieLien=cid&amp;dateTexte= Art. 9, Loi n° 55-1052 du 6 août 1955 modifiée portant statut des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises et de l'île de Clipperton].&lt;br /&gt; [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000018048991&amp;fastPos=1&amp;fastReqId=2007253908&amp;categorieLien=id&amp;oldAction=rechTexte Décret du 31 janvier 2008 relatif à l'administration de l'île de Clipperton].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Catetan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Réferénsi==
{{Refbegin}}
*Allen, G. R. and D. R. Robertson. 1996. ''An annotated checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific''. Retrieved (2001) from: &lt;http://www.ots.ac.cr/rbt/revistas/45-2/allen.htm&gt;.
*Dickinson, Edwin D. ''The Clipperton Island Case''. ''American Journal of International Law,'' Vol. 27, No. 1., pp.&amp;nbsp;130–133.
*IFRECOR. 1998. Clipperton. Retrieved (2001), PDF file: [http://www.reefbase.org/Summaries/pdf/Clipperton1998.pdf Reefbase-PDF-98]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
*Jost, C. and S. Andrefouët, 2006, Review of long term natural and human perturbations and current status of Clipperton Atoll, a remote island of the éastern Pacific, ''Pacific Conservation Biology,'' Surrey Béatty &amp; Sons Pty Ltd, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia, 12: 3
*Jost, C., 2005g, Risques environnementaux et enjeux à Clipperton (Pacifique français). ''Revue européenne Cybergeo,'' 314, 01 juillet 2005, cartes et fig., 15 p. http://193.55.107.45/eurogeo2.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510063853/http://193.55.107.45/eurogeo2.htm |date=2007-05-10 }}
*Jost, C., 2005f, Bibliographie de l'île de Clipperton, île de La Passion (1711–2005). Paris, ''Journal de la Société des Océanistes,'' 120–121, juin-déc. 2005, texte et 411 réf., pp.&amp;nbsp;181–197.
*Pitman, R. L. and J. R. Jehl, 1998. Géographic variation and réassessment of species limits in the &quot;masked&quot; boobies of the éastern Pacific Océan. ''Wilson Bulletin'' 110:155–170.
*Restrepo, Laura. ''La Isla de la Pasión'' 1989,  ISBN 9780060816209 (a version of the tragic events which took place on Clipperton, put in the form of a novel).
*Sachet, M. H. 1962. Flora and vegetation of Clipperton Island. ''Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.'' 4th ser., v.31, no.10. The Academy, San Francisco.
*Skaggs, Jimmy. 1989. ''Clipperton. A History of the Island the World Forgot''. Walker and Company. New York.
*Snodgrass, R. E. and E. Heller. 1902. ''The birds of Clipperton and Cocos Islands; Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition 1898–1899''. The Academy, Washington, DC.
*Tamburini Francesco, La controversia tra Francia e Messico sulla sovranità dell'isola di Clipperton e l'arbitrato di Vittorio Emanuele&amp;nbsp;III (1909–1931), in ''&quot;Ricordo di Alberto Aquarone, Studi di Storia&quot;'', Pisa, Edizioni Plus, 2008
*UNEP/IUCN. 1988. ''Coral Reefs of the World''. Volume 3: Central and Western Pacific. UNEP Regional Séas Directories and Bibliographies. IUCN/UNEP, Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, UK, and Nairobi, Kenya.
{{Refend}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{SisterLinks|Clipperton Island}}
*{{Wikiatlas|Clipperton Island}}
*{{wikivoyage|Clipperton Island}}
*[http://www.infoplease.com/spot/desertisland3.html Clipperton Island di Infoplease]
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Fr_minor.html WorldStatesmen – France – Minor possessions]

{{Administrative divisions of France}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}&lt;br&gt;
{{EU Dependencies}}&lt;br&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clipperton Pulo}}
[[Kategori:Pulo Clipperton| ]]
[[Kategori:Téritori, koléktivitas, jeung departemén peuntas laut Perancis]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1931]]
[[Kategori:Pulo nu diklaim dina Undang-Undang Kapuloan Guano]]
[[Kategori:Papaséaan téritorial Perancis]]
[[Kategori:Papaséaan téritorial Méksiko]]
[[Kategori:Kasus Arbitrasi]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon depénden di Amérika Kalér]]


{{geo-stub|Clipperton}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anémia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8692" sha1="daim1vfmty62mkbgdz977ia2lkvuyao" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Symptoms of anemia.png|300px|thumb|Tanda-tanda anémia]]
'''Anémia''' mindeng disebut minangka panyakit kurang [[getih]].&lt;ref name=sumber1&gt;{{id}} Syamsuri, Istamar. Biologi Jilid II Untuk SMA Kelas XI Semester 1. Jakarta: Erlangga. Kaca 146&lt;/ref&gt; Anémia nyaéta kaayaan di mana jumlah [[sél getih beureum]] atawa jumlah ''hémoglobin'' (protéin nu mawa oksigen) dina sél getih beureum aya di handapeun normal.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://medicastore.com/penyakit/152/Anemia_Kurang_darah.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116135632/http://medicastore.com/penyakit/152/Anemia_Kurang_darah.html|date=2011-11-16}} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Atawa bisa disebut ogé kurangna jumlah éritrosit dina getih.&lt;ref name=sumber3&gt;{{id}} Jati, Wijaya. 2007. Aktif Biologi. Jakarta: Ganeca exact. Kaca 100&lt;/ref&gt; Panyababna bisa rupa-rupa, saperti kakurangan hemoglobin dina éritrosit, kakurangan eritrosit dina getih, sarta kakurangan volume getih dina volume normal.&lt;ref name=sumber1 /&gt; Kakurangan getih ieu bisa nyababkeun kamampuan getih nalian [[oksigén]] jadi handap.&lt;ref name=sumber1 /&gt;

=== Anémia jeung Malaria ===
Salah sahiji panyakit anu umum dikaitkeun jeung anémia nyaéta panyakit éndémik [[malaria]]. Inféksi Plasmodium falciparum anu umumna kajadian di daérah éndémik Malaria, lobana ngajangkit barudak yuswa sakola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Halliday|first=Katherine E.|last2=Karanja|first2=Peris|last3=Turner|first3=Elizabeth L.|last4=Okello|first4=George|last5=Njagi|first5=Kiambo|last6=Dubeck|first6=Margaret M.|last7=Allen|first7=Elizabeth|last8=Jukes|first8=Matthew C.H.|last9=Brooker|first9=Simon J.|date=2012-05|title=Plasmodium falciparum , anaemia and cognitive and educational performance among school children in an area of moderate malaria transmission: baseline results of a cluster randomized trial on the coast of Kenya|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02971.x|journal=Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=5|pages=532–549|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02971.x|issn=1360-2276|pmc=PMC3506732|pmid=22950512}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanda-tanda==
Tanda-tanda anu disababkeun ku kiriman oksigén anu henteu nyumponan kaperluan ieu téh rupa-rupa pisan.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Anémia bisa ngabalukarkeun kacapéan, jadi leuleus, kurang [[tanaga]] sarta sirah ngarasa ngalayang.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Lamun anémia beuki beurat mangka bisa ngabalukarkeun [[stroke]] sarta panarajang [[jantung]].&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt;

== Panyabab ==
Panyabab utama panyakit anémia, di antarana défisiénsi nutrisi, panyakit sél darah beureum turunan, inféksi (saperti [[malaria]], [[Schistosomiasis|skistosomiasis]], jeung cacing tambang) jeung inflamasi, jeung kondisi sajabana nu ngabalukarkeun produksi éritrosit anu teu nyukupan, pangrusakan sél getih beureum anu ngaronjat, atawa kakurangan getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lopez de Romaña|first=Daniel|last2=Mildon|first2=Alison|last3=Golan|first3=Jenna|last4=Jefferds|first4=Maria Elena D.|last5=Rogers|first5=Lisa M.|last6=Arabi|first6=Mandana|date=2023-11|title=Review of intervention products for use in the prevention and control of anemia|url=https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.15062|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1529|issue=1|pages=42–60|doi=10.1111/nyas.15062|issn=0077-8923|pmc=PMC10876383|pmid=37688369}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara Nyegah ==
Usaha nyegah panyakit anu dianjurkeun ku [[World Health Organization|WHO]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, di antarana:

=== Suplementasi ===
Istilah ieu ngarujuk kana usaha méré suplemen [[zat beusi]] ti saprak [[orok]] dina jero kandungan saméméh 37 minggu, sarta utamana orok anu beurat lahirna kurang. Suplementasi ieu dituluykeun jang umur genep bulan nepi ka 12 taun. Sanajan kitu, anjuran ieu ditujukeun pikeun ningkatkeun konséntrasi hémoglobin jeung zat beusi, lain jang nyegah anémia ku sabab can aya panalungtikan anu nunjukkeun yén suplementasi zat beusi téh méré dampak anu signifikan jang pencegahan anémia di kelompok umur ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Salian ti orok jeung barudak, suplementasi ogé dianjurkeun jang wanoja nu keur reuneuh jeung rumaja awéwé. Suplementasi ieu ogé difokuskeun di wilayah éndemik malaria, nu mana leuwih rawan kasus inféksi [[Malaria|Plasmodium falciparum]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Fortifikasi Kadaharan Poko ===

====== Tipung Gandum ======
[[World Health Organization|WHO]] nganjurkeun usaha fortifikasi tipung gandum, nyaéta panambahan vitamin atawa mineral nu séjén, pikeun salah sahiji strategi jang ningkatkeun konséntrasi hémoglobin jeung zat beusi sangkan nyegah anémia jeung kakurangan zat beusi. Hasil panalungtikan nunjukeun yén fortifikasi tipung gandum bisa nurunkeun résiko anémia nepi ka 27% antara kalangan populasi umum di luhur umur 2 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

====== Tipung Jagong atawa Maizéna ======
[[World Health Organization|WHO]] méré katerangan yén aya pangaruh positif anu ditimbulkeun tina ngamangpaatkeun kadaharan poko anu difortifikasi jang status nutrisi sacara umum. Tipung jagong kaasup salah sahiji bahan kadaharan poko anu bisa difortifikasi sangkan jadi solusi pencegahan kakurangan zat beusi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

====== Béas ======
Fortifikasi béas ngagunakeun zat beusi jeung vitamin A bisa ningkatkeun kandungan zat beusi di kalangan masarakat anu kadaharan pokona béas. Sanajan kitu, bukti yén aya pangaruh langsung tina konsumsi béas jang hémoglobin jeung anémia masih kurang kénéh. Tapi ku kituna, béas anu difortifikasi jeung zat beusi wungkul waé bisa ngurangan résiko anémia nepi ka 28%.

==Cara Ngubaran==
#Anémia kakurangan [[zat beusi]].&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Rupa anémia ieu bisa diubaran jeung suplemén zat beusi.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Anu meureun jalama nu ngalaman anémia ieu kudu nginum salila sababaraha bulan atawa leuwih. Lamun panyababna lantaran kakurangan zat beusi sarta kaleungitan getih-iwal ti héd- atawa pendarahan kudu dipikanyaho sarta dieureunkeun.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Hal ieu meureun bisa ngalibatkeun operasi.
#Anémia kakurangan [[vitamin]]. Anémia pernisiosa diubaran kalayan suntikan-remen ogé suntikan saumur hirup- [[Vitamin B-12]].&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Anémia alatan kakurangan [[asam folat]] diubaran jeung suplemén asam folat.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; 
#Anemia panyakit kronis.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Euweuh cara ngubaran husus pikeun anemia jenis ieu.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; [[Dokter]] fokusna dina cara ngubaran nu jadi dasarna.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Suplemén zat beusi sarta vitamin umumna henteu mantuan jenis anemia ieu.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Tapi, lamun gejala jadi parna, transfusi getih atawa suntikan eritropotein sintetis, hormon anu biasana dihasilkeun ku [[Kabubuahan|ginjal]], bisa mantuan ngarangsang produksi sél getih beureum sarta ngurangan kacapéan.

== Tutumbu Luar ==

* [https://theconversation.com/hampir-40-balita-di-indonesia-mengalami-anemia-bagaimana-mengatasinya-205755#:~:text=Hampir%2040%25%20balita%20di%20Indonesia%20mengalami%20anemia%2C%20bagaimana,dan%20masalah%20kesehatan%20lain.%20...%203%20Pencegahan%20 Ampir 40% balita di Indonésia kajangkit anemia, kumaha cara nungkulanana?]
* [https://tirto.id/masalah-anemia-pada-remaja-penyebab-gejala-dan-pencegahannya-gMQn Masalah Anémia Rumaja: Panyabab, Gejala jeung Pencegahan]
* [https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/anaemia_in_women_and_children Anémia di Wanoja jeung Barudak]
* [https://obgyn-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijgo.14950 Tinjauan ngeunaan kakurangan beusi jeung anemia kakurangan beusi di awéwé sareng awéwé umur réproduktif]
* [https://obgyn-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijgo.14949 Ngoptimalkeun diagnosis jeung pengobatan kakurangan zat beusi jeung anemia kakurangan zat beusi di kalangan awéwé umur réproduktif: Pendapat klinis]
* [https://associationofanaesthetists-publications-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1111/anae.15405 Dampak kakurangan zat beusi jeung anémia jang kaséhatan wanoja]
* [https://www.indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesia-dalam-angka/sosial/remaja-sehat-bebas-anemia Rumaja séhat bébas anémia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050104/https://www.indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesia-dalam-angka/sosial/remaja-sehat-bebas-anemia |date=2024-03-10 }}
* [https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2509-9 Anémia jeung malaria]
* [https://rsupsoeradji.id/anemia-pada-usia-remaja/ Anémia di yuswa rumaja]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pondok}}

[[Kategori:Tanda-tanda panyakit]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Namibia</title>
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      <text bytes="12690" sha1="tu0wc8i5gwjw4lhzukqu8ruh0x45838" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name              = ''Republic of Namibia''&lt;!--''Republiek van Namibië (Afrikaans)''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{af icon}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Republik Namibia (Jérman)''{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;{{de icon}}&lt;/small&gt;--&gt;
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Namibia
|common_name              = Namibia
|image_flag               = Flag of Namibia.svg
|image_coat               = Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg
|image_map                = Location Namibia AU Africa.svg
|national_motto           = ''Unity, Liberty, Justice''
|national_anthem          = &quot;'[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]''&quot;
|languages_type           = [[Basa resmi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{nobold|([[Basa wewengkon]])}}
|languages       = [[Basa Inggris]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Basa Jérman]], [[Basa Kwangali|Rukwangali]], [[Silozi]], [[Setswana]], [[Basa Khoekhoe|Damara/Nama]], [[Basa Afrikaans]], [[Basa Herero]], [[Basa Oshiwambo]])
|Ethnic groups            = 93% Hideung
                            7% bodas
|demonym                  = Namibian
|capital                  = [[Windhoek]]
|latd=22 |latm=34.2 |latNS=S
|longd=17 |longm=5.167 |longEW=E
|largest_city             = [[Windhoek]]
|government_type          = [[Républik présidénsial]]
|leader_title1            = [[Daptar Présidén Namibia|Présidén]]
|leader_title2            =
[[Wakil Présidén Namibia|Wakil Présidén]]
|leader_title3            = [[Perdana Mentri Namibia|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1             = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]]
|leader_name2             = [[Lucia Witbooi]]
|leader_name3             = [[Elijah Ngurare]]
|area_rank                = ka-34
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|area                 = 825.418
|areami²               = 318.696 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water            = Tiasa teu dipadulikeun
|population_estimate      = 2.108.665&lt;ref name=CIA&gt;{{Cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=CIA |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Namibia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |year=2009 |accessdate=23 January 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |date=23 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_rank = ka-142
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_census        = 3.092.816
|population_census_year   = 2025
|population_density   = 3,7
|population_densitymi² = 9,6 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = ka-235
|GDP_PPP                  = $14,596&amp;nbsp;milyar&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2011&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=728&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=24&amp;pr.y=13|title=Namibia|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=21 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103154705/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2011&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=728&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=24&amp;pr.y=13 |date=3 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             =
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2010
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $6.952&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  =
|GDP_nominal              = $11,865&amp;nbsp;milyar&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year         = 2010
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = $5.651&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|legislature            = [[Parlemén Namibia|Parlemén]]
|upper_house            = [[Déwan Nasional Namibia|Déwan Nasional]]
|lower_house            = [[Majelis Nasional Namibia|Majelis Nasional]]
|sovereignty_type         = [[Kamerdikaan]]
|established_event1       = ti [[Afrika Kidul]]
|established_date1        = 21 Maret 1990
|HDI                      = {{increase}} 0,606&lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=5 November 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |date=21 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank                 = ka-105
|HDI_year                 = 2010
|HDI_category             = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#fc0;&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/span&gt;
|currency                 = [[Dolar Namibia]]
|currency_code            = NAD
|country_code             =
|time_zone                = [[Wanci Afrika Kulon|WAT]]
|utc_offset               = +1
|time_zone_DST            = [[Wanci Usum Panas Afrika Kulon|WAST]]
|utc_offset_DST           = +2
|drives_on                = Kénca
|cctld                    = [[.na]]
|calling_code             = [[+264|264]]
|Gini                     = 70,7&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;/&gt;
|Gini_rank                = ka-1
|Gini_year                = 2003
|Gini_category            = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#990000&quot;&gt;luhur pisan&lt;/span&gt;
}}
[[Gambar:NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg|thumb|Peta Namibia, dumasar gambar radar ti [[The Map Library]]]]

'''Namibia''', resmina '''Républik Namibia''' ({{lang-af|Republiek van Namibië}}, {{lang-de|Republik Namibia}}), nyaéta hiji nagara di [[Afrika Kidul (wewengkon)|Afrika beulah kidul]]. Nagara ieu wawatesan jeung [[Samudra Atlantik]] di kulon, jeung [[Angola]] sarta [[Zambia]] di kalér, jeung [[Botswana]] di wétan, sareng jeung [[Afrika Kidul]] di kidul jeung wétan. Nagara ieu merdika ti Afrika Kidul dina 21 Maret 1990, mimiluan [[Perang Kamerdikaan Namibia]]. Ibu kota jeung kota panggedéna nyaéta [[Windhoek]]. Namibia mangrupa nagara anggota ti [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB), [[Komunitas Pamekaran Afrika Kidul]], [[Uni Afrika]], jeung [[Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]].

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Sossusvlei oPEYRE.jpg|[[Pasir keusik]] di Namibia.
File:Roter Kamm crater x2.jpg|Kawah [[Roter Kamm]], di Sagara Namibia (gambar [[Landsat]])
File:Xerus_inauris.jpg|''[[Xerus inauris]]'', deukeut Solitaire, Namibia.
File:Ruacana.jpg|Curug Ruacana, Namibia
File:Kunene_wasserregion.jpg|[[Walungan Kunene]] deukeut Swartbooisdrift
File:Walvis Bay aerial.jpg|[[Teluk Walvis]]
File:Windhoek aerial.jpg|Poto udara kana Windhoek Tengah
File:Fish_River_Canyon_Namibia.jpg|[[Ngarai Fish River]], Namibia
File:Mercury Island, just off the Diamond Coast of Namibia (by Brian McMorrow).jpg|Poto udara kana [[Pulo Mercury]], Namibia

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
*[[Komunikasi di Namibia]]
*[[Biaya hirup di Namibia]]
*[[Afrika Kidul-Kulon Jérman]]
*[[Musik Namibia]]
*[[Pramuka di Namibia]]
*[[Transportasi di Namibia]]
*[[Daptar inohong Namibia]]
*[[Tim krikét Namibia]]
*[[Asosiasi Maén Bal Namibia]]
*[[Rugbi union di Namibia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

== Rujukan ==
=== Cutatan suku ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bacaan ===
* {{cite book
|last=Vedder
|first=Heinrich
|authorlink=Heinrich Vedder
|title=Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890
|trans_title=The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890
|language=German
|year=1997
|edition=7th
|publisher=Namibia Scientific Society
|location=Windhoek
|isbn=0 949995 33 9
|ref=harv}}

=== Réferénsi umum ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* AIDSinAfrica.net Web Publication (2007), Retrieved 20 May 2007. From [http://www.aidsinafrica.net/ Aidsinafrica.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919200353/http://aidsinafrica.net/ |date=2017-09-19 }}
* Christy, S.A. (2007) Namibian Travel Photography
* Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Programme Details (n.d.). [http://www.met.gov.na/programmes/cbnrm/cbnrmHome.htm Met.gov.na] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180850/http://www.met.gov.na/programmes/cbnrm/cbnrmHome.htm |date=2007-06-09 }}
* Cowling, S. 2001. Succulent Karoo (AT 1322) World Wildlife Fund Website: [http://worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1322_full.html Worldwildlife.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225132751/http://worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1322_full.html |date=2011-12-25 }}
* Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds), Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia, Macmillan Namibia 2008.
* Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds), The independence of the judiciary in Namibia, Macmillan Namibia 2008.
* KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.
* Korenromp, E.L., Williams, B.G., de Vlas, S.J., Gouws, E., Gilks, C.F., Ghys, P.D., Nahlen, B.L. (2005). Malaria Attributable to the HIV-1 Epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa. Emerging Infectious Diséases, 11, 9, 1410–1419.
* Lange, Glenn-marie. Wéalth, Natural Capital, and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia. Environmental &amp; Resource Economics; November 2004, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp.&amp;nbsp;257–83, 27 p.
* [[:fr:Jean-Claude Fritz|Fritz, Jean-Claude]] . La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1991.
* Spriggs, A. 2001. Namib Desert (AT1315) World Wildlife Fund Website: [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1315_full.html Worldwildlife.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615125039/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1315_full.html |date=2006-06-15 }}
* Spriggs, A. 2001. Namibian Savannah Woodlands (AT1316) World Wildlife Fund Website: [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1316_full.html Worldwildlife.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226150919/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1316_full.html |date=2011-12-26 }}
* Spriggs, A. 2001. Namibian Savannah Woodlands (AT0709) World Wildlife Fund Website: [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0709_full.html Worldwildlife.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124051606/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0709_full.html |date=2012-01-24 }}
* [http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm Stefanova K. 2005. Protecting Namibia’s Natural Resources. EjournalUSA.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110052258/http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm |date=2008-01-10 }}
* UNEP, UNDP, WRI, and World Bank. 2005. Nature in Local Hands: The Case for Namibia’s Conservancies. [http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_content_text.cfm?cid=3842 Wri.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715215231/http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_content_text.cfm?cid=3842 |date=2007-07-15 }}
* World Almanac. 2004. World Almanac Books. New York, NY
{{Refend}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sisterlinks}}
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* {{CIA World Factbook link|wa|Namibia}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia|Namibia}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Namibia}}

; Pamaréntahan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] - Portal Pamaréntah

; Atikan
* [http://www.polytechnic.edu.na Politéhnik Namibia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194338/http://www.polytechnic.edu.na/ |date=2009-02-28 }}

{{Namibia topics}}
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Former German colonies}}
{{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}}
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Union}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}

[[Kategori:Namibia| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Urut jajahan Jérman]]
[[Kategori:Démokrasi liberal]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Républik]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1990]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Nagara jeung téritori Bantu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Somalia</title>
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      <text bytes="17843" sha1="gqcic8t6wweqdlecdczhwpolu8k3vts" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name              = ''Jamhuuriyadda  Soomaaliya''&lt;br /&gt;جمهورية الصومال&lt;br /&gt;''Jumhūriyyat as-Sūmāl''
|conventional_long_name   = Républik Somalia
|common_name              = Somalia
|image_flag               = Flag of Somalia.svg
|image_coat               = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg
|image_map                = Somalia (orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg
|national_anthem          = ''[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]''

|official_languages       = &lt;li&gt;[[Basa Somali|Somali]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[Basa Arab|Arab]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Charter&quot;&gt;According to article 7 of [http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215171406/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf |date=2010-02-15 }}: ''The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali (Maay and Maxaatiri) and Arabic. The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|demonym                  = Somali;&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt; Somalian&lt;ref name=&quot;Pdllwcpaz&quot;&gt;Paul Dickson, ''Labels for locals: what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe'', (Merriam-Webster: 1997), p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt;
|ethnic_groups            = &lt;li&gt;[[Urang Somali|Somali]] (85%)&lt;br&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[Urang Benadiri|Benadiri]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;li&gt;[[Bantu Somali|Bantu]] jeung non-Somali lianna (15%)&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|government_type          = [[Pamaréntahan koalisi]]
|leader_title1            = [[Présidén Somalia|Présidén]]
|leader_name1             = [[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]]
|leader_title2            = [[Perdana Mentri Somalia|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name2             = [[Mohamed Hussein Roble]]
|capital                  = [[Mogadishu]]
|latd=2 |latm=02 |latNS=N |longd=45 |longm=21 |longEW=E
|largest_city             = [[Mogadishu]]
|area                 = 637.657
|areami²               = 246.200 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_rank                = ka-43
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|percent_water            =
|population_estimate      = 9.925.640&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2011|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|accessdate=2011-10-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |date=2016-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2011
|population_estimate_rank = ka-86
|population_density   = 16,12&lt;ref name=&quot;Cwfppdn&quot;&gt;[http://www.photius.com/rankings/geography/population_density_persons_per_sq_km_2011_0.html CIA World Factbook 2011 – Population density] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225004314/http://www.photius.com/rankings/geography/population_density_persons_per_sq_km_2011_0.html |date=2021-02-25 }}. Photius.com (2011-05-25). Retrieved on 2011-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_densitymi² = 6,22 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank  = 199
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2010
|GDP_PPP                  = $5,896 milyar&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank             = &lt;small&gt;ka-158&lt;/small&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $600&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = &lt;small&gt;ka-223&lt;/small&gt;
|HDI_year                 = 2010
|HDI                      = t/s
|HDI_rank                 = teu karéngking
|HDI_category             =
|sovereignty_type         = [[Sajarah Somalia|Pawangunan]]
|established_event1       = [[Somaliland Britania]]
|established_date1        = 1884
|established_event2       = [[Somaliland Italia]]
|established_date2        = 1889
|established_event3       = Kahijian jeung kamerdikaan
|established_date3        = 1 Juli 1960&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|established_event4       = Konstitusi
|established_date4        = 25 Agustus 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;
|drives_on                = katuhu
|cctld                    = [[.so]]
|calling_code             = 252
|time_zone                = [[Wanci Afrika Wétan|EAT]]
|utc_offset               = +3
|time_zone_DST            = teu kaobsérvasi
|utc_offset_DST           = +3
|currency                 = [[Shilling Somalia]]
|currency_code            = SOS
|footnote1                = [[Piagam Féderal Transisi Républik Somalia]]
|footnote2                =
|footnote3                =
}}
'''Somalia''' ({{lang-so|''Soomaaliya''}}; {{lang-ar|الصومال}} {{transl|ar|''aṣ-Ṣūmāl''}}), resmina '''Républik Somalia''' ({{lang-so|''Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya''}}, {{lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال}} {{transl|ar|''Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl''}}) jeung baheulana kawanoh salaku [[Républik Démokratik Somalia]] dina kakawasaan sosialis, nyaéta hiji nagara nu aya di [[Tanduk Afrika]]. TI mimitina [[Perang Sadulur Somalia]] dina 1991 euweuh kakawasaan pamaréntah puseur kana kalobannnana bagian nagara ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt; [[Pamaréntah Féderal Transisi]] nu diakuan ku dunya internasional ngan ngawasaan sabagian leutik nagara. Somalia geus dikategorikeun asalaku [[nagara gagal]] jeung salah sahiji nagara nu pangmiskinna jeung pangripuhna di dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Bronwyn E. Bruton. ''Somalia: A New Approach.''  Volume 52 of Council Special Report. Council on Foreign Relations, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Blair. &quot;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/3479010/Somalia-Analysis-of-a-failed-state.html Somalia: Analysis of a failed state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202020012/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/3479010/Somalia-Analysis-of-a-failed-state.html |date=2011-12-02 }}&quot; ''The Telegraph.'' 18 November2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.foreignpolicy.com/failedstatesThe 2010 Failed States Index]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&quot; ''[[Foreign Policy]].''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Fareed Zakaria]]. &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/18/AR2010071802734.html The failed-state conundrum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035512/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/18/AR2010071802734.html |date=2011-06-29 }}&quot; ''The Washington Post.'' July 19, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jon Lee Anderson. &quot;[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/12/14/091214fa_fact_anderson The Most Failed State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905075538/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/12/14/091214fa_fact_anderson |date=2011-09-05 }}.&quot; ''The New Yorker.'' December 14, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_rev.xls Human Development Report 2010 – Data Tables.'' United Nations.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094832/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_rev.xls |date=2011-08-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33646 Somali violence uproots 80,000 civilians in January alone, reports UN agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004314/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33646 |date=2011-06-29 }}&quot; ''UN News Centre. 2 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Piracy is just one of the many hazards in Somalia, which tops this year's list of the world's most dangerous countries.&quot; Zack O'Malley Greenburg. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130103120900/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/04/most-dangerous-countries-lifestyle-travel_dangerous_countries.html World's Most Dangerous Countries].&quot; ''Forbes.'' 03.04.09&lt;/ref&gt;

Somalia aya di bagian pangwétanna ti buana [[Afrika]]. Nagara ieu wawatesan jeung [[Djibouti]] di kalér-kulon, [[Kénya]] di kidul-kulon, sarta [[Teluk Aden]] kalawan [[Yaman]] di kalér, [[Samudra Hindia]] di wétan, jeung [[Étiopia]] di kulon. Nagara ieu miboga garis basisir nu pangpanjangna sabuanana&lt;ref name=&quot;ITN1996&quot;&gt;International Traffic Network, ''The world trade in sharks: a compendium of Traffic's regional studies'', (Traffic International: 1996), p.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Daratanna utamina diwangun ti [[plato]], [[dataran]], jeung [[Daratan luhur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt; Kaayaan panas aya sapanjang taun, bareng angin [[muson]] usuman jeung hujan nu teu tangtu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClimateSom&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm|publisher=countrystudies.us|title=Somalia – Climate|date=14 may 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805023147/http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm |date=5 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baheula, Somalia mangrupa salah sahiji puseur padagangan penting di dunya kuna,&lt;ref&gt;John Kenrick, ''Phoenicia'', (B. Fellowes: 1855), p. 199.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeanne Rose, John Hulburd, ''The aromatherapy book: applications &amp; inhalations'', (North Atlantic Books: 1992), p. 94.&lt;/ref&gt; jeung dumasar kana raloba ahli,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sceotaw&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Charnan|first=Simon|title=Explorers of the Ancient World|year=1990|publisher=Childrens Press|isbn=0516030531|page=26|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=vCf_fBfS5xUC|accessdate=2011-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sfnrtmm&gt;{{cite journal|first=Society for Nautical Research|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|year=1984|volume=66–71|page=261|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=hjJVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Mariner's mirror|author1=Society For Nautical Research (London|first1=England)}}|accessdate=2011-08-07&lt;/ref&gt; wewengkon ieu aya dina daptar lokasi nu meureun mangrupa tempatna [[Nagri Punt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahdy&quot;&gt;Christine El Mahdy, ''Egypt : 3000 Years of Civilization Brought to Life'', (Raincoast Books: 2005), p.297.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SGoodwin&quot;&gt;Stefan Goodwin, ''Africa's legacies of urbanization: unfolding saga of a continent'', (Lexington Books: 2006), p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt; Basa Jaman Patengahan, sababaraha kakaisaran Somali ngadominasi padagangan régional, kaasup [[Nagara Ajuuraan]], [[Kasultanan Adal]], [[Kasultanan Warsangali]], jeung [[Dinasti Gobroon]]. Dina ahir abad ka-19, Britania jeung Italia ngawasaan bagian-bagian basisir, sarta ngawangun [[Somaliland Britania]] jeung [[Somaliland Italia]]&lt;ref&gt;Mariam Arif Gassem, ''Somalia: clan vs. nation'', (s.n.: 2002), p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; Di bagian jerona, [[Nagara Dervish]] [[Muhammad Abdullah Hassan]] hasil ngéléhkeun [[Kakaisaran Britania]] 4 kali jeung maksaanna sangkan mundur ka wewengkon basisir,&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, ''Encyclopedia of African history''&amp;lrm;, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 1406.&lt;/ref&gt; tapi Dervish ahirna éléh dina 1920 ku pasukan udara Britania.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last = Samatar|first = Said Sheikh|title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1982|pages = 131 &amp; 135|isbn = 0521238331}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Italia]] miboga kadali pinuh kana bagian wewengkon ieu dina 1927. Panjajahan ieu réngsé dina 1941, basa diganti ku [[administrasi militér]] [[Britania Raya|Britania]]. Somalia Kalér bakal tetep jadi hiji [[protéktorat]], samentara Somalia kidul jadi hiji [[wewengkon pawalian PBB|wewengkon pawalian]]. Dina 1960, 2 wewengkon ieu dihijikeun sangkan ngawangun Républik Somalia merdika dina pamaréntahan sipil.&lt;ref&gt;Greystone Press Staff, ''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', (Greystone Press: 1967), p. 338.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] mibanda kakawasaan dina 1969 jeung ngadegkeun [[Républik Démokratik Somalia]]. Dina 1991, pamaréntahannanan ripuh jeung [[Perang Sadulur Somalia]] mimiti.

Saprak 1991, taya pamaréntahan puseur nu ngawasaan sadaya bagian nagara, sanajan aya sababaraha usaha pikeun ngadegkeun hiji pamaréntahan puseur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/somalia.html Somalia – CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926194338/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/somalia.html |date=2012-09-26 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bagian kalér-kulon nagara ieu lumayan stabil dina, nagara daulat [[Somaliland]], nu teu diakuan sacara internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title = The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
 |publisher = [[University of Pretoria]]
 |date = 2004-02-01
 |url = http://www.chr.up.ac.za/images/files/documents/ahrdd/somalia/somalia_transitional_charter_2004.pdf
 |accessdate = 2011-07-26
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203046/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/images/files/documents/ahrdd/somalia/somalia_transitional_charter_2004.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon [[Puntland]] aya di bagian kalér-wétan nagara ieu. Wewengkon éta nyebutkeun manéhna otonom, tapi teu merdika ti Somalia.&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt; Grup Islam [[Al-Shabaab]] ngawasaan sabagian gedé ti bagian kidul nagara ieu. Tanpa hiji pamaréntahan puseur, padumuk Somalia teras balik ka bentuk lokal ti résolusi masalah, perang [[hukum sipil|sadulur]], [[hukum ageman|Islam]], atawa [[hukum adat|adat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;  [[Pamaréntahan Féderal Transisi]] nu diakuan sacara internasional ngan ngawasaan ibu kota jeung sababaraha wewengkon di bagian tengah nagara ieu, jeung geus ngadegkeun deui sababaraha lembaga nasional saperti [[Militér Somalia|Angkatan Pakarang]], jeung keur nyiapkeun pamilu nasional dina 2012, basa mandat pamaréntahan interim béak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nytsnnpm&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|title=Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss|accessdate=2011-06-23|newspaper=New York Times|date=2011-06-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128005934/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss |date=2018-11-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAwfb&quot;&gt;Central Intelligence Agency, ''The CIA World Factbook 2010'', Book 2010, (Skyhorse Publishing Inc.: 2009), p. 620.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 2 dekade perang jeung kirangna pamaréntahan, Somalia miboga ékomomi teu resmi, dumasarna kana utamina [[ingon]], pausahaan [[pangintunan uang]]/[[transfer uang]], jeung [[telekomunikasi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2009factbook&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cbsef&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance |publisher=Somalbanca.org |accessdate=30 December 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |date=24 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tempo ogé==
*[[Somaliland]]
*[[Puntland]]
*[[Daptar nagara]]
[[File:Pembe la fedheha.png|thumb|.]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliograpi==
{{refbegin}}
*Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&amp;printsec=frontcover Culture and Customs of Somalia], (Greenwood Press: 2001) ISBN 0313313334
*Laitin, David D., [http://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience], (University Of Chicago Press: 1977) ISBN 0226467910
{{refend}}

==Bacaan salajengna==
{{refbegin}}
*Cassanelli, Lee V., ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982)
*Cerulli, Enrico, ''Somalia: Scritti Vari Editi ed Inediti'', (Istituto poligrafico dello Stato: 1957)
*Hess, Robert L., ''Italian Colonialism in Somalia'', (University of Chicago: 1966)
*Hoehne, Markus and Luling, Virginia, ''Milk and Peace, Drought and War: Somali Culture, Society and Politics'', (C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers Ltd, 2010)
*Ismail, Ismail Ali, ''Governance:The Scourge and Hope of Somalia'', (Trafford: 2011)
*Lewis, I.M., ''A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa'' (James Currey, 2002)
*Lewis, I.M., ''Pastoral Democracy: A study on Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali clans'', (Ohio University Press: 1958)
*Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Banking Development in Somalia'', SSRN 958442 (1971).
*Menkhaus, Ken, ''Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism'', (Routledge, 2005)
*Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji, ''Arabic Sources on Somalia'', (Somali National University: 1987).
*Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souare, Issaka K., ''Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State'', (Adonis &amp; Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2007)
*Van Notten, Michael, ''The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa'', First Printing edition, (The Red Séa Press: 2005)
{{refend}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Sisterlinks|Somalia}}
*{{CIA World Factbook link|so|Somalia}}
*{{GovPubs|somalia}}
*{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Somalia|Somalia}}
*{{wikiatlas|Somalia}}
*{{wikivoyage|Somalia}}
* The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Somalia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Propil Nagara Somalia]

{{Somalia topics|State=expanded}}
{{Template group
|title = Géografi lokal
|list  =
{{Countries and territories of the Middle East|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries of Africa|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries bordering the Red Sea|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Kaanggotaan internasional
|list  =
{{African Union|state=collapsed}}
{{Arab League|state=collapsed}}
{{Community of Sahel-Saharan States|state=collapsed}}
{{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}}
{{Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations}}
}}

[[Kategori:Somalia| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Nagara Samudra Hindia]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu kabagi]]
[[Kategori:Tanduk Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Anggota OSI]]
[[Kategori:Républik]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1960]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Selandia (buana)</title>
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      <text bytes="4765" sha1="nn4ztsxrds3jyxabv7uu14242za5mhp" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Zealandia topography.jpg|thumb|350px|Topografi Selandia. Tenggengan nu ngampar ka kalér jeung tenggara ngajauhan Selandia Anyar dipertimbangkeun sanés bagian [[peupeusan buana]], atawa [[Australia]] (kénca luhur), [[Fiji]], atawa [[Vanuatu]] (tengah luhur).&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/figures/figure8.1.html|title=Figure 8.1: New Zealand in relation to the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates|work=The State of New Zealand’s Environment 1997|year=1997|accessdate=2007-04-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118085745/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/figures/figure8.1.html |date=2005-01-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Selandia''', ogé kawanoh salaku '''Tasmantis''' atawa '''buana Selandia Anyar''', nyaéta hiji [[peupeusan buana]] jero laut nu tikerelep sanggeus peupeus ti [[Australia]] 60–85 juta taun baheula, misah ti [[Antartika]] antara 85 jeung 130 [[yuta taun baheula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Ara&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Keith Lewis|coauthors=Scott D. Nodder and Lionel Carter|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/1/en|title=Zealandia: the New Zealand continent|work=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=2007-01-11|accessdate=2007-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725204749/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sea-floor-geology/page-1 |date=2013-07-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Selandia meureunan geus tikerelep sakabéhna saprak 23 juta taun baheula,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Searching for the lost continent of Zealandia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4219871a11.html?source=RSSnationalnews_20070929|work=The [[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|Dominion Post]]|date=29 September 2007|accessdate=2007-10-09|quote=We cannot categorically say that there has always been land here. The geological evidence at present is too weak, so we are logically forced to consider the possibility that the whole of Zealandia may have sunk.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=In Search of Ancient New Zealand|last=Campbell|first=Hamish|authorlink=|coauthors=Gerard Hutching|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|location=North Shore, New Zealand|isbn=978-0-14-302088-2|pages=166–167}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung kalobaannana (93%) tetep aya di jero [[Samudra Pasifik]].

Selandia legana {{convert|3500000|km2}}, leuwih ti [[Greenland]] atawa [[India]], jeung kira-kira saparo legana Australia. Ngampar ti [[Kaledonia Anyar]] di kalér nepi jauh ka [[Kapuloan sub-antartika Selandia Anyar]] di kidul (ti [[19° lintang kidul]] nepi ka [[56° lintang kidul]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Ara&quot;/&gt; kira-kira sarua jeung [[Haiti]] nepi ka [[Teluk Hudson]] atawa ti [[Sudan]] nepi ka [[Swédia]]). [[Selandia Anyar]] mangrupa bagian nu pangluasna ti Selandia nu aya di luhureun [[paroman laut]].

== Babagian pulitis ==
*[[Kaledonia Anyar]] jeung pulo-pulo sakurilingeunnana - {{convert|18576|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x| (}} atawa 7%)
*[[Selandia Anyar]] - {{convert|267988|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x| (}} atawa 93%)
**Ngawengku daratan utamina, pulo-pulo nu dareukeutan, jeung luar saperti [[Kapuloan Antipodes]], [[Kapuloan Auckland]], [[Kapuloan Bounty]], [[Kapuloan Campbell]], jeung [[Kapuloan Chatham]], tapi [[Kapuloan Kermadec]] heunteu.
*Rupa-rupa [[téritori Australia]]
**[[Kapuloan Norfolk]] - {{convert|35|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x| (}} atawa 0.01%)
**Grup [[Pulo Lord Howe]] (New South Wales) - {{convert|56|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x| (}} atawa 0.02%)
**[[Karang Elizabeth]] jeung [[Karang Middleton|Middleton]] (Téritori Kapuloan Laut Karang) - {{convert|0.25|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (aréa daratan)

Jumlah aréa daratan (kaasup bidang cai dina daratan): ~ {{convert|286655|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}

== Populasi ==
*Kaledonia Anyar - 250,000
*Selandia Anyar- 4,4 yuta
*Kapuloan Norfolk - 2.141
*Pulo Lord Howe - 347

Jumlah populasi: 4,65 yuta

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/1/en Zealandia the New Zealand (drowned) Continent, ti ''Te Ara''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725204749/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sea-floor-geology/page-1 |date=2013-07-25 }}
* [http://www.gns.cri.nz/research/marine/eez.html The coast and beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602093159/http://www.gns.cri.nz/research/marine/eez.html |date=2010-06-02 }}, kaasup peta buana Selandia Anyar, ti [[GNS Science]]

{{Continents of the world}}

{{coord|40|||S|170|||E|scale:20000000|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Dasar laut Selandia Anyar (oséanografi)]]
[[Kategori:Peupeusan buana]]
[[Kategori:Buana sajarah]]
[[Kategori:Selandia (buana)| ]]
[[Kategori:Géologi Selandia Anyar]]
[[Kategori:Géografi Kaledonia Anyar]]
[[Kategori:Géografi Oséania]]


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  <page>
    <title>Somaliland</title>
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      <text bytes="10337" sha1="8jbne3e1nh4vfk3ie34og41tftysh3t" xml:space="preserve">{{other uses}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name              = ''Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland''&lt;br /&gt;جمهورية أرض الصومال&lt;br /&gt;''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmāliland''&lt;br /&gt;''Republic of Somaliland''
|convential_long_name      = Républik Somaliland
| common_name              = Somaliland
| image_flag               = Flag of Somaliland.svg
| image_coat               = Emblem of Somaliland.svg
| symbol_type              = Lambang Nasional
| image_map                = Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg
| national_motto           =  لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
| national_anthem          = [[Samo ku waar]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt; 
| official_languages       = [[Basa Somali]], [[Basa Arab]], [[Basa Inggris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Country Profile| publisher = Government of Somaliland| url = http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm| accessdate = 2010-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121214/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym                  = Somali;&lt;ref name=2009factbook&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=Somalia|accessdate=2009-05-31|date=2009-05-14|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |date=2016-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Somalian&lt;ref name=&quot;Pdllwcpaz&quot;&gt;Paul Dickson, ''Labels for locals: what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe'', (Merriam-Webster: 1997), p.175.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Somalilander
| capital                  = [[Hargeisa]]
| latd                     = 9
| latm                     = 33
| latNS                    = N
| longd                    = 44
| longm                    = 03
| longEW                   = E
| government_type          = [[Républik]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] [[républik konstitusional|konstitusional]]
| leader_title1            = [[Présidén Somaliland|Présidén]]
| leader_title2            = Wakil Présidén
| leader_name1             = [[Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo]]
| leader_name2             = [[Abdirahman Saylici]]
| area_magnitude           = 1 E11
| area                 = 137600
| areami²               = 68000
| percent_water            =
| population_estimate      = 3.500.000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm |title=Republic of Somaliland – Country Profile |publisher=Somaliland Mission |accessdate=30 April 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121214/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm |date=9 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2008
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_census        =
| population_census_year   =
| population_density   = 25
| population_densitymi² = 51
| population_density_rank  =
| GDP_PPP_year             =
| GDP_PPP                  =
| GDP_PPP_rank             =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita       =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  =
| sovereignty_type         = [[Kamerdikaan]]
| sovereignty_note         = ti [[Somalia]]
| established_event1       = {{nowrap|Diproklamasikeun}}
| established_event2       = Diakuan
| established_date1        = 18 Méi 1991
| established_date2        = [[Pangakuan diplomatis|Teu diakuan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news  | title = The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia  | publisher = New York Times  | date = 2006-06-05  | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html  | accessdate = 2010-02-02  | first = Marc  | last = Lacey  }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627215844/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html |date=2011-06-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tukpmorttsep&quot;&gt;[http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml The UK Prime Minister's Office Reply To The &quot;Somaliland E-Petition&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321062435/http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml |date=2016-03-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_year                 =
| HDI                      =
| HDI_rank                 =
| HDI_category             =
| currency                 = [[Shilling Somaliland]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| currency_code            = SLSH
| country_code             = So
| time_zone                = [[Wanci Afrika Wétan|EAT]]
| utc_offset               = +3
| time_zone_DST            = ''teu kaobsérvasi''
| utc_offset_DST           = +3
| cctld                    = 
| calling_code             = 252
|date_format               = k/b/t ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
|drives_on                 = katuhu
| footnotes                = 1. Mata uang ngan valid pikeun kapentingan régional.&lt;br /&gt;Réngkin teu kasadia ku lantaran teu diakuan.}}
'''Somaliland''' ({{lang-so|''Soomaaliland''}}, {{lang-ar|صوماللاند}} ''Ṣūmāliland'', {{lang-en|Somaliland}}) nyaéta hiji [[nagara De facto|nagara daulat ''de facto'']] [[pangakuan diplomatis|nu teu diakuan]] anu internasionalna diakuan minangka hiji [[Nagara bagian jeung région di Somalia|région otonom]] di [[Somalia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  | title = The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
  | publisher = [[University of Pretoria]]
  | date = 2004-02-01
  | url = http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf
  | accessdate = 2010-02-02
  }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215171406/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf |date=2010-02-15 }} &quot;The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah Somaliland ngajénan soranganna minangka nagara panerusna [[protéktorat]] [[Somaliland Britania]], nu mana pernah merdika sababaraha poé dina 1960 minangka [[Nagara Somaliland]],&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9 |format=fee required |publisher=The New York Times |page=6 |date=1960-06-26 |accessdate=2008-06-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105230419/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9 |date=2014-01-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852 | work=BBC News | title=How Britain said farewell to its Empire | date=2010-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425041732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852 |date=2012-04-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; saméméh ngahiji jeung [[Wewengkon Pawalian Somalia]] (urut [[Somaliland Italia]]) pikeun ngawangun Républik Somalia.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Encybr&quot;&gt;Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica'', (Encyclopaedia Britannica: 2002), p.835&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;buluugleey.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm |title=The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960 |publisher=Buluugleey.com |date= |accessdate=2009-02-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055005/http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm |date=2009-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tmotss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx |title=The making of a Somalia state |publisher=Strategy page.com |date=2006-08-09 |access date=2009-02-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702033453/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx |date=2016-07-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Somaliland map.png|thumb|250px|right]]
Somaliland wawatesan jeung [[Étiopia]] di kidul jeung kulon, [[Djibouti]] di kalér-kulon, [[Teluk Aden]] di kalér, sarta wewengkon otonom [[Puntland]] piboga Somalia di wétan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2010/july/analysis_time_for_jaw_jaw_not_war_war_in_somaliland.aspx Analysis: Time for jaw-jaw, not war-war in Somaliland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130064044/http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2010/july/analysis_time_for_jaw_jaw_not_war_war_in_somaliland.aspx |date=2012-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Komunikasi di Somaliland]]
* [[Poé peré umum di Somaliland]]
* [[Daptar nagara kalawan pangakuan nu kawates]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sumber jeung Rujukan ==
&lt;!--
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Somaliland}} [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14139a.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Somaliland Bot generated title ]
*[http://www.unpo.org/content/view/3905/236/ Wales Strikes Out On Its Own In Its Recognition of Somaliland]
*Hoehne, Markus V. 2009: Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia, ''Africa'' 79/2, pp.&amp;nbsp;252–281.
*Hoehne, Markus V. 2007: Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia: Who cuts the Gordian knot?, published online on 7 November 2007. http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/

==Bibliograpi==

* Bradbury, Mark, ''Becoming Somaliland'' (James Currey, 2008) --&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Somaliland}}
* [http://www.somalilandgov.com/ Loka resmi Somaliland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010301084143/http://www.somalilandgov.com/ |date=2001-03-01 }}
* [http://www.somalilandnet.com/ Somaliland Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119180411/http://www.somalilandnet.com/ |date=2009-11-19 }} loka wéb warta basa Somali jeung Inggris.
* [http://www.somalilandtoday.org/ Somaliland Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010030149/http://www.somalilandtoday.org/ |date=2012-10-10 }} loka wéb warta basa Arab.
* [http://somalilandpress.com/   Somaliland Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211023121/http://somalilandpress.com/ |date=2010-02-11 }} loka wéb warta basa Inggris.

{{Somaliland topics}}
{{States of Somalia}}
{{Africa}}
{{Indian Ocean}}
{{Africa topic}}
{{Geography of Africa}}

[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu kabagi]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Kalér]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Géografi Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Teluk Aden]]
[[Kategori:Pamisahan di Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Perang Sadulur Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Somaliland| ]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1991]]
[[Kategori:Nagara Somalia]]


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  <page>
    <title>Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36548</id>
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|name = Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania
|image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
|image_map = British Overseas Territories.svg
|map_caption = Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania (beureum), Britania Raya (héjo), jeung Depéndensi Makuta (paul)
}}
'''Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania''' nyaéta 14 téritori [[Britania Raya]] nu aya dina yurisdiksi Britania Raya, sanajan teu mangrupa bagian tina.&lt;ref name=fco&gt;[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/overseas-territories The 14 Territories]&lt;/ref&gt; Téritori-téritori éta mangrupa sésa ti [[Kakaisaran Britania]] nu tacan miboga kamerdikaan atawa geus nangtukeun tetep jadi téritori Britania. Ngaran &quot;Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania&quot; ({{lang-en|British Overseas Territory}} jamak ''British Overseas Territories'') dipikawanohkeun ku [[Undang-Undang Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania 2002]], jeung ngaganti ngaran '''Téritori Depénden Britania''', nu dipikawanohkeun ku [[Undang-Undang Kabangsaan Britania 1981]]. Saméméh 1981, téritori-téritori ieu kawanoh salaku [[jajahan Makuta]].

Iwal [[Téritori Antartika Britania]], nu eusina ngan stasion panalungtikan, sarta [[Akrotiri jeung Dhékélia]] jeung [[Téritori Samudra Hindia Britania]], nu mangrupa basis militér, téritori peuntas laut miboga populasi permanén. Total aréa daratanna kira-kira {{convert|667018|sqmi|km2}} (nu mana kalobaannana, 660.000 mil pasagi, nyaéta Téritori Antartika Britania Raya) jeung total populasi kira-kira 260.000 jiwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20091001004119/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html |title=CIA&amp;nbsp;— The World Factbook 2002 - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |publisher=Faqs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Téritori Antartika Britania mangrupa bagian ti pasatujuan pangakuan sasarengan jeung 4 nagar daulat liann kalawan téritori Antartikana.

[[Jersey]], [[Guernsey]], jeung [[Pulo Man]], sanajan aya ogé dina kadaulatan Makuta Britania, miboga hiji hubungan konstitusional nu béda jeung Britania Raya, sarta dikategorikeun salaku [[Depéndensi Makuta]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International+Relations/Profile+of+Jersey.htm ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902092534/http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International+Relations/Profile+of+Jersey.htm |date=2006-09-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/about-guernsey/ |title=States of Guernsey: About Guernsey |publisher=Gov.gg |date= |accessdate=2010-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.im/government/ |title=Government&amp;nbsp;— Isle of Man Public Services |publisher=Gov.im |date= |accessdate=2010-12-08|archiveurl=https://archive.is/4qPX|archivedate=2012-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* Harry Ritchie, ''The Last Pink Bits: Travels Through the Remnants of the British Empire'' (London: Hodder &amp; Stoughton, 1997)
* [[Simon Winchester]], ''[[Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire]]'' (London &amp; New York, 1985)
* Géorge Drower, ''Britain's Dependent Territories'' (Dartmouth, 1992)
* Géorge Drower, ''Overseas Territories Handbook'' (London: TSO, 1998)
* [[Ben Fogle]], ''The Teatime Islands: Adventures in Britain's Faraway Outposts'' (London: Michael Joseph, 2003)
* Joseph Boromé, 'How Crown Colony Government Came to Dominica by 1898', in ''Aspects of Dominican History'' (Roséau, Dominica, 1972), 120-50
* Bonham C. Richardson, ''The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kesL--n3YN4C&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Crown+colony+Dominica&amp;source=web&amp;ots=8vMkOYuHYd&amp;sig=lg8iwt3r9z6Y9UiPBKkwLqT6SOQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=10&amp;ct=result |title=see |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Jajahan nu maréntah sorangan]]
* [[Dominion]]
* [[Kakawasaan Pasamakmuran]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|British overseas territories}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020805032057/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&amp;c=Page&amp;cid=1013618138295 Foreign and Commonwealth Office- &quot;UK Overseas Territories&quot;]
** [http://ukoverseasterritories.readandcomment.com/ UK Overseas Territories Consultation], Foreign and Commonwéalth Office (FCO)
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060214000302/http://www.direct.gov.uk/Gtgl1/GuideToGovernment/InternationalBodies/InternationalBodiesArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4003092&amp;chk=JXlogH The Commonwealth] - loka pamaréntah BR

{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{British dependencies}}
{{EU Dependencies}}
{{English official language clickable map}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Teritori Peuntas Laut Britania}}
[[Kategori:Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania| ]]
[[Kategori:Hubungan luar nagri Britania Rya]]
[[Kategori:Kolonialisme]]
[[Kategori:Téritori depénden]]
[[Kategori:Panjajahan Britania di Amérika]]


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    <title>Puérto Riko</title>
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      <text bytes="12508" sha1="547hbmislhdg1ofqsbm95yyc2rkud17" xml:space="preserve">{{About|Pasamakmuran Puérto Riko}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name        = Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico&lt;br /&gt;Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
|conventional_long_name=Pasamakmuran Puérto Riko
|common_name        = Puérto Riko
|image_flag         = Flag of Puerto Rico.svg&lt;!-- Do not change per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|image_coat         =Coat_of_arms_of_Puerto_Rico.svg
|symbol_type        = Lambang
|image_map          = Puerto Rico (orthographic projection).png
|national_motto     = Joannes Est Nomen Eius&lt;br /&gt;Juan es su nombre&lt;br /&gt;John is his name
|national_anthem    = ''[[La Borinqueña]]''
|official_languages = Basa Spanyol jeung Basa Inggris&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url = http://books.google.com/?id=vyQDYqz2kFsC&amp;pg=RA1-PA62&amp;lpg=RA1-PA62&amp;dq=%22puerto+rico%22+official+language+1993 |title = Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity |author=Nancy Morris |year = 1995 |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |page = 62 |isbn = 0275952282 |postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|demonym            = Puerto Rican
|ethnic_groups      = Kulit Bodas (kalobaannana [[Imigrasi Spanyol ka Puérto Riko|asal Spanyol]]) 75,8%, [[Sajarah urang kulit hideung di Puérto Riko|Hideung]] 12,4%, Asia 0,2%, [[Amerindian]] 0,5%, SOR 7,8%, nu lian 3,3% (2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=2010 Census Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=2010.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-10-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016135253/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data |date=2013-10-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|capital            = [[San Juan, Puérto Riko|San Juan]]
|largest_city       = [[San Juan, Puérto Riko|San Juan]]
|sovereignty_type   = [[Kadaulatan]]
|sovereignty_note   = {{flagicon|United States}} Amérika Sarikat&lt;ref name=ussd&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event1  = [[Traktat Paris (1898)|Pamasihan]]
|established_date1   = 10 Désémber 1898 ti&lt;br /&gt;[[Spanyol|Karajaan Spanyol]]
|established_event2 = [[Otonomi]]
|established_date2  = 25 Nopémber 1897 Otoritas jeung Kadaulatan Luhur tetep aya di pihak [[Spanyol|Karajaan Spanyol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lexotras/lexcartaautonomica.htm |title=Carta Autonómica de 1897 de Puerto Rico |publisher=Lexjuris.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event3  =
|established_date3   =
|government_type    = [[Républik]], pamaréntah 3-dahan
|leader_title1      = [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Présidén]]
|leader_name1       = [[Joe Biden]]
|leader_title2      = [[Gubernur Puérto Riko|Gubernur]]
|leader_name2       = [[Jennifer González-Colón]]
|leader_title3      = [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Dahan législatif féderal]]
|leader_name3       = [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]]
|area_total         = 5.324
|area          = 9.104
|areami²         = 3.515&lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|area_rank          = ka-169
|area_magnitude     = 1 E9
|percent_water      = 1.6
|population_estimate_rank = ka-127 sadunya; ka-29 sa-AS
|population_density   = 418
|population_densitymi² = 1082&lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|population_density_rank  = ka-21 sadunya; ka-2 sa-AS
|population_estimate      = 3.706.690&lt;ref name=PopEstUS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2011 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=December 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2011
|GDP_nominal = $96,26 &amp;nbsp;milyar&lt;ref name=&quot;gdb-pur.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/2011-05-16-AETabla1-2010.pdf |title=Government Development Bank of Puerto Rico, May 2011 |publisher=gdb-pur.com |accessdate=June 2, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042659/http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/2011-05-16-AETabla1-2010.pdf |date=2012-01-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2010
|GDP_nominal_rank         = T/S
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24.229&lt;ref name=&quot;gdb-pur.com&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = T/S
|GDP_PPP            = $77,4&amp;nbsp;milyar&lt;!--gdb-pur.com--&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year       = 2007
|GDP_PPP_rank       = T/S
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $19.600
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = T/S
|Gini               = 53,5&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tendenciaspr.com/Fichas/DesigualdadEco.pdf |title=DESIGUALDAD ECONÓMICA EN PUERTO RICO |publisher=[http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ tendenciaspr.com] |format=PDF }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225190511/http://tendenciaspr.com/Fichas/DesigualdadEco.pdf |date=2010-12-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-context=dt&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B19083&amp;-tree_id=306&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-geo_id=04000US72&amp;-search_results=01000US&amp;-parsed=true&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-SubjectID=14830196 |title=Detailed Tables – American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511021447/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-context=dt&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B19083&amp;-tree_id=306&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-geo_id=04000US72&amp;-search_results=01000US&amp;-parsed=true&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-SubjectID=14830196 |date=May 11, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank          = ?
|Gini_year          = 2006
|HDI_year           = t/s
|HDI                = 0,894
|HDI_rank           = Teu karéngking
|HDI_category       = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#090&quot;&gt;Luhur Pisan&lt;/span&gt;
|currency           = [[Dolar Amérika Sarikat]]
|currency_code      = USD
|time_zone          = [[Wanci Standar Atlantik|AST]]
|utc_offset         = –4
|time_zone_DST      = Euweuh
|utc_offset_DST     = –4
|drives_on          = katuhu
|cctld              = [[.pr]]
|calling_code       = [[Rancangan Panomeran Amérika Kalér|1]] (husus: [[Nomer telepon Puérto Riko|+1-787 jeung +1-939]])
|latd=18 |latm=27 |latNS=N | longd=66 | longm=6 |longEW=W
|footnotes          =
}}
'''Puérto Riko''' &lt;!-- ({{#tag:Ref|dina 1932, Kongrés AS resmi ngabenerkeun nu geus salah diéja, ''Porto Rico'', balik ka ''Puerto Rico''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Pedro A. Malavet|title=America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC|year=2004|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814756805|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA43 43], [http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA181 181 note 76]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ejahan heubeulna geus digunakeun dina cutatan législatif jeung yudisial saprak Puerto Riko dipibanda. Patricia Gherovici nyebatkeun yén &quot;Porto Rico&quot; jeung &quot;Puerto Rico&quot; pamakéanna teu bisa dirobih dina média warta jeung dokuméntasi nu geus liwat, dina, jeung sanggeus invasi AS ka pulo ieu 1898. Ejahan &quot;Porto&quot;, contona, dipaké dina [[Traktat Paris (1898)|Traktat Paris]], tapi &quot;Puerto&quot; dipaké ku [[The New York Times]] di taun éta ogé. Nancy Morris nglarifikasi yén &quot;a curious oversight in the drafting of the [[Foraker Act]] caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patricia Gherovici|title=The Puerto Rican syndrome|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC|year=2003|publisher=Other Press, LLC|isbn=9781892746757|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&amp;pg=PA140 140–141]}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}} --&gt; resmina '''Pasamakmuran Puérto Riko''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico}}; {{lang-es|&quot;Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico&quot;|links=no}}, {{IPA-es|esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko|}}—harpiahna '''Nagara Bébas nu Kaasosiasi Puérto Riko'''), nyaéta hiji [[Téritori Amérika Sarikat#Téritori nu kaorganisasi jeung teu kagabung|téritori nu teu kagabung]] ti [[Amérika Sarikat]], aya di Karibia beulah kalér-wétan, wétaneun [[Républik Dominika]], sarta kuloneun [[Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarikat]] sareng [[Kapuloan Virgin Britania]].

Hubungan antawis Puérto Riko jeung Amérika Sarikat jujutanna nepi ka [[Perang Spanyol-Amérika]], di aman Spanyol, dina [[Traktat Paris (1898)|Traktat Paris 1898]], méré pulo ieu ka Amérika Sarikat. Warga Puérto Riko janten warga AS dina 1917, sarta [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]] ngatur rupa-rupa perkawis kahirupan Puérto Riko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&amp;pg=PA167# |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. (Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2005. Cloth, ISBN 0-7425-4983-6. Paper, ISBN 0-7425-4984-4.) pp. 166–167 |publisher= |accessdate=August 14, 2010|isbn=9780742549845|year=2005|author1=Levinson|first1=Sanford|last2=Sparrow|first2=Bartholomew H}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, masarakat pulo teu kaci milu Pamilu Présidén AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Puerto Rico&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm|title=Regions and Territories: Puerto Rico|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | date=June 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Factbook CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html|title=World Factbook: Puerto Rico|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |date=2019-01-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saprak 1947, Puérto Riko bisa milih [[gubernur]]na sorangan. Basa resmina nyaéta basa Spanyol jeung Inggris, kalwan basa Spanyol jadi basa utami. [[Status pulitis Puérto Riko|Status pulitisna]] ayeuna, kaasup kamungkinan jadi [[Nagara Bagian AS|Nagara Bagian]] atanapi [[Pagerakan kamerdikaan Puérto Riko|kamerdikaan]], diomongkeun luas di Puérto Riko.

== Babagian administratif ==
{{utama|Munisipalitas di Puérto Riko}}
[[Gambar:USA Puerto Rico labeled.svg|thumb|500px|Munisipalitas di Puérto Riko]]
Salaku wewengkon nu teu kagabung ti Amérika Sarikat, Puérto Riko teu miboga babagian administratif kahiji sakumaha diterangkeun ku [[Pamaréntah AS]], tapi aya 78 [[Munisipalitas di Puérto Riko|munisipalitas]] (~kotamadya) di tingkat ka-2 nu mana fungsina salaku ''county''. Munisipalitas teras dibagi kana ''[[barrio]]''. Unggal munisipalitas miboga [[mayor]] jeung badan législatif nu dipilih pikeun jabatan 4 taun.

== Iklim ==
Puérto Riko miboga iklim tropis kalawan suhu rarata minimal 19,4&amp;nbsp;°C sareng maksimal 29,7&amp;nbsp;°C. Curah hujan rarata taunan nyaéta 1687mm&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly2003&quot;&gt;Daly, Christopher, Eileen H. Helmer, and Maya Quiñonez. 2003. Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra. International Journal of Climatology 23: 1359-1381.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tingali ogé ==
*[[Daptar inohong Puérto Riko]]

== Rujukan jeung catetan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://www2.pr.gov/prgovEN/Pages/default.aspx Loka pamaréntah resmi Puérto Riko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108080609/http://www2.pr.gov/prgoven/Pages/default.aspx |date=2015-11-08 }} {{en icon}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm Profil Nagara] ti BBC
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482879/Puerto-Rico Profil di Encyclopaedia Britannica]
* [http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209040354/http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ |date=2014-02-09 }} {{es icon}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rq|Puerto Rico}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Puerto_Rico|Puérto Riko}}
* {{wikiatlas|Puerto Rico}}
* {{wikivoyage|Puerto Rico}}

{{Puerto Rico|expand}}
{{Puerto Rican topics}}
{{West Indies}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puerto Rico}}
[[Kategori:Puérto Riko| ]]
[[Kategori:Pulo Amérika Sarikat di Karibia]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Urut jajahan Spanyol]]
[[Kategori:Antillen Gedé]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon insulér Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Nagara pulo]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Spanyol]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg 1898]]
[[Kategori:Nagara Karibia]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon depéndensi di Amérika Kalér]]


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    <title>Propinsi Bamyan</title>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="5daxcjxv1nfvv5vfur1gm32a1qb0diw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name=Bamyan
|native_name = بامیان
|native_name_lang=ps
|settlement_type=[[propinsi di Apganistan|Propinsi]]
|image_map = Afghanistan-Bamiyan.png
|map_caption=Lokasi Propinsi Bamiyan di Apganistan
|coordinates_region=AF
|subdivision_type=Nagara
|subdivision_name={{flag|Apganistan}}
|seat_type = Ibu kota
|seat = [[Bamyan, Apganistan|Bamyan]]
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_total = 387300
|population_footnotes=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-276|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=http://archive.is/yWIZ|archivedate=2012-12-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325090629/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-276 |date=2012-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|latd=34.75
|latNS=N
|longd=67.25
|longEW=E
|coordinates_display=inline,title
|area_total_km2=14175
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone1 = [[UTC+4:30]]
|blank_name_sec1=[[Basa di Apganistan|Basa utama]]
|blank_info_sec1=[[Dari (Apganistan)|Basa Pérsia Dari]] ([[Basa Hazaragi|Hazaragi]])
}}
'''Propinsi Bamyan''' ({{lang-fa|بامیان}}) nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di bagian tengah nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Bamiyan (kota)|Bamyan]].

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Bamiyan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamyan}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi Bamyan| ]]
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]
[[Kategori:Lokasi di Jalur Sutra]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Budha di Apganistan]]


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{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Day Kundi
|native_name = دایکندی
|map = Afghanistan-Daikondi.png
|map_caption = Lokasi Day Kundi di Apganistan
|capital = [[Nili, Apganistan|Nili]]
|capital_lat_d = 33.75
|capital_long_d = 66.25
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2006
|population = 399.600
|population_note =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-1111|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=http://archive.is/pcsgo|archivedate=2013-01-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325090634/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-1111 |date=2012-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 18088
|area_note =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/uaf.html
|title=Statoids}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density = 49,4
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[basa di Apganistan|Basa utama]]
|free = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]] ([[basa Hazaragi|Hazaragi]] jeung dialék [[Dari (Apganistan)|Dari]])&lt;br /&gt; [[basa Pastun|Pastun]]
}}
'''Day Kundi''' ({{lang-fa|دایکندی}}) ogé diéjah ''Daikondi'', ''Dāykondī'', atanapi ''Daikundi'' nyaéta salah sahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[distrik Nili|Nili]].

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Day Kundi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daykundi}}
[[Kategori:Hazarajat]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Daykundi| ]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 2004]]


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      <text bytes="1386" sha1="ti0p1c1ihyym05x9erek0xvqa8ef86a" xml:space="preserve">{{otheruses|Faryab}}
{{Geobox|Province
|country = {{flag|Apganistan}}
|name = Faryab
|native_name = فارياب
|map = Afghanistan-Faryab.png
|map_caption = Peta Propinsi Faryab di Apganistan
|capital = [[Maymana]]
|capital_lat_d = 36
|capital_long_d = 65
|coordinates_type = region:AF_type:adm1st
|population_as_of = 2006
|population = 858600
|population_note = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-278|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=http://archive.is/6Qho|archivedate=2012-12-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325090705/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=600&amp;geo=-278 |date=2012-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area = 20293
|population_density = 42,3
|timezone = UTC+4:30
|free_type = [[Basa di Apganistan|Basa utama]]
|free = [[basa Uzbék|Uzbék]] (53,5%)&lt;br /&gt;[[Pérsia Dari]] (27%)&lt;br /&gt;[[Basa Pastun|Pastun]] (13%) 
}}
'''Fāryāb''' ({{lang-fa| فاریاب}}) nyaéta salsahiji ti 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]]. Propinsi ieu aya di beulah kalér nagara. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Maymana]]. Mayoritas populasina nyaéta [[Urang Uzbék]].

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Districts of Faryab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faryab}}
[[Kategori:Propinsi di Apganistan]]
[[Kategori:Propinsi Faryab| ]]


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      <text bytes="17594" sha1="t98j0nvvsgmlf3ias8mrmpv8lfmk4ia" xml:space="preserve">{{Tangtayungantianon}}
{{Redirect|Azeri}}
{{About|grup étnis Azerbaijan|analisis populasi [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]]|Démografi Azerbaijan}}
{{Kotak info grup étnis
|group      = Azerbaijan&lt;br/&gt;''Azərbaycanlılar, Azərilər''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;big&gt;آذربایجانلیلار ,آذری لر &lt;/big&gt;
|population = kira-kira 22–35 yuta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-clusters.php?peo2=126 |title=Azerbaijani |publisher=Joshua Project|accessdate=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=30+million+South+Azerbaijan&amp;q=30-35 |title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=[[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-1413-3|page=197|quote=30–35 million}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image    =
|region1    = {{flagcountry|Iran}}
|pop1       = 11,2 nepi ka 30 yuta
|ref1 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Library of Congress Iran&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |title=Country Profile: Iran|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress |date=May 2008|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 70 million [11.2 million]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050226190617/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|archivedate=26 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Iran&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People|title=Iran|work=CIA: The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|date=14 November 2011|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People |date=3 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C.|year=1999|title=Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-3550-9|quote=15 million (1999)}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;tft&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|author=Terror Free Tomorrow|title=Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections|date=May 2009|publisher=[[New America Foundation]]|quote=21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z |last=Minahan |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location= |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |page=1765 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&amp;pg=PA1765 |quote=Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|authorlink=Brenda Shaffer|author=Shaffer, Brenda|year=2003|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|pages=221–225|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-19477-5|quote=There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran&amp;nbsp;... Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HxItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million&amp;dq=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million |title=Turkey-Iran relations, 1979–2004: revolution, ideology, war, coups and geopolitics|author=Olson, Robert W.|publisher=Mazda|year=2004|isbn=1-56859-114-4|page=76|quote=... in Ankara, Johragani denounced 'Persian' chauvinism and Iran's violation of human rights against the '30 million Azeris of Iran'.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7T0OAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22&amp;dq=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22|title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics, Volume 1|author=[[Keith Brown (linguist)|Brown, E. K.]]; Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y.|edition=2|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0-08-044299-4|page=635|quote=Azerbaijani speakers in Iran are more numerous than those in Azerbaijan (13 to 30 million in northern Iran, 6 million in the Republic of Azerbaijan).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mVQdN7Ryu4YC&amp;pg=PA157|chapter=Promoting Cooperation and Integration in the Wider Black Sea Area|author=Alieva, Leila|title=Establishing security and stability in the wider Black Sea area: international politics and the new and emerging democracies|page=157|work=NATO Science for Peace and Security, Volume 26: Human and societal dynamics|editors=Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest|publisher=IOS Press|year=2007|isbn=1-58603-765-X|quote=... large number of Azerbaijanis (30 million in northern Iran and 8 million in present Azerbaijan),&amp;nbsp;...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&amp;pg=PA79|authors=Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|page=79|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|quote=... 32 million people in Iran...}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region2    = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
|pop2       =  8.172.800
|ref2       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|title=Population by ethnic groups|date=2009|publisher=The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|archivedate=30 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region3    = {{flagcountry|Irak}}
|pop3       = 600.000 nepi ka 1.000.000
|ref3       = &lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azb|title=Azerbaijani, South|author=Lewis, M. Paul|year=2009|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition.|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=29 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeuw&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&amp;pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region4    = {{flagcountry|Rusia}}
|pop4       = 621.800 nepi ka 1.500.000
|ref4       = &lt;ref name=&quot;Leeuw&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Russian Census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&amp;docid=10715289081463|title=Итоги переписи|work=2002 census|date=2004|publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026071812/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&amp;docid=10715289081463 |date=26 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region5    = {{flagcountry|Turki}}
|pop5       = 530.000 nepi ka 2.500.000
|ref5       = &lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeuw&quot;/&gt;
|region6    = {{flagcountry|Géorgia}}
|pop6       = 284.761 nepi ka 500.000
|ref6       = &lt;ref name=&quot;Leeuw&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|format=pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2002 census|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region7    = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|pop7       = 78.295
|ref7       = &lt;ref name=unstats&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcensus/V2_table4.xls|title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region8    = {{flagcountry|Ukraina}}
|pop8       = 45.200
|ref8       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region9    = {{flagcountry|Uzbékistan}}
|pop9       = 44.400
|ref9       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan|date=1989|publisher=Umid World|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region10   = {{flagcountry|Turkménistan}}
|pop10      = 33.365
|ref10      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|work=Демоскоп Weekly|language=Russian|issue=493–494|date=1–22 January 2012|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region11   = {{flagcountry|Walanda}}
|pop11      = 18.000
|ref11      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|format=pdf|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706131529/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region12   = {{flagcountry|Kirgizstan}}
|pop12      = 17.823
|ref12      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|format=pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic|date=2011|language=Russian|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region13    = {{flagcountry|Jérman}}
|pop13       = 15.219
|ref13       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls|title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics|publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)|accessdate=3 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region14   = {{flagcountry|Britania Raya}}
|pop14      = 15.000
|ref14      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Jwobw381IYMJ:www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc+%22azeris+in+britain%22&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=uk|author=Oguz-Gassanly, Murad|title=Azeri Diaspora. The Case of the United Kingdom|date=2001|work=Azeri Voice|accessdate=17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region15   = {{flagcountry|Bélarus}}
|pop15      = 6.362
|ref15      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php|title=Population Census 1999|publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|accessdate=18 January 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.is/Pa3W|archivedate=26 May 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921155352/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php |date=21 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region16   ={{flagcountry|Amérika Sarikat}}
|pop16      = 5.553
|ref16      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=18 January 2012}} This number includes both primary and secondary ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
|region17   = {{flagcountry|Kanada}}
|pop17      = 3.465
|ref17      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo=PR&amp;Code=01&amp;Data=Count&amp;Table=2&amp;StartRec=1&amp;Sort=3&amp;Display=All&amp;CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data|date=10 June 2010|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=18 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211144718/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo=PR&amp;Code=01&amp;Table=2&amp;Data=Count&amp;StartRec=1&amp;Sort=3&amp;Display=All&amp;CSDFilter=5000 |date=11 December 2020 }} In the 2006 census, 1,480 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 1,985 as part of multiple origins.&lt;/ref&gt;
|region18   = {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
|pop18      = 1.697
|ref18      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|format=pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|accessdate=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf |date=2 March 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region19   = {{flagcountry|Austria}}
|pop19      = 1.000
|ref19      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations|accessdate=18 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region20   = {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
|pop20      = 880
|ref20      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&amp;ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&amp;path=../I_Databas/Population_census/08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages/&amp;lang=1|title=Population Census of 2000|publisher=Statistics Estonia|accessdate=19 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322001556/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&amp;ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&amp;path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2F08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages%2F&amp;lang=1 |date=22 March 2012 }} Select &quot;Azerbaijani&quot; under &quot;Ethnic nationality&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|region21   = {{flagcountry|Lituania}}
|pop21      = 788
|ref21      = &lt;ref name=unstats/&gt;
|languages  = [[basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
|religions  = Utamina [[Islam Syiah]]; minoritas [[Islam Sunni]], [[Kristen]], [[Bahá'í]], jeung [[Zoroastrianisme]]
|related = [[Masarakat Turk]], [[Urang Iran]], [[Masarakat Kaukasus]]
}}
{{Azerbaijan}}

'''Urang Azerbaijan''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar, Азәриләр}}, &lt;big&gt; آذری  لر &lt;/big&gt;) atanapi '''Azarbaijan'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Library of Congress Iran&quot;/&gt; nyaéta [[masarakat Turk]] ngeusian utamina [[Iran]] kalér-kulon jeung [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]], ogé dina nagara sadeukeutannana saperti, [[Géorgia]], [[Rusia]] ([[Dagéstan]]) jeung (baheulana) [[Arménia]]. Urang Azerbaijan utamina [[Muslim]] [[Syiah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Russia &amp; Eurasia Facts &amp; Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=0-87569-199-4|page=210|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta miboga jujutan kabudayaan campuran kaasup tina unsur Turk, Iranik&lt;ref name=&quot;roy&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Roy, Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy (professor)|year=2007|title=The new Central Asia |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&amp;pg=PA7#PPA6,M1 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.}}&lt;/ref&gt;, jeung [[masarakat Kaukasus|Kaukasus]]. Sanggeus Perang Ruso-Pérsia [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1804–1813)|1813]] jeung [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1826–1828)|1828]], wewengkon [[dinasti Qajar|Kakaisaran Pérsia Qajar]] di Kaukasus dipasihan ka [[Kakaisaran Rusia]] sarta [[Pajangjian Gulistan]] dina 1813 sareng [[Pajangjian Turkmenchay]] dina 1828 nyusun wates-wates antara Czar Rusia jeung Qajar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=1-58112-933-5|page=372}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Ngaran Azerbaijan]]
* [[Daptar inohong Azerbaijan]]

==Catetan jeung rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm BBC News: Azerbaijan country profile]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/azeri/ BBC Azeri] {{az icon}}
* [http://www.azeri.net/Azerbaijan/index.html/ Azeri.net]
* [http://AZER.com/ Azerbaijan International]

{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Ethnic groups in Iran}}
{{European Muslims}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijan}}
[[Kategori:Urang Azerbaijan| ]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Wétan Tengah]]


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    <title>Randamidang</title>
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{{taxobox
|image = Cosmos caudatus Blanco2.287-cropped.jpg
|name = '''Randamidang'''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicot]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterid]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|genus = ''[[Cosmos (tutuwuhan)|Cosmos]]''
|species = '''''C. caudatus'''''
|binomial = ''Cosmos caudatus''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
|synonyms = ''Bidens caudatus''
|}}
'''Randamidang''' ('''''Cosmos caudatus''''') nyaéta hiji spésiés [[tutuwuhan]] tina genus [[Cosoms (tutuwuhan)|Cosmos]]. Randa midang  asalna ti nagara Amerika anu miboga iklim tropis, tuluy sumebar ka wilayah [[Asia]], nepi ka nagara [[Indonésia]]. Ngaran binomalna [[Cosmos Caudatus]]. Inohong anu miboga jasa pikeun méré ngaran ka ieu kembang nyaéta  [[Karl Sigmund]] Kunth di taun 1820. Di Indonesia, éta kembang ahéng ku ngaran [[Kenikir]], sedengkeun ku urang Malayu disebutna  Ulam Raja, pon kitu deui urang Sunda méré ngaran [[Randa Midang]] pikeun sesebutan [[Cosmos Caudatus Kunth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seafast.ipb.ac.id/tpc-project/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/buku-kenikir-rev1.pdf|title=Tanaman Kenikir|last=Fast|first=Sea|website=seafat.ipb.ac.id|publisher=IPB|accessdate=12/02/2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013195625/http://seafast.ipb.ac.id/tpc-project/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/buku-kenikir-rev1.pdf |date=2017-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri mandiri ==
[[Gambar:Unidentified flower, Mangunharjo Orchard, Dlingo, Yogyakarta.JPG|thumb|Kembang randamidang]]Randa midang miboga jangkung 75-100 jeung bau anu has. Batang ngadeg kalayan ajeg, wangunna pasagi. Daun silih silang kawas lambang cakra  pahareup-hareup sarta miboga panjang 15–25&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana héjo. Kembangna réa, wangunna bongkol (gépéng), panjangna ±25&amp;nbsp;cm, makuta kabagi jadi 8 daun sarta miboga panjang ±1&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana beureum. [[Benang sari]] wangunna kawas tabung, hulu sari warnana coklat adu manis jeung  hideung. Putik wangunna kawas miboga buuk, lamun ngora kénéh warnana héjo, sanggeus kolot warnanana jadi coklat. Sikina heuras, miboga rupa kawas jarum anu panjangna ±1&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana hideung. Akar ngarancabang miboga warna bodas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ump.ac.id/3749/3/DITA%20PUSPITA%20BAB%20II.pdf|title=KENIKIR|last=Puspita|first=Dita|website=ump.ac.id|publisher=UMP|accessdate=12/02/2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zat ==
Ieu tutuwuhan téh ngandung sawatara zat, di anarana:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ump.ac.id/3749/3/DITA%20PUSPITA%20BAB%20II.pdf|title=Kenikir|last=Puspita|first=Dita|website=ump.ac.id|publisher=UMP|accessdate=12/02/2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tokoferol]]
* [[Polifenol]]
* [[Hidtoksieugenol]]
* [[Flavonoid]]
* [[Saponin]]
* [[Terpenoid]]
* [[Mineral]]
* [[Kalsium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Kuersetin]]

== Mangpaat ==
* '''Sistem imunitas pikeun awak''' 
&lt;blockquote&gt;Daun Randa Midang miboga [[Vitamin]] A jeung [[vitamin]] E mangpaatna bisa ngaronjatkeun sistem imunitas pikeun awak. Salian ti eta, Randa Midang ogé miboga [[Vitamin C]] mangpaatna pikeun ngaronjatkeun sistem [[Métabolisme]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://manfaat.co.id/10-manfaat-daun-kenikir-bagi-kesehatan-tubuh-anda|title=20+ Manfaat Daun Kenikir bagi Kesehatan Tubuh Anda - Manfaat.co.id|date=2015-02-03|newspaper=Manfaat.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Kasehatan tulang'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Mineral]] [[Kalsium]] jeung [[magnesium]] anu aya dina Randa Midang miboga mangpaat pikeun nyieun tulang sangkan kuat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Bau baham'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Koniferil alcohol]] anu aya dina danun Randa Midang miboga pancén pikeun ngusir kokotor (bakteri jeung kuman) anu kabawa ngaliwatan kadaharan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Ngaronjatkeun napsu dahar'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Kuarsetin]] anu aya dina Randa Midang miboga mangpaat pikeun ngaronjatkeun napsu dahar pikeun budak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ubar  ==

=== ''Maag'' ===
[[Tokoferol polifenol]] jeung [[hidrosieugnol]] moboga pancén pikeun nguatkeun [[otot Sphingter]] anu aya dina lambung. Pancénna pikeun narima kadaharan kalayan teu nyieun bahla kana lambung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.khasiatmanfaatdaun.com/2017/09/khasiat-daun-kenikir.html|title=Apa Fungsi atau Khasiat Daun Kenikir Untuk Kanker &amp; Asam urat?|last=Lavanaa|first=Asgar|website=Khasiat Manfaat Daun|accessdate=2018-02-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209054204/http://www.khasiatmanfaatdaun.com/2017/09/khasiat-daun-kenikir.html |date=2018-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

=== Lemah jajantung ===
Mangpaat [[antioksidan]] jeung [[flavonoid]] miboga pancén pikeun ngubaran [[sel-sel]] anu geus ruksak. Sedengkeun pikeun jantung éta jat miboga mangpaat pikeun ngalancarkeun lajuna getih ku cara nyieun kuat [[otot jantung]] jeung  [[pembuluh darah]].

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

=== Gondongeun ===
[[Polifenol]] jeung [[tokoferol]] miboga mangpaat pikeun radang nalika gondongeun.

Cara:
# Kumbah daun Randa Midang
# Tutu daun Randa Midang anu geus dibersihkeun
# Tambah cuka kalayan takeran 1:1
# Oles kana beuheung anu gondongeun

=== Bareuh Pinareup ===
[[Terpenoid]] jeung [[antiflamasi]] miboga mangpaat pikeun ngubaran bareuh dina pinareup (hususna ibu-ibu anu miboga fase mere [[ASI]] ka budak)

Cara:
# Kumbah daun randa midang
# Sanggeus dikumbah, duruk daun randa midang sangkan tutung
# Sanggeus diduruk, simpen éta daun kana bagéan pinareup anu bareuh
# Lakukeun sacara rutin

=== Ubar Kanker ===
[[Saponin]], [[terpenoid]], [[flavonoid]] jeung [[antioksidan]] mampuh ngalawan kanker.

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|Cosmos caudatus}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COCA21 SDA Plants Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109190721/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COCA21 |date=2012-11-09 }}
*[http://www.picable.com/Nature/Flowers/Cosmos-Caudatus-Again.266359 Photo: Flower]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215232814/http://www.picable.com/Nature/Flowers/Cosmos-Caudatus-Again.266359 |date=2012-02-15 }}
*[http://www.picable.com/Food/Vegetables/Cosmos-Caudatus-ulam-Raja.227053 Photo: Leaves]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215232826/http://www.picable.com/Food/Vegetables/Cosmos-Caudatus-ulam-Raja.227053 |date=2012-02-15 }}
*[http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FTEA006672&amp;pgs=&amp;cookieSet=1 Aluka Profile]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal |author=Shui G, Leong LP, Wong SP |title=Rapid screening and characterisation of antioxidants of ''Cosmos caudatus'' using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry |journal=J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. |volume=827 |issue=1 |pages=127–38 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16087413 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.029 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570-0232(05)00492-7}}

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Cosmos (tutuwuhan)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Organisasi Sabilulungan Ékonomi Laut Hideung</title>
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      <text bytes="5051" sha1="7xqza2faa0a1p10i3oydd2yd11wzvbl" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|BSEC}}
{{Infobox Organization
| name            = Organisasi Sabilulungan Ékonomi Laut Hideung
| image           = Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) logo.png
| size            = 166px
| type            = Organisasai gawé bareng ékonomi
| headquarters    = [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] 
| membership_type = Nagara anggota
| membership      = {{flagicon|Albania|size=15px}} [[Albania]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Armenia|size=15px}} [[Arménia]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Azerbaijan|size=15px}} [[Azerbaijan]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Bulgaria|size=15px}} [[Bulgaria]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Georgia|size=15px}} [[Géorgia]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Moldova|size=15px}} [[Moldova]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Romania|size=15px}} [[Romania]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Russia|size=15px}} [[Rusia]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Serbia|size=15px}} [[Sérbia]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Turkey|size=15px}} [[Turki]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine|size=15px}} [[Ukraina]] &lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|Greece|size=15px}} [[Yunani]]
| leader_title    = Sékrétaris Jéndral
| leader_name     = [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|border|15px]] [[Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos]] 
| formation       = [[4 Juni]] [[1992]] 
| website         = &lt;div class=&quot;plainlinksneverexpand&quot;&gt;http://www.bsec-organization.org/&lt;/div&gt; 
}}
Dina 25 Juni 1992, Pupuhu Nagara jeung Pamaréntahan ti 11 nagara nandatangan di Déklarasi panglawungan [[Istanbul]] jeung '''Pernyataan [[Bosporus]]''' ngahasilkeun dibentukna '''Sabilulungan Ékonomi [[Laut Hideung]]'''.

== Kaanggotaan ==
[[Image:BSEC Map.png|thumb|450px| {{legend|#00CCFF|Nagara anggota}}
{{legend|#218608|Nagara panénjo}}]]

'''Anggota''':
* {{flag|Albania}}
* {{flag|Arménia}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Géorgia}}
* {{flag|Moldova}}
* {{flag|Romania}}
* {{flag|Rusia}}
* {{flagcountry|Sérbia}}{{ref|SCG}}
* {{flag|Turki}}
* {{flag|Ukraina}}
* {{flag|Yunani}}

Kaanggotaan heunteu diwatesan ka nagara basisireun [[Laut Hideung]] hungkul. Albania, Arménia, Azerbaijan, Yunani, Moldova, jeung Sérbia sanés basisireun Laut Hideung. Pangajuan [[Monténegro]] divéto ku Yunani sanggeus Turki ngavéto pangajuan [[Siprus|Républik Siprus]], ngakibatkeun Yunani heunteu nyatujuan pangajuan nagara nanaon jagana&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaman&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Suleyman | last=Kurt | title=Montenegro Denied BSEC Membership Because of Turkish-Greek Rift | publisher=Zaman | date=2006-06-11 | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&amp;link=37983 | format= | language= | accessdate=2008-02-23 | quote=In retaliation to Turkey’s move to veto the application filed by the Greek Cypriot Administration, Greece opposed all BSEC membership applications in protest, including Montenegro’s. }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204157/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&amp;link=37983 |date=2007-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Nagara panénjo''':
* {{flag|Amérika Sarikat}}
* {{flag|Austria}}
* {{flag|Bélarus}}
* {{flag|Céko}}
* {{flag|Israél}}
* {{flag|Italia}}
* {{flag|Kroasia}}
* {{flag|Jérman}}
* {{flag|Mesir}}
* {{flag|Perancis}}
* {{flag|Polandia}}
* {{flag|Slovakia}}
* {{flag|Tunisia}}
 
'''Organisasi panénjo'':
* [[Klub Laut Hideung Internasional]]
* Sékrétariat [[Piagam Énergi]]
* [[Komisi Laut Hideung]]
* [[Komisi Komunitas Éropa]]
* [[Yayasan Panalungtikan Strategis jeung Sosial Grup Marmara]]

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Forum Laut Hideung]]
* [[Bank Padagangan jeung Pamekaran Laut Hideung]]

== Catetan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
{{note|SCG}}Ngagabung salaku {{flag|Sérbia jeung Monténégro}} dina April 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;joinSCG&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = Permanent International Secretariat | title = About BSEC | publisher = Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)  | url = http://www.bsec-organization.org/main.aspx?ID=About_BSEC  | accessdate = 2009-05-29 | quote = With the accession of Serbia and Montenegro in April 2004, the Organization’s Member States increased to twelve. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928091304/http://www.bsec-organization.org/main.aspx?ID=About_BSEC |archivedate = 2007-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Sanggeus peupeusna nagara éta dina 2006, kaanggotaanna diteraskeun ku Sérbia&lt;ref name=&quot;SCGcharter&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia | title = Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro: Article 60 - Breaking Away from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro | url = http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf |format= PDF | accessdate = 2008-02-23 | quote = Should Montenegro break away from the state union of Serbia and Montenegro,
the international instruments pertaining to the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia, particularly UN SC Resolution 1244, would concern and apply
in their entirety to Serbia as the successor. }}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.bsec-organization.org/ Ramatloka]

{{Organisasi Sabilulungan Ékonomi Laut Hideung}}

[[Kategori:Organisasi nu ngadeg taun 1992]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi ékonomi internasional]]
[[Kategori:Panénjo Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Laut Hideung]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasak Raja Fahd</title>
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      <text bytes="2128" sha1="06mmjmkavlw0p7l0xycym3yez5rig2q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name   = '''Sasak Raja Fahd'''&lt;br /&gt;'''جسر الملك فهد'''
|image         = King Fahd causeway satellite.png
|image_size    = 256px
|caption       = Sasak Raja Fahd ditempo ti angkasa
|also_known_as = Sasak Bahrain
|carries  = [[kandaraan motor]]
|crosses  = [[Teluk Bahrain]]
|locale   = {{flag|Bahrain}},&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|maint    = Otoritas Sasak Raja Fahd
|id       = 
|design   = 
|mainspan = 
|length   = {{convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|width    = {{convert|23|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|clearance= 
|below    = 
|traffic  = 
|open     = 12 Nopémber 1986
|closed   = 
|toll     =  SAR 20 (Kandaraan leutik)&lt;br /&gt; SAR 30 (Truk &amp; Beus leutik) &lt;br /&gt; SAR 50 (Beus gedé) &lt;br /&gt;  SAR 3 per ton (Truk)  
|map_cue  = 
|map_image= 
|map_text = 
|map_width= 
|coordinates = {{coord|26|10|57|N|50|20|09|E|display=inline,title}}
|lat         = 
|long        = 
|website = [http://www.kfca.com.sa www.kfca.com.sa]
}}
[[Image:KingFahdCauseway01.jpg|thumb|256px|Pamandangan sasak (ka wétan).]]

'''Sasak Raja Fahd''' ({{lang-ar|جسر الملك فهد}}, ''Jisr al-Malik Fahd'') nyaéta hiji [[sasak]] nu ngahubungkeun [[Arab Saudi]] jeung [[Bahrain]]. Ide pikeun ngawangun sasak ieu dumasar kana kahayang pikeun ningkatkeun patalian jeung hubungan antara Arab Saudi jeung Bahrain.&lt;ref name=history&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026073246/http://www.kfca.com.sa/about_his.htm King Fahd Causeway Authority: History]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Fahd ti Saudi Arabia|Raja Fahd bin Abdul Aziz As-Saud]]
* [[Sasak Qatar Bahrain]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|King Fahd Causeway}}
* {{Official website|http://www.kfca.com.sa/}}
* [http://www.saudinf.com/main/g13.htm Sasak Raja Fahd dina ''Saudinf.com'']{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714071120/http://www.saudinf.com/main/g13.htm |date=2012-07-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026073246/http://www.kfca.com.sa/about_his.htm Sajarah Sasak Raja Fahd]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fahd}}
[[Kategori:Sasak internasional]]
[[Kategori:Pameuntasan wates Bahrain–Arab Saudi]]
[[Kategori:Sasak di Bahrain]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urang Benggala</title>
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      <text bytes="9647" sha1="h8dmam1bkjflfp0vgwele740wziue6x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
|group    = Urang Benggala
|image    = [[File:Atisha.jpg|60px]][[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|60px]][[File:Nazrul.jpg|60px]][&lt;br&gt;[[File:Begum Rokeya.jpg|60px]][[File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|60px]]&lt;br&gt; [[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|60px]][[File:Muhammad Yunus, World Economic Forum 2009 Annual Meeting.jpg|60px]][[File:Subhas Bose.jpg|60px]]
|caption    = &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt; [[Atisha|Atish Dipankar]]{{•}}[[Rabindranath Tagore]]{{•}}{{nowrap|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]}}&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;[[Syéikh Mujibur Rahman]]{{•}}[[Begum Rokeya]]{{•}}{{nowrap|[[Satyendra Nath Bose]]}}&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;[[Satyajit Ray]]{{•}}[[Muhammad Yunus]]{{•}}{{nowrap|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]}}&lt;/span&gt;
|pop       = &lt;u&gt;+&lt;/u&gt;230.000.000 &lt;br&gt;(2008)
|popplace='''~''' &lt;small&gt;''Diaspora ngan pikeun urang Bangladés''&lt;/small&gt;
|region1   = {{Flag|Bangladés}}
|pop1      = 156.050.883
|ref1      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Population : Bangladesh: The World Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html#People | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate = 2010-09-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101182840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html#People |date=2021-01-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region2   = {{Flag|India}}
|pop2      = 70.000.000
|ref2      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Bengalis.html |title=Bengalis – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region4   = {{Flag|Arab Saudi}}
|pop4      = ~ 1.000.000
|ref4      &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Cover_Kapiszewski.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region5   = {{Flag|Uni Émirat Arab}}
|pop5      = ~ 600.000
|ref5      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.7days.ae/showstory.php?id=62077 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603161924/http://7days.ae/showstory.php |date=2016-06-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region6   = {{Flag|Britania Raya}}
|pop6      = ~ 500.000
|ref6      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chsuk.tv/ |title=Channel S, working for the community |publisher=Chsuk.tv |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region7   = {{Flag|Malaysia}}
|pop7      = ~ 230.000
|region3   = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
|pop3      = 2.000.000
|ref3      = &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 The 2 Million Bengalis of Karachi - Daily Times]&lt;/ref&gt;
|ref7      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iom.org.bd/images/publications/Recruitment_and_Placement_of_Bangladeshi_Migrant_Workers.pdf ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327204414/http://www.iom.org.bd/images/publications/Recruitment_and_Placement_of_Bangladeshi_Migrant_Workers.pdf |date=2009-03-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region8   = {{Flag|Kuwait}}
|pop8      = ~ 150.000
|ref8      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4478723.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bangladeshis storm Kuwait embassy | date=2005-04-24 | accessdate=2010-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region9   = {{Flag|Amérika Sarikat}}
|pop9      = ~ 143.619
|ref9      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-context=dt&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_PCT019&amp;-tree_id=403&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-all_geo_types=N&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-search_results=01000US&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en US Census 2000 foreign born population by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716203012/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-context=dt&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_PCT019&amp;-tree_id=403&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-all_geo_types=N&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-search_results=01000US&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en |date=2011-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region10   = {{Flag|Koréa Kidul}}
|pop10      = ~ 130.000
|ref10  = &lt;ref name=&quot;Hasan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hasan|first=Rafiq|title=4,000 Bangladeshis to return from Oman in December|journal=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|volume=4|issue=176|date=November 20, 2003|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/11/20/d3112001055.htm|accessdate=2008-12-19|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region11 = {{Flag|Bahrain}}
|pop11 = ~ 120.000
|region12 = {{Flag|Oman}}
|pop12 = ~ 115.000
|ref12 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Hasan&quot;/&gt;
|region13 = {{Flag|Kanada}}
|pop13 = ~ 24.595
|ref13 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&amp;ALEVEL=3&amp;APATH=3&amp;CATNO=&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=&amp;DS=99&amp;FL=0&amp;FREE=0&amp;GAL=0&amp;GC=99&amp;GK=NA&amp;GRP=1&amp;IPS=&amp;METH=0&amp;ORDER=1&amp;PID=92333&amp;PTYPE=88971,97154&amp;RL=0&amp;S=1&amp;ShowAll=No&amp;StartRow=1&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2006&amp;Theme=80&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=&amp;VNAMEF= |title=2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations &amp;#124; Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-08-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209154815/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&amp;ALEVEL=3&amp;APATH=3&amp;CATNO=&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=&amp;DS=99&amp;FL=0&amp;FREE=0&amp;GAL=0&amp;GC=99&amp;GK=NA&amp;GRP=1&amp;IPS=&amp;METH=0&amp;ORDER=1&amp;PID=92333&amp;PTYPE=88971,97154&amp;RL=0&amp;S=1&amp;ShowAll=No&amp;StartRow=1&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2006&amp;Theme=80&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=&amp;VNAMEF= |date=2019-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region14   = {{Flag|Italia}}
|pop14      = ~ 35.000
|ref14  = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UNB, Dhaka |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/05/19/d40519050548.htm |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 344 |publisher=Thedailystar.net |date=2004-05-19 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region15 = {{Flag|Nepal}}
|pop15 = ~ 23.000
|ref15 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ben |title=Ethnologue report for language code: ben |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region16 = {{Flag|Australia}}
|pop16      = ~ 20.000
|ref16 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/LocationList?newgeography=State+Suburb&amp;level1=1&amp;level2=SSC11503&amp;submitbutton=View+QuickStats+%3E&amp;mapdisplay=on&amp;collection=Census&amp;period=2006&amp;areacode=1~SSC11503&amp;geography=State+Suburb&amp;method=&amp;productlabel=&amp;producttype=QuickStats&amp;topic=&amp;navmapdisplayed=true&amp;javascript=true&amp;breadcrumb=PL&amp;topholder=0&amp;leftholder=0&amp;currentaction=102&amp;action=401&amp;textversion=false&amp;subaction=2 |title=2006 Census QuickStats : Ingleburn (State Suburb) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305105553/https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect |date=2020-03-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region17 = {{Flag|Jepang}}
|pop17     = ~ 11.000
|ref17 = &lt;ref&gt;[国籍別外国人登録者数の推移]&lt;/ref&gt;
|langs    = [[Basa Benggala]] &lt;br&gt; (ngawengku ogé [[dialék Basa Benggala|dialék]] [[basa Sylhet|Sylhet]] jeung [[basa Chittagong|Chittagong]])
|rels     = [[Islam]] – Bangladés 88%, India 21%&lt;ref&gt;Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; [[Hindu]] – India 78%, Bangladés 11% &lt;br&gt; [[Buddha]] jeung [[Kristen]] – 1% &lt;ref name=&quot;ciafactbook&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101182840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html |date=2021-01-01 }}- [[CIA World Factbook]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=relegionindia&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/| title = Data on Religion| accessdate = 2006-08-26
| work = Census of India (2001)| publisher = Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|related  = [[Diaspora urang Bangladés]], [[Masarakat Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]], [[masarakat Dravidia|Dravidia]], [[rungkun basa Tibeto-Burma|Tibeto-Burma]], [[urang Sinhala|Sinhala]],[[rungkun basa Austro-Asia|Austro-Asia]], [[urang Mongolo-Dravidia|Mongolo-Dravidia]], [[Proto-Australoid]]
}}
'''Urang Benggala''' nyaéta hiji komunitas étnis pribumi wewengkon [[Benggala]] (ayeuna aya di [[Bangladés]] jeung [[India]]) di [[Asia Kidul]]. Urang Benggala nyaturkeun [[Basa Benggala]] (&lt;big&gt;বাংলা&lt;/big&gt; ''Bangla''), nu mangrupa hiji [[rungkun basa Indo-Arya|basa Indo-Arya]] di wewengkon wétan [[Anakbuana India]], kawangun ti basa [[Magadhi Prakrit]] jeung [[Sangsakarta]]. Dina basana, Urang Benggala nyebat manéhna as &lt;big&gt;বাঙালী&lt;/big&gt; (''Bangali''). Urang Benggala kaasup kana kelompok [[masarakat Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] jeung [[Mongolo-Dravidia]], sarta deukeut jeung kelompok basa/étnis [[rungkun basa Austro-Asia|Austro-Asia]], [[masarakat Dravidia|Dravidia]], [[urang Assam|Assam]], [[urang Sinhala|Sinhala]], [[urang Munda|Munda]], jeung [[urang Tibeto-Burma|Tibeto-Burma]].

==Tinglai ogé==
{{Portal|Benggala}}
* [[Daptar inohong Benggala]]
* [[Daptar inohong Bangladés]]
* [[Daptar inohong ti Benggala Kulon]]
* [[Urang Rohingya]]
* [[Diaspora urang Bangladés]]
** [[Urang Britania-Bangladés]]
** [[Urang Amérika-Bangladés]]
** [[Urang Bangladés di Pakistan]]

==Catetan jeung rujukan==
{{IndicText}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benggala, Urang}}
[[Kategori:Urang Benggala| ]]
[[Kategori:Urang Bangladés| ]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Bangladés]]
[[Kategori:Masarakat Indo-Arya]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di India]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasak Jamuna</title>
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      <text bytes="2280" sha1="b96o25g8vzqm6mjfer0b54y2zum8lcw" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name= Sasak Bangabandhu Jamuna
|image= Bangabandhu Bridge (Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge).jpg
|caption=
|official_name=
|also_known_as=
|carries=
|crosses= [[Walungan Jamuna (Bangladés)|Walungan Jamuna]]
|locale= [[Sirajganj]] jeung [[Tangail]]
|maint= PT [[Sasak Bangladés]]
|id=
|design= railroad bridge
|mainspan= 100 m
|length= 4.8 km
|width= 18.5 m
|clearance=
|below=
|traffic=
|open= Juni 1998
|closed=
|toll=
|map_cue=
|map_image=
|map_text=
|map_width=
|coordinates={{coord|24|23|55|N| 89|46|42|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Sasak Bangabandhu''', atawa '''Sasak Serbaguna Jamuna''' ({{lang-bn|যমুনা বহুমুখী সেতু}}, ''Jomuna Bohumukhi Shetu''), nyaéta hiji [[sasak]] di [[Bangladés]] nu diresmikeun dina [[Juni]] [[1998]]. Ieu sasak nyambungkeun [[Upazila Bhuapur|Bhuapur]] di wétan jeung [[Sirajganj]] di kulon meuntasan [[Walungan Jamuna (Bangladés)|Walungan Jamuna]]. Sasak ieu mangrupa [[daptar sasak dumasar panjang|sasak nu pangpanjangna sadunya]] ka-11 nalika diwangun dina taun [[1998]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20693379~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html
|title=List of bridges by length
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605120002/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20693379~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html |date=2013-06-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ayeuna minangka sasak nu pangpanjangna ka-6 di [[Asia Kidul]].

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Angkutan di Bangladés]]

==Cutatan jeung rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bridges in Bangladesh}}
{{Railways in Bangladesh}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=9O-s656RN90 Video Sasak Serbaguna Jamuna]
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.bba.gov.bd Otoritas Sasak Bangladés] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221130513/http://www.bba.gov.bd/ |date=2013-02-21 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamuna, Sasak}}
[[Kategori:Sasak rél karéta di Bangladés]]
[[Kategori:Sasak di Bangladés]]
[[Kategori:Sasak nu réngsé diwangun taun 1998]]
[[Kategori:Walungan Brahmaputra]]
[[Kategori:Sasak jalan jeung rél karéta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seoul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42988</id>
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      <text bytes="94919" sha1="b91prc6tdwy6ymjev9tirxo1wav5kv4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Other use}}--&gt;
{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = {{raise|0.1em|Seoul}}
|native_name            = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울시}}}}
|native_name_lang       = ko
|official_name          = Kota Istiméwa Seoul&lt;br /&gt;{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울특별시}}}}
|Name               = 서울특별시
|settlement_type        = [[Kota Istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|Kota Istiméwa]]
|total_type             = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
|motto                  =
|year                   = 18 BCE
|translit_lang1         = &amp;nbsp;
|translit_lang1_type1   = [[Hangul]]
|translit_lang1_info1   = {{linktext|서울}}{{linktext|특|별|시}}
|translit_lang1_type2   = [[Hanja]]
|translit_lang1_info2   = {{linktext|서|울|特|別|市}}
|translit_lang1_type3   = {{nowrap|[[Romanisasi nu Dirévisi]]}}
|translit_lang1_info3   = {{nowrap|Seoul Teukbyeolsi}}
|translit_lang1_type4   = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}}
|translit_lang1_info4   = {{nowrap|Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi}}
|image_skyline          = Seoul_Montage_2014.jpg{{!}}border
|imagesize              = 250px
|image_caption          = &lt;!--Sawangan di Seoul (saarah jeung jarum jam ti luhur): Gapura [[Gwanghwamun]] di Karaton  [[Gyeongbokgung]]; arca Laksamana [[Yi Sun-sin]]; arca [[Paringetan Perang Koréa]]; kendi panyimpen dahareun di Karaton Gyeonbokgung; Kuil [[Jongmyo]]; [[Katedral Myeongdong]]; arca Raja [[Sejong nu Agung]]; jeung (tengah) [[Munara Seoul N]].--&gt;

|flag_size              =
|image_seal             =
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     = Logo of Seoul, South Korea.svg
|blank_emblem_type      = Seal of Seoul
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = South Korea-Seoul.svg
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            = Peta Koréa Kidul kalayan Seoul nu disorot
|image_map1             =
|mapsize1               =
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            =
|pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption    =
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|coordinates_display    = inline,title
|coordinates_region     = KR
|subdivision_type       = Nagara
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Koréa Kidul}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Wewengkon di Koréa|Wewengkon]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Wewengkon Ibukota Nasional Seoul]]
|subdivision_type2      =
|subdivision_name2      =
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|subdivision_type4      =
|subdivision_name4      =
|seat_type              =
|seat                   =
|parts_type             = Distrik
|parts_style            = &lt;!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
                               Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--&gt;
|parts                  = 25&lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;
|p1                     = [[Distrik Dobong]]
|p2                     = [[Distrik Dongdaémun]]
|p3                     = [[Distrik Dongjak]]
|p4                     = [[Distrik Eunpyeong]]
|p5                     = [[Distrik Gangbuk]]
|p6                     = [[Distrik Gangdong]]
|p7                     = [[Distrik Gangnam]]
|p8                     = [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]]
|p9                     = [[Distrik Geumcheon]]
|p10                    = [[Distrik Guro]]
|p11                    = [[Distrik Gwanak]]
|p12                    = [[Distrik Gwangjin]]
|p13                    = [[Distrik Jongno]]
|p14                    = [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]
|p15                    = [[Distrik Jungnang]]
|p16                    = [[Distrik Mapo]]
|p17                    = [[Distrik Nowon]]
|p18                    = [[Distrik Seocho]]
|p19                    = [[Distrik Seodaémun]]
|p20                    = [[Distrik Seongbuk]]
|p21                    = [[Seongdong District]]
|p22                    = [[Distrik Songpa]]
|p23                    = [[Distrik Yangcheon]]
|p24                    = [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]
|p25                    = [[Distrik Yongsan]]
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        = [[Pamaréntahan Métropolitan Seoul]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pamaréntahan Déwan-Walikota|Déwan-Walikota]]
|leader_party           = {{Small|[[Aliansi Pulitik Anyar keur Démokrasi|NPAD]]}}
|leader_title           = Walikota
|leader_name            = [[Park Won-soon]]
|leader_title1          = Déwan
|leader_name1           = Déwan Métropolitan Seoul
|leader_title2          = Perwakilan National&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;[[Majlis Nasional Koréa Kidul|Majlis Nasional]]
|leader_name2           = {{Composition bar|48|300}} 16.0% (total korsi)&lt;br /&gt;{{Composition bar|48|246}}19.5% (constituency seats)&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list
|title                  = &lt;!-- Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --&gt;
|frame_style            = border:none; padding: 0;
|title_style            =
|list_style             = text-align:left;display:none;
|1                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[In Jae Keun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|2                      =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Yoo Ihn-tae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|3                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ahn Gyu Baek]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|4                      =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Min Byung Doo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|5                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jun Byung-Hun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|6                      =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chung Mong-Joon|Chung Mong Joon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|7                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee Mi Kyung]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|8                      =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee Jae Oh]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|9                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Oh Young-Sik]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|10                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]&lt;br /&gt;[[You Dae Woon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|11                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Dong-Woo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|12                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shim Jae Kwon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|13                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shim Yoon Joe]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|14                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Jong Hoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|15                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Ki-Nam]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|16                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Sung Tae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|17                     =Distrik [[Distrik Geumcheon|Geumcheon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rhee Mok Hee]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|18                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee In-Young]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|19                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Park Young-Sun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|20                     =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Yoo Ki Hong]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|21                     =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee Sang Kyu]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|UPP]])
|22                     =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Han Gil]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|23                     =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Choo Mi Ae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|24                     =[[Jongno District|Jongno]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chung Sye-Kyun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|25                     =[[Jung District, Seoul|Jung]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chyung Hojoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|26                     =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Seo Young Kyo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|27                     =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Park Hong Keun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|28                     =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Noh Woong Rae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|29                     =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Jung Cheong Rae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|30                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee No Keun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|31                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Woo Won-Shik]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|32                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 3rd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Roh Hoe Chan]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Progrésif Ngahiji|UPP]])
|33                     =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Hoe Sun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|34                     =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kang Seoghoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|35                     =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Woo Sang Ho]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|36                     =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chung Doo-un|Chung Doo-Un]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|37                     =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[You Seung-Hee]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|38                     =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Geh-Ryoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|39                     =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Choi Jae Cheon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|40                     =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Hong Ihk Pyo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|41                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Park In-Sook]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|42                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Yoo Il Ho]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|43                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 3rd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Eul Dong]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|44                     =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kil Jeong Woo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|45                     =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Yongtae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|46                     =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Young Joo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Democratic United Party|DUP]])
|47                     =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Kyoung Min]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|48                     =[[Yongsan District|Yongsan]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chin Young]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
}}
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       =
|established_title1     = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date1      =
|established_title2     = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date2      =
|established_title3     =
|established_date3      =
|founder                =
|named_for              =
|area_magnitude         = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
|unit_pref              = &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;
|area_footnotes         = &lt;ref name=&quot;seoul1&quot;/&gt;
|area_total_km2         = 605.21 &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2          = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2         =
|area_water_percent     =
|area_urban_km2         =
|area_metro_km2         =
|area_blank1_title      =
|area_blank1_km2        =
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use&lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_max_m        =
|elevation_min_m        =
|population_as_of       = 31 Oktober 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Population estimate&quot;&gt;http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035927/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |date=2014-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_footnotes   =
|population_note        =
|population_total       = 10,117,909
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_metro       = 25,620,000
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_urban       =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_blank1_title= [[Démonim]]
|population_blank1      = 서울 사람 (Seoul saram), 서울시민 (Seoul-simin), Seoulite
|population_blank2_title= Lentong
|population_blank2      = [[Lentong Seoul|Seoul]]
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|blank_name_sec2           = GDP
|blank_info_sec2           = [[American Dollar|US$]] 845.9&amp;nbsp;billion &lt;ref name=&quot;brookingsgdp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank1_name_sec2           = GDP per kapita
|blank1_info_sec2           = US$ 34,355 &lt;ref name=&quot;brookingsgdp&quot; /&gt;
|timezone               = UTC +09:00 (Korean Time)
|utc_offset             =
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
| coor_pinpoint         = &lt;!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --&gt;
|latd=37   |latm=34  |latNS=N 
|longd=126 |longm=58  |longEW=E
|postal_code_type       = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|twin1                  =
|twin1_country          =
|twin2                  =
|twin2_country          =
|twin3                  =
|twin3_country          =
|twin4                  =
|twin4_country          =
|twin5                  =
|twin5_country          =
|twin6                  =
|twin6_country          =
|twin7                  =
|twin7_country          =
|blank_name             = Manuk
|blank_info             = [[Korean Magpie]]
|blank1_name            = Kelir
|blank1_info            = Seoul Red&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul Metropolitan Government&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Color|url=http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank2_name            = Kembang
|blank2_info            = [[Forsythia]]
|blank3_name            = Aksara
|blank3_info            = Aksara Seoul ([[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] jeung [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]])
|blank4_name            = Maskot
|blank4_info            = Haéchi
|blank5_name            = Slogan
|blank5_info            = “함께 만드는 서울, 함께 누리는 서울” (Literally &quot;Seoul We Create Together, Seoul We Enjoy Together&quot;)
|blank6_name            = Lagu
|blank6_info            = &quot;서울의 빛&quot; (&quot;Cahya Seoul&quot;)
|blank7_name            = Tangkal
|blank7_info            = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]]
|website                = [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ seoul.go.kr]
|footnotes              =
}}
'''Séoul''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|s|oʊ|l}}; {{IPA-ko|sʰʌ.ul|lang|ko-Seoul.ogg}})&lt;!--please do not repeat info already in infobox, e.g. Korean: 서울특별시--&gt;&amp;nbsp;– resmina '''Kota Istiméwa Séoul'''&amp;nbsp; – mangrupa ibu kota tur [[métropolis]] panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]], nu mangrupa jajantung [[Wewengkon Ibukota Seoul]], kaasup sabudeureun métropolis [[Incheon]] jeung propinsi [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]], [[Daptar wewengkon métropolitan dumasar populasi|wewengkon métropolitan kadua panggedéna]] sadunya kalayan 25.6&amp;nbsp;yuta urang pangeusi.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.moj.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_03/ShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0097&amp;strWrtNo=167&amp;strAnsNo=A&amp;strFilePath=moj/&amp;strRtnURL=MOJ_40402000&amp;strOrgGbnCd=104000&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupa tempat leuwih ti satengahna pangeusi Koréa Kidul kaasup 678,102 warga internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |title=국가통계포털 |publisher=Kosis.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalayan pangeusi leuwih ti 10 yuta, ieu [[kota gedé]] mangrupa [[List of cities proper by population|largest city proper]] di [[OECD]].

Perenahna di [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], sajarah Séoul ti mangsa ka tukang kacida panjangna leuwih ti dua rébu taun ti saprak diadegkeun taun 18 SM ku [[Baékjaé]], salah sahiji tina [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]]. Séoul masih tumuluy jadi ibu kota [[Koréa]] nalika  [[Dinasti Joseon]]. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Seoul]] ngawengku lima [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]]: [[Changdeokgung|Karato Changdeok]], [[Bénténg Hwaseong]], [[Jongmyo|Kuil Jongmyo]], [[Namhansanseong]] katut [[Makam Karajaan Dinasti Joseon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr|title=Lists: Republic of Korea |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul dikurilingan ku pagunungan, nu pangluhurna mah [[Bukhansan|Gunung Bukhan]], taman nasional nu panglobana didatangan per suku pasagina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |title=Bukhansan National Park (북한산국립공원) |publisher=English.visitkorea.or.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122447/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |date=2013-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cicirén  modéren  di antarana [[Munara Seoul N]], [[Wangunan 63]] kelir emas, [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza &amp; Park|Dongdaemun Design Plaza]] nu ''neofuturiskik'', [[Lotte World]], taman jejeran jero rohangan panggedéna kadua sadunya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/Seoul-attractions/Lotte-World/d973-a4955 |title=Lotte World – Seoul Attractions |publisher=Viator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Moonlight Rainbow Fountain]], cai mancer sasak pangpanjangna sadunya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/longest-bridge-fountain |title=Longest bridge fountain |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  katut [[Some Sevit|Pulo Ngambang Sevit]]. Minangka tempat lahirna [[K-pop]] katut [[Korean Wave]], Séoul narima leuwih ti 12 yuta turis internasional dina taun 2013,&lt;ref&gt;[http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&amp;lang=eng Seoul Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927051259/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&amp;lang=eng |date=2013-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngajadikeun Séoul minangka [[Pelesir#Indéks Kota Tujuan Global MasterCard|kota ka-10 panglobana didatangan]] sadunya katut ka-6 pangngahasilkeunana dina hal pelesir.&lt;ref&gt;[http://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf MasterCard-Global Destination Cities index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112828/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiwari, Séoul dianggap minangka hiji [[kota global]] nu pinunjul tur ngaronjat, nu dihasilkeun tina hasil ekonomi nu disebut [[Kaahéngan Walungan Han]] nu ngarobah tina karuksakan [[Perang Koréa]] jadi [[Daptar kota dumasar kana GDP|ékonomi métropolitan panggedéna ka-4]] kalayan [[GDP]] US$774 miliar&lt;ref&gt;At [[purchasing power parity]], see [[List of cities by GDP]].&lt;/ref&gt; dina taun 2012 sanggeus [[Tokyo]], [[Kota New York]] katut [[Los Angeles]]. Puseur téhnologi dunya nu pinunjul di [[Gangnam (3 Distrik)|Gangnam]] katut [[Kota Média Digital]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |publisher=theage.com.au |date=2009-06-15 |accessdate=2013-08-07 |location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon Ibu kota Séoul bisa ngagulkeun 15&lt;ref&gt;http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/&lt;/ref&gt; pausahaan [[Fortune Global 500]] saperti [[Samsung]], [[Daptar pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna|pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna]] sadunya, katambah ku [[LG]] jeung [[Grup Otomotif Hyundai Kia|Hyundai-Kia]]. Dina taun 2013, [[Daptar wewengkon di Koréa Kidul dumasar GDP|GDP per kapita (PPP)]] ieu kota nu $39,448 bisa dibandingken jeung [[Perancis]] katut [[Finlandia]]. Réngking kagenep dina [[Kota global|Indéks Kota Daya Global]] sarta kagenep dina [[Indéks Puseur Finansial Global]], ieu métropolis ngadorong pangaruh nu gedé dina urusan global minangka salah sahiji tina lima [[Uni Asosiasi Internasional|tuan rumah konférénsi global]] nu pinunjul.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul meunang réngking katujuh dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]], pangluhurna di Asia tur réngking kadua sadunya dina kategori sosial. Ogé mangrupa tuan rumah pembukaan seni panglobana sadunya per mil pasagina.&lt;ref name=&quot;travel.cnn.com&quot;&gt;http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul mangrupa kota pangkahubungkeunana ku kabel sadunya&lt;ref name=&quot;travel.cnn.com&quot;/&gt; tur réngking kahiji dina kasiapan téhnologi dumasar kana laporan ''Kota Kasempetan'' [[PwC]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Infrastruktur transportasi publikna mangrupa nu pangpadetna sadunya&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418083359/http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tur karéngking minangka nu panghadéna di [[Beulahan Bumi Kalér]] dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212115804/http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf |date=2015-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirojong ku [[karéta gancang]] [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] katut [[Subway Seoul]], jajaring [[Rapid transit|subway]] panggedé sadunya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-metro-and-subway-systems-4144725 |title=The world's longest metro and subway systems |publisher=Railway-technology.com |accessdate=2014-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyayagakeun [[4G LTE]], [[WiFi]] katut [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting|DMB]] dina kandaraan handapeun lemah. Séoul kahubung ku [[AREX]] ka [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]], nu meunang pangajén minangka [[Airports Council International|bandara panghadéna salila salapan taun patuturut (2005–2013)]] sadunya ti [[Airports Council International]].&lt;ref&gt;http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204636/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 |date=2019-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lotte World Tower]], [[pemcakar langit]] ''[[supertall]]'' 556m (1,824&amp;nbsp;ft) kalayan 123 lantéy, diwangun di Séoul nu jadi pangluhurna dina [[OECD]] taun 2015 kalayan galadak observasi katut galeri seni pangluhurna sadunya.&lt;ref name=CTBUH&gt;{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&amp;building_id=88|title=Lotte World Premium Tower|publisher=''[[CTBUH]]''|accessdate=10 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213730/http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&amp;building_id=88 |date=25 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016191654/http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do |date=2014-10-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its [[Lotte Cinema]] houses the world's largest cinema screen.&lt;ref name=&quot;guinnessworldrecords.com&quot;&gt;http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen/&lt;/ref&gt;[[COEX Mall]] Séoul mangrupa mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna di sahandapeun lemah.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20141201_0013328698&amp;cID=10402&amp;pID=10400&lt;/ref&gt; [[Emporis]] nyababkeun ''skyline'' Séoul meunang réngking minangka pangaruh visual pangluhurna kaopat sadunya di antara kota-kota gedé.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]], [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]], [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2002]] jeung [[KTT Seoul G-20 2010]]. [[Jaringan Kota Kréatif|Kota Disain UNESCO]], Séoul dingaranan [[Ibu kota Disain Dunia|Ibu kota Disain Dunia 2010]].

==Étimologi==
{{main|Ngaran Seoul}}
Ieu kota geus kasohor ti jaman baheula kalayan ngaran [[Wiryéseong|Wiryé-seong]] (위례성/{{lang|ko|慰禮城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]]), [[Hanju]] (한주/{{lang|ko|漢州}}, nalika jaman [[Silla]]), [[Namgyeong]] (남경/{{lang|ko|南京}}, nalika jaman [[Goryeo]]), [[Hanseong]] (한성/{{lang|ko|漢城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]] jeung jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), [[Hanyang]] (한양/{{lang|ko|漢陽}}, nalika jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), Gyéongséong (경성/{{lang|ko|京城}}, nalika [[Koréa nalika dijajah Jepang|jaman penjajahan]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul |title=Seoul |year=2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=6 September 2009|quote=The city was popularly called Seoul in Korean during both the [[Chosŏn]] (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) and the period of Japanese rule (1910–45), although the official names in those periods were [[Hansŏng]] (Hanseong) and [[Kyŏngsŏng]] (Gyeongseong), respectively.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaran nu kiwari mah asalna tina kecap [[basa Koréa]] nu hartina &quot;ibu kota,&quot; nu dipercaya diturunkeun tina kecap ''Seorabeol'' (서라벌/{{lang|ko|徐羅伐}}), nu asalna nujul kana [[Gyeongju]], ibu kota [[Silla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |title=yahoo |publisher=Uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107185557/http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |date=2007-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul boga loba ngaran tangtu aya alesanana. Nalika dijajah ku Jepang, &quot;Hanseong&quot; (漢城) diganti ngaran ku &quot;Gyeongseong&quot; (京城) sangkan teu patukeur jeung karakter &quot;{{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}}&quot; sabab nujul ogé ka urang China. Dina kanyataanana mah, ngaran kuna Séoul, Hanséong {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} asalna boga harti &quot;Gedé&quot; atawa &quot;Lega&quot;. Pamaréntah Jepang mutuskeun pikeun nganti ieu karakter ti {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} jadi {{lang|ko|{{linktext|京}}}} sangkan rahayat henteu saralah nganggap yén Séoul boga hubungan jeung urang China.

Henteu kawas lolobana ngaran tempat di Koréa, &quot;Seoul&quot; mah henteu boga [[hanja]] ([[karakter China]] nu dipaké dina [[basa Koréa]]). Dina tanggal 18 Januari 2005, pamaréntah Séoul sacara resmi ngaganti ngaran basa China resmina ku ''Shou'er'' ({{zh|s=首尔|t=首爾|p=shǒu'ěr}}) tina Hancheng ({{zh|t=漢城|s=汉城|p=hànchéng}}), nu tuluy jadi henteu pati ilahar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&amp;mid=sec&amp;sid1=104&amp;oid=022&amp;aid=0000126138 |script-title=ko:서울특별시표기 ''首爾''로...중국, 곧 정식 사용키로 :: 네이버 뉴스 |language= ko |publisher=News.naver.com |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/20/content_410881.htm |title='Seoul' morphs into Chinese 'Shouer' |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2005-01-20 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |title=goodcharacters.com |publisher=goodcharacters.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930195048/http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |date=2018-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
{{Main|Sajarah Seoul}}
{{see also|Gurat wanci Seoul}}
[[File:Donggwol-do.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''[[Donggwoldo]]'', lukisan pemandangan Changdeokgung]]
Pakampungan di wewengkon [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], tempat perenahna Séoul kiwari, geus mimiti ditempatan ti kira-kira taun 4000 SM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024|title=Seoul|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul munggaran kacatet minangka Wiryeséong, ibu kota [[Baékjé]] (ngadeg taun 18 SM) di béh kalér wétan wewengkon Séoul.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Aya sababaraha pinding dayeuh nu nyésa di ieu wewengkon nu nuduhkeun tanggal harita. [[Pungnaptoseong]], pinding béh wétan di saluareun Séoul, dipercaya ku balaréa minangka loka Wiryeéséong utama.&lt;ref name=&quot;toseong&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m&amp;p=02&amp;menu=0004003002017&amp;art_id=535&amp;searchLoca&amp;searchTheme=0002000001003&amp;flag&amp;searchType|title=Pungnap-toseong (Earthen Ramparts)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005911/http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m&amp;p=02&amp;menu=0004003002017&amp;art_id=535&amp;searchLoca&amp;searchTheme=0002000001003&amp;flag&amp;searchType |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alatan Tilu Karajaan marebutkeun wewengkon nu stratégis ieu, kadali pindah ti Baékjé ka [[Goguryeo]] dina abad ka-5, sarta ti Goguryéo ka [[Silla]] dina abad ka-6.

Dina abad ka-11 [[Goryeo]], nu ngaganti [[Silla Ngahiji]], ngawangun hiji karaton usum panas di Séoul, nu dianggap &quot;Ibu kota Kidul&quot;. Ti saprak harita, Séoul jadi hiji panganjrekan nu beuki leuwih lega.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;
Nalika [[Joseon]] ngaganti Goryéo, ieu ibu kota pindah ka Séoul (katelah ogé Hanyang sarta satuluyna Hanséong), nu tumuluy nepi ka runtagna ieu dinasti. [[Gyeongbokgung|Karaton Gyeongbok]], nu diwangun dina abad ka-14, dipidangkeun minangka panyicingan karajaan tepi ka taun 1592. Karaton gedé lianna, [[Changdeokgung]], diwangun taun 1405, dipidangkeun minangka karaton karajaan utama ti taun 1611 tepi ka 1872.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Tadina mah ieu kota téh sagemblengna dikurilingan ku [[Pinding bénténg Seoul|pinding batu]] pikeun ngamankeun wargana tina sato galak, nu maling katut serangan ti luar. Ieu kota tuluy tuwuh ka saluareun éta pinding tur sok sanajan pindingna geus euweuh ogé (kajaba di sapanjang Gunung Bugaksan (북악산), di béh kalér wewengkon puseur dayeuh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818|title=Bugaksan Mountain|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062015/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;), gapurana mah nyésa kénéh di deukeuteun tengah kota Séoul, kaasup Sungnyémun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Namdaémun]]) katut Honginjimun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Dongdaémun]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5781/|title=Seoul City Wall|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila dinasti Joséon, ieu gapura dibuka jeung ditutup unggal poé, dibarengan ku sora loncéng gedé di [[Munara loncéng (arsitéktur)|munara]] [[Bosingak]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135|title=Bosingak Belfry|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062012/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dina abad ka-19 ahir, sanggeus ratusan taun kaisolasi, Séoul muka gapurana keur urang deungeun tur mimiti dimodérenkeun. Séoul jadi dayeuh munggaran di Asia Wétan nu ngawanohkeun listrik di karaton karajaan, diwangun ku [[Edison Illuminating Company]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf|title=Early History of Electrical Engineering in Korea: Edison and First Electric Lighting in the Kingdom of Corea|author=Nam Moon Hyon|work=Promoting the History of EE Jan 23–26, 2000|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; tur sapuluh taun sanggeusna Séoul nerapkeun ogé lampu jalan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Korea|author=Kyung Moon Hwang|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=142|year=2010|isbn=9780230364523}}&lt;/ref&gt;

lolobana kamekaran Séoul nyaéta alatan perdagangan jeung nagara deungeun kayaning [[Perancis]] katut [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Contona baé, [[Seoul Electric Company]], Séoul Electric Trolley Company, and Séoul Fresh Spring Water Company kabéhanana mangrupa pausahaan nu dipiboga babarengan ku Koréa katut Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=3h080YYhS3QC|title=Korea under Siege, 1876–1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation|author=Young-Iob Chung|page=70|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780198039662}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1904, salah saurang urang Amérika nu ngaranna Angus Hamilton ngadatangan ieu dayeuh tur nyarita, &quot;Jalan di Seoul mah haradé, lalega, bareresih, pikatajieun tur saluran caina ogé ogé hadé. Lajur nu hareureut jeung kotor geus dilegaan, solokanana geus ditutup, atuh jalan rayana ogé geus dilalegaan. Seoul téh geus kairong bakal jadi dayeuh panghadéna, pangpikatajieun, jeung pangberesihna di wewengkon Wétan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=LR8svgdNOAYC&amp;pg=PT123&amp;lpg=PT123&amp;dq=The+streets+of+Seoul+are+magnificent,+spacious,+clean,+admirably+made+and+well-drained&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=RK26xBMz3b&amp;sig=TTDRAs3pIqejESGp1T2J1QoS-84&amp;hl=hu&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ob70UpPxNMOihgfyr4HACg&amp;ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=The%20streets%20of%20Seoul%20are%20magnificent%2C%20spacious%2C%20clean%2C%20admirably%20made%20and%20well-drained&amp;f=false|author=[[Bruce Cumings]]|title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393347531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus [[Perjangjuan Anéksasi Jepang-Koréa|perjangjian anéksasi]] dina taun 1910, [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] ngajajah Koréa sarta ngaganti ngarang ieu dayeuh jadi [[Gyeongseong]] (&quot;Kyongsong&quot; dina basa Cina atawa &quot;Kéijo&quot; dina basa Jepang). Téhnologi Jepang diimpor, pinding dayeuh dipiceun, sababaraha gapura diancurkeun. Jalan diubinan sarta wangunan gaya Kulon diwangun. Ieu dayeuh diliberalisasi dina mangsa ahir [[Perang Dunya II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1945 mah ieu dayeuh téh resmi dingarangan Séoul tur diputuskeun minangka [[Kota istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|kota istiméwa]] taun 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Salila [[Perang Koréa]], sababaraha kali Séoul pundah-pindah leungeun antara angkatan bersenjata Koréa Kalér nu dibéking ku Rusia/Cina, jeung Koréa Kidul nu dibéking ku Amérika Sarikat, nu nyababkeun ieu dayeuh ruksak parna sanggeusna perang. Ibu kota sawatara waktu mah dipindahkeun heula ka [[Busan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Ceuk salah sahiji perkiraan ngeunaan kaayaan ruksakna Séoul mah, sahanteuna 191.000 wangunan, 55.000 imah, katut 1.000 pabrik rata jeung taneuh. Katambah deui, banjir pangungsi geus asup ka Seul nalika perang, nyababkeun kamekaran jumlah pangeusi ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon mtropolitanana  nepikeun ka kurang leuwih 1.5 yuta jiwa taun 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;hamnett&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ|title=Planning Asian Cities: Risks and Resilience|page=159|publisher=Routledge|year= 2012|editor=Stephen Hamnett, Dean Forbes|isbn= 9781136639272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeusna perang, Séoul mimiti fokus kana ngarékonstruksi jeung ngamodérnisasi. Alatan [[Kaajaiban Walungan Han|ékonomi Koréa mimiti tuwuh kacida rongkahna]] ti saprak taun 1960-an, urbanisasi ogé beuki gancang sarta para pagawé mimiti narempatan Séoul katut dayeuh gedéliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;hamnett&quot; /&gt; Ti taun 1970-an, ukuran wewengkon administratif Séoul beuki ngalegaan pisan alatan nyokot sababaraha kota leutik katut désa ti sababaraha county sabudeureunana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==|title=Urban Planning of Seoul|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|format=PDF|year=2009|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042517/http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA== |date=2016-01-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana data sénsus taun 2012, populasi wewengkon Séoul geus kira-kira 20% tina total populasi Koréa Kidul,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korea-at-a-Glance/Facts-about-Korea|title=Facts about Korea|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul geus ngajadi puseurna ékonomi, pulitik katut budaya di ieu nagara,&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; kalayan sababaraha pausahaan [[Fortune 500]], kaasup [[Samsung]], [[SK Holdings]], [[Hyundai]], [[POSCO]] katut [[LG Group]] nu kantor puseurna di dinya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html|title=GLOBAL 500|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=2014-02-07|date=2012-07-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023118/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html |date=2014-04-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]] sajaba ti mangrupa salah sahiji tempat [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|Piala Dunya Maén Bal 2002]].

==Géografi==
[[File:Hangang Railway Bridge.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]]]]
Séoul perenahna di béh kalér kulon Koréa Kidul. Legana 605,25&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;seoul1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412|title=Seoul Statistics (Land Area)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=24 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalayan radius kurang leuwih {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}, nu sacara gurat badag kabagi jadi wewengkon kalér jeung kidul nu dipisahkeun ku  Walungan Han. Ieu walungan katut wewengkon sabudeureunana boga pancén nu kacida pentingna dina sajarah Koréa. Tilu Karajaan Koréa kacida merjuangkeun pikeun bisa ngadalikeun ieu lemah, sabab ieu walungan mangsa harita mah dipaké keur jalur dagang ka Cina (ngaliwatan [[Laut Konéng]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=10833&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0004003002015&amp;p=03|title=Brief History of Hangang (River)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612131834/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m=0004003002015&amp;p=03&amp;art_id=10833&amp;lang=en |date=2010-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu walungan kiwari henteu bisa dipaké deui keur balayar alatan [[muhara]]na aya dina wates antara dua Koréa nu henteu beunang sagawayah jelema sipil bisa larsup. Ieu dayeuh diwatesan ku dalapan gunung, kaasup lemah pangluhurna dina daratan Walungan Han jeung wewengkon béh kulon.

===Iklim===
{{Main|Iklim Seoul}}
{{climate chart
| Seoul
|- 6|2|21
|- 3|5|25
|2|10|47
|8|18|65
|13|23|106
|18|27|133
|22|29|395
|22|30|364
|17|26|169
|10|20|52
|3|12|53
|- 3|4|22
|float=right
|clear=none
|units=metric}}
Séoul boga iklim transisional [[buana beueus]]/[[subtropis beueus|subtropis]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Dwa/Cwa''), kalayan karakteristik iklim di antara duanana. Salila bulan Nopémber–Méi, iklim Séoul leuwih deukuet kana iklim buana (kontinén) sedengkeun nalika usum panas mah, iklim di ditu kawas iklim subtropis nu ngandung unsur iklim baseuh/garing tropis. Usum panas mah ilaharna panas jeung beueus, dibarung ku [[angin muson Asia Wétan]] ti Juni tepi ka Séptémber. Sedengkeun kira-kira bulan Agustus mah, nu mangrupa bulan pangpanasna, boga suhu rata-rata {{convert|22.4|to|29.6|C|F|0}} malahan mah bisa jadi leuwih ti éta. Dina usum tiis mah mindeng kacida nyecep tepi ka bekuna kalayan suhu rata-rata dina bulan Januari tepikeun ka {{convert|-5.9|to|1.5|C|F|1}} sarta ilaharna leuwih garing ti batan nalika usum panas, kalayan rata-rata 28 poé saljuan unggal taunna. Kadang-kadang, hawa turun kacida dramatisna tepi ka sahandapeun {{convert|-10.0|C|F|}}, malah bisa nepikeun ka {{convert|-15.0|C|F|}} sanajan arang ogé, nyaéta nalika mangsa tengah usum tiis antara Januari jeung Pébruari.

{{Seoul weatherbox}}

==Distrik administratif==
{{Main|Daptar distrik di Seoul}}
[[File:Flag of Seoul (1946–1996).svg|thumb|right|[[Bandéra]] Seoul (1947–1996)]]
[[File:01-00-seoul-en.svg|thumb|400px|Distrik Seoul]]
Séoul kabagi jadi 25 ''[[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul#Gu (Distrik)|gu]]'' (구; {{linktext|區}}) (distrik).&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Districts&quot;/&gt; ''Gu'' béda-béda legana (ti 10 tepi ka 47&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) katut populasina (ti leuwih saeutik ti 140,000 tepikeun ka 630,000). Songpa boga jumlah warga nu panglobana, sedengkeun Séocho mah wewengkonna panglegana. Pamaréntahan unggal gu nyekel loba fungsi nu dicekel ogé ku pamaréntahan kota di yurisdiksi lianna. Unggal ''gu'' kabagi jadi &quot;''[[Dong (lingkungan)|dong]]''&quot; (동; {{linktext|洞}}) atawa lingkungan. Sababaraha gu ukur boga saeutik dong sedengkeun lianna saperti Distrik Jongno mah jumlah lingkunganana kacida lobana. Gu di Séoul ngawengku 423 dong administratif (행정동).&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Districts&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |accessdate=2014-02-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212612/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |date=2014-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dong'' kabagi deui jadi 13,787 ''tong'' (통; {{linktext|統}}), nu satuluyna kabagi deui jadi 102,796 ''ban''.
{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Distrik Dobong]] (도봉구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|道|峰|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] (동대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|東|大|門|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Dongjak]] (동작구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|銅|雀|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] (은평구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|恩|平|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangbuk]] (강북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|北|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangdong]] (강동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|東|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangnam]] (강남구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|南|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|西|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Geumcheon]] (금천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|衿|川|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Guro, Seoul|Distrik Guro]] (구로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|九|老|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gwanak]] (관악구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|冠|岳|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gwangjin]] (광진구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|廣|津|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Jongno]] (종로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|鍾|路|區}}}})
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] (중구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Jungnang]] (중랑구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|浪|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Mapo]] (마포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|麻|浦|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Nowon]] (노원구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|蘆|原|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seocho]] (서초구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|瑞|草|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seodaémun]] (서대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|西|大|門|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seongbuk]] (성북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|北|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seongdong]] (성동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|東|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Songpa]] (송파구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|松|坡|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yangcheon]] (양천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|陽|川|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] (영등포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|永|登|浦|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yongsan]] (용산구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|山|區}}}})
|}

==Démografi==

Proper Séoul kasohor ku [[kapadetan populasi]]na, nu ampir dua kalieun [[Kota New York|New York]] sarta dalapan kalieun [[Roma]]. Wewengkon métropolitanana mangrupa nu pangpadetna di Asia taun 2012 dumasar kana [[OECD]], tur kadua di dunya sanggeus [[Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal= OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|publisher= OECD Publishing|doi= 10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|accessdate=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampir sakabéhna warga Séoul nyaéta [[urang Koréa]], kalayan saeutik [[urang Cina]], [[urang Jepang]], katut minoritas [[ékspatriat]]. Dina bulan Désémber 2013, populasina 10.14 yuta,&lt;ref name=&quot;chosunpop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=2014-02-16|date=2014-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; taun 2012, populasina 10,442,426.&lt;ref name=&quot;seoul2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 March 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1 |date=19 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahir Juni 2011, 10.29 yuta warga Républik Koréa cicing di ieu kota. Turun .24% dbandingkeun ahir 2010. Populasi Séoul terus turun ti awal 1990-an, sabab cicing di Séoul mah mahal, katambah ku ngolotanana populasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chosunpop&quot; /&gt;

Jumlah urang asing nu nganjrek di Séoul nyaéta 255,501 urang dina taun 2010 dumasar kana sumber resmi Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news   |last=Park  |first=Chung-a  |title=Foreign population in Seoul continue to dwindle  |publisher=Korea Times  |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/07/113_66455.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Juni 2011, 281,780 urang deungeun nganjrek di Séoul. Di antara eta, 186,631 urang deungeun (66%) mangrupa warga [[urang Cina]] ti karuhun urang Koréa. Naek 8.84% ti ahir 2010 jeung 12.85% ti Juni 2010. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta warga Cina nu lain suku Koréa; 29,901 di antarana cicing di Séoul. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta 9,999 urang warga Amérika Sarikat nu lain turunan Koréa. Satuluyna nyaéta warga Républik Cina (Taiwan), 8,717 urang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title= Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|publisher= ''[[The Korea Times]]''|date=September 11, 2011|accessdate=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ageman===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ageman di Seoul (2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;2005religionmap&quot;&gt;[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census – Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|label1 = Teu boga ageman
|value1 = 46.2
|color1 = Gray
|label2 = [[Protestan]]
|value2 = 22.8
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Buda]]
|value3 = 16.8
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = [[Katolik]]
|value4 = 14.2
|color4 = DarkOrchid
}}
Dua ageman utama di Séoul nyaéta [[Kristen di Koréa|Kristen]] jeung [[Buda di Koréa|Buda]]. Ageman lianna kaasup [[Muisme]] (ageman karuhun) katut [[Konghucu]]. Séoul mangrupa tempat jama'ah Kristen panggedéna di dunya, [[Yoido Full Gospel Church]], nu boga anggahota kira-kira 830,000 urang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21532340|title=South Korean mega-churches. For God and country|publisher=Economist|accessdate=2014-02-11|date=2011-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana sénsus taun 2005, tina sakabéh urang Séoul, 39% ngagem [[Kristen]] (22.8% [[Protéstan]] jeung 14.2% [[Garéja Katolik|Katolik]]) jeung 16.8% ngagem [[Buda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2005religionmap&quot;/&gt; 46.2% tina ieu populasi lolobanaana henteu boga ageman atawa ngagem Muisme jeung ageman asli lianna.

==Ékonomi==
[[File:Lotte World.jpg|right|thumbnail|Taman jero wangunan katut mall pangbalanjaan [[Lotte World]]]]
{{See also|Ékonomi Koréa Kidul}}
Séoul mangrupa puseur bisnis katut kauangan di Koréa Kidul. Sanajan legana ukur 0.6 persén tina sakabéh wewengkon daratan nasional, Séoul ngahasilkeun 21 persén tina GDP ieu nagara taun 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp|title=Welcome to KTC|publisher=Lmg.go.kr|archiveurl=http://archive.is/j8rc|archivedate=2012-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227175321/http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp |date=2011-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2008, indéks [[Worldwide Centers of Commerce]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka No.9.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™|publisher=[[MasterCard]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Global Financial Centres Index]] taun 2012 ngadaptar Séoul minangka kota pangkompetitifna ka-6 sadunya sacara finansial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 12|publisher=Z/Yen Group|year=2012|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125707/http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf |date=2014-03-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka nu ka-15 dina daptar &quot;Overall 2025 City Competitiveness&quot; ngeunaan daya saing kota ka hareupna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf|title=Hot Spots 2025: Benchmarking the Future Competitiveness of Cities|publisher=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]|year=2013|accessdate=2014-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109040339/http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf |date=2014-01-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pabrik===
[[File:Gangnam, Seoul, Korea.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kantor puseur Samsung di [[Stasion Gangnam]]]]
Industi pabrik nu tradisional jeung intensif maké karyawan geus sacara tuluy tumuluy diganti ku industri tipeu [[téhnologi informasi]], [[éléktronis]] jeung ''assembly'',&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019|title=Seoul: Economy|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee0i.htm|title=The primacy of Seoul and the capital region|publisher=United Nations University|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; tapi, produksi dahareun jeung inuman mah, kawas percitakan katut penerbitan masih nyésa di antara industri inti.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot; /&gt; Pabrik nu garedé mah kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota, kayaning [[Samsung]], [[LG]], [[Hyundai]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]] katut [[SK Group|SK]]. Pausahaan dahareun jeung inuman nu kasohor kaasup [[Jinro]], nu nyieun inuman alkoholan [[soju]] nu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, geus ngéléhkeun [[vodka]] [[Smirnoff]];&lt;ref name=&quot;bestselling&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/drink/soju-most-sold-drink-world-930177|title=It's official: Jinro soju is the world's best-selling liquor|date=2012-06-12|publisher=CNN Travel|accessdate=2013-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; pabrik bir panglobana ngajual [[Hite Brewery|Hite]] (ngahiji jeung Jinro) jeung [[Oriental Brewery]].&lt;ref name=economist&gt;{{cite news|title=Fiery food, boring beer|url=http://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2013-04-24|date=2012-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu kota ogé mangrupa tempatna raksasa dahareun saperti [[Seoul Milk|Seoul Dairy Cooperative]], [[Grup Nongshim]] katut [[Lotté (konglomerat)|Lotté]].

===Kauangan===

Konséntrasi gegedéan pausahaan-pausahaan internasional kantor puseurna aya di Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global : Cities |publisher=CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |date=2010-05-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Korea Exchange Bank]] ogé kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota. lolobana kantor puseur bank katut [[Korea Exchange]] perenahna di [[Yeouido]] (Pulo Yéoui),&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot; /&gt; nu mindeng disebut &quot;[[Wall Street]] Koréa&quot; tur geus midang minangka puseur finansial ieu kota ti taun 1980-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2914830|title=Neon shines brightly during the bustle on Yeouido stock street|publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=2010-01-05|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Balanja===
{{Main|Balanja di Seoul}}

Pasar grosir katut écéran panggedéna di Koréa Kidul, nyaéta [[Pasar Dongdaémun]], perenahna di Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=662&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0003001005007&amp;p=03|title=Dongdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025740/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=662&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0003001005007&amp;p=03 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Myeongdong]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di puseur dayeuh Séoul kalayan toko kelas panengah tepi ka kelas luhur, butik pakéan katut ''outlét'' mérek internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312|title=Myeong-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215191420/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312 |date=2014-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pasar Namdaémun]] deukeuteunana, nu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Gapura Namdaémun]], mangrupa pasar pangkolotna di Séoul nu kiwari masih dipaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;p=02&amp;art_id=673|title=Namdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021157/https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;p=02&amp;art_id=673 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sinchon-dong, Seoul|Sinchon]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan nu disadiakeun keur nonoman katut mahasiswa universitas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043|title=Sinchon Street, full of energy|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133248/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Insadong]] mah mangrupa pasar seni budaya di Séoul, tempat di mana karya seni Koréa tradisional katut modéren, saperti lukisan, ukiran katut kaligrafi dijual.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp|title=Insa-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073234/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp |date=2014-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pasar loak Hwanghak-dong]] katut Pasar antik Janganpyéong ogé nawarkeun barang antik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&amp;category=&amp;areaCode=&amp;recommCid=257325&amp;cid=273747|title=Hwanghak-dong Flea Market|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135206/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&amp;category=&amp;areaCode=&amp;recommCid=257325&amp;cid=273747 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php|title=Antique Markets|publisher=Seoul Matropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008074320/http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php |date=2010-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha toko keur parancang lokal geus dibuka di [[Samcheong-dong]], tempat perenahna sababaraha galeri seni laleutik. [[Itaéwon]] utamana sadia keur turis deungeun katut soldadu Amérika nu boga basis di ieu dayeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT Itaewon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/02/203_130484.html|title=Itaewon: Going Gangnam Style?|publisher=The Korea Times|date=2013-02-14|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Distrik Gangnam]] mangrupa wewengkon pangmakmurna di Séoul&lt;ref name=&quot;KT Itaewon&quot; /&gt; tur kasohor ku wewengkon [[Apgujeong-dong]] katut [[Cheongdam-dong]] sarta [[COEX Mall]] nu modéren. Pasar grosir di antarana [[Pasar Grosir Lauk Noryangjin]] katut [[Pasar Garak]]. [[Pasar Éléktronik Yongsan]] mangrupa pasar éléktronik panggedéna di Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&amp;current_page&amp;No=24205|title=Yongsan Electronics Market, Asia’s largest IT shopping mall|publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS World]]|date=2011-03-01|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221060206/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&amp;current_page&amp;No=24205 |date=2014-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Times Square (Seoul)|Times Square]] mangrupa salah sahiji mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna nu ngagulkeun [[CJ CGV|Starium CGV]], layar bioskop permanén panggedéna di dunya, [[film 35mm|35 mm]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen |title=Largest Permanent 35mm Cinema Screen |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Arsitéktur==
{{See also|Arsitéktur Koréa Kidul}}
{{wide image|Seoul Panorama from Namhansanseong..jpg|1600px|&lt;center&gt;Panorama Seoul ti Namhansanseong&lt;/center&gt;}}
[[File:Namdaemun Buildings.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sungnyémun]]]]
Jajantung tradisional Séoul nyaéta dayeuh kolot [[Dinasti Joseon]], nu kiwari jadi wewengkon puseur karaméan, nu mana di éta wewengkon ngumpul karaton, kantor pamaréntahan, kantor puseur pausahaan, hotél, katut pasar tradisional. [[Cheonggyécheon]], wahangan nu ngamalir ti kulon ka wétan ngaliwatan léngkob saméméh tuluy ngamuhara ka [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], keur sababaraha taun mah katutupan ku beton, tapi ahirna dibalikkeun deui ngaliwatan proyék kabangkitan kota taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750|title=Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon Stream symbolizes Korea’s past, present and tomorrow|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142757/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jalan [[Jongno]], nu hartina &quot;Jalan Loncéng,&quot; geus mangrupa hiji jalan utama tur salah sahiji jalan komérsil pangbiharina di ieu dayeuh,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC|title=The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms|editor=Vinayak Bharne |page=59|publisher=Routledge|year= 2013|isbn=9780415525978}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html|title=Jongno walk|date=2010-06-24 |publisher=The Korea Times|author=Andrei Lankov |accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu mana di dinya bisa kapanggih [[Bosingak]], hiji paviliun nu eusina loncéng gedé. Éta loncéng nyirénan wanci nu béda-béda sapanjang poé tur ngaadalikeun opat gapura ka ieu dayeuh. Di béh kaléreun puseur karaméan aya [[Gunung Bukhan]], tur di kiduleunana aya [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]] nu leuwih leutik. Tuluy ka béh kidul aya pipir dayeuh nu geus kolot, nyaéta [[Distrik Yongsan]] jeung [[Distrik Mapo]]. Sapanjang Walungan Han aya wewengkon nu leuwih anyar jeung makmur nyaéta [[Distrik Gangnam]], [[Distrik Seocho]] katut wewengkon sabudeureunana.

===Arsitéktur dumasar sajarah===
[[File:Gyeongbok-gung palace-05 (xndr).jpg|left|thumb|[[Gyeongbokgung]]]]
[[File:Changdeokgung-Injeongjeon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Changdeokgung]], salah sahiji tina lima karaton di Koréa, nyaéta hiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].]]
Séoul mibanda sababaraha tempat penting sacara sajarah katut budaya. Di [[Amsa-dong|Loka Pamukiman Prasajarah Amsa-dong]], [[Distrik Gangdong]], sésa-sésa néolitikum kakali jeung teu kahaja katimu alatan banjir taun 1925.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |title=Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |accessdate=2014-02-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135311/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Perencanaan urban jeung sipil mangrupa konsép utama nalika Séoul mimiti dirarancang keur ngajadi ibu kota dina ahir abad ka-14. [[Dinasti Joseon]] ngawangun &quot;Lima Karaton Agung&quot; di Séoul – [[Changdeokgung]], [[Changgyeonggung]], [[Deoksugung]], [[Gyeongbokgung]] katut [[Gyeonghuigung]] – sakabéhna aya di [[Distrik Jongno]] jeung [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]. Di antara sakabéh éta, Changdéokgung asup kana Daptar [[Warisan Dunya]] UNESCO taun 1997 minangka &quot;conto rarancang arsitéktur karaton katut taman di Wétan Jauh nu pinunjul&quot;. Karaton utama mah, nyaéta [[Gyeongbokgung]], keur ngalaman proyék réstorasi gegedéan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&amp;dep2=1|title=About the Palace|publisher=Gyeongbokgung Palace|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu karaton-karaton téh dianggap arsitéktur percontoan tina mangsa Joséon. Di sagédéngeun karaton, [[Unhyeongung]] kasohor minangka tempat cicingna Bupati [[Daéwongun]], bapana [[Kaisar Gojong]] dina ahir Dinasti Joséon.

[[File:Deoksugung-02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deoksugung]] nalika usum gugur]]
Séoul dikurilingan ku pinding nu diwangun keur ngatur singsaha waé nu baris nganjang ti wewengkon séjén sarta pikeun ngajaga dayeuh tina serangan musuh. [[Pungnap Toseong]] mangrupa hiji pinding taneuh rata nu diwangun dina juru Walungan Han nu dipercaya ku balaréa minangka mandalana [[Wiryéseong]]. Ari [[Mongchontoseong|Mongchon Toseong]] (몽촌토성; 蒙村土城) mah nyaéta pinding taneuh liana nu diwangun nalika mangsa [[Baékjé]] nu kiwari perenahna di sajeroeun [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toseong&quot; /&gt; [[Bénténg Seoul]] diwangun dina mangsa Dinasti Joséon munggaran keur ngajaga ieu dayeuh. Sanggeus sababaraha abad ruksak jeung diwangun deui, kiwari nyésa kurang leuwih 2/3-na, kaasup genep tina [[Dalapan Gapura di Seoul|dalapan gapura]] nu asli. Gapura-gapura ieu kaasup [[Sungnyémun]] jeung [[Heunginjimun]], nu kiwari ilaharna disebut Namdaémun (Gapura Gedé Kidul) jeung Dongdaémun (Gapura Gedé Wétan). Namdaémun mangrupa gapura kai pangkolotna tepikeun ka kajadian aya nu ngaduruk taun 2008, tur kiwari dibuka deui sanggeu réstorasina réngsé taun 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sungnyemun to open to great fanfare after more than five years of renovation|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738|accessdate=1 May 2013|publisher=The Korea Herald|date=30 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di deukeuteun ieu gapura aya pasar tradisional katut puseur pangbalanjaan panggedéna, [[Pasar Namdaémun]] jeung [[Pasar Dongdaémun]].

Aya ogé loba wangunan nu dijieun kalayan gaya mancanagara dina ahir abad ka-19, awal abad ka-20. [[Gapura Kamerdikaan]] diwangun taun 1897 keur méré ilham ngeunaan pentingna boga sumanget kamerdikaan. [[Stasion Seoul]] dibuka taun 1900 minangka Stasion Gyéongséong.

===Arsitektur moderen===
[[File:Lotte World Tower under construction on January 2015.png|thumb|right|[[Mall Lotte World]] dibuka taun 2014 kalayan bioskop panggedéna&lt;ref name=&quot;guinnessworldrecords.com&quot;/&gt; katut [[Munara Lotte World]] [[superluhur]] 123 lantéy nu baris dibuka taun 2016 kalayan galadak observasi pangluhurna sadunya.]]
Mangrupa-rupa [[wangunan kantor]] katut wangunan panyicingan nu laluhur, saperti Gangnam Finance Center, [[Tower Palace]], [[N Seoul Tower]] katut [[Jongno|Jongno Tower]], ngadominasi langit ieu dayeuh. Saruntuyan wangunan luhur anyar keur diwangun, kaasup [[Munara Lotte World]], nu direncanakeun baris réngsé taun 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/11/18/seoul-helicopter-crash-raises-fears-over-new-skyscraper/|title=Seoul Helicopter Crash Raises Fears Over New Skyscraper|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Fébruari 2014 mah, [[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Seoul|wangunan pangluhurna di ieu kota]] téh nyaéta [[Three International Finance Center]] nu luhurna 279m.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-seoul-southkorea|title=Seoul's tallest buildings – Top 20|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[World Trade Center Seoul]], nu perenahna di [[Distrik Gangnam]], mangrupa tuan rumah sababaraha paméran katut konférénsi. Di Distrik Gangnam aya ogé [[COEX Mall]], nu mangrupa komplék pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di jero rohangan nu kacida gedéna. Ka hilirkeun ti Distrik Gangnam aya [[Yeouido]], hiji pulo nu jadi tempat Déwan Nasional, studio siaran gedé, katut sajumlah gedé wangunan kantor gedé, kayaning Koréa Finance Building katut [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]]. [[Stadion Olimpiade (Seoul)|Stadion Olompiade]], [[Taman Olompiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]], katut [[Lotte World]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]], di sisi béh kidul Walunga Han, naék ti Distrik  Gangnam. Dua cicirén modéren Séoul nu anyar nyaéta [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza &amp; Park]], nu dirancang ku [[Zaha Hadid]], katut [[Balé Kota Seoul]], ku [[Yoo Kerl]] ti [[iArc]].

Dina taun 2010 Séoul ditunjuk jadi [[Ibu kota Disain Dunya]] keur taun harita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-02-27/the-seoul-of-world-designbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|title=The Seoul of World Design|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2014-02-12|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Budaya==

===Téhnologi===

Séoul boga [[infrastruktur]] nu maju sacara téhnologi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697|title=KOREA: Future is now for Korean info-tech|publisher=Regents of the University of California|work=AsiaMedia|date=14 June 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160036/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697 |date=13 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |work=The Age |date= 18 June 2007|location=Melbourne, Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boga pénétrasi [[pita lega]] [[serat kaca]] pangluhurna sadunya, nu ngahasilkeun konéksi internét panggancangna sadunya tepi ka 1 [[Gbps]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |title=Hi Seoul, SOUL OF ASIA – Seoul Located In the Center of Asian Metropolises |publisher=English.seoul.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813063824/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |date=2013-08-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/technology/22iht-broadband22.html | work=The New York Times | first=Mark | last=McDonald | title=South Korea Seeks Internet Speed of 1 Gigabit a Second | date=2011-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul nyadiakeun aksés [[Wi-Fi]] gratis di luar rohangan. Proyék 47.7&amp;nbsp;miliar won ($44&amp;nbsp;yuta) ieu baris méré aksés keur warga katut nu ngaranjang di 10.430 taman, jalan katut patempatan publik lianna taun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom Wifi in All Public Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623182554/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom |date=2011-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Musieum===
{{Main|Daptar musieum di Seoul}}
[[File:National Museum of Korea (4).jpg|thumb|[[Musieum Nasional Koréa]]]]

Di Séoul aya 115 musieum,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&amp;lang=eng|title=Status of Museum|accessdate=2014-09-18|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123740/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&amp;lang=eng |date=2014-09-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup di antarana tilu musieum nasional katut salapan musieum kota. [[Musieum Nasional Koréa]] mangrupa musieum nu henteu ukur ngawakilan Séoul, tapi ogé ngawakilan sakabéh [[Koréa Kidul]]. Ti saprak ngadeg taun 1945, ieu musieum geus ngawangun koléksi mangrupa 220,000 artefak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516|title=Seoul's best museums|date=2011-10-27|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=2013-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Oktober 2005, ieu musieum pindah ka wangunan anyar di Taman Kulawarga Yongsan. [[National Folk Museum of Korea|National Folk Museum]] perenahna di dadasar [[Karaton]] [[Gyeongbokgung]] di Distrik Jongno District tur maké réplika obyék sajarah pikeun ngilustrasikeun sajarah bangsa Koréa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152|title=National Folk Museum of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225730/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152 |date=2014-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] jeung [[Namsangol Hanok Village]] mangrupa wewengkon panganjrekan heubeul nu ngandung imah, taman katut musieum tradisional Koréa [[hanok]] nu méré kasempetan keur turis pikeun ngarasakeun budaya Koréa tradisional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116|title=Namsangol Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013656/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116 |date=2014-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382|title=Bukchon Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192817/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382 |date=2014-09-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tugu Perang (Seoul)|Tugu Perang]], salah sahiji tina salapan musieum kota di Séoul, nawarkeun pangalaman édukasional katut émosional ka nu nganjanganana, ngeunaan rupa-rupa perang nu ngalibetkeun Koréa, kaasup jejer [[Perang Koréa]] themes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html|title=Seoul: 10 Things to Do|publisher=[[Time magazine]]|accessdate=2014-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131|title=The War Memorial of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214704/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131 |date=2015-02-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pangbuian Seodaémun]] mangrupa hiji urut pangbuian nu diwangun salila penjajahan Jepang, tur kiwari dipaké keur musieum sajarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143|title=Seodaemun Prison History Museum|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201044/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143 |date=2014-06-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Folk Museum of Korea.jpg|left|thumb|[[Musieum Rahayat Nasional Koréa]].]]
[[Musieum Seni Seoul]] katut [[Musieum Seni Ilmin]] ngajaga rupa wangunan heubeul nu unik sacara visual tina wangunan luhur tur modéren di sabudeureunana. Saméméhna dioperasikeun ku Déwan Kota Séoul tur boga tempat deukeuteun Karaton Gyéonghuigung, karaton karajaan dinasti Joséon. Keur lolobana jalma nu mikaresep pilem Koréa mah, [[Arsip Pilem Koréa]] ngayakeun Musieum Pilem Koréa jeung Cinematheque KOFA di puseur utamana di [[Digital Media City]](DMC), Sangam-dong. [[Tteok &amp; Kitchen Utensil Museum]] jeung [[Kimchi Field Museum]] nyadiakeun informasi nu patali jeung sajarah kulinér Koréa.

===Monumén ageman===
[[File:Myeongdongchurch.jpg|thumb|[[Katedral Myeongdong]]]]
[[File:Jongmyo-Jeongjeon.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kuil Jongmyo]], salah sahiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]].]]
Aya ogé wangunan rélijius nu boga pancén penting dina masarakat katut pulitik Koréa. Altar [[Wongudan]] mangrupa tempat upacara nalika para pamingpin Koréa ngayakeun ritual kasawargaan ti saprak jaman Tilu Karajaan. Ti saprak [[Dinasti Joseon]] maké [[Konghucu]] minangka idiologi nasional dina abad ka-14, ieu nagara ngawangun loba kelenténg Konghucu. Katurunan kulawarga karajaan Joséon masih neruskeun tradisi dina ngayakeun sérémoni pikeun miéling para karuhun di [[Jongmyo]]. Ieu tempat mangrupa kuil Konghucu karajaan pangkolotna nu jadi cagar tur sérémoni ritualna nuluykeun tradisi nu dijieun dina abad ka-14. [[Munmyo]] katut [[Dongmyo]] diwangun dina mangsa nu sarua. Sok sanajan Buda didedetkeun ku pamaréntahan Joséon, ieu ageman tetep aya. [[Jogyésa]] mangrupa markas gedé [[Ordo Jogyé]] [[Buda Koréa]]. Hwagyésa katut [[Bongeunsa]] ogé mangrupa [[Daptar candi Buda di Seoul|candi Buda di Seoul]] nu gedé.

[[Katedral Myeongdong]] mangrupa cicirén [[Myeongdong]], [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] tur mangrupa garéja Katolik panggedéna nu diwangun taun 1883. Ieu garéja mangrupa lambang Katolik di Koréa. Ogé mangrupa fokus béda pamadegan pulitik taun 1980-an. Dina ieu hal, Garéja Katolik Roma kacida boga pangaruhna ka masarakat Koréa.

Loba ogé garéja Protéstan di Séoul. Nu panglobana mah [[Présbisterian]], tapi loba ogé garéja [[Métodis]], [[Baptis]], katut [[Lutheran]]. [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]] mangrupa garéja  [[Pantékosta]] nu patali jeung [[Majlis Pangéran]] di [[Yeouido]] di Séoul. Kalayan kurang leuwih 830.000 anggahota (2007), ieu téh mangrupa jamaah Kristen Pantékosta panglobana di dunya, nu geus kacatet dina [[Guinness Book of World Records]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

===Féstival===
Dina bulan Oktober 2012 [[KBS Hall]] di Séoul jadi tuan rumah féstival musik internasional rongkah&amp;nbsp;– [[Féstival Lagu ABU 2012|Féstival Lagu TV katut Radio ABU]] munggaran dina raraga Majlis Umum [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] ka-49 General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals 2012|url=http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm|publisher=ESCKAZ.com|accessdate=17 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ABU GA Seoul 2012|url=http://www.abu2012seoul.com/|publisher=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|accessdate=17 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011118/http://www.abu2012seoul.com/ |date=3 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Hi! Seoul Festival]] mangrupa hiji féstival budaya uusuman nu diayakeun opat kali sataun nalika usum semi, usum panas, usum gugur, katut usum tiis di Séoul, [[Koréa Kidul]] ti taun 2003. Ieu féstival dumasar kana &quot;Poé Warga Seoul&quot; nu diayakeun unggal Oktober ti saprak taun 1994 pikeun miéling sajarah 600 taun Séoul minangka ibu kota nagara. Ieu féstival diayakeun ku [[Pamaréntah Métropolitan Seoul]]. Taun 2012, Séoul geus jadi tuan rumah [[Ultra Music Festival]] Koréa, nyaéta féstival musik jeung ibing nu diayakeun dina ahir minggu ka-2 bulan Juni.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.umfkorea.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taman===
{{further|Daptar taman di Seoul}}

[[Namsan (Seoul)|Taman Namsan]] bisa dipaké keur ''hiking'', rékréasi katut ''skyline'' keur ningali pemandangan tengah kota Séoul. [[Munara Seoul N]] perenahna di dieu. [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade Seoul]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]] tur diwangung keur tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas taun 1988. Pagoda 10 tingkat [[Pagoda Wongaksa|Wongaksa]] perenahna di [[Taman Tapgol]], hiji taman publik nu legana {{convert|19599|m²|0|abbr=on}}. Wewengkon sabudeureun wahangan disadiakeun minangka tempat publik keur rélaksasi jeung rékréasi. Wahangan [[Tancheon]] katut wewengkon deukeuteunana dsadiakeun minangka taman nu lega kalayan lajur keur nu laleumpang katut nu sasarapédahan.
[[Cheonggyecheon]], hiji wahangan nu panjangna {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} ngaliwatan tengah kota Séoul, kasohor keur warga Séoul katut turis.
[[File:Seoul-Olympic.Park-01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul]].]]
[[Wewengkon métropolitan]] Séoul ngawengku genep taman gedé, kaasup [[Leuweung Seoul]], nu dibuka dina panengah taun 2005. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Nasional Seoul]] ogé boga [[beubeur héjo]] nu ditujukeun keur nyegah kota tina ''[[Urban sprawl|sprawling]]'' kaluar ka [[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul|Propinsi]] [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] deukeuteunana. Ieu wewengkon mindeng ditéangan ku jalma nu hayang lumpat tina kahirupan urban dina ahir minggu jeung nalika peré.

Séoul ogé mangrupa tempat [[taman hiburan]] jero rohangan panggedéna sadunya, [[Lotte World]]. Puseur pelesir lianna nyaéta stadion Olimpiade jeung [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul|Piala Dunya]] katut alun-alun [[balé kota]].

==Olahraga==
[[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Stadion Olimpiade Seoul]].]]

===Kompetisi internasional===

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Asian Games 2014|2014]], ilaharna katelah [[Asian Games|Asiad]], [[Olimiape Usum Panas 1988|Olimpiade 1988]], jeung [[1988 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]. Jadi tuan rumah ogé keur [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]]. [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul]] jadi tempat pembukaan sarta tanding munggaran.

[[Taékwondo]] mangrupa olah raga nasional Koréa sarta Séoul mangrupa tempat [[Kukkiwon]], markas besar dunya taékwondo, jeung [[Federasi Taékwondo Dunya]].

===Kleub olah raga doméstik===

====Maén bal====
{{Main|Maén bal di Seoul}}
Kleub maén bal pangkasohorna di Séoul nyaéta [[FC Seoul]]. Ieu kleub mangrupa salah sahiji kleub maén bal panghasilna di Asia.&lt;br /&gt; Recently, FC Séoul jadi ''runner-up'' dina [[Liga Champion AFC 2013]].
* '''Maén bal lalaki'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tingkat
! Liga
! Kleub
! Stadion
! Catetan
|-
| Pangluhurna
|[[K League Classic]]
|[[FC Seoul]]
|[[Seoul World Cup Stadium]] (Séoul Kalér)
|
|-
| Ka-2
|[[K League Challenge]]
|[[Seoul E-Land FC]]
|[[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Seoul Olympic Stadium]] (Séoul Kidul)
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Ka-4
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[K3 League]]
|[[Seoul United FC|Seoul United]]
|[[Madeul Stadium]]
|
|-
|[[Seoul FC Martyrs]]
|Gangbuk Public Stadium
|
|-
|[[Jungnang Chorus Mustang FC|Jungnang Chorus Mustang]]
|Jungnang Public Ground
|
|}
* '''Maén bal wanoja'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tingkat
! Liga
! Kleub
! Stadion
| Catetan
|-
| Top
|[[WK-League]]
|[[Seoul Metropolitan Government WFC]]
|[[Hyochang Stadium]], [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Seoul Olympic Auxiliary Stadium]]
|
|-
|}

====Baseball====
Séoul boga tilu kleub baseball profésional dina cekelan [[Korean Baseball Organization|KBO]]: Salah sahiji kleub pangkolotna, [[Doosan Bears]], [[LG Twins]] katut [[Nexen Heroes]].

====Basketball====
* [[Seoul SK Knights]] jeung [[Seoul Samsung Thunders]].

==Transportasi==
{{Main|Transportasi di Seoul}}

Séoul mangrupa salah sahiji dayeuh nu infrastruktur transportasina pangmajuna sadunya nu terus kénéh dimekarkeun. Sistemna dimimitian ti mangsa [[Kamaharajaan Koréa]], nalika réngséna jalur trém munggaran katut jalan raya nu ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung Inchéon. Jalur trém pangpentingna di Séoul sapanjang Jongno diganti ku Jalur 1 sistem subway dina awal 1970-an. Jalan penting lianna di puseur karaméan Séoul kaasup [[Euljiro]], [[Téhéranno]], [[Séjongno]], [[Chungmuro]], Yulgongno, katut Toegyéro. Aya salapan jalur subway gedé nu manjang leuwih ti {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}}, kalayan sajalur tambahan deui nu geus dirarancang. Taun 2010, 25% populasina boga wanci  pulang anting sajam atawa leuwih.

===Beus===
{{Main|Beus Seoul}}
[[File:Seoul Buses.png|right|thumb|Beus Seoul]]
Sistem beus di Séoul dijalankeun ku Pamaréntah Métropolitan Séoul, kalayan opat konfigurasi beus primér énu sayaga keur ngaladénan lolobana tempat di ieu dayeuh. Séoul boga loba terminal antar kota atawa beus gancang nu galedé. Ieu beus ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung kota-kota di Koréa Kidul. Séoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal katut Terminal Nambu Séoul perenahna di [[Distrik Seocho]]. Minangka tambahan, Terminal Beus Séoul Wétan di [[Distrik Gwangjin]] katut Sangbong Terminal Sangbong di [[Distrik Jungnang]] dioperasikeun di béh wétan kota. Pikeun ngurangan polusi udara di wewengkon métropolitan, pamaréntah kota boga rencana pikeun ngarobah leuwih ti tujuh rébu beus nu maké mesin disel ka gas alam taun 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=337462 &quot;Seoul More Enjoyable For a Day&quot;]. Retrieved 30 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Subway===
[[File:Yongsansta09.jpg|thumb|[[Stasion Yongsan]]]]
{{Main|Subway Métropolitan Seoul}}
Séoul boga jajaring subway nu kompréhénsif nu ngahubungkeun unggal distrik di ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. Kalayan leuwih ti 8 yuta panumpang unggal poéna, Séoul boga [[Sistem métro dumasar kana perjalanan panumpang unggal tauna|sistem subway pangsibukna sadunya]]. Subway Métropolitan Séoul sakabéhna boga 19 jalur nu ngaladénan Séoul, Inchéon, propinsi Gyéonggi, propinsi Gangwon béh kulon, katut propinsi Chungnam béh kalér. Minangka tambahan, pikeun nyaluyukeun mangrupa-rupa moda transportasi, pamaréntah métropolitan Séoul ngagawékeun sababaraha urang ahli matématika pikeun ngoordinasikeun subway, beus, katut jadwal lalu lintas jadi tabél wanci. Sababaraha jalur dijalankeun ku [[Korail]], [[Seoul Metro]], [[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]], [[NeoTrans Co. Ltd.]], [[AREX]], katut Séoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.

===Karéta api===
[[File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg|thumb|[[KTX Sancheon]]]]
Séoul kasambungkeun ka unggal kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta. Séoul ogé kasambungkeun ka lolobana kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta gancang [[Korea Train Express|KTX]], nu gancang normalna leuwih ti {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Stasion karéta gedé di antarana:
* [[Stasion Seoul]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Gyéongbu ([[KTX]]/[[Saémaul-ho|Saémaul]]/[[Mugunghwa-ho]]), Jalur Gyéongui (Saémaul/[[Komuter]])
* [[Stasion Yongsan]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Honam (KTX/Saémaul/Mugunghwa), Jalur Jéolla/Janghang  (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)
* [[Stasion Yeongdeungpo]], [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]: Jalur Gyéongbu/Honam/Janghang (Saémaul/Mugunghwa)
* [[Stasion Cheongnyangni (di luhur lemah)|Stasion Cheongnyangni]], [[Distrik Dongdaémun]]: Jalur Gyéongchun/Jungang/Yéongdong/Taebaek (Mugunghwa)

===Bandara===

Dua bandara internasional aya di Séoul. [[Bandara Internasional Gimpo]], saméméhna aya di [[Kota Gimpo|Gimpo]] tapi dicokot ku Séoul taun 1963, geus sababaraha taun (ti saprak konstruksi aslina nalika [[Perang Koréa]]) jadi bandara hiji-hijina nu ngaladénan Séoul. Bandara doméstik lianna ogé diwangun nalika ieu perang, kaasup [[Yeouido]].

Nalika dibuka bulan Maret 2001, [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]] di pulo [[Yeongjong]] di [[Incheon]] ngarobah pancén Bandara Gimpo sacara signifikan. Inchéon kiwari boga tanggung jawab keur ampir sakabéh penerbangan internasional katut sababaraha penerbangan doméstik, sedengkeun Gimpo mah ukur ngaladénan penerbangan doméstik kajaba penerbangan ka [[Bandara Hanéda]] di Tokyo, [[Bandara Internasional Kansai Osaka]], [[Bandara Songshan Taipéi]] di Taipéi, [[Bandara Internasional Hongqiao Shanghai|Bandara Hongqiao]] di Shanghai, katut [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Béijing]] di Béijing. Ku ayana ieu hal, penerbangan ti Bandara Gimpo turun drastis, sok sanajan masih kaasup salah sahiji bandara pangsibukna ogé.

Sedengkeun, Bandara Internasional Inchéon geus jadi puseur transportasi gedé keur Asia Wétan, babarengan jeung [[Bandara Internasional Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].

Inchéon jeung Gimpo kahubungkeun ka Séoul ku jalan raya, tur di antara duanana ku [[Rél Karéta Bandara Internasinal Incheon]], nu nyambung ogé ka Inchéon jalur #1. Gimpo ogé kahubungkeun ku subway (jalur No.&amp;nbsp;5 jeung #9). Rél Karéta Bandara Internasional Inchéon, nu ngahubungkeun ieu bandara sacara langsung ka Stasion Séoul di puseur Séoul, kakara dibuka. Beus ogé mawa panumpang antara bandara Inchéon jeung Gimpo.

==Atikan==
{{further|Atikan di Koréa Kidul|Daptar universitas di Seoul}}

===Universitas===
[[File:SNU gate.jpg|left|thumb|[[Universitas Nasional Seoul]]]]
Séoul mangrupa tempat mayoritas universitas préstisius di Koréa Kidul, kaasup di antarana [[Universitas Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Yonséi]], [[Universitas Koréa]], [[Universitas Sogang]], [[Universitas Sungkyunkwan]], [[Universitas Hanyang]], [[Universitas Chung-Ang]], [[Universitas Dongguk]], [[Universitas Wanoja Éwha]], [[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Hankuk]], [[Universitas Hongik]], [[Universitas Kookmin]], [[Universitas Konkuk]], [[Universitas Kyung Héé]], [[Universitas Kwangwoon]], [[Universitas Atikan Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Soongsil]], [[Universit Wanoja Sookmyung]], katut [[Universitas Seoul]].

===Atikan sekundér===
Atikan diwajibkeun ti kelas 1–10. Murid baris ngaréngsékeun genep taun di sakola dasar, tilu taun di sakola panengah, jeung tilu taun deui di sakola luhur. Sakola sekundér ilaharna nyaratkeun yén muridna maraké seragam. Aya ujian kalulusan sangkan bisa lulus ti sakola luhur sarta loba murid nu baris asup ka tingkat universitas dipénta pikeun nyokot ''[[College Scholastic Ability Test]]'' nu diayakeun unggal Nopémber tapi maranéhanana henteu perlu milu.

Séoul mangrupa tempat [[sakola kajuruan]], kaasup tilu sakola luhur sains ([[Hansung Science High School]], [[Sejong Science High School]] jeung [[Seoul Science High School]]), katut genep sakola luhur basa deungeun ([[Daewon Foreign Language High School]], [[Daeil Foreign Language High School]], [[Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School]], [[Hanyoung Foreign Language High School]], [[Myungduk Foreign Language High School]] jeung [[Seoul Foreign Language High School]]). Kantor Atikan Métropolitan Séoul ngawengku 235 sakola luhur persiapan paguron luhur, 80 sakola magang, 377 sakola panengah, katut 33 sakola atikan husus taun 2009.

==Hubungan mancanagara==
Séoul mangrupa anggota [[Jajaring Kota Gedé 21 di Asia]] katut [[Kelompok Kapamingpinan Iklim Dayeuh C40]].

{{See also|Daptar kota kembar katut kota baraya di Koréa Kidul}}

===Kota kembar – Kota baraya===

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Séoul's [[Kota kembar katut kota baraya]] Séoul di sakuliah dunya:&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archivedate=2012-03-25 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |accessdate=2013-08-23 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |date=2012-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|accessdate=26 January 2008|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |date=10 December 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] (1963)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wQiJ3vBJfvQC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=New Economic Spaces in Asian Cities: From Industrial Restructuring to the Cultural Turn |publisher=Routledge and the Taylor &amp; Francis Group |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |title=Atlas of Tehran Metropolis |publisher=Tehran Municipality |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221306/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |date=2018-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipéi]], [[Taiwan]] (1968)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taipei sisters&quot;&gt;[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Taipei Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} Taipei City Council&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] (1971)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Honolulu]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1973)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1976)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title=Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate=2011-10-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |date=2011-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo WikiSource&quot;&gt;[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] WikiSource {{pt icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogota]], [[Kolombia]] (1982)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] (1984)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
||
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]] (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moskow]], [[Rusia]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]n state (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] (1992)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] (1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]] (1995)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], [[Viétnam]] (1996)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
||
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] (1996)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]] (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roma]], [[Itali]] (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Aténa]], [[Yunan]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMA sister cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|author=International Affairs Division|work=International Affairs Division website|publisher=International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|accessdate=12 September 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list |date=11 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbékistan]] (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
|}

==Tempo ogé==
{{Portal|Koréa}}
* [[Géografi Koréa Kidul]]
* [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]]
* [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Koréa]]
* [[Walikota Seoul]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Tutumbu kaluar==
{{Wiktionary|Seoul}}

===Loka resmi===
{{commons|Seoul}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Metropolitan Government]
* [http://opengov.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Information &amp; Communication Plaza]

===Informasi pelesir katut tempat cicing===
* [http://www.visitseoul.net/ i Tour Seoul]&amp;nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide Site
* [http://www.youtube.com/visitseoul VisitSeoul]&amp;nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide YouTube Channel
* [http://www.theseoulguide.com/ Seoul Travel Guide]&amp;nbsp;– Travel information for visitors to Séoul

====Peta====
* [http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng Seoul Map Browser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126101418/http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng |date=2011-01-26 }} (from Séoul Metropolitan Government web site)
* [http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/station/eng/linemap.action Seoul subway map]

===Poto===
* [http://www.seoulsnapshots.com/ Seoul Snapshots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110182715/http://seoulsnapshots.com/ |date=2016-01-10 }}
* [http://www.lovely-seoul.jimdo.com/ Pictures of Seoul]
* [http://seoulstreetart.com/ Seoul Street Art &amp; Graffiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032809/http://www.seoulstreetart.com/ |date=2015-02-22 }}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of Baekje]]| before=|after=[[Gongju|Ungjin]]|years=18 BC–475 AD}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea]]| before=[[Kaesong|Gaegyeong]]|after=Abolished|years=}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of South Korea]]| before=New creation|after=Incumbent|years=1948–}}
{{S-end}}

{{Navboxes
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|list  =
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[[Kategori:Seoul| ]]
[[Kategori:Ibukota di Asia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabah</title>
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      <text bytes="13558" sha1="n2d0hdd2m86041x3semfo6niiobko0g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Sabah
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        = Saba'
| official_name           = ''Negeri Di Bawah Bayu''&lt;br&gt;(Lemah Handapeun Angin)
| settlement_type         = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Nagara bagean]]
| image_skyline           =
| imagesize               =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =
| image_flag              = Flag of Sabah.svg
| flag_size               =
| flag_alt                =
| image_shield            = Coat of arms of Sabah.svg
| shield_size             =
| shield_alt              =
| motto                   = ''Sabah Maju Jaya''&lt;br /&gt;
| anthem                  = ''[[Sabah Tanah Airku]]''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|Sabah Lemah Cai Kuring}}
| image_map               = Sabah in Malaysia.svg
| mapsize                 =
| map_alt                 =
| map_caption             = '''Sabah''' di '''[[Malaysia]]'''
| latd  = 5 |latm  = 15 |latNS  = N
| longd = 117 |longm = 0 |longEW = E
| coordinates_type        =
| coordinates_display     = title
| subdivision_type        =
| subdivision_name        = Malaysia
| seat_type               = [[Daptar ibukota nasional|Ibukota]]
| seat                    = [[Kota Kinabalu]]
| parts_type              = Babagean
| parts_style             = list
| parts                   =
| p1                      = [[Interior Division|Interior]]
| p2                      = [[Kudat Division|Kudat]]
| p3                      = [[Sandakan Division|Sandakan]]
| p4                      = [[Tawau Division|Tawau]]
| p5                      = [[West Coast Division|West Coast]]
| leader_title            = [[List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]
| leader_name             = [[Juhar Mahiruddin]]
| leader_title1           = [[List of Chief Ministers of Sabah|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1            = [[Musa Aman]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]])
| area_footnotes          =&lt;ref name=&quot;Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127|title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010|publisher=Department of Statistics Malaysia|page=iv|accessdate=24 January 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 &lt;!--Added by H3llBot--&gt;|archivedate=27 December 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708202650/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_magnitude          = 1 E10
| area_total_km2          = 73631
| population_footnotes    =&lt;ref name=&quot;Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010&quot;/&gt;
| population_total        = 3117405
| population_as_of        = 2010
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = Sabahan
| population_note         =
| timezone1               = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset1             = +8
| demographics_type1      = [[Human Development Index]]
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use&lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| demographics1_title1    = HDI (2010)
| demographics1_info1     = 0.643&amp;nbsp;(&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fc0;&quot;&gt;medium&lt;/span&gt;) ([[States and federal territories of Malaysia|14th]])
| postal_code_type        = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 88xxx to 91xxx
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|Calling code]]
| area_code               = 087 &lt;small&gt;(Inner District)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;088 &lt;small&gt;([[Kota Kinabalu]] &amp; [[Kudat]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;089 &lt;small&gt;([[Lahad Datu]], [[Sandakan]] &amp; [[Tawau]])&lt;/small&gt;
| registration_plate      = SA,SAA,SAB &lt;small&gt;([[Kota Kinabalu]] &amp; [[Kota Belud]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;SB &lt;small&gt;([[Beaufort, Sabah|Beaufort]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;SD &lt;small&gt;([[Lahad Datu]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;SK &lt;small&gt;([[Kudat]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;SS &lt;small&gt;([[Sandakan]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;ST &lt;small&gt;([[Tawau]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br&gt;SU &lt;small&gt;([[Keningau]])&lt;/small&gt;
| blank_name_sec1         = Former name
| blank_info_sec1         = [[North Borneo]]
| blank_name_sec2         = [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei Sultanate]]
| blank_info_sec2         = 15th century–1882&lt;ref name=&quot;century&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province|title=How Brunei lost its northern province|author=Rozan Yunos|publisher=[[The Brunei Times]]|date=21 September 2008|accessdate=28 October 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140617040008/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province|archivedate=17 June 2014|deadurl=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617040008/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province |date=17 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Sulu Sultanate|Sulu Sultanate (Eastern Part)]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = 1658–1882
| blank2_name_sec2        = [[British North Borneo]]
| blank2_info_sec2        = 1882–1941
| blank3_name_sec2        = [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Japanese occupation]]
| blank3_info_sec2        = 1941–1945
| blank4_name_sec2        = [[North Borneo (British Crown colony)|British Crown Colony]]
| blank4_info_sec2        = 1946–1963
| blank5_name_sec2        = [[North Borneo Self-government Day|Self-government]]
| blank5_info_sec2        = 31 August 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;tna&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C760803|title=The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation)|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|date=1961–1963|accessdate=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Porritt1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Philip Mathews|title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963-2013|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15|date=28 February 2014|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=978-967-10617-4-9|pages=15–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Group&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Oxford Business Group|title=The Report: Sabah 2011|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nKJoQ4o-_DsC&amp;pg=PA13|accessdate=26 May 2013|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-36-1|pages=13–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SG&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Frans Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=glG-WBH8hkQC&amp;pg=PA159|accessdate=28 May 2013|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-616-245-078-5|pages=159–}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank6_name_sec2        = [[Malaysia Agreement]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf Malaysia Act 1963]. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank6_info_sec2        = 16 September 1963{{smallsup|a}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Agreement relating to Malaysia&quot;&gt;{{sourcetext|source=Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website                 = [http://www.sabah.gov.my/ www.sabah.gov.my]
| footnotes               = {{smallsup|a}} Despite the fact the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia is completed only on 16 September 1963, [[Merdeka Day|31 August]] is celebrated as the Independence day of Malaysia. A similar observance can be found on many unified countries, including [[Tanzania]], where the independence day was celebrated on 9 December (following the Independence of [[Tanganyika]] in 1961), even though [[Tanzania]] only came into existence in 26 April 1964 by joining [[Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]] (which known as [[Public holidays in Tanzania|Union Day]] in Tanzania), despite the fact that Zanzibar had already earlier gained its independence from the British on 10 December 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.whichday.com/articles/index.php?article=609|title=Independence Day - Tanzania|publisher=|accessdate=27 June 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114027/http://www.whichday.com/articles/index.php?article=609 |date=26 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html Tanzania National Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html |date=2013-11-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; While in [[Yemen]], where the independence day is still celebrated on 30 November (based on the [[South Yemen]] independence from the United Kingdom on 1967). Even though the [[Yemeni unification|foundation of present-day Yemen]] was created by joining together [[Yemen Arab Republic]] (North Yemen) and [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (South Yemen) only on 22 May 1990 (which is celebrated as [[Yemeni unification|Unity Day]] In Yemen), in spite of North Yemen had earlier being granted its independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] on 1 November 1918.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ameinfo.com/yemen_public_holidays/ AME.info.com Yemen Public Holidays]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yemen.html|title=Yemen|publisher=|accessdate=27 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/independence-day-yemen/|title=Independence Day Celebrated in Yemen|publisher=|accessdate=27 June 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114829/http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/independence-day-yemen/ |date=26 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Equivalently in Malaysia, 16 September is recognised as [[Malaysia Day]], a patriotic [[Public holidays in Malaysia|national-level public holiday]] to commemorate the foundation of Federation of Malaysia that joints [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]] and (previously) [[Singapore in Malaysia|Singapore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/10/19/nation/20091019103509&amp;sec=nation|title=Archives|publisher=|accessdate=27 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publicholidays.com.my/|title=Public Holidays 2015 and 2016|work=Malaysia Public Holidays|accessdate=27 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Sabah''' (kedalan basa &lt;small&gt;Malayu:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot;&gt;[saˈbah]&lt;/span&gt;) nyaéta nagara bagian pangwetanna di [[Malaysia]], salah sahiji tina dua nagara bagéan di Malaysia nu aya di pulo [[Kalimantan]]. Sabah ogé mangrupa salah sahiji anggota nu milu ngadegkeun federasi Malaysian babarengan jeung Sarawak, [[Singapura]] (kaluar taun 1965) katut Federasi Malaya (Bojong Malaysia atawa Malaysia Kulon). Kawas Sarawak, ieu teritori boga hukum otonom hususna ngeunaan kaimigrasiannu béda jeung nagara bagéan nu aya di Bojong Malaysia séjénna. Perenahna di bagena kaler pulo Kalimantan tur kasohor minangka nagara bagéan panggedéna kadua di ieu nagara sanggeus Sarawak, nu wawatesan di  béh kidul kuloneunana. Babagi wates laut jeung Teritori Federal  Labuan di  béh kulon sarta jeung [[Pilipina]] di  béh kaler jeung kaler wetaneunana. Wates mancanagara ieu nagara bagéan ukur jeung propinsi [[Kalimantan Kalér|Kalimantan Kaler]],  [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] di  béh kiduleunana. Ibukota Sabah nyaéta Kota Kinabalu, nu saméméhna mah katelah Jesselton. Sabah mindeng ditujul minangka &quot;Lemah Handapeun Angin&quot;, hiji frase nu dipaké ku para pelaut jaman baheula keur ngagambarkeun lemah nu aya di kiduleun beubeur angin topan.

== Sajarah ==

=== Sajarah Baheula ===
Migrasi katut padumukan manusa mangsa awal ka ieu wewengkon dipercaya ti mimiti 20,000–30,000 taun katukang. Manusa baheula dipercaya minangka jalma  Australoid atawa Negrito. Glombang migrasi manusa saterusna, dipercaya minangka urang Austronesia Mongoloid, kira-kira taun 3000 SM.

=== Kamaharajaan Brunei katut Kasultanan Sulu ===
[[Gambar:Old_Flag_of_Brunei.svg|left|thumb|Bandera Kamaharajaan Brunei]]

&lt;!--== Geograpi ==
[[Gambar:MtKinabalu_view_from_kundasan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gunung Kinabalu]], gunung pangluhurna di Kapuloan Malayu.]]
[[Gambar:Highway_to_KK.jpg|thumb|Seksi Highway 22 ti Ranau ka Kota Kinabalu di Kundasang.]]
--&gt;
=== Ageman ===
Taun 2010 population Sabah ngaegm:
* 2,096,153 Muslim
* 853,726 Kristen
* 194,428 Budha
* 3,037 Hindu
* 2,495 Konghucu/Taoisme
* 3,467 ngagem ageman liana
* 9,850 teu boga ageman
* 43,586 duka

== Ekonomi ==
[[Gambar:Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-03.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sawah]] di Tambunan.]]

== Tempo ogé ==
* Tabel preseden di Sabah

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
; Catetan

== Bacaan satuluyna ==
* James Chin, (2014) Federal-éast Malaysia Relations: Primus-Inter-Pares?, in Andrew Harding and James Chin (2014) [http://www.amazon.com/50-Years-Malaysia-Federalism-Revisited/dp/981456124X 50 Years of Malaysia: Federalism Revisited] (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish) pp.&amp;nbsp;152–185
* Urmenyhazi, Attila - DISCOVERING NORTH BORNéo a short travelogue on Sarawak &amp; Sabah by the author (2007). National Library of Australia, Canberra, record ID: 4272798. Call Number: NLp 915 953 U77.

== Tutumbu luar ==
* [http://www.sabah.gov.my/ Portal Pamarentahan Sabah]
* [http://www.sabahtourism.com Dewan Pelesir Sabah]
* [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/sabah Tourism Malaysia - Sabah]
* [http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/StateLaws.aspx Hukum di Sabah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530024434/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/lawnet/SabahLaws/StateLaws.aspx |date=2014-05-30 }}
* [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/malaysian-borneo-sabah Sabah Lonely Planet]

[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]]
[[Kategori:Sabah]]
[[Kategori:Nagara bagéan di Malaysia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Poliurétan</title>
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      <text bytes="5462" sha1="fdhdcvmrmitwpux42z9n2rcc60h9mfd" xml:space="preserve">'''Poliurétan''' ('''''polyurethanes''''', singketan: PUR) anu diwangun ku poliisosianat plastik atawa résin [[sintétik]] dihasilkeun tina réaksi poliadisi dina dialkohol ([[diol]]), atawa poliol. Ciri anu mandiri ieu poliurétan nyaéta grup urétan (\ mathrm {{-} {NH - CO} {-} {O -} \}).

'''Diol''' jeung diisosianat ngabalukarkeun poliurétan linéar, poliuretan dibeungkeut ku  ngaréaksikeun umpamana triisosianat campuran diisosianat jeung poliol. Hasil tina ieu réaksi nyaéta hiji substansi anu bisa waé mangrupa  [[térmosét]], [[térmoplastik]] atawa [[élastomér]]. Dina  budah/busa poliurétan mah, pangaruhna kana naha ieu busa téh heuras atawa jadi leuleus. Sanajan kitu, poliurétan ogé dipaké minangka komposisi bahan anu engkana dijieun ngagunakeun citakan/''molding'' (résin ''casting'')/(résin isosianat), saperti benang (tékstil) elastik, poliurétan cair dipaké elém poliurétan.
[[File:Haushaltsschwaemme.jpg|miniatur|hochkant=1.4|Paranti ngumbah wadah dijieun tina busa poliurétan leuleus]]
[[File:Polyurethane2.gif|miniatur|hochkant=1.4|Semprot kaléng pikeun ngahasilkeun busa PU kaku]]

==Sajarah==
Dina taun 1937 di Leverkusen  laboratorium of IG Colors pikeun mimiti panalungtikan dipingpin ku Otto bayer gugus polyurethanes disintésis. Waktu  1,4-butanediol jeung 1,8-octane diisocyanate ka dieunakeun dicampur jeung hexane-1,6-diisocyanate. Nu hasilna polyurethane dibéré ngaran  ''[[Igamid]]'' U atawa ''[[Perlon]]'' U. Mimiti taun 1940, produksi industri di Leverkusen tumuwuhna kurang gancang. Sabab [[Perang Dunya II]] jeung patali  kakurangan bahan baku, tapi pasar keur polyurethanes mimitina tumuwuh. nyaéta taun 1952 kurang ti 100 ton dina sataun, Kapanggihna ngagunakeun polyether polyols polyurethanes téh gancang Ti taun 1952 nepi ka 1954 foams/busa  poliéster geus maju  Variasi leuwih gedé  anu tuluy dironjatkeun saterusna polyurethanes dikomérsialkeun. Jadi dina taun 1960 geus leuwih ti 45.000 t nya dihasilkeun dina busa/foams ieu.
Dina taun 2002, pamakéan  sakuliah sadunya  geus dikirim  9 juta ton polyurethane, Taun 2007 éta ngaronjat deui lewih ti 12 juta ton. Satuluyna unggal taun ngaronjat  5%.&lt;ref&gt;G. Avar: ''Polyurethane (PUR).'' In: ''Kunststoffe.'' Nr. 10, 2008, S. 205–211.&lt;/ref&gt;  2011, di [[Jérman|Jerman]] Sorangan bayer AG jeung BASF ampir 1 juta ton, pamakéan  32% keur ngawangun insulasi, 20% pikeun parabot jeung kasur, 14% pikeun industri otomotif jeung 10% keur sabangsaning.

==Foam/Busa==
Busa poliuretan gampang pisan diproduksina. Kaonjoyan khusus tina  busa PUR nyaéta loba  disadiakeun ku pabrik dina wujud satengah jadi (busa dijieun barang séjén luyu jeung  pangabutuh), tapi bisa ogé meli ti pabrikna dina wujud cairan, tuluy dibawa ka tempat di mana ieu bahan di bentuk/dijieun luyu jeung kabutuhan.

Busa anu leuleus loba pisan dimangpaatkeun, lobana mah pikeun dijieun bantal, bisa bantal keur kasur, parabot rumah tangga korsi kursi, bahan tambahan kerkarpet, lapisan barang  tekstil, bisa ogé keur spon paragi ngumbah wadah  atawa ogé keur saringan. Busa PUR lolobanaa disadiakeun ku sabarahan kapadetan, lembek jeung heuras..
Ieu Busa  PUR dipaké utamana pikeun insulasi, Contona, dina wangunan, pakakas refrigeration, panas sarta storage tiis jeung sababaraha sistem plumbing (jacket plastik, pipa kimia , pipa komposit fleksibel).&lt;ref&gt;Flame Retardants Center: [http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants Organic Phosphorus Compounds Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232654/http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants/ |date=2007-02-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com: [http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com/htm/pur.htm ''Dämmstoff: Polyurethan-Hartschaum (PUR) und PUR-Ortschaum, Montageschaum''].&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:PMR 63x5.8 125 file2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Busa polyurethane]]
==Kagunaan==
Sababaraha pamakéan  polyurethane dina industri pamungkus fléksibel kaasup poliuretan  (anti-dampak) dipaké mungkus barang anu gampang peupeus/halus, cirina nyaéta kepadatan sél anu maruka jeung hampang (12–15&amp;nbsp;kg / m³). Aya ogé  poliuretan kaku atawa  RIM (tina  Rigid Injection Molding) anu mibanda kapadetan  (30–50&amp;nbsp;kg / m³) dari sebelumnya, tapi ciri anu mandirina mah ampir sarua. Gas anu aya dina jaringan polimér bisa nahan panas termal. Hiji  polyurethane anu kandelna 25&amp;nbsp;mm bisa nahan panas di jerona nepika 20&amp;nbsp;°C sedengkeun sisi belah luarna bisa waé robah-robah -5&amp;nbsp;°C.

== Tempo Ogé ==
*[[Polyamide]] (Disebut ogé [[nylon]])
*[[Polycarbonate]]
*[[Poliétilén]] 
*[[Poliétilén terephtalate]] (Katelah disebut PET biasana dipaké  [[botol]], ogé [[polyester]] dipaké bahan  [[baju]] 
*[[Polipropiléné]]
*[[Polistiréna]]
*[[Polyurethane]]
*[[Polyvinyl chloride]] (Katelahna PVC). biasana dipaké [[bungkus]] [[kabel]] [[listrik]]
*[[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)]].

==Tutumbu Kaluar==
*[http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants Organic Phosphorus Compounds Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232654/http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants/ |date=2007-02-05 }}
*[http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com/htm/pur.htm ''Dämmstoff: Polyurethan-Hartschaum (PUR) und PUR-Ortschaum, Montageschaum]
*[http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/toluene2.html  diisocyanate is primarily used]

{{Pondok}}
==Dicutat Tina==

[[Kategori:Plastik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siraru</title>
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      <text bytes="11312" sha1="58e34icetis420i4giff366i1it943q" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Hodotermitidae
| fossil_range = [[Krétasius awal]] nepi ka kiwari
| image = Ngumbi_-_flying_termite_(5532024665).jpg
| image_caption = Siraru nu ilahar ngagimbung ka imah-imah
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insékta]]
| ordo = [[Termite|Isoptera]]
| familia = '''Hodotermitidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Jules Desneux|Desneux]], 1904
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
* ''[[Anacanthotermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jacobson 1905&lt;/small&gt;
* {{extinct}}''[[Carinatermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Krishna &amp; Grimaldi 2000 &lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Hodotermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hagen 1853&lt;/small&gt;
* {{extinct}}''[[Jitermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ren 1995&lt;/small&gt; 
* {{extinct}}''[[Meiatermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lacasa-Ruiz &amp; Martinez-Declos 1986&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Microhodotermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sjöstedt 1926&lt;/small&gt;
* {{extinct}}''[[Parotermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Scudder 1883&lt;/small&gt; 
* {{extinct}}''[[Ulmeriella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Meunier 1919&lt;/small&gt;  
* {{extinct}}''[[Valditermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Jarzembowski 1981&lt;/small&gt; 
* {{extinct}}''[[Yanjingtermes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ren 1995&lt;/small&gt; 
* {{extinct}}''[[Yongdingia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ren 1995&lt;/small&gt; 
}}
'''Siraru''' ([[Basa Yunani]]: ''ὁδός (hodós)'', lalana; [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:termes|termes]]'', cacing leuweung) nyaéta kulawarga rinyuh buhun, '''''Hodotermitidae'''''.&lt;ref name=&quot;evol&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology|last=Abe|first=Takuya|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=2000–2002|isbn=0-7923-6361-2|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|pages=35–36|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nu ngabédakeunna unggal kasta téh nyaéta tungtung sungut handapna, jeung panonna, sahingga masing-masing béda fungsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;isa&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Insects of Southern Africa|last=Scholtz|first=Clarke H.|publisher=Butterworths|year=1985|isbn=0409-10487-6|location=Durban|page=57|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aya siraru aya nu tugasna néangan kahakanan jukut ti peuting jeung ti beurang, sarta siraru pagawé&lt;ref name=&quot;fg&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Insects of South Africa|last=Picker|first=Mike|publisher=Struik Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1-77007-061-5|location=Cape Town|page=176|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu sok rajeun di luareun [[sayang]]. Sumebaranna ngawengku padang pasir jeung sabana di [[Afrika]], [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Asia]]. Mun di wewengkon Sunda mah, istilah siraru leuwih spésifik nuduhkeun rinyuh nu jangjangan, sok eunteup kanu caang mangsa peuting sanggeus hujan ([[basa Inggris]]: '''''Flying Termites''''').

== Kulawarga ==
[[Gambar:Northern Harvester Termite (Hodotermes mossambicus) (6856939924).jpg|kiri|jmpl|''[[Hodotermes mossambicus|H. mossambicus]]'' pagawé]]
Kulawarga nu aya ngawengku tilu genera jeung kurang leuwih 18 nepi ka 19 spésiés.&lt;ref name=&quot;biolib&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonsubtaxa/id128538/|title=harvester termites|work=biolib.cz|accessdate=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Anacanthotermes]]'' kapanggih di padang pasir jeung semi padang pasir di [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Asia]], kaasup [[Baluchistan]] jeung India bagéan kidul. [[Hodotermes|''Hodotermes '']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;mibanda sebaran anu lega ti Palaearctic Afrika Kalér, liwat sabana Afrika Wétan ka daérah [[karroid]] di [[Afrika Kidul|Afrika bagéan kidul]].. ''[[Microhodotermes]]''mangrupa génus spésialis gurun di [[Namib]], [[Kalahari]] jeung [[Karoo]], nu mana hontalanna patumpang tindih jeung ''Hodotermes''..

Sanajan rinyuh [[termopsidae]] téh sakapeung mah digolongkeun minangka siraru,&lt;ref name=&quot;roonwl&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Roonwal|first=M. L.|year=1983|title=Evolution and Systematic Significance of Wing Micro-sculpturing in Termites. XIII. Order Isoptera|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India|volume=B49|issue=5|pages=359–391|accessdate=5 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111100039/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005bbc_359.pdf |date=11 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; saenyana mun ditilik deui mah mibanda garis katurunan nu béda, leuwih dominanna mertahankeun plésiomorfik [[Rinyuh|Isoptera]].

== Sayang ==
[[Gambar:Hodotermes mossambicus, soldaat-kaste, Arcadia, b.jpg|jmpl|''H. mossambicus'' tangtarana]]
Ari siraru nyayangna ku cara ngaliang dina jero taneuh, teu kawas [[Termopsidae]] jeung [[Kalotermitidae]]. Dina perkara ''[[Hodotermes mossambicus]]''mah, sistim sayangna téh aya di jero taneuh nu sumebar, mun ti pabeungeutan mah nepi ka jerona téh leuwih ti 6 méter mah. Éta sayang téh ukuranna 60 cm jeung silih sambung ku galéri. Partikel anggang taneuh nu dikali dibawa ka pabeungeutan sarta dipiceun ka sawatara tempat di sabudeureun sayang. Koloni ''Microhodotermes viator'' ngasilkeun gundukan taneuh kawas congcot laleutik,&lt;ref name=&quot;oec&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Moore|first=J. M.|author2=Picker, M. D.|year=1991|title=Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests|journal=Oecologia|volume=86|pages=424–432|doi=10.1007/bf00317612}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu taneuhna téh ngadung lempung. Sosiotomi, atawa gerakan massa wawakil sakumna kasta di koloni pikeun manggihan koloni anyar, teu dipikanyaho di Hodotermitidae mah.&lt;ref name=&quot;bauer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bauer|first1=A. M.|last2=Russell|first2=A. P.|last3=Edgar|first3=B. D.|date=2 October 2015|title=Utilization of the termite (Hagen) by gekkonid lizards near Keetmanshoop, South West Africa|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159|journal=South African Journal of Zoology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=239–243|doi=10.1080/02541858.1989.11448159|accessdate=31 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grassé P. P.; Noirot, J. C. 1951. La Sociotomie: migration et fragmentation de la termitiere chez les
Anoplotermes et les Trinervitermes. ''Behaviour'' 3: 146-166&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baranahan ==
Geuwat sanggeus [[hujan]], brul siraru hiber pikeun ngalakonan réproduksi, ieu siraru téh salila usum halodo mah cimekblek cicing di jero sayang panghandapna. Ari karawinna, biasana ngariung di nu caang, mantak sok nyampeurkeun kana lampu atawa cahya séjénna. Mun jauh ti sayang indungna, biasana mah sok écag, ngangkatkeun jangjang jeung maluruh pasanganna. Ari siraru nu geus meunang pasanganna, biasana sok nyoplokkeun jangjangna, paantai-antai jeung pasanganna tatar-tutur ka ditu-ka dieu. Pasangan siraru téh sok langsung ngali liang pikeun mitembeyan koloni anyar. Saminggu sanggeus sagulung-sagalang, bikangna langsung ngendog. Sanggeus kurang leuwih opat bulan, sayangna cukup pikeun ngirim pagawé jang néangan kahakanan ka pabeungeutan. Sawatara taun ka hareup, loba endog nu megar jadi pagawé, jeung sawaréhna mah jadi tangtara. Mun sayangna cukup badag mah, réproduksi siraru téh dilakonan deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;bell&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za/publications/production_guidelines/veld_in_natal/veld_11.1.htm|title=Insect Pests: Harvester Termites|last=Bell|first=R. A.|year=1999|work=Veld in KwaZulu-Natal 11.1|publisher=KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs|accessdate=21 October 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110065254/http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za/publications/production_guidelines/veld_in_natal/veld_11.1.htm |date=10 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diét jeung hakanan ==
[[Gambar:Hodotermes_mossambicus,_alaat_in_water.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|&lt;center&gt;''Siraru (H. mossambicus)'' jangjangan nu ilahar hirup ti peuting paéh ngambang na cai&lt;/center&gt;]]
Para pagawé ngumpulkeun nu lolobana mah [[Kai|kakaian]], kalawan spésiés [[Pteronia|''Pteronia '']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;jeung [[vygie]] nu dipikaresepna. Sebalikna, siraru jangjangan mah diét utamana dina ngahakan jukut garing jeung atawa nu ibunan, sok sanajan ari sésa tatangkalan jeung pangpung régang mah dihakan saeutik-saeutik waé mah. Dina studi kastabilan isotop ''H. mossambicus'', asupan kadaharan utamana téh nyaéta komponén rumput, ampir 94%.&lt;ref name=&quot;est&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Symes|first=Craig T.|author2=Woodborne, Stephan|date=1 April 2011|title=Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios|url=http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993|journal=Insect Science|volume=18|issue=2|pages=175–180|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212002825/http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993 |date=12 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ieu sésiés, larva instar ka genep nyerna sarta ngadistribusikeun hakanan di jero éta koloni ku cara [[tropioaksis stomodeal]]. Ku cara méré dahar babarengan téh ngaruketkeun integritas koloni, lantaran nu maraban téh ngadiskriminasikeun individu ku mikrobiota usus nu teu biasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;nest&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-evolution.uni-regensburg.de/iussi/eu/abstracts.html|title=Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus|last=Minkley|first=Nina|publisher=IUSSI|accessdate=18 October 2012|display-authors=etal}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513095543/http://www-evolution.uni-regensburg.de/iussi/eu/abstracts.html |date=13 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prédator ==
Siraru téh mangrupa kadaharan utamana [[ajag ceuli lalay]] di [[Afrika Wétan]] jeung [[Afrika Kidul|kidul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Carnivores|last=Ewer|first=R. F.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1973|location=New York|page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun kahakanan nu teu ilahar ieu, sahingga ieu ajag mah mibanda 48 huntu leutik tinimbang anjing séjén nu mibanda 42 huntu. Ieu ajag ogé miboga ceuli nu rebing kawas [[lalay]], fungsina pikeun ngadédéngékeun [[gegeremet]] di jero taneuh, nepi ka antukna dikali. Kitu ogé, ajag fennec néangan gegeremetna ku cara ngali. Sanajan [[ajag marcapada]] mangrupa prédator husus ti [[Trinervitermes|''Trinervitermes'']] tinangtu, tapina mun dina [[usum tiis]] sok moro siraru ogé.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/aardwolf-proteles-cristatus/cristatus-diet-and-foraging.html|title=Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging|last=Holekamp|first=Kay E.|website=The extant (living) hyaena species|publisher=IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group|accessdate=18 October 2012|display-authors=etal}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001414/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/aardwolf-proteles-cristatus/cristatus-diet-and-foraging.html |date=14 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aktivitas ngukuy jeung ngali taneuh nu lega ku [[aardvarks]] téh dikaitkeun jeung lahan [[heuweltjies]] nu dicicingan ku siraru.

== Dampak ékonomi ==
Siraru bisa méakeun jukut di kebon jeung bisa nyebabkeun taneuh jadi urug, ngan teu pati mun kana kebon nu kurang jukutna mah.&lt;ref name=&quot;isa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fg&quot; /&gt; Ngan, dina jangka lilana mah, buburukan jeung daur ulang bahan pepelakan urut siraru téh mibanda kontribusi kana kasuburan taneuh jeung siklus global [[karbon]], [[nitrogén]], sarta unsur lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;est&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|32em}}

== Tutumbu luar ==
* [[Gambar:Wikispecies-logo.svg|al=|16x16px]]{{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [[Gambar:Commons-logo.svg|al=|16x16px]]{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Kategori:Insékta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Panon majemuk</title>
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      <text bytes="3118" sha1="6w9r9hube3p5disf8ujpv2tol407t52" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:FLY_EYE.jpg|ka|jmpl|Panon majemuk laleur, ditempo ku mikroskop éléktron]]
'''Panon majemuk '''nyaéta panon nu boga rébuan reséptor warna individual. Gambar nu dicandak mangrupa kombinasi input tina rébuan omatidia nu aya dina permukaan konveks, nu maneuh ka arah nu beda-beda. Ku sabab eta, pohara téh gancang pisan leumpang jauh lamun kuurang hayang dicekel. Dibandingkeun panon biasa, panon majemuk bisa moto gambar dina jihat sawangan nu leuwih lega, jeung bisa gancang ngadétéksi gerakan, jeung dina sababaraha kasus bisa nempo polarisasi [[cahya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.suss-microoptics.com/downloads/Publications/Miniaturized_Imaging_Systems.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00102-3|title=Miniaturized imaging systems|month=June|year=2003|journal=Microelectronic Engineering|volume=67–68|issue=1|pages=461–472|author1=Völkel, R|author2=Eisner, M|author3=Weible, K. J}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001225326/http://www.suss-microoptics.com/downloads/Publications/Miniaturized_Imaging_Systems.pdf |date=2008-10-01 }}Parameter &lt;code style=&quot;color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;month=&lt;/code&gt; yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan ([//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1%23parameter_ignored bantuan])
[[Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sabab lénsa individual anu leutik pisan, pangaruh [[difraksi]] ngawates resolusi nu dicandak. Ieu bisa nungkulan ku ngaronjatna jumlah jeung ukuran lénsa.

Panon majemuk bisa digolongkeun jadi dua golongan: panon oposisi, nu kabentuk sababaraha gambar tibalik, jeung panon superposisi, nu ngabentuk kalangkang nu orientasina tegak tunggal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gaten|first=Edward|title=Optics and phylogeny: is there an insight? The evolution of superposition eyes in the Decapoda (Crustacea)|year=1998|journal=Contributions to Zoology|volume=67|issue=4|pages=223–236|url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol67/nr04/art01#FIGURE1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209170222/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol67/nr04/art01#FIGURE1 |date=2013-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panon majemuk nu ilahar aya dina artropoda, jeung anu hadir dina anelida jeung sababaraha moluska bivalvia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Alexander|title=''Ainiktozoon loganense'' Scourfield, a protochordate? from the Silurian of Scotland|year=1985|journal=Alcheringa|volume=9|page=137|doi=10.1080/03115518508618961|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panon majemuk saperti dina [[Arthropoda|artropoda]] bisa tumuwuh ku panambahan omatidia anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayer2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=G.|year=2006|title=Structure and development of onychophoran eyes: What is the ancestral visual organ in arthropods?|journal=Arthropod Structure and Development|volume=35|issue=4|pages=231–245|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2006.06.003|pmid=18089073}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Calliphora vomitoria Portrait.jpg|Panon majemuk
File:Sarcophagid fly Portrait.jpg|Panon majemuk dina laleur
File:Volucella pellucens head complete Richard Bartz.jpg|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adinegoro</title>
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      <text bytes="1859" sha1="64341dtawnw1vq8qdqkqrin72y9r3vq" xml:space="preserve">'''Adinegoro''', wasta aslina nyaéta Djamaluddin,nepi ka sok disebut Djamaluddin Adinegoro,sok disebut ogé Adi Negoro Gelar [[Datuk|Datuk Maradjo Sutan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedia 2000 Entri Istilah Biografi,Karya,Metode dan Teori Sastra|last=Dr. Nyoman Kutha Ratna,S.U|first=Prof (Em)|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2018|isbn=978-602-229-743-7|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adinegoro babar 14 Agustus 1904 di Talawi, [[Sumatra Barat]], pupus 8 Januari 1967 di Jakarta,pas yuswa 63 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Adinegoro nyaéta adina [[MUhammad Yamin|Muhammad Yamin]], nikah jeung Alidas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Atikan akhirna STOVIA ( School Tot Opleiding Van Inlandsche Artsen), teu tamat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kusabab jasana dina mekarkeun dunya jusnalistik,naranna diabdikeun  ngaliwatan &quot;''Hadiah Jurnalistik Adinegoro'' &quot; ti tahun 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Adinegoro pernah jadi wartawan majalah Caya Hindia,redaktur ti majalah Panji Pustaka,harian Pewarta Deli,Mimbar Indonesia, Kantor Berita Nasional (teras janten KBN Antara).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Karya ==
Adinegoro  nyaéta salah saurang nu ngawangun [[Paguron luhur|Paguron Luhur]] Jurnalistik di Jakarta jeung Fakultas Publistik jeung Jurnalistik Universitas Pajajaran, Bandung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Pangajén nu pernah dicangking nyaéta Perintis Press Indonésia (1974).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Karya pangpentingna dina wangun novel nu judulna''Darah Muda'' (1927), ''Asmara Jaya'' (1928),''Melawat ke Barat'' (novel perjalanan,3 jilid,1930).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Karya nusanesna : ''Revolusi dan Kebudayaan'' (1945)'',Falsafah Ratu Dunia''(1949), ''Atlas Semesta Dunia''            (sareng Adam Bachtiar jeung Sutopo,1952),''Ensiklopedi umum dalam Bahasa Indonesia''(1954),jeung ''Ilmu Karang-mengarang'' (t.th).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Sastra]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]]</text>
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    <title>Zakir Naik</title>
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{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Zakir Naik&lt;br/&gt;{{Nastaliq|ذاکِر نائيک}}&lt;br/&gt;ज़किर नाइक|image=Dr Zakir Naik.jpg|image_size=200px|caption=Zakir Naik di [[Maladewa]] pada tahun 2010|birth_name=Zakir Abdul Karim Naik|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|10|18}}|birth_place={{negara|India}} [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|other_names=|known_for=[[Dakwah]],&lt;br/&gt;Pendiri [[Peace TV]],&lt;br&gt;Pembicara umum Islam internasional|education=[[Ilmu Perbandingan Agama|Ilmu Perbandingan Agama (''Comparative Religion Studies'')]] dan Sarjana Kedokteran dan Bedah|occupation=Ketua Yayasan Penelitian Islam (''Islamic Research Foundation IRF''), [[Pembicara umum]], [[Da'i]]|boards=Yayasan Penelitian Islam (''Islamic Research Foundation'') IRF&lt;ref name=Irfunderscanner/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;Akademi Penelitian dan Pendidikan Islam (''Islamic Education and Research Academy'') ([[iERA]])&lt;ref name=Salafi&gt;{{cite web | url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/09/21/the-salafist-connections-to-the-whyislam-billboard-campaign/ | title=The Salafist Connections To The WhyIslam Billboard Campaign | publisher=[[The Daily Caller]] | date=21 September 2016 | accessdate=18 July 2016 | author=Sam Westrop, Charles Jacobs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Anti-semitic&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/10854579/Anti-Semitic-charity-under-investigation.html | title='Anti-Semitic' charity under investigation | publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=24 May 2014 | accessdate=18 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;br&gt; [[Sekolah Islam Internasional]] (''Islamic International School''),&lt;br&gt; dan Persatuan Palang Merah Islam (''United Islamic Aid'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://archive.siasat.com/news/scholarships-muslim-students-united-islamic-aid-305037/ | title=Scholarships to Muslim students by United Islamic Aid | publisher=Siasat Daily | date=24 May 2014 | accessdate=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;|salary=|networth=|term=|religion=[[Islam]]|spouse=|parents=|relations=|signature=|website={{URL|http://www.irf.net/}} &lt;br /&gt; {{URL|http://www.peacetv.tv/}}|footnotes=|box_width=|children=[[Fariq Naik]], [[Rusyda Naik]]}}
'''Zakir Abdul Karim Naik''' ( Hindi     ; dilahirkeun         ) Dupi anu Dai , spiker publik , jeung spiker internasional Muslim tina [[India]] .  Anjeunna ogé panulis hal ngeunaan [[Islam]] sarta Élmu tina Angka Agama .  Ku profesi, anjeunna mangrupa dokter médis , éarned judul &quot;Bachelor of Medicine na Bedah&quot; ''(Sarjana Kedokteran jeung Bedah,'' MBBS) ti Maharashtra , tapi saprak taun 1991 anjeunna ngalaman jadi spiker Muslim jeung [[Ulama|sarjana]] aub dina propaganda Islam jeung agama komparatif.  Anjeunna nyatakeun yén Tujuan éta téh di antara hal séjén ngobrol ngeunaan Islam ka non-muslim na netelakeun sagala jinis misconceptions ngeunaan ageman Islam sorangan, utamana panyiri &quot;teroris&quot; jeung &quot;radicalism&quot;.  Anjeunna ogé spiker asup Islam salaku agama nu fits kanyataan yén ageman anu lumrah tur cocog jeung pangaweruh saintifik modérn sangkan bisa ngayakinkeun non-muslim ngeunaan ageman bebeneran.

Zakir Naik nyaéta pangadeg na présidén tina Panalungtikan Yayasan Islam (IRF) &lt;ref name=&quot;Mazumdar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10854375/site/newsweek/|title=Beaming In Salvation|last=Mazumdar|first=Sudip|website=[[Newsweek International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; , hiji organisasi nirlaba husus dina pangajaran Islam nu islam jeung agama Angka ogé boga jaringan saluran TV jeung disiarkeun bébas TV Péace ti Sukabumi , [[India|Indonesia]] .

== Biografi ==
Zakir Naik lahir dina 18 Oktober 1965 di Mumbai (Bombai dina wayah éta), [[India]] jeung mangrupa turunan tina Konkani .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html|title=Zakir Naik|publisher=Tungekar.com|accessdate=2009-08-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103043656/http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html |date=2008-11-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna sakola di ''St. Sakola Luhur Peter urang'' ( ICSE ) di kota Mumbai.  Engké ngagabung jeung Kishinchand Chellaram College tur diajar kaséhatan di Topiwala Nasional Médis College tur Rumah Sakit Nair di Mumbai.  Anjeunna lajeng nampi na MBBS dirina di universitas Sukabumi .  Dina taun 1991, anjeunna dieureunkeun gawe salaku dokter médis sarta switch dina widang tina propaganda atawa tatapi [[Islam]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx Biografi Dr. Zakir Naik ti DrZakirNaik.com (situs web anu dibentuk murid-Na)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031917/http://www.drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx |date=2007-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naik cenah diideuan ku Ahmed Deedat &lt;ref name=&quot;ArabNews&quot;&gt;[http://arabnews.com/?page=9&amp;section=0&amp;article=84659&amp;d=8&amp;m=7&amp;y=2006 Nyebarkeun Pirman Allah Dupi Misi Na] - Arab News&lt;/ref&gt; nu geus aktif dina widang dakwah pikeun leuwih ti 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-08/08/article03.shtml Muslim milu sedih Ahmed Deedat] , IslamOnline.net, August 8, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Numutkeun Naik, obyektif nyaéta &quot;konsentrasi dina pangajaran nonoman Muslim mimiti ragu ageman sorangan jeung ngarasa ageman maranéhanana geus kolot&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|last=Hansen|first=Thomas|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=177}}
&lt;/ref&gt; sarta mangrupa tugas ti unggal Muslim mun dispel misconceptions ngeunaan islam ngalawan naon anjeunna ditanggap sakumaha bias anti Islam ku média Kulon sanggeus 11 Séptémber 2001 serangan ngalawan [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&amp;section=0&amp;article=71409&amp;d=9&amp;m=10&amp;y=2005&amp;pix=kingdom.jpg&amp;category=Kingdom Media ngadesek ka Bias counter Anti Muslim] - Arab News, Minggu 9 Oktober 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna geus ngajar tur ditulis sababaraha buku asup Islam sarta ageman komparatif &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm Sapuluh Patarosan ilahar ditanya ku Christian misionaris ngalawan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204071508/http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm |date=2009-02-04 }} ku Dr. Zakir Naik on IRF.net&lt;/ref&gt; ogé hal anu dimaksudkeun pikeun nyabut mamang ngeunaan Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.peacetv.tv/faq.php FAQs asup Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140438/http://peacetv.tv/faq.php |date=2010-02-11 }} ku Dr. Zakir Naik&lt;/ref&gt;  Sababaraha artikel nu ogé mindeng dimuat dina Majalah India sakumaha Sora Islam .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE Larangan Alkohol di Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530111635/http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - Sora Islam&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE Ieu Islam Sumebar ku Pedang?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130819/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - ku Dr. Zakir Naik&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark Dupi Ram Kresna Jeung nabi Of Allah?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630193506/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark |date=2008-06-30 }} - Sora Islam&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Blom Hansen ,  [[Sosiologi|sosiolog]] anu nyepeng posisi akademik di universitas, geus ditulis yén Naik gaya perpetuate [[Qur'an|Alquran]] sarta [[hadis]] di sagala rupa basa, sarta iinditan ka nagara béda ngabahas Islam kalawan théologian nu, geus dijieun utamana well-dipikawanoh dina Muslim sarta non -Muslim.  Sanajan anjeunna biasana spéaks ka ratusan Hadirin, sarta sakapeung rébuan Hadirin, éta vidéotape sarta DVD ceramah anu disebarkeun luas.  kecap biasa anu kacatet dina basa Inggris, bisa disiarkeun dina sabtu minggu dina jaringan TV kabel dina Muslim Sukabumi,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot;/&gt; sarta dina channel Péace TV , anu mana anjeunna ko-promotes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazumdar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=25960&amp;Itemid=146|title=Peace TV Reaching 50 Million Viewers – Dr. Zakir Naik|last=Syed Neaz Ahmad|website=[[Saudi Gazette]]|accessdate=2007-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jejer anjeunna ngawangkong ngeunaan ngawengku: &quot;Islam Élmu Modern&quot;, &quot;Islam jeung Kristen&quot; jeung &quot;Islam Sekularisme&quot;, di antarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot; /&gt;

== Kuliah, Debat jeung Kontroversi ==
Naik geus ngayakeun loba debat jeung ceramah sapanjang dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;Irfunderscanner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/zakir-naiks-foundation-under-the-scanner/article8829130.ece|title=Zakir Naik's UK-registered Foundation under scanner|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|pages=Pandey, Devesh K.|accessdate=18 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; , anjeunna biasa ngayakeun  di Mumbai, India, sarta unggal taun saprak 2007 anjeunna mingpin Konférénsi Islam 10 poé di Somaiya Ground, Sion, Sukabumi kalayan sarjana sejenna, kaasup politikus [[Malaysia]] , Anwar Ibrahim dina 2008.&lt;ref&gt;Shahid Raza Burney (2007-12-31) [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&amp;section=0&amp;article=105128 Katerangan Zakir Naik urang dina Muslim Yazid narik Anger Diantara] News Arab. Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2004, Naik ngalongok [[Selandia Anyar]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf|title=Scholar clears the air about Islam ‘labels’|website=[[Te Waha Nui]]|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035232/http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lajeng ibukota Australia dina uleman ti éta Émbaran Islam and Services Network of Australasia .  Dina konférénsi anu di Melbourne , nurutkeun wartawan Sushi Das, &quot;Naik muji kakuatan moral jeung spiritual islam jeung agama sejen railed jeung Kulon sacara umum&quot;, nambahkeun yén kecap Naik urang &quot;wanti sumanget separateness sarta nguatkeun separation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sushi-das/between-two-worlds/2005/07/27/1122143904716.html|title=Between two worlds|website=[[The Age]]|accessdate=2007-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan 1 April [[2005]] , Naik kaasup dina perdebatan kalawan William Campbell, topik mangrupa Islam jeung Kristen dina konteks sains, di mana maranéhna ngobrol ngeunaan dugaan kasalahan ilmiah dina kitab suci.&lt;ref&gt;Khaled Ahmed (2006-01-08) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130203020302/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C08%5Cstory_8-1-2006_pg3_3 WORD kecap: William Campbell versus Zakir Naik] Daily Times. Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khushwant Singh, hiji wartawan India, ngomong yén kecap Naik urang &quot;kejem&quot; jeung &quot;aranjeunna arang asupkeun perdebatan kuliah tingkat sarjana, nu kontestan bersaing saling keur nangtukeun nilai pangalusna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Tribune&quot;&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050305/saturday/above.htm kapercayaan Hiji lalaki urang téh shackle sejen urang] ku Khuswant Singh,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan Times&quot;&gt;[http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html Kunaon Umat Islam lag balik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007203832/http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html |date=2009-10-07 }} ku Khuswant Singh,&lt;/ref&gt;

Analis pulitik Khaled Ahmed ngemutan yén Zakir Naik, nurutkeun ngaku kakuatan Islam ka aqidah agama sejen, lila-naon anjeunna nyaéta panggero ''Orientalism mundur.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-12-2003_pg3_4|title=Second opinion: Zakir Naik’s ‘reverse orientalism’  —Khaled Ahmed’s TV Review|website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|archiveurl=https://archive.is/CFlU|archivedate=2012-07-23|accessdate=2007-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina kuliah di Melbourne Universitas , Naik ngomong yén ngan Islam témbong awéwé hiji kasaruaan leres.&lt;ref name=&quot;women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/29/1093717837783.html|title=Islam's gender debate at the fore|publisher=Theage.com.au|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ditembongkeun pentingna panutup kepala mertimbangkeun yén &quot;hiji baju buka Barat&quot; sangkan awéwé leuwih gampang ngalaman pelecehan seksual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/the-clash-of-ignorance/2005/08/06/1123125843879.html|title=The clash of ignorance|publisher=Theage.com.au|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

21 Januari 2006, Naik ngayakeun hiji dialog antaragama kalawan Sri Sri Ravi Shankar .  Acara ieu ngeunaan konsep Allah dina Islam jeung hindu, hasil ahir tina ieu nyadiakeun pamahaman antara dua agama utama India, tur tarik kaluar téh kamiripan antara Islam jeung Hindu, kayaning kumaha berhala dilarang.  Diayakeun di Bangalore , India jeung 50.000 urang thronged nu Istana grounds .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetruecall.com/home/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=167 dialog agama pikeun Pencerahan Spiritual] Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Agustus 2006, kunjungan na konferensi Naik di Cardiff (Britania Raya) janten objek kontrovérsi lamun MP (anggota parlemen) Wales Daud Davies dipénta acara nyaéta dibolaykeun.  Anjeunna nyebut hiji &quot;penjual kebencian ', sarta ngomong pintonan na teu mantes menagkeun 'platform publik '; Muslim ti Cardiff, ngaropéa hak nyarita numpak di kota maranéhanana.  Saleem Kidwai, Sekjen Déwan Muslim Wales, teu satuju sareng Davies, nyatakeun yén &quot;jalma nu nyaho manéhna ''(Naik)'' weruh yén manéhna téh salah sahiji paling kontroversial kantos.  Anjeunna dikaitkeun kana kamiripan antara agama, tur kumaha urang kudu hirup rukun sareng maranéhna &quot;, sarta diondang Davies ngabahas satuluyna jeung naékna di baé dina konférénsi éta.  Konférénsi indit payun, sanggeus déwan Cardiff ngomong yén maranéhanana éta senang nalika anjeunna henteu nyarita ku pintonan extremist.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_method=full&amp;objectid=17572219&amp;siteid=50082-name_page.html Baris leuwih da'wah Islam] - WalesOnline.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=17598165%26method=full%26siteid=50082-name_page.html|title=Cleric's address hailed a success|last=Katie Bodinger|publisher=Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus ceramah ku Paus Benedict XVI dina bulan Séptember 2006, Naik nangtang perdebatan publik langsung ka anjeunna, tapi ditampik ku Paus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pak Tribune&quot;&gt;[http://www.islamicity.com/forum/printer_friendly_posts.asp?TID=7109 Dr Zakir Naik Ujang Paus Benedict XVI keur interfaith dialog muka] - IslamCity.com - 07 Oktober 2006 di 10:07 pm&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Nopémber 2007, konferensi IRF sarta pameran Islam Internasional 10 poé ''Konférénsi Damai'' Islam di Somaiya Ground di Sukabumi. Ceramah ngeunaan Islam diayakeun Naik ogé dua puluh sarjana Islam sejenna ti sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette&quot;&gt;[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=200803311990&amp;archiveissuedate=31/03/2008 Kaadilan, karapihan sarta kahijian: The cornerstone islam] ku Syed Neaz Ahmad, [[Saudi Gazette|Saudi Warta]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Salila salah sahiji pidatona, Naik ngangsonan anger di antara anggota masarakat Si'ah di konférénsi éta nalika anjeunna disebutkeun kecap &quot;Radhiyallah taa'la anhu&quot; (nu hartina 'Dupi Gusti ngahampura manéhna') sanggeus nami Yazid I, sarta nyebutkeun yén perang Karbala saukur dumasar kana pulitik ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks_/articleshow/2653996.cms Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks] ku Mohammed Wajihuddin, [[Times of India]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Batur yakin comment hiji ngahaja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arab News&quot;&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&amp;section=0&amp;article=105128 Katerangan Zakir Naik urang on Yazid narik Anger antara muslim] ku Shahid Raza Burney, [[Arab News]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina terbitan 22 Pébruari 2009, di India Express dijieun daptar &quot;100 Jalma India nu pangkuatna 2009&quot; di antara nu samilyar urang India, Zakir Naik ieu rengking 82.  Dina daptar husus &quot;10 Guru Spiritual Terbaik India&quot;, Zakir Naik ieu rengking 3, sanggeus Baba Ramdev sarta Sri Sri Ravi Shankar , keur hiji-hijina Muslim dina daptar ieu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu éksternal ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/user/Drzakirchannel Channel resmi] dina [[Youtube|YouTube]] 
{{Umur hirup|1965||Naik, Zakir}}

[[Kategori:Cendekiawan Muslim]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sudoku</title>
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        <username>まる子2026</username>
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      <text bytes="3272" sha1="j36za8r34bu17u6mnz38y9kyiywq1wu" xml:space="preserve">'''Sudoku''' mangrupa kaulinan teka-teki soliter. Tugas pamaen sudoku nyaéta ngeusikan angka ti 1 nepi ka 9 kana wangun Sudoku. Wangun Sudoku nyaéta hiji wangun kotak bujur sangkar nu diwangun ku 9x9 unit kotak kongruen laleutik. Jumlah total kotak leutik Sudoko jadina aya 81. Sajaba diwangun ku kotak laleutik éta Sudoku di bagi kana  9 kotak kongruen nu ukuran na 3x3 kotak laleutik. Jadi si kotak laleutik nu 81 tadi téh kabagi rata kana 9 kotak ukuran 3x3 téa. Pikeun cindekna mah ilikan gambar.

Tah tugas pamaen Sudoku ngasup-ngasupkeun angka ti hiji nepi ka 9 kana kotak Sudoku. Syaratna dina unggal kolum jeung unggal jajar kotak leutik teu meunang aya angka nu sarua. Kitu deui dina unggal kotak ukuran 3x3. Memeh maen dina kotak Sudoku enggeus disadiakeun sawatara angka nu tempatna ngacak pikeun jadi pituduh kana pengeusian satuluyna.  Dina Sudoku nu diperlukeun téh nyaéta kaperigeulan logika dina nempatkeun angka-angka.

Najan kaasup kana maenan soliter, teu cara maenan soliter ku kartu remi, Sudoku merlukeun panyadia nu nyiapkeun wangun Sudoku nu geus dieusian ku angka-angak pituduh. Sudoku biasana disayogikeun ku koran-koran atawa majalah. Najan langka aya ogé buku jualan nu eusina wangun-wangun Sudoku eusianeun. Kajaba ti éta Sudoku bisa diinstal jeung dimaenkeun dina komputer. Kiwari Sudoku bisa dimaenkeun ''on line'' dina situs-situs internet. Aya ogé aplikasi-aplikasi internet nu ngaluarkeun gim Soduku pikeun dipaenkeun boh ''on line'' atawa ''off line'', boh dina ''hand phone'' atawa dina komputer.
[[Gambar:Sudoku_Puzzle_(a_symmetrical_puzzle_with_18_clues).png|jmpl|Conto Sudoku]]

Sanajan kecap Sudoku téh bahasa Jepang, (数独, sūdoku), konsep awal Sudoku lain datang ti Jepang. Konsep asalna pisan Sudoku dikira (saheunteuna wangunna)  mangrupa “magic square” (kotak ajaib) nu medal di China, nyebar lewat [[India]] nepi ka matematikawan Islam di [[Wétan Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dina abad ka-8. Ukuran jeung metodena dikembangkeun nepi ka abad abad-13 ku matematikawan Islam tina 3x3, 4x4 jeung saterusna nepi ka jadi 10x10, dikenal ngaranna kotak buduh. Abad 13, konsep kotak ajaib nepi ka Eropa. Dina abad 18 elmuwan  Swiss Léonhard Euler ngenalkeun Latin-Square nu mangrupa pangembangan tina magic square.&lt;nowiki&gt;[i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Latin square dianggap mangrupa cikal bakal Sudoku. Najan kitu, wangun Sudoku nu aya ayeuna munggaran dipedalkeun ku Howard Grans dina ''Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games'' edisi Mei 1974, bedana jeung Latin Square nyaéta dina kotak ukuran 3x3 teu meunang aya angka nu sarua. Kaulinan éta disebutna “Number Place”. Tahun 1984, Number Place dipedalkeun ku hiji majalah di Jepang maké ngaran Sudoku, nu harti gampangna nyaéta hiji angka. Tahun 2004 pengsiunan hakim Wayne Gould nyieun program komputer nu bisa ngaluarkeun wangun-wangun teka-teki Sudoku, nu tuluy dicetak ku ''The Times''. Ti wanci harita Sudoku jadi sohor jeung nyebar ka juru-juru dunia.&lt;nowiki&gt;[ii]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Pranala ==
[[:simple:Sudoku|Sudoku]]
----&lt;nowiki&gt;[i]&lt;/nowiki&gt; [https://www.conceptispuzzles.com/index.aspx?uri=puzzle/sudoku/history Sudoku]. ''Concept Puzzle'', Akses 20 Juli 2019.

&lt;nowiki&gt;[ii]&lt;/nowiki&gt;Delahaye, Jéan-Paul. “The Science Behind Sudoku”. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Hal. 81-82</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carl Schwaner</title>
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      <text bytes="2107" sha1="6g5beetemz75z9zjuwdef9abi8ft8tm" xml:space="preserve">'''Carl A.L.M. Schwaner''' dilahirkeun di Mannheim, [[Jérman]] tepatna taun 1817, anjeuna wafat di Batavia, Hindia Belanda (nu kiwari mah disebutna Jakarta, Indonesia) dina kaping 30 Maret 1851 atawa dina yuswa 34 taun. Anjeuna nyaéta salah saurang naturalis Jérman anu spesialisasina géologi jeung mineralogi. Ngaran anjeunna diabadikeun jadi salah sahiji ngaran pagunungan di Kalimantan Barat nyaéta pagunungan Schwaner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz79606.html|title=Schwaner, Carl - Deutsche Biographie|last=Biographie|first=Deutsche|website=www.deutsche-biographie.de|language=de|accessdate=2019-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karya Tulisanna ==

* ''Reis naar, en aanteekeningen betreffende de steenkolen van Batoe Belian : (Zuid-Oostkust van Borneo)'' (dan JH Croockewit), 1847 - Perjalanan jeung catetan batu bara nu dijieun tina batu belian: (Pantai Tenggara Kalimantan).
* ''Historische, geografische en statistieke aanteekeningen betreffende Tanah Boemboe : aangetroffen onder de bij het Gouvernement van Nederlandsch-Indie¨ berustende papieren van C.A.L.M. Schwaner'' (edited by Elisa Netscher), 1851 - Catatan sajarah, geografis jeung [[Statistika|statistik]] nu dijieun di Tanah Boemboe: nu dipanggihan diantara dokumen yang dicepeng ku Pamarentah Hindia Belanda, tulisan C.A.L.M. Schwaner.
* ''Aanteekeningen betreffende eenige maatschappelijke instellingen en gebruiken der Dajaks van Doesson'' (edited by J H Croockewit), ca.1852 - Catetan nu dijieun ti sababaraha institusi sosial jeung prakték orang Dayak Doesson.
* ''Borneo: beschrijving van het stroomgebeid van den Barito, en reizen langs eenige voorname rivieren van het Zuid-Oosterlijk gedéelte van dat eiland'' (edited by Jan Pijnappel), 1853 - Borneo: Déskripsi cekungan Wahangan Barito jeung perjalanan sapanjang sababaraha hiji wahangan gedé di bagéan tenggara pulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au:Schwaner,+C.+M.&amp;qt=hot_author|title=Results for 'au:Schwaner, C. M.' [WorldCat.org]|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Déwan Pangwakil Daérah</title>
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Baqotun0023 mindahkeun kaca [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia]] ka [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah]] maké pindahan: teu perlu, disambbiguasi sami siga DPR Indonesia</comment>
      <origin>705710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32467" sha1="tg26lgg36k0fp5exytckq181nutyup8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox legislature
 | background_color   = #f1c647
 | text_color         = #000000
 | name               = &lt;center&gt;'''Déwan Pangwakil Daérah'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DPD RI&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
 | legislature        = &lt;center&gt;Période 2014-2019&lt;/center&gt;
 | coa_pic            = &lt;center&gt;[[File:Coat of arms of the Regional Representative Council of Indonesia.svg|120px]]&lt;/center&gt;
 | house_type         = [[Majelis luhur]] (Trikameralisme)&lt;ref name=&quot;jimly&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114002446/http://www.jimly.com/makalah/namafile/40/Trikameralisme_DPD.doc |title=Lembaga Perwakilan dan Permusyawaratan Rakyat Tingkat Pusat |author=Jimly Asshiddiqie |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | body               = 
 | leader1_type       = [[Daptar Ketua Dewan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia|Ketua]]
 | leader1            = [[Oesman Sapta Odang]]
 | party1             = Utusan [[Kalimantan Kulon]]
 | election1          = 4 April 2017
 | leader2_type       = [[Daptar Wakil Ketua Déwan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia|Wakil Ketua]]
 | leader2            = [[Nono Sampono]]
 | party2             = Utusan [[Maluku]]
 | election2          = 4 April 2017
 | leader3_type       = Wakil Ketua
 | leader3            = [[Darmayanti Lubis]]
 | party3             = Utusan [[Sumatra Kalér]]
 | election3          = 4 April 2017
 | members            = 132
 | last_election1     = [[Pamilihan umum législatif Indonésia 2019|17 April 2019]]
 | session_room       = Sidang Paripurna DPD.jpg
 | session_res        = 250px
 | meeting_place      = [[Komplék Parlemén]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]
 | anggaran           = Rp1.138,9 miliar (2015)&lt;ref name=&quot;apbn2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501123456/http://www.anggaran.depkeu.go.id/dja/acontent/NK%20APBNP%202015%20FULL.pdf |title=Nota Keuangan dan Rancangan APBN Perubahan 2015 |publisher=Kemenkeu RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | website            = [https://www.dpd.go.id/ www.dpd.go.id]
}}

{| class=&quot;vertical-navbox nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;float:right; clear:right; width:22.0em; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0.4em 0;&quot; | [[File:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|125px]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#efefef; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot; | [[Politik Indonésia|Tata Nagara Indonésia]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left; padding:0 0.4em;&quot; |
* '''Konstitusi'''
** [[UUD 1945]]
* '''Législatif'''
** [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat|MPR]]
** [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat|DPR]]
** [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah|DPD]]
* '''Éksékutif'''
** [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]]
** [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia|Wakil Présidén]]
** [[Kabinet Indonésia|Kabinét]]
* '''Yudikatif'''
** [[Mahkamah Agung Républik Indonésia|Mahkamah Agung]]
** [[Mahkamah Konstitusi Républik Indonésia|Mahkamah Konstitusi]]
|}

'''Déwan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia''' (disingget '''DPD RI''') nyaéta lembaga luhur nagara dina sistem katatanagaraan [[Indonésia]] anu anggotana mangrupa wawakil ti unggal propinsi anu kapilih ngaliwatan [[Pamilihan Umum]]. DPD dibentuk minangka kamonésan tina parobahan katilu [[Undang-Undang Dasar 1945]] kalayan tujuanna pikeun ngaronjatkeun akomodasi aspirasi daérah dina tingkat nasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;uud45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/uu1945 |title=Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 |publisher=Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828053139/https://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/uu1945 |date=2021-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wenang sarta pancén DPD ngawengku pangajuan sarta pangawasan rancangan undang-undang anu patali sareng otonomi daérah, hubungan puseur sareng daérah, sarta ngokolakeun sumber daya alam atanapi ékonomi daérah sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;fungsi-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.dpd.go.id/tentang-dpd/tugas-dan-wewenang |title=Tugas dan Wewenang DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarat-sarat ==
Sarat pikeun jadi calon anggota [[DPD]] dumasar kana Pasal 182 [[Undang-Undang]] Nomer 7 Taun 2017 ngeunaan Pemilihan Umum, nyaéta warga nagara Indonésia anu kedah nyumponan sarat-sarat di handap ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;uu7-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data/puu/UU_7_Tahun_2017.pdf |title=Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum |publisher=JDIH Komisi Pemilihan Umum |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Takwa ka Gusti Nu Maha Esa.
# Dumuk di wilayah Nagara Kasatuan Républik Indonésia.
# Satia ka [[Pancasila]], [[UUD 1945]], [[Nagara Kasatuan Républik Indonésia]], sarta cita-cita Proklamasi [[17 Agustus 1945]].
# Umurna sahenteuna 21 (dua puluh hiji) taun atanapi langkung.
# Atikan panghandapna nyaéta tamat Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA), Madrasah Aliyah (MA), Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK), Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK), atanapi sakola sanés anu sadarajat.
# Teu kungsi dipanjara dumasar kana putusan pangadilan anu geus miboga kakuatan hukum tetep (incracht) alatan ngalakukeun tindak pidana anu diancam hukuman panjara 5 (lima) taun atanapi langkung.
# Séhat sacara jasmani, rohani, sarta bébas tina panyalahgunaan narkotika.
# Kadaptar salaku pamilih.
# Kersa damel sagemblengna (full-time).
# Ngundurkeun diri salaku kapala daérah, wakil kapala daérah, ASN, anggota [[TNI]], anggota [[Polri]], diréksi/komisaris/pagawé [[BUMN]] atanapi [[BUMD]], atanapi badan sanés anu anggaranna tina kauangan nagara, anu dinyatakeun ku surat pangunduran diri anu teu tiasa ditarik deui.
# Teu kungsi janten anggota [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]], kaasup organisasi massana, atanapi lain jalma anu kalibet langsung dina G.30.S/PKI.
# Boga [[Nomer Poko Wajib Pajak]] (NPWP) sarta geus nedunan kawajiban mayar pajeg.

== Fungsi ==
Dumasar kana [[Undang-Undang Dasar 1945]], [[DPD]] miboga tilu fungsi utama anu dilaksanakeun dina raraga ngawakilan aspirasi daérah dina tingkat nasional, nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;fungsi-dpd&quot;/&gt;

* '''Législasi''': Ngajukeun sarta milu ngabahas rancangan [[Undang-Undang]] anu pakait jeung otonomi daérah, hubungan puseur jeung daérah, sarta pambentukan atawa pamekaran daérah.
* '''Pertimbangan''': Méré panimbangan ka [[DPR]] ngeunaan rancangan undang-undang [[APBN]] sarta rancangan undang-undang anu pakait jeung pajeg, pendidikan, sarta agama.
* '''Pangawasan''': Ngalakukeun pangawasan kana palaksanaan undang-undang anu patali jeung otonomi daérah sarta nepikeun hasil pangawasanna ka DPR salaku bahan tinimbangan.

== Kaanggotaan ==
Anggota [[DPD]] ti unggal propinsi jumlahna nyaéta 4 urang anu dipilih sacara langsung ku rahayat ngaliwatan [[Pamilihan Umum]] kalayan sistem distrik wakil loba.&lt;ref name=&quot;uu7-2017&quot; /&gt; 

Sajarahna, pikeun période 2014-2019, jumlah anggota DPD téh nyaéta 132 urang ti 33 propinsi. Nanging, saprak ayana pamekaran wilayah di [[Papua]] sarta pangadegan propinsi-propinsi anyar, jumlah propinsi di [[Indonésia]] ayeuna parantos janten 38 propinsi. Ku kituna, total anggota DPD pikeun période 2024-2029 sarta saterusna nyaéta 152 urang.&lt;ref name=&quot;kpu-2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.kpu.go.id/berita/read/11456/jumlah-kursi-anggota-dpd-pada-pemilu-2024 |title=Data Sebaran Kursi Anggota DPD RI Per Provinsi Pemilu 2024 |publisher=Komisi Pemilihan Umum |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Période jabatan anggota DPD nyaéta 5 taun, sarta bakal réngsé babarengan nalika anggota DPD anu anyar ngucapkeun sumpah atanapi janji di payuneun [[Ketua Mahkamah Agung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;perpusnas-bio&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah ==
[[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah]] (DPD) lahir dina ping 1 Oktober 2004, nalika 128 anggota DPD anu kapilih pikeun kahiji kalina diistrénan sarta dicandak sumpahna. Dina awal pangadeganana, masih seueur tantangan anu disanghareupan ku DPD. Éta tantangan téh dimimitian tina wewenangna anu dianggap can nyukupan pikeun janten kamar kadua anu éféktif dina hiji parlemén bikameral, dugi ka pasualan kalembagaanana. Ieu tantangan timbul utamana alatan kurangna dukungan [[politik]] anu dipaparinkeun ka ieu lembaga énggal.&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |author=Bivitri Susanti, dkk. |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108190903/http://parlemen.net/site/ldetails.php?docid=dpd |title=Sejarah Dewan Perwakilan Daerah |publisher=parlemen.net |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayana lembaga sapertos DPD anu ngawakilan daérah di parlemén nasional, saenyana parantos mikiran sarta tiasa dipaluruh saprak sateuacan mangsa kamerdikaan. Éta gagasan téh dikedalkeun ku [[Mohammad Yamin]] dina rapat perumusan [[UUD 1945]] ku Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia ([[BPUPKI]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-dpd&quot; /&gt;

Gagasan ngeunaan pentingna ayana perwakilan daérah di parlemén, mimitina diakomodasi dina konstitusi munggaran Indonésia, UUD 1945, kalayan konsép &quot;utusan daérah&quot; di jero [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] (MPR), anu ngarendéng sareng &quot;utusan golongan&quot; sarta anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat]] (DPR). Hal ieu diatur dina Pasal 2 [[UUD 1945]] (naskah asli), anu nyatakeun yén &quot;MPR diwangun ku anggota DPR ditambah ku utusan-utusan ti daérah-daérah sarta golongan-golongan, numutkeun aturan anu ditetepkeun ku undang-undang.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;uud45&quot;/&gt;

Dina période konstitusi salajengna, nyaéta UUD Républik Indonésia Serikat ([[RIS]]), éta gagasan diwujudkeun dina wangun Sénat Républik Indonésia Serikat anu ngawakilan nagara bagian sarta damel bareng sareng DPR-RIS.&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarah-dpd&quot; /&gt;

== Pimpinan ==
Pimpinan [[DPD]] diwangun ku saurang ketua sarta dua urang wakil ketua. Salian ti miboga pancén pikeun mingpin sidang, pimpinan DPD ogé janten juru bicara lembaga. Pimpinan DPD pikeun période 2014–2019 ngalaman sababaraha kali parobahan alatan kaayaan politik sarta hukum dina mangsa éta.

Dina mimitina, [[Irman Gusman]] kapilih deui janten Ketua DPD RI période 2014–2019 saatos unggul ti calon sanésna, [[Farouk Muhammad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kompas-irman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/10/02/22551931/Irman.Gusman.Kembali.Terpilih.sebagai.Ketua.DPD.RI.Periode.2014-2019 |title=Irman Gusman Kembali Terpilih sebagai Ketua DPD RI Periode 2014-2019 |publisher=Kompas.com |date=2 Oktober 2014 |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, dina ping 12 Oktober 2016, [[Mohammad Saleh (politisi)|Mohammad Saleh]] resmi ngagentos Irman Gusman pikeun sésa masa jabatan. Salajengna, dina April 2017, kajantenan parobahan deui dimana [[Oesman Sapta Odang]] kapilih janten ketua anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;antaranews-oso&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/621876/oesman-sapta-odang-terpilih-jadi-ketua-dpd-ri |title=Oesman Sapta Odang terpilih jadi Ketua DPD RI |publisher=Antara News |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pimpinan DPD période 2014–2019 nyaéta:
* '''Ketua''': 
# [[Irman Gusman]] ([[Sumatra Kulon]]) (2014–2016)
# [[Mohammad Saleh (politisi)|Mohammad Saleh]] ([[Bengkulu]]) (2016–2017)
# [[Oesman Sapta Odang]] ([[Kalimantan Kulon]]) (2017–2019)
* '''Wakil Ketua''': 
# [[Farouk Muhammad]] ([[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]]) (2014–2017)
# [[Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas]] ([[Yogyakarta]]) (2014–2017)
# [[Nono Sampono]] ([[Maluku]]) (2017–2019)
# [[Darmayanti Lubis]] ([[Sumatra Kalér]]) (2017–2019)

== Anggota ==
{{Tempo ogé|Daftar anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah 2014–2019}}
{{Tempo ogé|Daftar anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah 2009–2014}}
{{Tempo ogé|Daftar anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah 2004–2009}}

Anggota [[DPD]] nyaéta wawakil ti unggal propinsi anu kapilih ngaliwatan [[Pamilihan Umum]] kalayan jumlah 4 urang per propinsi. Kaanggotaan DPD diistrénan babarengan sareng anggota [[DPR]].

Jumlah anggota DPD ti unggal périodeu nyaéta:
* '''Périodeu 2004–2009''': 128 anggota (32 propinsi).
* '''Périodeu 2009–2014''': 132 anggota (33 propinsi).
* '''Périodeu 2014–2019''': 132 anggota (34 propinsi, nanging [[Kalimantan Kalér]] teu acan miboga wakil husus dina pamilihan 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;kpu-sejarah&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.kpu.go.id/ |title=Sejarah Keanggotaan DPD RI |publisher=Komisi Pemilihan Umum |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Périodeu 2019–2024''': 136 anggota (34 propinsi).
* '''Périodeu 2024–2029''': 152 anggota (38 propinsi).

== Kekebalan Hukum ==
Anggota [[DPD]] miboga hak imunitas atanapi kekebalan hukum. Hartosna, anggota DPD teu tiasa ditungtut di payuneun pangadilan alatan pernyataan, patarosan, atanapi pamadegan anu ditepikeun sacara lisan boh tinulis dina rapat-rapat DPD, salami éta hal henteu patukang tonggong sareng Peraturan Tata Tertib sarta kode etik lembaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;uu-md3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/uu-md3 |title=Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah |publisher=DPR RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, katangtuan kekebalan hukum ieu henteu lumaku upami anggota anu bersangkutan ngumumkeun matéri anu parantos disapukan dina rapat katutup pikeun dirahasiakeun, atanapi hal-hal sanésna anu mangrupa rasiah nagara sakumaha anu diatur dina papagon perundang-undangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;uu-md3&quot; /&gt;

== Alat Kelengkapan ==
Pikeun ngajalankeun pancén sarta wewenangna, [[DPD]] dirojong ku sababaraha alat kelengkapan anu diwangun ku:&lt;ref name=&quot;tatib-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://www.dpd.go.id/tentang-dpd/alat-kelengkapan |title=Alat Kelengkapan DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Pimpinan''': Diwangun ku saurang ketua sarta tilu urang wakil ketua (pikeun période ayeuna).
* '''Komite''': Mangrupa alat kelengkapan utama anu dibagi janten opat widang (Komite I, II, III, sarta IV) anu nyangking urusan otonomi daérah, sumber daya ékonomi, kasajahteraan rahayat, dugi ka kauangan nagara.
* '''Badan Kehormatan (BK)''': Pancénna ngajagi martabat sarta kode etik anggota DPD.
* '''Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang (PPUU)''': Fokus dina widang législasi sarta panyusunan rancangan undang-undang.
* '''Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga (PURT)''': Ngurus masalah rumah tangga sarta administrasi internal lembaga.
* '''Badan Akuntabilitas Publik (BAP)''': Merhatoskeun tindak lanjut hasil pamariksaan kauangan nagara sarta pangaduan masarakat.
* '''Badan Kerja Sama Parlemen (BKSP)''': Ngurus hubungan luar negeri sarta gawé bareng antar-parlemén.
* '''Badan Urusan Legislasi Daerah (BULD)''': Pancénna nyaéta ngalakukeun pamantauan sarta sawala kana rancangan perda atanapi perda di daérah.

Salian ti éta, DPD ogé tiasa ngabentuk panitia sanésna anu dianggap perlu, sapertos Panitia Khusus (Pansus) pikeun nanganan pasualan anu sipatna samentara sarta spésifik.&lt;ref name=&quot;uu-md3&quot; /&gt;

=== Komite I ===
==== Pancén ====
Komite I [[DPD]] RI mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD RI anu sipatna tetep, anu miboga wengkuan pancén dina widang otonomi daérah; hubungan puseur sarta daérah; sarta pambentukan, pamekaran, sarta panggabungan daérah.&lt;ref name=&quot;komite1-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008054109/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/komite-i |title=Komite I DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wengkuan pancén Komite I sakumaha anu dimaksud, dilaksanakeun kalayan merhatoskeun urusan daérah sarta masarakat, sapertos di handap ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;komite1-dpd&quot; /&gt;
* Pamaréntah daérah;
* Hubungan puseur sarta daérah, ogé antar daérah;
* Pambentukan, pamekaran, sarta panggabungan daérah;
* Padumukan sarta kapandudukan;
* Pertanahan sarta tata rohangan;
* Politik, hukum, HAM, sarta katertiban umum; sarta
* Pasualan daérah di wilayah wates nagara.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Komite I période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil sidu pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403100622/http://www.jurnalparlemen.com/view/8450/ini-formasi-alat-kelengkapan-dpd-tahun-sidang-2014-2015.html |title=Ini Formasi Alat Kelengkapan DPD Tahun Sidang 2014-2015 |publisher=Jurnal Parlemen |date=Oktober 2014 |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Akhmad Muqowam]] ([[Jawa Tengah]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Fachrul Razi]] ([[Aceh]]) sarta [[Benny Rhamdani]] ([[Sulawesi Kalér]])

=== Komite II ===
==== Pancén ====
Komite II [[DPD]] RI mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD RI anu sipatna tetep, anu miboga wengkuan pancén dina widang ngokolakeun sumber daya alam; sarta ngokolakeun sumber daya ékonomi sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;komite2-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008081531/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/komite-ii |title=Komite II DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wengkuan pancén Komite II sakumaha anu dimaksud, dilaksanakeun kalayan merhatoskeun urusan daérah sarta masarakat, sapertos di handap ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;komite2-dpd&quot; /&gt;
* Tatanén sarta Perkebunan;
* Perhubungan;
* Kalautan sarta Perikanan;
* Énérgi sarta Sumber daya mineral;
* Kahutanan sarta Lingkungan hirup;
* Pemberdayaan Ékonomi Karahayatan sarta Daérah Tinggal;
* Perindustrian sarta Perdagangan;
* Penanaman Modal (Investasi); sarta
* Pakaryan Umum.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Komite II période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana parobahan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Parlindungan Purba]] ([[Sumatra Kalér]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Ahmad Nawardi]] ([[Jawa Wétan]]) sarta [[La Ode Muhammad Rusman Emba]] ([[Sulawesi Tenggara]])

=== Komite III ===
==== Pancén ====
Komite III [[DPD]] RI mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD RI anu sipatna tetep, anu miboga wengkuan pancén dina widang atikan sarta agama.&lt;ref name=&quot;komite3-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008093054/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/komite-iii |title=Komite III DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wengkuan pancén Komite III sakumaha anu dimaksud, dilaksanakeun kalayan merhatoskeun urusan daérah sarta masarakat, sapertos di handap ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;komite3-dpd&quot; /&gt;
* Atikan (Pendidikan);
* Agama;
* Kabudayaan;
* Kaséhatan;
* Pariwisata;
* Pamuda sarta olahraga;
* Kasajahteraan sosial;
* Pemberdayaan awéwé sarta panangtayungan barudak;
* Tanaga Kerja sarta Transmigrasi;
* Ékonomi Kréatif;
* Administrasi Kapandudukan/Pancatatan Sipil;
* Pangandalian Kapandudukan/Kulawarga Berencana; sarta
* Perpustakaan.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Komite III période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Hardi Selamat Hood]] ([[Kapuloan Riau]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Abraham Liyanto]] ([[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]]) sarta [[Fahira Idris]] ([[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta]])

=== Komite IV ===
==== Pancén ====
Komite IV [[DPD]] RI mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD RI anu sipatna tetep, anu miboga wengkuan pancén dina rancangan undang-undang anu patali sareng APBN; paimbangan kauangan puseur sarta daérah; méré tinimbangan hasil pamariksaan kauangan nagara sarta pamilihan Anggota [[BPK]]; pajeg; sarta usaha mikro, leutik, sarta menengah.&lt;ref name=&quot;komite4-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008030454/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/komite-iv |title=Komite IV DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wengkuan pancén Komite IV sakumaha anu dimaksud, dilaksanakeun kalayan merhatoskeun urusan daérah sarta masarakat, sapertos di handap ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;komite4-dpd&quot; /&gt;
* Anggaran pangpendapatan sarta balanja nagara (APBN);
* Pajeg sarta pungutan sanésna;
* Paimbangan kauangan puseur sarta daérah;
* Tinimbangan hasil pamariksaan kauangan nagara sarta pamilihan anggota BPK;
* Lembaga kauangan; sarta
* Koperasi, usaha mikro, leutik, sarta menengah ([[UMKM]]).

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Komite IV période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Cholid Mahmud]] ([[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Ajiep Padindang]] ([[Sulawesi Kidul]]) sarta [[Ghazali Abbas Adan]] ([[Aceh]])

=== Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang ===
==== Pancén ====
Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang (PPUU) dibentuk ku [[DPD]] sarta mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;ppuu-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008095118/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/panitia-perancang-undang-undang |title=Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang DPD RI |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngarencanakeun sarta nyusun program sarta urutan prioritas sawala usul rancangan undang-undang pikeun 1 (hiji) masa kaanggotaan DPD sarta unggal taun anggaran;
# Ngabahas usul rancangan undang-undang dumasar kana program prioritas anu parantos ditetepkeun;
# Ngalakukeun kagiatan sawala, harmonisasi, pabulatan, sarta pamantapan konsepsi usul rancangan undang-undang anu disiapkeun ku DPD;
# Ngalakukeun sawala, parobahan, sarta/atanapi nyampurnakeun rancangan undang-undang anu sacara husus ditugaskeun ku Panitia Musyawarah sarta/atanapi Sidang Paripurna;
# Ngalakukeun sawala kana rancangan undang-undang ti [[DPR]] atanapi [[Présidén]] anu sacara husus ditugaskeun ku Panitia Musyawarah atanapi Sidang Paripurna;
# Ngalakukeun koordinasi, konsultasi, sarta évaluasi dina raraga nuturkeun kamekaran matéri usul rancangan undang-undang anu nuju dibahas ku komite;
# Ngalakukeun évaluasi kana program panyusunan usul rancangan undang-undang;
# Ngalakukeun pancén dumasar kana putusan Sidang Paripurna sarta/atanapi Panitia Musyawarah;
# Ngusulkeun ka Panitia Musyawarah hal-hal anu dianggap perlu pikeun diasupkeun kana acara DPD;
# Ngayakeun persiapan, sawala, sarta panyusunan RUU anu henteu janten wengkuan pancén komite;
# Ngakoordinasikeun prosés panyusunan RUU anu sawalana ngalibatkeun langkung ti 1 (hiji) Komite; sarta
# Ngadamel inventarisasi masalah hukum sarta perundang-undangan dina ahir taun sidang sarta ahir masa kaanggotaan pikeun tiasa dianggo janten bahan PPUU dina masa kaanggotaan salajengna.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang (PPUU) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Gede Pasek Suardika]] ([[Bali]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Anang Prihantoro]] ([[Lampung]]) sarta [[Muhammad Afnan Hadikusumo]] ([[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]])

=== Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga ===
==== Pancén ====
Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga (PURT) mangrupa Alat Kelengkapan [[DPD]] RI anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;purt-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008035643/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/panitia-urusan-rumah-tangga |title=Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngabantosan pimpinan dina nangtukeun kawijakan karumah-tanggaan DPD RI, kalebet kasajahteraan Anggota sarta pagawé Sekretariat Jenderal;
# Ngabantosan pimpinan dina ngalaksanakeun pangawasan kana palaksanaan pancén sarta kawajiban anu dilakukeun ku Sekretariat Jenderal, kalebet pangolahan kantor DPD RI di daérah;
# Ngabantosan pimpinan dina ngarencanakeun sarta nyusun kawijakan anggaran DPD;
# Ngawas pangolahan anggaran anu dilaksanakeun ku Sekretariat Jenderal;
# Ngawakilan pimpinan ngalakukeun koordinasi dina raraga pangolahan sarana sarta prasarana kawasan gedong perkantoran [[MPR]], [[DPR]], sarta DPD;
# Ngalaksanakeun pancén sanésna anu aya hubunganana sareng masalah karumah-tanggaan DPD anu ditugaskeun ku pimpinan dumasar kana hasil Sidang Panitia Musyawarah; sarta
# Nepikeun laporan kinerja dina Sidang Paripurna anu sacara husus diayakeun pikeun éta hal.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga (PURT) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Muhammad Asri Anas]] ([[Sulawesi Kulon]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Aidil Fitri Syah]] ([[Sumatra Kidul]]) sarta [[Habib Ali Alwi]] ([[Banten]])

=== Badan Kehormatan ===
==== Pancén ====
Badan Kehormatan (BK) mangrupa Alat Kelengkapan [[DPD]] anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;bk-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008024540/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/badan-kehormatan |title=Badan Kehormatan |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngalakukeun panyalidikan sarta verifikasi kana pangaduan ka Anggota DPD alatan:
#* Henteu ngalaksanakeun kawajiban;
#* Henteu tiasa ngalaksanakeun pancén sacara terus-terusan atanapi kahalangan tetep janten Anggota salami 3 (tilu) sasih berturut-turut tanpa katerangan nanaon;
#* Henteu ngahadiran Sidang Paripurna sarta/atanapi rapat alat kelengkapan DPD anu janten pancén sarta kawajibanana saloba 6 (genep) kali berturut-turut tanpa alesan anu sah;
#* Teu minuhan deui sarat janten calon Anggota saluyu sareng peraturan perundang-undangan ngeunaan [[Pamilihan Umum]];
#* Ngalanggar katangtuan larangan Anggota.
# Nangtukeun putusan kana hasil panyalidikan sarta verifikasi kana pangaduan ka Anggota;
# Nepikeun putusan sakumaha hasil panyalidikan sarta verifikasi kana pangaduan ka Anggota dina Sidang Paripurna pikeun ditetepkeun.
# Salian ti pancén-pancén di luhur, BK ogé ngalakukeun évaluasi sarta nyampurnakeun peraturan DPD ngeunaan Tata Tertib sarta Kode Etik DPD.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Badan Kehormatan (BK) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Mervin Sadipun Komber]] ([[Papua Kulon]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Oni Suwarman]] ([[Jawa Kulon]]) sarta [[Hendry Zainuddin]] ([[Sumatra Kidul]])

=== Badan Kerja Sama Parlemén ===
==== Pancén ====
Badan Kerja Sama Parlemén (BKSP) dibentuk ku [[DPD]] sarta mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;bksp-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123152108/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/badan-kerjasama-parlemen |title=Badan Kerjasama Parlemen |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngabina, ngembangkeun, sarta ningkatkeun hubungan silaturahmi sarta gawé bareng antara DPD sarta lembaga sejenis, lembaga pamaréntah atanapi lembaga non-pamaréntah, boh sacara regional atanapi internasional, dumasar kana penugasan Sidang Paripurna atanapi dadasar koordinasi sareng Panitia Musyawarah sarta Komite;
# Ngakoordinasikeun kagiatan kunjungan kerja anu dilakukeun ku alat kelengkapan boh sacara regional atanapi internasional;
# Nyiapkeun hal-hal anu aya hubunganana sareng kunjungan delegasi lembaga nagara sejenis anu janten tamu DPD;
# Méré saran atanapi usulan ka pimpinan ngeunaan gawé bareng antara DPD sarta lembaga nagara sejenis, boh sacara regional atanapi internasional;
# Ngayakeun sidang gabungan sareng pimpinan, Panitia Musyawarah, Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga, Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang, sarta Komite dina raraga pambentukan delegasi DPD; sarta
# Katangtuan langkung janten ngeunaan hubungan antar-lembaga diatur langkung jéntré ku putusan Panitia Hubungan Antar Lembaga.

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Badan Kerja Sama Parlemén (BKSP) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Mohammad Saleh (politisi)|Mohammad Saleh]] ([[Bengkulu]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Emilia Contessa]] ([[Jawa Wétan]]) sarta [[Maya Rumantir]] ([[Sulawesi Kalér]])

=== Badan Pengembangan Kapasitas Kelembagaan ===
==== Pancén ====
Badan Pengembangan Kapasitas Kelembagaan [[DPD]] (BPKK DPD) miboga pancén di antarana nyaéta ngaji sistem katatanagaraan raraga ngawujudkeun lembaga wawakil daérah anu ngéjawantahkeun ajén-inajén démokrasi. Dina ngalaksanakeun pancénna, Kelompok DPD dibantosan ku anggota/pimpinan BPKK DPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Badan Pengembangan Kapasitas Kelembagaan (BPKK) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Bambang Sadono]] ([[Jawa Tengah]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Muhammad Asri Anas]] ([[Sulawesi Kulon]]) sarta [[Muhammad Syukur]] ([[Jambi]])

=== Badan Akuntabilitas Publik ===
==== Pancén ====
Badan Akuntabilitas Publik (BAP) mangrupa alat kelengkapan [[DPD]] anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;bap-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118225908/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/badan-akuntabilitas-publik |title=Badan Akuntabilitas Publik |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngalakukeun panelaahan sarta nuturkeun hasil timuan [[BPK]] anu miboga indikasi karugian nagara sacara ngalawan hukum;
# Nampung sarta nuturkeun pangaduan masarakat patali sareng dugaan korupsi sarta malaadministrasi dina palayanan publik;

==== Pimpinan ====
Pimpinan Badan Akuntabilitas Publik (BAP) période 2014 - 2019 dumasar kana hasil pemilihan alat kelengkapan nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;pimpinan-ak-dpd&quot; /&gt;

* '''Ketua''': [[Abdul Gafar Usman]] ([[Riau]])
* '''Wakil Ketua''': [[Ayi Hambali]] ([[Jawa Kulon]]) sarta [[Novita]] ([[Maluku]])

=== Panitia Musyawarah ===
==== Pancén ====
Panitia Musyawarah dibentuk ku [[DPD]] sarta mangrupa alat kelengkapan DPD anu sipatna tetep sarta miboga pancén:&lt;ref name=&quot;panmus-dpd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=id |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008005905/http://www.dpd.go.id/alatkelengkapan/panitia-musyawarah |title=Panitia Musyawarah |publisher=Laman Resmi DPD RI |access-date=13 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ngarancang sarta nangtukeun jadwal acara sarta kagiatan DPD, kalebet sidang sarta rapat, pikeun:
#* 1 (hiji) taun sidang;
#* 1 (hiji) masa pasidangan; sarta
#* sabagian tina hiji masa sidang.
# Ngarancang rencana gawé lima taunan janten program sarta arah kawijakan DPD salami 1 (hiji) masa kaanggotaan;
# Rencana gawé lima taunan janten program sarta arah kawijakan DPD salami 1 (hiji) masa kaanggotaan tiasa dirévisi unggal taun;
# Nyusun rencana gawé taunan janten pajabaran tina rencana gawé lima taunan;
# Ngarancang sarta nangtukeun perkiraan waktu paréngséan hiji masalah;
# Ngarancang sarta nangtukeun jangka waktu paréngséan rancangan undang-undang, kalayan henteu ngurangan hak Sidang Paripurna pikeun ngarobahna;
# Méré pamadegan ka pimpinan dina nanganan masalah ngeunaan palaksanaan pancén sarta wewenang DPD;
# Ménta sarta/atanapi méré kasempetan ka alat kelengkapan DPD sanésna pikeun méré katerangan/panjelasan ngeunaan hal anu patali sareng palaksanaan pancén unggal alat kelengkapan kasebat;
# Nangtukeun pananganan kana palaksanaan pancén DPD ku alat kelengkapan DPD;
# Ngabahas sarta nangtukeun mékanisme gawé antar alat kelengkapan anu henteu diatur dina Tata Tertib; sarta
# Ngarumaskeun agénda kagiatan Anggota di daérah.

Salian ti pancén sakumaha anu dimaksud di luhur, Panitia Musyawarah miboga pancén nyusun rencana kagiatan pikeun ditepikeun ka Panitia Urusan Rumah Tangga (PURT) dina nangtukeun dukungan anggaran.

== Sekretariat Jenderal ==
{{Utama|Sekretariat Jenderal Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia}}
Pikeun ngarojong kalancaran palaksanaan pancén DPD, dibentuk [[Sekretariat Jenderal DPD]] anu ditetepkeun ku [[Kapingnan Présidén]], sarta personélna diwangun ku [[Pagawé Nagri Sipil]] (PNS). Sekretariat Jenderal DPD dipimpin ku saurang Sekretaris Jenderal anu diangkat sarta diberhentikeun ku Kaputusan [[Présidén]] dumasar kana usulan Pimpinan DPD.

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Majelis Tinggi]]
* [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]]
* [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.dpd.go.id Ramatloka resmi Déwan Pangwakil Daérah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203091543/http://www.dpd.go.id/ |date=2016-12-03 }}

{{Topik Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia| ]]
[[Kategori:Parlemén Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Probiotik</title>
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[[Gambar:Yakult_drink.jpg|ka|jmpl| Botol Yakult, inuman probiotik anu ngandung ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' ]]
'''Probiotik''' nyaéta mikroorganisme hirup anu dipromosikeun kalayan klaim hadé pikeun kaséhatan lamun dikonsumsi, umumna ku cara ngaronjatkeun atawa mulihkeun flora usus.&lt;ref name=&quot;nhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/probiotics/|title=Probiotics|publisher=National Health Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nccih&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm|title=Probiotics: What You Need To Know|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|accessdate=10 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Probiotik sacara umum dianggap aman, tapi dina sababaraha kasus bisa ogé ngabalukarkeun gangguan.&lt;ref name=&quot;DoronSnydman2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Risk and safety of probiotics.|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/suppl_2/S129.long|journal=Clin Infect Dis|type=Review|volume=60 Suppl 2|pages=S129–34|doi=10.1093/cid/civ085|pmc=4490230|pmid=25922398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811145245/http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/suppl_2/S129.long|archive-date=2016-08-11|access-date=2016-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghiKumar2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Probiotics in critically ill children.|journal=F1000Res|type=Review|volume=5|pages=407|doi=10.12688/f1000research.7630.1|pmc=4813632|pmid=27081478}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DurchscheinPetritsch2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|type=Review|volume=22|issue=7|pages=2179–94|doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179|pmc=4734995|pmid=26900283}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukti kauntungan probiotik pikeun kaséhatan ukur saeutik, diandingkeun jeung aakuanana.   

== Watesan ==
Laporan Oktober 2001 ti [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya|Organisasi Kaséhatan World]] (WHO) netepkeun probiotik salaku mikroorganismeu hirup anu, &quot;nalika dituang dina jumlah anu nyukupan, masihan mangpaat kaséhatan kanggo awakna.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf|title=Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria|last=Schlundt|first=Jorgen|website=Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria|publisher=FAO / WHO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161702/http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf|archivedate=October 22, 2012|accessdate=17 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nuturkeun watesan ieu, grup kerja anu diayakeun ku Organisasi Kadaharan sareng Pertanian (FAO)/WHO dina bulan Méi 2002 ngaluarkeun ''Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/wgreport2.pdf|title=Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food|publisher=Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario, Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dina dahareun ==
[[Kultur mikrobiologi]] probiotik hirup téh bagian ti produk susu ferméntasi, katuangan [[Férméntasi|pérméntasi]] lianna, jeung tuangeun-probiotik. 

Sababaraha produk fermentasi anu ngandung baktéri [[asam laktat]] (LAB) di antarana: sayuran acar,&lt;ref name=&quot;fv&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://fbns.ncsu.edu/USDAARS/Acrobatpubs/P376-400/p380.pdf|title=Fermented Vegetables; In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 4th Ed|pages=841–855|year=2013|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|doi=10.1128/9781555818463.ch33|access-date=19 May 2016|chapter=Fermented Vegetables|isbn=978-1-55581-626-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimci,&lt;ref name=&quot;dsnlab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2004|title=The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi|journal=Journal of Medicinal Food|volume=7|issue=1|pages=38–44|doi=10.1089/109662004322984680|pmid=15117551}}&lt;/ref&gt; pao cai,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1962|title=Fermentation of the Yugoslavian pickled cabbage|journal=Applied Microbiology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=86–9|pmc=1057814|pmid=14484853}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung sauerkraut;&lt;ref name=&quot;sugm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Y|last2=Hugenholtz|first2=Jeroen|last3=De Vos|first3=Willem M.|last4=Smid|first4=Eddy J.|year=2006|title=Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0717-34582006000400011&amp;tlng=&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso|journal=Electronic Journal of Biotechnology|volume=9|issue=4|pages=E49–55|doi=10.2225/vol9-issue4-fulltext-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814122022/http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0717-34582006000400011&amp;tlng=&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso|archive-date=14 August 2013|access-date=7 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; produk [[kadelé]] kawas [[Témpé|tempe]], &lt;ref name=&quot;mamt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=92|issue=1|pages=147–157|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x|pmid=11849339}}&lt;/ref&gt; miso, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/lactobacillus-acidophilus|title=Lactobacillus acidophilus|last=Ehrlich|first=Steven D.|publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911233110/http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/lactobacillus-acidophilus|archivedate=2015-09-11|accessdate=2015-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Kécap|kecap]],&lt;ref name=&quot;labi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand|journal=Journal of General and Applied Microbiology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=201–209|doi=10.2323/jgam.48.201|pmid=12469319}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta produk susu kayaning [[Yoghurt|yogurt]], kefir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Microbial ecology and quality assurance in food fermentation systems. The case of kefir grains application|journal=Anaerobe|volume=17|issue=6|pages=483–5|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.014|pmid=21497663}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[susu mantéga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Fermented milks and milk products as functional foods--a review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=53|issue=5|pages=482–96|doi=10.1080/10408398.2010.547398|pmid=23391015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tingali ogé ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Disbiosis]]
* [[Pangan pungsional]]
* [[Kultur pangan mikroba]]
* [[Prébiotik (giji)]]
* [[Protéobiotik]]
* [[Psikobiotik]]
* [[Sinbiotik]]
*[[Posbiotik]]
{{Div col end}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}{{Pondok}}
[[tr:Prebiyotik]]
[[Kategori:Sistim cerna]]
[[Kategori:Probiotik]]
[[Kategori:Bakteriologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Ali</title>
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      <text bytes="161731" sha1="2h49xod7nsl6aiapkl07cfvmoux5n4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Muhammad Ali|image=Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg{{!}}border|caption=Ali in 1967|birth_name=Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.|birth_date={{birth date|1942|1|17}}|birth_place=[[Louisville, Kentucky]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2016|6|3|1942|1|17}}|death_place=[[Scottsdale, Arizona]], U.S.|resting_place=[[Cave Hill Cemetery]], Louisville, Kentucky|education=[[Central High School (Louisville, Kentucky)|Central High School]] (1958)|spouse={{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Sonji Roi|1964|1966|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|[[Khalilah Ali|Belinda Boyd]]|1967|1977|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|[[Veronica Porché Ali]]|1977|1986|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|Yolanda Williams&lt;br /&gt;|1986&lt;!--Omission per template instructions--&gt;}}
}}|partner=|children=9, including [[Laila Ali]]|parents={{plainlist|
* [[Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr.]]
* [[Odessa Grady Clay]]
}}|relatives=[[Rahman Ali]] (brother)|website={{URL|http://muhammadali.com/}}}}
'''Muhammad Ali''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|l|iː}};&lt;ref&gt;Wells, John C. (2008). &quot;Ali&quot;. Kamus Prononsiasi Longman (ed. ka-3). Longman. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. manten tukang boksen Muhammad Ali dilapalkeun ɑːˈliː&lt;/ref&gt; lahir '''Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/boxing/2016/07/11/muhammad-ali-name-change-cassius-clay/86956544/|title=Why Muhammad Ali never legally changed name from Cassius Clay|last=Peter|first=Josh|website=|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=12 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17 Januari 1942 – 3 Juni 2016) nyaéta tukang tinju profésional Amérika, aktivis sarta darmawan. Nelah ku &quot;''The Greatest'' (pangagungna)&quot; sacara lega dianggap minangka salah sahiji figur olahraga nu paling penting jeung pangdipujana dina abad 20, sarta salah sahiji tukang tinju pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa. 

Ali lahir jeung digedékeun di [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]], sarta mimiti latihan minangka tukang tinju dina umur 12 taun. Dina umur 18 taun manéhna meunangkeun madali emas kelas beurat énténg dina [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960]] sarta tuluy jadi pamaén profésional dina taun éta. Manéhna asup Islam dina taun 1961 sarta ganti ngaran jadi Muhammad Ali. Manéhna meunangkeun juara kelas beurat nu teu disangka-sangka ti [[Sonny Liston]] dina umur 22 taun di taun 1964, Taun 1966, Ali nolak pikeun daptar kana wajib militer, alesanna alatan kayakinan agamana sarta teu satuju kana [[Perang Viétnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot; /&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;'' Manéhna tuluy ditahan, dinyatakeun salah alatan nolak ''draft'' wamil, sarta gelar juarana dicabut. Ali naék banding ka Pangadilan Tinggi nu ngabatalkeun putusanna di taun 1971. Najan kitu Ali geus teu tarung salila ampir opat taun sarta keleungitan mangsa puncakna minangka atlét. Aksina salaku hiji jalma nu nuranina kabeuratan kana perang tadi, ngajadikeun dirina hiji ikon pikeun génerasi budaya perlawanan nu leuwih gedé,''&lt;ref&gt;Hallett, Alison. &quot;[http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/not-so-fast/Content?oid=10883366 Not So Fast]&quot;. Portland Mercury. Diaksés 27 Désémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;Rhoden, William C. (20 Juni, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/sports/in-alis-voice-from-the-past-a-stand-for-the-ages.html &quot;In Ali's Voice From the Past, a Stand for the Ages&quot;]. The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt;'' sarta dirina mangrupa tokoh ''high-profile'' kabanggaan rasial pikeun urang  Amérika Afrika dina wanci pagerakan hak-hak sipil.&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollowverse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hollowverse.com/muhammad-ali/|title=The religion and politics of Muhammad Ali|last=|first=|website=Hollowverse|publisher=MK Safi|accessdate=4 Juni 2016|ref=hollowverse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka saurang Muslim, Ali ngagabung ka ''Nation of Islam'' (NOI) [[Elijah Muhammad]]. Dirina tuluy teu ngadukung deui NOI, nyepeng ajaran Islam [[Sunni]] sarta ngadukung integrasi rasial kawas manten méntorna, [[Malcolm X]].

Ali mangrupa hiji tukang tinju pinunjul dina abad 20, sarta masih kénéh hiji-hijina juara linéal dina divisi éta. Rekor gabunganna ngéléhkeun 21 tukang tinju pikeun gelar kelas beurat dunia jeung meunang 14 kali pikeun gelar gabungan nanjeur salila 35 taun. Ali hiji-hijina patinju nu kapilih jadi [[Patarung Taun Ieu ku majalah The Ring|Patarung Taun Ieu ku majalah ''The Ring'']] genep kali. Ali diposisikeun minangka patinju pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://espn.go.com/sports/boxing/topics/_/page/muhammad-ali Muhammad Ali]&quot;. ''ESPN''. 20 Januari, 2012. Diaksés 20 Januari, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta mangrupa atlét pangpunjulna di abad 20 ku ''Sports Illustrated'', Pribadi Olahragawan Taun Ieu ku BBC, sarta atlét pangpunjulna katilu ku ESPN ''SportsCentury''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ring&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxinginsider.com/columns/was-ali-the-greatest-heavyweight/|title=Was Ali the Greatest Heavyweight?|last=Donelson|first=Tom|publisher=Boxinginsider.com|accessdate=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/boxing/news/1999/1208/221260.html|title=AP Fighters of the Century list|accessdate=February 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirina geus aub dina sababaraha patarungan tinju jeung pacéngkadan bersajarah, nu paling kawentar ngalawan [[Joe Frazier]] dina ''Thrilla in Manila'' (Raraméan di Manila) sarta ngalawan [[George Foreman]] nu katelah ku judul ''The Rumble in the Jungle'' (Palagan di Leuweung), kawentar “dianggap kajadian olahraga panggedéna di abad 20”   

&lt;ref&gt;Kang, Jay Caspian (4 April 2013). [http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/9123674/don-king-faces-end-career &quot;The End and Don King&quot;]. ''Grantland''. ESPN. Diaksés 4 April  2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McDougall, Christopher (2014). ''The Best American Sports Writing 2014''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. k.&amp;nbsp;149. [[Nomer Buku Standar Internasional|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Husus:BookSources/9780544147003|&lt;bdi&gt;9780544147003&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ditonton ku kira-kira samilyar pamiarsa ti sakuliah dunia,&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot;&gt;&quot;Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later&quot;. ''USA Today''. 29 Oktober 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=18 Séptémber 1995|title=Mike Tyson May Fight George Foreman In Biggest Money Match: $80 Million|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|journal=Jet|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=88|issue=19|page=46|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupa siaran langsung télévisi panglobana ditongton wanci harita. Ali ogé jadi sorotan nalika loba patarung nu mikeun ka manajerna pikeun urusan biantara, Ali mah teu ngawakilkeun sarta dirina mindeng mamanas batur tur ngomong ka mana karep.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTr-p-Y4P00|title=Muhammad Ali – press conference 1974|last=|first=|website=YouTube|publisher=|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwPPM_vaNrI|title=Muhammad Ali – Pre Liston Poetry &amp; Highlights|last=|first=|website=|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6Hey54O6Qs|title=Muhammad Ali Famous Interview After Defeating Foreman|last=|first=|website=YouTube|publisher=|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kawentar ku gedé omong sarta mindeng sakarepna nyarita maké wirahma jeung kecap-kecap puisi, tur geus leuwih ti heula maké élemén hip hop.&lt;ref&gt;Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (9 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/opinion/muhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;&gt;Reeves, Mosi (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/muhammad-ali-worlds-greatest-boxer-was-also-hip-hop-pioneer-20160604 &quot;Muhammad Ali: World's Greatest Boxer Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone.'' Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot;&gt;Rubin, Mike (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/muhammad-ali-4-ways-he-changed-america-20160605 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: 4 Ways He Changed America''&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;''

Di saluareun ''ring'', Ali meunangkeun kasuksésan minangka musisi, di mana manéhna nampa dua nominasi [[Grammy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt; Manéhna ogé minton minangka aktor jeung panulis, medalkeun dua autobiografi. Ali reureuh tina tinju taun 1981 sarta suhud dina widang agama jeung amal. Taun 1984, Ali nyieun béwara yén dirina didiagnosis sindrom Parkinson, nu numutkeun béja aya patula-patalina jeung cidera balas tinju&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/20/sports/change-in-drug-helps-ali-improve.html?sec=health &quot;''Change In Drug Helps Ali Improve''&quot;]. The New York Times: kk. D–29. Diaksés pada 9 Maret 2009&lt;/ref&gt; najan ku Ali jeung dokter pribadina dibantah.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/muhammad-ali-doctor-doubts-parkinsons-1.3619442 ''AP''] &quot;Muhammad Ali's doctor doubts boxing led to Parkinson's&quot;, ''Associated Press'' via ''CBC'', June 6. 2016. Diaksés 1 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali tetap jadi figur publik nu aktif sacara global, tapi ka dieunakeun ngawatesan pintonan publikna alatan kondisina nu beuki ripuh. Ali dirawat ku kulawargana. Ali maot dina tanggal 3 Juni 2016.  

== Kahirupan awal sarta karir amatir ==
Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. lahir dina tanggal 17 Januari 1942 di [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt;'' Manéhna boga hiji dulur awéwe jeung opat dulur lalaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Great-grandfather emigrated from Ennis, County Clare, Ireland&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 &quot;Muhammad Ali: Boxer's ancestral Irish town pays tribute after death&quot;]. BBC. Diaksés tanggal 4Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm ''&quot;Ali has Irish ancestry&quot;'']. BBC News. 9 Pébruari 2002. Diaksés tanggal 5 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Manéhna  dingaranan maké ngaran bapana, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. (1912-1990), nu ngaranna sorangan dicokot dina raraga ngahargaan ka politisi Republikan abad ka-19 sarta ''abolitionist'' (anti perbudakan) nu keyeng, Cassius Marcellus Clay, nu ogé urang nagara bagian Kentucky. Aki nini Ali ti jalur bapa nyaéta John Clay jeung Sallie Anne Clay; Eva, dulur awéwé Ali, ngakukeun yén Sallie téh pituin [[Madagaskar]].&lt;ref&gt;Egerton, John (1 Séptémber 1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O6YFLYjAgcQC&amp;lpg=PA134&amp;pg=PA134#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South]''. LSU Press. k. 134. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0807117057&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 24 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali téh turunan budak beulian ti Kidul ''antebellum'' (jaman méméh perang sipil), sarta utamana mah turunan [[Afrika]] bari aya saeutik getih [[Irlandia]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Boxer's ancestral Irish town pays tribute after death''&quot;]. BBC. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; tur garis turunan [[Inggris]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm &quot;''Ali has Irish ancestry''&quot;]. BBC News. 9 Pébruari 2002. Diaksés tanggal 5 Juni 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rietwiesner, Williams Adams. [http://www.wargs.com/other/ali.html &quot;''Ancestry of Muhammad Ali''&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Aki Ali ti garis indung, Abe Grady, pindahan ti Ennis, Co. Clare, Irlandia.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/muhammad-ali-proud-irish-roots Irish Central]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 BBC]&lt;/ref&gt; Tés DNA di taun 2018, nunjukkeun yén, ku jalan garis nini ti bapana, Ali téh mangrupa turunan ti manten budak belian Archer Alexander, nu geus kapilih ku kru gedong ''Emancipation Memorial'' minangka modél pikeun jalma bébas sarta jadi subjék pikeun bukuna ''abolitionist'' William Greenleaf Eliot, ''Carita Archer Alexander: Tina Hamba Sahaya Jadi Merdéka''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2018/10/02/dna-evidence-links-muhammad-ali-heroic-slave-family-says/|title=DNA evidence links Muhammad Ali to heroic slave, family says|last=|first=|website=Washington Post|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 Oktober 2018|date=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;DNA findings link Muhammad Ali to heroic slave&quot;. New York Post. Diaksés 3 Oktober 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Siga Ali, Alexander bajoang pikeun kabébasanna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blackpast.org/aah/alexander-archer-ca-1810-1879 Alexander, Archer (ca. 1810-1879)] at the ''Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History'' (BlackPast.org); by Susan J. Griffith; dipedalkeun 2011; diaksés 5 Oktober 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bapana Ali téh tukang ngalukis réklame jeung billboard,&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; indungna, Odessa O'Grady Clay (1917-1994), tukang babantu di lembur. Sanajan Cassius Sr. saurang Métodis, manéhna ngijinan Odessa pikeun ngabaptis Cassius Jr. jeung adina, Rudolph &quot;Rudi&quot; Clay (jagana ganti ngaran jadi Rahman Ali).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004 p14&quot;&gt;[[Muhammad Ali#CITEREFHauser2004|Hauser]], k.20&lt;/ref&gt; Cassius Jr. asup ka Sakola Luhur Pusat di Louisville. Ali téh disléksia, ku kituna hésé dina diajar maca jeung nulis di sakola ogé dina kahirupanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eig&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Eig|first=Jonathan|title=Ali: A Life: Shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year 2017|date=2017|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=9781471155963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzjeDQAAQBAJ|language=en|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali gedé di tengah-tengah pamilahan rasial. Indungna nyaritakeun hiji kajadian di mana Cassius teu dibéré cai di hiji toko - &quot;Maranéhna teu méré cai, alatan warna kulitna. Hal éta mangaruhan pisan ka dirina.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;/&gt; Cassius ogé kapangaruhan ku panelasan Emmett Till dina taun 1955, hingga Cassius ngora jeung babaturan ngaruksak rél karéta di lemburna alatan frustasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hampton|first1=Henry|authorlink1=Henry Hampton|last2=Fayer|first2=Steve|last3=Flynn|first3=Sarah|date=1990|title=Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s|page=321|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|isbn=978-0-553-05734-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesoffreedom00henr_0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Gorn, Elliott|date=1998|title=Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ|pages=76–77|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06721-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Zbigniew_Pietrzykowski_and_Muhammad_Ali_1960.jpg|jmpl|1960 Olympiade: Ali meunang emas ngalawan Zbigniew Pietrzykowski.]]
Ali mimiti diarahkeun kana tinju ku pulisi Louisville ogé palatih tinju, Joe E. Martin,&lt;ref&gt;Kandel, Elmo  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611174640/http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Boxing-Legend---Muhammad-Ali/938509 &quot;''Boxing Legend – Muhammad Al''i&quot;]. Article Click (Elmo Kandel). Diaksés 9 Maret, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; nu manggihan hiji budak leutik umur 12 taun ambeuk ka hiji bangsat nu geus nyokot sapédahna. Budak éta téh Cassius Clay téa. Clay ngomong ka si pulisi yén manéhna dék ngagebugan si bangsat. Si pulisi nyarita ka Clay, yén Clay mending gé diajar tinju heula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html|title=Muhammad Ali|last=|first=|website=University of Florida|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531151410/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html|archive-date=31 Méi 2008|accessdate=20 Méi 2008|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531151410/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html |date=2008-05-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Awalna, Clay teu narima tawaran Martin, tapi sabada nempo tinju amateur di program tivi nu ngaranna Juara Jaga, Clay katarik kana prospék tinju.&lt;ref&gt;''The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey''. Simon jeung Schuster. 2013. k. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mimita latihan ka palatih Fred Stoner, nu dipuji ku manéhna bakal méré &quot;latihan enyaan&quot;, nu antukna nempakeun &quot;jurus kuring, stamina kuring jeung sistem kuring.&quot; Dina opat taun karir amateur Clay, manéhna dilatih ku tanaga médis tinju Chuck Bodak.&lt;ref&gt;Fernandez, Pedro Fernandez (2 Séptémber 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150414160235/http://ringtalk.com.lhost9.atlantic.net/index.php?action=fullnews&amp;showcomments=1&amp;id=1553 &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'GODFATHER' OF CUTMEN-CHUCK BODAK SUFFERS STROKE''&quot;]. ''RingTalk''. Diarsipkeun ti [http://ringtalk.com.lhost9.atlantic.net/index.php?action=fullnews&amp;showcomments=1&amp;id=1553 nu asli] tanggal 14 April 2015. Diaksés 14 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Clay munggaran tinju amatir di taun 1954 ngalawan patinju lokal Ronnie O’Keefe. Manéhna meunang ku kaputusan nu misah.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, Geoffey (4 Juni 2016). &quot;''[http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/how-muhammad-ali-became-a-boxer.html How Muhammad Ali Became a Boxer – Daily Intelligencer]''&quot;. ''New York''. Diaksés 26 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy kebat meunangkeun juara genep Asbok Emas Kentucky, dua gelar Asbok Emas nasional, gelar nasional Sarikat Atlétik Amatir sarta madali emas kelas beurat énténg dina Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960 di Roma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward&quot;&gt;Ward, Nathan (Oktober 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111061103/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_48.shtml &quot;''A Total Eclipse of the Sonny''&quot;]. American Heritage. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_48.shtml asli] tanggal 11 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Rékor amatir Clay nyaéta 100 kali meunang jeung lima kali éléh. Ali nyaritakeun dina otobiographina taun 1975 yén teu lila sabada manéhna mulang ti Olimpiade Roma, manéhna ngalungkeun madali emasna ka Leuwi Ohio sanggeus manéhna jeung babaturanna teu diladangan di hiji réstoran “husus bulé” jeung garelut ngalawan geng urang bulé. Carita éta tuluy dibarantah, sarta sawatara batur Ali, kaasup Bundini Brown jeung juru potrét Howard Bingham ngilu nyangkal. Biographi Ali meunang Brown nyatakeun yén Ali mémang teu diladangan di réstoran éta, tapi Ali ngaleungitkeun madali sataun ti saprak meunangkeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nampa hiji madali pangganti dina hiji jéda istirahat laga baskét di [[Olimpiade 1996 Atlanta]], di mana manéhna nu ngahurungkeun oborna pikeun ngamimitian patandingan.

== Tinju profésional ==

=== Karir awal ===
[[Gambar:1961_Cassius_Clay_vs._Donnie_Fleeman_On-Site_Poster.jpg|jmpl| Postér pikeun tanding profésional kalima Cassius Clay ]]
Clay munggaran maén tinju profésional dina tanggal 29 Oktober 1960, ku meunang angka dina tarung genep ronde ka Tunney Hunsaker. Ti saprak harita semet ka ahir 1963, Clay nyieun rékor éndah 19-0, ku 15 kali ''knockout'' (KO). Para patinju nu diéléhkeunna di antarana, Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, LaMar Clark, Doug Jones jeung Henry Cooper. Clay ogé ngéléhkeun manten palatihna nu ogé patinju véteran, Archie Moore, dina hiji laga di taun 1962.&lt;ref&gt;Calkins, Matt. ''[http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/nov/17/archie-moore-the52-boxing-heavyweight/ &quot;Archie Moore was the KO king&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811005535/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/nov/17/archie-moore-the52-boxing-heavyweight/ |date=2016-08-11 }}''. U-T San Diego. Diaksés 15 Juni 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDK3q6GWI8C|title=Ali in Action: The Man, the Moves, the Mouth|first=Les|last=Krantz|date=1 Januari 2008|publisher=Globe Pequot|accessdate=15 Juni 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781599213026|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patarungan-patarungan munggaranna lain tanpa cocoba. Clay di-KO boh ku Sonny Banks ogé ku Cooper. Dina tarung ngalawan Cooper, Clay nambru ku huk kénca dina tungtung ronde kaopat sarta katulungan ku bél, tuluy meunang dina ronde kalima nu geus kajudi alatan panon Cooper tatu parna. Tarung ngalawan Doug Jones dina tanggal 13 Maret 1963 mangrupa patarungan pangbeuratna pikeun Clay dina mangsa éta. Urutan kadua jeung katilu panantang kelas beurat, Clay jeung Jones tanding di lembur Jones di [[Madison Square Garden]] [[New York]]. Jones nyieun Clay sosolontodan dina ronde kahiji. Kameunangan ku sora buleud Clay ka Jones meunang pamoyok ti para panongton sarta ka jero ring dibalédogan ku runtah. Lalajo dina TV, juara kelas beurat, [[Sonny Liston]], ngagonjak yén umpama manéhna kudu tarung jeung Clay, sarua waé jeung ngerem manéh pikeun ditelasan. Patarungan tadi tuluy nelah “Tarung Taun Ieu” ku majalah ''The Ring''.''&lt;ref&gt;Velin, Bob. ''[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-fight-by-fight-career/85341622/ &quot;Fight by fight: Muhammad Ali's legendary career&quot;]''. USA Today. Diaksés 15 Juni 2016&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

Dina unggal patarungan tadi, Clay sacara vokal ngaréméhkeun lawan-lawanna sarta ngagulkeun pangabisana. Manéhna nyebut Jones “jalma leutik goréng patut” sarta nyebut Cooper “jalma ripuh”. Manéhna nyarita yén ngarasa éra kudu naék ring ngalawanan Alex Miteff sarta ngakukeun yén Aréna Madison Square Garden “leutik teuing keur uing mah”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mee&quot;&gt;Bob Mee, ''Ali and Liston: The Boy Who Would Be King and the Ugly Bear'', 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kalakuan propokatif jeung mahiwalna di jero ring kailhaman ku pagulat profésional “Gorgeuos George” Wagner.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;Capouya, John (12 Désémber 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603232105/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1114630/index.htm &quot;''King Strut''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1114630/index.htm asli] tanggal 3 Juni 2011. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nyatakeun dina hiji wawancara jeung Hubert Mizel ti the ''Associated Press'' yén manéhna tepung jeung Gorgeous George di Las Vegas di taun 1961 sarta pagulat éta téh ngailhaman manéhna pikeun ngagunakeun jargon gulat nalika diwawancara.&lt;ref&gt;Burkholder, Denny (6 Juni 2016). [http://www.cbssports.com/general/news/how-muhammad-alis-fascination-with-pro-wrestling-fueled-his-career-inspired-mma/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired MMA''&quot;]. CBS Sports. Diaksés 2 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1960, Clay ninggalkeun sasana Moore, sawatara alesanna alatan Clay embung kudu migawé pancén rutin kayaning ngumbah piring jeung sasapu. Pikeun ngagantikeun Moore, Clay nyéwa Angelo Dundee minangka palatihna. Clay panggih jeung Dundee di bulan Pébruari 1957 nalika keur amatir kénéh.&lt;ref&gt;Irusta, Carlos. [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest &quot;''Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 17 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Danget harita, Clay ngincer pujaan heubeulna, Sugar Ray Robinson, pikeun jadi manajerna, tapi ditolak.&lt;ref&gt;Haygood, Wil (1 April 2011). ''[https://books.google.com/?id=Q_nfLUMzlM0C&amp;pg=PA378 Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson]''. Chicago Review Press. k. 378. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781569768648&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 24 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juara dunia tinju kelas beurat ===

==== Tarung ngalawan Liston ====
Dina panungtungan taun 1963, Clay geus jadi panantang pangluhurna pikeun gelar Sonny Liston. Patarungan geus ditetepkeun dina tanggal 25 Pébruari 1964 di [[Miami Beach]]. Liston miboga kapribadian nu borongongong, patarung nu dominan tur boga sajarah kriminal sarta patali jeung mafia. Dumasar kana pidangan Clay nu teu ngayakinkeun ngalawan Jones jeung Cooper dina dua patarungan saméméhna sarta rubuhna manten juara kelas beurat [[Floyd Patterson]] nu dua kali KO di ronde kahiji ku Liston, Clay teu diunggulkeun ku bandingan 7-1. Najan kitu Clay ngalédék Liston nalika pasamoan méméh tarung, Clay ngalandi Liston minangka “beruang badag goréng patut’, nyarita “Malahan mah Liston bauna gé siga beruang,” sarta ngakukeun “sanggeus ngéléhkeun manéhna kuring bakal nyumbangkeun manéhna ka kebon binatang.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=King of the World: Muhammed Ali and the Rise of an American Hero|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkvoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA147&amp;dq=%22Liston+even+smells+like+a+bear%22|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=02 April 2014|isbn=978-0-8041-7362-9|language=en|first=David|last=Remnick|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kereteg jantung Clay harita diitung 120 (per menit), leuwih ti dua kali kaayaan normalna, 54.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Lipsyte, Robert (26 Pébruari 1964). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-upset.html &quot;''Clay Wins Title in Seventh-Round Upset As Liston Is Halted by Shoulder Injury''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 27 Désémber 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Loba pamiarsa harita nyangka yén kalakuan Clay téh pikeun nutupan kasieun, sarta sawatara koméntator panasaran lamun Clay bakal datang kana laga engké.

Hasil patarungan bener-bener teu disangka. Nalika bél bubuka, Liston nyuruntul ka Clay, katempo ambek jeung hayang geura-geura nga-o. Najan kitu, katanginasan jeung usikna Clay mampu nyingkahan Liston, ngajadikeun si juara nyamos jeung katempo kaku. Dina tungtung ronde kahiji, Clay ngalancarkeun serangan sarta neunggeulan Liston mangkali-kali ku jéb. Liston tarung rada hadé dina ronde kadua, tapi di awal ronde katilu Clay neunggeul Liston ku sababaraha teunggeulan kombinasi nu matak Liston tikusruk tuur sarta soéh sahandapeun panon kéncana. Ieu téh mimiti pisan pikeun Liston nandangan tatu. Dina tungtung ronde kaopat, Clay balik ka juruna nalika manéhna mimiti ngarasakeun kasakit dina panonna nepi ka teu bisa nempo sarta ménta palatihna, Angelo Dundee, pikeun anggeusan. Dundee nolak hal éta. Pada ngangkeuh cenah masalah nu karandapan ku Clay téh alatan salep nu dipake ngolés kana tatu Liston sacara ngahaja dibalurkeun kana asbokna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Sanajan teu kungsi dikonfirmasikeun, sajarawan tinju Bert Sugar nyarita yén dua lawan Liston saméméhma ogé ngaku nandangan hal sarupa ngeunaan panonna nu “asa kaduruk”.&lt;ref&gt;Sugar, Bert Randolph (1 Nopémber 2003). ''Bert Sugar on Boxing: The Best of the Sport's Most Notable Writer''. Globe Pequot. k.&amp;nbsp;196. [[:en:International_Standard_Book_Number|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-048-3|978-1-59228-048-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dina hiji wawancara di taun 1974, Ali nyarita yén, saméméh patarunganna ngalawan Foreman, salah saurang pangiriing sakalieun Liston nawaran dirina hiji salep nu bisa dibalurkeun kana asbok sarta bakal ngakibatkeun lolong sawatara waktu nyeureud panon. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKGdopYDIWU Vidéo] dina [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]]. &lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan ketak Liston pikeun ngarubuhkeun Clay nu geus teu nempo, Clay masih bisa batahan di ronde kalima nepi ka karinget jeung cipanon ngirid paradangan dina panonna. Dina ronde ka genep, Clay ngadominasi, neuggeulan Liston sababaraha kali. Liston teu menyat nalika bél ronde katujuh sarta Clay dinyatakeun meunang ku [[TKO]]. Liston ngaku yén alesanna eureun téh alatan tatu dina taktakna. Sabadana meunang, Clay nu bungah kacida muru ka tungtung ring sarta nunjuk ka wartawan lebah sisi ring bari ngagero “Hakan tah omongan maranéh!” Manéhna nambahkeun, “Kuring pangjagona! Kuring ngendag-ngendag dunya. Kuring mahluk pangalus-alusna nu kungsi hirup.”&lt;ref&gt;McLeod, Kembrew, ''Pranksters: Making Mischief in the Modern World'', kk. 223–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina pasamoan sabada tarung, Clay katempo teu yakin yén patarungan dieureunkeun alatan ciderana taktak Liston, nyarita yén hiji-hijina tatu Liston téh ngan “panon nu kabuka, kabuka alatan soéh gedé!” Nalika dibéjaan ku Joe Louis yén ciderana téh nyaéta “leungeun kénca nu leupas tina cacantélna,” Clay ngajejeléh, “Nya heueuh, ngababukan angin waé, rék saha nu teu kitu!”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4IKMX-5JLk &quot;Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston - 1964 Boxen&quot;]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku meunangkeun patarungan ieu dina umur 22 taun, Clay jadi tukang tinju pangorana nu ngarebut gelar ti juara batahan kelas beurat. Najan kitu, [[Floyd Patterson]] tetep juara dunia kelas beurat pangorana dina umur 21 taun nalika periode sistem gugur alatan mundurna [[Rocky Marciano]]. [[Mike Tyson]] mecahkeun kadua rekor tadi di taun 1986 dina umur 20 taun nalika ngéléhkeun [[Trevor Berbick]] pikeun meunangkeun gelar juara kelas beurat.

Teu lila ti saprak patarungan ngalawan Liston, Clay ngaganti ngaranna jadi Cassius X, tuluy ganti deui jadi Muhammad Ali nalika asup Islam sarta gabung ka Bangsa Islam (''Nation of Islam''). Ali tuluy nyanghareupan tanding ulang ngalawan Liston nu dijadwalkeun di bulan Méi di Lewiston, Maine. Tadina mah rék di Boston dina bulan Nopémber saméméhma, tapi dipundurkeun genep bulan alatan tilu poé saméméhna Ali kudu dioperasi darurat gara-gara hérnia.&lt;ref&gt;Cuddy, Jack (14 Nopémber 1964). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9544811/the_bridgeport_telegram/ &quot;''Clay Undergoes Surgery; Fight Is Off Indefinitely''&quot;]. ''The Bridgeport Telegram''. k. 1. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017 – via [[:en:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]]. &lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan lumangsung kontroversial. Di tengah-tengah ronde kahiji, Liston dirubuhkeun ku hiji teunggeulan nu tan katingalan nu nelah di kalangan wartawan ku sebutan “teunggeulan jurig’. Wasit Jersey Joe Walcott teu geura-geura ngitung sabada rubuhna Liston lantaran Ali teu daék mundur ka juru netral. Liston cengkat sanggeus ngajupruk salila 20 detik, sarta patarungan lumangsung deui. Najan kitu, sababaraha waktu ti harita, Walcott nu dibéjaan kutukang ngitung waktu yén Liston geus ngagolér dina itungan 10, ngeureunkeun laga sarta nyatakeun Ali meunang ku cara KO.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXYwb2C6Hec &quot;''Muhammad Ali vs Sonny Liston I &amp; II – Highlights (Ali Becomes World Champion &amp; Phantom Punch Fight!)''&quot;]. YouTube. Diaksés 20 Juni 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan éta réngsé kurang ti dua menit.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Dave (16 Januari 1992). [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/sports/sports-of-the-times-on-his-50th-ali-is-still-the-greatest.html &quot;''Sports of The Times; On His 50th, Ali Is Still 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. The New York Times. Diaksés 25 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma pada ngakeuh yén Liston ngahaja ngagubragkeun manéh. Motivasi nu dituduhkeun kaasup di antarana nyawana diancam ku Nation of Islam, masang tarohan pikeun dirina sorangan sarta ngahaja “teuleum” pikeun mayar hutang-hutangna. Tayang ulang gerak lambat nunjukkeun yén Liston kahanca ku gitikan ngepang leungeun katuhu Ali, ngan teu jelas naha teunggeulan éta téh nyata-nyata nu matak ngarubuhkeun manéhna.&lt;ref&gt;Vachss, Andrew (2003). ''[http://www.vachss.com/only_child/index.html Only Child]''. Vintage. k. 89. Vachss further explains the way such a fix would have been engineered in Two Trains Running. Pantheon. 2005. pp. 160–165, 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Laga ngalawan Patterson ====
Ali mertahankeun gelar na ngalawan manten juara kelas beurat [[Floyd Patterson]] dina tanggal 22 Nopémber 1965. Mémeh laga éta Ali moyok Patterson,  nu kawentar sok ngageroan manéhna make ngaran Cassius Clay, minangka “[[Emang Tom]]”, Ali ogé nyebut Patterson “Si Kelinci”. Sanajan Ali jelas-jelas leuwih alus manan Patterson nu katempona cidera, laga éta lumangsung 12 ronde, méméh dieureunkeun ku hiji technical knockout (TKO). Patterson tuluy nyarita yén dirina katarajang keram lebah ''[[sacroiliac]]''-na. Ali dikritik ku média olahraga alatan katempo heureuy nalika tarung ngalawan Patterson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Belth, Alex (27 Agustus 2012). [http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/37158310/ &quot;''ALI-PATTERSON: THE REAL STORY''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108100358/http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/37158310/ |date=2017-11-08 }}. Sports on Earth. Sports on Earth. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Biographer Patterson, W.K. Stratton yén pacéngkadan antara Ali jeung Patterson téh jijieunan wungkul pikeun ningkatkeun pangjualan tiket jeung pamirsa nu nongton liwat TV sirkuit, padahal mah duanana gé nyandiwara. Stratton ogé ngutip wawancara Ali ku Howard Cosell nu mana Ali ngajelaskeun yén dirina lain heuheureuyan ngalawan Patterson tapi ngan nahan wungkul sangkan teu ngarubuhkeun musuhna sabada tétéla yén Patterson téh keur cidera. Stratton nyatakeun yén Ali ngajadwalkeun tanding kadua di taun 1972, ku alatan ningal kondisi financial Patterson, pikeun ngabantu si manten juara meunangkeun cukup duit keur mayaran hutangna ka [[IRS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== ''Main Bout'' ====
Sabadana laga ngalawa Patterson, Ali ngadegkeun pausahaan promosina sorangan, ''Main Bout'' (Laga Utama). Pausahaan éta husus nyepeng promosi tinju Ali jeung pamayaran siaran sirkuit tivi. Nu nyarepeng sahamna lolobana babaturan Ali di Nation of Islam, bareng jeung sababaraha urang lianna, di antarana Bob Arum.&lt;ref&gt;Ezra, Michael (2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&amp;pg=PA105 The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power]''. Routledge. k.&amp;nbsp;105. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781136274756|9781136274756]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_1966.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali di taun 1966]]
Ali jeung juara kelas beurat [[WBA]] [[Ernie Terrel]] geus paheut pikeun adu hareupan dina hiji laga di [[Chicago]] dina tanggal 29 Maret 1966 (WBA, hiji dina dua asosiasi tinju, geus nyabut gelar Ali sabada Ali gabung kana Nation of Islam). Tapi, di bulan Pébruari, Ali diklasifikasi ulang ku déwan pangdaptaran [[wamil]] Louisville ti 1-A ka 1-Y, sarta katempona manéhna nolak pikeun ngabdi, ngomong ka wartawan, “Kuring teu boga masalah jeung [[Viétkong]]; teu saurang ogé urang Viétkong kungsi nyalukan negro ka kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Shalit, Nevin I. (15 Juli 1980). &quot;''[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/7/15/muhammad-ali-losing-the-real-title/ Muhammad Ali: Losing the Real Title]''&quot;. ''The Harvard Crimson''. Diaksés 19 Agustus 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Di tengah-tengah sorotan média kana pamadegan Ali, Komisi Atlétik Illinois nolak pikeun nurunkeun sanksi kana laga tadi, ku alesan masalah téhnis.&lt;ref&gt;Dundee, Angelo; Maule, Tex (28 Agustus 1967). &quot;''He Could Go To Jail And Still Be Champ''&quot;. ''Sports Illustrated''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali malah nganjang ka Kanada jeung Éropa sarta meunangkeun sawatara laga kajuaraan ngalawan George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London jeung Karl Mildenberger.

Ali mulang deui ka Amérika Sarikat pikeun ngalawanan Cleveland Williams di Houston Astrodome dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1966. Laga éta mecahkeun rékor panongton ''indoor'' ku 35.460 jalma. Williams geus pada ngangkeuh minangka salah sahiji tukang tinju nu boga teunggeulan pangtarikna di divisi kelas beurat, tapi di taun 1964 manéhn ditémbak ti jarak deukeut ku pulisi Texas, ngakibatkeun leungit ginjal hiji jeung peujit leutikna diteukteuk sapanjang tilu méter. Ali nguntupan Williams, meunang ku TKO di ronde katilu dina hiji patarungan nu dianggap minangka pidangan panghadéna dina karirna.

Ali tarung ngalawanan Terrell di [[Houston]] dina 6 Pébruari 1967. Terrel, nu teu kungsi kasoran dina lima taun ka tukang sarta geus ngéléhkeun réa tukang tinju nu kungsi di sanghareupan ku Ali, diangkeuh minangka lawan pangtanggohna ti saprak Liston; manéhna téh badag, kuat jeung boga kaunggulan tilu inchi jangkauan ti Ali. Wanci méméh patarungan, Terrel mangulang-ulang nyebut Ali ku “Clay”, pikeun ngélég Ali. Duanana ampir pagedrug alatan masalah ngaran dina hiji wawancara pra-laga ku Howard Cosell. Ali katempona niat pikeun moyok Terrell. “Kuring hayang nyiksa manéhna,” cenah. “KO wungkul masih alus teuing keur manéhna.”&lt;ref&gt;Maule, Tex (13 Pébruari 1967). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309201457/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1079523/1/index.htm &quot;''Cruel Ali With All The Skills''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1079523/1/index.htm Diarsipkeun] tinu asli tanggal 9 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan lumangsung babad nepi ka ronde tujuh, Ali moyok Terrell, nenggeul lawanna ku jéb bari kokoar, “Naon ngaran kuring téh Emang Tom...naon ngaran kuring?” Ali antukna meunang ku 15 ronde ku suara buleud. Terrel ngaku yén nalika keur tarung, Ali ngahaja neunggar panonna, maksa manéhna kudu tarung bari satengah lolong, sarta tuluy, dina hiji ''clinch'', ngagosokkeun panonna nu tatu kana tali ring. Alatan Ali katempona ngahaja manjangkeun patarungan pikeun namplokkeun hukuman maksimal, kritik ngagambarkeun yén patarungan éta téh minangka “salah sahiji patarungan tinju panggoréngna.” Tex Maule tuluy nulis: “Harita téh mangrupa pamintonan nu éndah dina kaparigelan tinju ogé panémbongan kakasaran barbar.” Ali nolak tuduhan ngeunaan kakasaran, tapi, pikeun para pangiritik Ali, laga éta leuwih némbongkeun bukti kaadigunganna.

Sabada Ali mertahankeun gelar ngalawan Zora Folley dina tanggal 22 Maret, sakabéh gelarna diudaran alatan nolak pikeun asup kana pangabdian militer.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;&gt;Johnson, Rafer (1 Pébruari 2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TnIAPwAACAAJ Great Athletes 1] (revisi ed.). Salem Press. kk. 38–41. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58765-008-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ijin tinjuna ogé dicabut sarta dikeunaan sanksi teu meunang maén ku nagara bagian [[New York]]. Manéhna didakwa nyingkahan wajib militer dina tanggal 20 Juni sarta dihukum lima taun panjara jeung denda $10.000. Ali mayar jaminan sarta tetep bébas bari naékkeun banding kana putusanna.

=== Dibuang jeung balik deui ===
Dina bulan Maret 1966, Ali nolak pikeun gabung ka pasukan basanjata. Sacara sistematis dirina ditolak ijin tinjuna di unggal nagara bagian sarta pasporna dicabut. Hasilna, manéhna heunteu tanding ti bulan Maret 1967 nepi ka Oktober 1970 – dina umur 25 nepi ka ampir 29 – nalika kasusna keur dina prosés naék banding saméméh dakwaanna dibatalkeun dina taun 1971. Nalika mangsa tanpa aktipitas éta, panolakan kana [[Perang Viétnam]] mimiti tumuwuh sarta pamedegan Ali meunangkeun simpati, manéhna biantara di sakola-sakola luhur di sakuliah nagri, ngiritik Perang Viétnam sarta ngabéla harga diri urang Amérika-Afrika jeung kaadilan rasial.

==== Patarungan Super ====
Nalika meunang sanksi dilarang tanding, Ali méréskeun hiji tuntutan $1 juta ngalawan produser radio Murray Woroner ku narima $10.000 alatan sacara pribadi dipintonkeun dina laga fantasi jijieunan ngalawan pangsiunan juara Rocky Marciano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;''[http://www.enterprisenews.com/article/20090901/News/309019646 Ali vs. Marciano: Who wins?]''&quot;. ''The Enterprise''. 1 Séptémber 2009. Diaksés tanggal 19 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1969, kadua patinju éta difilemkeun diadu pikeun kurang leuwih 75 ronde nu sarondena samenit; maranéhna merankeun sababaraha lalakon.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/nov/13/forgotten-story-rocky-marciano-muhammad-ali &quot;''The forgotten story of ... the Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 13 Nopémber 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji program komputer cenah nangtukeun nu meunang, dumasar kana data ngeunaan para patarung. Vérsi éditan dina tanding éta dipidangkeun di bioskop di taun 1970. Dina vérsi AS Ali éléh dina hiji simulasi KO di ronde ka-13, tapi dina vérsi Éropa Marciano éléh alatan meunang tatu, ogé simulasi.&lt;ref&gt;Bingham, Howard; Wallace, Max (2000). ''[[iarchive:muhammadalisgrea0000bing|Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight: Cassius Clay vs. the United States of America]]''. M. Evans. k.&amp;nbsp;[[iarchive:muhammadalisgrea0000bing/page/218|218]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ngisaratkeun yén éléhna dina vérsi AS téh teu objéktif. Manéhna kabéjakan nyarita bari heureuy, “Komputerna buatan Alabama.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== Mulang deui kana tanding hadiahan ====
Dina tanggal 11 Agustus 1970, sawatara kasusna keur naék banding kénéh, Ali meunang ijin pikeun tinju deui ti Komisi Atlétik Kota Atlanta. Leroy Johnson, Jesse Hill Jr. Jeung Harry Pett geus ngagunakeun pangaruh pulitik lokalna sarta nempatkeun pausahaan House of Sports pikeun ngatur tandingna, ku kituna, maranéhna mintonkeun kakawasaan pangaruh pulitik kaum hideung Georgia kana mulang deuina Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Matthew (1 Oktober 2005). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/knockout-oral-history-muhammad-ali-atlanta-fight-nobody-wanted/ &quot;''Knockout: An oral history of Muhammad Ali, Atlanta, and the fight nobody wanted''&quot;]. ''Atlanta Magazine''. Diaksés 31 Oktober 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanding munggaran balikna deui Ali téh nyaéta nyanghareupan Jerry Quarry dina tanggal 26 Oktober, nu hasilna hiji kameunangan pikeun Ali sanggeus dina ronde katilu Quarry meunang tatu getih.

Sabulan ti harita, kameunangan di pangadilan federal ngudukeun Komisi Tinju New York pikeun mulangkeun ijin tinju Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[http://palmbeachpost.newspapers.com/image/132677737/?terms=%22Clay%2Bgranted%2BNew%2BYork%2Bring%2Blicense%22 &quot;''Clay granted New York ring license''&quot;]. ''The Palm Beach Post. Associated Press''.15 Séptémber 1970. k. B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ngalawanan Oscar Bonavena di [[Madison Square Garden]] di bulan Désémber dina hiji pamidangan nu teu matak sumanget nu réngsé ku di-TKO-na Bonavena sacara dramatis di ronde ka-15. Kameunangan ieu nempatkeun Ali dina posisi kahiji pikeun nantang juara kelas beurat [[Joe Frazier]].

==== Tarung kahiji ngalawan Joe Frazier ====
Tarung kahiji Ali ngalawan Frazier lumangsung di Garden dina tanggal 8 Maret 1971, katelah ku sebutan “Patarungan Abad Ieu”, alatan euyeub nu luar biasa di sabudeureun patarungan antara dua patandang nu can kungsi kasoran nu masing-masing boga cupat pikeun jadi juara kelas beurat. Panulis véteran tinju John Condon nyebut hal ieu “kajadian panggedéna nu kungsi ku kuring dipigawé dina hirup kuring.” Laga ieu disiarkeun ka 35 nagara luar; promotorna ngaluarkeun 760 tikét wartawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katambahkeun kana atmospir laga nyaéta tontonan pra-laga nu ramé sarta silih poyokan. Ali ngagambarkeun Frazier minangka hiji “pakakas bodo pikeun pangawangunan urang bulé.” “Frazier goréng rupa teuing pikeun jadi jawara,” ceuk Ali. “Frazier bodo teuing pikeun jadi jawara.” Ali ogé sababaraha kali ngalandi Frazier minangka “Emang Tom”. Dave Wolf, nu gawé pikeun sasana Frazier, inget yén, “Ali nyarita ‘jalma-jalma nu ngarojong Joe Frazier ngan jalma-jalma nu maraké saragam wungkul, nyaéta shérif Alabama, sarta anggota Ku Klux Klan. Kuring tarung pikeun jalma leutik di kawasan kumuh.’ Joe keur diuk di ditu harita téh, neunggeulkeun peureup kana dampal leungeunna, nyarita, ‘Nyaho naon anjing si éta ngeunaan kawasan kumuh?’”&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali mimiti latihan di lahan tanén deukeut [[Reading]], [[Pennsylvania]], di taun 1971, sarta ngarasa cocog lamun di wilayah pasisian éta diwangun hiji sasana nyaan. Ali meunangkeun lima akre lahan di jalan désa Pennsylvania di Désa Deer Lake, Pennsylvania. Di tempat éta Ali ngadegkeun hiji sasana latihan, di mana manéhna latihan pikeun sakabéh patarunganna ti taun 1972 semet ka panungtungan karirna di taun 1982.

Laga Senen peuting cocog jeung iklanna. Frazier nu dodongkoan, ulak elok jeung gulak gilek tutuluyan neken Ali, kateunggeul sababaraha kali ku jéb jeung kombinasi Ali, tapi teu reureuh nyerang tur mangkali-kali nyitak angka, utamana kana awak Ali. Laga éta saimbang dina awalna mah, tapi Ali nandangan ganjaran pangtohagana dina karirna. Dina sababaraha kasempetan dina ronde-ronde awal manéhna susuruduk sarta gigideg (nunjukkeun teu nyeri) nalika kababuk. Ronde-ronde kaituna – dina naon nu munggaran katelah ku “strategi ''rope-a-dope''” – Ali nyarande kana tali sarta nyerep tarajangan ti Frazier, ngaharep meakkeun tanaga Frazier. Dina ronde ka-11, Frazier ninggang ku huk kénca nu ngabalukarkeun Ali jajarigjegan, tapi lantaran Ali katempona siga nu guyon nalika mundur ka sisi ring séjén, Frazier jadi ngarengkog pikeun nuluykeun ketakna, hariwang serangan balik ti Ali. Dina ronde panungtungan, Frazier ngarubuhkeun Ali ku hiji huk kénca nu kacida tarikna, nu ceuk wasit Arthur Mercante mangrupa teunggeulan jalma pangtarik-tarikna. Ali cengkat dina itungan tilu detik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu, Ali éléh ku putusan buleud, hiji kaéléhan dirina nu munggaran.

==== Tantangan Chamberlain jeung tarung ngalawan Ellis ====
Dina taun 1971, béntang baskét [[Wilt Chamberlain]] nantang Ali pikeun tarung kalayan lagana geus dijadwalkeun dina tanggal 26 Juli. Sanajan Chamberlain nu jangkungna tujuh kaki dua inci ngabogaan kauntungan pisik nu leuwih kuat batan Ali – 60 pon leuwih beurat sarta jangkoanna 14 inci leuwih jauh – Ali bisa mangaruhan Chamberlain pikeun ngabedokeun laga ku moyok manéhna dina hiji wawancara bareng ku sebutan “Kai Golondongan!” sarta “Tangkal éta bakal rubuh”. Pernyataan nu pinuh kayakinan ieu ngamarojéngjakeun musuh jangkungna nu karak meunang tawaran rékor kontrak ti pamilik [[Los Angeles Lakers]], Jack Kent Cooke, minangka syarat keur ngabatalkeun naon nu disebut ku Cooke minangka “tinju bebelegugan”,&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-15/sports/sp-979_1_wilt-s-ring-career &quot;''Ali's Remark Ended Wilt's Ring Career''&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''.15 Januari1989. ''Morning Briefing''.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta antukana Chamberlain ngagugu kana hal éta.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Terry (3 Marét 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/achilles-heel-advertising-repositioning-the-competition-1.3473631 &quot;''Achilles Heel Advertising: Repositioning the Competition''&quot;]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Diakasés 30 Agustus 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ngagantikeun lawan Ali, promotor [[Bob Arum]] geuwat nga-''booking'' manten batur latihan Ali, Jimmy Ellis, nu mangrupa batur Ali keur budak ti [[Louisville]], Kentcuky, pikeun ngalawanan Ali.

==== Tarung munggaran ngalawan Quarry, Patterson, Foster jeung Norton ====
Sanggeus éléh ku Frazier, Ali tarung ngalawan Jerry Quarry, ngaduakalian ngalawan Folyd Patterson sarta ngalawana Bob Foster di taun 1972, kabéhna Ali meunang genep kali dina taun éta. Di taun 1973, Ken Norton motongkeun careuham Ali nalika ngaleler dirina ku kaéléhan kadua. Sabada mimiti pada ngangkeuh rék pangsiun, Ali meunang ngalawan Norton dina laga kadua maranéhna. Hal ieu ngajurung Ali kana tarung ulang ngalawan Joe Frazier di Madison Square Garden dina tanggal 28 Januari 1974.; Frazier karak anyar kaleungitan gelar ku [[George Foreman]].

==== Tarung kadua ngalawan Joe Frazier ====
Ali katempona kuat dina awal-awal ronde sarta nyieun Frazier jajarigjegan dina ronde kadua. Wasit Tony Perez salah déngé,  rarasaan manéhna ngadéngé bél béakna rondé kadua sarta ngaléngkah ka antara dua patinju nalika Ali keur nyerang, méré waktu keur Frazier pikeun ngarénghap heula. Najan kitu, Frazier menyat dina ronde-ronde tengah, ngagitik sirah Ali dina ronde katujuh sarta nyedekkeun Ali kana tali ring dina panungtungan ronde kadalapan. Opat ronde pamungkas duanana silih genti unggul. Salila laga, kalah kumaha gé Ali hasil nyingkahan huk kiwa Frazier nu ngabahayakeun sarta ningker Frazier nalika di juru, taktik nu kadua éta nu matak ngajéngkélkeun pihak sasana Frazier. Para juri méré kaputusan buleud pikeun kameunangan Ali.

=== Juara dunia kelas beurat (mindoan) ===

==== ''Palagan di Leuweung'' ====
Kameunangan ngalawan Frazier nempatkeun Ali kana babak parebutan gelar ngalawan juara kelas beurat [[George Foreman]] di [[Kinshasa]], [[Zairé]], dina tanggal 30 Oktboer 1974 – hiji laga nu katelah ku Palagan di Leuweung. Foreman dianggap minangka patinju nu ngabogaan teunggeulan pangtarikna dina sajarah kelas beurat. Dina itung-itungan patarungan, para analis nunjukkeun yén Joe Frazier jeung Ken Norton nu geus méré Ali opat patarungan beurat sarta masing-masing di antara meunang sakali, duanana dirubuhkeun ku Foreman dina KO di ronde kadua. Ali geus nincak umur 32 taun, sarta nyata-nyata geus leungiteun katanginasan jeung réfléksna di banding keur umur 20-an. Kontras jeung kapribadiaanna kiwari, Foreman harita mangrupa jalma nu sahaok kadua gaplok jeung pikasieuneun. Ampir teu saurang ogé pangamat olahraga, malah najan bobotoh heubeul Ali gé, Howard Cosell, nyarangka yén si manten juara bakal pimeunangeun.
[[Gambar:WORLD_HEAVYWEIGHT_BOXING_CHAMPION_MUHAMMAD_ALI,_A_BLACK_MUSLIM,_ATTENDS_THE_SECT'S_SERVICE_TO_HEAR_ELIJAH_MUHAMMAD..._-_NARA_-_556247.jpg|jmpl| Ali di taun 1974 ]]
Saperti biasana, Ali pinuh ku kayakinan jeung hegar méméh patarungan. Manéhna nyarita ka juru wawancara David Frost, “Lamun anjeun mikir yén dunia direuwaskeun ku eureunna Nixon, tunggu nepi ka kuring ninggang Foreman nepi ka ngajengkang!”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aGHpXt_hMc &quot;''Muhammad Ali – The Rumble In The Jungle(Interview)''&quot;]. 22 Maret 1967. YouTube. Diaksés tanggal 3 Séptémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyarita ka préss, “Kuring geus milampah hiji hal nu anyar pikeun laga ieu. Kuring gulat ngalawan buaya, kuring ijén ngalawan lauk paus; nyangcang kilat, manjarakeun guludug; karak minggu kamari kuring maéhan cadas, natuan batu jeung ngirim bata ka rumah sakit; Kuring bener-bener curaling, ku kuring ubar gé dijieun garering.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGk0R63C0eM &quot;''Muhammad Ali Inspirational Speech (Cassius Clay Boxing Motivation)''&quot;]. 14 Séptémber 2012. YouTube. Diaksés tanggal 3 Séptémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kacida populérna di [[Zairé]], saur manuk “Ali, bomaye” (“Ali, paéhan si éta”) ka mana waé Ali indit.

Ali muka patarungan, gerak tur nyétak angka ku hiji teunggeulan silang kana sirah Foreman. Satuluyna dina awal ronde kadua, nalika kadeseh ka juru, Ali mundur kana tali ring sarta ngundang Foreman pikeun nenggeulan bari manéhna nyalindung, nangkeup jeung malik neunggeul, bari terus harus moyok Foreman. Gerakanna nu engkéna katelah ku “''[[Rope-a-dope]]''”, nyata-nyata ngalawan kana kabiasaan tinju – ngantepkeun tukang neunggeul pangbedasna narajang sakahayangna – nu ceuk pamikiran panulis tinju George Plimpton mah patarungan éta téh teu eucreug. Foreman beuki dieu beuki ambek, ngirim teunggeulan nu pating solédat sarta teu mareneran. Asup kana patengahan patarungan, Foreman mimiti capé, Ali malik nyerang sacara éféktif  sababaraha kali ku teunggeulan, nu nyumangetan para pamiarsa nu pro ka Ali. Dina ronde kadalapan, Ali ngarubuhkeun Foreman nu geus leuleus ku hiji kombinasi di tengah ring; Foreman teu bisa cengkat deui. Di luar sangkaan, sarta di tengah-tengah euyeubna ring, Ali meunangkeun deui titel juara ku cara KO. Ngeungteung kana patarungan éta, George Foreman ka dieunakeun nyarita: “Ari sugan téh Ali ngan saukur kurban KO lianna, nepi ka asup ka ronde katujuh, kuring neunggeul careuhamna sataker kebek sarta manéhna nangkep kuring bari ngaharéwos kana ceuli: ‘Ngan sakitu George?’ Kuring karak nyadar yén hal ieu téh teu sapagodos jeung panyana kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Foreman, George (Januari 2012). [http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/sport/george-foreman-on-ali &quot;''George Foreman on why Muhammad Ali was so much more than a 'boxer'''&quot;]. ''ShortList''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg|jmpl|Présidén Jimmy Carter ngabagéakeun Ali dina hiji jamuan di Gedong Putih,  1977.]]
Hal ieu téh bener-bener kameunangan nu teu disangka-sangka,&lt;ref&gt;Foreman, George (Januari 2012). [http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/sport/george-foreman-on-ali &quot;''George Foreman on why Muhammad Ali was so much more than a 'boxer'''&quot;]. ''ShortList''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; sanggeus saméméhna Ali teu diunggulkeun ku bandingan 4-1 ngalawan musuhna nu can kungsi kasoran, si peureup bedas, Foreman.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1030.html &quot;''Ali Regains Title, Flooring Foreman''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 30 Oktober 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ieu kawentar minangka mimiti pisan Ali ngenalkeun taktik ''rope-a-dope''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/29/rumble-in-the-jungle-muhammad-ali-george-foreman-book-extract &quot;''Rumble in the Jungle: the night Ali became King of the World again''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 29 Oktober 2014. &lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ieu rékor ditongton ku pamiarsa télévisi kira-kira sajuta panongoton di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot;&gt;&quot;Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later&quot;. ''USA Today''. 29 Oktober 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jet&quot;/&gt; Pintonan ieu mangrupa siaran télévisi panglobana dilalajoan di dunia dina mangsa harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180520042513/http://www.inquisitr.com/4903566/most-watched-live-tv-broadcasts-of-all-time-where-will-the-royal-wedding-rank/ &quot;''Most-Watched Live TV Broadcasts Of All Time: Where Will The Royal Wedding Rank?''&quot;]. ''Inquisitr''. 19 Méi 2018. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.inquisitr.com/4903566/most-watched-live-tv-broadcasts-of-all-time-where-will-the-royal-wedding-rank/ asli] tanggal 20 Mei 2018. Diaksés tanggal 20 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tanding ngalawan, Wepner, Lyle jeung Bugner ====
Lawan-lawan Ali satuluyna nyaéta Chuck Wepner, Ron Lyle jeung Joe Bugner. Wepner, hiji jalma ngalalana nu kawentar ku sebutan “Tukang Ngagetihan ti Bayonne”, ngagétkeun Ali nalika ngarubuhkeun manéhna di ronde kasalapan; Ali ka hareupna nyarita yén manéhna titajong kana suku Wepner. Laga ieu nu ngailhaman Sylvester Stallone pikeun nyieun pilemna nu meunangkeun loba pamuji, ''[[Rocky]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Schneiderman, R. M. (10 Agustus 2006). [https://www.forbes.com/2006/08/10/rocky-stallone-settlement-cx_rs_0810autofacescan04.html#34f600e166bd &quot;''Stallone Settles With The 'Real' Rocky''&quot;]. ''Forbes''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tanding katilu lawan Joe Frazier ====
Ali tuluy nyatujuan pikeun tarung katilu ngalawan [[Joe Frazier]] di [[Manila]]. Laga nu katelah ku “''[[Thrilla in Manila]]''” ieu lumangsung dina tanggal 1 Oktober 1975,&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; dina suhu hawa ampir 100 °F (38 °C). Dina ronde-ronde awal, Ali agrésif, gudag gidig jeung silih tukeran teunggeulan jeung Frazier. Sanajan kitu, teu lila Ali katempo capé sarta ngaluarkeun jurus “''rope-a-dope''”, minengna mah ngalakukeun ''clinch''. Dina bagian laga ieu, Ali mesatkeun sawatara serangan walesan nu éféktif, tapi lolobana mah katinggang ku Frazier nu euweuh kacapé. Dina ronde ka-12, Frazier mimiti leuleus, Ali nibankeun sababaraha teunggeulan tarik nu ngabalukarkeun katutupna panon kénca Frazier sarta tatu soéh saluhureun panon katuhuna. Ku leungiteun tetempoanna Frazier, Ali ngadominasi rondé ka-13 jeung ka-14, nu harita, ceuk sajarawan tinju Mike Silver, nganggap sirah Frazier saolah-olah minangka “sasaran paranti latihan”. Patarungan direureuhkeun nalika palatih Frazier, Eddie Futch, teu ngijinan Frazier pikeun nuluykeun ronde panungtungan, ronde ka-15, sanajan Frazier teu panujueun. Panon Frazier duanana katutup alatan bareuh. Ali, di juru ringna, diputuskeun meunang ku cara TKO, ngajéngjéhe dina korsina, bener-bener lungsé.

Ali nu sarua ripuh cumarita sabada patarungan, “nu karasa ku kuring, bener-bener deukeut kana pipaéheun”, sarta nalika ditanya naha manéhna heunteu nongton ulang patarunganna dina vidio, Ali ngajawab, “Keur naon kuring kudu balik deui sarta lalajo Naraka?” Sabada patarungan, Ali nyebutkeun yén “Frazier téh patarung pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa, sanggeus diri kuring.”

Ali nu sarua ripuh cumarita sabada patarungan, “nu karasa ku kuring, bener-bener deukeut kana pipaéheun”, sarta nalika ditanya naha manéhna heunteu nongton ulang patarunganna dina vidio, Ali ngajawab, “Keur naon kuring kudu balik deui sarta lalajo Naraka?” Sabada patarungan, Ali nyebutkeun yén “Frazier téh patarung pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa, sanggeus diri kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Blaine Henry (18 Méi 2019). [https://fight-library.com/2019/05/28/history-lesson-thrilla-in-manila/ &quot;''History Lesson: Thrilla in Manila''&quot;]. Fight-Library.com&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Anderson_ali.jpg|jmpl|Ali diwawancara ku Curt Anderson ti WBAL-TV, taun 1978, Baltimore, Maryland]]
Sanggeus laga di Manila, Ali tanding ngalawan Jean Pierre Coopman, Jimmy Young jeung Richard Dunn, kalayan meunang ngalawan nu disebut panungtung ku KO. Teunggeulan Ali nalika ngarubuhkeun Dunn meunang diajar ti Jawara [[Taékwondo]] Jhon Rhee. Rhee nyebut teunggeulan éta minangka “''Accupunch''”, nu manéhna gé meunang guguru ti [[Bruce Lee]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jhoonrhee.com/bio7.html &quot;''Jhoon Rhee, Father of American Tae Kwon Do''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506223915/http://www.jhoonrhee.com/bio7.html |date=2019-05-06 }}&quot;. ''www.jhoonrhee.com''. Diaksés tanggal 1 Méi 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ngalawan Dunn mangrupa patarungan pamungkas dina karirna di mana Ali hasil ngarubuhkeun lawanna.

Dina tanggal 1 Juni 1976, Ali ngalaan kaos jeung jakétna sarta ijén ngalawanan pagulat profésional Gorilla Monsoon dina jero ring sabada tandingna di Féderasi Gulat Sakuliah Dunya dipintonkeun di [[Aréna Philadelphia]]. Sabada nyingcetkeun sababaraha teunggeulan Ali, Monsoon ngangkat Ali dina gerakan puteran pasawat sarta ngabantingkeun kana karpét. Ali cingkud leumpang ka juru di mana baturna, Butch Lewis, ngayakinkeun dirina sangkan eunggeusan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://boxinghalloffame.com/muhammad-ali-boxing-a-monsoon/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali Boxing a Monsoon – Boxing Hall of Fame''&quot;]. ''boxinghalloffame.com''. 29 Désémber 2012. Diaksés tanggal 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 26 Juni 1976 Ali ilibiung dina hiji laga éksébisi di Tokyo ngalawanan tukang gulat profésional jeung ahli béla diri Jepang, [[Antonio Inoki]]. Ali ngan bisa nibankeun dua jéb, sedeng tajongan Inoki ngakibatkeun gétih wuwungan di dua témpat sarta inféksi nu ngakibatkeun suku Ali ampir-ampiran kudu diamputasi. Tanding éta teu maké aturan rasmi sarta antukna dinyatakeun séri.&lt;ref&gt;Tallent, Aaron (20 Pébruari 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709012841/http://www.thesweetscience.com/articles-of-2005/1716-the-joke-that-almost-ended-ali-s-career &quot;''The Joke That Almost Ended Ali's Career''&quot;]. The Sweet Science. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.thesweetscience.com/articles-of-2005/1716-the-joke-that-almost-ended-ali-s-career nu asli] tanggal 9 Juli 2016. Diaksés 4 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada maotna Ali, ''[[The New York Times]]'' nyebutkeun yén laga éta téh mangrupa laga nu paling teu dipikatineung ku Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Mather, Victor (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/06/sports/who-lost-when-muhammad-ali-fought-a-pro-wrestler-the-fans.html &quot;''Ali's Least Memorable Fight''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; Réa koméntator tinju nempo laga éta sacara negatif sarta ngarepkeun sangkan pada mopohokeun lantaran dianggap minangka “15 ronde nu teu payus.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gross, Josh (25 Juni 2016). [http://www.newsweek.com/muhammad-ali-antonio-inoki-mixed-martial-arts-ufc-japan-mma-boxing-wrestling-474502 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Forgotten Fight Was Also One of His Most Influential''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426153926/https://www.newsweek.com/muhammad-ali-antonio-inoki-mixed-martial-arts-ufc-japan-mma-boxing-wrestling-474502 |date=2019-04-26 }}. ''Newsweek''. Diaksés tanggal 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Kiwari, laga éta dianggap ku sawatara jalma minangka tarung Ali anu paling boga pangaruh, CBS Sports nyebutkeun yén perhatian kana laga gaya campuran pada narima “minangka ilham pikeun kaluarna standarisasi aturan [[MMA]] sababaraha taun ti harita.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burkholder, Denny (6 Juni, 2016). [http://www.cbssports.com/general/news/how-muhammad-alis-fascination-with-pro-wrestling-fueled-his-career-inspired-mma/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired MMA''&quot;]. CBS Sports. Diaksés tanggal 11 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali ngalawanan Ken Norton pikeun katilukalina dina bulan Séptémber 1976. Laga lumangsung di Stadium Yankee, nu hasilna Ali meunang ku hiji kaputusan nu pada ngadebat sarta meunang pamoyok ti panongton. Sanggeusna, Ali ngumumkeun yén dirina rék reureuh tina tinju pikeun neuleuman kayakinanna, Ali pindah kana Islam Sunni sakaluarna ti Nation of Islam dina taun saméméhna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newspaperarchive.com/SiteMap/FreePdfPreview.aspx?img=110827611?sec=Sports &quot;''Champion Ali Quits Boxing''&quot;]. ''The Paris News''. 1 Oktober 1976. k. 12. Diaksés tanggal 19 Oktober 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada mulang deui pikeun ngéléhkeun Alfredo Evangelista dina bulan Méi 1977, Ali ripuh dina tarung satuluyna ngalawan Earnie Shavers di bulan Séptémber, kahanca sababaraha kali dina sirah. Ali meunangkeun patarungan ku kaputusan teu buleud lianna, tapi laga tadi ngabalukarkeun dokterna ti babaheula, Ferdie Pacheco eureun sanggeus pépélingna sangkan Ali eureun tina tinju teu didaréngé. Pacheco nyaritakeun, “Komisi Atlétik New York nunjukkeun ka kuring laporan yén ginjal Ali geus misalah. Kuring nyuratan Angelo Dundee, palatih Ali, pamajikanna jeung Ali sorangan. Kuring taya nu némbal. Tah ti dinya kuring mutuskeun, anggeus, cukup.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Pébruari 1978, Ali nyanghareupan [[Leon Spinks]] di Hotél Hilton di [[Las Vegas]]. Wanci harita, Spinks ngan ngabogaan pangalaman tujuh kali tanding profesional sarta karak anyar drow jeung panglalana Scott LeDoux. Ali méakkeun kurang ti dua losin ronde minangka persiapan pikeun tanding sarta kondisi awakna bener-bener teu nyumponan nalika loncéng bubuka disadakeun. Manéhna kaleungitan gelar ku kaputusan nu misah. Tanding ulang dilumangsungkeun dina bulan Séptémber di ''[[Superdome]]'' di [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]. Tujuh puluh rébu jalma narongton laga ieu sarta mayar total keur tikét sajumlah $6 juta, ngajadikeun patarungan éta pangngahasilkeunna dina mangsa harita.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nola.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/06/read_peter_finneys_column_from.html Baca kolum Peter Finney dina Ali vs. Spinks 2 di Superdome taun 1978], ''The Times-Picayune'' NOLA.com (New Orleans, LA.), diposkeun deui dina 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali meunang ku kaputusan nu buleud tina hiji patarungan nu teu ramé, ti wasit Lucien Joubert méré nilai 10-4, juri Ernie Cojoe 10-4 jeung juri Herman Preis 11-4. Ku kituna, Ali jadi juara kelas beurat munggaran nu meunangkeun sabukna tilu kali.&lt;ref&gt;''Muhammad Ali, The Glory Years'', Felix Dennis and Don Atyeo, k. 258.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[http://ringsidereport.com/?p=63321 The Last Flight of the Butterfly: Remembering Ali vs Spinks II]'', RingsideReport.com, Kevin &quot;The Voice&quot; Kincade, 22 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada kameunanganna ieu, dina tanggal 27 Juli 1979, Ali ngabéwarakeun reureuhna tina tinju. Sanajan kitu, reureuhna téh teu lila, Ali ngabéwarakeun rék balik deui pikeun nyanghareupan [[Larry Holmes]] pikeun sabuk [[WBC]] dina raraga meunangkeun juara kelas beurat kaopat kalina. Panitén tinju, Richie Giachetti nyarita, “Larry teu hayang tarung ngalawan Ali. Manéhna nyaho yén Ali geus leungiteun pangabisa; hal ieu bakal jadi pikakeueungeun.”

Nya wanci-wanci harita pisan Ali mimiti teu béntés dina ngomong sarta leungeunna ngeleper.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/21/us/muhammad-ali---fast-facts/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali Fast Facts''&quot;]. CNN. Diaksés tanggal 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Komisi Atlétik Nevada (singk. Inggris NAC) maréntahkeun sangkan Ali ngalakonan heula tés pisik kumplit di Las Vegas méméh ngijinan pikeun tarung deui. Ali malah milih pikeun dicék di Klinik Mayo, nu nyatakeun yén dirina bisa tarung. Opini maranéhna katampa ku NAC dina tanggal 31 Juli 1980, ngajalanan Ali keur mulang deui kana ring.&lt;ref&gt;Koch, Ed. [http://www.lasvegassun.com/muhammad-ali/timeline/ &quot;''Timeline: Fifty years of Las Vegas memories for Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Las Vegas Sun''. Diaksés 12 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Patarungan lumangsung dina tanggal 2 Oktober 1980 di Landeuh Las Vegas, sarta Holmes sacara gampang nguntupan Ali nu rada leuleus purah pangobatan tiroid nu dilakonan ku manéhna pikeun ngurangan beurat awakna. Giachetti nyebutkeun patarungan éta téh “sadu...panggoréng-goréngna kagiatan olahraga nu kungsi ditungkulan ku kuring.” Aktor [[Sylvester Stallone]] harita aya di sagigireun ring sarta nyarita yén harita téh kawas lalajo jalma nu masih hirup kénéh keur diotopsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ronde kasabelas, Angelo Dundee maréntahkeun wasit pikeun ngeureunkeun patarungan, sakali-kalina Ali nandangan kasoran kucara dieureunkeun. Tarung ngalawan Holmes disebut-sebut geus ngilu nyumbang kana sindrom Parkinson Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Hale, Mike (26 Oktober 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/arts/television/27muhammad.html &quot;''Boxing King Casts His Shadow, Even at Time of Defeat''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 5 Maret 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan loba paménta sangkan reureuh, Ali tanding sakali deui dina tanggal 11 Désémber 1981 di Nassau, [[Bahama]], ngalawanan [[Trevor Berbick]], sarta éléh angka dina sapuluh ronde.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1870&amp;dat=19810816&amp;id=9_EwAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=_uAFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2603,113296&amp;hl=en &quot;''Ali to try again?''&quot;]. ''The Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal''. Associated Press. 16 Agustus 1981. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&amp;dat=19811212&amp;id=XKUyAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=gOcFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3700,2405394&amp;hl=en &quot;''It's all over for Ali after loss''&quot;]. ''Lawrence Journal-World''. Associated Press. 12 Désémber 1981. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nack, William (December 21, 1981). [https://www.si.com/vault/1981/12/21/826243/not-with-a-bang-but-a-whisper-after-losing-to-trevor-berbick-a-subdued-muhammad-ali-softly-admitted-that-his-illustrious-career-had-come-to-an-end &quot;''Not with a bang but a whisper''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Diaksés 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nepi ka tungtung karir tinjuna, Ali geus nampanan 200.000 teunggeulan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21730621-downfall-tragic-rebellious-hero-new-biography-muhammad-ali &quot;''A new biography of Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''The Economist''. 26 Oktober 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan pribadi ==

=== Rumah tangga sarta barudakna ===
'''Anak-anak Muhammad Ali'''

Jeung Belinda Boyd

* Maryum (lahir 1968)
* Jamilah (lahir 1970)
* Rasheda (lahir 1970)
* Muhammad, Jr. (lhir 1972)

Jeung Patricia Harvell

* Miya (lahir 1972)

Jeung Wanda Bolton

* Khaliah (lahir 1972)

Jeung Veronica Porché

* Hana (lahir 1976)
* Laila (lahir 1977)

Jeung Yolanda Williams

* Asaad  (adopsi 1986)


Ali kawin opat kali katambah kawin siri dua kali sarta boga tujuh anak awéwé jeung dua anak lalaki. Ali dikenalkeun ka pramusaji ''cocktail'' Sonji Roi ku Herbert Muhammad sarta tuluy nanyaan Sonji sabada apél kahiji. Maranéhna rarabi kira-kira sabulan ti harita dina tanggal 14 Agustus 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Micklos, John Jr. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wjeaQAmQ0FMC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA54#v=onepage&amp;f=false Muhammad Ali: &quot;I Am the Greatest&quot;]''. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. k.&amp;nbsp;54. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7660-3381-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Maranéhna paraséa alatan Sonji nolak pikeun nerapkeun pakéan jeung perilaku islamis sarta tuluy ngamasalahkeun pangajaran Elijah Muhammad. Numutkeun Ali, “Manéhna teu daék milampah naon nu kudu dipilampah. Manéhna maké lipensetip; indit ka bar; maké pakéan nu némbongkeun orat jeung teu matut.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Thomas (2012). ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times''. Open Road Integrated Media. k.&amp;nbsp;252. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4532-4119-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Rumah tanggana teu ngabogaan anak sarta maranéhna cerai dina tanggal 10 Januari 1966. Pas méméh prosés ceréyna réngsé, Ali ngirim Sonji hiji tulisan: “Anjeun geus nukerkeun surga ku naraka.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Thomas (2012). ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times''. Open Road Integrated Media. k.&amp;nbsp;288. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4532-4119-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ngadahup ka Belinda Boyd dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1967. Lahir ti hiji kulawarga  Chicago sarta geus asup kana Nation of Islam, Belinda tuluy ngaganti ngaranna jadi Khalilah Ali, sanajan anggeur ari kulawarga jeung babaturan heubeulna mah masih ngageroan ku ngaran lilana. Maranéhna tuluy ngabogaan opat anak: pangarang jeung ''rapper'' Maryum&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 &quot;Muhammad Ali's Daughter, May May Ali, Writes Children's Book About His Boxing Career&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;104 no.&amp;nbsp;24. 8 Désémber 2003. kk.&amp;nbsp;38–39. ISSN&amp;nbsp;0021-5996 &amp;#x2013; liwat Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt; “May May” (lahir 1968), kembar dua Jamillah jeung Rasheda (lahir 1970) jeung Muhammad Ali, Jr. (lahir 1972).

Ali cicing di Cherry Hill, [[New Jersey]], dina awal taun 1970-an.&lt;ref&gt;[http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014057.html &quot;''Ali's camp now a bed and breakfast''&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina umur 32 taun dina taun 1974, Ali kawin siri ka Wanda Bolton nu umurna 16 taun (satuluyna ganti ngaran jadi Aaisha Ali) sarta jadi bapa tina budak awéwé lianna, Khalia (lahir 1974). Nalika masih kénéh rarabi jeung Belinda, Ali ngadahup ka Aaisha ku cara Islam nu teu meunang pangakuan hukum nu sah (mungguhing hukum Amérika). Numutkeun Khalia, Aaisha katut indungna nyicingan sasana latihan Dano Uncal bareng jeung Belinda katut barudakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/gossip/ali-daughter-tosses-book-ring-article-1.906525 &quot;''ALI DAUGHTER TOSSES BOOK IN RING''&quot;]. ''New York Daily News''.18 Maret 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Januari 1985 Aaisha nungtut Ali sacara hukum alatan teu mayar gono gini. Kasusna dibéréskeun ku kasatujuan Ali mayar nepi ka $200.000 waragad wali pikeun Khaliah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/01/28/Former-three-time-heavyweight-boxing-champion-Muhammad-Ali-agreed-Tuesday/9145507272400/ &quot;''Former three-time heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali agreed Tuesday ...''&quot;] ''UPI''. 28 Januari 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2011 Khaliah nyaritakeun yén dirina yakin yén bapana nempo dirina minangka &quot;hiji kasalahan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ali ogé boga budak awéwé lianna, Miya (lahir taun 1972), tina kawin siri jeung Patricia Harvell.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150404103321/http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-muhammed-ali &quot;Muhammed Ali ''Biography (sic)''&quot;]. Lifetime. 23 Méi 2006. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-muhammed-ali asli] 4 April 2015. Diaksés 1 Méi 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina usum panas taun 1977, rumah tangga nu kaduana lekasan sarta Ali kawin ka Veronica Porché. Jeung Veronica Ali ngabogaan dua budak awéwé, Hana jeung [[Laila Ali]]. Dina taun 1986, Ali ceréy jeung Porché.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/10/muhammad-alis-ex-wife-reveals-details-about-their-secret-wedding &quot;''Muhammad Ali's ex-wife reveals details about their secret wedding''&quot;]. ''USA Today''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_wife_Lonnie.jpg|jmpl|Muhammad jeung Lonnie Ali, 2001]]
Dina bulan Nopémber 1986, Ali rarabi ka Yolanda (“Lonie”) Williams. Maranéhna geus sosobatan ti taun 1964 di [[Lousiville]]. Babarengan maranéhna ngadopsi saurang budak lalaki, Asaad Amin nalika Asaad keur nincak umur lima taun.&lt;ref&gt;Allen, Nick (June 5, 2016), &quot;Could Muhammad Ali's $80m fortune become subject of bitter legal battle?&quot;, ''The Daily Telegraph''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiiursti Mensah-Ali cumarita yén manéhna téh anak awéwé biologis Ali jeung Barbara Mensah, nu cenah geus huhubungan 20 taun ka tukang,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=LjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;lpg=PA32&amp;ots=RrdTQGBInn&amp;pg=PA32#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''Muhammad Ali confesses illness put a stop to his 'girl chasing,' but his son is just starting''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;91 no.&amp;nbsp;10. 27 Januari, 1997. kk.&amp;nbsp;32–33. ISSN&amp;nbsp;0021-5996. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017 &amp;#x2013; liwat Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Davis (12 Séptémber 1993). [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912&amp;slug=1720560 &quot;''Still Larger Than Life – To Millions, Muhammad Ali Will Always Be The Champ''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610105241/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912 |date=2022-06-10 }}. ''The Seattle Times''. Diaksés 5 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzTW9Nitee4C&amp;printsec=frontcover Entertainment Celebrities]''. Trafford Publishing. k.&amp;nbsp;9. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4120-5335-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bollinger, Rhett. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090611&amp;content_id=5270622&amp;vkey=news_mlb&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb &quot;''Angels draft boxing legend Ali's son''&quot;]. Major League Baseball. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; bari némbongkeun photo sarta ngajalankeun tés katurunan dina taun 1988. Ceuk manéhna, Ali daék tanggung jawab sarta ngarawat dirina, tapi sagala rupa hubungan kapegatkeun nalika Ali kawin ka Lonnie. Kiiursti nyaritakeun yén dirina masih sok hubungan jeung budak-budak Ali nu lianna. Sabada maotna Ali, Kiiursti datang sarta meunang ijin pikeun ngilu béla sungkawa.&lt;ref&gt;Bucktin, Christopher (13 Séptémber 2014). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/muhammad-alis-secret-daughter-begs-4256662 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's secret daughter begs to see boxing legend one more time 'before he dies'''&quot;]. ''Daily Mirror''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ofori-Mensah (5Juni 2016). [http://omgvoice.com/news/kiiursti-mensah-ali/ &quot;''6 Facts About Kiiursti Mensah Ali, Muhammed Ali's Ghanaian Daughter You Need To Know (sic)''&quot;]. omgvoice.com. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foster, Peter; Allen, Nick (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/04/muhammad-alis-tangled-love-life-leaves-troubled-legacy/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali's tangled love life leaves troubled legacy''&quot;.] ''The Daily Telegraph''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2010, Osmon Williams maju ka hareup ngaku-ngaku minangka budak biologis Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/157579/Ali-s-alleged-lovechild-talks-to-tabloids &quot;''Ali's alleged lovechild talks to tabloids''&quot;]. ''The Daily Express''. 11 Pébruari 2010. Diaksés 15 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Indungna Temica Williams (ogé katelah ku rebecca Holloway) kungsi ngagugat sacara hukum ka Ali di taun 1981 pikeun alesan serangan séksual, ngaku yén manéhna geus ngamimitian sapatemon jeung Ali ti saprak umur 12 taun kénéh, sarta anakna, Osmon (lahir taun 1977) dibapaan ku Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/24/An-18-year-old-woman-has-filed-suit-seeking-3-million/3454356936400/ &quot;''An 18-year-old woman has filed suit seeking $3 million ...''&quot;] United Press International. 24 April 1981. Diaksés 27 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy ngaku yén Ali sabenerna geus nyokong kana kahirupan dirina tur budakna sacara finansial, tapi dieureunan sabada opat bulan. Kasusna lumangsung nepi ka taun 1986 sarta antukna digugurkeun alatan tuntutanna kahalang ku pangwatesan waktu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allcourtdata.com/law/case/williams-v-ali/cw3BaicI?page=1 &quot;''TEMICA WILLIAMS a/k/a Rebecca Jean Holloway, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MUHAMMAD ALI, Defendant-Appellee''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019000108/http://www.allcourtdata.com/law/case/williams-v-ali/cw3BaicI?page=1 |date=2016-10-19 }}. All Court Data. Diaksés 15 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ari ceuk Veronica mah, Ali ngaku boga hubungan jeung Williams, tapi teu percaya lamun Osmon téh anakna.&lt;ref&gt;Eig, Jonathan (2017). ''Ali: A Life''. London: Simon &amp; Schuster. k.&amp;nbsp;416. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1471155932&lt;/bdi&gt;. OCLC&amp;nbsp;968294310.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali tuluy cicing di [[Scottsdale]], [[Arizona]] bereng jeung Lonnie.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140813104029/http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/02/04/Brother-Muhammad-Alis-health-failing/UPI-72601359961200/ &quot;''Brother: Muhammad Ali's health failing''&quot;]. United Press International. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/02/04/Brother-Muhammad-Alis-health-failing/UPI-72601359961200/ asli]  13 Agustus 2014. Diaksés tanggal 4 Séptémber 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Januari 2007 diwartakeun yén maranéhna rék ngajual imahna di [[Berrien Springs]], [[Michigan]] nu dibeuli di taun 1975&lt;ref&gt;Brewer, Dale (16 Séptémber 2018). [https://www.heraldpalladium.com/news/when-ali-was-king/article_b2f9f7b8-6988-57e1-a73f-78c2fdf67312.html &quot;''When Ali was King''&quot;]. ''The Herald-Palladium''. Diaksés 16 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta geus mareuli deui hiji imah di kiduleun [[Jefferson County]], [[Kentucky]] saharga $1.875.000.&lt;ref&gt;Shafer, Sheldon S. (5 Januari 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325161651/http://www.greaterlouisville.com/content/community/FYI/pdf/files/ali%20will%20return%20home,%20buys%20louisville%20house.pdf &quot;''Ali coming home, buys house in Jefferson County''&quot;] (PDF). ''The Courier-Journal''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.greaterlouisville.com/content/community/FYI/pdf/files/ali%20will%20return%20home,%20buys%20louisville%20house.pdf asli] 25 Maret 2009. Diaksés 25 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadua imah éta dijarualan sabada Ali maot sarta Lonnie cicing di imah sésana di Landeuh Paradise, Arizona. Lonnie pindah kana agama Islam tina agama Katolik dina pangujung umur dua puluhan.&lt;ref&gt;Patricia Sheridan (3 Désémber 2007) &quot;Patricia Sheridan's Sarapan Jeung ... Lonnie Ali&quot; (Dina bahasa Inggris). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118060129/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07337/838655-129.stm Diarsipkeun] 18 Januari 2012. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. Diaksés 28 Juli 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Budak awéwé Ali, Laila, mangrupa saurang tukang tinju profésional ti taun 1999 nepi ka 2007,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womenboxing.com/lailaali.htm &quot;Laila Ali&quot;]. Womenboxing.com. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; sanajan saméméhna bapana teu panuju kana tinju awéwé. Di taun 1978, Ali nyarita “Awéwé teu dijieun pikeun kateunggeul dina pinareupna jeung beungeutna siga kitu... awakna teu dijieun pikeun kababuk beulah dieu [bari nunjuk dadana]. Kateunggeul dina pinareup....beurat... éta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womenboxing.com/ali.htm &quot;''Boxing''- Muhammad Ali&quot;]. Womenboxing.com. 8 Juni 2001. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Kilangbara kitu, Ali nungkulan sababaraha laga tanding anakna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/12/sports/othersports/laila-ali-with-her-father-watching-stays-undefeated.html &quot;''Laila Ali, With Her Father Watching, Stays Undefeated''&quot;]. ''New York Times''. 12 Juni 2005, Diaksés 26 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Budak awéwé Ali nu lianna, Hana, kawin ka patarung kelas manengah [[Bellator]], [[Kevin Casey]].&lt;ref&gt;Cepeda, Elias (4 Juni 2016). [http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/kevin-casey-will-fight-at-ufc-199-despite-passing-of-legendary-father-in-law-muhammad-ali-060416 &quot;''Kevin Casey will fight at UFC 199 despite passing of father-in-law Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. Fox Sports. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agama jeung kayakinan ===

==== Gabung jeung Nation of Islam ====
Ali nyaritakeun yén manéhna mimiti ngadéngé ngeunaan ''Nation of Islam'' (Bangsa Islam) nalika keur tarung di turnamén Asbok Émas di Chicago taun 1959 sarta munggaran ngahadiran pasamoan Nation of Islam di taun 1961. Manéhna tuluy hadir dina unggal pasamoan, sanajan nyumputkeun ilibiungna ti balaréa. Taun 1962, Clay patepung jeung [[Malcolm X]] nu tuluy jadi panungtun spiritual jeung pulitikna.&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Kevin (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/04/muhammad-ali-key-chapters &quot;''From the Vietnam war to Islam – the key chapters in Ali's life''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanci tarung kahiji ngalawan Liston, anggota Nation of Islam, kaasup Malcolm X katempo di rombongan Ali. Hal ieu nungtun kana carita dina ''The Miami Herald'' saméméh patarungan pisan, yén Clay geus ngagabung kana Nation of Islam nu ampir-ampiran ngabalukarkeun lagana dibatalkeun. Dina artikelna ngutip kekecapan Cassius Clay Senior yén anakna geus biluk kana Muslim Urang Hideung nalika umur 18 taun.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&amp;dat=19640207&amp;id=XF4bAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-04EAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5091,2145696 &quot;''Muslim Charge Clams Up Clay''&quot;]. ''The Pittsburgh Press''. 7 Februari 1964.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali (katempo di tukang) dina hiji ceramah Elijah Muhammad di taun 1964.]]
Kanyataanna, Clay mimitina ditolak pikeun asup ka ''Nation of Islam'' (harita remen disebut ogé Muslim Hideung) ku alatan karir tinjuna. Sanajan kitu, sanggeus meunangkeun gelar juara ti Liston di taun 1964, Nation of Islam leuwih tumarima sarta satuju pikeun ngabéwarakeun kaanggotaanna.&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Kevin (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/04/muhammad-ali-key-chapters &quot;''From the Vietnam war to Islam – the key chapters in Ali's life''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Teu lila ti harita, dina tanggal 6 Maret, Elijah Muhammad nyieun biantara di radio nu nyatakeun yén Clay bakal diganti ngaranna jadi Muhammad (jalma nu kapuji) Ali (pangluhurna).&lt;ref&gt;Schwartz, Larry. [https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00014063.html &quot;''He is simply ... The Greatest''&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 4 Maret 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanci-wanci harita, Ali pindah ka béh sisi kidul [[Chicago]] sarta pipindahan di sababaraha imah tapi teu kungsi jauh ti Masjid Maryam nu Nation of Islam atawa ti padumukan Elijah Muhammad. Manéhna cicing di Chicago salila kurang leuwih 12 taun.&lt;ref&gt;Steinberg, Neil (4 Juni 2016). [http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/steinberg-for-a-time-ali-called-chicago-home &quot;''For a time, Ali called Chicago home''&quot;]. ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ngan sababaraha jurnalis (paling kawentar nyaéta Howard Cosell) narima kana ngaran anyar Ali harita. Ali tuluy ngabéwarakeun: “Cassius Clay mah ngaran budak beulian kuring,” bari nambahkeun &quot;Lain kuring nu milih, lain kuring nu hayang.&quot; Ngaranna heubeulna téh mangrupa ngaran saurang bulé tokoh émansipasi nu merjoangkeun hak-hak urang hideng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p014mvdx &quot;''History website, Muhammad Ali: &quot;Cassius Clay is my slave name&quot;''&quot;]. BBC. Diaksés 2 Juli 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yale.edu/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-originally-named-ardent-abolitionist-and-yale-alumnus-cassius-clay ''&quot;Muhammad Ali originally named for ardent abolitionist and Yale alumnus Cassius Clay''.&quot;] &lt;nowiki&gt;http://news.yale.edu/&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Susan Gonzalez. Tanggal 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teu sieun patojaiah jeung tatanan urang bulé, Ali nyatakeun, “Kuring urang Amérika. Kuring bagian nu ku aranjeun teu hayang diaku. Najan kitu, biasakeun. Hideung, percaya diri, songong; ngaran kuring, lain ngaran anjeun; agama kuring, lain agama anjeun; tujuan kuring, boga kuring; biasakeun.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.9news.com.au/world/2016/06/05/06/23/muhammad-ali-s-other-fight-for-civil-rights &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'I am America': Muhammad Ali's fight for civil rights''&quot;]. 9News, Australia. Agence France-Presse. 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Juni 2016. &lt;/ref&gt; Sosobatan Ali jeung Malcolm X lekasan nalika Malcolm pisah ti Bangsa Islam dua minggu sabada Ali ngagabung, sedeng Ali tetap di Bangsa Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Handler, M. S. (9 Maret 1964). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF &quot;Malcolm X ''Splits with'' Muhammad&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 1 Agustus 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ka hareupna nyarita yén nonggongan Malcolm téh mangrupa hiji kasalahan nu paling dipikaduhung pisan dina hirupna.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Hana Yasmeen (16 Nopémber 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=h6G-Cy5c0GgC The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey]''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7432-6286-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Reureujeungan jeung Bangsa Islam, katut pamingpinna [[Elijah Muhammad]] katambah ku hiji guneman nu ngacap urang bulé minangka palaku pangbantéan ka urang Amérika Afrika ngajadikeun Ali bahan panyarékan saréréa. Bangsa Islam sacara umum geus ditempo ku urang bulé jeung urang Amérika Afrika minangka hiji separatis hideung “agama kangéwa” nu boga kacondongan kana kaheurasan. Ali boga kahariwang ngeunaan ngagunakeun pangaruhna pikeun ngedalkeun doktrin Bangsa Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Garcia, Courtney (6 Séptémber 2013). [http://thegrio.com/2013/09/06/trials-of-muhammad-ali-highlights-boxers-anti-war-opposition/ &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Trials of Muhammad Ali' highlights boxer's anti-war opposition''&quot;]. theGrio. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina hiji konferénsi préss, nekenkeun kana panolakanna kana Perang Viétnam, Ali nyatakeun, “Musuh kuring téh urang bulé, lain [[Viét Kong]] atawa urang Cina atawa urang Jepang.”&lt;ref&gt;Metz, Nina (31 Agustus 2013). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-31/entertainment/ct-ae-0901-fall-movie-profile-20130831_1_muhammad-ali-opposer-chicago-director &quot;''The trials of a Chicago director making Muhammad Ali doc''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723020015/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-31/entertainment/ct-ae-0901-fall-movie-profile-20130831_1_muhammad-ali-opposer-chicago-director |date=2016-07-23 }}. ''Chicago Tribune''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tukang nulis Jerry Izenberg kungsi nyatetkeun yén, “Bangsa Islam geus jadi kulawarga Ali sarta Elijah Muhammad jadi bapana. Tapi aya hiji katojaiahan dina kanyataanna nyaéta nalika Bangsa Islam nggangap urang bulé minangka iblis, Ali malah ngabogaan batur urang bulé leuwih réa dibandingkeun karéréaan urang Amérika Afrika di Amérika mangsa harita, sarta tuluy lumangsung sapanjang karirna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asup kana Islam Sunni/Sufi ====
Dina otobiographina taun 2004, Ali ngakukeun yén dirina pindah kana aliran Sunni Islam alatan Warith Deen Muhammad, nu nuluykeun kapamingpinan Bangsa Islam nalika bapana, Elijah Muhammad tilar dunya, sarta ngajak sakabéh pangilu Bangsa Islam pikeun jadi panganut Islam Sunni.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Hana Yasmeen (2013). ''The Soul of a Butterfly''. Simon &amp; Schuster. k.&amp;nbsp;85.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali [[naék haji]] ka [[Mekah]] di taun 1972, dirina kailhaman ku cara nu sarua jeung Malcolm X, patepung jeung jalma-jalma ti rupa-rupa warna nu baréda ti sakuliah dunia geus méré manéhna wawasan nu béda sarta kasadaran spiritual nu leuwih gedé.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.emel.com/article?id=109&amp;a_id=1722&amp;c=32 &quot;''Muhammed Ali's Pilgrimage to Makkah (sic)''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914052923/http://www.emel.com/article?id=109&amp;a_id=1722&amp;c=32 |date=2016-09-14 }}. ''Emel''. No.&amp;nbsp;17. Pébruari 2006. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun 1977 manéhna nyarita yén, sabada dirina reureuh dina tinju, manéhna bakal ngabdikeun sésa hirupna pikeun “persiapan nyanghareupan Gusti” ku cara nulungan nu lian, nyieun amal, ngahijikeun jalma-jalma sarta ngabantu kana perdaméyan.&lt;ref&gt;Bryan, Chloe (4 Juni 2016). [http://mashable.com/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-retirement-video/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali had a thought-provoking response when asked about his retirement plans''&quot;]. ''Mashable''. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna naék haji deui dina taun 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Rajeev, K R (5 Juni 2016). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Muhammad-Alis-visit-was-Kozhikodes-knockout-moment/articleshow/52597630.cms &quot;''Muhammad Ali's visit was Kozhikode's knockout moment''&quot;]. ''The Times of India''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada [[serangan 11 Séptémber]] taun 2001, Ali nyatakeun yén “Islam téh agama daméy” sarta “heunteu nitah kana térorisme atawa maéhan jelema”, katut ogé “ambek yén dunia nempo sakelompok panganut Islam nu ngakibatkeun kana kaancuran ieu, tapi maranéhna téh lain muslim saéstuna. Maranéh téh rasis fanatik nu ngaku-ngaku muslim.” Dina bulan Désémber 2015, manéhna nyatakeun yén “Muslim sajati apal yén kaheurasan nu biadab ti nu ngaraku jihadis Islam patojaiah jeung naon nu jadi dasar utama agama urang”, sarta “Urang salaku umat Islam kudu ngalawan ka sing saha waé nu ngagunakeun agama Islam pikeun kapentinganna pribadi,” sarta “pamingpin pulitik kudu ngagunakeun posisina pikeun mawa kana pamahaman ngeunaan agama Islam sarta ngajelaskeun yén para pamateni nu salah tungtunan ieu geus méngkolkeun pandangan jalma tina agama Islam nu sabenerna.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/muhammad-ali-face-real-islam-160606040559103.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali: The face of 'real Islam''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. Al Jazeera. 6 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina kahirupan satuluyna, Ali kataji ku aliran [[Sufi]], nu ditémbongkeun dina otobiographina, ''Jiwa Kukupu''. Taun 2005-an, Ali asup kana aliran Islam Sufi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/28/sport/muhammad-ali-five-things-boxing/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Five things you never knew about the boxing legend''&quot;]. ''CNN''. 28 April 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/431161/champ-and-mr-x &quot;''The Champ and Mr. X''&quot;]. ''National Review''. 29 Pébruari 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-america-s-first-muslim-hero.html &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''America's First Muslim Hero''&quot;]. ''Daily Beast''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/03/02/family-faith-and-magic-tricks-my-40-year-friendship-with-muhamma/ &quot;''Family, faith and magic tricks: My 40-year friendship with'' Muhammad Ali&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 4 Maret 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun budak Ali, Hana Yasmeen Ali, nu ngilu ngarang Jiwa Kupu-Kupu jeung dirina, Ali kataji kana Sufi sabada maca buku [[Inayat Khan]] nu eusina ajaran Sufi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.onbeing.org/blog/omid-safi-muhammad-ali-unapologetically-black-unapologetically-muslim/8735 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Unapologetically Black, Unapologetically Muslim''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220165249/http://www.onbeing.org/blog/omid-safi-muhammad-ali-unapologetically-black-unapologetically-muslim/8735 |date=2016-12-20 }}. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/2005/02/muhammad-alis-new-spiritual-quest.aspx? &quot;''Muhammad Ali's New Spiritual Quest''&quot;]. ''Beliefnet''. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali tuluy pindah tina ajaran Sufi Alamin Inayat Khan sabada sawatara ahli Sunni-Sufi tradisional ngeritik pagerakanna minangka patojaiah jeung ajaran sabenerna tina Islam Sunni. Muhammad Ali meunang tungtunan ti ahli-ahli Islam Sunni saperti Mufti Agung Syria almarhum Asy-Syéh Ahmad Kuftaro, Hisham Kabbani, Imam Zaid Shakir, Hamzah Yusuf jeung Timothy J. Gianotti nu aya sagédéngeun Ali nalika poé panungtunganna sarta mastikeun yén pamakaman Ali dumasar kana tata cara jeung ritual Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://uwaterloo.ca/studies-in-islam/people-profiles/timothy-gianotti-0 &quot;Timothy Gianotti – ''The Imam whose on Muhammad Ali's last days and funeral''&quot;]. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://uwaterloo.ca/studies-in-islam/news/prof-gianotti-plans-muhammad-alis-funeral-and-memorial &quot;Prof. Gianotti ''plans Muhammad Ali's funeral and memorial service''&quot;]. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rencana réuni Beatles ===
Taun 1976, panemu Alan Amron jeung pangusaha Joel Sacher mimitraan jeung Ali pikeun ngapromosikeun Komite Internasional pikeun Réuni [[the Beatles]].&lt;ref&gt;COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR [http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&amp;d=cs19760617-01.2.11.3&amp; Komite Internasional pikeun Réuni The Beatles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011193152/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&amp;d=cs19760617-01.2.11.3&amp; |date=2018-10-11 }} 17 Juni 1976. Diaksés 1 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Maranéhna ménta sakabéh pamuja Beatles di sakuliah dunia pikeun nyumbang sadolar saurangna. Ceuk Ali, ideuna téh lain keur nyiar kauntungan, tapi keur ngadegkeun badan internasional pikeun barudak miskin. “Duit ieu keur nulungan jalma-jalma di sakuliah dunya”, cenah. Manéhna nambahkeun, “Kuring mikaresep kana wirahma. Kuring baheula sok diajar musik maranéhna.” Ali nyaritakeun réuni the Beatles “bakal ngabagjakeun réa jelema.”&lt;ref&gt;BEATLES AGAIN Stan Mieses Desert Sun Newspaper 25 Januari 1977. Diaksés 1 April  2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Para manten the Beatles teu kabita kana rencana éta, nembongkeun jawaban nu teu pati sumanget ka balaréa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/44571778/ Can 200 Million Fans Reunite the Beatles] ''The Daily Herald'' 28 Januari 1977. Diaksés 1 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Réuni éta teu kungsi kajadian.

== Perang Viétnam jeung nolak asup wajib militer ==
Musuh kaula nyaéta urang bule, lain Viét Kong atawa urang Cina atawa urang Jepang. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang bébas. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang kaadilan. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang kasataraan. Manéh malah moal ngabélaan kuring di Amérika alatan agama kuring – ayeuna anjeun hayang sangkan kuring miang ka mana sarta ngilu perang, tapi anjeun moal ngabélaan kuring di dieu, di imah?

– Ceramah Muhammad Ali nalika di pangbuangan ka sakumpulan mahasiswa kampus.&lt;ref&gt;Bercaw, Nancy; Ownby, Ted (eds.). ''The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 13: Gender''. k.&amp;nbsp;291&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali kadaptarkeun dina kadinesan militer AS dina tepung taun ka-18-na sarta kaasupkeun dina kelas 1-A di taun 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Foley, Michael (2003), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20151016105806/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/337 Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War]'', University of North Carolina Press, ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8078-5436-5&lt;/bdi&gt;, diarsipkeun ti [http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/337 nu asli] tanggal tanggal 16 Oktober 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun 1964, manéhna diklasifikasi ulang minangka kelas 1-Y (cocog pikeun ngabdi ngan wungkul dina kaayaan darurat nasional) sabada gagal dina tés kualifikasi Angkatan Darat AS lantaran kamampuan maca jeung nulisna sahandapeun standar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K7gzAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=PzIHAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6900,3388922 &quot;''Clay may be put into 1-A class today''&quot;]. ''Lodi News-Sentinel''. United Press International. 10 Pébruari 1967. k.&amp;nbsp;13.&lt;/ref&gt; alatan [[disléksia]] téa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eig&quot; /&gt; (Manéhna kungsi nyarita, “Kuring pangpunjulna, lain pangpinterna!”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Neel, Eric. &quot;[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/neel/011221.html Kaca 2– Muhammad Ali ''from A to Z'']&quot;. ESPN. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal taun 1966, angkatan perang nurunkeun standarna sarta Ali kaasupkeun deui kana kelas 1-A.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Klasifikasi ieu ngandung harti yén Ali harita bisa kapilih sarta kadaptarkeun kana Angkatan Perang AS wanci AS keur ngilu aub dina [[Perang Viétnam]], hiji perang nu ngajadikeun dirina patelak jeung tatanan urang-urang bulé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika nyaho kana statusna ieu, Ali ngedalkeun yén dirina bakal nolak ngabdi dina katentaraan sarta ka balaréa terang-terangan ngakukeun dirina jalma nu sacara sadar ngarasa beurat.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; Ali nyatakeun: “Perang téh patojaiah jeung ajaran [[Qur’an]]. Kuring lain nyoba pikeun nyingkahan pangdaptaran. Urang teu sakuduna ngilu aub dina perang naon waé lintang nu diparéntahkeun ku Alloh atawa Nabi. Urang teu ngilu ilibiung dina perang urang Karisten atawa perang naon waé ti jalma-jalma nu teu airman.”&lt;ref&gt;Remnick, David (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mErseIty9dwC King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero]''. Random House. k.&amp;nbsp;287. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-375-50065-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyatakeun ogé: “Kuring teu boga masalah jeung urang Viét Kong.” Ali ogé ngajéntrékeun: “Naha maranéhna ménta kuring sangkan maké saragam sarta miang sapuluh rébu mil jauhna pikeun muragkeun bom jeung pélor ka urang-urang Viétnam nu caroklat bari jeung naon nu disarebut négro ku maranéhna di Louisville diperlakukeun alabatan anjing sarta nolak kana hak-hak asasi manusa nu céték?”&lt;ref&gt;Haas, Jeffrey (1 Nopémber 2009). ''The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther''. Lawrence Hill Books. k.&amp;nbsp;27. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-55652-765-4&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ngalawan kana tatanan urang-urang bulé di taun 1966 ku cara nolak didaptarkeun kana militer AS ku alesan agama jeung kateupanujuanna kana ilibiungna AS dina Perang Viétnam.&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;&gt;Hauser, Thomas. &quot;[http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/civil-rights-movement/essays/importance-muhammad-ali The Importance of Muhammad Ali]&quot;. Institut Gilder Lehrman.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 28 April 1967, Ali katempo di Houston ngahadiran jadwal pangdaptaranna ka Angkatan Perang AS, tapi nolak maju nalika dicalukan nepi ka tilu kalina. Saurang perwira ngingetan Ali yén manéhna geus ngalakukeun tindakan ngalanggar sarta bisa dihukum panjara nepi ka lima taunna tur denda $10.000. Sakali deui Ali teu nyumponan panggero sarta tuluy ditahan. Satuluyna poé harita kénéh Komisi Atlétik Nagara Bagian New York nahan ijin tinjuna jeung nyabut gelarna. Komisi tinju lianna tuluy narurutan. Ali teu bisa meunangkeun ijin pikeun tinju di unggal nagara bagian nepi ka tilu taunna.&lt;ref&gt;Reemstsma, Jean (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc9tZ7IfUTEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=more+than+a+champion+prime#v=onepage&amp;q=stronger&amp;f=false More Than a Champion: The Style of Muhammad Ali]''. New York: Vintage. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-375-70005-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 14 Maret 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina sidang pangadilan tanggal 20 Juni 1967, sabada ngan 21 menit sawala, juri nyatakeun Ali salah geus ngalakukeun tindakan kriminal naglanggar hukum Seleksi Pangabdian ku cara nolak asup wamil. Sabada naék banding kana kaputusan éta, kasusna ditempo ulang deui ku Pangadilan Tinggi AS di taun 1971.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/403/698 &quot;Cassius Marsellus CLAY, Jr. also known as Muhammad Ali, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES&quot;]. ''LII / Legal Information Institute''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali bébas kénéh salila tilu taun mangsa putusan banding jeung sidang pangadilan tinggi. Ku obahna opini publik ngalawan kana perang sarta lumangsungna Pagerakan Hak Sipil pikeun ngumpulkeun dukungan, Ali jadi tukang biantara nu kawentar di kampus-kampus jeung universitas-universitas di sakuliah negeri; hal nu kaitung langka lamun saméméhna dirina lain tukang tinju profésional mah. Di Universitas Howard contona, Ali nepikeun pidatona nu kasohor,  “Urang Hideung Pangpunjulna” di hareupeun 4.000 mahasiswa jeung kaum inteléktual, sabada manéhna diundang ku Prof. Nathan Hare mungguhing Komite Kakuatan Urang Hideung, hiji kelompok mahasiswa pamoha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919377-5,00.html &quot;&quot;The Greatest&quot; Is Gone&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120918011542/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919377-5,00.html |date=2012-09-18 }}. ''Time''. February 27, 1978. k.&amp;nbsp;5. Diaksés 4 Agustus 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 28 Juni 1971, Pangadilan Tinggi Amérika Sarikat dina kasus Clay lawan Amérika Sarikat ngabatalkeun dakwaan ka Ali ku putusan buleud 8-0 (Hakim Thurgood Marshall mundurkeun manéh alatan manéhna  jadi jaksa panungtut wanci Ali didakwa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/403/698 &quot;Cassius Marsellus CLAY, Jr. also known as Muhammad Ali, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. | LII / Legal Information Institute&quot;]. Law.cornell.edu. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Putusanna lain teu boga dasar, kaunggulan klaim Ali datang ku soranganna; malah, ti awal sidang, Pangadilan teu boga alesan pikeun nolak tuntutan dispénsasi kabeuratan sacara sadar Ali sarta nyimpulkeun yén putusan banding Ali bisa diandelkeun, ku kituna dakwaan ka Ali kudu dibatalkeun.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1970/1970_783 &quot;Clay v. United States | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law&quot;]. Oyez.org. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dampak tina panolakan wajib militer Ali ===
Tuladan Ali ngailhaman mangpirang-pirang urang Amérika hideung tur nu séjénna. Kolumnis ''the New York Times'', William Rhoden nulis, “Kalakuan Ali geus ngarobah kana standar kuring ngeunaan naon nu ngawangun kaagungan saurang atlét. Ngabogaan luncatan maut jeung kamampuan pikeun eureun ngadadak geus teu cukup deui. Naon nu ku anjeun dipilampah pikeun ngabébaskeun bangsa anjeun? Naon nu ku anjeun dipilampah pikeun ngabantu nagara anjeun pikeun nanjeurkeun komitmen prinsip-prinsip ti para pangadeg nagri?”&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;/&gt;

Nginget-nginget kana pusisi anti perang Ali, [[Kareem Abdul Jabbar]] nyarita: “Kuring inget guru-guru di sakola luhur teu mikaresep ka Ali lantaran manéhna sakitu anti kamapanan sarta mangrupa jalma nu teu mikahormat jeung teu paduli ka pihak nu nyepeng kawenangan. Faktana, manéhna téh saurang jalma hideung sarta ngabogaan bakat nu sakitu réana… ngakibatkeun sababaraha jalma mikir yén manéhna téh jalma nu ngabahayakeun. Tapi ku alesan éta kuring jadi mikaresep dirina.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://digital.wustl.edu/e/eii/eiiweb/abd5427.5952.001kareemabdul-jabbar.html &quot;''Interview with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar''&quot;]. Digital.wustl.edu. 3 Maret 1989. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tokoh-tokoh hak-hak sipil yakin yén Ali geus méré tanaga pikeun pagerakan kabébasan sacara kasaluruhan. Al Sharpton nyaritakeun wawanén Ali dina wanci masih kénéh gedé dukungan kana Perang Viétnam. “Pikeun juara dunia kelas beurat, nu geus meunangkeun tingkat selebritas olahraga pangluhurna, narohkeun sagalana–duit, pangaruh– keur dikorbankeun pikeun hiji alesan, nu geus méré legitimasi nu saéstuna pikeun pagerakan...Manéhna apal yén bakal dibui, tapi anggeur kénéh milampah hal éta. Nu kitu téh mangrupa tingkatan nu lianna tina kapamingpinan jeung pangorbanan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36450806 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: The man who changed his sport and his country''&quot;]. BBC. 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali dileler ku [[Pangajén Martin Luther King]] taunan dina taun 1970 ku pamingpin hak-hak sipil, Ralph Abernathy, nu nyebut dirina “saurang toladan hirup tina kakuatan jiwa, Parade Washington (ed. wangun protés taun 1963) dina wangun dua peureup.” Coretta Scott King nambahkeun yén Ali téh minangka “hiji juara dina kaadilan, kadaméyan jeung kasahijian.”&lt;ref&gt;Ezra, Michael (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3rtDyeSAIC&amp;pg=PA82 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Main Bout: African American Economic Power and the World Heavyweight Title''&quot;]. ''Muhammad Ali: The Making of an Icon''. Temple University Press. k.&amp;nbsp;82. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781592136612&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyaritakeun karugian Ali ku nolakna asup wajib militer, palatih Angelo Dundee nyarita, “Hiji hal nu jadi pangbeuratna nyaéta: Taun-taun punjulna geus dirampog, taun-taun kajayaanna.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest &quot;''Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest'''&quot;]. ESPN. 17 Januari 2012. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bob Arum harita teu ngadukung Ali. Kadieunakeun, Arum nyatakeun yén “nalika kuring nempo ka tukang dina kahirupanna, kuring ngarasa reueus bisa ngakukeun sobat sarta babarengan dina waktu nu réa, beurat pikeun kuring mun kudu nyaritakeun kadigjayaan tinjuna sabab jalma-jalma harita ngalemahkeun pangaruh dirina pikeun dunia,” sarta “Manéhna geus milampah naon nu dianggap bener ku manéhna. Kanyataanna manéhna mémang bener sarta kuring nu salah.”&lt;ref&gt;Whitcomb, Dan [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-ali-arum/former-ali-promoter-bob-arum-recalls-boxers-impact-on-society-idUSKCN0YR01R?mod=related&amp;channelName= &quot;''Former Ali promoter Bob Arum recalls boxer's impact on society''&quot;], Reuters, 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 15 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Panolakan Ali kana wamil dicaritakeun deui dina pilem dokuménter taun 2013, ''Pangadilan Muhammad Ali''.&lt;ref&gt;Rapold, Nicolas (22 Agustus 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/movies/trials-of-muhammad-ali-traces-alis-battle-over-vietnam.html &quot;''One of His Biggest Fights Was Outside of the Ring''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 29 Agustus 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== NSA jeung FBI nyérangkeun komunikasi Ali ===
Dina hiji operasi rahasiah nu disebut “Minaret”, ''the National Security Agency'' ([[NSA]]) / Agénsi Kaamanan Nasional, nyadap guneman urang-urang Amérika nu aronjoy, kaasup Ali, Sénator Frank Church jeung Howard Baker, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., jurnalis AS nu kaceluk, sarta jalma-jalma séjénna nu maido kana perang AS di Viétnam.&lt;ref&gt;Zirin, Dave (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/the-hidden-history-of-muhammad-ali/ &quot;''The Hidden History of Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Jacobin''. Diaksés 17 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Pilkington, Ed (26 Séptémber 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk &quot;''Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 16 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji panyawangan ulang ku NSA ngeunaan program Minaret nyimpulkeun saéstuna hal éta téh mangrupa “goréng lampah lamun teu bisa disebut ngalanggar hukum mah.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1971, [[Tarung Abad Ieu]]-na ngalawan Frazier geus méré bahan pikeun sakumpulan aktipis, Komisi Warga pikeun Maluruh [[FBI]], keur ngabolékérkeun palanggaran di kantor FBI di [[Pennsylvania]], ku medarkeun operasi COINTELPRO nu kaasup di jerona lampah paniténan illegal ka para aktipis nu kabaud dina pagerakan hak-hak rahayat jeung anti perang. Salah saurang target COINTELPRO nyaéta Ali, nu mana FBI meunangkeun aksés kana catetan kahirupanna ti saprak di SD kénéh; salah sahiji catetanna nyebutkeun yén Ali mikacinta seni wanci keur leutikna.&lt;ref&gt;Medsger, Betty (6 Juni 2016). [https://theintercept.com/2016/06/06/in-1971-muhammad-ali-helped-undermine-the-fbis-illegal-spying-on-americans/ &quot;''In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans''&quot;]. ''The Intercept''. Diaksés 17 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir di dunia hiburan ==

=== Dunia peran ===
Ali nyieun peran kaméo dina pilem taun 1962, ''Requiem for a Heavyweight'', ogé wanci pangbuanganna tina tinju, manéhna jadi béntang dina pilem musikal pondok Broadway taun 1969, ''Buck White''. Manéhna ogé minton dina pilem dokuménter ''Black Rodeo'' (1972) nunggang boh kuda boh banténg.

Otobiographina, ''The Greatest: My Own Story'' (''Pangpunjulna: Dongéng Sorangan''), ditulis ku Richard Durham, medal di taun 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Durham, Richard (Oktober 1975). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkfhAAAAMAAJ The Greatest: My Own Story]''. New York: Random House. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-394-46268-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. OCLC&amp;nbsp;1622063.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1977, buku éta dijieun pilemna make judul ''The Greatest'', di mana Ali maén minangka dirina sarta Ernest Borgnine merankeun Angelo Dundee. 

Pilem ''Freedom Road'', nu dijieun taun 1978, mintonkeun Ali dina peran langka minangka Gideon Jackson, manten budak beulian jeung soldadu Sarikat (Perang Sodara Amérika) di taun 1870-an di Virginia, nu kapilih jadi Sénat AS sarta patelak jeung manten budak beulian lianna nu jadi patani maro bareng jeung urang bulé, pikeun mertahankeun lemahna nu geus ditempatan salila hirupna.

=== Kekecapan nu puitis jeung musik ''rap'' ===
Ali remen cumarita ngawirahma jeung puitis, boh keur sakacampleng nalika tinju atawa keur puisi pulitik di saluareun tinju. Manéhna maénkeun hiji peran dina ngawangun tradisi puisi urang hideung, mangnarataskeun jalan keur ''The Last Poets'' di taun 1968, Gil Scott-Heron di 1970 sarta medalna musik ''rap'' di taun 70-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/opinion/muhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html|title=Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun ''[[The Guardian]]'', “sababaraha jalma boga pamadegan yén Ali téh minangka ''[[rapper]]'' munggaran.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/06/muhammad-ali-influence-rap-golden-age &quot;''Muhammad Ali's influence ran deep through rap's golden age''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1963, Ali medalkeun albeum wirahma kecap carita ti Rékaman Columbia nu judulna, ''I Am the Greatest'' sarta di taun 1964 Ali ngarékam vérsi ''cover'' tina kawih ''rhytm and blues'' “''Stand by Me''.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTlN6pU01K0 &quot;Song ''Stand By Me'', ''recorded in 1964 by Muhammad Ali, then known as Cassius Clay''&quot;]. YouTube. 13 Désémber 2008. Diaksés 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.secondhandsongs.com/performance/80810 &quot;''Different versions of 'Stand By Me'''&quot;]. Secondhandsongs.com. Diaksés 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ''I Am the Greatest'' kajual 500.000 kopi sarta geus dianggap minangka conto awal tina [[musik rap]] jeung panglulugu tina [[hip hop]].&lt;ref&gt;Tinsley, Justin (8 Juni 2016). [https://theundefeated.com/features/muhammad-ali-i-am-the-greatest-album/ &quot;''The Grammy-nominated'' Cassius Clay&quot;]. ''The Undefeated''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/muhammad-ali-worlds-greatest-boxer-was-also-hip-hop-pioneer-20160604 &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''Famed Pugilist Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer''&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Hasil ngahontal paringkat ka-61 dina tangga lagu sarta dinominasikeun pikeun ''[[Grammy Award]]''. Ali tuluy meunangkeun deui nominasi Grammy nu kadua kalina pikeun “Rékaman Lagu Budak Pangpunjulna”, ku rékaman cacaritaan nu pikaresepeun taun 1976, ''The Adventure of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooh Decay.''&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt;

Ali mangrupa tokoh dina dunia musik [[hip hop]]. Minangka “jalma nu murwakanti”, manéhna kaceluk ku “ngalagena”, “songong”, “kecap-kecap runtah komikal”&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;/&gt; jeung “teu reureuh ngaluarkeun kekecapan nu bisa dikutip.” Numutkeun majalah ''Rolling Stones'', “kamampuan sakarepna” sarta “wirahma, alur jeung gedé omong” bakal “dina hiji mangsa jadi tipikal MC sakola heubeul” contona [[Run-D.M.C.]] jeng [[LL Cool J.]] sarta “égona nu kaleuleuwihi ngalangkang di [[Kanye West]], sedeng kasadaran Afroséntrisna jeung katerusteranganna nunjuk kana panyanyi-panyanyi puitis modern saperti [[Rakim]], [[Nas]], [[Jay-Z]] jeung [[Kendrick Lamar]].”&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt; “Kuring gulat jeung buaya, kuring ocon jeung lauk paus, kuring ngaborgol kilat jeung manjarakeun guludug. Manéh nyaho kuring téh jahat. Karak minggu Kamari kuring maéhan karang, natuan batu, ngirim bata ka rumah sakit. Kuring sakitu curalingna, nepi ka obat gé dijieun garering.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/440864-i-ve-wrestled-with-alligators-i-ve-tussled-with-a-whale-i &quot;''A quote by Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''www.goodreads.com''.Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; “Ngalayang siga kukupu, nyeureud alabatan nyiruan. Leungeunna bisa neunggeul naon nu ku panonna teu katempo. Kadang kuring katempo, kadang hanteu. George nyangka manéhna bakal mampuh, tapi kuring nyaho yén manéhna moal.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/boxing/2016/06/03/muhammad-ali-best-quotes-boxing/85370850/ &quot;''30 of Muhammad Ali's best quotes''&quot;]. ''USA TODAY''. Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nyarita kawas nu can kungsi diomongkeun ku nu séjén saméméhna. Sakitu pinuh ku kayakinan dina naon anu ku dirina disebut: lancar, lemes, kréatif jeung nyingsieunan. Manéhna tukang tinju sarta saurang aktifis, tapi ogé boga peran dina mangaruhan naon nu kiwari disebut minangka budaya lokal, hip-hop. Di taun 2006, pilem dokuménter ''Ali Rap'' dipedalkeun ku [[ESPN]]. [[Chuck D]], saurang ''rapper'' pikeun band [[Public Enemy]] minangka pamawa acarana.&lt;ref&gt;Berry, Ben (9 Juni 2016). [http://thesource.com/2016/06/09/the-10-best-muhammad-ali-references-in-hip-hop/ &quot;''The 10 Best Muhammad Ali References In Hip Hop''&quot;]. ''The Source''. Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rapper'' lianna nu biantara dina pilem dokuménter éta kaasup [[Doug E Fresh]], [[Ludacris]] jeung Rakim nu kabéhanna ngaatasnamakeun Ali.

Ali kasebut-sebut minangka inspirasi ku para ''rapper'' saperti [[LL Cool J]],&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;/&gt; [[Chuck D]] ti [[Public Enemy]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://theundefeated.com/features/muhammad-ali-the-original-rapper/ &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''The original rapper – Legendary emcee Chuck D of Public Enemy talks Ali's impact on hip-hop''&quot;]. ''The Undefeated''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jay-Z]], [[Eminem]], Sean Combs, Slick Rick, Nas jeung MC Lyte. Ali karujuk dina sajumlah lagu hip hop, kaasup di antarana, lagu Migos “Fight Night”, The Game “Jesus Pierce”, Nas “The Message”, [[The Sugarhill Gang]] “Rapper’s Delight”, theFugees “Ready or Not”, EPMD “You’re a Customer” jeung [[Will Smith]] “Getting Jiggy with It”.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jay-z-eminem-and-more-hip-hop-luminaries-remember-muhammad-ali/ &quot;Jay Z, Eminem ''and more hip-hop luminaries remember'' Muhammad Ali&quot;]. CBS News. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pintonan télévisi ===
Patarungan Muhammad Ali kaasup kana sawatara siaran télévisi nu panglobana dilalajoanan di dunia, nyatetkeun rékor pamiarsa tivi panglobana. Patarunganna nu pangréana ditongton nyatetkeun kira-kira 1-2 juta pamiarsa di sakuliah dunya antara taun 1974 jeung 1980 sarta mangrupa siaran télévisi pangréana ditongton mangsa harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di saluareun tinju, Ali nyieun ogé réa pintonan lianna. Tabel di handap ieu ngabéréndélkeun gambaran pamiarsa tina pintonan di saluareun tinju.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
|+
!Tanggal
!Siaran
!Wilayah
!Panongton
!Sumber
|-
|17 Oktober 1971
|''Parkinson'' (seri1, episode 14)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;parkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michael Parkinson:'I loved Ali ... but he was a hypocrite'|work=Mail Online|date=November 26, 2016|quote=They met four times in the studio between 1971 and 1981 ... Parky the cool inquisitor, whose Saturday-night chat show was a national institution attracting 10 million viewers, and Ali, the funny, eloquent fighter who added another two million to the audience when he appeared.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 Januari 1974
|''Parkinson'' (seri 3, episode 18)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|
|-
|7 Désémber 1974
|''Parkinson''
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|
|-
|28 Maret 1977
| Academy Awards ka-49
|Amérika Sarikat
|39.719.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/reference/academy-awards-show-ratings/|title=Academy Awards Show Ratings|website=[[TV By The Numbers]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008211435/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/reference/academy-awards-show-ratings/ |date=2016-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 Désémber 1978
|''This Is Your Life'' (&quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;)
|Amérika Sarikat
|60.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hauser|first=Thomas|title=Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times|date=2012|publisher=[[Anova Books]]|isbn=9781907554902|page=431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7K6-AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT431}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|24 Okrovwe 1979
|''Diff'rent Strokes'' (&quot;Arnold's Hero&quot;)
|Amérika Sarikat
|41.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sitcomsonline.com/diffrentstrokesseason2dvdreview.html|title=Diff'rent Strokes - The Complete Second Season DVD Review|website=Sitcoms Online|accessdate=September 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|17 Januari 1981
|''Parkinson'' (seri 10, episode 32)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12,000,000
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |9 Juli 1996
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
|Sakuliah dunya
|3.500.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hajeski|first=Nancy J.|title=Ali: The Official Portrait of &quot;The Greatest&quot; of All Time|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781607109839|page=293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ClZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA293}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Amérika Sarikat
|209.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Toff|first=Benjamin|title=Olympics Ratings Set Record|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/arts/26arts-OLYMPICSRATI_BRF.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4 Januari 2007
|''Michael Parkinson's Greatest Entertainers''
|Karajaan Inggris
|3.630.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/|title=Weekly top 30 programmes|publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]]|accessdate=September 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|9 Juni 2016
|Upacara paturay tineung Muhammad Ali
|Sakuliah dunya
|1.000.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;alicenter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016-Annual-Report-FINAL_spreads.pdf|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2016|publisher=[[Muhammad Ali Center]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203175252/https://alicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016-Annual-Report-FINAL_spreads.pdf |date=2020-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!
!Total PAnongton
!Sakuliah dunya
!4.692.349.000
!
|}

== Taun-Taun satuluyna ==
Di taun 1984, Ali didiagnosis kakeunaan ku sindrom Parkinson, hiji panyakit nu kadang-kadang  dihasilkeun tina trauma dina sirah alatan kaheurasan aktifitas pisik saperti tinju.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/22/sports/sports-people-ali-leaves-hospital-vowing-take-better-care-himself-get-more-sleep.html &quot;''Ali Leaves Hospital Vowing to take better care of himself and get more sleep''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 22 Séptémber 1984. Diaksés 9 Maret 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Friedman, J. H. (1989). &quot;''Progressive parkinsonism in boxers''&quot;. ''Southern Medical Journal''. '''82''' (5): 543–546. doi:10.1097/00007611-198905000-00002. PMID&amp;nbsp;2655100.&lt;/ref&gt; Harita Ali masih bisa kénéh aktif, masih bisa jadi wasit tamu dina [[WrestleMania I]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013012/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm1/celebrities/ &quot;WrestleMania I: ''Celebrities''&quot;]. Wwe.com. 31 Maret 1985. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm1/celebrities/ asli] tanggal 5 Juni 2011. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McAvennie, Mike (17 Januari 2007). [http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/archive/alibday &quot;''Happy Birthday to 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. WWE.com. Diaksés 16 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ali kawéntar minangka saurang humanitarian&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/muhammad-ali-handed-humanitarian-honour-10470033 &quot;''Muhammad Ali Handed Humanitarian Honour''&quot;]. ''Sky News''. 14 Séptémber 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; jeung dermawan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theodysseyonline.com/tribute-muhammad-ali-athlete-philanthropist-legend &quot;''A Tribute To Muhammad Ali: The Athlete, Philanthropist And Legend''&quot;]. ''Odyssey''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.biography.com/people/muhammad-ali-9181165 &quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;]. ''Biography.com''. 18 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna suhud kana ngajalankeun tugas agama Islamna ku [[sodakoh]] jeung amal hadé, nyumbangkan jutaan ka organisasi amal jeung jalma-jalma nu teu mampu ti unggal kasang tukang agama. Diperkirakeun Ali geus nulungan leuwih ti 22 juta jalma nu kalaparan di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;Christopher, Paul J.; Smith, Alicia Marie (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=81mybCXNstAC&amp;pg=PA20 Greatest Sports Heroes of All Times: North American Edition]''. Encouragement Press, LLC. k.&amp;nbsp;20. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781933766096&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali datang ka Afrika dimimitian di taun 1964, nalika manéhna nganjang ka [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36469288 &quot;''In pictures: Muhammad Ali's love affair with Africa''&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1974, Ali ngadatangan kémp pangungsi [[Palestina]] di [[Libanon Kidul]], di mana Ali nyatakeun “ngadukung kana perjuangan Palestina pikeun ngabébaskeun lemah caina.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Zirin, Dave (8 Juni 2016). [http://www.thenation.com/article/andrew-cuomo-would-have-blacklisted-muhammad-ali/ &quot;''Andrew Cuomo Would Have Blacklisted Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''The Nation''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1978, sabada éléh ku Spinks jeung saméméh males meunang dina tanding ulang, Ali ngadatangan [[Bangladesh]] jeung narima kawarganagaraan kahormatan di dinya.&lt;ref&gt;Rahman, Mizan (6 Juni 2016). [http://www.gulf-times.com/story/497055/Muhammad-Ali-s-forgotten-land-in-Bangladesh &quot;''Muhammad Ali's forgotten land in Bangladesh''&quot;]. ''Gulf Times''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun nu sarua, Ali ilibiung dina Leumpang Pangjauhna (''The Longest Walk''), hiji pawéy protés di Amérika Sarikat dina raraga ngadukung kana hak-hak urang pribumi Amérika, babarengan jeung panyanyi [[Stevie Wonder]] sarta aktor [[Marlon Brando]].&lt;ref&gt;Schilling, Vincent (4 Juni 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160821134332/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/06/04/greatest-muhammad-ali-walks-164692 &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Greatest' Muhammad Ali Walks On''&quot;]. Indian Country Today Media Network. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/06/04/greatest-muhammad-ali-walks-164692 asli] tanggal 21 Agustus 2016, Diaksés tanggal 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1980, Ali direkrut ku Présidén [[Jimmy Carter]] kana hiji misi diplomatik ka Afrika dina raraga ngolo sajumlah pamaréntahan Afrika pikeun biluk kana ngaboykot [[Olimpiade Moskow]] nu dipingpin ku AS (minangka wawales kana [[serangan Soviét ka Afghanistan]]). Numutkeun nu nulis biographi Ali, Thomas Hauser, “dina alusna, éta téh konsép nu salah; dina goréngna, hiji bencana diplomatik.” Pamaréntahan [[Tanzania]] ngarasa kahina ku ketak Charter nu geus ngirimkeun saurang atlét pikeun hiji masalah pulitik nu seurieus. Salah saurang pajabatna nyindiran naha bakal pamaréntah AS ngirimkeun [[Chris Evert]] pikeun badami jeung London. Pamustunganna, Ali ngan ditarima ku menteri pamuda jeung budaya ti batan ku Présidén Julius Nyerere. Ali teu bisa ngajelaskeun naha nagara-nagara Afrika kudu ngiluan kana boykot AS padahal AS teu ngilu ngarojong kana boykot Afrika dina [[Olimpiade taun 1976]] (dina raraga protés kana pulitik [[Apartheid]] di [[Afirka Kidul]]), ogé Ali teu nyadar yén Uni Soviét geus ngarojong kana pagerakan révolusi populer di Afrika. Ali nyerah, “Maranéhna teu ngabéjaan kuring ngeunaan hal éta di Amérika”, sarta kuciwa alatan Charter geus ngirimkeun dirina “ka sabudeureun dunya bari mawa dominasi kawijakan AS.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser 2004, k. 397&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/muhammad-ali-diplomat-213941 &quot;''Muhammad Ali’s Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career''&quot;], by Michael Ezra, ''Politico Magazine'', 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 1 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah [[Nigeria]] ogé nolak dirina sarta mastikeun yén nagara éta bakal ngiluan dina laga di Moskow. Ali, najan kitu, hasil ngayakinkeun pamaréntahan [[Kénya]] pikeun ngilu ngaboykot Olimpiade.&lt;ref&gt;Cuddihy, Martin (9 Juni 2016). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-09/muhummad-ali-is-remembered-by-africa/7495452 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Africa remembers the boxing legend''&quot;]. ABC News (Australia). Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 19 Januari 1981, di [[Los Angeles]], Ali ngupah ngapéh saurang jalma nu rék maéhan manéh ku cara luncat ti lantéy salapan hiji wangunan, kajadian éta jadi warta nasional.&lt;ref&gt;Levin, Josh (4 Juni 2016). [http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/06/the_time_muhammad_ali_stopped_a_man_from_leaping_to_his_death.html &quot;''The Time Muhammad Ali Stopped a Man From Leaping to His Death''&quot;]. ''Slate''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&amp;dat=19810119&amp;id=CRJPAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=nAIEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6956,2319132&amp;hl=en &quot;''Ali Talks Would-Be Jumper Off Ninth-Floor Fire Escape''&quot;]. The Blade / Associated Press. 20 Januari 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:MuhammadAliundRonaldReagan.jpg|ka|jmpl|Présidén [[Ronald Reagan]] jeung Ali di Kantor Oval di taun 1983.]]
Taun 1984, Ali ngabéwarakeun dukunganna pikeun kapilih deuina Présidén AS [[Ronald Reagan]]. Nalika ditanya ngeunaan pangrojongna ka Reagan, Ali nyarita ka wartawan, “Manéhna ngajaga sangkan Gusti tetep aya di sakola, sakitu gé cukup.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/03/us/campaign-notes-muhammad-ali-switches-his-support-to-reagan.html &quot;''CAMPAIGN NOTES; Muhammad Ali Switches His Support to Reagan''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. UPI. 3 Oktober 1984. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1985, Ali nganjang ka Israél rék ménta dibébaskeunna tahanan Muslim di kémp panahanan Atlit, nu ku Israél teu ditedunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.jta.org/1985/06/28/archive/muhammad-ali-steps-into-ring &quot;''Muhammad Ali Steps into Ring''&quot;]. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 28 Juni 1985. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1987, Yayasan Dua Abad California pikeun Konstitusi AS milih Ali keur jadi tuladan pikeun pentingna Konstitusi AS jeung [[Piagem Hak Asasi]]. Taun hareupna Ali ngilu nunggang dina Pasanggiri Parade Eros, medalkeun pangéling-ngéling 200 taun Konstitusi AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://constitutioncenter.org/calendar/muhammad-ali-2012-liberty-medal-ceremony &quot;''Muhammad Ali 2012 Liberty Medal Ceremony''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064736/https://constitutioncenter.org/calendar/muhammad-ali-2012-liberty-medal-ceremony |date=2018-01-18 }}. National Constitution Center. Diaksés 17 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1998, wanci gerakan [[Intifadah Kahiji]], Ali ngilu dina hiji pawéy di [[Chicago]] dina raraga ngadukung Palestina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Dina taun éta kénéh Ali miang ka [[Sudan]] pikeun ningkatkeun kapadulian ngeunaan kateugenahan korban-korban nu kalaparan.&lt;ref&gt;Khaled, Ali (4 Juni 2016). [http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2016/06/04/How-Muhammad-Ali-became-a-sporting-hero-to-the-Arab-world.html &quot;''How Muhammad Ali became a sporting hero to the Arab world''&quot;]. Al Arabiya. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1989, Ali ngiluan dina kagiatan amal [[India]] baréng jeung Masarakat Pangatikan Muslim di [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, baréng jeung aktor Bollywood, [[Dilip Kumar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_1997.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali di taun 1997]]
Taun 1990, Ali miang ka Irak saméméh kajadian [[Perang Teluk]] sarta nepungan [[Saddam Hussein]] dina usahana pikeun nanawar kana pangbébasan sandera AS. Ali hasil ngabébaskeun para sandera ku cara ngajanjian Hussein yén manéhna bakal mawa Amérika kana “lampah nu jujur” ka Irak. Sanajan hasil ngabébaskeun sandera, Ali meunang kritik ti Présidén [[George H. W. Bush]], diplomat Joseph C. Wilson jeung ''The New York Times''.&lt;ref&gt;Callahan, Maureen (29 Nopémber 2015). [https://nypost.com/2015/11/29/the-tale-of-muhammad-alis-goodwill-trip-to-iraq-that-freed-us-hostages/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali secured the release of 15 US hostages in Iraq''&quot;]. ''New York Post''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.heroism.org/class/1970/ali.html &quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;]. Heroism.org. 17 Januari 1942. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brian Becker (10 Juni 2016). [http://www.answercoalition.org/i_was_with_muhammad_ali_on_his_hostage_release_trip_to_iraq_and_the_media_has_it_all_wrong &quot;''I was with Muhammad Ali on his hostage-release trip to Iraq — and the media has it all wrong''&quot;]. ANSWER Coalition. Diaksés 1 Juli 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali medalkeun hiji sajarah oral, ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times'' ku Thomas Hauser di taun 1991.

Taun 1994, Ali ngajujurung pamaréntah AS sangkan ngabantuan ka para pangungsi nu dialatankeun ku pangbantéyan [[Rwanda]], sarta nyumbang ka organisasi-organisasi nu nulungan para pangungsi Rwanda. Dina taun 1996, Ali meunang kahormatan pikeun nyeungeut obor [[Olimpiade 1996]] di [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]]. Harita ditongton ku kira-kira 3,6 miliar panongton di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;/&gt;

Dina tangal 17 Nopémber 2002, Ali miang ka Afghanistan minangka “Kurir Perdaméyan [[PBB]].”&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20021213180823/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&amp;Cr=Muhammad&amp;Cr1=Ali &quot;''UN Messenger of Peace Muhammad Ali arrives in Afghanistan''&quot;]. UN News Centre. 13 Désémber 2002. Diarsipkeun tinu [https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&amp;Cr=Muhammad&amp;Cr1=Ali asli] tanggal tanggal 13 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna cicing di Kabul pikeun hiji misi niat hadé salila tilu poé minangka tamu husus PBB.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100316125459/http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1 &quot;''Muhammad Ali visits Kabul''&quot;]. Getty Images. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1 asli] 16 Maret 2010. Diaksés 20 Méi 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 1 Séptémber 2009, Ali nganjang ka Ennis, Conty Clare, Irlandia, asal muasal buyutna, Abe Grady, nu migrasi ka AS di taun 1860 nu antukna netep tumetep di [[Kentucky]].&lt;ref&gt;McDonald, Brian (12 Agustus 2009). &quot;''Fightin' talk as Ennis awaits Muhammed Ali (sic)''&quot;. ''Irish Independent''. Diaksés 26 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 27 Juli 2012, Ali jadi pamawa kahormatan bandera Olimpiade nalika upacara bubuka [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 2012]] di London. Ali dibantuan ku pamajikanna, Lonnie, sangkan bisa cengkat sahareupeun bandera, ku alatan Parkinsonna, Ali teu bisa mawa bandera ka stadion.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Stan (28 Juli 2012). [http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/27/sport/olympics-muhammad-ali/index.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali returns to the Olympic stage, once again, in London''&quot;]. CNN. Diaksés 29 Juli 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun éta kénéh Ali dilleler ku Medali Kabébasan Philadelphia minangka pangakuan usaha kaaktifanna, kadermawananna jeung kamanusaanna nu geus sakitu lilana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Taun 2014 Ali nyieun tweet-an nu ngadukung Trayvon Martin jeung pagerakan Kahirupan Urang Hideung Miboga Harti.&lt;ref&gt;[http://qz.com/701272/remembering-muhammad-alis-legacy-as-a-radical-and-peaceful-muslim/ &quot;''Remembering Muhammad Ali's legacy as a radical, and peaceful, Muslim''&quot;]. ''Quartz''. 7 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Panghasilan ===
Dina taun 1978, total panghasilan Ali diperkirakeun ampir $60 jutana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/123074668/ &quot;''Corporal Spinks, you're the greatest!''&quot;]. ''The Age''. 17 Pébruari 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; (mun diakurkeun jeung inflasi sarua jeung $312 juta), kaasup kira-kira $47,45 juta panghasilan kasar antara taun 1970 nepi ka 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=c0IDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Finances A Puzzle To News Media; 'I'm Broke,' He Quips''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Johnson Publishing Company. '''54''' (4): 53. 13 April 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1980, total panghasilan tina tandingna kira-kira nepi ka $70 juta&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[http://people.com/archive/his-lifestyle-his-ex-wives-his-expensive-entourage-they-explain-why-ali-took-an-8-million-beating-vol-14-no-16/ &quot;''His Lifestyle, His Ex-Wives, His Expensive Entourage: They Explain Why Ali Took An $8 Million Beating''&quot;]. ''People''. 20 Oktober1980.&lt;/ref&gt; (diakurkeun jeung inflasi sarua jeung $332 juta).

Taun 1978, Ali balaka yén manéhna “bangkrut” sarta sababaraha sumber warta ngabéjakeun yén babandaanna ngan tinggal $3,5 juta (diakurkeun jeung inflasi $13 juta). Dunia préss neumbleuhkeun pangorotan hartana kana sababaraha faktor, kaasup itungan pajak nu saheunteuna satengah tina panghasilanna, manajemen méakkeun sapertilu tina panghasilanna,&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; gaya hirup sarta pangaluaran kulawarga, amal jeung kapentingan-kapentingan agama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Taun 2006, Ali ngajual ngaran jeung gambar dirina pikeun $50 juta,&lt;ref&gt;Burkeman, Oliver (13 April 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/13/usa.sport &quot;''Ali, the Greatest, sells his name and image for $50m''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; nu sabada ku ''[[Forbes]]'' ditaksir bandana aya kana $55 juta di taun 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/39A3.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali, The Top 100 Celebrities''&quot;]. ''Forbes Celebrity 100''. Forbes. 2006. Diaksés 10 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada maotna di taun 2016, kakayaan Ali diperkirakeun antara $50 juta nepi ka $80 juta.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/muhammad-ali-s-name-likely-rake-cash-years-come-n587086 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Name Likely to Rake in the Cash for Years to Come''&quot;]. ''NBC News''. 7 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasehatan nu ngorotan ===
Alatan [[Parkinson]], kaséhatan Ali tuluy-tuluyan ngorotan, najan kitu Ali masih kénéh aktif dina awal-awal taun milenium, ngapromosikeun pilem biographina, ''Ali'', di taun 2001. Taun éta ogé Ali nyumbangkeun hiji ségmén kaméra pikeun konsér amal ''America: A Tribute to Heroes''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=102292 &quot;''60 Million Watch America: A Tribute to Heroes''&quot;]. ABC News. 23 Séptémber 2001. Diaksés 17 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:0522_ma_big_(cropped1).jpg|ka|jmpl|Ali jeung Michael J. Fox nyieun kasaksian di hareupeun hiji komite Sénat dina raraga panyayagaan dana pamaréntah pikeun merangan Parkinson.]]
Taun 1998, Ali mimiti gawé bareng jeung aktor [[Michael J. Fox]], nu sarua ngabogaan panyakit Parkinson, keur ningkatkeun kasadaran sarta nyiar dana pikeun ubarna. Maranéhna hadir babarengan di saharapeun Kongrés pikeun neken kasusna di taun 2002. Taun 2000, Ali réréongan jeung Yayasan Michael J. Fox keur Panyakit Parkinson dina raraga ningkatkeun kasadaran jeung ngarojong sumbangan pikeun panalitian.&lt;ref&gt;Bulman, May (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/muhammad-ali-dead-michael-j-fox-tribute-parkinsons-disease-common-fight-a7066416.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali dead: Michael J Fox pays tribute to fellow Parkinson's disease sufferer and their 'common fight'''&quot;]. ''The Independent''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Pébruari 2013, dulur Ali, Rahman Ali, nyarita yén Muhammad geus teu bisa deui cumarita sarta kamungkinan bakal maot dina sababaraha poé deui.&lt;ref&gt;Chasmar, Jessica (3 Pébruari 2013). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/3/brother-muhammad-ali-could-be-dead-days/ &quot;''Brother: Muhammad Ali 'could be dead in days'''&quot;]. ''The Washington Times''. Diaksés Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Budak awéwé Ali, May May nimbal kana rumor éta, nyatakeun yén manéhna geus ngobrol jeung Ali liwat telepon dina tanggal 3 Pébruari isuk-isuk sarta Ali teu kua kieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-400_162-57567369/muhammad-alis-daughter-father-watching-super-bowl-not-near-death/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali's daughter: Father watching Super Bowl, not near death''&quot;]. CBS News. 5 Pébruari 2013. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 20 Désémber 2014, Ali di ka rumah sakitkeun alatan [[pneumonia]] hampang.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141221093217/http://www.nujournal.com/page/content.detail/id/761659/Muhammad-Ali-hospitalized-with-pneumonia.html?isap=1&amp;nav=5036 &quot;''Muhammad Ali hospitalized with pneumonia''&quot;]. ''The Journal''. Associated Press. Diarsipkeun tanggal 21 Désémber 2014, Diaksés 21 Désémber 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali asup deui ka rumah sakit dina tanggal 15 Januari 2015 alatan inféksi saluran uriner sabada kapanggih ngabigeu di hiji imah pangistirahatan di [[Scottsdale]], [[Arizona]].&lt;ref&gt;Bucktin, Christopher (16 Januari 2015). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/boxing-legend-muhammad-ali-intensive-4987518 &quot;''Boxing legend Muhammad Ali in hospital after being found 'unresponsive' at his home''&quot;.] ''The Mirror''. Diaksés 16 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kaluar ti rumah sakit dina poé isukna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150120224903/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/sports/ali-out-of-hospital-in-time-for-73rd-birthday/ar-AA8g057?ocid=ansspafp11 &quot;''Ali out of hospital in time for 73rd birthday''&quot;]. MSN. Diarsipkeun ti nu [https://web.archive.org/web/20150120224903/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/sports/ali-out-of-hospital-in-time-for-73rd-birthday/ar-AA8g057?ocid=ansspafp11 asli] 20 Januari 2015. Diaksés 17 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar dunya ==
Ali dikarumahsakitkeun deui di Scottsdale, Arizona dina tanggal 2 Juni 2016, ku alatan panyakit pernapasan. Najan kondisina mimitina mah dianggap “lumayan”, kanyataanna kalah leuwih parah sarta dirina tilar dunya dina poé isukna dina umur 74 taun ku alatan ''septic shock''.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Jill (2 Juni 2016). [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/02/us/muhammad-ali-hospitalized-with-respiratory-issue/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali hospitalized with respiratory issue''&quot;]. ''CNN''. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/US/muhammad-ali-dies-greatest-boxer-dead-74/story?id=18391211 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Dies: 'The Greatest' Boxer Dead at 74''&quot;]. ''ABC News''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lipsyte, Robert (3 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/sports/muhammad-ali-dies.html &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Dies at 74: Titan of Boxing and the 20th Century''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schuppe, Jon (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/sports/muhammad-alis-hometown-louisville-honors-late-boxer-our-inspiration-n585816 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Died of Septic Shock, Will Be Honored at Public Funeral: Spokesman''&quot;]. ''NBC News''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liputan warta jeung pangajén ===
Sabada maotna, Ali jadi topik pangraména nomer hiji dina Twitter salila 12 jam sarta dina Facebook pikeun sababaraha poé. [[BET]] mintonkeun dokuménterna ''Muhammad Ali: Buatan Miami''. [[ESPN]] mintonkeun acara bébas iklan nu ngabahas Ali. Jaringan warta saperti [[ABC News]], [[BBC]], [[CNN]] jeung [[Fox News]] ogé midangkeun dirina sacara réa.

Ali dipikasedih sacara global, juru wicara kulawarga nyaritakeun yén kulawargana “yakin yén Muhammad téh warga dunia ... sarta maranéhna nyadar yén dunia sarua ngilu sedih.” Pulitisi saperti [[Barack Obama]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Donald Trump]], [[David Cameron]] jeung réa-réa deui mére panghormatan keur Ali. Ali ogé nampa sajumlah panghormatan ti para olahragawan dunia kaasup [[Michael Jordan]], [[Tiger Woods]], [[Floyd Mayweather]], [[Mike Tyson]], [[the Miami Marlins]], [[LeBron James]], Steph Curry jeung réa-réa deui. Walikota Lousiville, Greg Fischer nyatakeun, “Muhammad Ali mémang milik dunia. Tapi manéhna ngan ngabogaan hiji kota asal.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.columbian.com/news/2016/jun/04/ali-citizen-of-the-world/ &quot;''Ali: 'Citizen' of the world''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. ''Columbian''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina poéan maotna Ali, [[UFC]] méré pangajén pikeun Ali dina kagiatan UFC 199 ku mangrupa hiji pakét vidéo panjang, muji Ali pikeun jasa-jasana sarta inspirasina ka sababaraha juara UFC.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thewrap.com/ufc-199-invades-the-la-forum-honors-boxing-legend-muhammad-ali/ &quot;UFC 199 ''Invades LA Forum, Honors Boxing Legend'' Muhammad Ali&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805080747/https://www.thewrap.com/ufc-199-invades-the-la-forum-honors-boxing-legend-muhammad-ali/amp/ |date=2020-08-05 }}. ''TheWrap.com''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 16 Januari 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangéling-ngéling ===
Vidéo Éksternal

[https://www.c-span.org/video/?410916-1/memorial-service-muhammad-ali-19422016 &quot;Muhammad Ali Memorial Service&quot;], C-SPAN

Pamakaman Ali geus direncanakeun ku dirina sarta nu lianna ti sababaraha taun méméh kajadianna.&lt;ref&gt;Schreiner, Bruce; Galofaro, Claire (7 Juni 2016). [http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/will-smith-lennox-lewis-among-pallbearers-for-muhammad-ali-who-scripted-his-funeral-in-his-final-days &quot;Will Smith, Lennox Lewis ''among pallbearers for'' Muhammad Ali, ''who scripted his own funeral in final days''&quot;]. ''nationalpost.com''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Pamulasaraan dimimitian di Lousiville dina tanggal 9 Juni 2016 ku solat janazah di ''Freedom Hall'' di ruang handap Puseur Pameran Kentucky. Dina tanggal 10 Juni 2016, prosési pamakamanna ku jalan jalan-jalan di Louisville semet ka réngsé di Pamakaman Cave Hill di mana janazahna direureuhkeun heula nalika upacara pribadi. Tetenggerna dicirian ku pananda granit nu basajan nu ngan maké tulisan ngaranna wungkul. Hiji acara pangéling-ngéling umum dilumangsungkeun di Gedong KFC Yum! Louisville dina wanci pasosoré tanggal 10 Juni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wfpl.org/muhammad-ali-buried-louisville-friday/ &quot;Muhammad Ali ''To Be Buried In Louisville Frida''y&quot;]. WFPL. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Muhammad Ali's funeral to be watched worldwide by billions''&quot;. India.com. 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609165705/http://www.whas11.com/news/local/muhammad-ali-islamic-funeral-prayer-service-jenazah-scheduled-at-freedom-hall/234230429 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Islamic Funeral Prayer Service'' Jenazah ''scheduled at Freedom Hall''&quot;]. WHAS-TV. 6 Juni 2016. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.whas11.com/news/local/muhammad-ali-islamic-funeral-prayer-service-jenazah-scheduled-at-freedom-hall/234230429/ nu asli] tanggal 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Nu ngangkat petina kaasup [[Will Smith]], [[Lennox Lewis]] jeung [[Mike Tyson]], sarta pangangkat kahormatan di antarana [[George Chuvalo]], [[Larry Holmes]] jeung [[George Foreman]]&lt;ref&gt;Litman, Laken (10 Juni 2016). [http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/06/will-smith-mike-tyson-pallbearers-muhammad-ali-funeral &quot;Will Smith, Mike Tyson ''among those serving as pallbearers at Muhammad Ali's funeral | For The Win''&quot;]. ''ftw.usatoday.com''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.Upacara pangéling-ngéling Ali ditongton ku kira-kira samilyar pamiarsa di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;alicenter&quot;/&gt;

== Paninggalan ==
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_President_Bush.jpg|ka|jmpl|Bari disérangkeun ku Nyonya  Lonnie Ali, Présidén [[George W. Bush]] ngarangkul Muhammad Ali sabada ngaleler dirina ku Madali Kabébasan Présidénsial dinat tanggal 9 Nopémber 2005, dina acara upacara di Gedong Putih.]]
Muhammad Ali geus ngéléhkeun sakabéh jago kelas beurat dina mangsana, nu disebut-sebut minangka mangsa kaemasan di dunia tinju kelas beurat. Ali dileler ku sebutan “Patarung Taun Ieu” ku majalah ''[[The Ring]]'' leuwih mineung batan patarung séjénna sarta leuwih loba kabaud dina “Patarungan Taun Ieu” ''Ring'' batan nu séjénna. Ali kaasupkeun dina [[Balé Kahormatan Tinju Internasional]] sarta ogé dina tujuh Balé Kahormatan lianna. Ali minangka salah sahiji tina ngan tilu-tiluna tukang tinju nu katelah ku “[[Olahragawan Taun Ieu]]” ku ''Sports Illustrated''.

Taun 1978, tilu taun méméh reureuhna, Anggota Déwan Lousiville di kota asalna, Louisville, Kentucky, milih 6-5 pikeun ngaganti ngaran Jalan Walnut ku Muhammad Ali Boulevard. Hal ieu, harita dianggap kontrovérsial, dina jero 12 minggu tujuh tanda ngaran jalan leungit ku nu maok. Awal taun éta, hiji komite di Sakola Umum Wilayah Jefferson (Kentucky), nimbang-nimbang pikeun ngaganti ngaran almamater Ali, Sakola Luhur Séntral, dina raraga ngahargaan Ali, tapi wacana ieu gagal jadi kanyataan. Ku majuna waktu, Muhammad Ali Boulevard – sarta Ali sorangan – antukna ditarima kalayan hadé di kota tempat asalna.&lt;ref&gt;Hill, Bob (19 Nopémber 2005). &quot;Ali ''stirs conflicting emotions in hometown''&quot;. ''The Courier-Journal''. k.&amp;nbsp;K5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1993, the ''Associated Press'' ngalaporkeun yén Ali ipis pisan posisina jeung [[Babe Ruth]] minangka atlét pangkawentarna, tina leuwih ti 800 atlét nu hirup kénéh atawa nu geus maot di Amérika. Panalitian manggihan yén 97% urang Amérika nu umurna leuwih ti 12 taun arapaleun boh ka Ali boh ka Ruth.&lt;ref&gt;Wilstein, Steve, Associated Press, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&amp;dat=19930517&amp;id=XZYxAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=RuEFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1249,4781703 &quot;''Retton, Hammill most popular American athletes in United States: poll''&quot;]; ''The Daily Gazette'', 17 Méi 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali téh panampa [[Pangajén Sumanget Arthur Ashe]] taun 1997.

Di taun 1999, majalah Time ngasupkeun Ali kana 100 Jalma Paling Penting di Abad 20.&lt;ref&gt;Quittner, Joshua (14 Juni 1999). [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,26473,00.html &quot;Ali—''Time 100 People of the Century''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308133259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,26473,00.html |date=2013-03-08 }}. ''Time''.&lt;/ref&gt; Dileler ku [[Olahragawan Abad Ieu]] ku ''Sports Illustrated''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards &quot;''Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819000437/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards/ |date=2011-08-19 }}. CNN. 3 Désémber 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; Meunangkeun gelar Pribadi Olahraga Abad Ieu dina poll BBC, manéhna meunang sora leuwih réa dibanding sora pasaing-pasaingna lamun dihijiekun (kaasup [[Pele]], [[Jesse Owens]] jeung [[Jack Nicklaus]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/561352.stm &quot;''Ali crowned Sportsman of Century''&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 Désémber 1999. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 13 Séptémber 1999, Ali meunang gelar &quot;Atlét Kentucky Abad Ieu&quot; ti Balé Kahormatan Atlétik Kentcuky dina hiji upacara di Gedong Galt Wétan.&lt;ref&gt;Spears, Marc J. (14 Séptémber 1999). [http://courier-journal.newspapers.com/image/110892451/?terms=Show%2Bstops%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2Bchamp%2Barrives%2Bfor%2Bawards%2Bdinner &quot;Ali: ''The Greatest of 20th century; Show stops when the champ arrives for awards dinner''&quot;]. ''The Courier-Journal''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 8 Januari 2001, Muhammad Ali dileler ku Madali Warga Nagara Présidénsial ku Présidén [[Bill Clinton]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120801215612/http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/new/html/Mon_Jan_8_141714_2001.html &quot;''President Clinton Awards the Presidential Citizens Medals''&quot;]. ''Today at The White House''. Arsip jeung Catatan Administrasi Nasional. 8 Januari 2001. Diarsipkeun ti [http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/new/html/Mon_Jan_8_141714_2001.html nu asli] tanggal 1 Agustus 2012. Diaksés tanggal 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Nopémber 2005, Ali nampa [[Madali Kabébasan Présidénsial]] ti Présidén [[George W. Bush]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306114811/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051103-5.html &quot;''Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients''&quot;]. White House Press Secretary. 3 Nopémber 2005. Diarsipkeun ti [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051103-5.html nu asli] tanggal 6 Maret 2008. Diaksés 20 Méi 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2219166 &quot;B''ush presents Ali with Presidential Medal of Freedom''&quot;]. ESPN. 14 Nopémber 2005. Diaksés 16 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; dituturkeun ku [[Madali Perdaméyan Otto Hahn]] dina wangun Emas ti Asosiasi PBB Jérman (DGVN) di Bérlin pikeun usahana baréng jeung pagerakan hak-hak sipil sarta jeung PBB nu ditampa ku dirina dina 17 Désémber 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/briefs-ali-to-receive-otto-hahn-medal-today-in-berlin/ &quot;''Briefs: Ali to receive Otto Hahn Medal today in Berlin''&quot;]. ''The Seattle Times''. 17 Désémber 2005. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:AliCenter.jpg|jmpl|Puseur Muhammad Ali di sisi jalan nagara bagian 64 di Louisville, Kentucky béh sisi leuwi.]]
Tanggal 19 Nopémber 2005 (poé tepung taun rarabina Ali ka-19), Gedong non-profit Séntral Muhammad Ali saharga $60 juta dibuka di tengah kota Louisville. Dina raraga pikeun midangkeun pangéngéling tinjuna, séntra éta ngan suhud dina téma-téma inti perdaméyan, tanggung jawab sosial, kahormatan jeung pamekaran pribadi. Tanggal 5 Juni 2007, Ali nampa gelar doktor honoris pikeun kamanusaan dina upacara wisuda ka-260 di Universitas Princeton.&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Joe (5 Juni 2007). [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2007/06/boxing_legend_ali_gets_princet_1.html &quot;''Boxing legend Ali gets Princeton degree''&quot;]. ''The Star-Ledger''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mol Ali, nu pernahna di Séntra Araneta, Kota [[Quezon]], Philipina, dingaranan maké ngaran dirina. Pangwangunan mol éta, nu munggaran dina jinisna, dimimitian teu lila sabada Ali meunangkeun tanding ngalawan Joe Frazier di taun 1975 di Koloseum Araneta nu teu pati jauh ti dinya. Mol éta dibuka di taun 1976 sarta Ali ngaluuhan dina acara pangbukaanna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160902164449/http://www.aranetacenter.net/2008/archiveAlimallComeback.php &quot;''Ali Mall: First Ever Shopping Mall Makes A Comeback''&quot;]. Séntra Araneta. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.aranetacenter.net/2008/archiveAlimallComeback.php nu asli] tanggal 2 Séptémber 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laga Muhammad Ali vs [[Antonio Inoki]] taun 1976 maénkeun hiji peran penting dina sajarah [[seni beladiri campuran]].&lt;ref&gt;Gross, Josh (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GPCGDAAAQBAJ Ali vs. Inoki: The Forgotten Fight That Inspired Mixed Martial Arts and Launched Sports Entertainment]''. BenBella Books. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781942952190&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Di Jepang, tanding éta ngailhaman murid Inoki, Masakatsu Funaki jeung Minoru Suzuki pikeun ngadegkeun [[Yayasan Pancrase|Yayasan ''Pancrase'']] di taun 1993, nu kaituna ngailhaman diadegkeunna [[Kajuaraan Patarungan Pride|Kajuaraan Patarungan ''Pride'']] di taun 1997. Pride dibeuli ku pasaingna, ''[[Ultimate Fighting Championships]]'' di taun 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mmajunkie.com/2016/06/what-role-did-boxer-muhammad-ali-play-in-early-mma-let-ali-vs-inoki-author-josh-gross-explain &quot;''What role did boxer Muhammad Ali play in early MMA? Let 'Ali vs. Inoki' author Josh Gross explain''&quot;]. ''MMAjunkie''. 13 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grant, T. P. (2 Méi 2013). [http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/5/2/4220042/ufc-mma-history-origins-pride-fc-rickson-gracie-Nobuhiko-Takada &quot;''MMA Origins: Fighting For Pride''&quot;]. ''BloodyElbow''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Akte Réformasi Tinju Muhammad Ali]] dikenalkeun di taun 1999 sarta dikaluarkeun di taun 2000 pikeun nangtayungan hak-hak jeung kasajahtraan para patinju di Amérika Sarikat. Dina bulan Méi 2016, hiji piagem dikenalkeun ka Kongrés AS ku Markwayne Mullin, saurang pulitisi manten patarung [[MMA]] pikeun manjangkeun Akta Ali kana seni beladiri campuran.&lt;ref&gt;Raimondi, Marc (12 Juni 2016). [http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/6/12/11911444/click-debate-whats-all-this-talk-about-the-ali-act-coming-to-mma &quot;''Click Debate: What's all this talk about the Ali Act coming to MMA?''&quot;]. ''MMAjunkie''. Diakseés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Juni 2016, sénator AS Rand Paul ngusulkeun hiji amandemén pikeun undang-undang wajib militer AS  sangkan maké ngaran Ali, hiji usulan pikeun ngahapus Sistém Pangabdian Selektif.&lt;ref&gt;Klimas, Jacqueline (7 Juni 2016). [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/rand-pauls-amendment-to-knock-out-the-draft-named-after-muhammad-ali/article/2593175 &quot;''Rand Paul's amendment to knock out the draft named after Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Washington Examiner''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2015, ''Sports Illustrated'' ngaganti ngaran Pangajén Warisan Olahragawan jadi Pangajén Warisan Muhammad Ali ''Sports Illustrated''. Pangajén taunan éta asalna dijieun di taun 2008 sarta méré ajén ka manten “tokoh olahraga nu midangkeun kaolahragaan, kapamingpinan jeung kadermawanan nu idéal minangka tunggangan pikeun ngarobah dunya.” Ali munggaran némbongan dina sampul majalah éta di taun 1963 sarta sababaraha kali dipidangkeun deui minangka sampulna dina wanci karirna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/sports-illustrated-sportsman-year-legacy-award-renamed-for-muhammad-ali SI Wire] &quot;''SI dedicates Sportsman of the Year Legacy Award to'' Muhammad Ali&quot;, ''Sports Illustrated'', 25 Séptémber 2015. Diaksés 13 Séptémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 13 Januari 2017, tujuh bulan sabada maotna, sarta opat poé méméh tepung taunna nu ka 75, Akte Koin Panginget-nginget Muhammad Ali diusulkeun kana Kongrés ka-115 (2017-2019), minangka H.R. 579 (''House of Representatives'') jeung minangka S. 166 (''Senate''). Sanajan kitu, duanana &quot;digugurkeun&quot; dina jero waktu 10 poé.&lt;ref&gt;Walker, Hubert (23 Januari 2017). [https://coinweek.com/modern-coins/boxing-legend-muhammad-ali-commemorative-coin-bill-introduced/ &quot;''Boxing Legend Muhammad Ali Commemorative Coin Bill Introduced''&quot;]. ''CoinWeek''. Diaksés 2 Pébruari 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dina média jeung budaya populér ===
Minangka juara dunia tinju, aktipis sosial jeung ikon budaya pop, Ali jadi subjék tina sababaraha gawé kréatif, kaasup buku, pilem, musik, vidio gim, acara TV jlld. Muhammad Ali remen dilandi minangka “jalma pangkasohorna” di média.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/56024982/ &quot;''The Daily Oklahoman''&quot;]. 29 Juni 1979.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/111037876/ &quot;''The Courier-Journal''&quot;]. 26 Apriil 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://blogs.voanews.com/us-opinion/2016/06/06/the-most-famous-person-ever/ &quot;''The Most Famous Person Ever''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320160714/https://blogs.voanews.com/us-opinion/2016/06/06/the-most-famous-person-ever/ |date=2023-03-20 }}. ''Voice of America''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha patarunganna ditongton ku kira-kira 1-2 milyar panongton antara taun 1974 nepi ka 1980, sarta panyeungeutan oborna dina [[Olimpiade Atlanta 1996]] ditongton ku kira-kira 3,5 milyar panongton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;/&gt;
[[Gambar:StangoAli.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Lukisan Muhammad Ali seni pop ku John Stango]]
Ali nembongan dina sampul ''Sports Illustrated'' dina 38 kali kajadian nu baréda,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/vault/search/covers?q=muhammad%20ali &quot;''Muhammad Ali Covers''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated Vault''. Sports Illustrated. Diaksés 22 Désémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; nempatan posisi kadua ngan sahandapeun [[Michael Jordan]] wungkul.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/vault/search/covers?q=michael%20jordan &quot;''Michael Jordan Covers''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated Vault''. Sports Illustrated. Diaksés 22 Désémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ogé minton dina sampul Majalah ''[[Time]]'' lima kali,&lt;ref&gt;[https://time.com/4357508/muhammad-ali-time-cover-philippe-halsman/ &quot;''Behind TIME's New Muhammad Ali Cover''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213084701/https://time.com/4357508/muhammad-ali-time-cover-philippe-halsman/ |date=2023-12-13 }}. ''Time''. Dina artikelna dikutip opat kali, tambah sampul dina artikel harita jadi lima. 2016. Diaksés 20 Nopémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; panglobana dibanding atlét mana ogé. Taun 2015, Harris Poll nyimpulkeun yén Ali téh minangka hiji tina tilu atlét pangkakoncarana di Amérika Sarikat, bareng jeung Michael Jordan sarta [[Babe Ruth]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/14470482/michael-jordan-jordan-stays-atop-harris-poll-ahead-babe-ruth-muhamad-ali &quot;''Jordan stays atop Harris Poll ahead of Ruth, Ali''&quot;]. ''ESPN''. 31 Désémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina pangjieunan ''Freedom Road'', Ali patepung jeung panyanyi-pangarang lagu Michel (ogé nelah ku Robert Williams, saurang nu ngilu ngadegkeun ''The Kindness Offensive'',&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Amy (9 Juni  2016). [https://www.timeout.com/london/music/meet-the-busker-who-worked-as-muhammad-alis-personal-musician &quot;''Meet the London busker who worked as Muhammad Ali's personal musician''&quot;]. ''Time Out''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta tuluy ngabantuan nyieun album Michel nu dijudulan ku ''The First Flight'' ''of the Gizzelda Dragon'' sarta siaran husus tivi nu mintonkeun maranéhna duaan.&lt;ref&gt;Michel (4 Januari 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/04/experience-muhammad-ali-mentor &quot;''Experience: Muhammad Ali was my mentor''&quot;.] ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 11 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali jadi jejer dina program télévisi Inggris ''This Is Your Life'' di taun 1978 di mana manéhna dihelokkeun ku Earnonn Andrews.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bigredbook.info/muhammad_ali.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali's appearance on This Is Your Life''&quot;]. ''Big Red Book – Celebrating television's This Is Your Life''. Diaksés 11 Januari 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali dipintonkeun dina ''Superman vs Muhammad Ali'', buku komik DC taun 1978 nu ngadukeun si juara ngalawan si superhero. Taun 1979, Ali jadi béntang tamu merankeun dirina dina hiji épisode komédi situasi NBC, ''Diff’rent Strokes''. Acara éta sorangan kailhaman ku kutipan “''Different strokes for different folks''” nu dipopulérkeun ku Ali di taun 1966 nu ogé ngailhaman judul lagu Syl Johnson di taun 1967 “''Different Strokes''”. salah sahiji lagu nu pangmindengna ditarurutan dina sajarah musik.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.metv.com/lists/10-things-you-never-knew-about-diffrent-strokes &quot;''10 things you never knew about 'Diff'rent Strokes''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303175922/https://www.metv.com/lists/10-things-you-never-knew-about-diffrent-strokes |date=2020-03-03 }}. MeTV. 6 Pébruari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ogé nulis sababaraha buku payu ngeunaan karirna, kaasup ''The Greatest: My Own Story'' jeung ''The Soul of a Butterfly''. Épek Muhammad Ali, dingaranan maké ngaran Ali, mangrupa hiji istilah nu digunakeun dina psikologi di taun 1980-an, nalika Ali nyarita dina ''The Greatest: My Own Story'': “Kuring ngan ngomong kuring téh pangpunjulna, lain pangpinterna.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Numutkeun épék ieu, nalika jalma ditanya pikeun ngukur kapinteranna jeung perilaku moralna dibandingkeun jeung nu lian, jalma-jalma bakal ngukur dirina minangka leuwih ngabogaan moral ti batan leuwih pinter banding nu lian.&lt;ref&gt;Allison, Scott T.; Messick, David M.; Goethals, George R. (1989). &quot;''On Being Better but not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect''&quot;. ''Social Cognition''. '''7''' (3): 275–295. doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.3.275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van Lange, P. A. M. (1 Désémber 1991). &quot;''Being Better but Not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect at Work in Interpersonal Situations''&quot;. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin''. '''17''' (6): 689–693. doi:10.1177/0146167291176012.&lt;/ref&gt;

''When We Were Kings'', hiji pilem dokuménter ngeunaan ''Palagan di Leuweung'', meunangkeun Pangajén Academy pikeun Pintonan Dokuménter Panpunjulna,&lt;ref&gt;''[[imdbtitle:0118147|When We Were Kings (1996)]]'' dina IMDb&lt;/ref&gt; sarta pilem biographi taun 2001, Ali, ngahasilkeun nominasi pikeun [[Will Smith]] dina kategori Aktor Pangpunjulna dina peranna minangka Ali.&lt;ref&gt;''[[imdbtitle:0248667|Ali (2001)]]'' dina IMDb.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem nu disebut ti tukang disutradaraan ku Michael Mann jeung dijieun tina campuran kajian, sarta réa kritikus pilem muji ka Smith dina merankeun Ali. Saméméh pangjieunan pilem éta, Smith nolak peranna nepi ka Ali sorangan ménta sangkan dirina daék narima. Smith nyaritakeun, hal kahiji nu ku Ali diomongkeun ka dirina nyaéta: “''Man'', anjeun ampir nepi kasépna pikeun merankeun kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1719162.stm &quot;''FILM,'' ''Will Smith peaks as Ali''&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 25 Désémber 2001. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2002, Ali dileler ku hiji béntang dina Jalan Kamashuran Hollywood pikeun sumbanganna ka industri hiburan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100701010558/http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435 &quot;''Hollywood Walk of Fame database''&quot;]. HWOF.com. Diarsipkeun ti [http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435 nu asli] tanggal 1 Juli 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Béntangna téh mangrupa hiji-hijina nu dipasangkeun dina wangun vertikal, béda jeung nu lianna ku paméntana sabab ngaran Muhammad – hiji ngaran nu sarua jeung nabi Islam – teu meunang ditincekan.&lt;ref&gt;Christian, Margena A. (16 April 2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame?''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;111 no.&amp;nbsp;15. kk.&amp;nbsp;25, 29. Diaksés 12 Oktober 2010 &amp;#x2013; via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=2LQDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''A Star for the Greatest''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;101 no.&amp;nbsp;6. 28 Januari 2002. k.&amp;nbsp;52. Diaksés 22 Séptémber 2010 &amp;#x2013; via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pangadilan Muhammad Ali'', hiji pilem dokuménter nu disutradaraan ku Bill Siegel nu fokus kana panolakan Ali kana wajib militer nalika Perang Viétnam, dibuka di Manhattan tanggal 23 Agustus 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Rapold, Nicolas (22 Agustus 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/movies/trials-of-muhammad-ali-traces-alis-battle-over-vietnam.html &quot;''One of His Biggest Fights Was Outside of the Ring''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 29 Agustus 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''The Trials of Muhammad Ali''&quot;. Kartemquin Educational Films. Diaksés 26 Agustus 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji deui dijieun pikeun pilem TV dijudulan ku ''Muhammad Ali’s Greatest Fight'', ogé di taun 2013, ngadramatisir aspék nu sarua tina kahirupan Ali.

Pilem dokuménter ''What's My Name: Muhammad Ali'' dipedalkeun di taun 2019.

== Diskographi ==

* ''I Am the Greatest'' (1963)
* ''The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay'' (1976)

== Tempo ogé ==


Dina en.wikipedia

* [[:en:List_of_world_heavyweight_boxing_champions|Daptar juara dunia tinju kelas beurat]] 
* [[:en:List_of_WBA_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia WBA]]
* [[:en:List_of_WBC_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia WBC]]
* [[:en:List_of_The_Ring_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia ''The Ring'']]
* [[:en:List_of_undisputed_boxing_champions|Daptar juara tinju sajati]]
* [[:en:Converts_to_Islam|Asup Islam]]
* [[:en:Notable_boxing_families|Kulawarga tinju nu kaceluk]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_from_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area|Daptar jalma ti aréa métropolitan Louisville]]
* [[:en:List_of_North_American_Muslims|Daptar Muslim Amérika Kalér]]
* [[:en:African-American_Muslims|Muslim Amérika-Afrika]]
* [[:en:Wells_Fargo#1981_MAPS_Wells_Fargo_embezzlement_scandal|Skandal Panilepan MAPS Wells Fargo 1981]]

== Réferénsi ==

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1942]]
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      <text bytes="6356" sha1="8w61m9dblmpimmfstqazhbm3iwt607f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg
| alt = Churchill mengenakan setelan, berdiri dan memegang kursi
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Winston Churchill
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|OM|CH|TD|DL|FRS|RA}}
| office = [[Perdana Mentri Britania Raya]]
| monarch = {{unbulleted list
 |[[George VI]]
 |[[Elizabeth II]]
 }}
| deputy = Anthony Eden
| term_start = 26 Oktober 1951
| term_end = 5 April 1955
| predecessor = [[Clement Attlee]]
| successor = [[Anthony Eden]]
| monarch1 = George VI
| deputy1 = Clement Attlee (1942–1945)
| term_start1 = 10 Mei 1940
| term_end1 = 26 Juli 1945
| predecessor1 = [[Neville Chamberlain]]
| successor1 = Clement Attlee
 |birth_name = Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
 |birth_date = {{birth date|1874|11|30|df=y}}
 |birth_place = [[Blenheim, Oxfordshire]], [[Inggris]]
 |death_date = {{death date and age|1965|1|24|1874|11|30|df=yes}}
 |death_place = [[Kensington]], [[County of London|London]]&lt;!--as was--&gt;, Inggris
 |restingplace = [[St Martin's Church, Bladon]]
 |party = {{unbulleted list
  |{{longitem|[[Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)|Konservatif]]&lt;br /&gt;{{hlist|class=inline|1900–1904|1924–1964}}}}
  |{{longitem|[[Partai Liberal (Britania Raya)|Liberal]]&lt;br /&gt;(1904–1924)}}
  }}
 |spouse = {{marriage|[[Clementine Churchill|Clementine Hozier]]|12 September 1908}}
 |children = {{hlist | [[Diana Churchill|Diana]] | [[Randolph Churchill|Randolph]] | [[Sarah Churchill|Sarah]] | [[Marigold Churchill|Marigold]] | [[Mary Soames|Mary]] }}
 |parents = {{unbulleted list
  |[[Lord Randolph Churchill]]
  |[[Jennie Jerome]]
  }}
 |education = {{unbulleted list
  |[[Harrow School]]
  |[[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
  }}
 |allegiance = {{flagu|Britania Raya}}
 |branch = {{unbulleted list
  |{{army|UK}}
  |{{flagicon|UK|military}} [[Tentara Cadangan (Britania Raya)|Tentara Teritorial]]
  }}
 |serviceyears = 1893–1924
 |rank =
 |commands =
 |battles = {{unbulleted list
  |[[Perang Mahdi]]
  |[[Perang Boer Kedua]]
  |[[Perang Dunya I]]
  |[[Perang Dunya II]]
  }}
 |mawards = [[Penghargaan untuk Winston Churchill#Ordo, dekorasi, dan medali|Lihat daftar]]
 |signature =
 }}

'''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill''' ({{lahirmati||30|11|1874||24|1|1965|}}) nyaéta politikus, patugas militer, sareng panulis asal [[Britania Raya]]. Anjeunna [[Perdana Mentri Inggris]] ti 1940 ka 1945.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/575219.stm Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th Century']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/History/Parliament/Prime_Ministers/Churchill%2C_Sir_Winston/}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/c#a1601 Works by Winston Churchill] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://www.churchillmemorial.org/ Winston Churchill Memorial and Library] at [[Westminster College, Missouri|Westminster College]], Missouri
* [http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php Churchill College Biography of Winston Churchill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912233836/http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/churchill_papers/biography/churchill_chronology.php |date=2008-09-12 }}
* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Winston%20Churchill FBI files on Winston Churchill]
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?winston-churchill-zionism Winston Churchill and Zionism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721080507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?winston-churchill-zionism |date=2014-07-21 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://www.mises.org/story/1450 The Real Churchill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502064141/http://www.mises.org/story/1450 |date=2009-05-02 }} (critical) and a rebuttal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070912233119/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=892&amp;textonly=1 A Rebuttal to &quot;The Real Churchill&quot;]
* [http://www.savrola.co.uk/bactable.php?sorted=author&amp;category=A Online bibliography of books on Churchill]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520112416/http://www.savrola.co.uk/bactable.php?sorted=author&amp;category=A |date=2013-05-20 }}
* [http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=667 Online gallery of Churchill's numerous oil paintings]
* [http://historicalpodcasts.googlepages.com/winstonchurchill Collected Churchill Podcasts and speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204202154/http://historicalpodcasts.googlepages.com/winstonchurchill |date=2009-02-04 }}
* [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/ The Churchill Centre website]
* ''[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive Churchill and the Great Republic]'' Exhibition explores Churchill's relationship with the US
* ''War Cabinet Minutes'' [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf (1942)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942–43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945–46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946)]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659 Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill] at The National Archives of the UK
* [http://www.history.com/topics/winston-churchill The History Channel: Winston Churchill]
* [http://www.earthstation1.com/churchil.html EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive]
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-winston-churchill|Winston Churchill }}
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms preserved since 1945, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life.
* BBC Radio 4 Great Lives Winston Churchill - listen online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tpsvk

{{start box}}
{{succession box | before = [[Arthur Neville Chamberlain]] | title = [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] | years = 1940-1945 | after = [[Clement Attlee]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Clement Attlee]] | title=[[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[Britania Raya]]  | years=1951-1955 | after=[[Sir Anthony Eden]]}}
{{end box}}

{{Biografi-pondok}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston Churchill}}
[[Kategori:Perdana Mentri Britania Raya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Haluoleo</title>
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      <text bytes="1836" sha1="icwoex26jjj89hy9i1xzloacefnd7il" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Universitas
| name=
Universitas Halu Oleo
| image_name= 
| image_size=
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = 
| motto                = ''Bersih, Indah, Sejuk, Aman, Jujur, Adil, Gotong Royong, Adaptif, Disiplin, Kreatif, Inovatif, Toleran, Amanah''
| established          = 19 Agustus 1981
| type                 = [[Universitas negeri]]
| rector               = Prof. Dr. Muh. Zamrun Firihu, S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc.
| city                 = [[Kota Kendari]]
| state                = [[Sulawesi Tenggara]]
| country              = [[Indonesia]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Universitas Hasanuddin]]
| campus               = Hijau Bumi Tridharma, [[Anduonohu, Poasia, Kendari|Anduonohu]]
| colours              = {{color box|yellow}} Kuning
| website              = [http://www.uho.ac.id http://www.uho.ac.id]
| telephone            = (0401) 3190105
}}
'''Universitas Haluoleo''', atanapi '''UnHalu''', nyaéta [[paguron luhur]] negeri ti [[Kota Kendari|Kendari]], [[Sulawesi Tenggara]], [[Indonesia]], anu diadegkeun dina taun 1964 janten perguruan tinggi swasta ti [[Universitas Hasanuddin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uho.ac.id/tentang/sejarah-uho|title=Universitas Halu Oleo|website=www.uho.ac.id|access-date=2019-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144300/https://www.uho.ac.id/tentang/sejarah-uho |date=2020-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{id}} [http://www.uho.ac.id/ Situs resmi Universitas Haluoleo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815080228/https://uho.ac.id/ |date=2020-08-15 }}
* {{id}} [https://lirik-lagu-dunia.blogspot.com/2018/08/lirik-lagu-mars-uho-universitas-halu.html Lirik Lagu Mars Universitas Haluoleo]

{{PTN di Indonesia}}

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  <page>
    <title>Soro</title>
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      <text bytes="11124" sha1="f79yhakqrli6bftrpn5c5w5jope7p46" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Soro
| image = File:อุทยานแห่งชาติน้ำตกพลิ้ว จ.จันทบุรี (36).jpg
| image_caption = Ilustrasi ilmiah Lauk Soro (''N. soro'')
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Cypriniformes]]
| familia = [[Cyprinidae]]
| genus = ''[[Neolissochilus]]''
| species = '''''N. soro'''''
| binomial = ''Neolissochilus soro''
| binomial_authority = ([[Valenciennes]], 1842)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat2013&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M. (2013). &quot;The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries&quot;. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
* ''Barbus soro'' &lt;small&gt;[[Valenciennes]], 1842&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tor soro'' &lt;small&gt;([[Valenciennes]], 1842)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Labeobarbus soro'' &lt;small&gt;([[Valenciennes]], 1842)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''Soro'''; ('''''Neolissochilus soro''''') nyaéta hiji lauk anu asalna tina kulawarga ''Cyprinidae''. &lt;ref&gt;KBBI Daring: [http://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/kancera ''kancera''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220034321/http://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/kancera |date=2016-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Soro masih barayana lauk  [[sémah]] tina grup ''[[Actinopterygii]]'' tina [[kulawarga]] ''[[Cyprinidae]]''  genus ''[[Tor]]''. Lauk cai darat Asia ieu aya hubunganana sareng [[Lauk emas]], ogé [[kancra]], sareng sumebar kalawan lega di [[Asia Tenggara]] ka kidul nepi ka [[Indonésia]]. '''Lauk Soro''' (''Tor soro'') nyaéta spésiés lauk cai tawar anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyprinidae]] sarta kaasup kana genus [[Tor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1842&quot;&gt;Cuvier, G. &amp; Valenciennes, A. (1842). ''Histoire naturelle des poissons''. Tome seizième. Livre dix-huitième. Cyprinoïdes. Paris.&lt;/ref&gt;
Lauk Soro kawas kancra mindeng dianggap salaku sato karamat ku masarakat di sawatara tempat di Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat1993&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M., et al. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ngaran daérah==
Soro mibanda ngaran daérah anu béda - béda saperti diantarana:  ''[[wader]]'' ([[bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]);&lt;ref name=bleeker1860/&gt; ''[[garing]], gadis'' ([[Sumbar]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;w&amp;b1916&quot;/&gt; remen disebut ''kancera''&lt;ref name=haryono2008&gt;{{aut|Haryono}}. 2008. Populasi dan habitat ikan tambra, ''Tor tambroides'' (Bleeker, 1854) di perairan kawasan Pegunungan Muller Kalimantan Tengah. ''Biodiversitas'', [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0904/D090414.pdf '''9'''(4): 306-9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602100641/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0904/D090414.pdf |date=2018-06-02 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; atau ''kancra''.&lt;ref&gt;BPPBAT: [http://p4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/2015/02/ikan-kancradewa-ikon-jawa-barat/ ''Ikan kancra/dewa ikon Jawa Barat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220033859/http://p4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/2015/02/ikan-kancradewa-ikon-jawa-barat/ |date=2016-12-20 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri mandiri==
Lauk soro gedéna sedeng dugi ka ageung, panjang standar (SL, ''standard length'') dugi 1.000 [[milimeter|mm]]. ''Profil'' awakna manjang, semu dempak. Jangkung awakna 3,4-3,8 kalinya sabanding sareng panjang standar; ari panjang sirahna 4,3 kalinya dibanding jeung panjang standar. Sungutna tipe ''inferior''. ''Biwir rada kandel; teuaya lobus (bidang atawa cuping) tengah dina biwir handap ''. Dua pasang ''sungut'';kumis di palebah momonyong biwir jeung di juru biwir dina caréham luhur;   panjang monyongna kurang lebih sarua sareng diaméter [[mata]],  ''sungut'':kumis anu aya dina caréham luhur sakedik langkung panjang. ''Operkulum (tutup insang)'' panjangnya 1½-1¾ jangkungna.&lt;ref name=&quot;w&amp;b1916&quot;&gt;{{aut|Weber, M. and L.F. de Beaufort}}. 1916. [https://archive.org/stream/fishesofindoaust03weberich#page/148/mode/2up ''The Fishes of The Indo-Australian
Archipelago'' '''III''': 148-9]. E.J. Brill. Leiden.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cécépét dina tonggongna ''dorsal'' dimimitian ku  8-9 sisit tina tukangeun huluna, sakitar sajajar sareng sisit ka-7 atawa ka-8 dina [[gurat sisi]], sakedik leuwih muka tina mimiti Cécépét ventral (perut). Sisit-sisit mibanda gurat sisi 24-28 siki. Cécépét ''dorsal'' kalayan III jari-jari heuras (cucuk) sareng 8-9 jari-jari leuleus , cucuk anu ka-3 gedé tur heuras, ''leuwih pendék tibatan panjang huluna teu kaasup monyongna'', tungtung luhur cécépét  melengkung; cécépét bujurna III, 5; cécépét pektoral (dada) I, 14-16; jeung cécépét ''ventral'' II, 8. cécépét bujurna kawas beunang neukteuk, ''jari-jari'' paranjang ''sakedik langkung pendék tibatan cucuk cécépét dorsal'', tungtungna henteu  nepika cécépét buntut manakala direbahkan. Cécépét pektoral langkung pondok tibatan jangkung cécépét dorsal; jauh, henteu nepika cécépét ''ventral''. Cécépét ''ventral'' atra katempo leuwih heureut tibatan cécépét ''pektoral'', dipisahkeun  ku 2 baris sisit tina jajaran gurat sisi. Cécépét buntut  nyagak dua ka jero, tungtungna mencos, ''jauh leuwih panjang tibatan panjang huluna''. Puhu buntut dikurilingan ku  12 sisit.&lt;ref name=&quot;w&amp;b1916&quot;/&gt;

Awak palebah luhurna mibanda kelir [[zaitun]], handapna mibanda kelir [[emas|semu konéng]] atawa [[pérak]]-zaitun; ''[[iris]]'';hihideung panon kelirna konéng. Sisit-sisit di sisi awak jeung buntut aya tanda semu wungu di palebah juru puhuna. Cécépét kelirna hérang (''hyaline''), semu konéng atawa jambon-semu héjo.&lt;ref name=bleeker1860&gt;{{aut|[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker, P.]]}} 1860. ''Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus'' vol '''II''' Cyprini: 392. Bataviae: Typis Langei &amp;soc. ([https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/419542 terj. Ingg.])&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agihan jeung kebiasaan ==
Soro nyebar di [[Asia Tenggara]], ti mimiti [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], wewengkon [[Indocina]] jeung [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]] katut  [[Jawa]]).&lt;ref name=kottelat93&gt;{{aut|[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat, M.]], [[Tony Whitten|A.J. Whitten]], [[Sri Nurani Kartikasari|S.N. Kartikasari]], [[Soetikno Wirjoatmodjo|S. Wirjoatmodjo]]}}. 1993. ''Ikan Air Tawar Indonesia Bagian Barat dan Sulawesi'': 67. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd. dan Proyek EMDI KMNKLH Jakarta.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Spesimen'' conto dikoléksi ti Pulo [[Sumatra]] ([[Solok]], [[Padang]], [[Padang Panjang]], [[Bukittinggi]], [[Danau Maninjau]], [[Bengkulu]], [[Deli]], [[Danau Toba]]); Jawa (Sading Wetan, [[Waduk Darma|Darma]], [[Garut]], [[Surakarta]], [[Pemandian Banyu Biru|Banyu Biru]] di [[Kabupaten Pasuruan|Pasuruan]]).&lt;ref name=bleeker1860/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;w&amp;b1916&quot;/&gt;

== Konservasi==
Di Indonesia lauk soro ieu ogé disebut &quot;lauk dewa&quot;. Lauk ieu kaasup lauk arang langka ngan tiasa dipendakan di walungan atanapi balong karamat di Jawa, Sumatra sareng Kalimantan.  Kusabab jarang na ieu lauk, [[Sunda]] nganggap lauk ieu suci atanapi lauk anu dikaramatkeun; hukum adat satempat ngalarang singsaha waé  ngala, maéhan, sumawona ngadahar  ieu lauk. Lauk ieu bisa kapendak di balong pamandian karamat di sabudeureun [[Gunung Ceremai]], [[Jawa Barat]]; saperti balong Cibulan, Cigugur, Pasawahan, Linggajati, jeung Darmaloka di [[Kabupaten Kuningan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kompas&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;Ikan Dewa&quot; dari Ciremai|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2014/01/28/1001476/.Ikan.Dewa.dari.Ciremai|date=Tuesday, 28 January 2014|publisher=Kompas.com|language=Indonesian|accessdate=6 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusabab jarang na ieu, [[Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia]] nyodorkeun proposal ka ''[[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]]'' sangkan gasupkeun lauk ieu ka jero daptar ''satwa dilindungi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LIPI Lakukan Penelitian Mengenai Ikan Dewa Ceremai|url=http://www.ikandewa.com/2012/12/lipi-lakukan-penelitian-mengenai-ikan.html|publisher=Ikan Dewa|language=Indonesian|accessdate=6 February 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323095152/http://www.ikandewa.com/2012/12/lipi-lakukan-penelitian-mengenai-ikan.html |date=23 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Catatan taksonomis ==
Roberts (1999),&lt;ref name=roberts1999&gt;{{aut|Roberts, TR.}} 1999. &quot;Fishes of the cyprinid genus ''Tor'' in the Nam Theun watershed (Mekong basin) of Laos, with description of a new species&quot;. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'', [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/47rbz225-236.pdf '''47'''(1): 225–36].&lt;/ref&gt; dituturkeun ku Kottelat (2013),&lt;ref name=kottelat13&gt;{{aut|[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat, M.]]}} 2013. &quot;The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries&quot;. ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'', [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/rbz_S27.pdf Supplement No. '''27'''], 22 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ngasupkeun kancera ke jero béréndélan [[genus|marga]] ''Neolissochilus'', sanajan henteu mibanda katerangan anu diperlukeun. Marga ''[[Neolissochilus]]'' bisa dibedakeun tina ''[[Tor]]'', di antawisna sareng pikeun ngalakukeun pamariksaan kana jumlah sisir saring [[insang]] (''gill rakers''), wujud rahang andap sareng ''lengkung faringeal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Rainboth, WJ.}} 1985. &quot;''Neolissochilus'', a new genus of South Asian cyprinid fishes&quot;. ''Beaufortia'', [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/548641 '''35'''(3): 25–35].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sasaruaan, Bédana jeung Kancra ==
Sering aya kabingung di masarakat ngeunaan bédana lauk soro jeung [[Kancra]] (''Tor tambroides''), margi duanana miboga rupa anu kacida identikna atawa sarimbag pisan. Bedana utama sacara ilmiah perenahna dina struktur biwir (''lobus'') handap sarta proporsi panjang sirahna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat1993&quot; /&gt; Di Tatar Sunda, istilah &quot;Kancra&quot; mindeng dipaké pikeun nyebut sakur lauk tina genus ''Tor'', kaasup lauk soro, gumantung kana sesebutan di unggal daérah.

== Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|3}}

== Tutumbu ka luar ==
* Zool.Meded.: [http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/z/zoomed/images/vol86/nr01/8601a01fig105.jpg ''Tor soro''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220035754/http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/z/zoomed/images/vol86/nr01/8601a01fig105.jpg |date=2016-12-20 }}, pelat identifikasi
* Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Jabar: [http://diskanlaut.jabarprov.go.id/index.php/serba-serbi/berita/stop-press/161-kunjungan-gubernur-jawa-barat-dalam-rangka-pemuliaan-ikan-kancra-di-bpppu-cianjur ''Kunjungan Gubernur Jawa Barat dalam rangka pemuliaan ikan kancra di BPPPU Cianjur''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122639/http://diskanlaut.jabarprov.go.id/index.php/serba-serbi/berita/stop-press/161-kunjungan-gubernur-jawa-barat-dalam-rangka-pemuliaan-ikan-kancra-di-bpppu-cianjur |date=2016-12-20 }}. (+foto)
* Bangka Pos: [http://bangka.tribunnews.com/2013/02/07/ikan-kancra-raksasa-hebohkan-garut ''Ikan kancra raksasa hebohkan Garut''], berita Kamis, 7 Februari 2013 06:37
* [http://emodjaloe.blogspot.co.id/2009/12/cerita-kancra-dan-ciwulan.html ''Cerita kancra dan Ciwulan'']

[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:lauk darat]]
[[Kategori:sasatoan sunda]]
[[Kategori :sasatoan Indonésia ]]
[[Kategori:Lauk]]
[[Kategori:Sato cai]]
[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]
[[Kategori:Fauna Jawa Kulon]]</text>
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| native_name              = {{lang|zh|佤邦}}&lt;br /&gt;Meung Vax
| common_name              = Nagara Wa
| image_flag               = Flag of Wa State (white sun).svg
| image_coat               = Emblem_of_Wa_State.png
| alt_coat                 =
| symbol_type              =
| national_motto           =
| national_anthem          = {{lang|zh-hans|我爱佤邦}}&lt;br /&gt;(&quot;Aing nyaah ka Nagara Wa&quot;)
| image_map                = Wa State territory map.svg
| alt_map                  = Peta anu nampilkeun Nagara Wa dina warna héjo, sedengkeun Myanmar dina warna abu
| map_caption              = Peta wewengkon nu diaku ku Nagara Wa [[United Wa State Party|UWSP]] (héjo),&lt;br&gt;jeung peta Nagara Myanmar (abu).
| capital                  = [[Pangkham]]
| coordinates              = {{Coord|22|10|N|99|11|E|type:city}}
| largest_city             = [[Pangkham]]
| official_languages       = ''taya basa resmi''
| national_languages       = [[Basa Wa|Wa]]
| regional_languages       = {{flatlist|
* [[Basa Mandarin beulah Kidul Kulon]]
* [[Basa Shan|Dai]]&lt;!-- Geus ilahar dipaké dina média --&gt;
}}
| languages_type           = Basa gawé
| languages                = {{flatlist|
* [[Standard Chinese]]
* [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
* [[Shan language|Dai]]&lt;!-- The name used in official Wa media --&gt;
* [[Wa language|Wa]]
}}
| ethnic_groups            = [[Wa people|Wa]], [[Shan people|Dai]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], [[Akha people|Akha]], jeung nu séjénna
| ethnic_groups_year       =
| demonym                  =
| status                   =
| government_type          = [[Nagara hiji partéy|Nagara Hiji-partéy]] [[Nagara sosialis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hay |first1=Wayne |title=Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/myanmar-sign-lasting-peace-wa-state-190929075944087.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1            = Présidén
| leader_name1             = [[Bao Youxiang]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.shanland.org/politics/2006/News-08180406/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013221841/http://www.shanland.org/politics/2006/News-08180406/ |archive-date=13 October 2013 }} '''Quote:''' &quot;'Officially, Bao Youxiang is still the President of the Wa State Government and Commander-in-Chief of the United Wa State Army,' said a Thai security officer, a ten-year veteran on the Thai-Burma border...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title2            = Wakil Présidén
| leader_name2             = Xiao Mingliang&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://democracyforburma.wordpress.com/2011/09/29/a-united-wa-state-army-uwsa-delegation-led-by-vice-president-xiao-minliang-bao-youliang-and-zhao-guo-ang-left-panghsang-for-lashio-today/ |title = A United Wa State Army (UWSA) delegation led by Vice President Xiao Minliang, Bao Youliang and Zhao Guo-ang left Panghsang for Lashio today |work = democracy for Burma |access-date = 29 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| sovereignty_type         = Sajarah
| established_event1       = Ngadéklarasikeun kamerdikaanna ti [[Myanmar]]
| established_date1        = 17 April 1989
| established_event2       = Dibéré hak otonomi ku [[Myanmar]]
| established_date2        = 9 Méi 1989
| established_event3       = Ngajieun [[Pamaréntahan Nagara Wa nu Mandiri]]
| established_date3        = 20 Agustus 2010
| area_rank                =
| area_magnitude           =
| area_km2                 = 30000
| percent_water            = teu maliré
| area_label               =
| area_footnote            =
| population_estimate      = 558,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wa Self-Administered Division WFP Myanmar |url=https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000107118/download/ |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census        =
| population_census_year   =
| population_density_km2   = 32.8
| population_density_rank  =
| population_density_sq_mi = 12.7
| currency                 = [[Rénminbi]] (kalér)&lt;br /&gt;[[Thai baht]] (kidul)
| currency_code            =
| time_zone                = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MMT]]
| utc_offset               = +06:30
| drives_on                = katuhu
| calling_code             = [[Nomer telepon di Cina|+86 (0)879]] (kalér)&lt;br /&gt;[[Nomer telepon di Thailand|+66 (0)53]] (kidul)
| GDP_PPP                  =
| GDP_PPP_year             =
| HDI                      =
| HDI_year                 =
| today                    =
}}

'''Nagara Wa''' ( Basa Wa: ''Meung Vax''; Basa Cina: 佤邦; Aksara Pinyin Cina: ''Wǎ Bāng''; [[Basa Burma]]: ဝပြည်နယ်: [[Basa Sunda]]: ᮔᮌᮛ ᮝ; Aksara Sunda Latén: ''Nagara Wa'') mangrupa daérah otonom nu aya dina jero Nagara [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Nagara ieu dianggap nagara anu statusna ''de facto'' kénéh, tapi sanajan ''de facto'' kénéh ogé manéhna geus jadi nagara anu mandiri ti nagara Myanmar, diantarana Nagara Wa geus mibanda lembaga politik, babagéan administrasi jeung angkatan darat sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;phoenix&quot;&gt;29 December 2004, [http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml 佤帮双雄] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525020629/http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml |date=2005-05-25 }}, [[Phoenix TV]]&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi salian ti éta, manéhna tetep ngaku kana kadaulatan Myanmar jeung sakabéh daérahna, ku kituna, salaku balesanna ti pamaréntah [[Myanmar]], Nagara Wa dibéréan tingkat otonomi anu luhur ku pamaréntah pusat nu aya di Naypyidaw .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,397549,00.html Soldiers of Fortune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824123825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,397549,00.html |date=2013-08-24 }}, Time Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt; Dumasar kana Konstitusi 2008 di Myanmar wewengkon Nagara Wa dianggap salaku ''Divisi Nu Bisa Ngurus Diri Sorangan Wa'' ti Nagara Bagéan Shan .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ|work=[[Weekly Eleven|Weekly Eleven News]]|date=20 August 2010|url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&amp;catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&amp;Itemid=112|access-date=23 August 2010|language=my}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salaku nagara sosialis hiji partai anu dipingpin ku Partai Nagara Bagéan Wa Ngahiji, Nagara Wa dibagi jadi tilu kabupatén, dua kabupatén husus, jeung hiji zona pangembangan ékonomi. Ibukota administrasina nyaéta Pangkham, baheulana ngarana dipikawanoh salaku Panghsang. Ngaran ''Wa'' dumasar tina grup étnis Wa, anu nyatur maké basa Austroasiatik.

== Pulitik jeung masarakat ==
Nagara Wa dibagi jadi dua wewengkon, nyaéta wewengkon anu beulah kalér jeung wewengkon anu beulah kidul. Kabéhanana papisah sorangan-sorangan, wewengkon beulah kidul legana téh aya kana {{Convert|13000|sqkm|abbr=on}}, nu diwatesan ku Nagara Thailand di beulah kiduleunana jeung mibanda populasi saloba 200.000 jalma. Total wewengkon anu dipikawasa ku Nagara Wa nyaéta {{Convert|17000|sqkm|abbr=on}}.

Pingpinan politik di Nagara Wa téh lolobana ti étnis Wa. Sistim pamaréntahan Propinsi Wa tuturut kana pulitik pamaréntahan [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]], diantarana miboga panitia pusat jeung partéy pusat anu dipikawanoh salaku Partai Propinsi Wa. Sanajan Nagara Wa téh statusna otonom, anu hartina manéhna bébas tina kontrol pamaréntah pusat di Naypyidaw,&lt;ref&gt;2011年11月15日, [http://www.excite.co.jp/News/reviewbook/20111115/E1321281192211.html 地図にない街、ワ州潜入ルポが凄い『独裁者の教養』], エキサイトレビュー&lt;/ref&gt; hubungan maranéhanana tetep tengtrem, dumasar kana koéksistensi anu damai, barina ogé Nagara Wa ngaku kana kadaulatan pamaréntahan pusat jeung kabéh Nagara Bagéan di Myanmar.

Basa nu sok dipaké pikeun gawé di pamaréntahan Propinsi Wa téh nyaéta Basa Cina Mandarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stimson.org/programs/myanmar-map/ Interactive Myanmar Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708051141/http://www.stimson.org/programs/myanmar-map/ |date=2013-07-08 }}, The Stimson Center&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050929165301/http://www.shanland.org/resources/bookspub/humanrights/wa/general_background_of_the_wa.htm General Background of the Wa]. '''Quote:''' &quot;The official languages (designated by the current UWSP administration) are Mandarin and Wa.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Dialék Basa Mandarin beulah Kidul Kulon jeung Basa Wa loba diparaké ku penduduk, jeung basa nu digunakeun pikeun atikan nyaéta basa Cina Standar. Siaran télévisi di Nagara Wa disiarkeun maké basa Mandarin jeung basa Wa.

Komoditi nu aya di Nagara Wa biasana asalna ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], malahan ogé Mata Uang Yuan geus ilahar dipaké pikeun patuker barang. China Mobile mibanda cakupan sélulér di sababaraha bagéan Nagara Wa.

== Sajarah ==
Kanggo waktos anu lami, suku lurah sumebar di sakuriling daérah pagunungan Wa, kalayan henteu aya pamaréntahan anu ngahiji. Salami dinasti Qing, daérah janten papisah sareng kendali militér tribal masarakat Dai. Penguasaan Inggris di Burma henteu ngatur nagara-nagara Wa &lt;ref name=&quot;JGS&quot;&gt;[[Sir J. George Scott]], ''Burma : a handbook of practical information''.&lt;/ref&gt; sareng perbatasan sareng Cina tetep teu ditangtoskeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;GanesanHlaing2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=N Ganesan|title=''Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRQa0RuucF8C&amp;pg=PA269|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-434-6|page=269}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti akhir 1940an, nalika Perang Sipil Cina, sésa-sésa Tentara Révolusi Nasional Tiongkok mundur ka daérah di Burma nalika komunis nguasaan daratan Cina. Di daérah pagunungan Kuomintang pasukan divisi [[:zh:泰北孤軍|Delapan Angkatan Darat 237 sareng divisi Angkatan Darat 93]] nyekel jabatanana salami dua dasawarsa salaku persiapan serangan balik ka daratan Cina. Dina tekanan ti Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, serangan balik ieu dibolaykeun sareng tentara ditarik ka Thailand kalér sareng teras deui ka [[Républik Tiongkok|Taiwan]] ; Nanging, sababaraha pasukan mutuskeun tetep aya di Burma. Wétaneun walungan Salween, kelompok gerilya suku pribumi ngalaksanakeun kontrol ku dukungan Partai Komunis Burma.

Salami taun 1960an, Partai Komunis Burma kaleungitan pangkalan operasi di tengah Burma, sareng ku bantosan komunis Tiongkok, ngalegaan di daérah perbatasan di belah belah wétan-kalér. Seueur nonoman intelektual ti Cina ngagabung sareng Partai Komunis Burma, sareng kakuatan ieu ogé nyerep seueur gerilyawan lokal.  Komunis Burma ngagaduhan kendali ka Pangkham, anu janten markas operasionalna.

Dina akhir taun 1980an, étnis minoritas beulah kalér-kalér Burma janten dipisahkeun sacara politik ti Partai Komunis Burma. Tanggal 17 April 1989, angkatan bersenjata Bao Youxiang ngumumkeun pisah aranjeunna ti Partai Komunis Burma, sareng ngawangun Partai Etnik Myanmar Bersatu, anu teras janten Partai Nagara Wa Wa. Tanggal 18 Méi, Pasukan Nagara Serikat Wa nandatanganan perjanjian gencatan senjata sareng Déwan Pamulihan Hukum sareng Orde Nagara, anu ngagentos rézim militér Ne Win saatos Pemberontakan 8888.

Ketegangan antara pamaréntahan pusat sareng nagara Wa ningkat dina 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epo.de/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5385:myanmar-krieg-mit-rebellen-im-wa-staat-droht&amp;catid=28&amp;Itemid=70 Myanmar: Krieg mit Rebellen im Wa-Staat droht]&lt;/ref&gt; Salami waktos ieu, usulan inisiatif perdamaian ku Wa State ditolak ku pamaréntah Myanmar.  Pamaréntah ngingetkeun tanggal 27 April 2010 yén program WHP tiasa ngadorong Myanmar sareng Wa State kana konflik salajengna.

== Babagian administrasi ==
Wa State dibagi kana kabupatén ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|gaeng}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|县}}), kabupaten khusus ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|lūm}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|特区}}), zona pangembangan ékonomi sareng panitia urusan administrasi. Unggal kabupatén dibagi deui kana kabupatén ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|vēing}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|区}}).

Ieu di handap aya administrasi tingkat kota: kacamatan ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng / yaong}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}}) sareng jalan-jalan ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|laih}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街}}).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+
!Tingkat
! Tingkat County
! Tingkat kabupaten
! Township
! Kampung
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Jenis Divisi'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kabupatén Husus&lt;br /&gt;( {{Lang|prk|lūm}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|特区}})
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jalan&lt;br /&gt;( {{Lang|prk|laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街}})

Kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|镇}}/ “ {{Lang|prk|jēng}} ”)

Township

({{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}})
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kelompok
({{Lang|cmn-Hans|组}})

Kampung( {{Lang|prk|yaong}}? /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|村}})
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zona Pangwangunan Ékonomi ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|经济开发区}})
|-
| Kabupatén
( {{Lang|prk|gaeng}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|县}})
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Avenue
( {{Lang|prk|ndaex laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街道}})

Kabupatén

( {{Lang|prk|vēing}} / {{Lang|shn|ဝဵင်း}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|区}})
|-
| Urusan Administrasi&lt;br /&gt;Panitia ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|行政事务管理委员会}})
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Township (kidul)
( {{Lang|prk|yaong}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}})
|}
Dina tabel di luhur, nami dina apostrophe aya dina urutan Wa / Dai / Mandarin. Avenue ( {{Lang|prk|ndaex laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街道}}) ngan ukur aya sakali di Mong Maoe County; kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|镇}}/ “ {{Lang|prk|jēng}} ”) Ngan ukur aya sakali dina Mōung Ping EDZ. Jalan-jalan sareng jalan-jalan mangrupikeun métaforis perkawis jinis perkotaan nami analogis sareng kacamatan Cina sareng henteu kedah ngartos sacara harfiah. Aranjeunna dibagi deui kana sababaraha kelompok. Kalurahan mangrupikeun padesaan kelompok sareng sahandapeun kota-kota. Di beulah kidul Wa, kota-kota dibéré idéntitas kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}}) numutkeun nami Mandarin na tapi henteu kabagi janten désa kalayan nami Wa na nunjukkeun yén éta {{Lang|prk|yaong}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|寨}}), tapi panginten janten bagian tina sanyawa sapertos {{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng yaong XX}} (XX-pakampungan kota / {{Lang|cmn-Hans|XX寨乡}}).

Sacara umum, nami Wa tina divisi nuturkeun urutan ngaran Romance. Salaku conto, ''Vēing Yaong Lēen'' hartosna Kabupatén Yaong Lēen sareng mangrupikeun ''vēing'' (kabupatén) sanés ''yaong'' (padumukan alam). Éta kota Mōung Ping di Mōung Ping EDZ mangrupikeun pengecualian - éta nuturkeun paréntah nami Jérman salaku &quot;Mōung Ping Jēng&quot; tibatan &quot;Jēng Mōung Ping&quot;. Dina basa Wa, ''x'' dina tungtung suku kata ngagambarkeun titik glotal.

Dina bagian di handap, nami anu '''kandel''' nunjukkeun korsi kabupatén. Ngaran kalayan &quot;tanda petik&quot; mangrupikeun transkripsi pinyin tina basa Mandarin sedengkeun nami dina ''miring'' nyaéta transkripsi Burma Mandarin. Sanaos Mandarin mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina opat basa damel di Nagara Wa, sababaraha nami administrasi Mandarin henteu tiasaonis. Salaku conto,{{Lang|zh|班阳区}}sareng{{Lang|zh|邦洋区}}mangrupikeun dua transkripsi anu sami tina nami Wa atanapi Dai anu sami Kecamatan ''Pang Yang.''

=== Wewengkon beulah kalér ===
Wewengkon kalér Wa State dibagi kana tilu kabupatén, dua distrik khusus, sareng hiji zona pangembangan ékonomi. Unggal kabupatén dibagi deui kana kabupatén; jumlahna aya 21 kacamatan.
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Divisions of North Wa State.svg|width=300|link=}}
{{Image label|x=125|y=20|scale=1|text=&lt;big&gt;'''Babagéan Administratif di&lt;br /&gt;beulah kalér Nagara Wa'''&lt;/big&gt;}}

&lt;!--Mong Maoe County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=110|y=125|scale=1|text='''[[Kutapraja Mongmao|Kabupatén&lt;br&gt;Mong&lt;br&gt;Maoe]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=60|y=90|scale=1|text=1}}
{{Image label|x=105|y=105|scale=1|text=2}}
{{Image label|x=165|y=105|scale=1|text=3}}
{{Image label|x=240|y=115|scale=1|text=[[Kunma, Myanmar#Distrik Dāoh Mīe|4]]}}
{{Image label|x=195|y=120|scale=1|text=5}}
{{Image label|x=215|y=150|scale=1|text=6}}
{{Image label|x=175|y=160|scale=1|text=7}}
{{Image label|x=175|y=200|scale=1|text=8}}
{{Image label|x=70|y=130|scale=1|text=9}}
{{Image label|x=105|y=180|scale=1|text=10}}
{{Image label|x=70|y=180|scale=1|text=11}}

&lt;!-- Mōung Nēng County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=80|y=255|scale=1|text='''Kabupatén&lt;br&gt;Mōung&lt;br&gt;Nēng'''}}
{{Image label|x=67|y=225|scale=1|text=12}}
{{Image label|x=121|y=238|scale=1|text=13}}
{{Image label|x=170|y=240|scale=1|text=14}}
{{Image label|x=57|y=270|scale=1|text=15}}
{{Image label|x=110|y=315|scale=1|text=16}}

&lt;!-- Mōung Bōg County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=180|y=340|scale=1|text='''[[Mong Pawk|Mōung&lt;br&gt;Bōg County]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=160|y=345|scale=1|text=17}}
{{Image label|x=190|y=325|scale=1|text=18}}
{{Image label|x=185|y=380|scale=1|text=19}}
{{Image label|x=225|y=367|scale=1|text=20}}
{{Image label|x=242|y=325|scale=1|text=21}}
{{Image label|x=277|y=340|scale=1|text=——}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=330|scale=1|text='''Mōung Ping&lt;br&gt;Economic&lt;br&gt;Development&lt;br&gt;Zone'''}}

&lt;!--Special districts --&gt;
{{Image label|x=135|y=280|scale=1|text=[[Pangkham|'''Pangkham&lt;br&gt;Special District''']]}}
{{Image label|x=78|y=20|scale=1|text=[[Namtit Subtownship|'''Nām&lt;br&gt;Dēeg&lt;br&gt;Special&lt;br&gt;District''']]}}

&lt;!-- Outside of northern Wa State --&gt;
{{Image label|x=240|y=220|scale=1|text=&lt;small&gt;[[Yunnan|{{grey|China&lt;br&gt;(Yunnan)}}]]&lt;/small&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0|y=220|scale=1|text=&lt;small&gt;[[Shan State|{{grey|Shan&lt;br /&gt;State}}]]&lt;/small&gt;}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;position: relative&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

; Kabupatén

* Mong Maoe County :
*# Kacamatan Nax Vī ( ''Nawi'' ),
*# '''Mōuig Nū District''' (&quot;Gongmingshan&quot; / ''Kaung Ming Sang'' District) sareng '''Mēng Hmae Avenue'''
*# Kab Bang Vāi (Kab &quot;Shaopa&quot;),
*# Dāoh Mīe District (&quot;Gemai&quot; / &quot;Kunma&quot; District) ,
*# Kacamatan Yaong Lēen,
*# Kabupatén Ndūng Ngid (&quot;Longtan&quot;),
*# Qeng Mīang (&quot;Yancheng&quot; / ''Yiang Chen'' ) Kab,
*# Distrik Gon Māe (&quot;Yingpan&quot; / ''Yin Pan'' ),
*# Kacamatan Man Doun,
*# Mōuig Raix (&quot;Lianhe&quot;) Kab.
*# Kacamatan Glong Ba
* Mōung Nēng County [ zh ], baheulana County Vēing Gāo:
*: 12. Kacamatan Man Sīang,
*: 13. Kacamatan Noung Kied,
*:: 13.1 Perumahan Noung Kied, 6 kalurahan
*:: 13.2 Kota Si Lōg, 4 kampung
*:: 13.3 Ndaex Gaeng (Vēing Gāo, Weng Kao, ''Wein'' ) Township, 8 desa
*:: 13,4 Noung Lai Sing Township, 8 desa
*: 14. Kab Ba Lēen (Nāng Kang Vū),
*: 15. Kacamatan Nax Gāo,
*: 16. Bāng Yāng (Pang Yang) Kab
* Mōung Bōg County :
*: 17. Distrik Nām Pad,
*: 18. '''Mōung Bōg Kab'''
*: 19. Kacamatan Mōung Ning,
*: 20. Kacamatan Mōung Ga,
*: 21. Houx Dao ( ''Hotao'' ) Kab

; Kabupatén Husus

* Kecamatan Khusus Pangkham (Lūm Bāng Kam): &quot;Guanghong&quot; (Guang Houng) Township, Na Lod Township, Man Pad (&quot;Nanpa&quot;) Township, Dōng O Township, Yaong Dīng Township, Man Mao Township
* Kabupatén Khusus Nām Dēeg : '''Kabupatén Mgōng Lang (Nām Dēeg)''' sareng '''Jalan''' Nām Dēeg, Kabupatén Yaong Mox, Kabupatén Bīang Krom (&quot;Bangkong&quot;), Kabupatén Da Ai, Kabupatén &quot;Lufang&quot;, Kabupatén Nām Vēing Kam

; Zona pangwangunan ékonomi

* Zona Pangwangunan Ékonomi Mōung Ping, baheulana Kacamatan Mōung Ping Kabupatén Mōung Bōg: '''Kota''' Mōung Ping, Kabupatén Mōung Ping Brim, Kabupatén &quot;Donglong&quot; (Dōung Lōung), Kabupatén Yaong Krom (&quot;Tuanjie&quot;), Kabupatén Bāng Sax Jax, Kabupatén Kox Song

Wa State tumpang tindih sareng tujuh ''kota de jure anu'' ditunjuk ku pamaréntah Burma. Hubungan géografis antara kabupatén (tingkat kadua) sareng kabupatén khusus (tingkat kahiji) Nagara Wa sareng kabupatén Nagara Shan dibéréndélkeun di handap:
{{columns|colwidth=19em|col1=; Kho Pang Township of Shan State
* Qeng Mīang (&quot;Yancheng&quot;/''Yiang Chen'') District
* Nax Vī (''Nawi'') District

; Mong Mau Township of Shan State
* Gong Ming Shan (Mōuig Nū) District
* Glong Ba District
; Pang Wai (Bang Vāi) Township of Shan State
* Kun Ma (Dāoh Mīe) District
* Wangleng (Yaong Lēen) District
; Man Phang Township of Shan State
* Mōuig Raix (Lien He) District|col2=; Nah Parn Township of Shan State
* Gon Māe District

; Pang Yang Township of Shan State
* Bāng Yāng District
* Ting Aw District (Dōng O Township?)
* Weng Kao District (Ndaex Gaeng Township?)
* [[Pangkham]] Special District

; Mong Yang Township of Shan State
* Mōung Bōg District
* Mong Ngen (Mōung Ning?) District
* Houx Dao District}}

=== Daérah kidul ===
Daérah kidul Wa State sanés bagian tina daérah Wa tradisional, tapi dikabulkeun dina 1989 ku junta militér Burma anu harita maréntah pikeun kerjasama UWSA dina upaya ngalawan panglima perang narkoba Khun Sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;金三角&quot;毒王 让缅、泰差点打起来|url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper68/6304/621943.html|access-date=20 March 2020|work=www.people.com.cn}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120815/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper68/6304/621943.html |date=27 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon ieu mimitina dicicingan ku masarakat Austroasiatic Tai Loi, tapi ayeuna kalebet komunitas Lahu sareng Shan anu signifikan.

Éta diatur ku Komite Urusan Administrasi Kidul ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|Mēng Vax Blag Jō}} ): '''Kabupatén Wan Hoong (Mgōng Sam Soung)''', Kabupatén Huix Ox, Kabupatén Yaong Kraox (&quot;Kailong&quot;, Yaong Mgōng), Kabupatén Yaong Bang, Kabupatén Mōung Jōd, Kabupatén Yaong Mōuig (&quot;Menggang&quot; / Num Mōuig), Kax Nax ( &quot;Huyue&quot;) Kab. Kabupatén Kax Nax (&quot;Huyue&quot;) sigana parantos ngahiji kana Kabupatén Wan Hoong (Mgōng Sam Soung).

== Géografi jeung ékonomi ==
[[Gambar:Wa_state.png|ka|jmpl|473x473px| Peta Nagara Wa]]
Daérah ieu biasana pagunungan, sareng lebak jero. Titik anu panghandapna sakitar 600 méter dpl, kalayan gunung-gunung pangluhurna langkung ti 3000 méter. Mimitina Wa State gumantung pisan kana produksi candu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/focus26-045.pdf Die Wa in Gefahr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175318/http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/focus26-045.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} (German)&lt;/ref&gt; Kalayan bantosan Tionghoa, parantos aya kamajuan nuju kebon karét sareng téh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/|title=&quot;Xinhua General News Service: China develops more substitute crops for opium poppy in bordering countries&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123959/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/|archivedate=13 April 2014|accessdate=20 October 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123959/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/ |date=13 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wa State ngempelkeun karét 220,000 hektar.&lt;ref name=&quot;not fair&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Myanmar's strongest ethnic armed group says drug label 'not fair'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-wa-idUSKCN1270R3|access-date=20 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=7 October 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusabab pamukiman padumukan ti daérah pagunungan dugi ka lebak anu subur,&lt;ref name=&quot;nachrichten&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BN2005-02-25.html BURMA NACHRICHTEN 4/2005, 25. ]&lt;/ref&gt; ogé aya penanaman nasi baseuh, jagong sareng sayuran. Puluhan urang maot nalika pamukiman kusabab panyakit sareng kacilakaan jalan.  Wa State gumantung sacara ékonomis ka Cina, anu ngadukungna sacara finansial sareng nyayogikeun penasihat militér sareng sipil sareng senjata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2006/12/13/world-politics-watch-on-myanmar-china-border-tensions-escalate-between-spdc-narco-militias-michael-black/|title=World Politics Watch: On Myanmar-China border, tensions escalate between SPDC, narco-militias – Michael Black|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142227/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2006/12/13/world-politics-watch-on-myanmar-china-border-tensions-escalate-between-spdc-narco-militias-michael-black/|archivedate=13 April 2014|accessdate=20 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagikeunana 82 mil (133&amp;nbsp;km) perbatasan sareng Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/20470 UWSA Talks Business, Drugs Cooperation with China]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perdagangan narkoba terlarang ===
Angkatan Darat Negara Wa Wa (UWSA) saacanna mangrupikeun organisasi perdagangan narkotika pangageungna [[Asia Kidul Wétan|di Asia Tenggara]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/pw_147-the_united_wa_state_army_and_burmas_peace_process.pdf|title=The United Wa State Army and Burma's Peace Process|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|accessdate=20 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813050138/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/pw_147-the_united_wa_state_army_and_burmas_peace_process.pdf |date=13 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The UWSA dibudidaya wewengkon vast taneuh pikeun candu poppy, nu ieu engké disampurnakeun mun [[Heroin, Putauw|heroin]] . Perdagangan Methamphetamine ogé penting pikeun ékonomi Nagara Wa.&lt;ref name=&quot;not fair&quot;/&gt; Artos tina candu utami dianggo pikeun ngagaleuh senjata.

Dina Agustus 1990, pejabat pamaréntah mimitian nyusun rencana pikeun ngeureunkeun produksi narkoba sareng perdagangan manusa di Wa State.&lt;ref name=&quot;fenghuang&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=记者亲历金三角腹地佤邦：毒品造就强大武装_资讯_凤凰网|url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/200706/0626_17_142585_2.shtml|access-date=21 March 2020|work=Phoenix New Media|date=26 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun hiji wawancara sareng pajabat Wa di 1994, Bao Youyi (Tax Kuad Rang; ogé katelah Bao Youyu) janten anu dipikahoyong ku pulisi Tiongkok kusabab kalebet na kana perdagangan narkoba. Hasilna, Bao Youxiang sareng Zhao Nyi-Lai angkat ka Cangyuan Va Otonom County of China sareng nandatanganan Perjanjian Cangyuan sareng pejabat lokal, anu nyatakeun yén, &quot;Henteu aya ubar anu asup kana masarakat internasional (ti Wa State); moal aya ubar lebet ka Cina (ti Wa State); henteu ubar-ubaran anu lebet kana wilayah anu dikawasa ku pamaréntah Burma (ti Wa State). &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://digest.creaders.net/articleViewer.php?atid=203629&amp;id=203629 ''China's dangerous neighbor''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060327/http://digest.creaders.net/articleViewer.php?atid=203629&amp;id=203629 |date=2019-02-27 }} [[Phoenix Television|''Phoenix Weekly'']] 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, perjanjian éta henteu nyebatkeun naha atanapi henteu Wa Waér tiasa ngajual ubar ka kelompok anu teu berontak.

Dina taun 1997, Partéi Nagara Wa Wa sacara resmi ngumumkeun yén Wa State bakal bébas narkoba dina akhir taun 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;fenghuang&quot;/&gt; Kalayan bantosan PBB sareng pamaréntah Cina, seueur patani candu di Nagara Wa ngalih kana produksi karét sareng téh. Nanging, sababaraha patani popi tetep ngokolakeun kembang di luar Nagara Wa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNI&quot;&gt;[https://www.tni.org/files/download/brief33.pdf China’s Opium Substitution Policy in Burma and Laos – TransNational Institute]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanaos pamaréntah Burma parantos ngamimitian nyandak tindakan pikeun ngirangan produksi obat-obatan sapertos kitu, éta mangrupikeun tugas anu beurat kusabab korupsi di tingkat tinggi di pamaréntah sareng kurangna infrastruktur pikeun ngalaksanakeun operasi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004316/http://www.mjfqw.com/bencandy.php?fid=44&amp;id=3007 缅甸第二特区佤邦,一切好象是中国的一个延伸], 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2005, Wa State dinyatakeun ku UWSP salaku &quot;zona bebas narkoba&quot; sareng penanaman candu dijantenkeun haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;nachrichten&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unodc.org/pdf/myanmar/myanmar_strategic_programme_framework.pdf Myanmar Strategic Programme Framework]&lt;/ref&gt;

Presentasi BBC anu ditayangkeun dina 19 Nopémber 2016 nunjukkeun pembakaran methamphetamine, ogé perdagangan anu mekar di bagian sato ilegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Drugs, money and wildlife in Myanmar's most secret state|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37996473|access-date=20 March 2020|work=BBC News|date=17 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Mang Lon]]

== Rujukan ==

=== Cutatan ===
 {{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sumber ===

* Andrew Marshall, ''The Trouser People: Carita Burma dina Kalangkang Kakaisaran'' . London: Penguin; Washington: Counterpoint, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58243-120-5|1-58243-120-5]] .
* Ba Nyan, [http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4744:who-are-the-wa&amp;catid=93:general&amp;Itemid=291 Saha ari Wa?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508025142/http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4744:who-are-the-wa&amp;catid=93:general&amp;Itemid=291 |date=2016-05-08 }}
* Enchen Lan, [https://www.grin.com/document/992005 Ngamajukeun sadayana Townships Wa di Nagara Shan pikeun Ngiringan Pamilu Umum Myanmar Future], Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2020. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783346354228|9783346354228]] .
* Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). ''Padagang Segitiga Emas'' . Chiang Mai: Buku Cognoscenti. ASIN: B006GMID5.
* Hideyuki Takano, ''The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom'' (2002, Kotan,  )
* Tengah wengi di Burma. ''Ein Roman über die Tochter eines Generals im Wa-Staat, nicht gerade historisch mit vielen historischen Fehlern, aber sehr spannend geschrieben'', Alex O'Brien. Buku Asia  (2001).
* The Wa State, Burma [http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/Summer%202011%20NSFR/The%20Wa%20State.pdf Tinjauan Forum Strategi Nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111164539/http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/Summer%202011%20NSFR/The%20Wa%20State.pdf |date=2016-01-11 }}
* {{Cite news|title=Wa leader: UWSA able to defend itself|url=http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4602:wa-leader-uwsa-able-to-defend-itself&amp;catid=85:politics&amp;Itemid=266|agency=Shan Herald|work=panglong.org|date=19 April 2012|access-date=5 May 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912235019/http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4602:wa-leader-uwsa-able-to-defend-itself&amp;catid=85:politics&amp;Itemid=266 |date=12 September 2017 }}

== Tumbu Luar ==

* [[Sistim koordinat géografi|Koordinat]] :{{Coord|22|10|N|99|00|E|region:MM_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=it}} &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
* [http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2424587420 Wa state News Bureau] ( Sina ) (dina Basa Cina)
* [http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjU2NTA3NDM2.html Warta tivi nu disiarkeun ti Nagara Wa] (dina Basa Cina)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021123008/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/states/newsrel/nyc012405.html DEA Halaman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101031100157/http://www.burmaissues.org//En/wa.html Wa - Masalah Burma]

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|image = Apes abroad - Jug Plant (by-sa).jpg
|image_caption =  Kantong luhur ''Nepenthes mirabilis''
|status = LR/lc
|status_system = iucn2.3
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Eudikotil|Inti eudikotil]]
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|familia = [[Nepenthaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Nepenthes]]''
|species = '''''N. mirabilis'''''
|binomial = ''Nepenthes mirabilis''
|binomial_authority = ([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[Rafarin]] (1869)&lt;!--([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[George Druce|Druce]] (1916)--&gt;{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}
|range_map = Nepenthes mirabilis distribution.gif
|range_map_caption = Distribusi  ''N. mirabilis''.
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=&lt;small&gt;[[Sinonim (taksonomi)|Sinonim]]&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes alata''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' [[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]]: [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] (1928)&lt;ref name=Danser-alata&gt;Danser, B.H. 1928. [http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/pictures/nepenthe/dansermg/dans11.htm 1. ''Nepenthes alata'' &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Blanco&lt;/span&gt;]. [pp.&amp;nbsp;258–262] In: [[The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, '''9'''(3–4): 249–438.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''[[Nepenthes abalata|N.&amp;nbsp;abalata]]/[[Nepenthes alata|N.&amp;nbsp;alata]]/[[Nepenthes benstonei|N.&amp;nbsp;benstonei]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepenthes copelandii|N.&amp;nbsp;copelandii]]/[[Nepenthes eustachya|N.&amp;nbsp;eustachya]]/[[Nepenthes graciliflora|N.&amp;nbsp;graciliflora]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepenthes mindanaoensis|N.&amp;nbsp;mindanaoensis]]/N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis/&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepenthes negros|N.&amp;nbsp;negros]]/[[Nepenthes philippinensis|N.&amp;nbsp;philippinensis]]'']&lt;ref name=negros&gt;Cheek, M. &amp; M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of ''Nepenthes alata'' with notes on the ''N.&amp;nbsp;alata'' group, and ''N.&amp;nbsp;negros'' sp. nov. from the Philippines. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' '''31'''(5): 616–622. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ClarkeLee2012&gt;Clarke, C. &amp; C.C. Lee 2012. [http://www.sbg.org.sg/Bulletin/166_1295.pdf A revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia.] ''Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' '''64'''(1): 33–49.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+alata ''Nepenthes alata'']. Carnivorous Plant Database.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes albolineata''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1898)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes alicae''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1898)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes armbrustae''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1905)&lt;/small&gt;
 |?''Nepenthes beauvaisii''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;A.Truffaut (1887) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes bernaysii''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1881)&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, F.M. 1881. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6455850 On a new species of ''Nepenthes'']. ''The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales'' '''5''': 185–187.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes cantharifera''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] (1835)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes cholmondeleyi''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1900)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes distillatoria''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]: [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]] (1841)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes echinostoma''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] (1873)&lt;ref name=Hooker&gt;{{la icon}} Hooker, J.D. 1873. [[Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)|Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ]]. In: A. de Candolle ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'' '''17''': 90–105.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes fimbriata''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Blume (1852)&lt;ref name=Blume1852&gt;{{la icon}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] In: ''[http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.]'' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp.&amp;nbsp;5–10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes fimbriata'' var. ''leptostachya''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Blume (1852)&lt;ref name=Blume1852 /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes garrawayae''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1905)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes globosa''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] (2007)&lt;ref name=globosa&gt;{{jp icon}} Kurata, S. 2007. [http://ips.2-d.jp/news/2007jul/news-2007-jul.htm ネペンテス ・ ノート （XIV） — ''Nepenthes globosa'' のネーミングについて]. ''[[Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society]]'' '''58'''(3): 76.&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes hainanensis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Metcalfe &amp; Chalk (1950) ''[[sphalma typographicum|sphalm.typogr.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes hainaniana''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Metcalfe &amp; Chalk (1950) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes hainensis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hort. ''ex'' Y.Fukatsu (1999) ''[[sphalma typographicum|sphalm.typogr.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes jardinei''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1897)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes kampotiana''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' [[Paul Henri Lecomte|Lecomte]]: Hort. ''ex'' Hort.Bot.Berlin ''in sched.'' (1996)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes kennedyana''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] (1865)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes kennedyana'' var. ''rubra''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hort.Ratcliff (1880) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes kennedyi''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[George Bentham|Benth.]] (1873) ''[[sphalma typographicum|sphalm.typogr.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes macrostachya''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Blume (1852)&lt;ref name=Blume1852 /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes moluccensis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Lorenz Oken|Oken]] (1841)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes moorei''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1898)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes obrieniana''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Linden &amp; Rodigas (1890) ''[[nomen ambiguum|nom.ambiguum]]''&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;?(''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N.&amp;nbsp;gracilis]]'' × (''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N.&amp;nbsp;rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N.&amp;nbsp;hirsuta]]'')) × ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N.&amp;nbsp;distillatoria]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Nepenthes gracilis|N.&amp;nbsp;gracilis]]/N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'']&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes pascoensis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bail.]] (1905)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] (1805) ''[[Nomen illegitimum|nom.illeg.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]: Regel (1881)&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''[[Nepenthes khasiana|N. khasiana]]/N. mirabilis'']&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora'' var. ''macrantha''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] (1873)&lt;ref name=Hooker /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora'' var. ''pediculata''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Paul Henri Lecomte|Lecomte]] (1909)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora'' var. ''platyphylla''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Blume (1852)&lt;ref name=Blume1852 /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes phyllamphora'' var. ''speciosa''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hort.Van Houtte ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes scyphus''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] (1835)&lt;/small&gt;
 |?''Nepenthes sinensis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hort.Bot.Goettingen ''in sched.'' (1998) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes tubulosa''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] (1908)&lt;ref name=Macfarlane&gt;Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. [[Nepenthaceae (1908 monograph)|Nepenthaceae]]. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes vieillardii''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]: Hort. ''ex'' Studnicka (1989)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Phyllamphora mirabilis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]] (1790)&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=&lt;small&gt;[[Heterokresonim]]&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes mirabilis''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''auct. non'' ([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[Rafarin]]: [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] (1928) [&lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''N. mirabilis/[[Nepenthes rowanae|N. rowanae]]'']&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=&lt;small&gt;[[Placeholder name|Nama Informal]]&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes'' sp. Phanga Nga&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Stewart McPherson (geographer)|S.McPherson]] (2009)&lt;/small&gt;
 |''Nepenthes'' Viking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Masahiro Tada|M.Tada]] (2007)&lt;ref name=viking&gt;{{jp icon}} Tada, M. 2007. [http://ips.2-d.jp/news/2007jul/news-2007-jul.htm 日本における ''Nepenthes'' Viking の渡来と現状について]. ''[[Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society]]'' '''58'''(3): 75.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 |title=&lt;small&gt;[[Nama pra-Linnaean]]&lt;/small&gt;
 |&quot;Cantharifera&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Georg Eberhard Rumphius|Rumph.]] (1750)&lt;/small&gt;
 }}
|}}
'''Sérok raja mantri'''; ''Kantong semar rawa umum; Nepenthes mirabilis''nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''nepenthaceae'' spésiés [[karnivora]].&lt;ref name=”Aan”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA77&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=hGPU38nyTo&amp;sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=leucoxylon%20Buxifolium&amp;f=false| title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| las''Tulisan déngdék''t =Karl Hasskarl| first =Justus | publisher =J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845|ISBN=|pages =109}} Disungsi8 April 2021&lt;/ref&gt;''Nepenthes mirabilis'' tina basa Latin: mirabilis = éndah),ieu tutuwuhan katelah ogé '''Kantong semar rawa umum'''.&lt;ref name=P&amp;L&gt;Phillipps, A. &amp; A. Lamb 1996. ''[[Pitcher-Plants of Borneo]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ieu tutuwuhan pang lobana kapanggih hirup di wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]], utamana di pulao-pulo [[Kapuloan Melayu]] (kajaba [[Kapuloan Sunda lwutik]] jeung [[Philipina]] kalér), kitu deui ti kapuloan  [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] di kalér sarta [[Australia]] di kidul.&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt; Dina sebaranna ieu tutuwuhan mibanda rupa-rupa variétas, salah sahiji anu penting tayalian ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' ieu [[endemik]] di [[Brunei]] jeung [[Sarawak]]kalawan mibanda hiji ''peristom'' anu kacila lega.&lt;ref name=Clarke&gt;Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''[[Nepenthes of Borneo]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Status konservasi]] ''N. mirabilis'' kagolongkeun kana [[Risiko Rendah]] di [[IUCN Red List|2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{IUCN2006|assessors=Clarke ''et al.''|year=2000|id=39678|title=Nepenthes mirabilis|downloaded=12 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Hong Kong]], spésiés ieu aya dina panangtayungan dumasar kana ''[[Peraturan Kehutanan Cap. 96A]]''. Numutkeun [[Matthew Jebb]] jeung [[Martin Cheek]], sésérok jaya mantri/ ''N. mirabilis'' dimangpaatkeun pikeun dumpel [[kotéka]] di [[Papua Nugini]].

== Sebaran ==
''Nepenthes mirabilis'' mibanda daérah sebaran anu lega ti sakabek spésiés ''Nepenthes'' sarta dipikawanoh di nagara-nagara : [[Australia]] ([[Semenanjung York]]), [[Borneo]], [[Kamboja]], [[Kepulauan Caroline]] ([[Palau]] jeung [[Yap]]), [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] ([[Provinsi Guangdong]], [[Hainan]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=200009761 ''Nepenthes mirabilis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161031/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=200009761 |date=2013-07-28 }}. Flora of China.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cn icon}} Yang G., Huang S., Xu S. &amp; Gao Y. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析. [The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common ''Nepenthes'' in Hainan.] ''Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin'' '''22'''(11): 440–442. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB200611104.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325231905/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB200611104.htm |date=2021-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hong Kong]], ogé [[Macau]]), [[Kepulauan D'Entrecasteaux]], [[Pulau Jawa]], [[Laos]], [[Kepulauan Louisiade]], [[Kepulauan Maluku]], [[Myanmar]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], [[Philipina]] ([[Pulau Dinagat|Dinagat]] jeung [[Mindanao]]), [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]], [[Thailand]], ogé [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Slack, A. 1979. ''Nepenthes mirabilis''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants''. Ebury Press, London. pp.&amp;nbsp;79–80.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; V.B. Amoroso 2011. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, S.R. &amp; A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu spésiés ogé katiténan kapanggih hirup di pulo-pulo, saperti: [[Pulau Babi, Aceh|Babi]], [[Pulau Bangka|Bangka]], [[Pulau Banyak]], [[Pulau-pulau Batu, Nias Selatan|Pulau Batu]], [[Pulau Bengkalis|Bengkalis]], [[Pulau Enggano|Enggano]], [[Ko Lanta]], [[Ko Tarutao]], [[Langkawi]], [[Pulau Mendol|Mendol]], [[Kepulauan Mentawai]] ([[Pagai Utara]], [[Siberut]], [[Sipura]], dan [[Pagai Selatan]]), [[Kepulauan Meranti]] ([[Pulau Padang|Padang]], [[Rangsang]], dan [[Pulau Tebing Tinggi|Tebing Tinggi]]), [[Nias]], [[Pulau Penang|Penang]], [[Provinsi Phuket|Phuket]], [[Provinsi Kepulauan Riau|Kepulauan Riau]] ([[Pulau Lingga]] dan [[Kepulauan Riau]]), [[Pulau Rupat|Rupat]],&lt;ref name=maps&gt;Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: ''[[Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp.&amp;nbsp;299–307.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tawi-Tawi]],&lt;ref name=recircumscription&gt;Cheek, M. &amp; M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the ''Nepenthes alata'' group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. ''European Journal of Taxonomy'' '''69''': 1–23. {{DOI|10.5852/ejt.2013.69}}&lt;/ref&gt; dan mungkin [[Pulau Wowoni|Wowoni]].&lt;ref name=Wowoni&gt;{{id icon}} Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat &amp; Rugayah 2008. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0903/D090309.pdf Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084939/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0903/D090309.pdf |date=2013-12-24 }} [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] ''Biodiversitas'' '''9'''(3): 194–198. &lt;!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JNyZoP1K--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taksonomi ==
''Nepenthes mirabilis'' aya patula patalina anu kuat jeung ''[[Nepenthes rowanae|N.&amp;nbsp;rowanae]]'' ogé ''[[Nepenthes tenax|N.&amp;nbsp;tenax]]'', dua spésiés ''Nepenthes'' anu endemik di Australia.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; left;&quot;
|+ Bédana ''N.mirabilis'' jeung ''N. rowanae'' (Clarke &amp; Kruger , 2005)
! Ciri-ciri !! ''N. mirabilis'' !! ''N. rowanae''
|-
| [[Morfologi]] lambaran daun || Lemes bulenek || Karijut katungtungnakeun, nepika palebah rambatan/''sulur'' anu heureut, lemes, turmanjang
|-
| Rambatan/''sulur'' kana daun || Sederhana || Kawas taméng
|-
| Jangjang kantong || Sederhana, élemén bantalan sisina ''multiseluler'' || Remen katempo rata di palebah hereupna ngawujud  T jeung XS, remen ogé katempo élemén sinina anu ''multiseluler''
|-
| Tékstur lambaran daun ||Ilaharna centang ka luhur ||Katempo heuras
|-
| Tambahan lambaran daun tangkal|| Sederhana, atawa jarang katempo manjang  ⅓ panjang bukuna || Manjang sahenteuna ½ panjang bukuna, ilaharna leuwih
|-
| ''Massa jenis kelenjar'' dina kantongna || 1600-2500/cm² || kurangleuwih 3600/cm²
|-
| Tempat puhu kantong dina kantong luhur || Jalan sedeng, di handap ½ kantong || Diluhur ¼ kantong
|-
| Tempat puhu kantong dina kantong handap ||Dihandap ¾ kantong || Dihandap ''peristom''
|}

Dina ''Database'' tutuwuhan karnivora-na, ahli taksonomi [[Jan Schlauer]] merenahkeun  ''[[Nepenthes kongkandana|N.&amp;nbsp;kongkandana]]'' salaku [[Sinonim (taksonomi)|sinonim]] tina ‘’N. mirabilis’’&lt;ref&gt;Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+kongkandana ''Nepenthes kongkandana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152235/http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+kongkandana |date=2013-12-28 }}. Carnivorous Plant Database.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jinis Taksa Handap ==
Di tempat nyebar tur ngarekahanna, ''N. mirabilis'' nembongkeun ''variabilitas'' anu gedé dina ''morfologi'' jeung kelir kantong, ogé mibanda panglobana sinonim tina sakabéh spésiés ''Nepenthes''.&lt;ref&gt;Catalano, M. 2009. ''Nepenthes''. In: ''Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective''. Prague. pp.&amp;nbsp;50–57.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitu deui wujud jeung jinis ''N. mirabilis'' anu kungsi dibéjérbéaskeun. kalawan henteu kaasup tina  ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' ogé ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'', [[takson|taksa]] ieu henteu dianggap bener mangsa kiwari.

* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' f. ''anamensis'' (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''anamensis'' Hort.Weiner ''in sched.'' (1985) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''biflora'' [[Jumaat Haji Adam|J.H.Adam]] &amp; [[C. C. Wilcock|Wilcock]] (1992)
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' (Hook.f.) Hort.[[Adrian Slack|Slack]] ''ex'' [[Jumaat Haji Adam|J.H.Adam]] &amp; [[C. C. Wilcock|Wilcock]] (1992)
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'' [[Marcello Catalano|M.Catal.]] (2010)&lt;ref name=Catalano&gt;Catalano, M. 2010. {{PDFlink|[http://www.marcellocatalano.com/desc.globosa.pdf ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'' M. Catal. var. nov.]}} In: ''[[Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio]]''. Prague. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' f. ''simensis'' (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''simensis'' Hort.Weiner ''in sched.'' (1985) ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]''
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' f. ''smilesii'' (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
* ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''smilesii'' (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner ''in sched.'' (1985)

=== ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' ===
[[File:Miri roadside N. mirabilis var. echinostoma 6.jpg|jmpl|Kantong luhur ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'']]
''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' mimiti dipedar ku [[Odoardo Beccari]] dina taun 1865 kalawan didéskripsikeun salaku spésiés kalawan maké ngaran latin ''N. echinostoma'', ku [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] dina taun 1873.&lt;ref name=P&amp;L/&gt; Dina taun 1882, [[Frederick William Burbidge]] ngaguar variétas anu henteu biasa dina ''[[The Gardener' Chronicle]]'' tayalian:&lt;ref name=P&amp;L /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burbidge, F.W. 1882. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25598125 Notes on the new ''Nepenthes''.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', new series, '''17'''(420): 56.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt; ''N. echinostoma'' singular Beccari (vide Herb. Kew) éta spésiés anu éndah, tacan dipikanyaho saméméhna, kuring nyangka henteu katempo ku Beccari! Liang kantong katempo kawas salahsahiji huntu  ''defleksi'' sababaraha lukut raksasa tina ''hipnoid''.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' hiji-hijina spésiés anu aya di Brunei. Spésiés ini ogé geus kapanggih di Sarawak, ngan kawasna  moal aya di daérah Sabah.&lt;ref name=P&amp;L /&gt;

=== ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'' ===
[[File:Nepenthes globosa02.jpg|jmpl|Kantong handap ''budidaya'' ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'']]
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| footer    = Kantong ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' dipaké nyangu ku [[Suku Jarai]] [[Provinsi Kon Tum]], [[Vietnam]]
| image1    = Nepenthes mirabilis with rice - Kontum (6730591977).jpg
| width1    = {{#expr: (220 * 2008 / 2904) round 0}}
| image2    = Jaraï tribe cooking with Nepenthes mirabilis (6730601589).jpg
| width2    = {{#expr: (220 * 2168 / 3184) round 0}}
}}

''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'' Kanyahoan ti daérah [[Laut Andaman]] salaku leuweung tutupan, [[Phang Nga]], ogé ti daratan [[Thailand]] deukeut kota  [[Trang, Trang|Trang]].&lt;ref name=McPherson&gt;McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Catalano /&gt;

Variétas ieu tayalian anu aya dina bungkus  ''[[Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society]]'' édisi Januari 2006, diguar salaku &quot;''Nepenthes'' sp. ti Thailand&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{jp icon}} [http://ips.2-d.jp/news/2006jan/news-2006-jan.htm Cover of the January 2006 issue of the ''Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society'']. [[Insectivorous Plant Society]].&lt;/ref&gt; ngaran ''Nepenthes globosa'' bijil dina hiji artikel ku [[Shigeo Kurata]], ''Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society'' dina bulan Juli 2007.&lt;ref name=globosa /&gt; Masalah anu sarua ogé kapanggih dina hiji artikel ku ''Masahiro Tada'' anu disebut salaku&quot;''Nepenthes'' Viking&quot;.&lt;ref name=viking /&gt; Samemeh diguar ku [[Marcello Catalano]] dina taun 2010, ''takson'' ieu ogé disebutkeun sacara henteu resmi: ''Nepenthes'' sp. ''Phanga Nga'' dina buku  [[Stewart McPherson]] taun 2009, ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''.&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;

Dina urusan balantik ''hortikultura'', variétas ieu dipikanyaho salaku ''Nepenthes globosa''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt; ({{IPAc-en|n|ɨ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|ɡ|l|oʊ|ˈ|b|oʊ|z|ə}}; tina basa Latin: globosus, &quot;bola&quot;) jeung ''Nepenthes'' sp. Viking,&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mey, F.S. 2011. [http://carnivorousockhom.blogspot.com/2011/12/nepenthes-mirabilis-var-globosa-popular.html ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'', a popular plant?]. ''Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle'', December 24, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; saenggeusna  nempo kamiripan kantong jeung ''haluan kapal Viking''.&lt;ref&gt;Guerini, M. 2011.{{PDFlink|[http://www.aipcnet.eu/Carnivorous_docs/New_species_2010_Mara_Guerini.pdf 2010: new species of Carnivorous Plants.]}} Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infauna kantong ==
[[File:Stamps of Indonesia, 039-07.jpg|right|250px|Sérok raja mantri]]

Kalolobaan [[Infauna Nepenthes|organisme infauna]] geus dipikanyaho di jero kantong spésiés ini. ''Organisme'' dimaksud kayaning  [[laleur]] [[sarkofagid]] ''[[Sarcophaga papuensis]]'' jeung [[tungau]] ''[[Nepenthacarus warreni]]'', anu kaduana geus kapanggih dina populasi tutuwuhan [[Australia]].&lt;ref&gt;Yeates, D.K., H. de Souza Lopes &amp; G.B. Monteith 1989. A commensal sarcophagid (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Australia. ''Australian Entomological Magazine'' '''16''': 33–39.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fashing, N.J. 2002. {{PDFlink|[http://njfash.people.wm.edu/Nepenthacarus.pdf ''Nepenthacarus'', a new genus of Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata) inhabiting the pitchers of ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' (Lour.) Druce in Far North Queensland, Australia.]|1.64&amp;nbsp;MB}} ''Australian Journal of Entomology'' '''41'''(1): 7–17. {{DOI|10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00263.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kitu deui, [[reungit]] ''[[Aedes dybasi]]'' jeung ''[[Aedes maehleri]]'' aya di jero kantong ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' dina pulo [[pulo]] jeung [[Yap]].&lt;ref&gt;Sota, T. &amp; M. Mogi 2006. Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in ''Aedes'' (''Stegomyia''): a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. ''Journal of Medical Entomology'' '''43'''(5): 795–800. {{doi|10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[795:OOPPMI]2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt; duanana mibanda  sajarah anu teu bisa jeung sifat-sifat [[Morfologi]] anu aya patalina.&lt;ref&gt;Bohart, R.M. 1956. {{PDFlink|[http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fiji/pdf/iom12-1.pdf Insects of Micronesia. Diptera: Culicidae.]}} ''Insects Micronesia'' '''12'''(1): 1–85.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of ''Aedes'' (''Stegomyia'') mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting ''Nepenthes'' pitchers. ''Annals of the Entomological Society of America'' '''103'''(4): 618–624. {{DOI|10.1603/AN10028}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Nematoda]] ''[[Baujardia mirabilis]]'' geus diguar tina ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' di [[Thailand]]. ''Organisme'' ieu henteu dianggap hiji kabeneran; ''kantong'' spésiés ieu kawasna ''habitat alami'' ieu ''nematoda''. [[Mikroekosistem]] di jero kantongna loba kapanggih   ''larva reungit'', jeung  ''B. mirabilis''. ieu nambah deu sangkaan yén ''nematoda'' ieu meureunmibanda hubungan  ''foretik'' jeng salahsahiji atawa leuwih spésiés gegeremet ''infauna''.&lt;ref&gt;Bert, W., I.T. De Ley, R. Van Driessche, H. Segers &amp; P. De Ley 2003. {{PDFlink|[https://archive.ugent.be/retrieve/1348/Baujardia2003.pdf ''Baujardia mirabilis'' gen. n., sp. n. from pitcher plants and its phylogenetic position within Panagrolaimidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida).]}} ''Nematology'' '''5'''(3): 405–420. {{DOI|10.1163/156854103769224395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] kidul, [[cakung]] ogé geus katitenan aya dina éta kantong ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis''. [[Amfibi]] ieu henteu jadi mangsa ieu tutuwuhan, ngan saukur ngamangsa [[gegeremet]] anu memang katewak ku kantongna.&lt;ref&gt;Hua, Y. &amp; H. Li 2005. {{PDFlink|[http://faculty.frostburg.edu/biol/hli/research/Nepenthes.pdf Food web and fluid in pitchers of ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' in Zhuhai, China.]}} ''Acta Botanica Gallica'' '''152'''(2): 165–175.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amfibi]] ieu teu kapangaruhanku [[cai]] anu aya dina éta kantong, padahal mibanda ''sifat'' haseum/[[asam]] (meureun mibanda  [[pH]] anu saeutik 2), atawa alatan lapisan kulit luarna anu lucir jadi panghalang kana ieu [[cakung]].&lt;ref&gt;Hua, Y. &amp; L. Kuizheng 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv33n1p23_24.pdf The Special Relationship Between ''Nepenthes'' and Tree Frogs.]}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''33'''(1): 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Catetang anggalna ngeunaan [[supa]] cai hirup di ''organ kantong'' ''[[karnivora]]'' anu asalna tina spésimen ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' anu hirup disapanjang susukan [[Jardine]] di [[Australia]]. Supa ''[[miselium]]'' ieu katitenan  duaduana hirup bebas di jero cai salaku pitapak pikeun [[gegeremet]]  [[kitin|berkitin]] tetep.&lt;ref&gt;Cribbs, A.B. 1987. An aquatic fungus from pitchers of ''Nepenthes mirabilis''. ''Queensland Naturalist'' '''28''': 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schnell, D.E. 1992. Literature Review. ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''21'''(3): 80–82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kantong ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' geus dipikanyaho kapanggih ngumpulna rupa-rupa [[baktéri]] anu kompleks.&lt;ref&gt;Yogiara, A. Suwanto &amp; M.T. Suhartono 2006. [http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819044841/http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mikrobiologi/article/view/526 |date=2011-08-19 }}. ''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' '''11'''(1): 9–14.&lt;/ref&gt; Rupa-rupa baktéri katempo leuwih loba jinisna  tibatan anu kapanggih  dina cairan kantong ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N.&amp;nbsp;ampullaria]]'' dan ''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N.&amp;nbsp;gracilis]]'' simpatrik di [[Semenanjung Malaysia]].&lt;ref name=Chouetal2014&gt;Chou, L.Y., C.M. Clarke &amp; G.A. Dykes 2014. Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant species growing in the wild. ''Archives of Microbiology'' '''196'''(10): 709–717. {{DOI|10.1007/s00203-014-1011-1}} &lt;!--see also: http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/09/07/pitcher-plants/ = http://www.webcitation.org/6SuVedBgJ--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Komposisi dina ''N.&amp;nbsp;mirabilis'' ogé bisa waé aya loba  bédana gumantung kana rupa kantongna, hiji hal anu henteu katempo  dina  dua spésiés séjénna.&lt;ref name=Chouetal2014 /&gt;

== Hibrida alami ==
''Nepenthes mirabilis'' Mangifera caesia banda sababaraha [[Hibrida|hibrida alami]] panglobana tina spesies anu aya dina  genus ''[[Nepenthes]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPherson&quot;/&gt;

* ? (''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes merrilliana|N. merrilliana]]'') × ''N. mirabilis'' [=''[[Nepenthes x tsangoya|N. × tsangoya]]'']&lt;ref name=hybrid&gt;Lauffenburger, A. 1995. [http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/pictures/nepenthe/guide.htm ''Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620004318/http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/pictures/nepenthe/guide.htm |date=2016-06-20 }}. OmnisTerra.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]'' × ''N. mirabilis'' [=''[[Nepenthes x mirabilata|N. × mirabilata]]'']&lt;ref name=globamphora&gt;Kurata, S. &amp; M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of ''Nepenthes''. ''The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' '''26'''(1): 155–158. [http://www.sbg.org.sg/research/publicationbulletin.asp?sRange=1970-1979&amp;sYear=1972 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722151730/http://www.sbg.org.sg/research/publicationbulletin.asp?sRange=1970-1979&amp;sYear=1972 |date=2011-07-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=C&amp;J&gt;Cheek, M.R. &amp; M.H.P. Jebb 2001. [[Nepenthaceae (2001 monograph)|Nepenthaceae]]. ''Flora Malesiana'' '''15''': 1–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'' × ''N. mirabilis'' [=''[[Nepenthes x kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]]'', ''Nepenthes cutinensis'']&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt;
* ? (''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'') × ''N. mirabilis'' [=''[[Nepenthes x hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]]'' × ''N. mirabilis'']&lt;ref&gt;Lowrie, A. 1983. {{PDFlink|[http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv12n4p88_95.pdf Sabah ''Nepenthes'' Expeditions 1982 &amp; 1983.]|1.25&amp;nbsp;MB}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''12'''(4): 88–95.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes andamana|N. andamana]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=Catalano2010&gt;{{it icon}} Catalano, M. 2010. ''[[Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio]]''. Prague.&lt;/ref&gt; (yaitu ''N. andamana'' × ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'')&lt;ref name=Catalano2010 /&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes benstonei|N. benstonei]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=Clarke01&gt;Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''[[Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N. bicalcarata]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt; (yaitu ''N. bicalcarata'' × ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'')&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt;
* ? (''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N. bicalcarata]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'') × ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma''&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N. gracilis]]'' × ''N. mirabilis'' [=''[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|N. × sharifah-hapsahii]]'', ''N. × ghazallyana'', ''N. × grabilis'', ''N. neglecta''?]&lt;ref name=&quot;McPherson&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant ''Nepenthes''. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. ''[[Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal]]'' '''108''': 6–15.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes insignis|N. insignis]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref&gt;Rischer, H. 1995. {{PDFlink|[http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv24n3p75_77.pdf Observations on the ''Nepenthes'' species of Irian Jaya, Part I: ''Nepenthes insignis'' Danser.]|461&amp;nbsp;KB}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''24'''(3): 75–77.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes kampotiana|N. kampotiana]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=Catalano2010 /&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes kongkandana|N. kongkandana]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=Catalano2010 /&gt;
* ''[[Nepenthes merrilliana|N. merrilliana]]'' × ''N. mirabilis''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes northiana|N. northiana]]''&lt;ref&gt;Lee, C.C. 2007. [http://pitcherplants.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=nepwild&amp;action=display&amp;thread=1176119599&amp;page=1#1176168406 Re: The most accessible limestone hill of Bau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034823/http://pitcherplants.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=nepwild&amp;action=display&amp;thread=1176119599&amp;page=1#1176168406 |date=2013-12-28 }}. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=P&amp;L2008 /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]''&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt; (yaitu ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' × ''N. rafflesiana'')&lt;ref name=P&amp;L2008&gt;Phillipps, A., A. Lamb &amp; C.C. Lee 2008. ''[[Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana|N. reinwardtiana]]''&lt;ref name=P&amp;L2008 /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes rowanae|N. rowanae]]''&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, C.M. &amp; R. Kruger 2005. [http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/Species/v34n2p36_41.html ''Nepenthes rowanae'' (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia]. ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''34'''(2): 36–41.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes smilesii|N. smilesii]]''&lt;ref name=thorelii&gt;Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai &amp; A.S. Robinson 2011. ''Nepenthes thorelii'', an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. ''[[New Nepenthes: Volume One]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes spathulata|N. spathulata]]''&lt;ref name=Clarke01 /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes sumatrana|N. sumatrana]]''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes tenax|N. tenax]]''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes thorelii|N. thorelii]]''&lt;ref name=thorelii /&gt;&lt;ref name=Bednar&gt;Bednar, B. 1983. {{PDFlink|[http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv12n3p64.pdf ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' variation.]|111&amp;nbsp;KB}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''12'''(3): 64.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://pitcherplants.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=nepwild&amp;action=display&amp;thread=8243 ''N. thorelii'' rediscovered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223194740/http://pitcherplants.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=nepwild&amp;action=display&amp;thread=8243 |date=2012-02-23 }}. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mey, F.S. 2012. [http://carnivorousockhom.blogspot.com/2012/12/virtual-nepenthes-herbarium-on-europeana.html Virtual ''Nepenthes'' herbarium on &quot;Europeana&quot;]. ''Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle'', December 19, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N. mirabilis'' × ''[[Nepenthes tomoriana|N. tomoriana]]''&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:N. benstonei x N. mirabilis2.jpg|''N. benstonei'' × ''N. mirabilis''
File:N. gracilis x N. mirabilis.jpg|[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|''N. gracilis'' × ''N. mirabilis'']]
File:Serian N. northiana X mirabilis 2.jpg|''N. mirabilis'' × ''N. northiana''
File:Nepenthes rafflesiana hybrid.jpg|''N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana''
File:Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma x N. rafflesiana.jpg|''N. mirabilis'' var. ''echinostoma'' × ''N.&amp;nbsp;rafflesiana''
File:Nepenthesmirabilissumatrana3.jpg|''N. mirabilis'' × ''N. sumatrana''
File:Nepenthes P6230330.JPG|? ''N. mirabilis'' × ''N. thorelii''
File:Sulawesi Nepenthes.jpg|? ''N. mirabilis'' × ''N. tomoriana''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Catetan ==
{{refbegin}}
:a.{{Note_label|A|a|none}}''Nepenthes mirabilis'' munggaran diguar dina katangtuan ''sistem'' [[taksonomi Linnaeus]] salaku ''Phyllamphora mirabilis'' ku [[João de Loureiro]] dina taun 1790. Spésiés tuluy dipindahkeun ''genus''na ''[[Nepenthes]]'' dumasar kana kasalahan ''kombinasi'' ''Nepenthes phyllamphora'' ku [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow]] dina taun 1805.&lt;ref name=McPherson /&gt;&lt;ref name=Clarke /&gt;&lt;ref name=C&amp;J /&gt;&lt;ref name=Clarke01 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Danser&gt;Danser, B.H. 1928. [[The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, '''9'''(3–4): 249–438.&lt;/ref&gt; ngabenerkeun deui ''publikasi'' mimiti kalayan binomial anu bener —''Nepenthes mirabilis''— ka [[George Claridge Druce]] dina taun 1916,&lt;ref&gt;Druce, G. 1916. ''Nepenthes mirabilis''. In: ''Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report'' '''4''': 637.&lt;/ref&gt; ngan waé ''Database'' tutuwuhan ''Karnivora'' jieunan [[Jan Schlauer]] kacatet ngaguar jauh leuwih anggal ku Rafarin dina taun 1869.&lt;ref&gt;Schlauer, J. N.d. [http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+mirabilis ''Nepenthes mirabilis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083900/http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+mirabilis |date=2013-12-24 }}. Carnivorous Plant Database.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{refend}}

== Dicutat tina ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* Adam, J.H. &amp; C.C. Wilcock 1992. ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' (Loureiro) Druce from Borneo. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' '''46'''(2): 75–84.
* Bourke, G. &amp; R. Nunn 2012. ''Nepenthes''. In: ''Australian Carnivorous Plants''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp.&amp;nbsp;148–167.
* Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''[[A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
* Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. ''[[The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp.&amp;nbsp;1–15.
* Co, L. &amp; W. Suarez 2012. [http://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Nepenthaceae.html Nepenthaceae]. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
* {{de icon}} Gronemeyer, T. 2008. ''Nepenthes'' auf den Philippinen – Ein Reisebericht. ''[[Das Taublatt]]'' '''60'''(1): 15–27.
* Hernawati &amp; P. Akhriadi 2006. ''[[A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra]]''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
* Korthals, P.W. 1839. [[Over het geslacht Nepenthes|Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes'']]. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. ''Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde''. Leiden. pp.&amp;nbsp;1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
* Lowrie, A. 1998. ''Nepenthes mirabilis''. In: ''[[Carnivorous Plants of Australia]]''. Volume 3. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. pp.&amp;nbsp;276–279.
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of ''Nepenthes''. ''The Philippine Journal of Science'' '''33'''(2): 127–140.
* {{de icon}} McPherson, S. &amp; T. Gronemeyer 2008. Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen Eine Fotodokumentation. ''[[Das Taublatt]]'' '''60'''(1): 34–78.
* {{jp icon}} Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' Druce. In: {{Nihongo||無憂草 – Nepenthes|[[List of Nepenthes literature|Muyū kusa – Nepenthes]]}}. [''The Grief Vanishing''.] Parco Co., Japan. pp.&amp;nbsp;26–29.
* Shivas, R.G. 1984. ''[[Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia &amp; Singapore]]''. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
* Thorogood, C. 2010. ''[[The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives]]''. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
* [http://www.necps.org/documents/Nepenthes_of_Australia.pdf ''Nepenthes'' of Australia]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by [[Stewart McPherson (geographer)|Stewart McPherson]]
&lt;!--http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVTyHxQwkDs Palau--&gt;

== Bacaan salajengna ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* [Anonymous] 1877. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27985325 Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural]. ''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' '''8'''(197): 441.
* [Anonymous] 2010. [http://www.miga.org/documents/WedaBay_ExplorationandDevelopment_ESIA.pdf ''Eramet-PT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA''.] ERM Indonesia, Jakarta.&lt;!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JKuSA0dx--&gt;
* Adam, J.H. 1997. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''20'''(2–3): 121–134.
* Adam, J.H. &amp; C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{PDFlink|[http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae).]}} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.
* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock &amp; M.D. Swaine 1989. Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean ''Nepenthes''. ''University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter'' '''56''': 2–4.
* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock &amp; M.D. Swaine 1992. {{PDFlink|[http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf The ecology and distribution of Bornean ''Nepenthes''.]}} ''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' '''5'''(1): 13–25.
* Adam, J. H., R. Omar &amp; C. C. Wilcock 2002. {{PDFlink|1=[http://www.ansijournals.com/qredirect.php?doi=jbs.2002.623.625&amp;linkid=pdf Phytochemical screening of flavonoids in three hybrids of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) and their putative parental species from Sarawak and Sabah.]}} ''OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences'' '''2'''(9): 623–625. {{doi|10.3923/jbs.2002.623.625}}
* Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim &amp; M.M. Hanafiah 2005. [http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_shidkx200503004.aspx Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia]. ''Wetland Science'' '''3'''(3): 183–189.
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* {{zh icon}} Tang L., Ji K., Wang Y. &amp; Chen J. 2010. 猪笼草消化液中蛋白酶的活性初探. [Preliminary study on the activities of protease in digestive juice of pitcher plant.] ''Genomics and Applied Biology'' '''29'''(2): 293–297. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXNB201002016.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225517/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXNB201002016.htm |date=2021-04-18 }}
* {{id icon}} Uji, T. 2003. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0402/D040208.pdf Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034639/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0402/D040208.pdf |date=2013-12-28 }} [Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan.] ''Biodiversitas'' '''4'''(1): 112–117.&lt;!--http://www.webcitation.org/6JO2XecuI--&gt;
* Wilson, G.W., F. Venter, R.F. Wilson &amp; D. Crayn 2011. Chasing ''Nepenthes'' on Cape York, Queensland. ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''40'''(4): 122–128.
* {{zh icon}} Wu T. &amp; Ye C. 2000. 雷州半岛野生猪笼草资源及其栽培利用的研究. [Research on the resources and its culture &amp; utility available of wild ''Nepenthes mirabilis''(Lour.) Druce in Leizhou Peninsular.] ''Journal of Zhanjiang Normal College'' '''21'''(2): 15–16. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJSF200002003.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327145559/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJSF200002003.htm |date=2021-03-27 }}
* {{zh icon}} Wu T., Ye C. &amp; Zhang X. 2000. 猪笼草叶的形态解剖结构研究. [Studies on the anatomical structures of the leaf of ''Nepenthes mirabilis'' (Lour.) Druce.] ''Guihaia'' '''20'''(2): 153–155. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXZW200002008.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225519/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXZW200002008.htm |date=2021-04-18 }}
* {{zh icon}} Xie, Y., X. Xie, L. Qiu &amp; Y. Huang 2007. [http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_gxnykx200702006.aspx 猪笼草组培快繁技术研究]. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of ''Nepenthes mirabilis''.] ''Guangxi Agricultural Sciences'' '''38'''(2): 131–132.
* {{zh icon}} Xu C. 2003. 猪笼草. [A review in research of ''Nepenthes''.] ''Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture'' '''23'''(5): 53–59. [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RDNK200305010.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225517/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RDNK200305010.htm |date=2021-04-18 }}
* {{id icon}} Yogiara 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/9139/2004yog.pdf Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (''Nepenthes'' spp.) menggunakan teknik ''terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism'' (T-RFLP) dan ''amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis'' (ARDRA).]}} M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
* Ziemer, R.R. 1988. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv17n3p70_73.pdf Carnivorous plants in Micronesia.]}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''17'''(3): 70–73.
* {{th icon}} [http://77.nationchannel.com/video/253759/ สงขลา / ขนมหม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิง ขนมไทยภูมิปัญญาชาวบ้าน] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403093639/http://77.nationchannel.com/video/253759/ |date=2013-04-03 }}. [video] 77 NationChannel.&lt;!--http://pitcherplants.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&amp;action=display&amp;thread=11599--&gt;
{{refend}}

== Tutumbu ka luar ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.hkherbarium.net/Herbarium/html%20text/60Nepenthes%20mirabilis.htm Hong Kong Herbarium: ''Nepenthes mirabilis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928045836/http://www.hkherbarium.net/Herbarium/html%20text/60Nepenthes%20mirabilis.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}
* [http://www.neofarmthailand.com/index.php?lay=show&amp;ac=article&amp;Id=81783&amp;Ntype=6 ''N. mirabilis'' var. ''globosa'' in its natural habitat]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928133251/http://www.neofarmthailand.com/index.php?lay=show&amp;ac=article&amp;Id=81783&amp;Ntype=6 |date=2007-09-28 }}

{{Nepenthes}}

[[Kategori:Nepenthaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]]
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  <page>
    <title>Wi-Fi</title>
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      <text bytes="6358" sha1="lkp3b8npj3ihi0hu8vizvom09rh2zhz" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Wi-fi.jpg|jmpl|267x267px|Ilustrasi pikeu Wi-Fi]]
'''Wi-Fi''' nyaéta wanchan tina [[Wireless Fidelity]] anu mangrupa kumpulan [[standar]] anu digunakeun pikeun [[jaringan]] [[Lokal Nirkabel]] [[(Wireless Local Area Networks – WLAN)]] anu miboga [[dasar]] spésifikasi IEE [[802.11]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-wifi-aplikasi-cara-kerja-wifi-standard-versi-wifi/|title=Pengertian WIFI dan Cara Kerja WIFI|last=Kho|first=Dickson|website=Teknik Elektronika|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wi-Fi mimitina dipaké keur ngagunakeun sistem [[nirkabel]] jeung jaringan [[Area Lokal (LAN)]], tapi kiwari leuwih loba digunakeun pikeun aksés [[internét]]. Wi-Fi mangrupa salah sahiji mangpaat tina [[téhnologi]] [[komunikasi]] jeung [[informasi]] anu miboga pancén dina jaringan jeung pakakas [[WLAN (wireless local area network)]]. Wi-Fi mangrupa [[sértifikasi]] ngaran dagang anu dibéré ti [[pabrik]] ka pakakas [[komunikasi]] (internet) anu dijalankeun di jaringan WLAN jeung geus minuhan kualitas kapasitas interoperasi anu jadi sarat&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah ==
Di taun [[1985]], [[Wireless LAN|''Wireless'' LAN]] atawa Wi-Fi dijieun jeung dipaké pikeun umum di [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sérikat]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wificolony.com/single-post/2018/05/31/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-wifi|title=Sejarah dan Perkembangan Wifi|last=Digital|first=Colony|website=wificolony|language=en|accessdate=2021-04-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427152813/https://www.wificolony.com/single-post/2018/05/31/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-wifi |date=2021-04-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, teu make [[lisénsi]] ti [[Komisi Komunikasi Federal (FCC)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ieu wi-fi mangrupa [[produk]] anu dijieun ku jalan gawé rancagé ti [[insinyur]] [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] anu ngagunakeun [[téhnologi]] dina nyebarkeun [[spéktrum]] [[radio]] anu digunakeun dina Wi-Fi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Saméméhna, sawangan ngeunaan [[téhnologi]] Wireless LAN jeung [[téhnologi]] [[radio]] pikeun [[publik]] geus didadarkeun ku [[Michael Marcus]] taun [[1980]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

[[Téhnologi]] Wi-Fi tuluy dimekarkeun ku para [[Panalungtikan|panalungtik]] [[téhnologi]] di [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] anu gawé di ''[[Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)]]'' dumasar standar téhnis pakakas nomor 802.11b, 802. 11a, jeung 802.16&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Wi-Fi teu ngan saukur bisa dijalankeun dina jaringan [[Raramat wewengkon lokal tanpakabel|Wireless LAN]], tapi bisa digunakeun dina [[Wireless Metropolitas Area Network]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Cara Gawé ==
[[Téhnologi]] Wi-Fi bisa dijalankeun ngagunakeun gelombang [[radio]] dina [[Wireless LAN]] tina [[komputer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nesabamedia.com/pengertian-wifi-beserta-fungsi-dan-cara-kerja-wifi/|title=Pengertian Wifi Beserta Fungsi dan Cara Kerja Wifi yang Perlu Kita Ketahui|last=Erick|website=Nesabamedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Router nirkabel|''Router nirkabel'']] miboga fungsi pikeun ngajalankeun sistem Wi-Fi&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu [[adaptor]] narima [[data t]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ina [[komputer]] dina wangun [[digital]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Sanggeus data dikonvérsi ka wangun gelombang [[radio]], tuluy dikirim ku jalan router ka [[anteneu]], sinyal decode router tuluy ngirimkeun ka [[Internét|internet]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ieu prosés dibalikeun deui nalika [[informasi]] anu dikirimkeun ti [[internét]] ka [[komputer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Bédana gelombang [[radio]] anu dikirimkeun Wi-Fi, ''[[walkie-talkie]],'' jeung ''[[handphone]]'' nyaéta ngagunakeun [[frékuénsi]] anu kuat ti 2,4 GHz atawa 5 GHz&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Fungsi ==
Lian dipaké pikeun internet, Wi-Fi ogé miboga sababaraha fungsi di antarana:

* Bisa digunakeun pikeun ngirimkeun [[Document classification|dokumén]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jagad.id/pengertian-wifi/|title=Pengertian Wifi : Fungsi, Manfaat, Cara Kerja, Kelebihan dan Kekurangan|last=Komputer|first=Sarjana|website=Jagad.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-04-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427152811/https://jagad.id/pengertian-wifi/ |date=2021-04-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nalika rék ngirimkeun data tina ''[[handphone]]'' ka [[komputer]] biasana dibutuhkeun [[kabel]] data salaku pakakas médiana. Padahal, ku cara ngagunakeun Wi-Fi ogé geus bisa ngirimkeun [[Klasifikasi dokumén|dokumén]], ku jalan aplikasi tambahan kawas ''xender'' atawa ''share-it''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.''
* Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun jadi [[modem]]. Ngagunakeun fitur ''tethering'' dina ''[[Telepon keupeul|handphone]],'' Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun pikeun babagi [[internét]] ku Wi-Fi&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.
* Ngahubungkeun [[kaméra]] jeung ''[[Telepon keupeul|handphone]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.'' Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun salaku pakakas anu ngahubungkeun média [[kaméra]] ka ''[[Telepon keupeul|handphone]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.'' Ku kituna, hasil [[foto]] bisa langsung ditampikeun dina komputer&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.
* Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun pikeun ngahubungkeun [[printer]] jeung ''[[Telepon keupeul|handphone]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.
* Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun pikeun ngajadikeun ''handphone''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; jadi ''[[Muse|mouse]]'' atawa ''[[keyboard]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.''
* Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun salaku panghubung layar ''[[Telepon keupeul|handphone]]'' kana komputer&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.
* Wi-Fi bisa digunakeun pikeun ngahubungkeun jeung pakakas-pakakas séjén&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Kahéngkéran ==
Aya sababaraha kahéngkéran tina Wi-Fi, di antarana:

* Jaringan kurang stabil. [[Distribusi]] gelombang kadang teu stabil jeung gampang kaganggu ku hadirna pakakas [[Éléktronika|éléktronik]] anu séjén. Hususna nalika pakakas [[Éléktronika|éléktronikna]] digunakeun sacara babarengan&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.
* Jaringan jadi kabagi-bagi. Pakakas digunakeun dina sawaktu, ku kituna [[konéksi]] jaringanana jadi laun. Mingkin loba anu kahubung ka jaringan, mingkin laun konéksina&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.
* Kaamanan kurang kajaga. Gelombang tina Wi-Fi teu bisa dibatasan, sarta ieu gelombang bisa ku gampangna diasupan ku oknum anu teu tanggungwaler. Ieu hal bakal mingkin parna nalika ngagunakeun konéksi Wi-Fi di tempat umum&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.  

== Daftar Référénsi ==

[[Kategori:Téhnologi]]
[[Kategori:Internét]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kinésiologi</title>
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      <text bytes="12531" sha1="jyqgbq9ztoqay2d5f9vunmymdxzv014" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Representative_Kinesiology_Images.jpg|pra=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Representative_Kinesiology_Images.jpg/250px-Representative_Kinesiology_Images.jpg|jmpl|344x344px| Kumpulan poto némbongkeun panalungtikan (kénca) jeung prakték (katuhu) di jurusan kinesiology.]]
'''Kinésiologi''' nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan gerak awak manusa jeung [[Organismeu|mahluk hirup]] lianna. Élmu kinésiologi museur kana prinsip jeung mékanismeu gerak [[Fisiologi|dina fisiologi]], biomékanika, jeung [[anatomi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kresnapati|first=Pandu|year=2018|title=Analisis Kinesiologi Teknik Keterampilan Tubuh pada Olahraga Tolak Peluru Gaya Ortodock Mahasiswa PJKR UPGRIS|url=|journal=Journal of Sport and Exercise Science|volume=1|issue=2|pages=37-41|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kecap &quot;Kinésiolog&quot; asalna tina [[basa Yunani]], ''kī́nēsis'', hartina &quot;gerakan&quot;, jeung -λογία ''-logía'' hartina &quot;élmu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Permana|first=Rahmat|date=2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq_jDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;hl=en|title=TEORI DAN PRAKTIK: PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DI PERGURUAN TINGGI|location=Sleman|publisher=EDU PUBLISHER|isbn=978-623-7640-27-1|pages=7|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gerak atawa ''élmu gerak manusa'' dina kinésiologi anu dilarapkeun kana prinsip mékanis dina gerak manusa disebut biomékanika kinésiologis, sedengkeun aplikasi anatomi dina gerak manusa disebut ogé anatomi kinésiologis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Handayani|first=Heni Yuli|last2=Purwoto|first2=Septyaningrum Putri|last3=Wibowo|first3=Haryo Mukti|last4=Utama|first4=Fajar Hamdhan|date=2022-01-27|title=Sosialisasi Kinesiologi Olahraga Pada Pembelajaran PJOK Anak Sekolah Dasar|url=https://jurnalfarmasi.or.id/index.php/asta/article/view/234|journal=Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Kita|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=124|doi=10.33759/asta.v2i1.234|issn=2775-3263}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aplikasi kinésiologi pikeun kaséhatan manusa, saperti biomekanika jeung ortopédi, kakuatan, psikologi latihan, metode réhabilitasi (saperti terapi fisik) jeung [[Olah raga|latihan]]. Ulikan ngeunaan gerak manusa jeung sato ngawengku tindakan sistem tracking gerak, éléktrofisiologi aktivitas otot jeung otak, rupa-rupa métode pikeun ngawas fungsi fisiologis, sarta panalungtikan ngeunaan téhnik behavioral jeung kognitif.&lt;ref&gt;Bodo Rosenhahn, Reinhard Klette and Dimitris Metaxas (eds.). Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. Volume 36 in ''Computational Imaging and Vision'', Springer, Dordrecht, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ahmed Elgammal, Bodo Rosenhahn, and Reinhard Klette (eds.) Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. 2nd Workshop, in conjunction with ICCV 2007, Rio de Janeiro, ''Lecture Notes in Computer Science'', LNCS 4814, Springer, Berlin, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Sajaba ti éta, kinesiology ngawengku pencegahan, pangropéa, penyembuhan, assessment, sarta fungsi gerak dina widang olahraga, pagawean, jeung kahirupan sapopoe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Arafah|first=Hasmyati, Suwardi dan Andi Asrafiani|date=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA63&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;hl=en|title=Effective Learning Models In Physical Education Teaching|location=Sleman|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-602-475-639-0|pages=64|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Contona, saurang pamaén [[ténis]] ngalakukeun gerakan ''groundstroke forehand'' atawa téhnik kalawan runtuyan gerakan nu ngagunakeun saminimal mungkin [[énergi]] anu dimimitian ti awalan, ''dampak'', jeung ''turutan'', nu hartina efisien, hasilna bal bakal ngaliwatan net tur teu meuntas kaluar garis hartina éféktif, salila pamaén ténis teu [[tatu]] dina kabéh runtuyan gerakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Siahaan|first=David|last2=Mahmudin|date=2020|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dasar_Dasar_Biomekanika_Olahraga/AzgNEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;pg=PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Dasar-Dasar Biomekanika Olahraga|location=Jakarta|publisher=Yayasan Kita Menulis|isbn=9786236761847|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka alternatif, kinesiologi ogé dipaké pikeun mariksa réspon kana rangsangan otot dina awak nu geus ajeg tur sacara [[Élmu|ilmiah]] bisa dibuktikeun leuwih ti dua puluh taun. Otot bakal ngaréspon kana rangsangan fisik jeung méntal. Pikiran atawa sambungan awak boga mékanisme gerak anu kuat pisan sangkan otot langsung ngaréspon kana bebeneran jeung kabohongan, kana naon anu alus jeung anu henteu pikeun awak [[manusa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Oswald|first=Yvonne|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyppvMRxGgoC&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA3&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;hl=en|title=Keaj kata-kata: ubahlah hidup anda dengan kata-kata yang positif|location=Jakarta|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=978-979-22-3870-9|pages=3|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajaba ti éta, unggal otot ogé patali jeung bagian awak lianna kayaning pencernaan, sirkulasi getih, sarta organ husus. Lamun otot gagal, bagian séjén anu aya hubunganana sareng otot éta ogé bakal kapangaruhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Iskandar|first=Dr Eddy|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeyUAwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA93&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;hl=en|title=The Miracle of Touch: Panduan Menerapkan Keajaiban EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique) untuk Kesehatan, Kesuksesan, dan Kebahagiaan Anda|location=Bandung|publisher=Qanita|isbn=978-602-8579-32-2|pages=93|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prinsip kinésiologi nyaéta gerakan manusa efisien, éféktif jeung aman mangrupa gerakan hadé (téhnik anu hadé). Sabab unggal pola gerak ngagunakeun tanaga (energi) anu éfisién dina ngahontal hasil atawa udagan anu dituju keur nyingkahan cidera. Sajaba ti éta, pikeun nganalisis gerak efisien, éféktif jeung aman patali jeung analisis tulang jeung sendi ([[anatomi]]), sistim otot [[saraf]] ([[fisiologi]]) gerak manusa, jeung prinsip [[hukum]] mékanika patali jeung gerakan manusa (mékanika). Dina kinésiologi, tilu widang pamarekan élmu (anatomi, fisiologi jeung mékanika) bisa jadi jawaban dina ngalakukeun gerakan sacara éfisién, éféktif jeung aman. Kinésiologi mangrupa gabungan anatomi, fisiologi jeung mékanika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=NUGROHO|first=UNTUNG|date=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YivpDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=kinesiologi+adalah&amp;hl=en|title=Kinesiologi Olahraga Untuk Peningkatan Pendidikan Olahraga|location=Grobogan|publisher=Penerbit CV. SARNU UNTUNG|isbn=978-602-5650-03-1|pages=1|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur ==
Struktur kinesiology boga tilu bagian. Kahiji, ''gabungan taktak'' nyaéta [[Sendi|gabungan]] anu diwangun ku bal jeung stop kontak kalayan gerakan sabudeureun sakabeh tilu sumbu. Sirah humerus articulat kalawan ''fossa glenoid of scapula'' pikeun ngabentuk [[Sendi|gabungan]] taktak. Sendi taktak mangrupa salah sahiji sendi anu aktif gerakna dina awak jeung salah sahiji anu paling stabil. Gerakan anu bisa dilakukeun ku manusa ngaliwatan sendi taktak nyaéta fleksi, ékténsi, hiperéktési, abduksi, aduksi, sirkumduksi, lateral [[Puteran|rotasi]], medial rotasi, horizontal abduksi, horizontal abduksi jeung skapulasi. Kadua, gabungan siku nyaéta kompleks siku anu diwangun ku tilu [[tulang]], tilu ligamén, dua sendi jeung kapsul. Artikulasi humerus kalawan ulna jeung radius ilahar disebut gabungan siku. Gerakan anu bisa dilakukeun ku gabungan siku nyaéta fléksi sareng ékténsi. Katilu, gabungan handap nujul kana bagian awak ti hips ka tuur. Sendi handap ngawengku hip, [[tuur]], [[tulang]], éngkel jeung [[Pingping|sendi]] suku. Gerakan anu bisa dilakukeun ku manusa ngaliwatan sendi handap nyaéta inversi, éversi, abduksi jeung sajabana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sena|first=I Gusti Made Widya|date=2020|title=KINESIOLOGI YOGA ASANAS (KUNCI KEBAHAGIAAN TUBUH, PIKIRAN DAN JIWA)|url=https://ejournal.ihdn.ac.id/index.php/jyk/article/view/1539|journal=JURNAL YOGA DAN KESEHATAN|language=id|volume=1|issue=1|pages=18|doi=10.25078/jyk.v1i1.1539|issn=2621-0185}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531004328/http://ejournal.ihdn.ac.id/index.php/jyk/article/view/1539 |date=2023-05-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Téhnik tés ==
Salah sahiji téhnik tés anu bisa dipaké dina kinesiologi nyaéta ''téhnik tés leungeun-tarik-handap.'' Tahap mariksa pikeun tingkat kahiji bisa ngagunakeun hiji [[ramo]], nyaéta ramo indéks, tingkat kadua ngagunakeun dua ramo nya éta ramo indéks jeung ramo tengah, tingkat katilu ngagunakeun tilu ramo nyaéta ramo indéks, tengah jeung cincin, tingkat kaopat ngagunakeun opat ramo. ramo nyaéta ramo indéks, ramo tengah, jeung ramo tengah.manis jeung pinky, sedengkeun tingkat lima ngagunakeun lima ramo anu kuncup. Upami aya anu tiasa ngahontal tingkat anu tangtu, tés kinesiologi nganggo téknik ''tarik-turun'' bakal nguatkeun. Metoda ieu dianggo pikeun diagnosis ngagunakeun tés komprési otot, sistem kerja refleks awak sareng gelombang éléktromagnétik awak, anu ngamangpaatkeun kecerdasan alami awak [[manusa]] . Ngaliwatan gerakan ieu jalma bisa komunikasi jeung awak sorangan nu bisa dipigawé boh sacara manual atawa ngagunakeun pakakas .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fitria|first=Rahmi|date=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8dhDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA53&amp;dq=kinesiologi&amp;hl=en|title=Berdamai dengan Kanker|location=Jakarta|publisher=Elex Media Komputindo|isbn=978-602-04-5330-9|pages=53|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamariksaan ==
Dina kinesiologi, urutan pamariksaan dimimitian ti pamariksaan Abnormalitas [[Morfologi]]s pikeun ngadeteksi abnormalitas dina rangka awak: dina ''kolom vertebral'' : ''scoliosis'', ''hyperlordosis'', ''gibbus'', ''sacralization'', ''tropisme'', ''spondylolisthesis'', ''spina bifida'' ; dina ''toraks'' : ''dada corong, dada japati, dada tong, dada rickett, alur Harrison, scapula jangjang;'' dina pelvis: ''pelvis lega, cleft anterior,.'' Kadua, asal muasal tipologi bakal nangtukeun bédana dina palaksanaan latihan fisik. Dituluykeun ku penilaian rentang gerak [[Sendi|gabungan]] ( ''range of motion = ROM)'' jeung ''kalenturan gabungan (fleksibilitas)'' . Rentang gerak sareng kalenturan anu alit teuing atanapi ageung teuing, tiasa nyababkeun tatu pikeun latihan fisik. Sanggeus éta, evaluasi postur dilaksanakeun ngagunakeun métode ''New York State Posture Rating Scale'' . Pamariksaan ieu ngahasilkeun penilaian anu ngadukung penilaian biostatik. Penilaian defects musculoskeletal anu tiasa janten indikasi kamungkinan tatu nalika latihan fisik ''.'' Ujian ieu ogé tiasa ngagolongkeun individu kana sababaraha kualifikasi fisik anu sampurna, kirang sampurna sareng goréng. Saterusna puseur [[gravitasi]] awak ditangtukeun ngagunakeun métode Waterland Shambes.Kacindekan anu dimeunangkeun tina penilaian ieu ngeunaan luhur jeung handap puseur gravitasi (dina posisi ''supine'' ), kitu ogé naha proyéksi puseur gravitasi ( dina posisi nangtung) katuhu di tengah antara [[dampal suku]] jeung sabaraha badag osilasi éta. Dinamika puseur gravitasi luhur jeung handap mangrupa fungsi tina distribusi massa awak, nu robah dina latihan fisik. ''Métode Somatotyping Heath Carter Atlas Sheldon'' . Penentuan somatotipe ieu bakal masihan gambaran ngeunaan jinis obesitas gynecoid ''(obesitas awak handap)'' atanapi [[Android (sistim operasi)|android]] ''(obesitas awak luhur).'' Jinis gynecoid tumuwuh tina tipe endomorphic dominan nu pisan ''rawan tatu'', sedengkeun tipe android tumuwuh tina tipe mesomorphic, nu miboga kamampuh muscular alus. Dua asal tipologis bakal nangtukeun bédana dina manajemen latihan fisik. Meunteun kinematik suku jeung suku ngagunakeun ''analisis gait lapangan,'' nu diwangun ku métode ''TreatMat Evaluasi'' jeung métode Penilaian. Aya lima ''determinan gait anu kuat'', nyaéta panjang fase nangtung ''(sikap tungkai tunggal)'', ''laju leumpang,'' [[frékuénsi]] léngkah ''(irama),'' ''panjang léngkah'' jeung babandingan ''lebar pelvis/lebaran ankle.'' Anu pamungkas nyaéta évaluasi kinétik ''(Muscle Force'' ) anu mangrupa pamariksaan kakuatan otot ''(strength)'' jeung daya tahan otot ( endurance '')'' ngagunakeun dinamométer .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sofwanhadi|first=Rio|date=2012|title=Peran kinesiologi dalam prevensi dan manajemen obesitas|url=https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jai/article/view/1111|journal=Jurnal Anatomi Indonesia|language=id|volume=1|issue=1|pages=11|issn=1097-8048}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Kaséhatan]]</text>
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    <title>Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta</title>
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      <text bytes="6207" sha1="70qwbr5dwmkawvxe9rs7tr1gr4hl4gz" xml:space="preserve">{{kotak info paguron luhur
| nama = Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
| logo = [[Gambar:Emblem of Yogyakarta State University.svg|180px]]
| motto = ''Unggul, Kreatif, dan Inovatif ''
| tahun = {{start date and age|1964|5|21}}
| jenis = [[:id:Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum|Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]]
| rektor = [[:d:Sumaryanto (akademisi)|Prof. Dr. Sumaryanto, M.Kes., AIFO]]
| lokasi = Jl. Colombo No. 1, [[Caturtunggal, Dépok, Sléman|Caturtunggal]], [[Dépok, Sléman|Dépok]], [[Kabupatén Sléman]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|DI Yogyakarta]]
| situs = {{URL|www.uny.ac.id}}
}}
'''Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta''' (disingkat '''UNY''') nyaéta salah sahiji universitas di [[Indonésia]]. Kampus induk universitas aya di [[Kabupatén Sléman]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]. UNY samemehna mangrupa bagian ti fakultas di [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] anu antukna ngabentuk lembaga misah anu disebut Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Yogyakarta (IKIP Yogyakarta).&lt;ref name=&quot;sejarahuny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uny.ac.id/profil/sejarah-uny|title=Sejarah Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta|year=2019|website=Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200802175259/https://www.uny.ac.id/profil/sejarah-uny|archivedate=2020-08-02|dead-url=yes|accessdate=09 November 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114011326/https://www.uny.ac.id/profil/sejarah-uny |date=2019-11-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNY ogé geus dianggap salah sahiji lembaga atikan pangalusna di Indonésia, babarengan jeung [[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]] jeung Universitas Negeri Malang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2023/11/08/064556271/7-kampus-pendidikan-terbaik-di-indonesia-ada-um-uny-hingga-upi|title=7 Kampus Pendidikan Terbaik di Indonesia, Ada UM, UNY hingga UPI|last=Prastiwi|first=Mahar|website=Kompas|language=id|accessdate=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edukasi.sindonews.com/read/1247209/211/7-universitas-dengan-jurusan-pendidikan-terbaik-di-indonesia-versi-the-wur-2024-um-juaranya-1699510313|title=7 Universitas dengan Jurusan Pendidikan Terbaik di Indonesia Versi THE WUR 2024, UM Juaranya|last=Wahyono|website=Sindonews (Edukasi)|language=id|accessdate=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infografis.sindonews.com/photo/26441/7-universitas-dengan-jurusan-pendidikan-terbaik-di-indonesia-1699469911|title=7 Universitas dengan Jurusan Pendidikan Terbaik di Indonesia|last=Muin|first=Maspuq|website=Sindonews (Infografis)|language=id|accessdate=2 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fakultas ==
=== Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan dan Psikologi (FIPP) ===
{{col|2}}
* Kebijakan Pendidikan
* Bimbingan dan Konseling
* Teknologi Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Luar Biasa
* Manajemen Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Luar Sekolah
* Pendidikan Anak usia Dini
* Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar
* Psikologi
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Fakultas Bahasa, Seni, dan Budaya (FBSB) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia
* Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia
* Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
* Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
* Pendidikan Bahasa Jawa
* Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman
* Pendidikan Bahasa Prancis
* Pendidikan Seni Musik
* Pendidikan Seni Rupa
* Pendidikan Seni Tari
* Pendidikan Seni Kriya
{{end-col}}

=== Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Matematika
* Matematika
* Statistika
* Pendidikan Fisika
* Fisika
* Pendidikan Kimia
* Kimia
* Pendidikan Biologi
* Biologi
* Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Hukum, dan Ilmu Politik (FISHIPOL) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Geografi
* Pendidikan Sejarah
* Ilmu Sejarah
* Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
* Hukum
* Ilmu Politik
* Pendidikan Sosiologi
* Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial
* Ilmu Administrasi publik
* Ilmu Komunikasi
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis (FEB) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Ekonomi
* Pendidikan Akuntansi
* Akuntansi
* Akuntansi (D4)
* Manajemen
* Manajemen Pemasaran (D4)
* Administrasi Perkantoran
* Administrasi Perkantoran (D4)
* Sekretaris (D3)
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Fakultas Teknik (FT) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
* Teknik Elektronika (D4)
* Teknologi Informasi
* Pendidikan Teknik Informatika
* Pendidikan Teknik Elektro
* Teknik Elektro (D4)
* Pendidikan Teknik Mekatronika
* Pendidikan Teknik Mesin
* Teknik Manufaktur
* Teknik Mesin (D4)
* Teknik Sipil
* Pendidikan Tenik Sipil dan Perencanaan
* Arsitektur
* Teknik Sipil (D4)
* Pendidikan Teknik Boga
* Teknik Boga (D4)
* Pendidikan Teknik Busana
* Teknik Busana (D4)
* Tata Rias dan Kecantikan (D4)
* Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif
* Teknik Otomotif
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan dan Kesehatan (FIKK) ===
{{col|2}}
* Pendidikan Jasmani dan Keolahragaan
* Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar Penjasorkes
* Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
* Ilmu Keolahragaan
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Program Pendidikan Profesi ===
* Program Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG)
* Program Profesi Insinyur

=== Program Pascasarjana (PPs) ===
{{col|3}}
; Jenjang S-2
* Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan
* Manajemen Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Luar Sekolah
* Linguistik Terapan
* Teknologi Pembelajaran
* Pendidikan Sains
* Pendidikan Matematika
* Ilmu Keolahragaan
* Pendidikan Dasar
* Bimbingan Konseling
* Bahasa Jawa
* Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia
* Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
* Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini
* Pendidikan Sejarah
* Pendidikan Ekonomi
* Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika dan Informatika
* Pendidikan Teknik Elektro
* Pendidikan Teknik Mesin
* Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga
* Pendidikan Seni
* Pendidikan Fisika
* Pendidikan Biologi
* Pendidikan Kimia 
* Pendidikan Geografi 
* Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan
* Pendidikan Luar Biasa
* Psikologi

; Jenjang S-3
* Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan
* Ilmu Pendidikan
* Ilmu Pendidikan Bahasa
* Manajemen Pendidikan
* Pendidikan Dasar
* Pendidikan Kimia
&lt;/div&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{id}} [http://uny.ac.id Situs resmi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]

{{PTN di Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Dépok, Sléman]]
[[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Koordinat aya dina Wikidata]]</text>
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      <text bytes="44455" sha1="hpdy73y0h9wkupc0usl8n5uinoplrwi" xml:space="preserve">'''Super Mario''' (ogé katelah Super Mario Bros and Mario) nyaéta séri kaulinan platform anu diciptakeun ku Nintendo dibintanginya maskot maranéhna, Mario. Éta séri sentral tina waralaba Mario anu langkung ageung. Sahenteuna hiji kaulinan Super Mario geus dileupaskeun pikeun tiap konsol video game Nintendo utama. Nanging, aya ogé sababaraha kaulinan pidéo Super Mario dileupaskeun dina platform kaulinan non-Nintendo. Aya leuwih ti 20 kaulinan dina séri.

Kaulinan ''Super Mario'' disetél utamina dina Karajaan Supa fiksi, biasana sareng Mario salaku karakter pamuter. Anjeunna biasana diiluan ku lanceukna, Luigi, sarta mindeng ku anggota séjén tina matak ''Mario'' . Salaku kaulinan platform, aranjeunna ngalibetkeun karakter pamuter ngajalankeun sareng ngaluncat meuntas platform sareng di luhur musuh dina tingkatan téma. Kaulinan boga plot basajan, ilaharna jeung Mario jeung Luigi rescuing nu diculik Putri Peach ti [[antagonis]] primér, Bowser. Kaulinan munggaran dina séri, ''Super Mario Bros.'', dirilis pikeun Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) dina 1985, ngadegkeun konsép midangkeun inti séri sarta elemen. Ieu kalebet seueur kakuatan-up sareng barang-barang anu masihan karakter kakuatan khusus sapertos ngalungkeun bola seuneu sareng ngarobih ukuran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/5710212/nintendos-revised-history-of-super-mario-bros|title=Nintendo's Revised History Of Super Mario Bros.|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052542/https://kotaku.com/5710212/nintendos-revised-history-of-super-mario-bros|archivedate=June 18, 2018|accessdate=June 18, 2018|date=December 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seri ''Super Mario'' mangrupikeun bagian tina waralaba ''Mario'' anu langkung ageung, anu kalebet genre kaulinan vidéo sareng média sapertos pilem, televisi, média cetak, sareng barang dagangan. Langkung ti 380&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar kaulinan ''Super Mario'' geus dijual di sakuliah dunya, ngajadikeun eta runtuyan video kaulinan laris kalima, balik franchise ''Mario'' nu leuwih gede, runtuyan teka ''Tetris'', nu ''Pokémon'' video kaulinan, jeung kahiji-jalma jujur runtuyan ''Call of Kawajiban'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vy8mvC_LJPHnlpBFTR5w-BYV1FP_m7hN|title=Super Mario Maker has sold 1 Million units around the world!|publisher=Nintendo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002142005/https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vy8mvC_LJPHnlpBFTR5w-BYV1FP_m7hN|archivedate=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Midangkeun ==
Tujuan tina kaulinan nyaéta pikeun maju ngaliwatan tingkat ku ngéléhkeun musuh, ngumpulkeun barang sareng ngarengsekeun teka-teki tanpa maot. Pamakéan kakuatan-up téh integral kana séri. Séri ieu gaduh installments nampilkeun duanana midangkeun dua jeung tilu diménsi. Dina kaulinan 2D, karakter pamuter (biasana Mario) jumps on platform jeung musuh bari Ngahindarkeun serangan maranéhanana sarta pindah ka katuhu layar ngagulung. Tingkat kaulinan 2D ''Super Mario'' gaduh tujuan kaluar tunggal, anu kedah dihontal dina wates waktos sareng nuju ka tingkat sekuensial salajengna. ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3|Super Mario Bros 3]]'' ngawanohkeun overworld, peta tingkat nonlinier nu cabang nurutkeun pilihan pamuter urang. ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' ngenalkeun tingkat kalayan sababaraha jalan kaluar.

Angsuran 3D dina séri éta ngagaduhan dua subgénré: kaulinan dumasar eksplorasi dunya terbuka sareng kaulinan 3D langkung linier kalayan jalur anu tos ditangtukeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Osborn|first=Alex|date=January 13, 2017|title=Miyamoto Offers a Few New Super Mario Odyssey Details|work=IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/miyamoto-offers-a-few-new-super-mario-odyssey-details|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114215727/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/miyamoto-offers-a-few-new-super-mario-odyssey-details|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat dina kaulinan dunya kabuka, ''64'', ''Sunshine'' jeung ''Odyssey'', ngidinan pamaén kalawan bébas ngajajah sababaraha lingkungan enclosed dina gerakan 360-gelar. Salaku kaulinan progresses, leuwih lingkungan jadi diaksés.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10|title=GLZ34|publisher=Super Mario Galaxy Central|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313130758/http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10|archivedate=March 13, 2008|accessdate=November 29, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313130758/http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10 |date=March 13, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan 3D linier, ''Galaxy'', ''Galaxy 2'', ''3D Land'' sareng ''3D World'', gaduh sudut kaméra anu langkung tetep sareng jalur anu tos ditangtukeun pikeun tujuan tunggal.

== Karakter diputer ==
Séri ieu sering gaduh pilihan pikeun maén salaku karakter sanés Mario, biasana Luigi. Kaulinan saméméhna geus nawarkeun hiji mode multiplayer alik nu pamuter kadua ngadalikeun Luigi on turn maranéhna. Luigi sering ngan tiasa dicoo ku pamaén sadetik, iterasi anu langkung nangtang tina kaulinan dasar, sapertos dina ''The Lost Levels'', ''Galaxy 2'', ''New Super Luigi U'' sareng dunya khusus di ''3D Land'' ; fitur ieu gravitasi handap sarta ngurangan gesekan pikeun Luigi. Engké kaulinan ngamungkinkeun opat pamaén muter simultaneous. Karakter anu tiasa dicoo lian ti Mario sareng Luigi parantos kalebet Toads, Peach, Yoshi, Wario, Rosalina, [[Mii]]s, Toadette, Nabbit, Daisy, sareng Bowser Jr. Karakter kadang dibédakeun ku kamampuan khusus. ''Super Mario Maker'' kalebet kostum anu ngagambarkeun langkung seueur karakter ( ''Super Mario Maker 2'' ngan kalebet kostum [[Link (Zelda)|Link]] ).

=== Power-up jeung transformasi ===
[[File:Supermushroom.png|kiri|jmpl|Super Mushroom, sakumaha digambarkeun dina ''[[Anyar Super Mario Bros. U|New Super Mario Bros. U]]'' - [[Jaringan UGO|UGO]] digambarkeun salaku &quot;kakuatan-up [[wiktionary:quintessential|quintessential]] &quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|title=The Top 11 Video Game Powerups|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|archivedate=October 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom |date=October 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Daya-up jamur muncul dina ampir unggal buruan ''Super Mario'' . Anu paling ikonik nyaéta Super [[Fungi|Mushroom]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|title=OP32|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|archivedate=October 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom |date=October 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amanita&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li, C.|last2=Oberlies, N. H.|date=December 2005|title=The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus ''Amanita''|url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/N_Oberlies_Most_2005.pdf|journal=Life Sciences|volume=78|issue=5|pages=532–38|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003|pmid=16203016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806123833/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/N_Oberlies_Most_2005.pdf|archive-date=August 6, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2019|quote=Idealized representations of this species permeate popular culture. A. muscaria can be found as a major obstacle in video games (e.g., the Smurfs and Super Mario Bros., respectively)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Supa Super'' ningkatkeun ukuran karakter, ngarobahna kana varian &quot;Super&quot;, sareng ngamungkinkeun aranjeunna ngarobih blok anu tangtu. Nalika ditarajang ku musuh, karakterna balik deui ka ukuranana anu langkung alit tibatan kaleungitan nyawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom2&quot; /&gt; Nalika karakterna aya dina bentuk &quot;Super&quot;, kalolobaan blok anu ngandung Super Mushroom gantina nawiskeun kakuatan anu langkung kuat sapertos Kembang Seuneu. Supa Super mirip dina penampilan ''Amanita muscaria'', kalayan gagang gading di handapeun topi anu paling sering beureum sareng bodas (asalna beureum sareng oranyeu). Dijieun ku kasempetan, Shigeru Miyamoto nyatakeun dina wawancara yén tés béta tina ''Super Mario Bros.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;worldrecord&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958127.htm|title=Meet Mario's Papa|last=O'Connell, Patricia|publisher=BusinessWeek online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102024711/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958127.htm|archivedate=November 2, 2005|accessdate=November 26, 2005|date=November 7, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varian béda tina supa power-up muncul dina séri. Contona, ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'' ngawanohkeun ''Poison Mushroom'', nu ngabalukarkeun karuksakan nalika dikumpulkeun; jeung ''New Super Mario Bros.'' jeung Suung Mega, tumuwuh karakter kana towering, buta invulnerable anu ngancurkeun musuh jeung lingkungan ku ngajalankeun ngaliwatan aranjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5942967/its-impossible-to-hate-the-new-new-super-mario-bros-u|title=Bov43|website=Kotaku|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041527/http://kotaku.com/5942967/its-impossible-to-hate-the-new-new-super-mario-bros-u|archivedate=November 19, 2012|accessdate=October 13, 2014|date=September 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Super Mario Bros 3'' ngenalkeun jas kana séri ''Super Mario'', seueur anu dumasar kana sato atanapi musuh Mario. Raccoon Suit (disadiakeun ku Super Leaf) sareng Tanooki Suit masing-masing nyayogikeun karakter sareng buntut anu ngamungkinkeun penerbangan. Salaku tambahan, Tanooki Suit ngamungkinkeun karakter sacara spontan robih janten patung anu teu tiasa dielehkeun salami lima detik. ''Super Mario Bros 3'' kalebet jas Hammer Bros, anu ngamungkinkeun Mario sareng Luigi ngalungkeun palu salaku projectiles pikeun ngelehkeun musuh di kajauhan. Cocog séjén dina kaulinan engké dina séri ieu kalebet Frog Suit, Penguin Suit, Cat Suit, Boomerang Suit, sareng Bee Suit.

== Musik ==
Seueur musik asli sareng épék sora ''Super Mario Bros'' parantos janten ikon pikeun séri sareng dilebetkeun kana kaulinan modéren. Téma asli ''Super Mario Bros'', dikarang ku Koji Kondo, parantos janten salah sahiji tema kaulinan vidéo anu paling terkenal di sakumna dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1up&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares|title=GDC 2007: Mario Maestro Shares His Secrets|publisher=[[1UP.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710232628/http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares|archivedate=July 10, 2012|accessdate=February 16, 2009|date=March 7, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710232628/http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares |date=July 10, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Super Mario Galaxy'', dirilis dina 2007, jadi kaulinan munggaran dina séri ''Super Mario'' nampilkeun musik orchestrated,&lt;ref name=&quot;Music 4 Games&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186|title=Mer32|publisher=Music 4 Games|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113135703/http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186|archivedate=November 13, 2007|accessdate=July 12, 2020|date=November 13, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113135703/http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186 |date=November 13, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nu bakal balik dina sequel sarta kaulinan salajengna lianna kayaning ''Super Mario 3D Dunya'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nintendo Life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu/super_mario_3d_world|title=law32|publisher=Nintendo Life|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714112854/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu/super_mario_3d_world|archivedate=July 14, 2020|accessdate=July 12, 2020|date=November 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangwangunan ==

=== 1985–1995: 2D asalna ===
[[File:NES_Super_Mario_Bros.png|kiri|jmpl|''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', dirilis dina 1985 pikeun [[System Hiburan Nintendo|Nintendo Entertainment System]], éta kaulinan munggaran dina séri jeung [[Sisi-ngagulung video kaulinan|2D sisi-ngagulung platform kaulinan]] munggaran pikeun fitur [[Mario (watak)|Mario]] .]]
''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', kaulinan platform 2D sisi-ngagulung munggaran pikeun fitur Mario, dirilis pikeun [[System Hiburan Nintendo|Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) dina 1985. Ieu diturunkeun ngaliwatan kolaborasi ku [[Nintendo]] 's Shigeru Miyamoto jeung Takashi Tezuka salaku panerusna 1983 arcade game ''[[Mario Bros.|Mario Bros]]'', nu dibéntangan dua karakter: Mario, karakter titular nu mimiti muncul dina ''[[Donkey Kong (kaulinan arcade)|Donkey Kong]]'' salaku karakter pamuter aslina tur sequel na. dimana anjeunna boss final, sarta Luigi, anu mimiti muncul dina ''Mario Bros.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;iwataasks25_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/mario25th/vol5_page1.jsp|title=Using the D-pad to Jump|website=Iwata Asks: Super Mario Bros. 25th Anniversary Vol. 5: Original Super Mario Developers|publisher=[[Nintendo of America]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203071512/http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/mario25th/vol5_page1.jsp|archivedate=February 3, 2011|accessdate=February 1, 2011|date=February 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' ngadegkeun seueur elemen ''[[Mario (waralaba)|Mario]]'' inti, sapertos Goombas, Koopa Troopas, Bowser, Peach, sareng tilu kakuatan-up na: Super Mushroom, ningkatkeun ukuran karakter sareng nyayogikeun titik hit tambahan, Kembang Api, ngamungkinkeun karakter ngalungkeun fireballs salaku pakarang, jeung Super Star, granting invincibility samentara. &quot;Super&quot; dina judulna asalna tina integrasi Super Supa kana kaulinan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NES Classic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/nes-classic/super-mario-bros-and-super-mario-bros-3-developer-interview|title=Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 3 developer interviews- NES Classic Edition|website=Nintendo.com|publisher=[[Nintendo of America]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032653/https://www.nintendo.com/nes-classic/super-mario-bros-and-super-mario-bros-3-developer-interview|archivedate=December 1, 2017|accessdate=November 18, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duduluran Mario sareng Luigi kedah nyalametkeun Putri Toadstool / Peach ti Bowser / King Koopa di Karajaan Supa. Kaulinan diwangun ku dalapan dunya tina opat tingkat masing-masing, jumlahna aya 32 tingkat sadayana. Sanaos dunya béda dina téma, tingkat kaopat mangrupikeun bénténg atanapi kastil anu ditungtungan ku gelut ngalawan Bowser (atanapi salah sahiji antekna nyamar salaku anjeunna).&lt;ref name=&quot;TMKTheBad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://themushroomkingdom.net/smb_breakdown.shtml#bad|title=The Bad|website=TMK Super Mario Bros. Complete Guide|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725024015/http://themushroomkingdom.net/smb_breakdown.shtml#bad|archivedate=July 25, 2008|accessdate=August 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris sepanjang waktos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/chartspot-june-2004/1100-6103856/|title=Cha04|last=Thorsen|first=Tor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013936/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/chartspot-june-2004/1100-6103856/|archivedate=November 7, 2018|accessdate=January 15, 2019|date=August 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Super Mario Bros: Tingkat Leungit|Super Mario Bros: The Lost Levels]]'' (katelah ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' di Jepang) nyaéta sekuel munggaran pikeun ''Super Mario Bros'' asli. Ieu ngagunakeun mesin ''Super Mario Bros'', kalayan tambahan sapertos cuaca, gerakan karakter, sareng anu langkung kompleks. tingkat, sakabehna ngahasilkeun kasusah leuwih luhur. Kaulinan nuturkeun gaya anu sarua tina progression tingkat salaku ''Super Mario Bros.'', kalawan dalapan dunya awal opat tingkat unggal. Dina waktos éta, sekuel ieu henteu dileupaskeun di luar Jepang sabab Nintendo Amérika henteu hoyong séri ''Super Mario'' dikenal ku pamaén di luar Jepang kusabab kasusah anu ngaganggu. Eta tetep inaccessible ka pasar steadily broadening pamaén video game Amérika, jadi stylistically luntur ku waktu Jepang ''Super Mario Bros.. 2'' bisa ahirna dikirimkeun ka Amérika.&lt;ref name=&quot;History of SMB at IGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros|title=IGN Presents The History of Super Mario Bros.|last=McLaughlin|first=Rus|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109000531/https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros|archivedate=November 9, 2019|accessdate=April 9, 2014|date=September 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan ieu engké debut di luar Jepang dina 1993 salaku ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'' dina kaulinan kompilasi ''[[Super Juhari Sadaya-Béntang|Super Mario All-Stars]]'' pikeun [[System Hiburan Super Nintendo|Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES).

=== 1996–2005: Perkenalan 3D sareng éksplorasi kabuka ===
[[Gambar:Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg|jmpl|''Super Mario 64'' pikeun Nintendo 64 (gambar) nyaéta 3D munggaran sareng éntri dunya kabuka.]]
Dina awal taun 1990-an, sutradara sareng produser [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] parantos nyusun desain 3D ''Mario'' nalika ngembangkeun [[System Hiburan Super Nintendo|Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES) game ''[[Star Fox (1993 kaulinan vidéo)|Star Fox]]'' (1993). Anjeunna dianggap ngagunakeun chip [[Super FX]] pikeun ngembangkeun kaulinan SNES, ''Super Mario FX'', kalayan midangkeun dumasar kana &quot;sakabeh dunya dina miniatur, kawas karéta miniatur&quot;. Anjeunna ahirna reformulated gagasan pikeun Nintendo 64, teu keur kakuatan substansi gede na, tapi kusabab controller na boga leuwih tombol pikeun midangkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN100-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html|title=IGN64|website=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216163241/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html|archivedate=February 16, 2012|accessdate=February 13, 2018|date=2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216163241/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html |date=February 16, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223|title=Profile: Shigeru Miyamoto – Chronicles of a Visionary|last=Grajqevci|first=Jeton|website=N-Sider|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224020722/http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223|archivedate=February 24, 2011|accessdate=February 14, 2018|date=October 9, 2000}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232650/http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223 |date=May 14, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' dikembangkeun salila kira tilu taun, kalayan sataun spent dina konsép desain jeung kira dua taun dina produksi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NP 80&quot;&gt;{{cite interview|date=January 1996|title=The Game Guys – (Shoshinkai 1995)|first1=Shigeru|last1=Miyamoto|first2=Takashi|last2=Tezuka|magazine=[[Nintendo Power]]|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|issue=80|url=http://www.zeldalegends.net/index.php?n=interviews&amp;id=1996-01-np080-miya-tezu&amp;m=html|access-date=May 25, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224115317/http://www.zeldalegends.net/index.php?n=interviews&amp;id=1996-01-np080-miya-tezu&amp;m=html|archive-date=February 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produksi dimimitian dina 7 Séptémber 1994, sarta réngsé dina 20 Méi 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/super-mario-64-took-622-days-to-develop-suggests-gigal-1844599172|title=Super Mario 64 Took 622 Days To Develop, Suggests 'Gigaleak' Document|last=Walker|first=Ian|website=[[Kotaku]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115041135/https://kotaku.com/super-mario-64-took-622-days-to-develop-suggests-gigal-1844599172|archivedate=November 15, 2020|accessdate=August 5, 2020|date=August 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario 64'' mangrupikeun kaulinan dunya [[grafik komputer 3D|3D]] sareng kabuka munggaran dina séri éta, sareng kaulinan peluncuran pikeun konsol bumi [[Nintendo 64]] . Tiap tingkat mangrupa lingkungan enclosed dimana pamaén bébas ngajajah sagala arah tanpa wates waktu. Pamuter ngumpulkeun Power Stars tina lukisan di kastil Peach pikeun muka konci kursus sareng daérah engké. Stick analog Nintendo 64 ngajadikeun répertoar éksténsif ngeunaan gerakan anu tepat dina sagala arah anu mungkin. Kaulinan ngenalkeun gerakan sapertos punching, luncat triple, sareng nganggo Wing Cap pikeun ngapung. Ieu mangrupikeun kaulinan séri ''Super Mario'' munggaran anu nampilkeun lakonan sora Charles Martinet pikeun Mario. Mario kedah sakali deui nyalametkeun Putri Peach ti Bowser. Power-up kaulinan béda ti kaulinan saméméhna, ayeuna jadi tilu topi béda jeung kakuatan samentara: Wing Cap, sahingga Mario ngapung; Metal Cap, ngarobahna kana logam; sarta Cap ngaleungit, sahingga anjeunna leumpang ngaliwatan halangan. ''Super Mario 64'' dianggap mani mun video kaulinan 3D.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|date=November 1997|title=100 Best Games of All Time|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis, LLC]]|issue=100|pages=155–6}} Note: Contrary to the title, the intro to the article (on page 100) explicitly states that the list covers console video games only, meaning PC games and arcade games were not eligible.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3135350|title=The Essential 50 Part 36: Super Mario 64|website=1UP.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328140117/http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-mario-64|archivedate=March 28, 2016|accessdate=February 13, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200532/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3135350 |date=September 27, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12|title=Most Influential Video Games|website=[[GameDaily]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618001625/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12|archivedate=June 18, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618001625/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12 |date=June 18, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Remake tina kaulinan anu disebut ''[[Super Mario 64 DS]]'' dirilis pikeun Nintendo DS di 2004 sareng 2005, nambihan Yoshi, Luigi, sareng Wario salaku karakter anu tiasa dicoo, kamampuan anyar, tujuan anyar, multipemain, sareng minigames.

=== 2006–2016: revival 2D jeung kaulinan 3D jalur-fokus ===
[[Gambar:New_Super_Mario_Bros._logo.png|jmpl|Logo runtuyan ''Super Mario Bros anyar'']]
Saatos teu aya rilis game 2D asli dina séri éta saprak 1995, ''[[Anyar Super Mario Bros.|New Super Mario Bros]]'' dirilis dina [[Nintendo DS]] di 2006. Di jerona, Mario sareng Luigi angkat pikeun nyalametkeun Putri Peach ti Bowser Jr. Midangkeun 2D, tapi seueur karakter sareng objék 3D dina latar dua diménsi, hasilna pangaruh 2.5D. Kaulinan ngagunakeun peta overworld nu sarupa jeung ''Super Mario Bros DELUXE'' . Sababaraha tingkat ngagaduhan sababaraha jalan kaluar. Power-up klasik (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower and Super Star) balik deui sareng Mega Mushroom, Blue Shell, sareng Mini Mushroom.

Miyamoto ngécéskeun yén nalika anjeunna ngembangkeun ''Super Mario 64'' kalawan Yoshiaki Koizumi, maranéhna sadar yén judul bakal leuwih diarahkeun ka &quot;core gamer&quot;, tinimbang kasual, &quot;pick-up-and-go&quot; gamer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Treehouse Live January&quot;&gt;NinEverything. (January 13, 2017). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmV1JY4Tl9o Miyamoto on Super Mario Odyssey – Nintendo Treehouse Live with Nintendo Switch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907065915/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmV1JY4Tl9o|date=September 7, 2021}}. ''YouTube''. Retrieved January 15, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Saatos ''Sunshine'', fokus maranéhanana pindah ka leuwih diaksés, kaulinan kasual, ngarah aranjeunna ngamekarkeun ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' kalayan jalur leuwih progression-berorientasi. ''Galaxy'' diluncurkeun dina 2007 pikeun Wii. Disetél di luar angkasa, dimana Mario atanapi Luigi ngarambat antara &quot; [[galaksi]] &quot; pikeun ngumpulkeun Power Stars, dimeunangkeun ku ngalengkepan quests atanapi ngéléhkeun musuh. Ieu ngenalkeun kadali gerak kana séri. Unggal galaksi ngandung sajumlah [[Bintang|planét]] sarta objék spasi séjén pikeun pamaén ngajajah. Sistem fisika kaulinan méré unggal obyék celestial gaya [[gravitasi]] sorangan, nu ngidinan karakter circumnavigated rounded atawa planetoid henteu teratur ku leumpang ka gigir atawa tibalik ka handap. Karakter biasana bisa luncat tina hiji objek bebas sarta ragrag ka arah objék deukeut séjén. Sanaos midangkeun sareng fisika utama aya dina 3D, aya sababaraha titik dina kaulinan dimana gerakan karakter diwatesan kana sumbu 2D. Sababaraha kakuatan-up anyar muncul nuturkeun mékanika kaulinan anyar.

=== 2017–2021: Balik deui ka eksplorasi buka-réngsé ===
Sanggeus sanggeus fallen kaluar tina ni'mat ku pertengahan 2000s, open-dunya &quot;collectathon&quot; platformers 3D kayaning ''Super Mario 64'', ''[[Banjo-Kazooie]]'' jeung ''[[Donkey Kong 64]]'' geus jadi kirang umum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artifice&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Nintendo Collectathon: A Genre of the Past|url=https://the-artifice.com/nintendo-collectathon/|access-date=September 15, 2021|work=The Artifice|date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203757/https://the-artifice.com/nintendo-collectathon/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contona, kaulinan petualangan 3D ''Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts &amp; Bolts'' (2008) sacara eksplisit nyedek ka tedium anu ditanggap pikeun ngumpulkeun jumlah token anu ageung. Ku pertengahan 2010s, kumaha oge, platformers 3D anu dimaksudkeun pikeun ngayakeun réplikasi pangalaman sapertos, kaasup ''Yooka-Laylee'' jeung ''A Hat dina Time'' . ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'' mangrupakeun balik deui ka buka-dunya &quot;sandbox&quot; gaya 3D midangkeun,&lt;ref name=&quot;Business&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gilbert|first=Ben|title=Forget about that 'Super Mario' game on your iPhone — this is the new Mario game you're looking for|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/super-mario-odyssey-nintendo-switch-photos-video-2017-1/#its-used-to-great-effect-in-gameplay-in-this-instance-mario-throws-his-hat-and-it-floats-in-mid-air-thus-providing-a-platform-where-mario-can-bounce-to-more-sturdy-footing-11|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=Business Insider|date=January 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114202720/http://www.businessinsider.com/super-mario-odyssey-nintendo-switch-photos-video-2017-1/#its-used-to-great-effect-in-gameplay-in-this-instance-mario-throws-his-hat-and-it-floats-in-mid-air-thus-providing-a-platform-where-mario-can-bounce-to-more-sturdy-footing-11|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Paste Staff|title=Super Mario Odyssey Announced for the Nintendo Switch|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/01/super-mario-odyssey-announced-for-the-nintendo-swi.html|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=Paste Magazine|date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174524/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/01/super-mario-odyssey-announced-for-the-nintendo-swi.html|archive-date=January 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Location&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Plante|first=Chris|title=Super Mario Odyssey is an open world sandbox game for Nintendo Switch|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14257408/nintendo-new-super-mario-odyssey-announced-switch|access-date=January 13, 2017|work=The Verge|date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114015639/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14257408/nintendo-new-super-mario-odyssey-announced-switch|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalawan &quot;Eksplorasi leuwih buka-réngsé kawas dina ''Super Mario 64'' jeung ''Super Mario Sunshine'' .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/15/super-mario-odyssey-road-to-e3-2017|title=Super Mario Odyssey – Road to E3 2017|last=Pearce|first=Alanah|authorlink=Alanah Pearce|website=[[IGN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717151626/https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/15/super-mario-odyssey-road-to-e3-2017|archivedate=July 17, 2020|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=May 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dileupaskeun dina Oktober 2017 pikeun [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-Switch/Super-Mario-Odyssey-1173332.html|title=Super Mario Odyssey|website=Nintendo UK|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009233756/https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-Switch/Super-Mario-Odyssey-1173332.html|archivedate=October 9, 2020|accessdate=June 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[amukan Bowser urang|Bowser's Fury]]'' mangrupikeun bagian tina sékrési ulang 2021 ''Super Mario 3D World'' dina [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] . Implements 3D open-world &quot;free-roaming&quot; midangkeun dina fashion sarupa ''Odyssey'', ti mana eta ngawengku loba elemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skrebels&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-3d-world-coming-to-switch-with-new-bowsers-fury-expansion|title=Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury Announced for Nintendo Switch|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904073604/https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-3d-world-coming-to-switch-with-new-bowsers-fury-expansion|archivedate=September 4, 2020|accessdate=September 3, 2020|date=September 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/videos/super-mario-3d-world-bowsers-fury-official-trailer-2|title=Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury – Official Trailer 2 – IGN|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204063404/https://www.ign.com/videos/super-mario-3d-world-bowsers-fury-official-trailer-2|archivedate=February 4, 2021|accessdate=January 12, 2021|date=January 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023: ''Super Mario Bros'' ===
''[[Super Mario Bros|Super Mario Bros. Wonder]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan ''Super Mario'' sidescrolling 2D anu diumumkeun dina 21 Juni 2023 sareng dirilis dina 20 Oktober taun anu sami. Karakter anu tiasa dicoo kalebet Mario, Luigi, Toad, Putri Peach, Putri Daisy, Yoshi, Nabbit sareng Toadette. Anyar kakuatan-up kaasup buah nu transforms pamuter kana gajah &lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Wonder&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/super-mario-bros-wonder-switch/|title=Super Mario Bros.™ Wonder for Nintendo Switch|website=Nintendo Official Site|language=en-us|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230621170938/https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/super-mario-bros-wonder-switch/|archivedate=June 21, 2023|accessdate=June 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung kembang anu ngamungkinkeun pamuter ka nyieun gelembung nu newak musuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Wonder&quot; /&gt; Nalika ngarampa Wonder Flower, karakter pamuter ngalaman épék aneh anu ngalibatkeun karakter sareng dunya anu dirobih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/mario-2d-side-scroller-switch-nintendo-platformer-1850557825|title=Nintendo's Next Mario Game Is Here And It's Not What You Expect|last=Gach|first=Ethan|website=[[Kotaku]]|language=en|accessdate=September 10, 2023|date=June 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu mangrupikeun patandingan anu munggaran anu nampilkeun Kevin Afghani salaku sora anyar Mario sareng Luigi, saatos diumumkeun yén aktor saméméhna Charles Martinet mundur tina peran dina Agustus 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/mario-new-voice-actor-nintendo-kevin-afghani-1235755568/|title=Mario's New Voice Actor Announced by Nintendo After Charles Martinet's Departure|last=Shanfield|first=Ethan|website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225905/https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/mario-new-voice-actor-nintendo-kevin-afghani-1235755568/|archivedate=October 18, 2023|accessdate=October 13, 2023|date=October 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Resepsi ==
Seri ''Super Mario'' parantos ningali pujian kritis anu luar biasa ti kritik sareng pamirsa. Séri ieu rengking salaku franchise kaulinan pangalusna ku [[IGN]] di 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html|title=The Top 25 Videogame Franchises – PS3 Feature at IGN|website=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228062503/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html|archivedate=February 28, 2008|accessdate=October 13, 2014|date=December 4, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228062503/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html |date=February 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 1996 ''[[Generasi salajengna (majalah)|Next Generation]]'' narajang séri éta salaku nomer 5 dina &quot;100 Kaulinan Terbaik Sepanjang Waktu&quot;, ogé ngarang ''Super Mario 64'' dina nomer 1 sanaos nyatakeun aturan yén séri kaulinan diwatesan ku hiji éntri.  Dina 1999, ''[[Generasi salajengna (majalah)|Next Generation]]'' didaptarkeun runtuyan ''Mario'' salaku nomer 3 dina &quot;Top 50 Kaulinan tina Sadaya Time&quot; maranéhna, commenting yén, &quot;Jalna desain kaulinan teu pernah cocog dina 2D sarta teu acan bisa disaruakeun ku pamaen aksi 3D. Midangkeunana ngan saukur genius - Shigeru Miyamoto nyerat buku dina platformer.  ''Éléktronik Kaulinan Bulanan'' ngahubungkeun kaunggulan séri ieu kana kreativitas sareng inovasi para pamekar, nunjukkeun yén &quot; [[Sonic the Hedgehog|séri ''Sonic the Hedgehog'']] Sega parantos robih sakedik dina opat installment na dina Genesis. Seri Mario parantos robih sacara signifikan dina unggal kaulinan anyar.&quot;

Aslina ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' dilélér tempat pangluhurna dina ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' ' s greatest 200 kaulinan tina daptar waktu maranéhanana  jeung luhur 100 kaulinan IGN tina daptar sadaya-waktu dua kali (dina 2005 jeung 2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html|title=IGN's Top 100 Games|year=2005|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132404/http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html|archivedate=March 1, 2010|accessdate=August 9, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132404/http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html |date=March 1, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' ngapopulérkeun kaulinan pidéo ngagulung sisi sareng nyayogikeun konsép dasar sareng mékanika anu tetep sapanjang séri séri. ''Super Mario Bros'' dijual 40,24&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, ngajadikeun éta kaulinan vidéo laris dina sakabéh séri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm|title=N655|publisher=GameCubicle.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617100152/http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm|archivedate=June 17, 2016|accessdate=October 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rupa-rupa kaulinan vidéo séri anu sanés réngking salaku anu pangsaéna dina séri éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2017/03/10/best-mario-games-of-all-time/98970142/|title=Here are the 10 greatest Mario video games of all time|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716224755/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2017/03/10/best-mario-games-of-all-time/98970142/|archivedate=July 16, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-mario-games/|title=The best Mario games, ranked from best to worst|website=www.digitaltrends.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803150134/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-mario-games/|archivedate=August 3, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/519824-super-mario-world/index.html|title=''Super Mario World'' Reviews|publisher=[[GameRankings]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223000513/http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/519824-super-mario-world/index.html|archivedate=February 23, 2014|accessdate=April 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan kaasup ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3|Super Mario Bros.. 3]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/g28187033/best-super-mario-video-games/|title='Super Mario Bros. 3' Is the Absolute Best Mario Game Nintendo Ever Made|last=Nero|first=Dom|last2=Sherrill|first2=Cameron|website=Esquire|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901103012/https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/g28187033/best-super-mario-video-games/|archivedate=September 1, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020|date=June 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3|title=What's the Greatest Mario Game Ever? Find Out Where Mario Odyssey Lands in Our Updated Rankings!|last=Parish|first=Jeremy|website=USgamer|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920012744/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3|archivedate=September 20, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020|date=November 2, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910222034/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3 |date=September 10, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' pikeun sawatara ngaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-super-mario-games-2017-12#1-super-mario-world-12|title=These are the 10 best Super Mario games — and there's never been a better time to play them|last=Gilbert|first=Ben|website=Business Insider|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718165019/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-super-mario-games-2017-12#1-super-mario-world-12|archivedate=July 18, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sateuacan ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'', ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' parantos 10 taun janten kaulinan anu paling rengking dina [[Kaulinan Rankings|GameRankings]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/browse.html|title=Reviews and News Articles|publisher=GameRankings|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111180344/http://www.gamerankings.com/browse.html|archivedate=January 11, 2013|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Penjualan ===
''Super Mario'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji waralaba kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris, parantos terjual langkung ti {{Nowrap|380 million}} unit di dunya as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Byrd|first=Matthew|title=Grand Theft Auto가 베스트셀러 비디오 게임 프랜차이즈 목록에 오른 곳|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/grand-theft-auto-sales-figures-best-selling-video-game-franchises/|access-date=September 14, 2021|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=August 3, 2021|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914022934/https://www.denofgeek.com/games/grand-theft-auto-sales-figures-best-selling-video-game-franchises/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tujuh kaulinan ''Super Mario'' munggaran (kaasup tilu judul ''Super Mario Bros'' munggaran, dua judul ''Super Mario Land'' munggaran, jeung ''Super Mario World'' ) geus dijual {{Nowrap|100 million}} unit nepi ka Maret 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=June 2, 1993|title=닌텐도, '마리오' 게임 1억개 판매|work=[[United Press International]] (UPI)|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/02/Nintendo-sells-100-millionth-Mario-game/6185738993600/|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408012050/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/02/Nintendo-sells-100-millionth-Mario-game/6185738993600/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaulinan dina séri ''Super Mario'' parantos gaduh penjualan anu kuat, réngking diantara kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris sepanjang waktos. ''Super Mario Bros.'' dijual leuwih ti {{Nowrap|50 million}} unit di sakuliah dunya dijual dina sababaraha platform ku 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1996/10/01/the-history-of-mario|title=마리오의 역사|website=[[IGN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020311212658/http://ign64.ign.com/articles/060/060310p1.html|archivedate=March 11, 2002|accessdate=February 22, 2021|quote=Nintendo's first U.S. home videogame console, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) was released in 1985 with Mario starring in Super Mario Bros. The legendary title has gone on to sell more than 50 million units worldwide.|date=September 30, 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Versi NES aslina dijual 40.23&amp;nbsp;juta unit sareng mangrupikeun kaulinan NES anu paling laris, kalayan dua sekuelna, ''Super Mario Bros. 3'' (18).&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar) jeung ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' (10&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar), réngking di tempat kadua sareng katilu masing-masing.  ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan anu paling laris pikeun konsol SNES, ngajual 20&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar. ''Super Mario World'' ogé mangrupikeun kaulinan laris katujuh sepanjang waktos. ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' ngajual paling seueur salinan pikeun [[Nintendo 64]] (11&amp;nbsp;juta), sedengkeun ''[[Super Mario Sunshine]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kadua (5.5&amp;nbsp;juta) dina [[GameCube]] (kadua ''[[Super Smash naros Melee|Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' ). ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' geus dijual 12,80&amp;nbsp;juta unit as of March 2020, anu mangrupikeun kaulinan 3D laris dina séri éta dugi ka 2019, sareng mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kasalapan pikeun [[Wii]] .  Sequel na ''[[Super Mario Galaxy 2]]'' boga 7.41&amp;nbsp;juta unit dijual, nempatkeun dina twelfth. ''[[Super Mario 3D Dunya|Super Mario 3D World]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kadua dina Wii U sareng sareng port Switch anu langkung populer parantos dijual langkung ti 14 juta éksemplar digabungkeun sahingga janten kaulinan 3D Mario laris ka-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/wiiu.html|title=IR Information : Financial Data – Top Selling Title Sales Units – Wii U Software|website=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031103300/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/wiiu.html|archivedate=October 31, 2019|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'' gaduh 26,95&amp;nbsp;juta unit dijual dina Séptémber 2023, ngajantenkeun éta kaulinan 3D anu paling laris dina séri dugi ka ayeuna, sareng diantara kaulinan anu paling laris pikeun [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] .  ''Wii Super Mario Bros anyar'' parantos dijual 30,32&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar di sakuliah dunya, kaulinan laris kaopat dina Wii, kitu ogé salah sahiji video kaulinan laris sepanjang waktos.

Séri ''Super Mario'' ogé dijual saé dina konsol genggam. ''[[Super Mario Land]]'' parantos dijual 18.14&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, tur mangrupakeun kaulinan laris kaopat pikeun [[Budak Kaulinan|Game Boy]] . sequel na, ''[[Super Mario Land 2: 6 Emas koin]]'', dijual 11.18&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, nempatkeun kagenep.&lt;ref name=&quot;supermariotitles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/09/30-best-selling-super-mario-games-of-all-time-on-the-plumbers-30th-birthday/|title=30 Best-Selling Super Mario Games of All Time on the Plumber's 30th Birthday|last=O'Malley|first=James|website=[[Gizmodo]]|publisher=[[Univision Communications]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905121725/http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/12/contact-us/|archivedate=September 5, 2015|accessdate=April 25, 2017|date=September 11, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914172624/http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/09/30-best-selling-super-mario-games-of-all-time-on-the-plumbers-30th-birthday |date=September 14, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Anyar Super Mario Bros'' pikeun [[Nintendo DS]] dijual 30,80&amp;nbsp;juta unit, ngajadikeun eta kaulinan laris pikeun konsol, sarta laris portabel entri.

Pikeun sakabéh konsol jeung kaulinan handheld nu teu acan dibuntel jeung konsol a, ''Super Mario Bros 3'' mangrupa kaulinan laris kaopat, sedengkeun ''New Super Mario Bros'' kalima, ''Super Mario Land'' mangrupa sabelas, sarta ''Super Mario 64'' mangrupa kadalapan belas.

Di Inggris, ''Super Mario Bros.'' nyaéta merek kaulinan vidéo anu paling kasohor, diakuan ku 91% populasi sawawa Inggris as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/technology/fame/video-games/all|title=The Most Famous Video Games in the UK (Q3 2021)|website=[[YouGov]]|language=en-gb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204231733/https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/technology/fame/video-games/all|archivedate=December 4, 2021|accessdate=December 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sasak Lori Cigarugak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>710622</id>
      <parentid>710042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:54:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>710622</origin>
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      <text bytes="3358" sha1="dd507dptdj10vqp3ae65ggcmr0o52ai" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Jembatan Lori Cigarugak (2).jpg|jmpl|Sasak Lori Cigarugak]]
'''Sasak Lori Cigarugak''' nyaéta ti jaman kolonial, Subang boga alat transportasi anu disebut lori. Lori nyaéta alat transportasi anu berbasis rel siga kareta, ngan leuwih leutik. Fungsi utamana lori di [[Kabupatén Subang|Subang]] jaman harita lain keur ngangkut jelema tapi keur ngangkut hasil perkebunan.Jalur lori di wewengkon Sumur Barang ngahubungkeun perkebunan Sumur Barang ka Stasion Cipunagara. Jalur lori ieu ngaliwatan Walungan Cilamatan. Ku sabab eta, di wewengkon Cigarukgak diwangun sasak lori di sisi walungan Cilamatan anu ayeuna ngahubungkeun Desa Sidajaya jeung Desa Tanjung. Ku kituna, sasak ieu jadi jalur anu panggancangna jeung murah pikeun ngangkut hasil tatanén jeung Barang di tungtung Stasion Cipunagara di Sumur Cipunagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kotasubang.com/25565/jembatan-lori-cigarukgak-sisa-kejayaan-subang-masa-lampau|title=Jembatan Lori Cigarukgak, Sisa Kejayaan Subang Masa Lampau|last=Yusuf|first=Budiana|website=KOTASUBANG.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Bupati Subang H. Ruhimat anu akrab disapa Kang Jimat diiring ku Wakil Bupati Subang Agus Masykur Rosyadi langsung mariksa Sasak Cigarukgak Lori anu mangrupa salah sahiji [[situs cagar budaya]] titinggal pausahaan Ciasem Land, poé Senén ping 21 Pebruari 2022. Henteu aya data anu pasti ngeunaan pangwangunan jembatan lori. Anu jelas, jembatan ieu diwangun ku perusahaan Perancis anu namina Decauville. Sedengkeun pikeun baja anu dianggo, asalna ti Philadelphia, Amerika, upami aya sababaraha waja anu ngagaduhan label produksi anu disebut &quot;pencoyd&quot;. Sasak ieu diperkirakeun diwangun dina taun 1920-an dugi ka 1930-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peraknew.com/kang-jimat-kang-akur-tinjau-jembatan-lori-cigarukgak/|title=Kang Jimat &amp; Kang Akur Tinjau Jembatan Lori Cigarukgak|website=Peraknew.com - Media Peduli Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaayaan Ayeuna ==
Désa Wisata Sidajaya nyaéta désa anu kasohor ku kaéndahan alamna. Désa ieu ngagaduhan hamparan sawah anu tiis nalika usum melak (Tandur) sareng janten tempat ulin pikeun barudak sareng warga lokal nalika usum panén. Trotoar anu diterangi cahaya sapanjang 1 kilométer, anu disebut Baranang, nyiptakeun suasana anu santai dina wengi, sedengkeun hamparan tangkal karét anu tiis ngiringan wisatawan. Jembatan Lori anu sami pikaresepeunna, jembatan prasejarah anu masih dijaga kalayan saé, nawiskeun pangalaman anu unik. Sabagé hiji-hijina infrastruktur lori anu aya di Kabupatén Subang, Sasak Lori Cigarugak miboga ajén sajarah anu luhur. Tim Ahli Cagar Budaya (TACB) Kabupatén Subang ngarekomendasikeun ka Pamaréntah Daérah sangkan sasak ieu ditunjuk minangka Struktur Cagar Budaya Peringkat Kabupatén Subang luyu jeung Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Taun 2010 ngeunaan Cagar Budaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenpar.go.id/desa/sidajaya|title=Desa Wisata Sidajaya|website=jadesta.kemenpar.go.id|accessdate=2026-05-31}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gapura menuju Jembatan Lori Cigarugak (1).jpg|Gapura Sasak Lori Cigarugak
File:Jembatan Lori Cigarugak (6).jpg|Sasak Lori Cigarugak 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Référénsi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Artikel WikiLatih WCB 3.0]]</text>
      <sha1>dd507dptdj10vqp3ae65ggcmr0o52ai</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Déwan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108731</id>
    <redirect title="Déwan Pangwakil Daérah" />
    <revision>
      <id>710610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T14:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baqotun0023</username>
        <id>25467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Baqotun0023 mindahkeun kaca [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah Républik Indonésia]] ka [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah]] maké pindahan: teu perlu, disambbiguasi sami siga DPR Indonesia</comment>
      <origin>710610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="rgm7upl7ba2ji6zqdx5vb4tkvk7p4ok" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Déwan Pangwakil Daérah]]</text>
      <sha1>rgm7upl7ba2ji6zqdx5vb4tkvk7p4ok</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imah Malayu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>710653</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T23:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35909-21</username>
        <id>36969</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]  '''Imah Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|Rumah Melayu}}; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|رومه ملايو}}) nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular [[urang Malayu]], hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.  Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sa...</comment>
      <origin>710653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3004" sha1="5gl2h00zjxtm9awlpn020sen12t8kkg" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]

'''Imah Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|Rumah Melayu}}; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|رومه ملايو}}) nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular [[urang Malayu]], hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.

Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}}

Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.&lt;ref name=H/&gt;

== Konstruksi ==
Ngagunakeun bahan alami anu tiasa dianyari sapertos kai sareng awi, tempat-tempat ieu sering diwangun tanpa nganggo logam kalebet paku. Gantina, liang sareng alur anu tos dipotong dianggo pikeun nyocogkeun unsur-unsur kai hiji sareng anu sanésna, anu sacara efektif ngajantenkeun éta 'imah prefabrikasi'.

Sanaos paku parantos diciptakeun sareng di bumi-bumi salajengna jarang dianggo pikeun unsur non-struktural (contona, jandéla atanapi panel), kalenturan struktural mangrupikeun kauntungan anu dihalangan ku paku. Tanpa paku, imah kai bisa dibongkar terus diwangun deui di lokasi anyar.&lt;ref name=H/&gt; Kaseueuran masarakat Malayu kuno di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] ngajaga hiji bentuk budaya lingkungan anu regenerasi mandiri.

== Tingali ogé ==
{{Commonscat|Malay houses}}
* [[Malaysia]]
* [[Indonésia]]
* [[Brunéi]]
* [[Singapura]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Brunéi]]
[[Kategori:Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Malaysia]]
[[Kategori:Singapura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urang Malayu Indonésia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>710665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35994-33</username>
        <id>36974</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar [[File:About indonesian culture.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Hiji pasangan Malayu [[Riau]] ngarasakeun Gambus tradisional. Panel latar tukang ngagabungkeun palét tilu warna Malayu.]]  '''Urang Malayu Indonésia''' ([[Basa Malayu]]/[[Basa Indonésia]]: ''Orang Melayu Indonesia'') nyaéta [[urang Malayu|étnis Malayu]] anu cicing di sakuliah [[Indonésia]]. Aranjeunna salah sahiji masarakat pribumi nagara éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik|url=http://kesban...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2393" sha1="gafl7jbyd2y0nrgl2vn3tdr47txy6eb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:About indonesian culture.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Hiji pasangan Malayu [[Riau]] ngarasakeun Gambus tradisional. Panel latar tukang ngagabungkeun palét tilu warna Malayu.]]

'''Urang Malayu Indonésia''' ([[Basa Malayu]]/[[Basa Indonésia]]: ''Orang Melayu Indonesia'') nyaéta [[urang Malayu|étnis Malayu]] anu cicing di sakuliah [[Indonésia]]. Aranjeunna salah sahiji masarakat pribumi nagara éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik|url=http://kesbangpol.riau.go.id/media.php?p=detail_artikel&amp;id=272|access-date=20 Juni 2026|website=kesbangpol.riau.go.id|archive-date=8 Juli 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708112613/http://kesbangpol.riau.go.id/media.php?p=detail_artikel&amp;id=272|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basa Indonésia]], basa nasional Indonésia, nyaéta wangun standar basa Malayu Riau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon&quot;&gt;Sneddon 2003, ''The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society'', p. 69–70&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Kamus Saku Bahasa Indonesia'', p. 272, PT Mizan Publika, {{ISBN|9789791227834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aya seueur karajaan anu aya patalina sareng urang Malayu Indonésia sareng étnis-étnis sanés di tempat anu ayeuna disebut [[Indonésia]], utamina di pulo [[Kalimantan]] sareng [[Sumatra]]. Di antarana [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]], [[Karajaan Malayu]], [[Dharmasraya]], Kasultanan Deli, Kasultanan Siak Sri Indrapura, Kasultanan Riau-Lingga, Kasultanan Bulungan, Kasultanan Pontianak, jeung Kasultanan Sambas. Sénsus taun 2010 nyatakeun yén aya 8 juta urang Malayu di Indonésia; angka ieu asalna tina klasifikasi urang Malayu di Sumatra Wétan sareng basisir Kalimantan anu diakui ku pamaréntah Indonésia. Klasifikasi ieu béda ti sénsus [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Singapura]] anu ngagolongkeun urang Malayu salaku kategori ras anu langkung lega, anu sajaba ti étnis inti Malayu ogé ngawengku sadaya kelompok étnis Muslim ti kapuloan Indonésia (kalebet urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]) salaku [[urang Malayu]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tautan éksternal ==
{{Commonscat|Malay people of Indonesia}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_l4fN1EIQ&amp;t Malay dialects of Indonesia] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100951/http://melayuonline.com/ MelayuOnline]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}}
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Baldwin IV</title>
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        <username>Oceanmuse</username>
        <id>22609</id>
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      <comment>Nyieun artikel anyar</comment>
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      <text bytes="1919" sha1="d3gqfmaonvxhzuru1bu39vombaiztdm" xml:space="preserve">Baldwin IV (1161-1185),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Baldwin IV {{!}} Crusader, Leper, Regent {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baldwin-IV-king-of-Jerusalem|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2026-06-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; anu kawentar ku julukan ''leper king'' atawa raja kusta, nya éta raja Karajaan Yerusalem ti taun 1174&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; nepi ka pupusna dina taun 1185.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ijl.ilsl.br/detalhe_artigo.php?id=MTAyNw==&amp;secao=EDITORIAL|title=ILSL - Internacional Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases- EDITORIAL- Leprosy and the case of king Baldwin iv of Jerusalem: mycobacterial disease in the crusader states of the 12th and 13th centuries|website=ijl.ilsl.br|accessdate=2026-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baudouin naék tahta nalika umurna kakara tilu welas taun, sanajan harita anjeunna keur kaserang panyakit kusta. Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun sababaraha usaha pikeun nahan jeung ngawatesan beuki ngagedéna kakawasaan pangawasa Muslim, nyaéta [[Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi|Salahuddin al-Ayyubi]] atawa ceuk urang Barat mah Saladin. Sanajan kitu, sabagéan gedé mangsa pamaréntahanana dicirian ku pasalia pamadegan jeung paséa pulitik di antara para bangsawan karajaan.

Sapanjang mangsa pamaréntahanana, utamana dina ahir hirupna, Baldwin IV nyanghareupan pasualan ngeunaan panerus tahta. Anjeunna usaha milih ahli waris anu merenah sarta nyegah timbulna krisis suksesi anu bisa ngaganggu kaayaan nagara. Ku cara milih para panaséhat anu miboga kamampuh jeung pangaweruh anu hadé, Baldwin IV sanggup mingpin nagara Tentara Salib anu makmur sarta ngajaga éta karajaan tina ancaman Salahuddin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecollector.com/baldwin-iv-death-fall-kingdom-jerusalem/|title=Why the Kingdom of Jerusalem Fell Apart the Moment Baldwin IV Died|last=Firth|first=Ashley|website=TheCollector|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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